The local interstellar spectrum (LIS) is one of the most important but unknown parameters used in all modeling efforts to describe the modulation of Galactic cosmic rays on their way from the galaxy through a possible bow shock, heliosheath, and heliosphere toward the Earth. Because it has not been measured thus far, several LIS models derived from numerical simulations or data on Earth were developed. A new method to determine the LIS was introduced when the Voyager spacecraft crossed the termination shock and entered the heliosheath. Webber & Higbie derived a new LIS, which is lower than all previous LIS models over the entire energy range, on the basis of these measurements. Numerical simulations by Scherer et al. showed that particles already in the outer heliosheath (OHS) are modulated, suggesting that the LIS by Webber & Higbie is a heliopause spectrum (HPS) rather than the "true" LIS. By using the same simplified simulation model, we estimate the diffusion coefficient in the OHS to be consistent with several 1026 to 1027 cm2 s−1 for all LIS models under consideration by mapping them to this HPS and conclude that the Voyager measurements will not be able to determine the LIS in the near future. We then discuss the circumstances under which the terrestrial archive can be used to at least exclude LIS models, unless one awaits a dedicated mission like e.g., the Interstellar Probe.


Of the many sculptures on the facades of cathedrals and churches all over France, the curious Head-carriers, also known as Cephalophores, are arguably some of the most thought-provoking sculptural pieces one will come across. This study is concerned mainly with the iconography of St Denis, the first Bishop of France, as articulated on the portals of the Basilica of St-Denis. The events that followed immediately after Denis' martyrdom by decapitation is mostly regarded as mere fable. Consequently, the symbolic meaning of the unusual movement has evaded scholarship. This work will discuss the symbolism of the Head-carriers and the meaning it gives to the architectural space of the Basilica of St Denis. This study argues that the emblematic ideology behind the sublime interaction between the living and the dead in the Basilica of St Denis, epitomised by the statue of the martyr, is a visual representation of a central message in Christianity which presents death, not as the end, but as a transitory and glorious beginning of oneness with Christ. Through critical visual analysis and metaphysical discussions, the study places Gothic art and architecture in the centre of the enunciation of 16th century Christian doctrine.


Browsing by large herbivores on planted and naturally regenerated conifer seedlings (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) was recorded in 104 clear‐cuts in east‐central Sweden during 1990 and in 47 clear‐cuts in 1991. The number of seedlings browsed and the browsing patterns were analysed in relation to seedling type. Browsing frequencies were also compared between forest stands with different site productivities and subjected to different management practices. The variation in the number of seedlings browsed in 1990 was explained mainly by seedling category. Among both planted and naturally regenerated seedlings, pine was browsed more than spruce. Two‐year‐old containerized seedlings of spruce was browsed more than 4‐yr‐old bare‐rooted spruce. In 1991, browsing was more equal among species and seedling types. Number of seedlings with their leader browsed and the amount of biomass left after browsing differed significantly between seedling types. Seedlings that had been browsed in 1990 experienced significan...


Margh'era. Un Secolo In Corsa (2017/18) is a choreographic project that managed to temporally transform a neglected industrial site into a place of community bonding. Devised by the Venetian female choreographer Laura Boato, it involved more than one hundred performers and an even larger audience number. As this urban performance remained confined to the area of Veneto in Northern Italy, this text attempts to explore what can be learned from this choreographic event in order to enhance our understanding of community (through) dance. How and why is a community is built? Paying attention to the "common" that binds together a community of diverse people (Day, 2006), augmented cultural citizenship (Stevenson, 2003), evolving feeling of locality (Appadurai, 1996) and shared "now-ness" are the basic concepts that this short paper discusses.


In view of the advantages of 1.6‐μm laser, it has important applications in the fields of laser radar, industry, military, and optical communication. This paper mainly focuses on 1.6‐μm Er: YAG solid‐state‐laser for Laser Radar. The references about pulsed 1.6‐μm single‐longitudinal‐mode laser, continuous wave 1.6‐μm Er: YAG single‐longitudinal‐mode seed laser, and pulsed 1.6‐μm Er: YAG Q‐switched amplifier are collected and analyzed. The development status is introduced, the main problems are identified, and the future development direction is clarified. Maybe, this can provide a reference for other scholars.


In order to strengthen theoretical researching,the paper analyzed connotation of city,urban culture and urban sports culture by means of literature review.Based on this,the paper also summarized the characteristics of urban sports culture and put forward some suggestion,which is to raise the model emphasizing on human's profit as the first place and build a physical culture development with character of city,to exploit the sources reasonably,improve the production of construction in physical culture and stipulate the management of the city,to expand the degree of the participation of the public,to emphasize the cultivation of the person of ability,and found the multi-layered internet of sports culture.


Sandalwood (Santalum album) and Teak (Tectona grandis) are essential wood sources for furniture. Sustainable micropropagation methods can benefit wood availability. This study evaluates NaOCl and Povidone-iodine effects, immersion duration, and concentrations on teak and sandalwood micropropagation. Teak is treated with 10% & 15% NaOCl and 10% & 15% Povidone-iodine. No significant difference was observed between teak treatments; however, povidone-iodine shows potential as an effective teak sterilizing agent. Sandalwood's best sterilization: NaOCl at 10% & 15%.


Carbon extraction replica analysis were employed, in this paper, to quantities and size distributions of particles in Ti microalloy steel specimen to study the dissolution, coarsening and precipitation of TiN particle in Ti microalloy steel during different stage of welding heating cycle. The results showed coarsening mechanisms in different stage of the welding cycle were different. At the low-temperature heating stage(lower than 1200℃)of the heating cycle, the dissolution was characterized by shrinkage of particles, the number of particles did not decrease noticeably, indicating that particle coarsening was very weak. At the high temperature stage(1200℃~ 1350℃)of the heating cycle, in the cooling stage from 1350℃ to 1300℃, particle coarsening and dissolution still occurred due to lag effect. In the cooling stage form 1300℃ to room temperature, solute Ti and N were combined and TiN reprecipitated onto the survived particles, thus the mean size increase remarkably.


Lowmoisture foods, such as almonds, chocolate, and peanut butter, have recently been associated with numerous Salmonella outbreaks (CDC, 2004; Enache et al., 2017; Werber et al., 2005). Thermal treatments are commonly used to inactivate Salmonella in intermediate and high moisture foods. But the effectiveness of thermal treatments decreases for food with water activity (aw) lower than 0.6 (Syamaladevi et al., 2016). Thus, higher temperatures (e.g., above 70°C) and long times are typically used in those treatments. An important prerequisite to the design of effective thermal treatments for pathogen control in lowmoisture food is to understand how aw of the food changes with temperature (Liu et al., 2018). Water activity is the measure of the state of water in foods. It is defined as the ratio of the water vapor pressure of food to the saturated water vapor pressure at a given temperature (Labuza & Altunakar, 2007). The value of aw (between 0 and 1) indicates the degree to which water is able to participate in different chemical and physical processes. These processes can potentially change the quality of a product in storage or during a thermal treatment (Cauvain & Young, 2008; Tadapaneni et al., 2017). The relationship between aw and the moisture content (MC) of a food at constant temperature and pressure is described by moisture sorption isotherms (MSIs) (AndradeP et al., 2011). MSIs provide useful information in the selection or design of adequate processes, storage conditions, or packages in order to extend the quality, stability, and shelf life of Received: 13 December 2019 | Revised: 11 December 2020 | Accepted: 2 January 2021 DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15269


Landscape fragmentation is one of the greatest threats to environments globally, affecting all living organisms within fragments at many assembly levels. Despite such general assumptions, very few reports exist on the diversity patterns of Amazonian social wasps (Polistinae) in response to fragmentation. Our study aims at addressing how the community patterns of social wasp change from continuous to fragmented landscapes in the Amazon rainforest. We collected social wasps for a year (11 520 trap‐hour effort) in a continuous forest and a highly disturbed urban forest fragment, located in Manaus, Brazil. We attracted wasps using sardine and orange juice traps, placed in 20 sampling plots. We collected 2742 wasps from 29 species. Agelaia pallipes, Angiopolybia pallens and Agelaia fulvofasciata were the most abundant species. We detected significant differences in overall abundance, species richness and species composition of social wasps between landscapes. Conversely, no difference in species diversity (effective number of species) was found between habitats. Despite the low quantity of exclusive species, the numbers of most species declined sharply in the fragmented habitat, while for one species (Polybia rejecta), abundance increased. Regarding the percentile of species contribution to dissimilarity between landscapes, five out of the first six species were highly abundant (>100 individuals), thus demonstrating that the observed pattern was very likely driven by common species. Additionally, our findings highlight that fragmentation threatens abundant species as much as rare species. We hope that our results encourage the use of social wasps as models in basic and applied ecological surveys and further efforts for conservation of pristine forest areas in the tropical region of South America.


The article identifies the problematic issues of proof in criminal cases of crimes against property committed with the use of information and telecommunication technologies, associated with disproportionately long periods of obtaining information serving as evidence, which in turn lead to a violation of the principles of criminal justice. As a result of the application of general scientific methods for conducting scientific research, incl. analysis of the current legislation, statistical data, practice of international cooperation and materials of criminal cases, it is proposed to optimize the criminal procedure legislation in the field of evidence in criminal cases of the above category in order to reduce the time for collecting evidence.


