Abstract BACKGROUND Due to the increasing incidence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, consumers are demanding products with lower sugar content. In this sense, the reformulation of traditional foods with improved, safe and tasty ingredients is arousing a huge interest. Jams are conventionally produced with elevated amounts of sucrose, which increase the glycaemic index and must be avoided in certain kinds of consumers. RESULTS This paper describes for the first time the elaboration of strawberry jams using low‐methoxyl pectins from sunflower by‐products, which allowed the addition of low amounts of sucrose (10–30%). These jams were compared with best‐selling commercial samples. An in‐depth physicochemical, compositional, sensorial and rheological characterization was carried out. The obtained jams were safe considering a w and pH values; samples presented enough acidity to avoid microorganism development and syneresis. The stabilizing role of sunflower pectin is noteworthy in terms of colour and other physicochemical characteristics. The organoleptic analysis showed that the taste and sweetness of laboratory samples were highly valued, although the presence of pieces of fruits was disliked some panellists. After knowing the content of added sugar used in each jam, the tasters preferred samples with 20% and 30% of sucrose over commercial samples. CONCLUSIONS The results show the usefulness of sunflower pectin for the elaboration of jams of low glycaemic index. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.


Layered metal composites play an increasingly important role in aerospace, automotive, and nuclear energy. Compared with a single metal or alloy, the layered metal composite exhibits an excellent strong-plastic matching effect. In this paper, multilayer TWIP/40Si2CrMo steels with different hot rolling reductions were successfully fabricated by the vacuum hot rolling. The results show that the multilayer steels can improve the lower yield strength of TWIP steel and lower the fracture elongation of 40Si2CrMo steel. In addition, with the increase of the hot rolling reduction, the mechanical properties and interfacial bonding strength of multilayer steels were improved, while the size and number of interfacial oxides decrease, and the fracture mode was also changed. This shows that a higher hot rolling reduction will promote the breakage of the interface oxides and make them appear dispersed, thereby improving the bonding strength of the interface, effectively suppressing the delamination and local necking of the multilayer steel, and making the multilayer steel show a higher ability of uniform plastic deformation. At the same time, under the dual action of layer thickness scale and interface strengthening effect, the brittle layer of multilayer steel presents a multiple tunnel crack mode. It was beneficial to alleviate the stress concentration and further improve the strengthening and toughening effect of multilayer steel.


We propose and demonstrate a novel LCOS based WSS architecture with independent operation of two WSS switches in a single optical device to enable cost effective integrated monitoring of signal quality at any desired point in a ROADM. Only a very minor dimensional change to the optical train is required to separate the operation of a number of ports to be used for the monitoring application. The monitor ports can switch independently of the WSS and can even operate on different channel bandwidths or Grids. The independently filtered light path can be made available for power measurements in the first case or for full signal quality measurements.


Review by David Fuller (University of Durham) of Michael Phillips, ed., William Blake. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell . Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2011. Pp. 173. 52 plates. £50 (hb). ISBN 9781851243419. £14.99 (pb). ISBN 9781851243662.


This study was based on Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) strain FH21 with high toxic of Plutella xylostella larvae. Using an improved polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR- RFLP) method, cry1Bb3, cry1Da4, cry1Ja3 and cry1Id3 genes were cloned from strain FH21 with the Gen Bank No. KJ619659, KJ619660, JQ228425 and KJ619661, respectively. The 4 genes were inserted into expression vector p EB, and transformed into Escherichia coli strain Rosetta(DE3), which were induced by isopropyl β- D- 1- thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG) at low temperature. The total protein of FH21 and the 4proteins were used for bioassay on P. xylostella, Helicoverpa armigera and Ostrinia furnacalis. The total protein of FH21 had high insecticidal activity against 3 insects with lethal concentration 50(LC50) of 0.801, 0.502 and2.858 mg/L, respectively. Cry1Bb3, Cry1Ja3 and Cry1Id3 had high insecticidal activity against P. xylostella and O. furnacalis with LC50 of 1.860, 1.697, 1.538, 1.800, 2.270 and 0.840 mg/L, respectively. This study showed that Bt FH21 strain against agricultural pests with a high insecticidal activity, insecticidal genes were assayed and insecticidal activity were determined simultaneously. The cry1 genes provide more choices for important agricultural pest.


Abstract Bocchus irwini sp. nov. is described from a male collected in Analagnambe forest, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar. The new species is similar to Bocchus watshami Olmi 1987. Keys to the Afrotropical species of Bocchus are modified to include the new species.


Incineration is becoming more attractive as a way to dispose of sewage sludge. Technological advances make it possible to reduce sludge volume, maintain air quality, and often generate electricity to offset the cost of treatment. Both are described. The paper also describes auxiliary equipment: input subsystems, heat recovery, air emissions control, and ash handling. Recent advances which are described include feed sludge preparation, design improvements, air distribution systems, and pyrolysis technology.


The objective of the article is to present various off-line calculation methods to calculate polynomial tool trajectories, format well adapted to High-Speed Machining. In particular, we are interested in comparing machining performances of various polynomial calculation algorithms such as interpolation, association or inter-approximation with energy minimization. This comparison is achieved using a test part through simulations and machining tests to justify the efficiency of the calculation methods. Measurements of velocity and position during machining highlight differences between the different association methods. Attention is also paid to the visual and geometrical quality of the machined surfaces.


Biomass growth and biosynthesis of biologically active substances in the strains Streptomyces candidus IMV 37 and Streptomyces canofumeus IMV 541 formulating a preparation for plant cultivation have been studied in 10 organic and synthetic culture media. Considerable effect of medium composition on the growth of Streptomyces strains and formation rate of biologically active substances was shown. The optimal biomass growth of studied Streptomyces strains  provide organic medium with soy flour. Medium No. 8 with oat flour is the most optimal for the synthesis of both antifungal antibiotic, and plant growth-stimulating substances. Medium No. 8 supports high-level biomass accumulation (45.8 g/L) of the strain Streptomyces canofumeus IMV 541, and strong antifungal activity of the culture fluid (zone diameter of growth inhibition of the test organisms is within 31-32 mm) and biomass extracts (36 mm). Culture fluid of the strain Streptomyces candidus IMV 37 obtained in the medium No. 8 increases the germination energy of wheat seeds by 26.6%, laboratory germination capacity  by 20.0%, length of sprouts 2.2 times, root length 2.0 times, and plant wet weight 1.9 times.


In this paper, the concept of accurate 2-dominating set and accurate 2domination number of a fuzzy graph was introduced. In a fuzzy graph G, a subsetD of V is said to be an accurate 2-dominating set ofG, if V−D has no 2dominating set of same fuzzy cardinality |D|. The minimum cardinality taken over all accurate 2-dominating sets of G is called the accurate 2-domination number of G and it is denoted as γfa2(G). Here, some properties of accurate 2-dominating sets and also some bounds of accurate 2-domination numbers are found. AMS Subject Classification: 03E72, 05C69, 05C72


This special issue engages with two closely related and much debated concepts: the Gothic and the uncanny. Both are notoriously difficult to define and have undergone considerable changes in the process of conceptualization. The Gothic, originally defining a delimited period in literary history, today encompasses a variety of meanings and cultural expressions from the mid-eighteenth century and onwards, while the uncanny, since the publication of Sigmund Freud's key text "Das Unheimliche" (1919), has developed into a conceptual mixture of "psychological and aesthetic estrangement, political and social alienation" (Masschelein 2011, 147). Accordingly, the different types of uncanny manifestations examined here are, most often, at least as much cultural – aesthetic, political, social – as they can be said to be psychological, pertaining to the inner mental and emotional life of an individual. In September 2014, Karlstad University, Sweden, hosted the international interdisciplinary conference 'Gothic and Uncanny Explorations.'1 The participants came from 13 different countries – Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands, Serbia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Mexico, the USA, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand – and from fields such as Comparative Literature, English, Intercultural Studies, Media Studies, Art and Architecture. The articles of this issue have their origin in this conference. Individually, they cover explorations that engage with the Gothic, or the uncanny, or both, in different ways. Thus, as a whole, this selection of articles investigates aspects that connect the concept of the uncanny with the Gothic, and show how the uncanny can serve as a link between the Gothic and other related genres and aesthetic expressions. More specifically, this special issue is part of a project on Nordic Gothic that was an important outcome of the conference in Karlstad.2 In the following, we will introduce the context of this project and present a survey of previous research in the field, as well as a brief overview of the relationship between the Gothic and the uncanny.


The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is the most dominant species of subgenus Stegomyia and is medically important from the standpoint of transmitting wide range of human pathogens of deadly diseases like dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya. During present investigations, it has been observed that IX tergum in the male genitalia of Aedes albopictus varies greatly. It shows variations with respect to the presence or absence of lateral projections on the IX tergum, as well as in the shape and size of median and lateral projections. The shape of IX tergum in the male genitalia of Aedes species is of great taxonomic importance as it is a diagnostic character of the species. These variations have been observed both in natural populations collected from various breeding sites as well as in the adults reared in laboratory. The observed differences have not been noticed by any of the previous workers.


