This tutorial will start with an introduction of the harmonic oscillator and its solutions techniques in real space and second quantization. The real space solution starts from the splitting of the asymptotes. The resulting real space Schrodinger equation is solved by the standard method of Taylor-series expansion which is terminated in order to comply with the asymptotes. The termination leads to a recursion relation that, in turn, quantizes the energy. The pertinent wavefunctions are Hermite polynomials. In energy space creation and annihilation operators of bosonic quanta are introduced which, by their ladder-operator properties, yield the same energy quantization as before. However, they give the additional feature of number counting (second quantization). As a first step into electron-phonon coupling the harmonic oscillator is placed in an electric field and subsequently the modified solution of this problem is discussed. The result of the polaron problem obtained in this way is a shift of the equilibrium distance and the associated energy of the harmonic oscillator induced by the electric field. Generalizations of the electron-phonon coupling are the deformation potential and the piezoelectric coupling, which, along with the appropriate electron-phonon coupling matrix elements, will be discussed in some detail. Next we address the Frohlich Hamiltonian which has important implications for basic electron-phonon coupling as well as for the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity. In addition we will discuss by means of small-polaron theory the case of small and large polarons. Finally we will conclude the subject by addressing the topic of phonons in metals, where electron-electron correlations along with electron-phonon interaction play an important role for an appropriate diagrammatic treatment of the associated effects.


: The new Chinese matrimony vine line, CB04340-64 was selected from the hybrids(F 1 ) between CB02214-131 (IT232701) and Cheongyang 7 (IT232601) in 2004 to breed the cultivar with high quality and yielding. Its preliminary yield tests were performed from 2006 to 2008 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 14. Its regional yield trial was carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo from 2009 to 2011 and Cheongyang 14 was registered as the new variety, 'Cheongkwang' in 2011. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows; The leaf was ellipsoidal and small size. The fruit type was oblong and middle size. The flowering time was June 26 with medium flowering. The branching by twice pruning was generated a lot more than the check variety, Cheongun. The resistances to anthracnose and eriophyidae mite were similar to that of the check variety. The content of betaine of dried-fruit and brix degree of fresh fruit were higher than that of the check. The dried-fruit yield was increased about 15 percent in preliminary yield tests and 6 percent regional yield trials. This variety has self-incompatibility. So, the companion variety, Cheongmyeong, was required as pollinizer. (Certificate on grant of plant variety rights: Grant number No.4794, Protection Period 10/02/2014 ∼ 09/02/2034).


Hydroxypropylcellulose manufacture of a film-forming formulation human tissue injury, bacterial and fungal infections treatment. The formulations include: A hydroxypropylcellulose; B one kind of esterifying agent, the reaction product which reacts with the hydroxypropyl cellulose was dissolved in solvent item C but insoluble in body fluids at body temperature; C. the volatile solvent of the reaction product of hydroxypropyl cellulose, and a non-toxic.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is increasingly prevalent in the United States, especially among young adults. We aimed to (1) adapt items from established dependence measures into a WTS dependence scale for US young adults (the US Waterpipe Dependence Scale), (2) determine the factor structure of the items and (3) assess associations between scale values and behavioral use characteristics known to be linked to dependence.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey.

SETTING
United States.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 436 past-year waterpipe tobacco users ages 18-30 years selected at random from a national probability-based panel.

MEASUREMENTS
Participants responded to six tobacco dependence items adapted for WTS in US populations. Behavioral use characteristics included factors such as frequency of use and age of initiation.

FINDINGS
Principal components analysis yielded an unambiguous one-factor solution. Approximately half (52.9%) of past-year waterpipe tobacco users received a score of 0, indicating that none of the six WTS dependence items were endorsed. Approximately one-quarter (25.4%) endorsed one dependence item and 22.7% endorsed two or more items. Higher WTS dependence scores were associated significantly with all five behavioral use characteristics. For example, compared with those who endorsed no dependence items, those who endorsed two or more had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.90 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56-9.78] for having had earlier age of initiation and an AOR of 32.75 (95% CI = 9.76-109.86) for more frequent WTS sessions.

CONCLUSIONS
Scores on a six-item waterpipe tobacco smoking dependence scale (the US Waterpipe Dependence Scale) correlate with measures that would be expected to be related to dependence, such as amount used and age of initiation.


The electromagnetic mode scattering of large scale antenna array is approximated in this paper. The radiation pattern of the large array is simulated with HFSS software using array synthesizing function firstly, and then, the radar cross-section (RCS) is obtained by some simple formulations. It is efficient to analyze the mode scattering of large scale antenna array including some large scale phased array with this method.


Immigration might be a remedy against the stress that low fertility causes to demographic and welfare systems. Sustained immigration, however, can alter both the demographic and epidemiological profiles of the receiving population. An age-structured SIR (susceptible-infective-recovered) model with realistic immigration under conditions of below replacement fertility is studied. Equilibria and threshold phenomena are characterized. The immigration profile and the epidemiological features of immigrants affect the reproduction number and the force of infection in the receiving population. Finally, an illustration is given, showing the potential effects of immigration for rubella control in Italy, by considering how the age profile of immigration influences the reproduction number of the disease.


. Orthogonal polynomials on the semicircle were introduced by Gautschi and Milovanovi´c in [Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Politec. Torino, Special Issue (July 1985), pp. 179-185] and [J. Approx. Theory, 46 (1986), pp. 230-250]. In this paper we give an account of this kind of orthogonality, weighted generalizations mainly oriented to Chebyshev weights of the first and second kinds, including several interesting properties of such polynomials. Moreover, we also present a number of new results including those for Laurent polynomials (rational functions) orthogonal on the semicircle. In particular, we give their recurrence relations and study special cases for the Legendre weight and for the Chebyshev weights of the first and second kind. Explicit expressions for such orthogonal systems with Chebyshev weights are presented, as well as the corresponding zero distributions.


This research showed the soil fertility index and aera distribution of Ton yield field in Guanzhong region and the recommendation of fertilizer rate of winter wheat and corn in one year for two crops harvest were give as N 194.7 kg/hm 2 ,P 2O 5 90.6 kg/hm 2 for wheat; and N 162 kg/hm 2 ,P 2O 5 132.75 kg/hm 2 for corn. It is better response using fertilizer for corn by the sharp of saddle.Applying crop straw and manure by 56.25 t/hm 2 for 3 years and could rise the soil organic matter 19.97 percent and 18.16 percent respectively.The benefit of fertilizer use was risen abviously by better cultivaion ways.


The bumping process plays a critical role in flip chip technology. A low cost bumping process has been developed using electroless nickel and immersion gold followed by stencil printing. The process flow is described in this paper. The Al pad size is about 100 /spl mu/m in diameter with a pitch of 400 /spl mu/m. Different electroless plating solutions were evaluated and different solder pastes were used to evaluate the stencil printing process. Different pad shapes were also tested for shear strength. Ni studs with no bump material were fabricated to evaluate the electroless process. The shear force test result shows a strength value of 230 MPa for Ni studs. The solder bump after reflow has a diameter of 160 /spl mu/m and a height of 120 /spl mu/m. There is some difference in the shear force test results for different pad shapes. SEM and EDAX results of the fracture surface indicate that the fracture was cohesive or inside the solder. Cross sections showed some intermetallic layers at the interface. A Ni-Sn intermetallic layer and a phosphorus rich layer formed during reflow, which have compositions of Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ and Ni/sub 3/P respectively. The low cost flip chip samples were subjected to multiple reflows and shear force tests were performed. Fracture surfaces were analysed and failure modes were differentiated.


Objective: To study the effect of preemptive analgesia by intravenous small-dose ketamine on cytokine response to upper abdominal surgery.Methods: Thirty patients(ASAⅠ-Ⅱ) undergoing selective upper abdominal surgery were allocated randomly to three groups.After anesthesia,group A was administrated with 5 ml 0.9% natrium chloride(NaCl) at 5 min before skin incision.Group B was administrated with ketamine 0.2 mg/kg at 5 min before skin incision.Group C was administrated with ketamine 0.6 mg/kg at 5 min before skin incision.Blood samples for the measurements of serum tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-8(IL-8)were obtained at two time points:before anesthesia and immediately after operation.TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results: Compared with those before anesthesia,changes of TNF-α and IL-8 were not significant among the three groups(both P(0.05).) IL-6 levels increased significantly(P0.05) in group A after operation,while in group B and C showed no changes(both P0.05).Conclusion: The treatment of 0.2-0.6 mg/kg Ketamine preemptive analgesia could prevent IL-6 from levels increasing in response to abdominal surgery.


This year is Puhtzer's the 100th death anniversary.This paper analyses his article The Power of Public Opinion.It reviews Pulitzer's thoughts on public opinion.It holds the point that Pulitzer had a reflection on the crisis of American democracy in that special period,and his fundamental thoughts on pubhc opinions are enlightening.