Nanocomposite hydrogels were synthesized from grafting of acrylamide onto hydroxypropyl methylcellulose using methylenebisacrylamide cross-linker and laponite RD nanoclay. An unusual swelling was observed in CaCl2 solutions. The structure of nanocomposites was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TEM techniques. The nanocomposite hydrogels were evaluated to remove crystal violet dye from water. The investigation on the adsorption capacity and rate of dye onto nanocomposite hydrogels as a function of laponite RD content revealed that the both adsorption capacity and rate is enhanced as the nanoclay content is increased in nanocomposite composition. The experimental adsorption data were analyzed according to kinetic and isotherm models.


Abstract This paper focuses on the ways some recent British and Irish rewritings of the Bible estrange what has become the publicly accepted and dominant image of the biblical text. Recently, the Bible has been given the status of "home scripture" (Sherwood, Yvonne. 2012. Biblical Blaspheming: Trials of the Sacred for a Secular Age. Cambridge: CUP) and become a domesticated and conservative text, a rather placid cultural/literary monument, an important foundation of democracy, a venerable religious document judged more tolerant and liberal than other scriptures. Though the Bible used to be perceived as an explosive text, peppered with potentially offensive passages, today its enmity is neutralised either by linking the Bible with ancient times or by relating it to people's religious beliefs and by entrenching its more scandalous parts within the discourse of tolerance. It is such an anodyne image of the Bible that the biblical rewritings of Roberts, Winterson, Barnes, Crace, Pullman, Tóibin, Alderman, Diski defamiliarize. By showing biblical events through the eyes of various non-standard focalizers, those novels disrupt the formulaic patterns of the contemporary perception of the Bible. It is through these strange perspectives that we observe the critical moment when the overall meaning and the role of the biblical text is established and the biblical story is actually written down. Importantly, it is also the moment when somebody moulds the scripture according to their ideas and glosses over all the complexities, violence and immorality related to the events the biblical text describes. Also, contemporary biblical rewritings defamiliarize the currently popular image of the Bible – that of a whitewashed text which inculcates morality, conserves social order and teaches love and tolerance, by employing images of disintegration, dirt and contagion as well as by constructing a figure of a fervent believer in the Bible and its ideas.


Close–to–the–row cultivation and application of narrow bands of herbicides along the row requires the use of a
guidance system if commercial travel velocities are to be realized. Two articulated, and one side–shift three–point hitch
guidance systems were evaluated. Positioning accuracy was determined while sensing V– and U–shaped furrows, as well as
a simulated row of plants. Mounting of the sensing system to follow the second, rather than the outer row of plants provided
improved performance with the articulated systems. Wide bottom furrows yielded less accurate positioning than V–shaped
furrows when using the original furrow sensing system. Modification improved performance and, with the side–shift hitch,
kept implement position within 25 mm (1 in.) of the row center, even with tractor deviations up to 550 mm (22 in.).


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine organizational learning (OL) capability as a mediator of the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and performance of Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional design was adopted, where data were collected from a sample of 286 manufacturing and service SMEs, utilizing a survey questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings – Results from a two-stage structural equation modeling analysis suggest that the use of human-capital enhancing HR practices strengthen SMEs' learning capability. Furthermore, SMEs' learning capability mediates the effect of the HR practices on firm performance. Research limitations/implications – It uses a cross-sectional design which has prevented the examination of cause and effect relationship between two constructs. It also did not include large organizations in the sample population. It also did not consider other SME contextual...


For the biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA)-based polyimide thin films, the water sorption behaviors were gravimetrically investigated by using a thin film diffusion analyzer. The water sorption behaviors of the polyimide thin films are quite different and strongly dependent upon the sort of polyimide. The diffusion coefficients of the polyimide thin films vary in the range of 1.6 × 10−10 to 12.4 × 10−10cm2/s and the water uptakes vary from 1.52 to 5.25 wt %. Both the diffusion coefficient and water uptake of the polyimide thin films are in the increasing order: BPDA-pPDA < BPDA-p,p′ODA < BPDA-p,m′ODA < BPDA-mPDA ∼ BPDA-p,p′DDS < BPDA-m,m′DDS. Specifically, the polyimide films with para-oriented linkages in backbone structure showed relatively lower diffusion coefficient and water uptake than the corresponding polyimide films with meta-oriented linkages because of the well-developed crystalline structure and good intermolecular chain ordering. In addition, the polyimide thin films having higher chain order showed relatively lower diffusion coefficient and water uptake. The crystallinity and intermolecular chain ordering in the morphological structure are critical parameters in controlling the water sorption behaviors of the polyimide thin films. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2121–2127, 2001


To examine the mediated relationship between objectively measured obesity, accelerometer‐based moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and length of residence among US immigrants.


Abstract The development of micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) and micro system technology (MST) has improved the development of micro manufacture technologies such as microforming. In this investigation, the micro‐socket connecter was selected as the forming target since it is widely used in micro electronic industries. The forming scheme of micro‐socket connecters was investigated from the viewpoint of three procedures: blanking the contour and locating hole, blanking the socket and the bending process. The forming experiments were performed with T2 copper foil of 0·08 mm thickness. The effects of punch speed and grain size on the maximum punch force, bending force, cross‐sectional quality and springback angle were studied in detail. The results show that the maximum punch force decreases with the increase in punch speed and grain size. However, the maximum punch force increases slightly with the increase in grain size in the blanking socket procedure. The smoothly sheared area ratio becomes smaller with the increase in punch speed and grain size. The punch speed has a negative effect and grain size has a positive effect on springback angle. Analysis was carried out by considering the polycrystalline structure of the metallic material.


The vibration velocity on the ground surface of the driveblasting must be strictly controlled since the Renhechang tunnel will go through under a flyover bridge. Field blasting experiments of seismic effects have been carried out. Base on the measurement of the waveforms of the ground surface vibration velocity in different locations from the blasting source, the attenuation law of seismic waves of blasting in the excavation region is studied and the variation of the waveforms of the vibration velocity in different milliseconddelay time is compared and analyzed. Hereby the permitted maximum charge quantity per one detonating period is determined to be 20 kg with a milliseconddelay time of not less than 50 ms.


After an infant hearing loss (HL) diagnosis, parents face a multitude of stressors as they try to make the best decisions for their children. For many parents with typical hearing, opting for cochlear implantation is part of the decision-making process. Findings from a sample of hearing parents who chose cochlear implantation for their children with HL reveal that they experience (a) five resilience triggers, (b) five resilience processes, and (c) multiple relationships between the triggers and processes. In this study, we also advance the communication theory of resilience to illustrate four ways parents enact resilience on behalf of their children and formalize a heuristic we call other resilience. By examining the resilience between and across the resilience triggers, parent processes, and children processes, we provide practical applications for clinicians, families, and networks.


Hinged anchor for a medical device electrode is disclosed. In one embodiment, the hinge anchor has a hinged portion and the anchor portion. Hinged portion may have a first configuration to form a first angle, furthermore, it may have a second configuration which forms a second angle. The second angle may be an acute angle than the first angle, the hinged part may be as easy to take the second configuration. Hinged anchor can be disposed on the control module of the leadless micro stimulator device.


This paper is in the memory of the big Bulgarian scientist Professor Zdravko Stoynov. An original and non-standard personality with the spirit of a gentleman, he turned all that he touched into a masterpiece. His innovative thinking which made him one of the world's leaders in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, chiseled away at the scientific taboos and created new scientific horizons. Zdravko Stoynov left us an abundant heritage – his spirit, his interminable capacity to wonder, his developments and inventions – all that he has taught us and brought up with. It has no dimensions but rather carries a unique value.


(2017) Commentary: Teratogenic effects of the Zika virus and the role of the placenta. A widespread epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was reported recently in South and Central America. The biggest concern to the ZIKV infection is the significant increase of microcephaly in the fetus born to the infected mother (Brasil et al., 2016; Johansson et al., 2016; Mlakar et al., 2016). The placenta acts as a barrier against the infection, due to its multiple unique structural, cellular and immune properties. However, the placenta may also play an important role in the virus transfer. One possibility is that the virus penetrates through the placental barrier. Zika virus could be packaged as a cargo for the placental exosome pathway at the endoplasmic reticulum in trophoblast cells. Then the secretory autophagy-pathway may cause secretion or expulsion of the viral particle rather than its degradation (Zhang et al., 2017). Alternatively, the infection to the placenta may induce several immune responses and lead to brain defects indirectly (Adibi et al., 2016). A recent study indicated that the ZIKV genome could be detected in the amniotic fluid (Calvet et al., 2016), and the complete genome of ZIKV can be also recovered from the fetal brain (Mlakar et al., 2016), all of which confirm that the virus can cross the placental barrier (Mysorekar and Diamond, 2016). In vitro studies confirmed that ZIKV, but not the closely related dengue virus or West Nile virus, can infect key placental barrier cells efficiently (Richard et al., 2017). Although some reports indicated that Zika virus infection triggers apoptosis and vascular damage in the placenta, which may increase the permeability of the placenta (Aldo et al., 2016; Melo et al., 2016; Miner et al., 2016), two recent studies suggested that most trophoblast cells succeed in blocking ZIKV infection or only permitting a very low viral replication level (Bayer et al., 2016; Quicke et al., 2016). However, no other pathogenic flaviviruses cause congenital defects. Miner and colleagues' work mainly focused on placental and fetal cytological changes. They found that ZIKV infection induces trophoblast apoptosis and vascular damages in the placenta (Miner et al., 2016). El Costa et al. (2016) also demonstrated that ZIKV infects and damages tissue architecture of the fetal placenta, the maternal decidua basalis and umbilical cord. The structure of the placenta is complex, which is comprised of the maternal decidua and the fetal-derived compartments, including the labyrinth and …


Within Babylonian literature is a widespread but specialized group of texts that deal with the days of the months one by one, the hemerologies, and the months of the year, the menologies.