A Comprehensive Scheme for the Treatment of Cancer, by PROFESSOR W. S. LAZARUS-BARLOW, M.D., B.Ch., F.R.C.P. DURING the past few years, and especially few months, the conviction -L~ has been growing in my mind that the treatment of malignant disease -good though it undoubtedly is in many respects-suffers from a lack of coordination and systematised methods of recording the histories of patients. Two examples will suffice to show what I mean. In one, the patient arrived


The known that the wave-front sensor is one of the most important element of adaptive optical system. Certainly that type of the wave-front sensor and its parameters hang from type used reference radiation (source) [1]. Particularly follows to distinguish using coherent and incoherent reference source. In this report will is described designs and algorithms of the work two sensors, first, working with coherent, and second one, with incoherent radiation.


In a material with a Kerr nonlinearity such as glass it is possible to generate the third harmonic of an incident wave, however in general, due to material dispersion such a process is not phase-matched and so rarely occurs with any useful efficiency. The theory of third harmonic generation thus remained a theoretical curiousity which meant that the work of Armstrong et al. [1] who found an analytic solution to the problem (which was further extended by Puell and Vidal [2]) has been forgotten. Thus for example Grubsky and Savchenko who derived formally identical equations for third harmonic generation in optical nanowires found similar solutions to Armstrong et al using a different approach [3]. The later work was influenced by the fact that efficient third harmonic generation is possible in waveguides using modal dispersion to ensure phase matching between light at frequency co in the fundamental mode and light at frequency Sco in a higher order mode. Such phase matching is only possible in nanowires where the diameter of the waveguide is less than the wavelength of light and typically the refractive index contrast is large since the cladding is usually assumed to be air. It is worth noting that all of these authors although they solved the general problem only concentrated on the solutions for which the third harmonic was initially zero. However given the greater availability of high power


The recent flurry of projections of Very Large Scale Integration circuitry coupled with the successes achieved in using synchrotron radiation as a source for photo resist exposurel has prompted a review of the impact of small size on radiation effects test and evaluation procedures. Nonuniform distribution effects show up in dosimetry when the dimensions of the region of interest are approximate to the ranges of the electrons involved. Recent development of interface dose enhancement phenomena2 attest to that fact. In the continuing size reduction associated with micro-electronic circuitry a dimension is being approached in which uniform dose testing will be inappropriate for hardness or response specification. The electron flux generated by heavy ion (e. g., cosmic ray) traversal provides a case in point. The ion-electron collisions generate a flux with 1/E2 spectrum and maximum energies of about 10 keV. (Higher are possible but exceedingly infrequent). The range in silicon of a 10 keV electron is 1.4 microns. Thus, when microelectronic devices reach this size large local dose anomalies can occur. VLSI crosses the threshold into this domain.


"Madame Bovary c'est moi"; Flaubert's statement is one of the platitudes of literary history, worth an entry in his own Bouvard et Pécuchet. But from the perspective of the historian of the French novel during the first half of the nineteenth century, Flaubert's identification resonates as belonging to a contemporary discourse putting into relation questions of gender with questions of literary form. In identifying with a heroine, even one of his own creation, Flaubert dresses himself in one of the commonplaces of his time concerning the dangerous effect of literature, in particular on women readers. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the novel was seen to pose dangers of Quixotism for those who suffered from an excess of "sensibility," who followed the "heart," rather than the "mind" or "reason," to use terms in circulation in polemics of the period. This excess was attributed to women, bourgeois women in particular. The topos concerning the dangers for women of reading novels reached back to the middle of the eighteenth century. In his identification with Emma, Flaubert was assuming the persona of the female Quixote, to use the term for this type of reader from the time when the figure came into widespread cultural circulation. The Female Quixote is the title of a novel published in 1752 by Charlotte Lennox. This novel tells the story of a young woman who grows up in seclusion in the country. Reading only romance novels of the seventeenth century, she believes she should model her behavior on the heroines of Scudéry and d'Urfé. Rousseau's preface to La Nouvelle Héloïse is another famous iteration of the female Quixote, expressing the sentiment


For a monounary algebra A = (A, f) we study the lattice QuordA of all quasiorders of A, i.e., of all reflexive and transitive relations compatible with f . Monounary algebras (A, f) whose lattices of quasiorders are complemented were characterized in 2011 as follows: (∗) f(x) is a cyclic element for all x ∈ A, and all cycles have the same square-free number n of elements. Sufficiency of the condition (∗) was proved by means of transfinite induction. Now we will describe a construction of a complement to a given quasiorder of (A, f) satisfying (∗).


Wave processes were analyzed from the point of effective energy delivery in pulsed power systems based on transmission lines. A series of new schemes for the pulsed generators based on multistage stepped transmission lines both with the capacitive and inductive energy storage was found. These devices can provide voltage or current transformation in up to 5-10 time due to wave processes if stage's characteristic impedances are in a certain correlation. The schemes suggested can be widely applied in the new powerful pulsed power accelerators. The theoretical conclusions are justified experimentally.


Image hiding based on time-averaged fringes produced by non-harmonic oscillations is presented in this paper. The secret image is embedded into the background moire grating. Phase matching and initial stochastic phase deflection algorithms are used to encrypt the image. The decoding of the image is completely visual. The secret embedded image appears when the encrypted image is oscillated according to a predefined law of motion. No secret is leaked when the encrypted image is oscillated harmonically. Numerical experiments are used to illustrate the functionality of the method.


The article is written in the genre of "portraits of linguists" and continues the traditions of historiography laid down by N. Kondrashov. The author presents the personality and work of philologist Hermann Günther Grassmann and three areas of application of his scientific potential: comparative studies, acoustics, and lexicography. Special attention is paid to his dictionary work – "Wörterbuch zum Rigveda" in light of the influence on his work of the achievements of the Russian philologist O. Böhtlingk; and his dictionary "Sanskrit-Wörterbuch".


Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) provides optical sectioning of a fluorescent sample and improved resolution with respect to conventional optical microscopy. As a result, three‐dimensional (3‐D) imaging of biological objects becomes possible. A difficulty is that the lateral resolution is better than the axial resolution and, thus, the microscope provides orientation‐dependent images.


Systematic measurements and simulations are reported for the transition from growth by nucleation and accretion of two-dimensional islands to step advancement on misoriented GaAs(001) surfaces during epitaxial growth. The growth conditions have been chosen in order to satisfy as much as possible the underlying assumptions of a solid-on-solid model of epitaxial growth, namely, that the adatom mobility is isotropic (by using a surface misoriented toward the [010] direction), the effect of the As is not rate determining (by using a As/Ga ratio of 2.5), and that the presence of any surface reconstruction can be subsumed in effective migration parameters, i.e., that no explicit account of surface reconstruction is required if the reconstruction does not change (by maintaining the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 reconstruction). The diffraction conditions for reflection high-energy electron-diffraction (RHEED) measurements were chosen to eliminate as much as possible the contribution of well-known incoherent features to the specular intensity on GaAs(001). Using these growth and diffraction conditions, the parameters of a solid-on-solid model have been optimized by performing extensive simulations to quantitatively reproduce the measured misorientation-angle dependence and the Ga flux dependence of the growth-mode transition temperature. Since at the chosen diffraction conditions, the kinematic diffraction is insensitive to surface morphologies, we have modeled the growth-induced loss of intensity from the specular beam as being due to the steps on the surface, with each step acting as an individual source of scattering. Direct comparisons between the time-dependent density of surface steps of the simulated surfaces and the RHEED specular intensity profiles measured during growth reveal several qualitative and quantitative similarities. The most striking of these is that the two quantities show the same relative change of magnitude with time and temperature for a given misorientation and Ga flux. The implications of these comparisons are discussed for the growth dynamics of GaAs(001), for the scattering processes in RHEED, and the morphological sensitivity of RHEED for these diffraction conditions.


We study the ranking of entities, in terms of a metric which is averaged across the entities' constituting units, such as countries (entities) being ranked in terms of the average height (metric) of their inhabitants (units). We show that when 1) the entities differ in terms of the number of units they contain (e.g. countries with different numbers of inhabitants), and when 2) part of the variation in the metric across units is due to factors that are not specific to the entity (e.g. the height of an inhabitant of a country is not only due to country specific factors), a particular type of bias in the ranking of entities occurs. More specifically, we show that under these conditions, a centripetal force is exerted on entities with many constituting units. In contrast, a centrifugal force is exerted on entities with few constituting units. In other words, large entities (e.g. countries with many inhabitants) are forced towards the middle of the ranking, while small entities are pushed towards the high and low extremes. We illustrate this insight – which follows from basic probability theory – using numerical simulations, and an empirical assessment of real rankings, in the context of rankings of U.S. States. This insight, which we believe has been overlooked until now, has non-trivial consequences for the credibility of rankings.


Save the Children Foundation (SCF), a nongovernmental organization (NGO), developed the "household food economy analysis" to assess the needs of an area or population facing acute food insecurity. This method considers all of the ways people secure access to food and illustrates the distribution of various food supplies in pie charts that allow comparison of the percentage contribution of each option during a normal year and a "bad" year. Data are gathered through the use of key informants, and the analysis permits identification of ways to support local initiatives and to target assistance. As a result of this work, SCF and another NGO, Helen Keller International, attended a March 1997 expert consultation organized by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to create a workplan for the Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping System (FIVIMS) called for in the World Food Summit Plan of Action. The consultation adopted use of the FAO's food and balance sheet approach, despite its limitations, and determined that indicators should be location- and time-specific as well as 1) simple and reliable, 2) readily available, 3) social and anthropometric, and 4) found at all levels. The consultation also recommended combination of the key informant and the indicator approach to data collection. Finally, the consultation identified appropriate actions that should be accomplished before the 1998 meeting of the FAO's Committee on World Food Security.