Considerable research effort has been devoted to discovering and mapping out children's understanding of mental phenomena. Developmental psychologists have assessed children's ability to attribute mental states as well as their tendency to explain and predict human actions and emotions in terms of pre-existing mental states. Based on empirical findings obtained to date, it is believed that children come to understand human desires before they acquire a similar understanding of beliefs. In addition, it has been suggested that most children under the age of 3 years operate without any conception of belief (Wellman, 1993; Wellman & Woolley, 1990). The present study which consisted of three experiments aimed to test young children's understanding of beliefs and desires, with an emphasis on how these states relate to a person's actions, emotions, and perceptual experience. Experiment 1 examined 18- to 30 month-old infants' understanding of the link between seeing and knowing, and their understanding of the link between surprised reactions and belief violations. Experiments 2 and 3 were created to assess 18- to 30-month-old children's understanding that desires guide actions and the knowledge that happy and sad reactions depend on the outcome of a person's pre-existing desires. In order to assess knowledge of these relationships, toddlers were administered a modified version of the preferential looking task that included videotaped stories involving actors and objects. The results of this series of experiments suggested that children as young as 18 months are "desire-psychologists" in the sense that they are able to relate another person's actions and emotional responses to that person's pre-existing desires. In contrast, children of that age showed no recognition that surprised reactions are associated with violations in a person's knowledge state, and no understanding of the link between seeing and knowing. Because of children's unanticipated bias for looking at the surprised expression, it is not possible to conclude presently whether children under 3 operate without a conception of beliefs.


This study attempts to shed new light on the military rites of the Joseon dynasty, a topic which related studies have by and large avoided, by analyzing the royal military review ceremony conducted during early Joseon. The term daeyeol (大閱, military review) refers to a royal ceremony in which the Joseon king conducted a direct review of the military forces. This was regarded as a military training ceremony that fell under the category of the ``ritual ceremonies`` that made up the gunnye (軍禮, military rites) portion of the Orye (五禮, Five Rites), or national state rites during Joseon. The structure of the royal military review ceremony was designed to clearly highlight the fact that control over the military was the prerogative of the king and that the latter was also the main actor in such military reviews. The daeyeol (military review) was first implemented during the early reign of King Sejong. The importance of daeyrol was further emphasized during the period spanning from the reign of King Sejong to that of King Seongjeong. As such, the status of the daeyeolui (大閱儀, royal military review ceremony) was eventually upgraded to the point where it was included in the Oryeui (五禮儀, Five Rites) section of the . Thereafter, military training methods underwent great changes before this particular ceremony was included in the <Gukjo oryeui (國朝五禮儀, Five Rites of State≫. The implementation of the royal military review ceremony served two purposes: while was to showcase the Icing`s supreme command over the military, the other was to rally the troops prior to a large-scale military operation. In this regard, the royal military review ceremony was implemented right before the onset of Jurchen conquest campaigns.


Background/aim: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of lamivudine and interferon alpha monotherapies and their combination in HBeAgpositive and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Materials and methods: Between 2002 and 2004, a total of 128 patients [65 HBeAgpositive and 63 HBeAg-negative] were enrolled; 21 patients received lamivudine monotherapy (HBeAg-positive = 11, HBeAg-negative = 10), 40 received interferon-alpha monotherapy (HBeAg-positive = 23, HBe- Ag-negative = 17), and 67 received the combination (HBeAg-positive = 29, HBeAg-negative = 38). The virologic responses, biochemical responses, and seroconversion rates were evaluated after 6 months. Results: In HBeAg-positive patients, HBV DNA loss was observed in 36.4%, 47.8% and 89.7% of patients after lamivudine monotherapy, interferon monotherapy and combination therapy, respectively (p


Abstract Using the Egyptian Revolution as a case study, this article studies journalistic sourcing and verification through in-depth interviews with journalists in the United Kingdom. While the coverage of the event in the British media was dominated by civic, unofficial sources, interviews conducted in 2014 revealed that journalists only included these if no other sources were available. In fact, journalists voiced concern with regards to verification of online sources, and rarely included these as direct, first-hand accounts. Follow-up interviews conducted in 2020 point to developments journalism practice has undergone since, particularly in relation to open-source content verification. Overall, the picture we paint of British journalists' handling of content sourced from social media is one wedged between expressed enthusiasm and cautious scepticism.


College tutors are not only student's mentors and guides,they are also the main force in the ideological and political education.At present,there are problems in their work,such as the increasing number gap of teachers and students,the shift of work focus,the unscientific incentive mechanism,the hindrance of promotion,etc.To solve these problems,this paper,after having conducted a careful study of the current situation of the college tutors,proposes that the position of tutors be clarified,a assessment mechanism and a evaluation system be set up,a system of rewards and penalties be perfected,salary be raised,personal development be concerned,which will eventually helps to strengthen the team of college tutors.


A set of n base points P4i=1, 2,…, n), with known co-ordinates relative to orthogonal axes, and a further point Pn+1, with known distance from each of the base set, are given. The co-ordinates of Pn+1relative to the axes of the base set are found. The formula is particularly simple when the base set is referred to its principal axes, when the co-ordinates of Pn+1 for a subset of all the axes can be calculated from the co-ordinates of the Pi in this subset only. The classical results for adding a point to a principal components or canonical variates analyses are obtained when the base set is derived using the appropriate distance functions. An example is given.


A 70-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to a high fever. A diagnosis of cholangitis following pancreatoduodenectomy (postoperative day 66) was suspected. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) showed an infected liver cyst, the diameter of which changed from 33 to 36 mm. We performed percutaneous drainage of the liver mass, and a culture of the discharge revealed the presence of E. coli. A contrast test of the cyst showed no connection between the cyst and the biliary tree, and then absolute ethanol was injected into the lesion. The liver cyst disappeared, and the patient has had no further complaints of high fever. Asymptomatic liver cysts are common clinical entities that do not usually require treatment. When patients with liver cysts who have undergone reconstruction of the biliary tree complain of a high fever, physicians should consider a diagnosis of cholangitis and an infected liver cyst, even if the cyst is small. In addition, physicians should consider performing fenestration of giant liver cysts during the first operation.


The present work is a part of a comprehensive program that aims to evaluate the girth welding procedures for heavy wall API 5L X65 pipes produced for sour service applications. This article describes the results of toughness, strength and sour resistance of girth welds produced with different welding consumables. The methodology applied included girth welds production with GTAW process for root pass using ER70S-6 consumable and FCAW process for filling passes using E71T1CJ and E91T1-GM-H4 consumables. Mechanical tests of Charpy, CTOD, tensile, hardness and stress corrosion cracking were also performed. The E71T-1CJ resulted in a girth weld with tensile and yield strength around 7% lower than the pipe. However, according to the papers analyzed at this study, a value up to 10% of undermatching could be acceptable. The CTOD and Charpy tests showed good toughness and weld metal embrittlement was not observed. The hardness and the stress corrosion cracking tests demonstrated that the consumable ER70S-6 is suitable for sour service. All properties evaluated met the requirements specified by the onshore pipeline standards, showing that the consumables ER70S-6, E71T-1CJ and E91T1-GM-H4 are suitable for the welding of heavy wall X65 pipe with sour service and toughness requirements. If an overmatching is required, the E91T1-GMH4 shall be used to assure a strength overmatching and prevent plastic strain concentration at the weld metal. The results provided by this paper can be used for consumable selection and for welding procedure qualification of pipelines construction when heavy wall API 5L X65 are used for sour gas transportation.


Global industry structure is undergoing transition from traditional industry to service oriented kind. As a key part of and with an increasing proportion in the modern service industry, manufacturing based service industry will drive economic growth among countries and regions undergoing economic transition. Qitaihe city is tackling challenges of upgrading its economy heavily relying on resources. The city should speed up developing modern service industry while addressing issues of inefficient and blind development, unbalanced development, saving resources, protecting the ecological environment, and weak independent innovation capability. The city should apply modern services to traditional industrial technology and gives attention to the effective labor division of manufacturing based services and traditional industry. Meanwhile, the city should focus on developing manufacturing based services, cultural and tourism industry and newly emerging industries.


NEW APPROACHES to cancer therapy that target environments conducive to oncogene expression rather than the genes themselves may be on the horizon. That was the impression conveyed by two speakers at the 12th Annual Bristol-Myers Symposium on Cancer Research, held recently in Toronto, Canada. Implicit in their message was that the proteins for which oncogenes code have a variety of functions that, if properly understood, can be intercepted to reverse, and even avert, malignancy. That line of reasoning makes sense, given that each of the 60 or so known oncogenes codes for a protein that has a normal cellular function. The knowledge that oncogenes are normal cellular genes rather than viral genes inserted via retroviral infection stems from work done during the late 1970s by J. Michael Bishop, MD; Howard Varmus, MD; and Dominique Stehlin, PhD. Their experiments at the University of California, San Francisco, established the paradigm that oncogenes


Abstract 2-(N-succinimidyl) pyrimidine complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Hg(II), Ru(III) and Pd(II) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-Vis spectra and magnetic moment measurements. High melting points and non-solubility in common organic solvents indicate their polymeric nature. The Ru(III), Pd(II) and Cu(II) complexes are soluble in DMSO. The low molar conductance of these complexes indicates their non-electrolytic nature. The observed magnetic moment values of the complexes are very close to those calculated for the metal in an octahedral environment of ligands. The values of 10Dq, B and have also been determined in cases where possible.