Keywords:

ancient Near East history;
cultural history;
religious history


We introduce a new random group model called the square model: we quotient a free group on $n$ generators by a random set of relations, each of which is a reduced word of length four. We prove, as in the Gromov density model, that for densities $> \frac{1}{2}$ a random group in the square model is trivial with overwhelming probability and for densities $<\frac{1}{2}$ a random group is with overwhelming probability hyperbolic. Moreover we show that for densities $\frac{1}{4} < d < \frac{1}{3}$ a random group in the square model does not have Property (T). Inspired by the results for the triangular model we prove that for densities $<\frac{1}{4}$ in the square model, a random group is free with overwhelming probability. We also introduce abstract diagrams with fixed edges and prove a generalization of the isoperimetric inequality.


We have implemented and evaluated an independent implementation of the CAIA Delay-Gradient congestion control in the Linux operating system. We made several adjustments or improvements to the design of CDG in our implementation. We have found sources of noise in the FreeBSD implementation of CDG. We identified areas of improvement to Linux' RTT measurements for congestion control. Our results indicate that our Linux implementation can compete effectively, and that it may operate more effectively than the FreeBSD implementation in terms of obtained throughput when it is not competing. Finally, we concluded that CDG is safe for use in the Internet.


Connected health, also known as technology-enabled care (TEC), involves the convergence of health technology, digital media & mobile devices. It enables patients, care givers & healthcare professionals (HCPs) to access data & information more easily & improve the quality & outcomes of both health & social care. Today, much advancement has been achieved in mobile industry through the inclusion of GPS systems, accelerometers and even touch screens. Therefore, lots of applications and services have been developed and provided on mobile phones. Other notable developments are the availability of healthcare "bio-sensing" wearable, such as digital blood pressure monitors, glucose sensors & patienthealthcare provider access to real-time healthcare data & information. Additionally, smartphones are incorporating a growing range of sensors which monitor changes. Although technology has the power to improve access to healthcare services, there are some limitations/barriers which can"t be overlooked. While apps provide information, many currently lack the functionality to do more in relation to health. People usually seek out varied information to deal with their health problems. However, to ensure the right information for the right person at the right time and place is a challenge. There is a lack of substantive reference information for consumers to base well-informed decisions about whether or not to adopt the applications they review and to ascertain the validity of the information provided by these e-health solutions. There is enormous potential for further improvements across many aspects of health care provision, but only if the existing barriers can be overcome.


Epitope prediction plays an important role in production of antibodies and disease treatment. There are mainly two research methods, namely experimental method and calculation method. Experimental method can obtain more accurate experimental results, but it takes a long time and the cost of manpower, material resources are relatively high. So it is not convenient to obtain experimental results more quickly. Calculation method mostly uses computer and machine learning methods for prediction. Calculation method improves prediction speed to some extent, but the result is not satisfactory. In order to further improve the accuracy of epitope prediction, this paper proposes a novel method of processing epitope characteristics. In this paper, we choose six properties to study. The six main physicochemical properties are converted into corresponding digital vectors, resulting in high-dimensional features. Then we use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to process them. Finally, dimensionality reduction features are used as input of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for epitope prediction, and good prediction results are obtained. PCA method reduces feature dimensions and facilitates the processing of features. At the same time, the prediction results obtained with dimensionality reduction features show that dimensionality reduction reduces dimensions, but it retains the main components of original features and improves the rate of successful prediction.


We have earlier described the development of an Ab2β anti-idiotype antibody specific for idiotypic determinants of a BALB/c mouse IgG3 monoclonal antibody (MAbY1-4A6) directed against the conserved inner-core 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate (Kdo) residue of Salmonella minnesota rough mutant Re lipopolysaccharide (Re-LPS) [Field S, Pollack M, Morrison D C. Microb Pathog 1993; 15: 103-120]. Immunization of both inbred and outbred mice with MAb4G2 protected these animals against subsequent lethal challenge with S. minnesota Re-LPS. Here we demonstrate that hamsters immunized with the anti-idiotype MAb4G2 generate serum antibodies which cross-react with a variety of forms of LPS, as evidenced by specific dose-dependent binding to R and S chemotype LPS as assessed by ELISA and specific binding to antibiotic-treated, whole bacterial culture supernatants and to LPS-containing fractions in sucrose gradient velocity-sedimentation-fractionated, antibiotic-treated bacterial culture supernatants. Competitive inhibition assays using MAb4G2-elicited hamster antibodies (Ab3 or Ab1') and the Kdo-specific MAbY1-4A6 (Ab1) were carried out to assess the Kdo epitope-specificity and Ab1'-like properties of the hamster αMAb4G2 antibodies (Ab3). Hamster αMAb4G2 serum antibodies and the Ab1 MAbY1-4A6 express similar epitope specificities for both the MAb4G2 and Re-LPS antigens, confirming the Kdo epitope-specificity of these Ab1' serum antibodies. These data further establish that MAb4G2 is a true internal surrogate image of the conserved inner-core Kdo epitope of LPS.


Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is expected to be higher in athletes because of their relatively high fat free mass (FFM). Therefore, REE predictive equation for recreational athletes may be required. The aim of this study was to validate existing REE predictive equations and to develop a new recreational athlete specific equation.


Objective To explore risk factors of snoring in college students. Methods 328 students in Nanjing medical university were investigated through questionnaires,a case-caontrol study was designed and the statistic method such as logistic regression were used to analyze the related factors. Results Univarite unconditional logistic regression indicated that the incidence of snoring is different between male and female students,it is significantly higher in male than in female.Univarite and multivariate unconditional logistic regression were used to analyze and that the significant difference was found of uvula with excessive length,of high body mass index between the male subjects of control and case (P0.05),The odds ratio was 18.859 and 3.802.And the significant difference was found of amygdalotumefaction and of body mass index also of between the female subjects of control and case (P0.05),the odds ration was 2.456、2.304. Conclusions uvual with excessive,obexity,were risk factors for sleep snoring in male students.And amygdalotumefaction,body mass index were risk factors for sleep snoring in female students.


Mouse monoclonal antibodies raised by immunisation with a protective antigen extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 1 varied in immunoglobulin isotype, in passive protective properties against infection by homologous P. aeruginosa serotype 1, and in cross-reactions in ELISA against antigen preparations from 15 other P. aeruginosa serotypes. All monoclonal antibodies with specificity in ELISA for the immunising antigen gave some degree of protection to mice against lethal infection by the homologous P. aeruginosa serotype. The IgG antibodies were more protective than the IgM antibodies.


Elaborated the significance of studying the vehicle prediction methods, and then illustrated several prediction methods in detail, at last, with a true examp le, compared and contrasted these prediction methods, and generalized the app licability of these methods to predict the number of vehicle in highway system.


MALTA: Enhancing ACT—R with a Holographic Persistent Knowledge Store Matthew F. Rutledge-Taylor (email@example.com) Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Canada Robert L. West (firstname.lastname@example.com) Institute of Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Canada Abstract There is a concern that ACT—R (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998), and other cognitive architectures do not adequately account for long-term memory (Schultheis, Barkowsky, & Bertel, 2006). These architectures, while ideal for modeling single tasks, do not address the issue of preserving a task neutral knowledge store, which persists between tasks (Rutledge- Taylor, 2005). A dynamical holographic associative memory system, DSHM, based on Jones and Mewhort's model of the lexicon, BEAGLE (2007), is presented. A suggestion for a new cognitive architecture, MALTA, which combines elements of ACT—R and DSHM is described. Arguments for why this new architecture addresses some concerns with ACT-R's declarative memory system are offered. Keywords: cognitive modeling; cognitive science; ACT—R; knowledge representation; holographic associative memory. Introduction Modeling memory is not new; detailed descriptive models of memory have existed since the 1960s. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), Craik and Lockhart (1972), Tulving (1972), and, Baddeley and Hitch (1974), among others, are credited with providing the first early influential models of memory. A more recent phenomenon is the formalization of memory models using computers. Since memory does not exist in isolation from other components of the human mind, it is natural to embed memory within a larger scheme for modeling all of cognition. The concept of the cognitive architecture arose from this rationale. A cognitive architecture is a means for formalizing the principles that underlie one's theory about how the mind works (Newell, 1990). It specifies the structure of the mind, including how information is gathered, processed, and used to perform tasks. There are several advantages to implementing a cognitive model. Using the architecture, models can be built which can then be used to simulate humans performing tasks. The resulting simulation data can be compared to human experimental data, which allows for both the evaluation of the particular model, and the forrnalizations specified by the architecture itself. Three of the most popular cognitive architectures are ACT—R (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998), SOAR (Laird, Newell & Rosenbloom, 1987; Newell, 1990), and EPIC (Kieras & Meyer, 1997). Of these, ACT—R has the best developed and well tested model of the human declarative memory system and is also highly consistent with mainstream theories about declarative memory from cognitive psychology. The declarative memory system of ACT—R (DM) arose out of a need to account for the results of experiments on human memory generated by experimental psychologists. DM is also a necessary component of accounts of most experiments on cognition, due to the need to account for participants' memory of experimental instructions, and relevant general background knowledge. In developing an ACT—R model, a knowledge base relevant to the experimental task is usually provided to the model in advance of a simulation to represent knowledge held by the subject before beginning the experiment. During the experiment the model typically learns by creating new chunks and adjusting the relative activation of existing chunks (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998). This general scheme, and variations on it, has been very successful for modeling the sorts of tasks given to participants in psychological experiments related to memory and learning (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998). However, a unified theory of cognition ultimately needs to go beyond modeling individual tasks done in isolation (Newell, 1990). It must also account for how it is that we, as intelligent agents, accumulate a vast amount of world knowledge that we apply in a context specific manner to the various tasks that we perform throughout our lives. In order to make this distinction clear we will refer to the knowledge that we carry around outside of a particular context as persistent knowledge, and the specific knowledge needed for a particular task as task knowledge. Task knowledge is a local manifestation of persistent knowledge that has been retrieved to make it available for the task. ACT—R is a very good system for modeling how people use and manipulate task knowledge, but there is very little work focusing on the management of persistent knowledge. One approach that has been used for modeling how people process the enormous database that makes up persistent knowledge is the use of holographic memory models. The principle purpose of this paper is to present our Dynamically Structured Holographic Memory System (DSHM) as a means for modeling persistent knowledge and to suggest how it could be used to augment ACT—R. The format for the remainder of this paper is as follows: First, DSHM, based on the lexical representation system BEAGLE (Jones & Mewhort, 2007) is presented; second, a hybrid system, MALTA, which combines DSHM and ACT- 1433