A hot runner injection mould for a beverage bottle cap was developed in which a forced demoulding mechanism with two ejector plates and a side core-pulling mechanism with T-shaped block and slider were applied.


Economic growth is the process of increasing per capita output in the long run. economic growth only discuss about how much output growth or how much gnp is received without questioning the largest source of contribution from the total output received. So it is not surprising if one of the development indicators cannot be used as a reflection of the distribution of income of a country. It is also not surprising, when a country experiences growth, the country will also face the problem of inequality in income distribution, so that the rich the richer the poor the poorer they become.


SUMMARY Life cycle cost (LCC) calculation is a major topic for substation management but often focuses upon the LCC of individual substation components rather than of the entire substation. However, effective substation management should take into account all potential cost influences including substation layout, substation maintenance, and substation failure. Taking account of all such cost parameters creates a complex, multi-dimensional problem which can be better solved as by conventional techniques based on cost comparison of various fixed solutions. A new approach using cost optimization algorithms and sensitivity analysis is much better suited to this type of question. This paper presents a method of applying an optimization algorithm to identify the lowest LCC substation management solution considering a wide range of possible combinations of all cost parameters. The optimization algorithm can also be used to explore sensitivities to particular variables. The optimization algorithm can identify the substation solution with the lowest LCC and can provide information regarding those cost parameters which have the highest impact on the LCC result. The innovation of this idea is to utilize a single optimization algorithm to assess the LCC of the substation as a whole. The use of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to cater for all cost parameters will be described and a case study will be presented in support of the developed methodology. In the case study, aspects such as the level of penalty costs at which higher redundancy in the substation layout becomes cost effective, and the optimal nature of the redundancy will be identified and discussed. The case study will include the cost parameters of different switchgear technologies, and component failure probabilities such that a power utility could analyse where to insert redundancy into a substation to generate lower LCC.


Now a day failure of refractory material in boiler furnace which is applied for different sites and different applications is the major problem has been faced by boiler manufacturing industries and they are trying to solve this. Different reasons of failure can be inappropriate transportation problem and loose application of refractory, excessive temperature developed in shell, sigma phase embrittlement, failure of anchors, improper storage of material etc. The materials and its properties used for refractory are studied here with its different types. This report is related to thermal and structural analysis of refractory which is 75 mm thick and temperature distribution at certain distance by using ANSYS software.3D Model is drawn in solid works and then imported to ANSYS for next analysis. By applying thermal and structural conditions we get the results.


The main interests of the GIGA Project are the deployment of Optical Network Technology, Network Services and Applications, Experimental Telecommunication Services and Scientific Applications. In the context of this Project, our research group has been working in the design of a IP/WDM Control Plane to integrate the IP/MPLS Client Network with the Optical Transport Network (WDM), according to the GMPLS and ASON specifications. We propose a UNI (User Network Interface) architecture providing an independent signaling protocol to integrate the Client and the Optical Transport Networks. The proposed UNI architecture maintains unchanged the client and transport networks signaling semantics for the GIGA testbed network. The paper describes how the designed architecture supports the independence of the signaling protocol and presents the prototype implemented to validate the architecture.


Based on MEMS technology, after heat oxidation, diffusion, doping, sputtering, light etching, cleaning out and other techniques performed on a silicon plane step by step, an ammonia-sensitive sensor has been made. The sensor has a MOS structure integrated with two heaters and a thermoscope. In this paper the sensitivity and stability of the sensor, especially the influence of the thin films decorated on the Pd gate on the sensor, was studied. The experimental results showed that the sensor had a good sensitivity, selectivity and stability when its gate was decorated by mixed metal thin films. When the thickness of the thin films was between 10 and 30nm, the sensor was most sensitive to NH_3.


The motor vehicle (2) comprises a rear bumper (22) defining an open internal cavity to the front of the vehicle and at least one microphone (24) including a sound pickup member, for the acquisition of a sound signal generated by at least one tire (8, 10, 16, 18) typically comprising at least one witness audible wear. The take-up component of the microphone (24) is attached to a wall of the rear bumper (22), to a transverse level between the tires (16, 18) back, preferably in the internal cavity. The invention also relates to a rear bumper (22) and equipped with a microphone (24).


The main purpose of this paper was to study the efficiency of using diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings based on a-C:H:Si with a pre-formed CrAlSiN sublayer to increase the cutting ability of ball end mills made of KFM-39 cemented carbide at a speed of 150–250 m/min in milling aircraft-grade Inconel 718, and to assess the DLC coating effect on the quality of the machined surface. DLC coating performance was quantified against uncoated carbide ball end mills and the proven TiN–AlN–TiAlN gradient multilayer coating at elevated temperatures measured by the natural thermocouple method. The temperature near the cutting edge is the factor determining the wear intensity in the tool contact surfaces in milling hard-to-machine nickel alloys to the greatest extent. Thermo-EMF (electromotive force) was recorded and converted into temperatures by calibration charts. The behavior of CrAlSiN–DLC and TiN–AlN–TiAlN coatings was compared with the results of high-temperature tribological tests on a ball-on-disc friction machine. For the CrAlSiN–DLC coating at cutting speeds of 150 and 200 m/min (<650 °C), the milling time until critical flank face wear (0.4 mm) was more than 67 and 50 min, respectively (1.4–1.5 times longer than an uncoated tool and about 1.3 times longer than the TiN–AlN–TiAlN coating). The CrAlSiN–DLC coating was characterized by a minimum adhesion amount.


Nine varieties of virgin hazelnut oil from different autochthonous cultivars from distinct locations in Asturias (Spain) were obtained by extraction under a pressure of 280 kg/cm2 at a temperature of 45 °C. The extracted oils were separated and filtered. The overall composition (percentages of husk, oil and moisture) of unhusked seeds was determined as well as moisture, ash, total sulfur and heat power of the husks for their possible use as biomass. Recovery of the oil extraction procedure for its application to the production of extra virgin edible hazelnut oil was studied. Fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol compositions as determined by capillary column gas chromatography and triglyceride compositions as determined by high performance liquid chromatography are reported in this study. All values were compared with a Turkish and a French hazelnut oil, with solvent-extracted hazelnut oil and with a 75/25 blend. A cluster analysis was performed as a criterion to differentiate the different hazelnut oils as groups.


The main objective of this research is to know the difference of problem based learning model and process oriented guided inquiry learning model toward student`s achievement and critical thinking. This research was conducted in MAN Binjai on the second semester. The sample that is used are the students in grade XI in two classes, one class as experimental class I and the other as experimental class II. The research instrument that is used in this research consist of evaluation test and observation sheet. The research instrument in this research are 20 multiple choice questions from 30 questions were validated by validator and students, with rcount > rtable 0.361, state that it was reliable with high category. The data of research had been analyzed by using normality test and homogeneity test, which is shown that data gain are normal distributed and homogenous. It is a requirement to do hypothesis test. Based on hypothesis test of hypothesis I using t-test was gotten value of significancecount (0,009) significant level (0.05), so the Ha2 is rejected and Ho2 is accepted. It means that there is no differences in student`s critical thinking that taught by implementing PBL with student`s critical thinking that is taught by implementing POGIL on solubility and solubility product topic.


In the introduction to this interesting collection, editors Walter Mattli and Ngaire Woods state that assessing global regulations "necessitates a thorough examination of the politics at each stage of the regulatory process: what actors are in or out at key junctures, why, and with what distributional consequences?" (p. 3). They argue that the more open the process establishing international regulations, the less likely that the regulatory scheme will benefit narrow interests, and the more likely that it will serve broader purposes. Nonetheless, regulatory schemes may still be captured by narrow interests during implementation if institutional settings allow the targeted groups too much control. Analysis of global regulation requires looking within national jurisdictions, but also at the international level. Mattli and Woods claim that three factors shape the possibility that change in global regulation will benefit broader interests: adequate information about the costs and benefits for diverse actors, converging interests among those actors, and ideas that can serve to draw together interested actors within existing institutions. They use the level of information and the array of interests to describe the degree of demand for regulation, and the degree of transparency and inclusiveness of institutions to describe the institutional supply. When both demand for regulation and institutional supply are limited, private actors may capture regulation, designing it for their own benefit. When demand is broad but institutional supply limited, the targets of regulation will still capture it but must make concessions to other actors. When demand is narrow but institutional supply extensive, the targets of regulation are again likely to get the regulatory scheme they seek. Common-interest regulation only emerges when demand is broad and there is extensive institutional supply. Given that this last combination is difficult to achieve in global settings, it is no surprise that global regulations tend to be "softer" (in the sense that they do not constrain actors' behavior as tightly as most national regulation does). Mattli and Woods contend that change is due to both demandside and institutional factors. Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal build on these thoughts by breaking the process of regulatory change into five steps: agenda setting, negotiation, implementation, monitoring, and finally enforcement. To understand the global regulation of transnational production, they introduce the idea of a "governance triangle," with nongovernmental organizations located at one point, firms at a second, and states at the third. They then locate different global regulatory schemes on this triangle both to illustrate the wide variety of regulatory schemes and to describe shifts over time. By unpacking the regulatory process, Abbott and Snidal are able to model bargaining between firms, NGOs, and states. Thus, while externalities in transnational production remain significant problems, states and NGOs have been able to impose regulatory schemes on firms in recent years. In the first chapter focusing on a single issue area, Eric Helleiner examines the reasons why contracts between private lenders and sovereign states have evolved in the past decade. Since 2003, these contracts have included clauses meant to constrain the actions of both creditors and debtors. Creditors must work together, rather than compete for repayment, while both creditors and debtors accept a code of conduct to manage the restructuring of sovereign bonds. Helleiner illustrates how the debt crises of the 1980s, followed by the East Asian financial crisis of 1997–98 and the 2001 Argentine financial crisis, discredited older approaches and ideas; moreover, these crises demonstrated the degree to which creditors and borrowers share some interests. Helleiner also describes why both "creditor" states and sovereign borrowers would prefer the use of clauses in contracts, by explaining why international regulation, through international financial institutions such as the IMF, failed. In her chapter, Kathryn Sikkink examines the development of human rights regulations. The experience of the World War II triggered the initial efforts in this domain, but these relied on states promising self-restraint. The more this scheme appeared ineffective, the more a variety of actors—states and NGOs—began pushing for new regulations that emphasized individual responsibility for human rights violations. The process of change was clearly supported by open and participatory politics within many countries. Yet, the effectiveness of global regulation in this area remains largely unproven. David Vogel's chapter focuses on civil regulation (defined as private, nonstate, or market-based regulatory frameworks used to govern multinational firms or supply networks; see p. 153). Vogel points out that such regulation has burgeoned in recent years precisely because the national or international authorities have either failed or declined to regulate certain activities. NGOs have introduced concerns for a wide variety of subjects (including but not limited to animal rights, environmental protection, and labor rights) to challenge the notion that private companies should only be concerned about providing profits for shareholders. In response, firms have begun adopting codes to outline their social responsibility, but Vogel notes the mixed quality of such codes, as well as their uneven distribution. Sam Barrows first describes the dramatic increase in safety for maritime workers since the 1970s, which, he argues, is due to more effective regulation. Environmental damage from accidents involving oil tankers (such as | |