A brief description of the successful pre-planned product improvement program used for the integration of modern avionics into the Centaur upper stage system is used to illustrate the implementation of evolutionary changes to an existing launch system. This concept can be used to leverage industry technology to existing vehicles as well as new programs. A common module approach to standard avionics processing capabilities is developed to provide a technology evolution plan to benefit existing and future systems and reduce the total development risk. Topics discussed include multipath redundant avionics, adaptive guidance, navigation & control, electromechanical actuators, integrated GPS (Global Positioning System) with the inertial navigation system, and laser ordnance initiation systems.<<ETX>>


Based on the analysis on the relationship between structure,sedimentary and reservoir forming,this paper has systematically discussed the control function of syndepositional structure on sedimentary and oil-gas reservoir forming in Jiyang depression,and exposes that syndepositional structure is a great advantage for oil-gas generation,migration,aggregation,and conservation.The paper also points out that after the large or middle sale oil-gas pools have been discovered one by one, in order to improve the exploration effect,the theory of Sequence Stratigraphy,petroliferous system,and reservoir forming dynamics should be used in Jiyang depression to research the control function of the development and evolution process of syndepositional structure on sedimentary,trap and reservoir forming and their relationship with time and quantity.Not only dynamic mechanism was paid regard to in the research,but the simulation of quantitation is going to be perfect step by step.


Abstract This special issue of Global Constitutionalism discusses how global constitutionalism influences Asia-Pacific jurisdictions and how they respond. This introductory article presents the theme and structure of this issue, explains the Asia-Pacific's unique contribution to global constitutionalism and offers a synthetic argument. It conceptualizes global constitutionalism as the global diffusion of common constitutional ideas, institutions and doctrines rooted in comparative constitutional law and public international law. On that base, it argues that constitutional design, adjudication and discourse in many Asia-Pacific jurisdictions are influenced by global constitutionalism. The influence results in not only convergence but also resistance to global constitutionalism in the regions. The regional experience presents critical challenges for global constitutionalism, and hence its effective operation significantly depends on its situation within the region's axiological, institutional and social contexts.


The control of systems that exhibit backlash has historically been a challenge. In these systems, there are essentially two steady state characteristic response curves separated by a deadband zone. This thesis work is motivated by the desire to accurately control the position of an actuator stem that reacts to the pressure placed on a corresponding diaphragm, which is critical to the temperature control system in a larger piece of machinery. An accurate system model is developed and a number of control methods are explored. The final control scheme is based on the full characterization of the pressure/position backlash curves and real-time pressure and position measurements. This method achieves steady state position response within 1.3% of the actuator's full travel. Thesis supervisor: David E. Hardt Title: Professor of Mechanical Engineering


The goal of this paper is to use the theory of reproducing-kernel Hilbert spaces to obtain a generalization of the prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWFs). We then employ this generalization to obtain a sampling formula for a general class of bandlimited functions. As a special case, we obtain a sampling formula for bandlimited signals in N variables that includes a generalization of Walter and Shen's result on sampling with the PSWFs. Another special case of our result is to show that the N-dimensional generalized PSWFs obtained by Slepian can also be used to obtain a sampling series for functions bandlimited to the unit ball in ℝN. The truncation errors of these sampling series are also investigated.


This article seeks to present the goals, methods, tools and preliminary results of the research project The construction of the sense of espace vecu in the European Children's literature in the second half of the 20th century (1945-2010). An international historical and comparative survey on picturebooks . The research focused on an international historical-comparative investigation into how domestic spaces and the espace vecu has evolved in children's literature since 1945. The project is supported by a research network that includes several scholars of children's literature from a variety of European countries. From the methodological point of view, this study seeks to examine how a combination of historical and comparative methods can be applied to research in the field of children's literature. Two research tools have been used: a Word Picturebook Datasheet and an Excel Data Matrix comprising four different tables. The project generated some interesting and thought-provoking comparative results in addition to raising some issues with regard to the tools used to collect the data.


This study analysed post-1900 published and unpublished records of gray whales in the western North Pacific. Modern whaling recorded a peak annual catch of 100-200 whales in the 1910s, followed by a rapid decline in the 1920s and 1930s and a continued low level (perhaps 10-20 whales/year) for over 40 years to the l960s. Catches made during the last phase could have been the major factor suppressing recovery until recently. There are reasons to believe that this gray whale stock breeds in Hainan waters.


There is extensive research evidence supporting that it is very common for the caregivers for dementia patients to experience high levels of burden and psychological morbidity. Therefore, supportive interventions for caregivers have been developed in order to face their needs. Prior research has shown forgiveness to be a crucial intervention process in helping people heal anger over betrayals, relieve depression and anxiety and restore peace of mind. This article presents a case report from a support group at Alzheimer Hellas depicting and highlighting the main aspects of the forgiveness intervention.


The development of mobile phone is growing everyday according to the change of our age. Most of all, the birth of smart phone has gotten lots of attentions. The Smart Phone has not only nalogue functions for calling and receiving but also has many multiple-service functions satisfying the contemporary digital needs. Due to the smart phone, people could access to various and plenty information simply by touching it. It was Sep. 2011 that the number of smart phone users began to be more than 15,000,000. That number stands for the turning point of digital revolution. In Korea, both of "Omnia" from Samsung and "i-phone" from Apple came into the market near the end of 2009. That time was so called the full-scale first smart-phone war, and thinking of the time, it could be named as the explosive growth of smart phones. We can predict that the smart phone will influence the real life of human beings not only the mobile phone market. In this way, the smart phone has come deeply into our life day by day. For instance, more people can be able to get the informations of their trip for their leisure and free weekends through the smart phone. Thus, our study, began with the theme of "Korean islands trip", will start in the relationship with the Application-Services, "Islands" utilizing web-pictures.


This study examines the effect of low student enrolment on the sustainability of SDA secondary schools in the West Kenya Conference of Seventh Day Adventist Church. The study was underpinned by the sustainability transformation in education theory which postulates the identification of sustainability strategies and action plans for implementation. Therefore, the mixed methods research approach was adopted in this study. This study utilised the descriptive research design and was conducted in WKUC of the SDA church, covering 15 out of 47 counties in Kenya. The test-retest and the split-half reliabilities of the questionnaires were ascertained by use of Cronbach Alpha Coefficient, and reliability of 0.7 and 0.65 was arrived at, respectively. Study findings revealed that student enrolment trends in SDA schools were on a downward trend, and this needs to be addressed as soon as possible. This study recommends that the church administration and schools' management should address issues that affect low student enrolments, such as the high fees charged by sourcing funds from other sources such as engaging in income generating activities or partnering with the government so that it can provide and pay the teachers in the schools.


Abstract Over the last several decades, the volume and range of therapeutic musculoskeletal (MSK) interventions that radiologists can offer their patients has dramatically increased. With new materials and improving imaging modalities, as well as significant investment in research, the field of MSK interventional radiologic intervention will likely continue to expand. In this article, we summarize the range of interventions currently available to the MSK radiologist. We also seek to explore new and emerging techniques that may become commonplace in the near future while considering the challenges that may lie ahead in the field of MSK radiology.


BACKGROUND
Pre-operative administration of methylprednisolone reduced circulating markers of endothelial activation. This randomized, double-blind was to evaluate whether a single pre-operative dose of methylprednisolone reduced the rate of postoperative delirium (POD) in older patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, and its association with the shedding of endothelial glycocalyx markers.

METHODS
168 patients, aged 65-80 years and scheduled for laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery, were randomized to 2 mg·kg -1 methylprednisolone (Group M, n = 84); or equivalent dose of placebo (Group C, n = 84). The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium during the first 5 days after surgery, assessed by the confusion assessment method (CAM). POD severity was rated daily using CAM-Severity (CAM-S). Level of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured at baseline, 1-day, and 3-day after surgery.

RESULTS
Compared with placebo, methylprednisolone greatly reduced the incidence of delirium at 72 h following surgery [9(10.7%) versus 20(23.8%), P =0.03, OR=2.22(95%CI 1.05-4.59)]. No between-group difference was found in the cumulative CAM-S score (P=0.14). The levels of heparan sulfate, syndecan-1, and TNF-α in Group M were lower than that in Group C (P <0.05 and P <0.01), while the level of BDNF in Group M was higher than that in Group C (P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Pre-operative administration of methylprednisolone does not reduce the severity of POD, but may reduce the incidence of delirium after gastrointestinal surgery in elderly patients, which may be related to a reduction in circulating markers of endothelial degradation, followed by the increase of BNDF level.


Patients undergoing cardioembolic stroke mexicor causes activation of metabolic processes in the central nervous system. The drug can be recommended to patients after cardioembolic stroke in the complex rehabilitation of post-stroke patients.


Abstract This paper falls within González Rey's line of thought. Its objective is to present and discuss the heuristic value of Qualitative Epistemology and constructive-interpretative methodology, aimed at the study of subjectivity, for the social sciences and humanities, with an emphasis on psychology. To achieve this purpose, the epistemological and methodological pillars of González Rey's proposal are presented, which revitalize science as a living and creative production by recovering the researcher as a subject of knowledge production. This proposal is supported by three main epistemological principles: singularity as a legitimate source of production of scientific knowledge; dialogicity; and the constructive-interpretative nature of knowledge. From this perspective, the method abandons its universal abstraction and standardization to become a living dimension, which expresses the researcher's ability to dialogically organize their own questions, reflections and actions in the world.