We prove the Lorentz–Shimogaki and Boyd theorems for the spaces Λup(w) . As a consequence, we give the complete characterization of the strong boundedness of H on these spaces in terms of some geometric conditions on the weights u and w, whenever p>1. For these values of p, we also give the complete solution of the weak‐type boundedness of the Hardy–Littlewood operator on Λup(w) .


Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the morphological variation of maxillary lateral incisor among the North and South Indian population. Methods: 50 casts each from North and South Indian population was taken and mesiodistal width of maxillary lateral incisor measured with Vernier calliper of pitch 0.001 cm. Results: Based on the findings it was clear that there was no significant variation in maxillary lateral incisor among the North and South Indian population. Conclusion: a distinct morphological variability was not noted among the North and South Indian population, which may be due to less number of samples taken. The study should be done by taking large number of study samples to evaluate the significant variations.


The purpose of this lecture and demonstration, of which this is a summary, was to demonstrate and discuss some of the fairly well-defined phenomena which need explanation by any comprehensive theory of luminescence.


The article reviews the experience of the development of global partnership of universities and leading world companies in the transition to the modern paradigm of engineering education. Emphasis is placed on the study of the use of interactive methods in education, their role in the organization of online learning, virtualization of learning process. Paper analyzes the best practices of association of educational institutions with businesses in the innovation chains and its use for improvement of the quality of education. Paper studies the implementation of an innovative model of interaction between educational institutions and businesses in the road-building cluster.


If one listens to a meaningless syllable that is repeated over and over, he will hear it undergo a variety of changes. These changes are extremely systematic in character and can be described phonetically in terms of reorganizations of the phones constituting the syllable and changes in a restricted set of distinctive features. When a new syllable is presented to a subject after he has listened to a particular syllable that was repeated, he will misreport the new (test) syllable. His misperception of the test syllable is related to the changes occurring in the representation of the original repeated syllable just prior to the presentation of the test syllable.


Aims: This paper aims to provide an overview of the ethical issues that have been raised by The Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study, which is being led by the Institute of Mental Health in Singapore as part of a multi‐centre and multinational study in translational and clinical research in psychosis. This project is designed to identify the biomarkers of the trajectory to psychosis. As well as providing insights into the psychopathology and psychophysiology of the disease, the study will prospectively identify those in the Singaporean population with an ultra‐high risk of developing psychosis. The project will collect both observational and clinically relevant data from an at‐risk group: adolescents and young adults.


I have read and re-read Kevin Rudd's speech launching the first volume of Thomas Keneally's History of Australia and I am not impressed. The speech is an odd collage of Kevin's attempt to be an intellectual interspersed with a folksy populism with the whole stuck together with moral and theological glue that probably comes closest to expressing Rudd's true feelings on the matter.


The Action Script 3.0 is used to setup gesture input model.Gesture image acquisition is analyzed in detail,as well as image subtraction mixed techniques,motion area,control signals and output processes.A series of measures are discussed in order to ensure the reliability and control signals.


The Data Optimization integrated Tool (DOiT) is part of a collaboration between CASPUR and the Italian national institute of geophysics and volcanology INGV. DOiT is a tool that mix together web technologies, systems and High Performance Computing (HPC) for the analysis of geophysical problems. One of the main feature of DOiT is the user interface that with the use of new web tools makes it very similar to a desktop application with the advantage of the high portability and the ease of access. The main goal of this project is to make HPC systems usable in a very easy way in geophysical research, where the computational complexity and the high size of the problems make its use a must.


CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB disease usually occurs as a sporadic condition, although Jakob1did consider the possibility of its familial occurrence. Kirschbaum,2Meggendorfer,3Stender,4and Jacob et al5described the clinicopathologic and genetic aspects of the first reported family afflicted by this disease, the Backer family, and Davison6and Davison and Rabiner7reported the occurrence of the disease in three siblings. Some authorities have questioned whether Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease should be considered a nosologic entity.8A historical survey and a discussion of the clinical aspects of this disease has been published.9It is the purpose of this report to present the clinical and genetic findings of another family affected by this disease, comparing it with the previously reported families, and to argue in favor of a unitarian concept for the subacute spongiform encephalopathy and the "classical" form while reconsidering the "amyotrophic" form.


For the 2006 legislative and municipal elections in the Dominican Republic, 32 senators (one for each one of the country's 31 provinces plus the National District), 178 representatives to the lower house (elected proportionally), and 151 mayors with their respective city councils (for a total of 934 city council members), were to be elected. The incumbent Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) achieved a major victory at the legislative level, which now gives it control over the Senate and the House for the next four years, while the opposition parties (represented in the Grand National Alliance) lost important enclaves. The PLD also won a majority of the country's municipalities.


The land surface processes as parameterized for the current version of the L.M.D. General Circulation Model are described. The model predicts ground temperature for bare soil, ice and snow; the tre...


The etching solution is used to remove the inert surface layer of the hard tissues of the tooth, change the wetting parameters and create conditions for micromechanical adhesion. The most commonly used gel is 37% orthophosphoric acid. However, silicic acid as a thickener in the composition of etching gels, when interacting with hydroxyapatite of the tooth, gives a precipitate in the form of silicon oxide — silica. Scanning electron microscopy makes it possible to see the accumulation of round silica nanoparticles, approximately 20–40 nm in diameter. According to studies, the formation of silica particles does not affect the quality of restoration, so there is no need to remove them from the surface of demineralized dentin. The purpose of this review article is to study scientific data on the formation of an insoluble precipitate after the interaction of inorganic acid in the form of a gel with components of the inorganic enamel matrix (hydroxyapatite), and its effect on the adhesion quality of the filling material. Materials and methods: Electronic search of articles was carried out using search engines and databases Google Scholar, Pub Med. The articles are included, the content of which concerns the topic of determining the sediment formed when etching the tooth surface with orthophosphoric gel. The publication date criterion has been selected since 2011. Results: 69 articles were reviewed during the review process. After analyzing the literature according to the inclusion criteria, the total number was 20 publications. Conclusion: When etching dentin with a solution of orthophosphoric acid in the form of a gel, a precipitate of silicon oxide is formed. This is due to the presence of a thickener in the gel in the form of silicic acid. Silicic acid, or silica gel, reacts chemically with hydroxyapatite of the tooth. As a result, silica is formed, which remains on the surface of demineralized dentin in the form of round nanoparticles with a size of 20–40 nm. According to studies, the formation of silica particles does not affect the quality of restoration, so there is no need to remove them from the surface of demineralized dentin.


Research in this thesis is based on abuse of authority exists by the municipal police against the peddler when executing the persecution and confiscation of products and tools which is prohibited by the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, abuse of authority in law, means to misuse or arbitrary use of authority, the action of a despotic power; in short, any act that went outside the limits imposed by reason, justice, attack directly or indirectly law or the general interest, these attitudes by municipal violate constitutional provisions.
One of the violated rights performance is freely chosen which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador but this is not respected by the abuse of authority exercised by local police against street vendors.
When applying the polls the same as they were led to street vendors could see that their rights are violated in different ways so I consider it necessary that in the Organic Code of Territorial Organization Autonomy and Decentralisation reforms continue to be punished the municipal police persecution and confiscamiento of products and tools exerted against the peddler, so it must be implemented a sanction for administrative authority that incites perform such acts because they are prejudicial to work freely chosen under that this type of job performance is guaranteed by the Constitution and international treaties and agreements.