There is some controversy about the characteristics of historical romance in Ming and Qing periods. Some critics think that historical romance is the popular edition of the history books written in biographical style.Therefore they try their best to fight against the fabrication of historical romance. However, a lot of writing practice shows that in order to increase the works more readable, the historical romance which can抰 depend on the history books in biographical style completely must have fabrication in detailed description, psychological depict, language description and the setting off environment by contrast. At last these points make the historical romance become the historical novels with the combination of false or true.


Analyzing Chinua Achebe's tetralogy of novels, this chapter shows how Achebe addresses one of the central issues of both modernism and postcolonialism: the organization and conceptualization of time. Things Fall Apart (1958) and No Longer at Ease (1960) present snapshot moments of arrested temporality that Achebe treats with the modernist techniques of imagism and epiphany. Taking a more pessimistic turn, Arrow of God (1964) grounds the handling of sequentiality not in Igbo ideas of cyclical change but in Spenglerian, Yeatsian, and Eliotic notions of apocalypse, in which endings do not mark new beginnings but a point of terminal cessation. Finally, Man of the People (1966) further modifies this version of time, replacing the cultural collapse of the previous novel with the more affirmative vision of community and village life found in Eliot's "East Coker." In sum, the chapter traces the tetralogy's evolution of divergent and competing notions of time, especially as they relate to Igboland and more generally to postcolonialism.


In 1965, the Ganja Alumina plant (GAP) started implementing an alkaline reduction technology for processing of alunite ore on an industrial scale. Technological deficiencies, together with design errors, led to unprofitable production. Since the plant was established, studies have been conducted to eliminate deficiencies in the reduction process, through alkaline technology and hardware design. A "reversed" scheme was developed for hydrochemical processing of alunite restored with the conversion of sodium sulphates using a KOH solution. Despite the elimination of several shortcomings in alkaline reduction technology, certain drawbacks remained, in particular- 1) significant emission of gas and dust from the kilns of fluidized bed furnace during roasting and recovery; 2) insufficient time for recovery of alunite powder, which complicates and worsens the technological and economic aspects of the process; 3) passivation of alumina in the roasting and reduction processes; 4) low yield alumina yield in the commercial product (≤ 75%); and 5) a significant amount of solid waste- 5 tonnes of red sludge per 1 tonne of AL2O3, and errors. As a result, the alunite ore processing line ceased production in 1992 and has not operated since. This article is devoted to the development of new technologies and the improvement of a new potash-alkaline method and new soda-alkaline technology for processing alunite ores. The replacement of potash with soda (sodium carbonate), using new soda-alkaline technology, is proposed. Processing of solution from the first leach with sodium sulphate by conversion with KCl leads to production of K2SO4 and NaCl. Use of the soda-alkaline technology allowed us to obtain the same products as with potash-alkaline technology, with an additional product – table salt. The fluidized bed furnace was replaced by a new type of kiln.


In this paper, a finite horizon H∞ control problem is solved for a class of linear quantum systems using a dynamic game approach for the case of sampled‐data measurements. The methodology adopted involves an equivalence between the quantum problem and two auxiliary classical problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Hearing loss is a prevalent late effect among cancer survivors. Despite the significant social costs, there is a noted delay in seeking care and to the authors' knowledge there are limited data regarding the lived experiences of cancer survivors with hearing loss. The objective of the current study was to explore the lived experience of hearing loss in survivors of childhood and young adult cancers to guide survivorship care.


The origin of the relaxor behavior in ${\mathrm{K}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{TaO}}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{KLT})$ and other disordered perovskites is now recognized to be due to the reorientation of the polar nanodomains formed by the correlated dipoles of off-center ions. The collective dynamics of these systems evolve through several temperature stages. On decreasing temperature below the so-called Burns temperature ${T}_{B}$, individual dipoles become correlated within nanosized regions. On further cooling, the slow dynamics of these polar regions allows local lattice distortions to take place and the formation of polar nanodomains at ${T}^{*}l{T}_{B}$. At still lower temperature, some relaxors undergo a phase transition while others do not. In KLT, there is a critical Li concentration ${x}_{c}=0.022$ above which the system undergoes a structural transition at ${T}_{c}$, and below which it freezes in a dipole glass state at ${T}_{f}$. To better understand the nature of this critical concentration, the changes that occur upon crossing it and the nature of the dipole glass state, the collective dynamics of KLT have been studied by dielectric spectroscopy and neutron diffraction for two Li concentrations $(x=0.026$ and $0.018)$, close to but straddling the critical concentration ${x}_{c}$. Two very different transitional behaviors are observed. Just below this critical concentration, KLT displays critical slowing down and the onset of freezing as seen in hydrogen-bonded molecular ferroelectrics, while just above this concentration, KLT undergoes a first-order structural transition.


This report documents the efforts and accomplishments of the LIGA electrodeposition modeling project which was headed by the ASCI Materials and Physics Modeling Program. A multi-dimensional framework based on GOMA was developed for modeling time-dependent diffusion and migration of multiple charged species in a dilute electrolyte solution with reduction electro-chemical reactions on moving deposition surfaces. By combining the species mass conservation equations with the electroneutrality constraint, a Poisson equation that explicitly describes the electrolyte potential was derived. The set of coupled, nonlinear equations governing species transport, electric potential, velocity, hydrodynamic pressure, and mesh motion were solved in GOMA, using the finite-element method and a fully-coupled implicit solution scheme via Newton's method. By treating the finite-element mesh as a pseudo solid with an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation and by repeatedly performing re-meshing with CUBIT and re-mapping with MAPVAR, the moving deposition surfaces were tracked explicitly from start of deposition until the trenches were filled with metal, thus enabling the computation of local current densities that potentially influence the microstructure and frictional/mechanical properties of the deposit. The multi-dimensional, multi-species, transient computational framework was demonstrated in case studies of two-dimensional nickel electrodeposition in single and multiple trenches, without and with bath stirring or forcedmore » flow. Effects of buoyancy-induced convection on deposition were also investigated. To further illustrate its utility, the framework was employed to simulate deposition in microscreen-based LIGA molds. Lastly, future needs for modeling LIGA electrodeposition are discussed.« less


When organising work at height, the site manager has a duty to provide adequate security measures which will ensure safe working conditions. The correct criteria adopted to ensure the safe movement of equipment and materials and the safe implementation of all professional activities by all employees. This paper attempts to identify and describe systems set up to protect against falls from height, without the use of scaffolding, employed in today's construction market.


Any anomaly, including January Anomaly, would enable the investors and speculators to gain abnormal returns. The presence of January Anomaly defeats the basic premises of the efficient market hypothesis. Besides, it has greater implications for the design of investment strategy in the long run. This paper seeks to find out whether the 'January Anomaly', found in many countries, is also found in the fast developing Indian Markets. The study used the logarithmic data for S&P CNX Nifty and S&P CNX 500 sample indices and applied the Dummy Variable Regression Model from 1st April 2002 to 31st March 2011. It is found that the highest mean return was earned in December and the lowest/ negative mean return earned in January Month for S&P CNX Nifty index. The S&P CNX 500 Index recorded the Highest Mean Return in the Month of March and the Highest Negative Mean Returns in the Month of January. It is found that there was significant difference in the mean returns among the different months of the year. The analytical results of seasonality indicate the absence of January Anomaly during the study period.


In today's technological world online shopping is more important. Online usage makes people from people all walks of life to bring entire libraries, entertainment venues, post offices and financial centres to a work place. In Long years ago, customers are preferred to purchase in traditional method. But nowadays customers shop for everything from gifts, gadgets and groceries, clothing etc. The companies like Amazon, Flipkart are playing major role in selling the different goods through online mode. Because online stores are open 24 hours a day, seven days a Week. The internet is considered a mass medium that provides the customers with purchase characteristics as no other medium. At the same time, online marketing companies have to take into account that who their customers are what their spending habits are like and the products and services they prefer in order to sell anything over the internet. Therefore this paper tries to analyze the customer satisfaction towards online trading and physical trading.