ABSTRACT Four mother–child dyads were videotaped in a longitudinal study of the relationship between linguistic input to children and early lexical development. Diary records were also kept by the mothers and, together with the videorecordings, were used to identify the contexts in which the children produced their first words. These were compared with the contexts in which the mothers used these same words. It was found that there was a strong relationship between the children's initial use of words and the most frequently occurring use of these words by the mothers. It was also found that although the majority of the children's first words were context-bound, a significant number were referential. The implications of these findings for current theoretical proposals concerning early lexical development are discussed.


1. A composition for well treatment comprising: (i) a first fluid containing the water-swellable material; and (ii) a second fluid containing material.2 tamponing. Composition according to claim. 1, characterized in that the swellable material comprises a rubber flour, polypropylene, gilsonite, uintaite, poly-2,2,1-bicycloheptyl (polynorbornene), alkylstyrene, crosslinked substituted vinilakrilatnye copolymers, polyisoprene, polyvinyl acetate, polychloroprene, akrilonitrilbutadien , hydrogenated akrilonitrilbutadien, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer, ethylene propylene monomer, styrene-butadiene, styrene / propylene / diene monomer, brominated poly (isobutylene-co-4-methylstyrene), chlorosulfonated polyethylenes, polyacryl you, polyurethanes, silicones, chlorinated polyethylene, a copolymer of epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide, ethylene-acrylate rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, sulfonated polyethylene, fluorosilicones, fluoroelastomers, substituted stirolakrilatnye copolymers, salts of polyacrylic acid, poly (2-gidroksiropilmetakrilat), poly (isobutylene co-maleic acid), polyacrylamide, poly (ethylene-maleic anhydride), crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, crosslinked polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile copolymers with itye starch and smesi.3. Composition according to claim. 1, characterized in that the size of the swellable particulate material is from about 1 micron to about 3 mm.4. Composition according to claim. 1, characterized in that the concentration of the swellable material is from about 1 to about 50% relative to the volume kompozitsii.5. Composition according to Claim. 1, characterized in that the first fluid has an oil osnovu.6. Composition according to claim. 1, characterized in that the first


Garcinia stipulata (Clusiaceae) is recollected after a lapse of 53 years from Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling, India. A taxonomic description with photograph and illustration are provided to facilitate easy identification. Also, a second-step lectotypification is discussed.


By the advantages of the fluid dynamics software STAR-CCM + and the structure simulation software ABAQUS in their respective fields, this paper adopts the FEM algorithm for structural deformation, and based on the RANS equation for fluid simulation, the accuracy of the co-simulation method of Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI) was proved by comparing the simulation results under typical conditions with the experimental results. Then the deformations of a large flexible plate with fixed bottom end at high flow rate were numerically analyzed. The co-simulation method can obtain more accurate and detailed flow field and structural deformation, and has certain application value for related theoretical research, engineering structure design and safety evaluation.


Marketing is one of the high cost activities in product sales. Therefore, effective marketing is a must in a company and it should be able to encourage customers to purchase more products. One of the efforts to determine effective marketing strategies is clustering the customers and formulating correct actions for every customer cluster. Today, most of companies have digital data including customer transaction data. Techniques to analyse digital data to discover knowledge behind the data is also developed from time to time. One of the techniques in digital data analysis that receives major attention from researchers is machine learning; a technique to enable computer to do learning in analysing the data. This study presents the process of customer clustering to determine effective marketing strategy using a machine learning technique. Customers would be analysed based on 3 parameters, which are last date of coming (recency/R), purchase frequency (frequency/F) and total money spent for product purchased (monetary/M). Such method is known as RFM method. Result of this study shows that the proposed machine learning could be used to cluster the customers and the customer clusters could be used as the basis for marketing manager to determine suitable marketing strategy for every customer clusters.


Oxidation reduction potential meter was used to monitor the whole reaction process in this research. The quantity of Poly β hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthetized and poly phosphate released were accurately measured under the anaerobic condition. The PHB in activated sludge cell and polyphosphate particles were dyed and examined with the microscope. Large amount of PHB synthesized and polyphosphate released under anaerobic condition were testified through experiment, and a relationship curve between them was obtained. Also the detail biochemistry mechanism was studied.


The public sector banks dominate the Indian banking sector. They have 82 percent market share in the total deposits and advances of the industry. But when it comes to efficient non-performing assets management and innovative strategies for growth, foreign banks and even the private banks have an upper hand. The size of deposits, advances and the branch network are the tools to assess a good bank. Non-performing assets and excess staff are some of the banes of the banking sector.


We succeeded in generating a coherent optical frequency comb covering more than 3 octaves from visible to mid-infrared with a waveguide-type PPLN. The generated comb is demonstrated to be useful for metrology and spectroscopic applications.


OBJECTIVE To provide a referenced suggestion for setting the sample concentration in the hemolytic test.METHODS Analysed the setting of the sample concentration in the hemolytic test according to the current situation used in clinic.RESULTS When the sample concentration is 16.7 times more than the clinical one,the original sample solution can be utilized for evaluation and investigation using the test tube method in vitro.When the sample concentration is 16.7 times less than or equal to the clinical one,the method that a few red cells should be added to the sample solution can be suggested for evaluation and investigation to improve the security in drug use.CONCLUSION The concentration of the sample used in the current hemolytic test deserves farther investigation.


tensive efforts have been made to reduce the cost of water through m y aven es, i cluding both water and energy conservation. Procedures for doing so are established and well documented, but most of the reported work has been associated with large systems. In the United States, there are about 65 000 small water systems that represent both small municipalities and unincorporated communities. The problems and particularly the resources of these systems are much different from those of larger utilities. Recent federal and state legislation recognizes these differences by including variances that make allowances for the financial and operational inability of many small systems to meet regulatory requirements. Small water systems are generally of three types: surface supply with treatment and distribution, ground supply with or without treatment plus distribution, and purchased water with distribution. In each the potential exists for significant conservation of water and energy and for the reduction of their associated costs. Conservation efforts can take several approaches, but two are quite appropriate to small systems. One approach involves those systems that utilize treatment plants or multiple well sources requiring numerous motors, usually of high horsepower (kilowatt). In such cases the possibility exists for appreciable reduction of the demand for electricity or for reduction of kilowatthour charges. These reductions can normally be achieved by adjusting pump scheduling with little or no capital outlay. Another conservation method involves all distribution systems in that each experiences some degree of leakage. Any such leakage wastes water, along with the energy and money required to produce and pump it. It is not uncommon for water systems to have leakage rates in excess of 50 percent; thus any program that can locate and correct these leaks can be very effective in conserving water, energy, and money. Based on these considerations, in April 1982, the Alabama Rural Water Association and the Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Energy Division, entered into an agreement to investigate the potential for conserving energy in rural water systems. Alabama has approximately 600 such systems (in the context of this article, rural refers to towns and com-


Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella, including genetic characterization of wild-type viruses, is performed throughout the world by the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network, which serves 166 countries in all WHO regions. In particular, the genetic data can help confirm the sources of virus or suggest a source for unknown-source cases as well as to establish links, or lack thereof, between various cases and outbreaks. Virologic surveillance has helped to document the interruption of transmission of endemic measles in some regions. Thus, molecular characterization of measles viruses has provided a valuable tool for measuring the effectiveness of measles P.A. Rota Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA, USA, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Low-speed rotorcraft operations at airports and heliports are investigated to better understand and quantify the potential hazards associated with various types of rotorwash flowfields. Mathematical models for various types of rotor-induced flowfields are developed. These models are utilized in conjunction with hazard analysis models to evaluate the potential for rotorwash-related accidents in various operational scenarios. Correlation with available flight test and laboratory experimental data is provided wherever possible. The result from the analysis effort is a recommendation of separation requirements for rotorcraft operations at airports and heliports. Recommendations are also provided for future research that would aid in the elimination of safety factors used in the development of recommended separation criteria.


The avalanche of the Folk-song-styled-verse of the Western Jin Dynasty before the Taikang period was related to the poverty and humble origin of most poets then and to their pursuit of the official posts by means of their accomplishments in Confucian studies and writing articles.Under the influence of the ritual and musical culture in the Western Jin Dynasty,the Folk-song-styled-verse in that period cultivated a characteristic of refinement,which not only faced the realities directly and valued morality,but also pursued a flowery language and elaborateness in expression,showing a deliberate willingness to serve the political and religious purposes.


The purpose of the present literature review is a systematization of known evidence on the problem of postoperative delirium as a frequent complication in elderly and senile patients during extensive reconstructive  surgery on the spine and large joints. The review, which is based on publications of foreign and native authors, provides insights into current understanding of the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, methods of treatment, and prevention of these complications. The number of operations in traumatology and orthopedy is increasing. Accordingly with this fact, we are seeing an increase the number of cases of postoperative delirium. We know that the risk of delirium is linked with patient age. The interest to this problem is growing and has clinical and economical background. The etiology of delirium is considered to be multivariate. The development of diagnostic tools is playing a very important role and provides control of delirium in intensive care unit. Common understanding of this state's pathophysiology and the opportunity to participate another physician leads to correct organization of treatment process. The knowledge of acute postoperative delirium in intensive care unit is being formed. The basic concept of postoperative delirium varies from its definition psychiatry and narcology due to differences in how different specialties treat the disorder. The risk factors of treatment are estimated. The controlled sedation is a clear trend. The experience of practical application dexmedetomidin for prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium is accumulated. Although the value of drug- therapy is difficult to overestimate the great influence on the result have non- pharmalogical methods.