Summary Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are ubiquitous in the soil and inhabitate plant rhizosphere, endosphere and polysphere. They play vital role in suppressing plant pathogens and improving plant health by adopting several mechanisims. Seed germination, root elongation and plant growth cycles are profoundly improved by utilizing the hormones produced by the PGPR and nutrients like Phosphorus, Zinc etc mobilized by their different activities. A collection of 500 isolates obtained from rhizosphere of different crops were screened for antagonistic activity against Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum falcatum and Meloidogyne sp. 12 strains promoted plant growth either by combating the pathogens directly or inducing systemic resistance in rice against pathogens under field conditions. Their mechanism of action was elucidated and these strains were found to be producer of siderophores, antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase, protease and glucanase. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria could antagonize the pathogens in three ways: direct antagonism, mixed path antagonism and indirect antagonism. Some of these strains adopted multiple mechanisms to control disease. The antagonistic strains also promoted plant growth directly by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, producing Indole acetic acid and solubilizing phosphorus. A commercial product with the trade name "Bio-Phos" and "Humiphs" for different crops has been formulated and marketed by Auriga Chemical Enterprises, Lahore-Pakistan.


This paper discusses the significance and the content of physical education Guofangsheng for the in civilian colleges and universities, which is expected to be beneficial to the education reform in military and civilian colleges and universities and take use of the civilian higher education institutes to foster talents of national defense in China.


We report a case of eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) in an infant patient. Such cases are rare and the purpose of this study is to combine this case and the english literature available in order to expand our knowledge regarding the therapeutic strategies for this disease.Currently we can define a specific therapeutic guideline for patients with EP.It is important to expand our knowledge and experience regarding this ailment.More studies are needed to better understand this rare disease, to more precisely define diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and to find out and asses new treatment methods.


Objectives: To determine the routine efficacy of a day case cardioversion system operating in a remote geographical area with an unselected case referral base and a proportion of direct GP access. Design: Prospective analysis of all admitted cases in a 13 week period. Participants: 47 consecutive patients admitted for 49 planned episodes of electrical cardioversion. Measurements: Pre procedural investigations and preparation, immediate and three-month outcome of rhythm following ECV Results: We found a predominant use by the cardiac unit despite working within a general medical service unit suggesting low case selection from non-cardiac sources. We suspected and confirmed a high rate of point of care treatment cancellation. Poor management of anticoagulation was the dominant reason for canceling planned treatment. Procedural preparation in terms of anti arrhythmic drug therapy and investigations seemed well preserved. Conclusion: New strategies for initiating and sustaining adequate outpatient warfarin therapy are needed to allow such systems to operate efficiently.


Progressive failure simulations of a quasi-isotropic laminate in open-hole configuration subject to constant amplitude tension-tension fatigue loading are conducted as part of the Damage Tolerant Design Principles program organized by the Air Force Research Laboratory. The laminate is made from unidirectional IM7/977-3 plies, which are composed of intermediate modulus carbon fibers and a toughened epoxy matrix. The simulated behavior of the material was characterized using fatigue loaded unnotched coupon data that was government furnished and the commercial software Autodesk Helius PFA was used to model the non-linear response of the material. Results from blind simulations were benchmarked against experimental measurements and X-rays. A second round of simulations was conducted where the modeling strategy was modified to improve correlation with experiment.


This second 2011 issue of Scandinavian Economic History Review is the first issue edited partly by the new Danish editors. We are very happy to take over responsibilities from the previous Swedish editorial team and on behalf of the journal we want to thank Lars Magnusson, Mats Morell, Peter Hedberg and Kristina Lilja for all the work that they have put in. Our main aim as the new editors is not only to strive to maintain a high standard of the journal, but also to broaden its scope by welcoming more international authors and more topics covering current developments in economic, social, and business history outside of Scandinavia. Next year the journal will celebrate its 60 anniversary. We wish to highlight this event by adapting to a changing publishing world. This year we will introduce an online submission system to ease the submission process and to make it more efficient. We will also allow for longer articles, and we will slightly change the format of the articles (see the new author guidelines). These changes will be followed next year by a facelift, in terms of layout. In this issue all articles deal with Scandinavian topics. Yet, the problems analysed relate to matters debated in the fields of economic and social history worldwide. These include informal insurance against poverty; economic rationale in trade agreements; institutional response to the emergence of the consumer society; and the origins of inflation. In the opening article Sakari Saaritsa sheds light on poverty and welfare before the well-known Nordic social security system was established. He analyses the ability of working-class households in Helsinki in the 1920s to smoothen income variations by means of savings, credits, and informal support by other households. Previous literature on informal income smoothing has used qualitative methods, notably memoirs, to address the issue. Saaritsa, on the other hand, is the first to provide empirical estimates on the magnitude and composition of this type of social support. The Finnish Cost-of-Living Study in 1928 allows the construction of a data set that facilitates a sophisticated analysis of savings, credits, and informal support by other households relying on a portfolio approach. The analysis is partly controlled by using alternative records such as the municipal poor relief records. The author finds that the informal instruments on average took care of one-third of all income fluctuations. Among working-class people, however, income inequality was replicated as risk-management inequality: that is, actual gifts and assistance were modest and were instruments only of the very poor, while further up the income scale savings became the most important means. But also interest-free, informal loans from other households, which the poorest had no access to because they demanded strict norms of reciprocity, were important to more well-off households. The article offers an original contribution to the research on informal insurance and income-smoothing as a substitute for insurance against issues such as Scandinavian Economic History Review Vol. 59, No. 2, June 2011, 99 101


In his famous book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Keynes was less than generous to his pupil and admirer Kahn. In 1931, the late Lord Kahn published an analysis of the revolutionary concept that national output was controlled by available resources but by effective demand. His analysis was both sequential and nonlinear and hence could generate chaotic, irregular time series of national output with the remarkable new conception that a completely determinate system, with fully specified structure, could generate behavior which was irregular and unpredictable. This remarkable conception meant that the familiar irregularity of economic time series had not one but two sources: not only the exogenous shocks but also unpredictable behavior generated endogenously by the nonlinearities characteristic of economic structures. (c) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.


For many years, equalization has been used on the read side of a magnetic-recording channel to obtain a desired signal shape at the detector. Compensation on the write side has, for the most part, been limited to moving transition locations to offset read-signal peak shifts. This paper presents a new method of equalization on the write side through the addition of pulses at strategic locations on the write waveform. The resulting write current continues to be a two-level signal, so ac bias is not required. A linear transfer function can be derived for these write equalizers. This enables the recording-channel designer to partition the equalization more optimally between the write and read sides. The principal benefit of write equalization is that the read-flux-amplitude differences between high and low densities are significantly reduced. This permits maximum use of the linear operating region of the magnetoresistive read head. By providing high-frequency boosts on the write side, write equalization can reduce high-frequency noises at the read detector. Test results of channel linearity, as well as read signal waveshapes, are presented.


Various convolutional neural network (CNN) based image denoising methods have been proposed and achieved their attractive denoising performances in past decades. These methods benefit from carefully designed network structures via their increasing network depth and width. Since enlarged networks suffer from numerous parameters and cause heavy computational burden, their deployment application is limited on portable devices. To tackle this problem, we propose a lightweight multiscale efficient convolutional neural network (LMENet). It uses a set of cascaded residual networks (RNs) as its backbone network, where multiscale features are exported from these RNs. By fusing these features with a dual attention mechanism, denoised images are finally reconstructed. The experiments show that, compared with some state-of-the-art methods, our LMENet has a competitive performance for denoising in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and real noise tests. More importantly, it has approximate one-eighth of the parameter size compared with the existing methods. It demonstrates the computational efficiency of the LMENet, while achieving similar PSNR results.


The invention relates to a method for improving the focused ion beam machining accuracy by a synchronous controllable electron beam. The method comprises the following steps: 1, cleaning and drying an etching machined sample, then loading the etching machined sample on a sample holder of a double-beam system, and vacuumizing; 2, moving the sample holder to the working distance of the double-beam system, adjusting the voltage, beam current and other parameters of the double-beam system, adjusting the astigmatism of the electron beam and the ion beam, and finally converging the foci of the electron beam and the ion beam in the system to the surface of the sample; 3, designing a pattern to be machined on focused ion beam exposure software, namely a pattern generator, simultaneously, turning on the focused ion beam and the electron beam for assisting the focused ion beam etching machining, and selecting a suitable beam current range of the electron beam according to the magnitude of the beam current of the focused ion beam; and 4, turning off the high voltage of the electron beam and the ion beam in the double-beam system, and taking the etching machined sample from the sample holder of a sample chamber. The method has a development prospect in the technical fields of semiconductor industry, micro-nano machining of materials, and the like.


Efficient determination of processing termination at barrier synchronization points can occupy an important role in the overall throughput of parallel and distributed computing systems. Even though relatively efficient termination detection techniques have been proposed for certain environments, no effective performance analysis methodology has been introduced to determine application attributes that favor the use of a particular termination detection technique. This fact has hindered the adoption and development of termination detection schemes. This paper addresses this problem by developing a communication pattern based methodology to improve the precision of the theoretical performance of termination detection techniques in lieu of laborious experiments or potentially subjective benchmarking studies. By measuring message complexity from the idle period respect, it provides a simple and effective way to evaluate existing termination detection techniques or design new termination detection algorithms.