Technical, management, and political decisions made in the design phase of this shipboard command and weapons control system (more than 1 million LOC), have led to a significant percentage of reuse on subsequent projects. The practical issues and lessons learned in trying to design for massive software reuse will be discussed.


Recent increases in the weight of agricultural machines can cause soil management problems in the form of soil compaction. Tyre contact pressure is often used as an indicator of the potential for a machine to cause compaction.


When I first read Jim Wayne Miller's The Mountains Have Come Closer fifteen years ago, I was immediately entranced; it became one of my all-time favorite books, and it still is. But I have to admit on those first readings, I skipped this one particular poem, "Brier Visions" (26); it was too bizarre and didn't seem to fit the pattern of the whole. I should've known better. This past summer, a friend introduced me to Ed Snodderly's musical rendition of "Brier Visions," and this song made me go back to explore the poem by itself as well as its relation to the whole book. I discovered that the four visions the Brier has in this poem outline a significant progression in the speaker's thought that also is the critical turning point of the whole book. Before I analyze, though, I want to quote the whole of the "Brier Visions" poem:


We compute the Bott-Morse Floer cohomology of the Clifford torus in ℙ n with all possible spin structures. Each spin structure is known to determine an orientation of the moduli space of holomorphic discs, and we analyze the change of orientation according to the change of spin structure of the Clifford torus. Also, we classify all holomorphic discs with boundary lying on the Clifford torus by establishing a Maslov index formula for such discs. As a result, we show that in odd dimensions, there exist two spin structures which give nonvanishing Floer cohomology of the Clifford torus, and in even dimensions, there is only one such spin structure. When the Floer cohomology is nonvanishing, it is isomorphic to the singular cohomology of the torus (with a Novikov ring as its coefficients). As a corollary, we prove that any Hamiltonian deformation of the Clifford torus intersects with it at least at 2 n distinct intersection points when the intersection is transversal. We also compute the Floer cohomology of the Clifford torus with flat line bundles on it and verify the prediction made by Hori using a mirror symmetry calculation.


Cyril Hopkin's Marcus Clarke, edited by Laurie Hergenhan Ken Stewart and Michael Wilding, published by Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, will be launched at the Fryer Library on 21 July 2009. Here. Laurie Hergenhan shares the trials and tribulations of editing a manuscript written a century ago about one of Australia's mose reknowned writers.


Two‐dimensional nmr data on a bulge‐containing oligodeoxyribonucleotide, 5′dGATGGGCAG · dCTGACCCATC, and a regular oligomer of similar sequence, 5′dGATGGCAG · dCTGCCATC, are presented. The nonexchangeable protons are assigned from sequential nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) connectivities. The two‐dimensional NOE (NOESY) and correlated (COSY) spectra of the bulge‐containing oligomer are compared to those of the perfect 8‐mer. Experimental proton‐proton distances are determined from NOESY spectra acquired with mixing times of 100, 150, and 200 ms, using comparable distances in the B‐DNA region of the molecule as a calibration. With this approach, measured distances do not depend systematically on mixing time. Energy minimization techniques are used to calculate a three‐dimensional structure for the bulge‐containing oligomer in agreement with the nmr data. The helix is of the B family, with the extra adenine stacked into the helix, and the helix axis is bent by 20°.


Decision tree is one of the most useful analysis methods for various data mining functions, including prediction, classification, etc, from massive data. Decision tree grows by splitting nodes, during which the purity increases. It is needed to stop splitting nodes when the purity does not increase effectively or new leaves does not contain meaningful number of records. Pruning is done if a branch does not show certain level of performance. By pruning, the structure of decision tree is changed and it is implied that the previous splitting of the parent node was not effective. It is also implied that the splitting of the ancestor nodes were not effective and the choices of attributes and criteria in splitting them were not successful. It should be noticed that new attributes or criteria might be selected to split such nodes for better tries. In this paper, we suggest a procedure to modify decision tree by Fuzzy theory and splitting as an integrated approach.


The goal of this communication is to show that different transmission characteristics are obtained for each pulse shape when diffraction is accounted for even if the time‐integrated areas are equal. For weakly overlapped two‐field propagation it was argued that each pulse evolution obeys its own area theorem. In our case the pulses are strongly overlapped and they mutually influence each other. We have worked out the transverse variation beyond the physical situation where a specific self‐similar Gaussian mode can be assumed. Detailed temporal and frequency reshaping of coherent pulses with finite beam extent in a three‐level absorber is reported.


The two commentaries written by Wen Yi duo on The Goddess are important books in the new poetic history. While praising highly the spirit of the times of The Goddess, he criticized it "lacking the national color" and having serious tendency of Europeanization. Therefore he put forward the important viewpoint that Chinese new poetry "should be a piece of brocade woven by the longitude lines of times and the latitude lines of the nation." He conscientiously carried out the literary viewpoint when he produced The Red Candle himself, making vivid national color become its apparent aesthetic feature.


Information management for major infrastructure projects is a critical task requiring ever increasing time and resources. Whilst the digitisation of construction industry information has progressed over multiple dimensions, there are still gaps in machine readable information for adequate suitability assessment of projects against their requirements. With digital twins at the heart of the digitisation agenda, it is vital that the industry expand the information available to validate and verify asset and network outcomes throughout their lifecycle. Within the construction industry, systems engineering is being deployed for asset and information requirements and model‐based systems engineering can support digital techniques in managing construction information requirements. However, as an intensive task it must be selectively deployed to obtain value within a complex operating system. An opportunity exists to use data and relationships held in electronic document management systems that currently store project requirements. To achieve this, graph/network theory can be used to visualise and analyse the connectivity of document datapoints. This study deploys a python modelling environment to create digraphs that are used to visualise and identify key data from a document management system, identifying the highest degree and betweenness for documents from a sample size of 20 queries producing 327 vertices. It demonstrates a useful means of interrogating the data rapidly that is quick to scale and expand. There are opportunities to deploy this across multiple digital systems to further map complexity and interactions between them. Identification is the critical first step for data driven point of application 'surgical' model‐based systems engineering.


Abstract The effects of exogenous silicon (Si) on salt (NaCl)-stressed borage (Borago officinalis L.) plants were investigated in this study. Six levels of Si (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mM) and two levels of NaCl (0 and 120 mM) were applied to study the effect of NaCl and Si on some physiological, biochemical and anatomical properties of Borago officinalis L. Salt stress reduced fresh and dry weight, protein contents and catalase activity. In contrast, proline, glycine betaine, malondialdehyde and activity of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase increased in salt-stressed plants. The results of anatomical study of leaf cross section showed that salt stress resulted in noticeable anatomical variations such as increase in thickness of leaf blade and thickness of palisade parenchyma cells. Other interesting variations in salt stress include changes in structure and numbers of trichome and stomata. Si treatment in comparison with the plants only treated with salt resulted in an improvement in the studied physiological parameters, especially at 1.5 mM level. Also, Si treatment could moderate the negative effects of salt treatment on the studied anatomical attributes.


The well-known procedures for calculating transient-re sponse sensitivities, frequency-response sensitivities, and pole sensitivities have been successfully and profitably applied for several years. However, the usual formulations are not well suited for analysis of large systems on modern analog or digital computers. Expressions for these sensitivi ties are developed in this paper using simple matrix ma nipulations (usually referred to as the state variable ap proach). The state variable formulation illustrates clearly the structure of the sensitivity equations and provides an efficient procedure for computer calculations.


1. Introduction. Part I: The Islamic Law of Finance. 2. Islamic Finance as the Application of Islamic Law. 3. Qur'an and Sunna on Contract and Commerce. 4. Islamic Laws of Usury, Risk, and Property. 5. Islamic Law of Contract. 6. The Law of Islamic Financial Institutions and Instruments. Part II: A Financial Analysis of Islamic Banking and Finance. 7. Islamic Financial Instruments: A Primer. 8. The Opportunity Rate of Capital and Islamic Capital Structure. 9. Derivatives in Islamic Finance. Part III: Case Studies: Islamic Financial Innovation. 10. Innovation in Islamic Financial Products. 11. Conclusion. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.


We present a machine learning framework for resolving other-anaphora. Besides morpho-syntactic, recency, and semantic features based on existing lexical knowledge resources, our algorithm obtains additional semantic knowledge from the Web. We search the Web via lexico-syntactic patterns that are specific to other-anaphors. Incorporating this innovative feature leads to an 11.4 percentage point improvement in the classifier's F-measure (25% improvement relative to results without this feature).


The paper reports the identification of that information useful to define system concept and requirements starting from the analysis of the accident statistics of some European countries. This activity has been planned within the project called CHAMELEON (Pre-crash application all around the vehicle); a project founded by the DG XIIIC of EC and belonging to the fifth framework research programme. Chameleon project aims to study sensors and applications capable of improving the performance of the existing safety systems (Airbag and safety belt mainly) and to integrate other ADAS (advanced driver assistance system) applications of the future. For the covering abstract see ITRD E114174.