Based on the analysis on the stock price fluctuations and the reasons in China, this article shows the information roles of stock prices. And it makes the cointegration and Granger causality tests between stock prices and money supplies of different levels in China. The results shows after 1995, in generally, the stock prices play the information roles in China; there are cointegration and causality relationships between stock prices and money supplies of different levels. Therefore, monetary authority should make reactions to stock price fluctuations. Based on the forward-looking interest rule, using IS-PC-AP model and GMM, it estimates Chinese monetary policy function considering stock prices.


The quinolones are an important class of compounds having diverse biological
activities described in the literature, such as, antibiotic, antiviral, anticancer, among others.
Our research group aims to obtain new quinolone derivatives, with two main
objectives: to seek substances that have the enhanced biological activity with changing groups
or different radicals connected to this type of core; evaluate the effect of these changes on the
biological activities "non-classical" of quinolone derivatives.
Through these researches, for example, we have obtained a promising quinolone ribonucleoside
with good in vitro inhibition against virus HSV-1 and HIV-1. Thus, from this substance, it was
proposed in this work; structural modifications to obtain a new series of derivatives containing
hydrazide and carbohydrazone groups at the C-3 position of quinolone nucleus.
The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of various
ribonucleosides with potential biological applications. Seventeen compounds were synthesized
and among these thirteen are new ribonucleosides.
The treatment of appropriate substituted anilines with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate
led to the enamine-type derivatives which were then cyclized in refluxing Dowtherm A. The
corresponding 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinolines were isolated in good yields. The protected
ribonucleosides were prepared by previous silylation of these oxoquinolines and subsequent
condensation reaction with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose , under Lewis acid
catalysis.
The reaction of the ribonucleosides with 80 % aqueous hydrazine in ethanol as solvent
did not led to the 3-carbohydrazide-1- (2 ', 3', 5'-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose) -4-
oxoquinolines as desired. It occurred the formation of partially deprotected ribonucleosides
such as 3 carbethoxy-1- (5'-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose) -6-chloro-4-oxoquinoline, in
satisfactory yield.
Only employing a large excess of 80 % aqueous hydrazine solution, the hydrazide
ribonucleosides were successfully obtained. The reaction of these hydrazides with different
aromatic aldehydes gave the corresponding acylhydrazone ribonucleosides , in good yields , all
of them with E configurantion.
The structures of all new compounds were confirmed also by spectral data.
These new ribonucleosides were biologically evaluated as antifungal substances. None
of them showed any activity against the strains tested. They did not present cytotoxicity related
to healthy cells.
Their anti-HIV-1 and anti-Leishmania activities are also under investigation.


This work aims to make a discussion inspired by the texts and debates raised in the discipline Anthropology of Education of the Graduate Program in Anthropology of UFSC. I intend to bring the categories discussed in the room, as a child, learning, and therefore also reflect on the notion of education, knowledge and knowledge, thinking from the space of worship to Iansa (Santa Barbara) professed by the Mota and Assis family in Aguada, Carmopolis / Sergipe, where the presence of Afro-Brazilian culture is intense and intensified. I also start from my experience as a member of this family and also from the cult, seeking to perceive the children and their experiences from this point of interlocution. The objective is to discuss how children's participation in the space of worship is, how they observe, experience and take that reality to themselves, thus creating a learning process about being, and about what is to be an integral part of an African matrix cult .


In classical limit theory, the sum of i.i.d.(indep e ndent,identically,distributed) random variables is often considered. Because of the importance of random sum in finance and insurance, it is necessary to investiga te the case of random sums. This paper considers the sum of partial sums of i.i .d. random variables in the case of random sums. The weak law of large numbers(W LLN) and the central limit thorem (CLT) were established. The authors do not de mand that random index be independent of additive terms in our results. What is more, stopping time defined by the sum of partial sums was investigated and its asymptotic norma l behavior was also obtained. These results are not only significant general izations of classical ones but also promise useful applications.


The immunoglobulins are made up of heavy and light polypeptide chains (1, 2). There are three major classes of immunoglobulin (gamma globulins) that are commonly identified in normal human serum: the IgG (yG-, or 7 S y2-globulin), the IgA (yA-, ylA-, or /32A-globulin), and the IgM (yM-, YlM-, 12M-, or 18 S -yi-macroglobu-lin).1 These classes are distinguished on the basis of heavy polypeptide chain differences. A


It is shown that the field theory of spin-2 particles, generated by the Lagrange function which reduces to that of linearized gravitational field theory in the limit of zero mass, is inconsistent.


The increasing cost of tuition is causing a crisis in most independent medical schools. The tuition increase has been accentuated by double-digit inflation, especially in health-related areas, and ...


Routine-biased technological change has emerged as a leading explanation for the differential wage growth of routine occupations, such as manufacturers or office clerks, relative to less routine occupations. Less clear, however, is how the effects of technological advancement on occupational wage trends vary across political-institutional context. This paper investigates the extent to which collective bargaining agreements and union coverage shape the relative wage growth of occupations at higher risk of automation. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the U.S. Current Population Survey, I measure the 'routine task intensity' of occupations across 15 OECD Member States and the 50 United States from the 1980s onward. Findings suggest that bargaining coverage is more consequential for the wage growth of high routine occupations relative to less routine occupations, and that high routine occupations lose coverage at a faster rate when bargaining coverage at the national level declines. As a result, declines in bargaining coverage within a country are associated with declining relative wage growth for occupations at higher risk of automation. Estimates suggest that had union coverage in the U.S. not declined from 1984 levels, the earnings of high routine occupations might have grown at the same rate as low pay occupations between 1984 and 2015, rather than experiencing a relative wage decline. However, the findings also suggest that gains in the relative wage growth may increasingly come at the cost of reduced employment shares of high routine occupations.


The ancient city of Lixus, today situated on a hill on the right bank of the River Loukkos, 4km from the coast, was founded on the shore of a brackish lagoon that was sheltered from Atlantic storms. This geographical context provided the city with one of the best Phoenician harbors and abundant fishing resources, and allowed access to the Gharb cattle farming resources and cereal production systems. In this study, the historical evolution of the Loukkos estuarine environment is reconstructed through geomorphological and sedimentological analyses, combined with cartographic, archaeological, and geographical data. The outcomes reveal the progressive infilling of the estuarine lagoon of Lixus and its transformation into the current estuary and floodplain. The recent history of this estuary records four successive stages: (1) an initial stage associated with the maximum Holocene marine transgression (5500 to 5320 cal. yr B.P.) that reached the interior of the estuary; (2) a sheltered brackish tidal lagoon stage in Phoenician and Roman times; (3) a period of progressive infilling of the estuarine lagoon, from late Roman times to the Middle Ages (11th to15th centuries); (4) a period of rapid expansion of intertidal marshes (17th to 19th centuries) that saw the formation of the modern estuarine plain and meandering channel system (20th century). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


in this paper,the pre-condition of surge occurrence is found out from the surge mechanics,harm of surge and common deciding method are introduced.The main factor and actual problem of effecting surge are analyzed.Comparison and analysis are carried out on common control methods of anti-surge.And a optimum control scheme is elaborated.


From August 29 to September 21, 1909, Sigmund Freud visited the United States, where he gave five lectures at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. This volume brings together a stunning gallery of leading historians of psychoanalysis and of American culture to consider the broad history of psychoanalysis in America and to reflect on what has happened to Freud's legacy in the United States in the century since his visit. There has been a flood of scholarship on Freud's life and on the European or world history of psychoanalysis, but historians have produced relatively little on the proliferation of psychoanalytic thinking in the United States, where Freud's work had monumental intellectual and social impact. The essays in "After Freud Left" provide readers with insights and perspectives to help them understand the uniqueness of Americans' psychoanalytic thinking, as well as how active the legacy of Freud remains - both implicitly and explicitly - in the United States in the twenty-first century. "After Freud Left" will be essential reading for anyone interested in twentieth-century American history, general intellectual and cultural history, and psychology and psychiatry.


Obesity is a major public health issue worldwide and lifestyle factors affecting weight should be addressed at every opportunity. Weight gain is not affected by the menopause or administration of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause favours the development of central adiposity. Obesity is a risk factor for menopausal symptoms and depression. Increased adiposity affects the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal function, which may manifest as menstrual dysfunction and late onset of menopause.


The study examined the effects of a study skills training intervention course on U.S. Air Force Aeromedical Apprentices with five main purposes. The first was to examine the relationship between study skills training and the number of times students required academic interventions outside of normal class time. The second purpose was to examine the relationship between study skills training and end of course averages. The third was to determine the relationship between study skills training and the amount of additional instruction, measured in time, students required. The fourth purpose examined the relationship between study skills training and graduation rates. The final purpose was to recommend areas for further research.


By physical analysis and comparative study,examine the origin and type of tickets,tickets design concept of copyright and aesthetic culture of the Republic of China's book copyright tickets and hold that the tickets reflect the process of modern Chinese copywright and implementation.They are the specimens of the East-West cultural exchange in the history of art and design.


This paper describes a current Bureau of Mines research project that is applying autonomous vehicle concepts to coal mining machinery. The system consists of a specially instrumented 50-ton mining machine with an onboard integrated computer control system and a Symbolics 3600 computer. Preliminary tests demonstrated that the Symbolics could communicate and control the mining machine through the use of a simple yet powerful communication protocol. The status of the system is displayed graphically on the Symbolics. A description of the mining machine, the system architecture, the integrated computer control system, the communication protocol, and initial experimental test results are discussed. Future experiments and system enhancements are also delineated.