Nanoporous nickel phosphate, VSB-1, offers very versatile structural properties for isomorphous substitution and accommodates a high concentration of various transition metal ions with not only octahedral but also tetrahedral coordination.


Methods. The results were obtained through the use of the following methods: theorization - when formulating research hypotheses and describing the results of their practical compliance with behavioral and situational theories of leadership, questionnaires – when assessing the attitude of respondents both to their own ability to be a leader and to important leadership qualities from their point of view; analysis – when determining the correspondence of the obtained results of the questionnaire of respondents to the formulated scientific hypothesis; synthesis – when summarizing research results and evaluating the impact of leadership on group dynamics within the organization. Results. The hypothesis about the readiness of people to take on responsibility and the role of a leader was confirmed. It was found that the leader's communication skills and public speaking skills are just as important for his followers as his willingness to demonstrate their personal behavior of commitment to the practical achievement of common goals. The hypothesis about the determining role of common values for the recognition of the leader by his followers was not confirmed. The assumption that the most important characteristic of a leader is the vision of the future was not confirmed. Novelty. In the course of study, it was found that the majority of respondents have a democratic style of leadership, namely a consultative one. It was determined that the leader's perception is largely determined by external manifestations of behavior, in particular, oratory skills, the ability to listen to people, a confident appearance and other behavioral patterns that demonstrate the leader's willingness to serve the common interests of the group. Practical value. Since leaders to the greatest extent determine group dynamics within organizations, influencing the formation, development and decline of formal and informal groups, it is necessary to take into account the risks of followers' losing the ability to think critically and objectively evaluate leaders' actions.


During the inversion casting and high temperature rolling, there exists diffusion between the mother sheet and the growth layer. The carbon diffuses to the growth layer from the mother sheet, while the Cr diffuses to the mother sheet from the growth layer. There exists apparent diffuse layer.The depth of diffuse layer of Cr in the mother sheet is about 13 μ . The Cr and Fe formed the continuous solid solution and M 23 C 6 are separated out.The metallurgic bonding between the mother sheet and the growth layer is carried out.


Emerging phenomenon that is taken to be the next path to large and big computing is fog networking. In order to approach a big number of devices on the Internet of things (IoT) and big data volumes in real time, all analytics, resource utilization, denial of services in large Fog networks, Fog is seen emphasizing on proximity basing on user's objectives. The main goal of this study is to holistically analyze the functionality of Erlang B and exponential distribution within Fog networks, the probabilities of possible different assumptions like strictly increasing functionality for any constant value. Fog computation is mainly considered to be in the large cloud system and big data structuring having control and data planes. The study depicts that there is still a need to harmonize the Internet of thing devices for better communication, surveys has been done with an accuracy of fog communication services like the Fog networking concept supports the security, Internet of things (IoTs) where these devices are used often by the end user and connected daily like on phones on each other.


The main objectives of the work are the stress analysis and lifetime evaluation of the hypervapotron heat sink under loads corresponding to ITER conditions. Various design options of hypervapotron were considered. Developed 3D finite element models of the hypervapotron structure include a heat sink, tungsten tiles, a copper interlayer and stainless steel leg which connects the hypervapotron to the support structure. Coupled transient thermal and elastic-plastic analyses were done for all analyzed options of the hypervapotron. Lifetime analysis was performed from the low cycle fatigue and fatigue crack propagation points of view.


On theoretical grounds, one might expect to find a good deal of variation between cows in amounts of progesterone and oestrogen secreted by the ovary during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Thus, there is variation in the rate of regression of corpora lutea (cl) in terms of size and progesterone content (Mares, Zimbelman & Casida, 1962; Niswender, Kaltenbach, Shumway, Wiltbank & Zimmerman, 1965), and limited data suggest that content is correlated with amounts of progesterone secreted into the ovarian vein (Gomes & Erb, 1965). Although little is known about oestrogen content of ovarian vein blood, considerable variation has been observed in numbers of Graafian follicles during the follicular phase (Rajakoski, 1960; Choudary, Gier & Marion, 1968; Lamond, unpublished). It seemed likely that variation in size of Graafian follicles might be associated with variation in ovarian steroid production. Consequently it was of interest to determine to what extent variation in oestrogen blood levels during the follicular phase of the cycle influences ovarian function. Hereford heifers were kept in pens and fed a mixture of 60% hammer-milled lucerne hay and 40% crushed grain sorghum, sufficient to give liveweight gains of about 0\m=.\5lb/day. Ovarian cycles were synchronized using CAP (1-chloro\x=req-\ \g=D\6-dehydro-17\g=a\-acetoxyprogesterone)or progesterone (Lamond, 1964, for details of synchronization methods). The heifers were given 12 mg CAP/head/ day in the feed for 12 days, after which they were allocated at random to ten


The optical recording information storage medium, the defect management device, a defect management method and how the program is recorded computer program for performing a recording medium is disclosed in accordance with the present invention. An information recording medium according to the present invention, including the SA / DL area in which information is recorded on the replacement block and the defect to replace the defect block concerning the defect generated in the user data area, and information regarding the defect is the and a consecutive defect list entry comprising information regarding a defect occurring in consecutive locations of the user data area. This according to the invention, it is possible to efficiently manage the space in which a defect list is recorded for defect management on the disc to perform the defect management.


To the Editor:

Targeted capture of genomic regions by oligonucleotide (oligo)1 probes, followed by massively parallel sequencing (MPS) enables consistent sequencing reactions (1). However, some regions of interest have poor depth of coverage (DOC) (defined as <50× in our laboratory) to no DOC after capture, leading to incomplete analysis of genes and, possibly, false negative test results (2). One strategy for improvement is to supplement the original capture reagent with a higher concentration of oligo probes specifically targeting regions with poor coverage ("spike-in") (3–5). However, a detailed description of the spike-in method has not been published. Here, we describe the application of spike-in on the development of a clinical MPS panel for laboratories using capture and seeking to improve gene coverage.

We developed a custom capture SeqCap EZ panel (Roche Nimblegen) targeting 339 pediatric disease-related genes [1102 514 target nucleotides (TNs) contained within 6094 target regions (TRs), with TRs defined as exons ± the flanking 5 base pairs]. To characterize TRs with poor DOC, DNA libraries created from 12 human blood samples (Kapa Biosystems) were multiplexed (250 ng/sample; 4 samples/run), captured, and sequenced on a MiSeq® instrument (Illumina) via paired-end, 2×151 base pair reads, generating approximately 8 million total reads per sample. Alignment (allowing for multiply mapped reads) and variant calling were done using NextGENe® v2.3.4 (SoftGenetics).

For these samples, the average DOC was 607× (range, …


Catharanthus roseus Linn (Apocyanaceae) is a herbaceous subshrub also known as Madagascar periwinkle, Vinca rosea, or Lachnera rosea worldwide. The leaves are used traditionally in various regions of the world including India, West Indies as well as Nigeria to control diabetes. The leaves have been known to contain 150 useful alkaloids among other pharmacologically active compounds. Significant antihyperglycemic and hypotensive activity of the leaf extracts (hydroalcoholic or dichloromethane–methanol) have been reported in laboratory animals. Fresh leaf juice of C. roseus has been reported to reduce blood glucose in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of the leaf juice on cholesterol, triglyceride and proteins levels in rats. Fresh leaves of C. roseus (red variety) were collected in July, 2003, from the Faculty of Pharmacy farm, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria and authenticated by Dr. (Mrs.) Margaret Bassey, a taxonomist in Department of Botany, University of Uyo, Uyo. The leaves (2 kg) were crushed in a laboratory wooden mortar and squeezed by means of a fine cloth to separate the juice (13.6 ml). The juice was stored in a refrigerator at 4°C until used for the experiment. Adult albino Wistar rats (180–220 g) of either sex were obtained from University of Uyo animal house. The animals were acclimatized for 10 days at room temperature (30±5°C) and 50% humidity. They were maintained on standard animal pellets and water ad libitum. Permission and approval for animal studies were obtained from the College of Health Sciences animal ethics committee, University of Uyo. The rats were randomly assigned on the basis of weight into four groups of five animals each. Groups A–C received orally, the fresh leaf juice of C. roseus at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/ kg/day, respectively, for seven consecutive days. The doses were determined based on a previous work on the plant. The control group (Group D) received 3 ml/kg of normal saline orally. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, the animals were anesthetized with diethyl ether and blood collected through cardiac puncture into sample bottles devoid of anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min to obtain the sera. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods using Quinica Clinica Aplicada, S.A. reagent kits. All samples were analysed with a WinelightUnicam spectrophotometer. The concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was calculated by the formula of Friedewald. Data are expressed as mean±SEM. All data were statistically analysed using the one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer post-test and P<0.05 was considered significant. The leaf juice of C. roseus produced a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol of rats. [Table 1] The decreases were only significant (P<0.05) at the highest dose of the juice (1.0 ml/kg) compared to control in the case of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol. However, the level of HDL cholesterol was not altered by any of the doses studied. In the present study, there was a significant reduction in the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL


which maximizes the output voltage, and cond i t ions which minimize recombination processes in the semiconductor and so lu t ion and at the in ter face. The solut ion redox couple and solvent are selected to s tab i l i ze the semiconductor from photoinduced corrosion processes (8,9) . The highest published power e f f i c iency for such ce l l s is the 12% reported for a s ingle crysta l n-GaAs electrode in a selenide medium ( I0 ) . We describe here a PEC cel l based on s ingle crysta l nWSe 2 which shows comparable e f f i c i enc ies .