The following article introduces a model of the communication process as it occurs in a hostage negotiation. Unlike previous negotiation models, this model focuses on the communication of the negotiator rather than focusing on the communication or psychological state of the hostage taker. The model provides a framework of successful negotiation by analyzing and specifying the structure of previously successful negotiations. The resulting model consists of four phases, which are called Establishing Initial Dialogue, Building Rapport, Influencing, and Surrender. Theoretical basis and comparison to other existing negotiation models are discussed.


Ten 890×890×70 mm concrete panels were tested under in-plane pure-shear monotonic loading conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of steel fibers in controlling concrete cracking. The results of the tests indicate that concrete elements exhibiting ductile behavior, good shear resistance, and good crack control characteristics can be obtained with an adequate addition of steel fibers. Assessments were also made of the influence of fiber aspect ratio, fiber length, fiber tensile strength, fiber volume content, and concrete compressive strength on the crack control performance of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). In addition, finite element (FE) analyses were performed to investigate whether currently available constitutive models can be utilized to accurately represent the behavior of the FRC panels tested. The analytical results indicate that improved constitutive models for tension response and crack spacing of FRC are required for successful finite element modeling.


The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) and damage morphology of antireflection (AR) coatings on quartz and sapphire are investigated. A very interesting phenomena is found in the measurement. In the case of a single pulse laser, the LIDT of the AIR coatings on quartz is higher than that of sapphire. On the contrary, for a free-pulse laser, the LIDT of AIR coatings on sapphire is higher than that of quartz. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.


Isolated prothrombin deficiencies due to inherited qualitative defects are very rare conditions. Fourteen nonrelated families with distinct dysprothrombinemias have been identified to date.'-14 In each case, an immunoassay has revealed the presence of prothrombin molecules with little or no activity. According to the international nomenclature, most of the prothrombin variants have been designated by the name of the city of birth of the proband. Purification of the abnormal prothrombin has led to the unambiguous characterization of the functional defect of several variants. In this review, we will briefly summarize the clinical features associated with congenital dysprothrombinemias and will describe in some detail the functional defects that characterize different prothrombin variants studied in our laboratory and in others.


We report the effect of boron doping on optical and electrical properties of p-type a-Si:H films. The p-type a-Si:H thin films have been deposited by RF-PECVD system varying the diborane flow rate from 5 sccm to 9 sccm. Enhancement in deposition rate from 30.3 nm/min to 33.6 nm reported with increasing diborane gas flow rate. Change in band gap, refractive index and Urbach energy with varying doping level is studied. An increase in dark conductivity is reported with increasing boron concentration. Solar cells fabricated with 4.63% efficiency.


The improvement and normalization of the characteristics of humoral and cellular immunity and nonspecific organism protection correspond to the good and excellent results of immunotherapy, whereas in unsatisfactory and satisfactory results the pathologic ships in immune system are conserved,, ov the insignificant positive dynamics of immunologic characteristics is observed. The presence ot immune disorders after the immunotherapy course by bacterial allergens is an indication for the following extension without regard to the clinical results obtained up to, the normalisation and improvehent of immunologic characteristics.


As a new dynamic maintenance strategy, the condition-based opportunistic maintenance strategy for multi-component system is presented in this work. In the strategy, the degeneration of each component is described by Weibull proportional hazards model or Weibull proportional intensity model, and the condition indicator is defined to characterize the operating state of each component. Then, when and how to maintain a component can be confirmed by comparing the value of the condition indicator with that of the maintenance threshold function. Condition-based maintenance will be implemented on a component if the value of its condition indicator exceeds that of its condition-based maintenance threshold function. Meanwhile, opportunistic maintenance will also be implemented on a component if the value of its condition indicator exceeds that of its opportunistic maintenance threshold function. The two maintenance threshold functions can be determined by minimizing maintenance cost. Finally, taking the wind turbine as an example of a multi-component system, simulation analyses are described to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the condition-based opportunistic maintenance strategy.


Graduates from the Associate in Applied Science (AAS) in Mechanical Engineering Technology (MECH) and Industrial Design (IND) Technology at New York City College of Technology are learning new skills in 3D modeling, Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) and Rapid Prototyping. Two year programs in engineering technology are often short of helping students to grasp all aspects of the technology. This is mainly due to the limited number of credits allowed in 2-year programs (about 60 credits). Most graduates from both MECH and IND find employment in the local industry. Growing demand from local employers compelled the department to incorporate new components in the upper level courses in both AAS programs. Students from both programs are required to take a 60 hour (4 hours/week) Advanced Solid Modeling course (IND2304). In order to address the local industry need the department decided to modify and update IND2304. In the new course, students learn to improve their design by using some of the solid mechanics techniques, stress analysis, the role of Finite Element Analysis (FEA), rapid prototyping, and applying tolerance. Students learn 3D modeling using AutoDesk Inventor. They are required to design a team based project at the end of the semester. Students learn team work and sharing information with each other. They enhance their communication skills by presenting their work at the end of the semester. Results of this new course are very encouraging. Students get very motivated by the diversity and creativity of the new design work. Some students who graduated from both programs were able to use their new design skills and team work in their current positions in the field.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Current experimental data suggest some relations between the Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix and the quark mass ratios, namely $|V_{us}| \sim \sqrt{m_d / m_s}$, $|V_{ub} / V_{cb}| \sim \sqrt{m_u / m_c}$ and $|V_{cb}| \sim m_s / m_b$. We consider these relations seriously in this paper. As a result, they offer us some attractive relations among the elements of the mass matrices and bring us a problem. They might give us informations about the origin of Yukawa couplings.


According to the latest version of the World Directory of Medical Schools, there are 184 medical schools in Africa. Although all of them involve a department or a unit for teaching medical physiology, <50% offer graduate programs to qualify independent researchers in physiology. There is no


A significant number of Americans die in ways that do not reflect their preferences for end-of-life (EOL) care. For married individuals, the spouse often has the legal authority to make decisions at EOL. Many factors, most notably open preemptive communication about care preferences and dying wishes, determine whether such communication is viable and a partner's wishes are respected. We used a mixed method approach, involving a content analysis of spouses' reasons for seeking and avoiding conversations regarding their partners' EOL care preferences, and examined whether certain demographic factors (eg, income, gender, age) more likely contributed to the initiation of EOL conversations. We situate our findings within the broader cultural discourse about death and dying and highlight the influence of uncertainty in spousal EOL communication.


Through the microarray analysis, long noncoding RNA TPT1‐AS1 (TPT1‐AS1) was identified in the development of glioma. However, the specific effect of TPT1‐AS1 on glioma autophagy in the recent years has not fully been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of our present study is to investigate the function of TPT1‐AS1 on affecting autophagy of glioma cells through regulation of microRNA‐770‐5p (miR‐770‐5p)‐mediated stathmin 1 (STMN1). Initially, the expression of TPT1‐AS1, miR‐770‐5p, and STMN1 were determined in glioma cell lines, followed by the prediction and validation of their interaction. After that, the effects of TPT1‐AS1, miR‐770‐5p, and STMN1 on the in vitro glioma cell proliferation and autophagy were assessed using EdU assay and macrophage‐derived chemokine (MDC) and on the in vivo tumor development and autophagy were evaluated using a nude mouse xenograft tumor assay and immunofluorescence assay. In comparison with the normal cells, the glioma cells displayed upregulated expression of TPT1‐AS1 and STMN1, but a downregulated miR‐770‐5p expression. miR‐770‐5p, which directly targeted STMN1, could be downregulated by TPT1‐AS1. Subsequently, in glioma cells, TPT1‐AS1 can function to competitively bind to miR‐770‐5p, thus regulatEing STMN1 expression. Moreover, glioma cell proliferation and autophagy could be mediated through the TPT1‐AS1/miR‐770‐5p/STMN1 axis. From our data we conclude an inhibitory function of TPT1‐AS1 in glioma cell autophagy by downregulating miR‐770‐5p and upregulating STMN1, which may be instrumental for the therapeutic targeting and clinical management of glioma.


The present study was an illustrative investigation on the production of one of the essential amino acid L-arginine using two different wastes (Carica Papaya and Ananas Comosus) as substrates. An aerobic fermentative process was followed for the production by the bacteria Pediococcus Pentosaceous. The optimal characteristics temperature, fermentation time and pH for the maximum production were assayed. The quality of L-arginine was analysed by Kossel method and Arginine Dihydrolase Test and quantitative estimation was done by using ninhydrin reagent. From the investigations, an optimum temperature at 30°C with pH 9 and aeration were found to be suitable for max production in 5 days using both the substrates (0.54 mg/ml) (0.675 mg/ml) waste media.


Abstract Facebook provides businesses and organizations with copious data that describe how users are interacting with their page. This data affords an excellent opportunity to turn introductory statistics students into consultants to analyze the Facebook data using descriptive and inferential statistics. This paper details a semester-long project that partners student groups with local businesses and organizations and serves as a platform to work on articulating technical statistics to a non-expert audience.


Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic lysosphingolipid derived from the metabolism of plasma membrane lipids. The interaction between S1P and its ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptors (S1PR1-5) is crucial in many pathophysiological processes. Emerging evidence suggested a potential role for S1P receptors in anti‑neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). In this study, we investigated the effects of three different S1P receptors modulators (FTY720, SEW2871 and TY52156) in a recognized rat model of experimental autoimmune vasculitis (EAV). The effects of treatments were evaluated with clinico-pathological parameters including hematuria, proteinuria, crescent formation, pulmonary hemorrhage, etc. In vitro functional studies were performed in a Jurkat T cell line following stimulations of serum from myeloperoxidase-AAV patients. We found that only the FTY720 treatment significantly alleviated hematuria and proteinuria, and diminished glomerular crescent formation, renal tubulointerstitial lesions and pulmonary hemorrhage in EAV. The attenuation was accompanied by less renal T cell infiltration, upregulated mRNA of S1PR1 and downregulated IL-1β in kidneys, but not altered circulating ANCA levels, suggesting that the therapeutic effects of FTY720 were B cell independent. Further in vitro studies demonstrated that FTY720 incubation could significantly inhibit the proliferation, adhesion, and migration, and increase apoptosis of T cells. In conclusion, the S1P modulator FTY720 could attenuate EAV through the reduction and inhibition of T cells, which might become a novel treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis.


Herbal medicines are popular. They are extensively used in the developing world, where in many places they offer a more widely available and more affordable alternative to pharmaceutical drugs. Increase in herbal medicines popularity brought concerns and fears over the professionalism of practitioners, and quality, efficacy and safety of their treatment methods and products from herbal and natural sources available in the market. Most research has focused on clinical and experimental medicine (safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action) and regulatory issues, to the general neglect of public health dimensions. Public health research must consider social, cultural, political, and economic contexts to maximize the contribution of herbal medicine to health care systems globally. The regulatory framework for herbal medicines and dietary supplements is currently under review. A new system for registration of traditional herbal medicines will ensure that marketed products meet standards for quality and safety. At present, the pharmaceutical quality of many complementary medicines is a cause for concern. In 1991 WHO developed guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicine. Suggestions for herbal medicine standardization are out lined. The scenario and perception of herbal medicine are discussed. The public's belief that herbal and natural products are safer than synthetic medicines can only be ascertained by imposing regulatory standards on these products that should be manufactured using these Good Practices. Implementing standard operating procedures (SOP) leading to Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Supply Practice (GSP) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for producing these medicinal products from herbal or natural sources. This article presents a systematic review on herbal medicine including historical background, safety, efficacy, quality control, clinical trails, bioavailability, Herb-Drug interactions, Intellectual Property Rights, marketing, and regulatory aspects related to botanical therapeutics.


Application of bromsulphalein (BSP) fractional clearance test to dairy cows has been studied. Basically, 2 mg of BSP per kg of body weight was injected at a steady rate into the jugular vein of dairy cows and blood samples were collected at short intervals of time for 30 minutes following the injection. BSP was exponentially and inversely eliminated from the blood and the log e of dye concentration was rectilineally related to time after administration. When a dose of BSP was injected within a certain range of body weight (a dose of 1.5 g BSP with body weight ranging from 600-850 kg, 1.0 g: 350-650 kg, 0.5 g: 200-400 kg, 0.3 g: 80-250 kg and 0.2 g: 30-120 kg), the rectilinearity of the data for all of the cows was very good over the general time interval from 5 to 12 minutes, which indicated that the mode of elimination of the dye was adequately expressed by a first-order reaction. Practically, the stable and limited BSP-t/2 value in minutes was calculated from the clearance curve drawn on basis of the semilogarithmic plot of dye concentration and time by sampling above three times (usually three times) during 5 to 12 minutes after the injection. The results of BSP-t/2 value and BSP percent retention (BSP-PR) in cows with acute hepatosis from CCl4 intoxication varied progressively in adequate correlation with the changes of serum enzyme activities regarding liver functions. BSP-t/2 value was significantly correlated with BSP-PR at 20, 30 and 45 minutes after injection with reference to BSP-PR at 45 minutes (PR45)(a correlation coefficient between t/2 values and PR45 values : ƒÁ=0.971, P >0.001). In order to investigate the excretion of BSP into urine and milk, two lactating dairy cows were injected intravenously with 2.0 g of BSP. Only 1.22 % of BSP given was excreted in the urine, but no BSP was detected in the milk even after 48 hours. ―J . Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc., 42, 689•`694 (1989).


Analyses the principles of pavemill's automatic power apportioning and gives the control steps of it which subject to the working charactors of pavemill.


We studied two groups of obese patients, 16 affected by polycystic ovaries (OB-PCO) and 16 with simple obesity (OB), matched for age, relative weight and glucose values during oral glucose tolerance test. OB-PCO patients showed higher basal IRI levels and highere glucose stimulated IRI and CPR sezum levels. According to these results, hyperinsulism appears to be a common feature of PCO patients, relatively independent of the presence of obesity. Possible mechanisms are discussed.


Book which included a Jabga was published in bulk to an in the early 20th century. A gramophone disk was produced in these times. And broadcast began through radios. A lot of changes were reflected on a song as soon as mass media were introduced. This study is to have checked what kind of transfiguration is shown in 〈Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 since mass media were introduced. 〈Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 was enjoyed very much until 1910's and 1920's. Time goes by, and 〈Ja-Jin-Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 becomes a popular song if it works in the latter half of 1930's. This is due to a characteristic media having. The 〈Ja-Jin-Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 length of words is short. Words of 〈Ja-Jin-Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 have independent contents. A configuration method of these words can be free from the limits that a disk has in time. Until now contents to have looked into were the external sides of a song called change of the fashion. An inner change of a song has to watch what there is according to media. If words of a disk were shared with a book published, reduction of words appeared generally. And was emphasized of words, and appeared so that a branch was different. Text of a book published let you maximize emotion of sorrow gradually through concrete situation and descriptions. Presented a situation of a speaker and opposed background, and disk expressed emotion of sorrow. There is that do not take internal volume connection of 〈Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 and 〈Ja-Jin-Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 into consideration, and will put two together during a gramophone disk. Listen to a two song at the same time, and this is to feel two emotion at the same time. This can say that it is a commercialization strategy of a 〈Bae-Tta-Ra-Gi〉 disk.


Summary INTERNIST-1 is an experimental computer program for consultation in general internal medicine. On a series of test cases, its performance has been shown to be similar to that of staff physicians at a university hospital. Despite INTERNIST-1's apparent success in dealing with complex cases involving multiple diagnoses in the same patient, many shortcomings in both its knowledge representation schemes and its diagnostic algorithms still remain. Among the known problems are lack of anatomical and temporal reasoning, inadequate representation of degrees of severity of findings and illnesses, and failure to reason properly about causality. These drawbacks must be corrected before INTERNIST-1's successor program, CADUCEUS, can be used. It is estimated that CADUCEUS will not be ready for release to the general medical community for five to ten years. Broader problems faced by all medical diagnostic consultant systems are: design of an efficient human interface; development and completion of medical knowledge bases; expansion of diagnostic algorithms from simple heuristic rules to include a range of complex reasoning strategies, and development of a method for validating computer programs for clinical use.


Phased array UT techniques are being used for inspections in nuclear and conventional power plants for more than 10 years. Applications involving simple linear arrays, using either sectorial scanning or multiple-angle raster scanning, are now commonly used and accepted. But the power generation industry is continuously looking for inspection solutions to more challenging inspection configurations, and this requires advanced software features and phased array hardware. This paper will present some advanced applications of phased array technology, for inspections on components with complex surfaces. It will illustrate how recently developed phased array hardware and state-of-the-art dedicated software supports these innovative phased array inspection concepts. 1D linear and 2D matrix flexible array probes can be used to improve the examination capability on components with complex surfaces. Alternatively, wedges with custom contouring can be used to couple standard phased array probes onto specific regions of a wavy surface. In both cases, optimized focal law groups are required to adequately focus the acoustic energy. Various methods will be addressed to import accurate information about the component surface into the focal law calculator. The presented examples will include considerations about phased array probe design, selection and generation of focal laws, and inspection results.


To fully implement the grassroots Party-building work with responsibility system under the new situation are the objective requirements of institutional mechanisms in Tongren Prefecture.A great deal of practice and exploration about what have been done.However,from the needs of grass-roots Party organizations there is still a considerable distance.There are still some questions that can not be ignored.For these questions,we must take measures accordingly.


The purpose of the article is to improve the efficiency of information security systems in conditions of high uncertainty of source data. Method: modeling of information security systems using fuzzy set theory, possibility theory, and theoretical computer science. The result: it is shown that the existing models and methods of designing information security systems do not fully reflect the specifics of information security systems as complex organizational and technical systems. The behavior of such systems reflects the dynamics of weakly structured processes characterized by a high degree of uncertainty due to unsteadiness, inaccuracy and insufficiency of observations, indistinctness and instability of trends. While the statistical (probabilistic) approach has obvious advantages and is widely recognized, its application is limited in the process of creating information security systems for such systems. The relevance of the scientific task of developing a methodology for designing information security systems in virtual environments and cloud platforms under conditions of high uncertainty is justified. The proposed theoretical justification is abstracted from specific types of cloud services and their placement models. The model of the security system is studied, which is represented by a hierarchy of security levels compared to the architecture of an information system that implements cloud services: a composition of hierarchically interconnected levels of virtual devices for processing, storing and/or transmitting data, hardware and/or software necessary for their operation. Using the main provisions of theoretical computer science, it is shown that the parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of security mechanisms are also applicable as parameters for evaluating neutralizable threats to information security. Theoretical substantiation of methods of designing of systems of information protection in virtualized environments and cloud platforms made it possible to offer calculation procedure of the semantic threshold preferences when choosing protection mechanisms, defined in neutralizing "a threat Model and a potential intruder information security" threats, to develop and apply in the process of designing public information systems the method of choice preferred defense mechanisms, neutralizing security threats information on security levels in the overall architecture of such systems.