Blanking finite element analysis model of non-metallic material PET insulation spacer was established, and the influence of process parameters on blanking quality of insulation spacer was analyzed. The results show that the qualified cross-section quality, the high dimensional accuracy and the little bending distortion of blanking workpiece can be obtained by the reasonable blanking clearance and the higher blanking speed. The corresponding experiment was carried out, the results show that the process parameters of insulation spacer blanking obtained by numerical simulation are feasible, and the qualified insulation spacer was produced by the simulation results.


The vegetation health index (VHI) is a widely utilized remote-sensing-based index for monitoring agricultural drought on the regional or global scale. However, the validity of VHI as a drought detection tool relies on the assumption that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land-surface temperature (Ts) at a given pixel will vary inversely over time. This assumption may introduce large uncertainties in VHI for drought monitoring over areas with complex landforms, such as China. In order to monitor agricultural drought over the whole of China, a new drought detection index is suggested in this article, termed the vegetation drought index (VDI). VDI is developed from the classical VHI by substituting NDVI and Ts with the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and day–night Ts difference (∆Ts), respectively. Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD11C3 and MOD13C2 products from 2001 to 2011, monthly precipitation data from 1970 to 2010, and yearly winter wheat yield data from 2000 to 2012 were utilized to evaluate VDI. Results indicated that (1) many areas in China show a positive correlation between NDVI and Ts, especially in the cold season, whereas most areas have a negative correlation between NDWI and ∆Ts; (2) VDI has a significant linear correlation with VHI in areas and periods where the NDVI–Ts correlation and NDWI–∆Ts correlation are both negative; (3) VDI presents a significant correlation with 3 and 6 month standardized precipitation indices, which is comparable to VHI; and (4) VDI has a significant correlation with normalized crop yield, and is better than VHI. As an example, the extreme drought event over southwestern China from winter 2009 to spring 2010 was successfully explored by VDI. It is concluded that the new index, VDI, has the potential to monitor agricultural drought over the whole of China, including areas and periods where the NDVI–Ts correlation is non-negative.


[eng] Productivity convergence in the manufacturing industry. A comparison of France and Germany with other . industrialised countries . by Jean-Philippe Boussemart and Emmanuel Robert . This paper measures the total factor productivity gains and performance convergence of industrial sectors in France, Germany and the other Euro-zone countries compared with other OECD economies. It does this by computing a production frontier for 17 industries in 15 countries for the period from 1979 to 1992. This approach breaks down the productivity gains into technical efficiency variation and technological progress. . We find a definite convergence phenomenon in the industrial performances of France and Germany. This suggests that these countries' industries have already taken productivity adjustment measures to handle the irreversible transition to European Economic and Monetary Union. [fre] Convergence des productivites dans l'industrie manufacturiere. Une comparaison du couple franco-allemand aux autres pays industrialises . par Jean-Philippe Boussemart et Emmanuel Robert . Ce travail mesure les gains de productivite globale des facteurs et la convergence des performances des secteurs industriels entre la France, l'Allemagne et les autres pays de la zone Euro au regard des pays de l'OCDE. Pour cela, nous calculons sur la periode 1979-1992, pour 17 industries et une quinzaine de nations, une frontiere de production decomposant ces gains de productivite en variation d'efficacite technique et de progres technique. . Nos resultats montrent qu'il existe un reel phenomene de convergence des performances industrielles de l'Allemagne et de la France. Ce qui laisse supposer que les industries de ces pays ont en partie deja supporte des couts d'ajustement en terme de productivite pour affronter une phase irremediable d'integration economique et monetaire europeenne.


This Corrective Action Investigation Plan (CAIP) addresses one of three leachfield systems associated with Test Cell A, which is located in Area 25 at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The NTS is approximately 105 kilometers (km) (65 miles [mi]) northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada (see Leachfield Work Plan Figure 1-1). Corrective Action Unit 500 is comprised of the Test Cell A Septic System (CAS 25-04-05) and the associated leachfield system presented in Figure 1-1 (FFACO, 1996). The leachfield is located 60 meters (m) (200 feet [ft]) southeast of the Building 3124 gate, and approximately 45 m (150 ft) southwest of Building 3116 at Test Cell A. Test Cell A operated during the 1960s to support nuclear rocket reactor testing as part of the Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS) (SNPO, 1970). Various operations within Buildings 3113B (Mechanical Equipment Room), 3115 (Helium Compressor Station), 3116 (Pump House), a water tank drain and overflow, a ''yard and equipment drain system'' outside of Building 3116, and a trailer have resulted in potentially hazardous effluent releases to the leachfield system (DOE, 1988a). The leachfield system components include discharge lines, manways, a septic tank, an outfall line, a diversion chamber, and a 15 by 30 m (50 by 100 ft) leachfield (see Leachfield Work Plan Figure 3-1 for explanation of terminology). In addition, engineering drawings show an outfall system that may or may not be connected to the CAU 500 leachfield. In general, effluent contributed to the leachfield was sanitary wastewater associated with floor drains, toilet and lavatory facilities in Building 3113B and floor drains in the remaining source buildings. The surface and subsurface soils in the vicinity of the collection system, outfall, and leachfield may have been impacted by effluent containing contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) generated by support activities associated with Test Cell A reactor testing operations.


The electrode temperature has strong influence on the lifetime of HID lamps. The 800 nm spectral radiance distribution of a HID lamp electrode in a quartz arc tube were measured with a monochromator, which was calibrated with a tungsten ribbon spectral radiance standard lamp. Then the electrode temperature was calculated using Planck formula. The dependence of electrode temperature on time, rectangular waveform frequency, electrode position and discharge current were analyzed. The results show electrode temperature increases in anode phase and decreases in cathode phase. When the frequency increases, the electrode temperature decreases and becomes flat along with time. When the current decreases, the electrode temperature decreases and keeps almost the same waveform.


Life for many people is based on a set of daily routines, such as home, work, and leisure. If the activities in life occur in recurring patterns, then the context in which they occur should also follow a pattern. In this thesis, we explore using cell phones for learning recurring locations using only a timestamped history of the cell tower the device is connected to. We base our approach on an existing graph-based online algorithm, but modify it to compute additional statistics for offline analysis to obtain better results. We then further refine the offline algorithm to include time-partitioned nodes to resolve some observed shortcomings. Finally, we evaluate all three algorithms on a dataset of GSM readings over a one month period, and show how our successive modifications improved the locations found. Thesis Supervisor: Larry Rudolph Title: Principal Research Scientist


The SafeTITM Compiler Qualification Kit is a modern, model-based qualification kit that offers a high degree of flexibility during application of the kit. This paper will describe challenges posed by the safety standards and processes, as well as illustrate the benefits of model-based tool qualification. The second part of the paper focuses on the Texas Instruments C/C++ ARM® compiler specific aspects. Its model combines the C software programming language conformance tests provided by the SuperTest qualification suite with specific TI test cases for the TI C/C++ compiler. Using examples, we illustrate how the contained qualification support tool assists during qualification of the compiler and provide a description of the generated documents. Model-Based Tool Qualification of the TI C/C++ ARM® Compiler


The bottom substrate is one of the main ecological factors that influence the structure of the aquatic organism. Macrozoobenthos are the organisms living either in the bottom waters or the bottom surface of the waters. The presence of macrozoobenthos in the water is strongly influenced by various environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and substrate of the bottom water. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the physico-chemical of waters and the substrate bottom of River Ranggeh, as well as their relationship to macrozoobenthos abundance. Samples were taken in 2019 for five times (February, March, April, July, and August). Survey method was used in this study. Purposive random sampling was carried out at four stations based on the environmental factors and land use. Insect class was the most dominant class found at all study area with the diversity index value of H'> 1 (high diversity). Type of the bottom substrate of River Ranggeh is argillaceous sand with high organic carbon concentration values. The results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the abundance of macrozoobenthos was positively correlated with temperature, TSS, P-organic and C-organic, but it was negatively correlated with pH, water flow, DO, Total N, and substrate type.


The high cycle fatigue tests for smooth specimens of TC25 titanium alloy under different stress ratios are carried out on a MTS 809 Material Test Machine at a given maximum stress level of 917MPa at ambient temperature, the high cycle fatigue lifetimes for such alloy are measured, and the effects of stress amplitude and mean stress on high cycle fatigue life are analyzed. The initial resistance is measured at the two ends of smooth specimen of TC25 titanium alloy, every a certain cycles, the fatigue test is interrupted, and the current resistance values at various fatigue cycles are measured. The ratio of resistance change is adopted to characterize the fatigue damage evolution in TC25 titanium alloy, and a modified Chaboche damage model is applied to derive the fatigue damage evolution equation. The results show that the theoretical calculated values agree well with the test data, which indicates that the modified Chaboche damage model can precisely describe the accumulated damage in TC25 titanium alloy at high cycle fatigue under unaxial loading. Finally, the high cycle fatigue lifetimes for TC25 titanium alloy specimens at different strain hardening rates are tested at a given stress ratio of 0.1, the effect of strain hardening on fatigue life is investigated based on a microstructure analysis on TC25 titanium alloy, and an expression between fatigue life and strain hardening rate is derived


Objective:To evaluate the effects of quercetin on the injured vascular endothelial cells and its mechanism.Method:Endothelial cell culture was in vitro.The endothelial cell injury model was established by cultured with H2O2 for 18 h,Quercetin at dose of 8,4,2 mg·L-1 was cultured with the cells before the model establishment.Flow cytometry was used for determining endothelial cell death rate.Endothelial cell was detected by ELISA for medium thrombomodulin(TM) content;spectrophotometric determination was used for the culture medium lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity.Result:Compared to the model group,quercetin can lower endothelial cell death rate,reduce the content of TM and activity of LDH in the culture medium.Conclusion: Quercetin can obviously protect endothelial cells,and its protective effect is related to against lipid peroxidation,protection of the cell membrane.