(in several editions, 1881-1900), by Prof. L. M. Underwood. The first of these, a monograph of two large quarto volumes, contains descriptions and colored figures of all species comprised in the groups know^n at that time as the orders Filices and Ophioglossaceae. The treatmtni: is full but concise, the style clear, the figures for the most part excellent; and the work as a whole must be regarded as the foundation for all subsequent studies of North American ferns. Without its good influence it is unlikelv that the present degree of progress could have been attained-, but we should remember first of all that it represents a critical estimate of the groups as they were understood over twenty years ago, and that since its appearance there has elapsed a period marked by unexampled botanical activity and progress. There has been collected in the meantime abundant material of many species either entirely new or then represented in herbaria l)y mere fragments, and with the aid of these specimens careful studies have been accomplished in the light of which not only new specific names have been proposed, but many changes in the older definitions of species have been shown to be desirable. If, then, we recognize that there have been and must continue to be many departures from the treatment contained in Professor Eaton's great work, we ma}escape that extreme conservatism which occasionally manifests itself in opposing innovation of almost any sort, and which regards the setting aside of an opinion there expressed as a proceeding hardly within the bounds of propriety".


The call-and-response, originating from African tribal rituals, has become part of the foundation of modern African-American culture. This article explores the significance of call-and-response in Usher's "Love in This Club" and relates salient features of the music to the club culture that underlies it. "Club hip-hop" emerges as firmly rooted in the use of call-and-response. The rituals of the club are likewise mirrored in the style of the music, which at times can bear the importance of sacred ceremony.


In new automatic train control (ATC) and automatic train protection (ATP) systems, the onboard navigation system plays a vital role. Applying multisensor fusion algorithms in the vehicle navigation field has made it possible to make inexpensive and accurate positioning systems which will satisfy the requirements of railway systems. Kalman filtering, as one of the well known state estimation methods, has proved to be the most effective technique in multisensor data fusion for navigation applications. On the other hand reliability of the navigation system is of great concern which necessitates the design of a fault tolerant navigation system in which the detection and isolation of the faults is possible. The paper first addresses different multisensor integration methods and later discusses some of the fault detection methods for navigation systems using Kalman filtering and some simulation results are presented. Fault isolation using the proposed sensor architecture is another topic which is discussed in more detail.


Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in hemodialysis patients results from a shift in the rostral fluid overnight. Compression Stocking is a fairly inexpensive therapy compared to other OSA therapies. Compression Stocking is leg stocking that use a pressure force of 20-30 mmHg, effective in preventing the accumulation of fluid that is installed in accordance with the patient's feet. Objective: to determine the effect of Compression Stockings on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) hemodialysis patients. Method: Search used several electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Proquest, and PubMed. The inclusion criteria in this literature study were quantitative research papers and experiments in English, full text, peer review, published between 2008-2018. Results: Searching for articles with predetermined keywords obtained 718 articles from the database, Google Schoolar obtained 550 articles, ProQuest obtained 68 articles, and PubMed obtained 100 articles. Articles were screened to 32 articles according to the purpose of the review with inclusion and exclusion criteria. After screening 15 articles that met the criteria were read intensively and then analyzed based on content analysis. Conclusion: An overnight rostral fluid shift is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of OSA in hemodyalysis patients. Compression Stocking can be considered as an alternative therapy to prevent fluid retention in the legs and overnight shift to the neck thus providing evidence for a new therapeutic approach to OSA.


Norris, McQueen & Cutler argue that there is no need for feedback in word recognition. Given the accumulating evidence in favor of feedback as a general mechanism in the brain, I will question the utility of a model that is at odds with such a general principle.


The invention provides a road surface paving method, belongs to the field of road surface construction, and aims to solve the problems that ponding occurs after raining and inconvenience is brought to going out. The method includes: paving a blind drainage ditch first, paving reinforcing steel bars at the upper end of the blind drainage ditch, pouring a cement layer at the upper ends of the reinforcing steel bars, using a stone perforator to form holes, communicating the upper end and the lower end of the cement layer, in the cement layer, and allowing the tail end of the blind drainage ditch to be communicated with a drainage pipe through a pipeline.


Pain is often considered as the most feared symptom amongst individuals living with cancer. It can arrive at any stage during the course of the illness. In 15% to 20% of patients, conventional analgesic therapy either fails to relieve pain or induces adverse effects. Use of analgesic admixture has been recommended by the most recent consensus conferences. Several studies found evidence of synergistic effects of intrathecal analgesic admixtures, most notably these containing ziconotide, morphine and ropivacaine, administering by a fully implantable pumps. The refills were prepared under a laminar airflow hood under strictly aseptic conditions, by the hospital pharmacist. This group of drugs that commonly used can be at the origin of errors inducing adverse effects in patients. In order to evaluate the accuracy of compounding of intrathecal admixtures, a new analytical method by simple liquid chromatographyultraviolet spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of three analgesic drugs (morphine, ropivacaine and ziconotide). The method was validated according to the recommendation of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The method was linear, between 0.1 to 4 μg/ml for ziconotide, 0.1 to 10 mg/ ml for ropivacaine and 0.1 to 32 mg/ml for morphine. Forced degradation of ziconotide by acidic conditions allowed formation and detection of degradation products by the analytical method. This method can be considered as a stability indicating method. It is also part of a continuing quality process designed to improve accuracy of preparation.


Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)%%%%Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, affects nearly 25 million Americans. The vast majority of these patients suffer from exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), a complication of asthma. Although traditionally treated pharmacologically, nutritional strategies provide a promising alternative for managing EIB as the prevalence of asthma may be due in part to changes in diet.
Our objective was to determine the effects of novel nutritional strategies on hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction (HIB) in asthmatic individuals. HIB uses rapid breathing to identify EIB in a research or clinical setting. Fish oil, a combination of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docsahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been shown to be effective in suppressing EIB. However, its use in combination with other nutritional supplements, the optimal fish oil formula, and its effect on smooth muscle contractility have not been fully explored.
An in vivo study (study 1) was conducted in individuals with both asthma and HIB to determine whether a combination of fish oil and vitamin C was more effective than either one alone in alleviating HIB. Pulmonary function was significantly improved with both fish oil and the combination treatment but not with vitamin C alone. In study 2, individuals with both asthma and HIB were supplemented with DHA alone since the optimal formula for fish oil has yet to be ascertained; previous in vitro studies have suggested DHA may be the more potent omega-3 fatty acid in fish oil. However, no significant changes in pulmonary function or airway inflammation were seen with DHA supplementation.
For study 3, canine airway smooth muscle tissue was treated with fish oil to determine the in vitro effect of fish oil on smooth muscle contractility. Acute treatment with fish oil relaxed smooth muscle strips that had been contracted with 5-hydroxytryptamine. These minor relaxations in smooth muscle tension with fish oil may represent significant changes at the level of the smaller airways.
These studies have confirmed that fish oil represents a viable treatment modality for asthmatic individuals with EIB and suggest that fish oil may influence airway smooth muscle contractility.


Method for producing a surface mount inductor according to the present invention is to seal the coil with the sealing material containing a resin and a filler by using a molding die. In the method of the present invention uses a tablet and the coil. Tablet is a columnar shape having a convex in the periphery of the flat plate-like sealing material preformed. This section will regret the coils of wire right rectangular shape. By loading the coil in the tablet, and to a coil both ends to follow the columnar convex portions of the outer side of the coil and a tablet integrated with a sealing material in a state sandwiched between the inner surface of the forming die and a molded body. The external electrode is connected with at least part of the both ends are partially exposed on the surface of the coil molded product characterized in that provided on the surface or periphery of the formed body.


In the majority of studies of psychoacoustics in rooms, test subjects do not interact with the stimuli presented to them. One form of interaction that has been increasingly deployed in recent studies is head movements, which have been shown to improve realism and reduce front-back confusions. Recent research and advances in computing power have paved the way for new forms of interaction, making it possible for subjects to modify their own position and that of sound sources in a virtual room, with fast updates to the room simulation. In this study, two conditions are tested in order to examine how localization judgments of a short speech target in the presence of a noise distracter are affected by prior experience of a room's acoustics. In the first condition, no prior exposure to the simulated room's acoustics is given. In the second condition, listeners are able to first explore the room by manipulating the source position within the room geometry and hearing the resulting auralizations, before being tested again with the same target stimuli. These conditions test the hypothesis that active exploration and learning of a room's acoustics can be accomplished with practice, and can assist in source localization in non-ideal conditions. Results show large localization errors occur without prior exposure to the room's acoustics, always pulled in the direction of the noise source. Reduced localization errors are seen following the interactive exploration session. In both conditions, errors are larger the farther away in azimuth the target is located from the noise source.