Purpose: To evaluate the applicability of the QCkV‐1 phantom (Standard Imaging) for trending analysis of the FPDimagers of CyberKnife® RoboticRadiosurgerySystem (Accuray Incorporated) and to study their response over a period of time and under different conditions. Method and Materials:Images of the QCkV‐1 phantom were acquired on different CyberKnife systems over several months to study trends as well as reproducibility. X‐ray settings like kVp were varied to simulate x‐ray generator drift to see if this can be detected. These images were analyzed using Standard Imaging's PIPSpro software package to obtain the Relative Modulation Transfer Function (RTMF) and Contrast‐to‐Noise Ratio (CNR). Results: After performing the PIPSpro image analysis we obtained values for f30 and f50 (f50 is defined as the critical spatial frequency for which the response is 50% of the maximum RTMF) as well as CNR. Imaging tests of the CyberKnife FPDs show consistency over a period of several months. Changes in x‐ray kVp show up in measured quantities like the RMTF and CNR. Conclusion: Although QCkV‐1 was originally designed for FPDsystems that are quite different from the CyberKnife imagers, its trending analysis can be a useful tool for early detection of imager issues. We are investigating the relationship between these low‐level measurements and overall performance of the system, which is used for tracking tumors and patient motion rather than diagnostic radiology. This will require longer term monitoring and correlating these measurements with actual tracking performance.


The research aims to describe the causes of sentence writing errors in the persuasive text of class VIII SMP Negeri 40 Bandung, examine various forms of sentence writing errors, and attempt to make solutions to reduce sentence writing errors in persuasive texts by class VIII students of SMP Negeri 40 Bandung. The research data analysis technique uses the theory of Miles and Huberman in Sugiyono. The research method uses a qualitative approach. Based on the results of the research, it was found 76 sentence writing errors which included 2 unsubjected sentence errors, 5 unsubjected sentence errors, 16 unsubjected and unpredicated sentence errors, 12 subject doubling errors, 1 error between the predicate and the inserted object, 11 sentence errors that illogical, 9 errors in ambiguous sentences, 1 error in omission of conjunctions, 12 errors in the use of excessive conjunctions, 4 errors in the use of foreign terms, 3 errors in the use of unnecessary question words. Based on the results of interviewing one of the Indonesian language teachers at SMP Negeri 40 Bandung, it was concluded that the cause of errors in writing sentences in the persuasive text of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 40 Bandung, namely students did not understand the material and did not carry out an assessment or examination of the writing of sentences in student work. The solution to reduce sentence writing errors in persuasive texts by class VIII students of SMP Negeri 40 Bandung is to make interesting learning videos and carry out in depth assessments or examinations of sentence writing in students works.


Peer Staehler is President of febit synbio gmbh, as well as CSO and Vice President for marketing. As President Mr. Staehler accounts for the strategic and operational business. In this position he is also in charge of the strategic product planning and, connected with this, of the supervision and coordination of the companies intellectual property, as well as of its further development aimed to protect the cutting-edge and flexible Biochip Technology by means of registered trademarks and patents. Peer Staehler is also President of the Industry Association Synthetic Biology (IASB), a consortium of biotech companies with a focus on gene synthesis. IASB is concerned with bioethical and biosecurity questions raised by synthetic biology, as well as with the scientific and economic prospects of synthetic biology. Founding members include febit synbio gmbh, ATG:Biosynthetics GmbH, Biomax Informatics AG, Entelechon GmbH, MWG Biotech AG and Sloning BioTechnology GmbH.


The acid dissociation constants of carbon acids activated by two sulfonyl groups were determined spectrophotometrically in aqueous solution with and without GTAB micelles. The results indicate that a cationic micelle causes larger pKa decrease for more hydrophobic disulfones. Hydrophobic properties of cyclic and acyclic disulfones are discussed.


The concentrations of protein in nine cultivars of mango ranged from 0.98 g 100 g−1 to 3.27 g 100 g−1 and of ascorbic acid from 14 mg 100 g−1 to 57 mg 100 g−1. There were variable concentrations of free amino acids: among the free amino acids, alanine, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, proline and valine were present in all the varieties. The protein-bound amino acids, present in all cultivars, included alanine, aspartic acid, arginine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine. There is no evidence of the effects of variety and growing conditions on the composition of the fruit.


The main objective of this research work was to develop a methodology to estimate nutrient (N, P, K, S Ca and Mg) content in a pristine Araucarian forest using spectral data from high resolution IKONOS II satellite and field data. Samples for biomass estimates were collected in 20 plots distributed over several growth stages of secondary forest. Nutrient contents in each species were obtained from analysis in a laboratory and total amount in the plots was calculated by multiplying nutrient concentration by dry biomass. Statistical analysis provided the nutrient content and satellite data relation. The reflectance of MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4 bands and NDVI, SAVI and band ratio were input in the model as independent variables, while nutrients content were the dependent variables. Allometric equations were developed for estimates to the entire area.


The components of electrical control system of conveyor belt are described,especially the application of Siemens S7-200 PLC on belt conveyor system.This Siemens S7-200 PLC collects and controls the various switching value and analog quantity,including the speed signal calculate and oil pressure simulation quantity collection.Emphasis introduces the PID control principle and how to realize the closed-loop control for speed,so that the conveyor belt start softly according to the preset velocity curve and work as the normal speed.Ultimately meet the electrical control requirements of PLC to conveyor belt.


ABSTRACT The nuclear data of photon buildup factor is an important concept that must be considered in nuclear safety aspects such as radiation shielding and dosimetry. The buildup factor is a coefficient that represents the contribution of collided photons with the target medium. Present work formulated a semi empirical formulae for exposure buildup factors (EBF) in the energy region 0.015–15 MeV, atomic number range 1 ≤ Z ≤ 92 and for mean free path up to 40 mfp. The EBFs produced by the present formula are compared with that of data available in the literature. It is found that present work agree with literature. This formula is first of its kind to calculate EBFs without using geometric progression fitting parameters. This formula may also use to calculate EBFs for compounds/mixtures/Biological samples. The present formula is useful in producing EBFs for elements and mixtures quickly. This semi empirical formula finds importance in the calculations of EBFs which intern helps in the radiation protection and dosimetry.


Abstract In this paper we demonstrate an implementation of local manipulation of conforming 2-d triangulations, which is able to refine a given triangulation and to recoarsen a previously refined triangulation. The refinement strategy is based on bisecting triangles. This method is well-known and identical with the one described by E. Bansch in [IMPACT Comput. Sci. Engrg. 3, 181-191 (1991): J. Comput. .Appl, Math. 36 (1991)]. The recoarsening procedure restores refined triangles. The strategy is to resolve single refined triangles and pairs of neighboring single refined triangles. With some basic restrictions for the triangulation and the refinement routine, the recoarsening routine is able to restore every previously refined triangle. Furthermore the recoarsening procedure as well as the refinement routine is local (and stable).


Children receiving cytotoxic therapy for cancer have increased risk of infection due to drug‐induced neutropenia and are therefore treated empirically for bacteremia when febrile or ill‐appearing. However, viral infections, which are not frequently life‐threatening, are the most common etiology of febrile episodes and there has been increased effort to differentiate patients who may have a higher risk for adverse outcomes.


Methods: Two hundred three patients who underwent LGB for treatment of morbid obesity in our department between January 1997 and December 2008 were investigated, using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) to assess and measure the severity of depression following surgery. Additional data was collected from patients' charts and telephone questionnaire and included demographic data, psychiatric illness and treatment before surgery, BMI before LGB and at the time of interview, % excess weight loss (%EWL), and primary bariatric and additional surgery for repair, reposition, and exchange of the band.


Following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King and the subsequent riots in April of 1968, through about the end of 1972, universities were faced with the necessity of hiring more Blacks to serve in various capacities. This need resulted from pressures which were exerted by the Black community (primarily through the threat of more violence) and by the federal government through its threat to withhold funds from institutions with an insufficient number of Black personnel. Subsequently, Blacks were appointed to administrative positions at various levels in a variety of educational institutions. In reviewing what has happened to Black administrators who were appointed during this period of time, it now becomes crystal clear that most of these appointments were made simply to appease the Black community and to maintain the flow of federal dollars into the institutions concerned. A cursory review of the situation indicates that a disproportionate number of Black administrators hired in the latter part of the 1960s and early 1970s are experiencing numerous


The invention discloses a multifunctional boat shaped cultivating machine, which includes a boat body (14), a frame (30), a motor (20), a belt (21), a gear box (10), left and a right output shafts of the gear box (8), a double-linkage output chain wheel of the gear box (13), front and a rear transfer-cases (33, 15), a cultivator tool (2), and a transfer-case output shaft (3). The frame (30) is arranged on the boat body (14), the front and the rear of the frame (30) are provided with four transfer-cases (33, 15), the double-linkage output chain wheel of the gear box (13) is arranged on the separate left and right output shafts of the gear box (8). The outer chain wheel of the double-linkage output chain wheel of the gear box (13) is connected with an input chain wheel (29) of the front transfer-case (33) through a chain (43), and the inner chain wheel is connected with the input chain wheel (5) of the rear transfer-case (15) through a chain (6). The cultivator tool (2) is arranged on output shafts of the front and the rear transfer-cases. The invention has the advantages that the structure is simple, the operation is convenient, the plowing depth can be controlled automatically, and the working efficiency and the operation quality of the cultivating machine can be improved greatly.