This article provides a summary of what is currently known about the classification of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents; the issues of reliability and validity, both external and internal validity, are the focus. Anxiety disorders can be reliably diagnosed in children and adolescents when structured and/or semi-structured diagnostic interview schedules are used. Although there is strong evidence for the external validity of the broad category of anxiety disorders, the findings are uneven for the specific disorders. Findings relating to external validity also vary depending on the criteria used in the external validation process. Considerably less research has been conducted on internal validity. The little work that has been done generally supports the DSM-IV's internal structure, although this remains an issue that is controversial and requires more research attention. Issues that remain unknown include the reliability of anxiety diagnoses with relative low prevalence in youth, the specificity of effects to anxiety disorders in the external validation process, and factors (e.g. comorbidity) that raise serious concerns about internal validity.


The aims of this short paper are threefold. First and foremost, it serves to bring a remarkable Late Classic Maya cylinder vase in a private col-lection to the attention of a wider audience. Although unprovenienced, and not without some indications of repair and repainting, the vase is nonetheless undoubtedly genuine, and provides numerous welcome points of contact with parallel scenes and hieroglyphic texts from archaeologically-recovered objects whose origins and integrity are not in question. Second, it highlights the significant contributions of the text and imagery of this new context to our evolving understandings of the enigmatic 'star war' verb, its mythological underpinnings, and the kinds of bellicose events it references. Third, although still undeciphered, we are now in a position to recognize that all contexts of the 'star war' verb in Maya writing reference the same event, an ancient mythological episode relating to the defeat of the Maize God in a disastrous deluge overseen by Baluun Yookte' K'uh and several other antagonistic deities. (Previously, scholars have supposed that such scenes were distinct from the seemingly more quotidian references to 'star war' as a military ac-tion.) Due in large part to these new associations and understandings, it can now be shown that the 'star war' verb represents a term referring to 'deluge', and that a frequently associated 'earth' sign most likely comprises a generalized incorporated noun rather than a core element of a single visually-complex logogram.


Nowadays more and more attentions have been paid to the safeties of meat products,which is a major problem,and we have to solve.In this article,the problems existing in processing of meat products were put forwards and some rational suggestions were given in order to establish the basis for the integrated monitoring.


Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a strapping combination of inexpensive, diminutive, computational and communication impelled sensor nodes which are powered by irreplaceable battery. So the lifetime of a sensor node is fixed. This lifetime can be increased only by using proper management of power consumption. Duty cycle based energy management scheme is very efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol of the WSN which effectively conserve energy of sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a new management scheme for the duty cycle based MAC protocol to reduce the energy consumption by the sensor nodes as well as improve the network lifetime. In the proposed scheme, the total duty cycle is divided into two equal parts, one part is used for transmission of own data and another part is used for transmission/reception of neighbor node's data. If there is no data available for either own or neighbor nodes then it will go to the sleep mode during that part of duty cycle to save the energy consumption. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated by numerical simulations. From the simulation results it is confirmed that the proposed scheme provides lower energy consumption as well as higher lifetime than the existing scheme.


Initial analytical results are reported for the direct elemental analysis of ceramics using a theta-pinch discharge. Sampling of refractory substances, including detection of minor and trace impurities, is demonstrated. Effects of sample aging and specimen shape are shown. Changes in emission time behavior are attributed to the effects of particle size and apparent nonrepresentative sampling, and to line reversal.


This paper presents the study of family firm demographic characteristics on the base of 415 Swedish family companies. The main purpose is to investigate if there is a connection between the locatio ...


It is a problem to deal with the relationship between protecting forest resource and getting income in rural area , and the authors thought that the innovation of forest resource utilization is the effective way to solve the difficulty .In Baisha Villege , the practice of innovating on forest resource utilization pattern , mainly by developing non-timber resource and eco-tourism , have increased the rural income , optimized the estate structure , and protected effectively the forest resource and ecology environment .The results showed that the key of innovation is to respectively , repeatedly and protectedly utilize forest resource , to manage mainly the forest by-product , to shorten the management period , and to effectively solve the outer problem in forest resource usage , so that the public can develop coordinately the ecology , economy and social effect of forest resource .


For over a century, film-based radiography has been used as a nondestructive testing technique for industrial inspections. With the advent of digital techniques in the medical domain, the NDT community is also considering alternative digital techniques. Computed Radiography (CR) is a cost-efficient and easy-to-implement replacement technique because it uses equipment very similar to film radiography. This technology uses flexible and reusable imaging plates (IP) as a detector to generate a latent image during x-ray exposure. With an optical scanning system, the latent image can be readout and digitized resulting in a direct digital image. CR is widely used in the medical field since it provides good performance at low energies. For industrial inspection, CR application is limited by its poor response to high energy radiation and the presence of scattering phenomena. To completely replace film radiography by such a system, its performance still needs to be improved by either finding more appropriate IPs or by optimizing operating conditions. Guidelines have been addressed in international standards to ensure a good image quality supplied by CR system, where metallic screens are recommended for the case of using high energy sources. However, the type and thickness of such a screen are not clearly defined and a large panel of possible configurations does exist. Simulation is a very useful tool to predict experimental outcomes and determine the optimal operating conditions. The Monte Carlo (MC) methods are widely accepted as the most accurate method to simulate radiation transport problems. It can give insight about physical phenomena, but due to its random nature, a large amount of computational time is required, especially for simulations involving complex geometries. Deterministic methods, on the other hand, can handle easily complex geometry, and are quite efficient. However, the estimation of scattering effects is more difficult with deterministic methods. In this thesis work, we have started with a Monte Carlo simulation study in order to investigate the physical phenomena involved in IP and in metallic screens at high energies. In particular we have studied separately the behavior of X-ray photons and electrons. Some experimental comparisons have been carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Then, we have proposed a hybrid simulation approach, combining the use of deterministic and Monte Carlo code, for simulating the imaging of complex shapes objects. This approach takes into account degradation introduced by X-ray scattering and fluorescence inside IP, as well as optical photons scattering during readout process. Different simulation configurations have been compared.


Abstract Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics in the family Convolvulaceae Juss. (particularly in formerly recognized tribe Merremieae) have brought new insights on generic delimitation. Therefore, many species were transferred across genera to accommodate the new classification. However, additional morphological and molecular analyses are still needed to address the affinities and position of some species formerly included in Merremia Dennst. ex Endl.s.l. and allied genera. In this study, we provide a phylogenetic framework for the placement of Indian species in a new generic arrangement and to address the status of doubtful distinct species. Distimake rhyncorhiza (Dalzell) A.R. Simões & Staples is proved to have its place in Distimake Raf., while Operculina tansaensis Santapau & Patel is validated as a distinct species from O. turpethum (L.) Silva Manso. A nomenclatural clarification for the misuse of the name "Merremia gangetica (L.) Cufod". in India is provided, with an encouragement to use the correct name Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. The addition of the Indian species to the molecular phylogeny suggests the possible non-monophyly of Camonea Raf., and a new placement for Camonea vitifolia (Burm.f.) A.R. Simões & Staples, albeit still weakly supported. We have provided morphological descriptions, distribution maps and notes on nomenclature.


When contracts are unobserved, agents may have the incentive to promise the same asset to multiple counterparties and subsequently default. The author constructs an optimal mechanism that induces agents to reveal all their trades voluntarily. The mechanism allows agents to report every contract they enter, and it makes public the names of agents who have reached some prespecified position limit. In some cases, an agent's position limit must be higher than the number of contracts he enters in equilibrium. The mechanism has some features of a clearinghouse. ; Superseded by Working Paper 10/28R ; Supersedes Working Paper 05-12/R


Security and safety are two intertwined terms. It is a common belief that when a place or system is secure, it is safe. This paper shows a means of integrating three devices for physical intrusion detection. This paper thus suggests a means of increasing the level of security in an enclosed area with the use three of the four security layers necessary for optimum security. This paper intends to show that a system with more than one security device in place tends to prevent unauthorized access. This paper would be illustrating the implementation of this in an enclosed area whose security level must be kept on the high at all times.


The ATLAS EventIndex is going to be upgraded in advance of LHC Run 3. A framework for testingthe performance of both the existing system and the new system has been developed. It generatesvarious queries (event lookup, trigger searches, etc.) on sets of the EventIndex data and measures theresponse times. Studies of the response time dependence on the amount of requested data, and datasample type and size, can be performed. Performance tests run regularly on the existing EventIndexand will run on the new system when ready. The results of the regular tests are displayed on themonitoring dashboards, and they can raise alarms in case (part of) the system misbehaves or becomesunresponsive.