Objective:To investigate the indications and operation skill of laparoscopic treatment for patients with hepatolith.Methods:A retrospective clinical analysis was made in 105 patients with hepatolith.The operations were done by means of laparoscope and the techniques that included intraoperative cholangiography,choledochofiberscope,ultrasonically activated scalpel and suture and ligation skill were used in these procedures.Among the 105 patients,11cases underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy.Results:Procedures were all successful and all patients were cured.subcutaneous aerocele,abdominal fluid collection,incision and lung infection occurred in 14 cases.No serious complications(bleeding,bile leakage and injury of abdominal viscera)were observed.The average time of lying in bed was 12h,the average fast time was 26h and the average hospitalized time was 5 days.Conclusion:Laparoscopic treatment is feasible in selected patients with hepalith,it is safe and effective in the hands of skilled endoscopists.Of course,in order to ensure performing operations successfully,some apparatus and laparoscopic skill are essential.


Abstract Hydraulic equipment on board ships is common. It assists in the work of: steering gear, pitch propellers, watertight doors, cargo hatch covers, cargo and mooring winches, deck cranes, stern ramps etc. The damage caused by transient flows (which include among others water hammer) are often impossible to repair at sea. Hence, it is very important to estimate the correct pressure runs and associated side effects during their design. The presented study compares the results of research on the impact of a simplified way of modeling the hydraulic resistance and simplified effective weighting functions build of two and three-terms on the estimated results of the pressure changes. As it turns out, simple effective two-terms weighting functions are able to accurately model the analyzed transients. The implementation of the presented method will soon allow current automatic protection of hydraulic systems of the adverse effects associated with frequent elevated and reduced pressures.


Religion among Iranians, like other nations, has always been very important. Religious tolerance in Achaemenid Empire continued in Parthian Era as well. This religious openness among public lasts in Seleucid Empire and after them, in Parthian era, and let the other religions to enter to Iran. Of course it shall be considered that after Seleucid's attack to Iran, the Iranian's lost their self-esteem, therefore their belief to religion became poor and acceptance of foreign religions was common in this era. One of these foreign religions was Buddhism. Buddhism formed in east and northeast of Iran. Its missionaries tried to extend their influence inside Iran and find some followers among Iranians. This is a library study to investigate Iranians approach toward Buddhism in Parthian Era, the followers of this religion, and the areas affected by this religion in the Parthian Era. This investigation is performed using different reference texts, historical resources and the literatures regarding Buddhism in Iran in Parthian Era. This is worth to mention that one can conclude that due to the religious tolerance in Parthian Era, a lot of new religions emerged in this era and Buddhism is one of them. The main problem of the author is the lack of references for the chosen subject and there is no direct reference about Buddhism history in the Parthian Era. (Mehrnaz Behroozy, Khadijeh Naghipourfar. A Study on Buddhism in the Parthian Era in Iran. Life Sci J 2013;10(7s):799-804) (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com . 128


Conservation of the stone facade of Termoli Cathedral (Italy) took place from 1980 to 1983. It included preliminary consolidation of the most decayed areas, cleaning by Jelly pastes, consolidation by impregnation of acrylic resin (Paraloid B-72) repairs by epoxy resins and lime mortar, and surface protection. An inspection followed by maintenance work in September 1985 revealed local decay both in the stone and the restoration materials.


Because of the construction of a large number of strategic state reserve petroleum storages,it will remain in the peak of the construction of oil and gas storage tanks in current and future years in China.To meet the currently top-to-bottom storage tank construction and welding technology requirements,the characteristics for welding operations to large-scale,wide-board rate for storage tank,and the significantly increased of the welding work are analyzed,a new type of transverse welding machine,including the frame,travel system,the flux loop systems,control systems and auxiliary devices is developed.Results of welding experiments indicate that the welding machine is easy to operate,moving is stability,welding seam forms beautifully,the welding efficiency is much higher,it can fully meet the needs of large storage tanks construction.


Purpose - – Public-private partnership (PPP) is mutually beneficial relationships that are formed between the public and private sectors. The private-sector partner typically makes a substantial equity investment, and in return the public sector gains access to new or improved services. When properly vetted and structured, PPP allocate risk to the party best suited to handle it. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the scale and nature of the PPP's contribution as a driver of the economic growth and gross domestic product (GDP). Design/methodology/approach - – Using statistics causality modeling and relevant statistical techniques, the dynamic interactions and interdependencies over PPP and economic growth were addressed and quantified. Findings - – Although PPP can free up government resources for other public priorities, three key factors enable PPP to stimulate a country's economic growth: the number of PPP projects under way, the value of PPP projects, and the ideal type of PPP contracts in use. Originality/value - – The number, value, and type of PPP, combined with supportive policies, power economic growth. Governments with well-established and enforced policies against corruption, combined with low business transaction costs, a transparent legislative system, and exchange rate and monetary stability are far more attractive to the private sector.


Air cooler has become a most essential house hold good of all classes of the society. In the summer seasons the temperature shoots 50°C and above. The existing desert cooler serves the purpose undoubtedly. But it has some demerits. It consumes more water quantity .It becomes ineffective during rainy season when relative humidity have greater values. Maximum part of the water gets wasted. The present research work is an attempt to reduce the water consumption and power consumption in the field of air cooler .In the present work in place of khus a cotton based cooling pad has been used as evaporator. An extra fan has been used to have effective evaporation. In order to understand the physical phenomenon of dessert cooler over the evaporative system, the experimental investigation of cooling system without using pads and save water 70% to 80% depends on atmospheric condition. In this investigation four different temperature were taken. During the experiment an excellent result was noticed. Almost same bypass factor was observed for the half the value of water consumption by the existing desert cooler. Also the present cooler showed the better relativehumidity value than the existingone. Therefore it gives more comfort than the existing one.


Backscattering coefficients of low energy electron beams impinging on ultra-thin films on a substrate were simulated with Monte Carlo code.All the interaction events experienced by single electron were simulated in chronological succession.The dependence of backscattering coefficient,r,on thickness of the thin film,D,was calculated and analyzed.The results show that there is one linear range,and the slope C of the linear range will arises until it reaches a maximum value while the energy of impinging electron decreases.This will provide reference for energy of incidence electron selection in ultra-thin film measurement.


Parasitic plants reduce yield of crops worldwide. Cuscuta campestris is a stem parasite that attaches to its host, using haustoria to extract nutrients and water. We analyzed the transcriptome of six C. campestris tissues and identified a key gene, CcLBD25, as highly expressed in prehaustoria and haustoria. Our gene co-expression networks (GCN) from different tissue types and laser-capture microdissection (LCM) RNA-Seq data indicate that CcLBD25 could be essential for regulating cell wall loosening and organogenesis. We employed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) by generating transgenic tomato hosts that express hairpin RNAs to target and down-regulate CcLBD25 in the parasite. Our results showed that C. campestris growing on CcLBD25 RNAi transgenic tomatoes transited to the flowering stage earlier and had less biomass compared with C. campestris growing on wild type host. This suggests that the parasites growing on the transgenic plants were stressed due to insufficient nutrient acquisition. Anatomy of C. campestris haustoria growing on CcLBD25 RNAi tomatoes showed reduced pectin digestion and lack of searching hyphae, which interfered with haustorium penetration and the formation of vascular connections. We developed an in vitro haustorium (IVH) system to assay the number of prehaustoria produced on strands from C. campestris. When C. campestris was grown on CcLBD25 RNAi tomatoes or wild type tomatoes, the former produce fewer prehaustoria than the latter, indicating that down-regulating CcLBD25 may affect haustorium initiation. The results of this study shed light on the role of CcLBD25 in haustorium development and might help to develop a parasite-resistant system in crops. One-sentence summary CcLBD25 plays a pivotal role in haustorium initiation, regulating pectin digestion, and searching hyphae development during the haustorium penetration process.


A high speed, low displacement set of catamaran hulls has been model tested with various hull separations and tunnel heights. Symmetric, axisymmetric and unsymmetric hull forms have been tested and compared in terms of resistance to determine the interaction effects of the sponsons. A computer program for the prediction of power for prismatic planing boats has been modified to include catamarans.


An onboard receiver algorithm is being developed for the ATLAS (Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System) instrument, slated to fly onboard ICESat-2 in 2016, to ensure that valid data are returned while adhering to the 577 Gb/day limit on data telemetry. The onboard receiver algorithm makes use of multiple onboard databases, two of which are the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and the DRM (Digital Relief Map). The DEM provides start and stop times for software-induced range gating on the ATLAS detectors, and is a nested, three-tiered grid to account for a 6 km overall constraint on the allowable limit for ranging acquisition. The DRM contains the maximum values of relief seen across 140mand 700m-long flight path segments, which are used in determining the presence of a valid surface return and in deciding which bands to telemeter. Both onboard databases are to be primarily constructed from existing digital elevation models and must provide global coverage referenced to latitude and longitude. This initial investigation is also focused on determining the impact of the selected DEM quality on the ICESat-2 onboard algorithms as well as the propagated error induced on the DRM. These results are required in order to estimate the expected data rate and ensure valid data returns. ATLAS Receiver Algorithm* The receiver algorithm consists of three main steps: 1. Use spacecraft position and pointing information to index into onboard Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to select a start and stop time after the laser pulse (referred to as the Range Window) to search for surface signal 2. Histogram the received photon returns and perform signal processing to separate surface returns from background noise within some level of certainty 3. Use onboard Digital Relief Map (DRM) to determine width of band about the detected signal to telemeter to ground Telemetering time tags for all received events would result in an unacceptably high data volume. The onboard algorithm defines a band surrounding the surface and only telemeters returns within this band. Atmospheric Histogram