This article is concerned with terminology--specifically, with use of the term "module." A classical definition of the term is given and that definition is then expanded to differentiate between linear, planar, cubic, functional and structural modules. It is then shown how the generally accepted, explicit and specific value of the term "module" has become distorted. Ship power plants, electrical plants, auxiliary boiler plants and other ship systems are spoken of as being "modular" when they cannot in fact, be broken down into integral parts that repeat in a given system. The correct terms for what is meant would be standard (or unified and simplified) blocks and units, and block-unit system formation. The need to standardize terminology and educate the industry in this regard is stressed.


In this work, an atmospheric pressure glow discharge helium plasma treatment was employed to modify the surface properties of jute fibres. The resulting bio-composites showed an increase in flexural properties and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) compared to composites produced using untreated jute fibres. To understand the reason behind the ILSS improvement, the acid–base properties of jute fibres were determined by contact angle analysis using the capillary rise method. The results were fitted further to van Oss–Chaudhury–Good (vOCG) and Chang–Qin–Chen (CQC) models to determine the Lifshitz–van der Waals (LW) and acid–base components of surface energy. Surface energy determined by the vOCG model revealed that plasma treatment of jute fibre resulted in a 22% increase in total surface energy, a 19% increase in the LW component and a 24% increase in the acid–base component of surface energy. The increase in the acid–base component is due to the significant increase (69%) in the electron-accepting (γ + S) parameter. On the other hand, the CQC model clearly indicates an amphoteric nature of the fibre surface based on opposite signs of the acid and base principal values (P a S and P b S). Overall, the results indicated that increases in both LW and acid–base components were responsible for improvement in the properties of the composites.


In this paper, the basic property and the lattice of all convex lattice ordered near ordered subnear rings of lattice ordered near rings are discussed, and the following theorems are given and proved:A) Let L be a lattice ordered near ring, the following are equivalent: 1) M is a convex lattice ordered subnear ring; 2) M is a convex and directive; 3) The right coset of M R(M) is a distributive lattice, moreover m 1,m 2∈L,(M+m 1)∨(M+m 2)=M+m 1∨m 2,(M+m 1)∧(M+m 2)=M+m 1∧m 2. B) Let L be a lattice ordered near ring, then C(L)={M|M is a convex lattice ordered subnear ring} is a Brouwerian lattice, which is a sublattice of the lattice of all subnear rings of L.


Several axioms have been proposed for the axiomatization of input measures of technical efficiency. In this paper our primary concern is the Fare-Lovell efficiency measure. It is shown that this measure can be characterized by a set of five independent axioms.


Cooperation relies on shared communication systems, such as language. We can now add one of the planet's most cooperative rodents, the naked mole-rat, to the short list of species that use vocal dialects to help identify group members. Using a combination of computer algorithms and behavioral studies, we recently identified some of the special features of naked mole-rat communication.


A computerized system for flow measurement is aimed to be developed which can afford the velocity measurement of multiple points at the same time. The system consists complimentarily of image processing of visualized flows and numerical computations of the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations ; first the velocity field of a scanned plane is measured by digitizing the path of tracers through image processing techniques, and then numerical computa tions are invoked to make the scanned plane flows three-dimensional and.to fill up unmeasu rable points by the image processing.In the present paper, the first part is mainly studied on plane flows ; a method of visualization of tracers and an algorithm to determine the velocity on a plane. The basic idea is to analyze three images of a tracer on successive frames which is crossing the slit beam with a finite thickness. They make it possible to distinguish the actual positions of the tracer. The slit beam is scanned to three-dimensionize of the plane flows. This idea is realized by an algorithm on a micro-computer which is applied to measure uniform flows, wake flow of a circular cylinder and unsteady channel flow.Although several points are still left to be improved for higher accuracy, the present system is proved to work basically well and the extension is confirmed to three-dimensional velocity measurements. It is primarily important to acquire stable pictures of tracers independent of the direction to camera, time and position.


Struck for drilling drill bit comprises a head provided at one end of the skirt projecting rearwardly. The head has an outer collar which partially define a recess that projects rearward is formed in the foremost region of the head. Around the gauge buttons are provided to the outer collar to surround the button toward the front side, and formed in the head recess. It is effective to provide a stabilized cutting to minimize rock drilling the drill bit is struck for lateral deflection.


On the basis of the research on the typical high-speed passenger ship with twin skeg in the Yangzi River, the research and development of twin skeg ship are analyzed, including the problems of propulsive efficiency, vibration and the study of ship forms with large block coefficient and shallow-draft.


The focal point of an in-vehicle fixed focus camera (the most focused point) in a face image photographing device is set as follows. Namely, the focal point is set so that a circle of confusion with respect to the face position of a driver when a driver's seat is moved to the frontmost position (frontmost face position) becomes greater than the circle of confusion with respect to the face position of the driver when the driver's seat is moved to the rearmost position (rearmost face position). In doing so, the focal point of the in-vehicle camera can be moved rearward, thus preventing the blurring of an image of the face taken at the rearmost face position. As a result the driving condition can be accurately detected on a constant basis even when the blurring of an image of the face taken at the rearmost face position increases due to magnifying the image.


Abstract Ultra-high-speed injection molding has been reported to be a very effective method for improving transcription molding. In this study, by using stampers with V-grooves having pitches of 25 μm and 100 μm, we investigated the effects of cavity conditions, including cavity thickness, groove layout, and groove pitch size, on transcription molding. These experiments were also conducted under various molding conditions such as injection rates, melt and mold temperatures, and holding pressure, etc. As a result, it was found that the groove layout of a stamper remarkably affects transcription fidelity and these effects do not disappear when the molding is performed with a cavity-vacuum process. This phenomenon was explained using the well-known molecular orientation by the extensional flow during injection molding. When transcription molding was performed with cavities of different thicknesses (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 2.0 mm), the effect of holding pressure on transcription was inversely related to the cavity wall thickness. This result indicates that, in the molding with a thin cavity wall, the transcription mainly completed during the filling stage. In addition to the shortening of cavity filling time and decrease in viscosity by shear heating, an accelerated increase in cavity pressure during the cavity filling stage was also found to be important for explaining the improvement in transcription with ultrahigh-speed injection molding.


It is well known that the temperature and optical depth of the Comptonising electrons of the corona of black hole binaries can be measured using spectroscopy in the 1 keV–1 MeV energy band. We emphasize recent developments in the modeling of high energy radiation processes which allow us to constrain other important physical parameters of the corona, such as the strength of magnetic field, or the temperature of the ions. In the prototypical source Cygnus X‐1, the results appear to challenge current accretion models.


Urbanization and employment are the two major issues which affect mutually in future economic development of Northeast Areas.It is significant that we analysis theatrically the employment effect of urbanization.This paper uses demographic and statistical research methods under the economic theoretical analysis framework,takes the future trend of the development of urbanization with the methods of urban-rural growth difference as the foundation, predicts the future trend of urban labor supply,and combines the trends of the demand for labor force based on economic growth,and reaches the main conclusions that the increasing of the level of urbanization to a certain degree aggravates the urban labor market supply and demand contradictions,but at the same time promotes economic growth and brings about economic prosperity and raises the level of employment.The relationship between the two is not totally antagonistic,and there is the possibility of coordinated development.


Abstract : The initial response of blood exposed to an artificial surface is the adsorption of blood proteins that triggers a number of biological reactions such as inflammation and blood coagulation. Competitive protein adsorption plays a key role in the hemocompatibility of the surface. The synthesis of nonfouling surfaces is therefore one of the major prerequisites for devices for biomedical applications. Polysaccharides are the main components of the endothelial cell glycocalyx and have the ability to reduce nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion and, therefore, are generally coupled with a wide variety of surfaces to improve their biocompatibility. We have developed a procedure for covalently binding dextran and sodium hyaluronate (HA) on silicon wafers and we have been able to achieve a high level of control over the surface properties of the coatings. In the present research effort we focus on a detailed investigation of competitive bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine fibrinogen (Fg) adsorption on dextran- and HA-modified silicon surfaces. Polysaccharide based biomimetic layers preferentially adsorb BSA and, in general, strongly suppress protein adsorption with respect to bare silicon and APTES-activated silicon surfaces used as control.


Instructions: There are 45 points total. Justify all of your answers, and show your work. You may use the result of one part of a problem in the proof of a later part, even if you do not complete the proof of the earlier part. You may quote basic theorems proved in the textbook or in class, unless the point of the problem is to reproduce the proof of such a theorem, or the problem tells you not to. Do not quote the results of homework exercises without reproving them. You have one hour and fifty minutes. 1 (10 pts). (a) (5 pts). Prove Kronecker's theorem, which states that if K is a field and f (x) ∈ K[x], then there is a field extension K ⊆ F such that f (u) = 0 for some u ∈ F. (b) (5 pts). Prove that if f (x) ∈ K[x], then there exists a splitting field F for f (x) over K. (Both parts (a) and (b) are theorems proved in class and in the book; I want you to reprove them here). Solution. (a). The problem should have stated that f (x) nonconstant of course, since a constant polynomial can't have a root in any field. So assume that f (x) ∈ K[x] is nonconstant. Then there is some irreducible (so also nonconstant) polynomial g(x) such that f (x) = g(x)h(x)