Practically and conceptually, the 'state' is again under siege. Less than two decades after its 'rediscovery' by scholars (Evans et al., 1985; Hall, 1986), the central unit of analysis in international relations and comparative politics seems once again in crisis. Some authors, such as Robert Kaplan, present a vision of future chaos resulting from (in a dystopic twist on Marx) the withering away of the central governments of modern states in favour of tribal domains, 'city-states, shanty-states, [and] nebulous and anarchic regionalisms' (Kaplan, 1994: 24). Others welcome the weakening of the state in favour of either a more cosmopolitan (global) or more representative (local) vision of politics (Held, 1995, 1997; Rosenau, 1990, 1997). Still others, often accused of being anachronistic (or even reactionary), argue that in the absence of global or regional hegemons, the sovereign state remains the most appropriate solution to the problem of political order (Jackson, 2001; Krasner, 1999). Perhaps it was always so. The modern state, since it emerged out of the ashes of the medieval order, has always been a work in progress. The aspirations of its most ardent defenders for legitimate, representative, redistributive or just governance have shimmered on the horizon distant from the reality of contemporary states, whether in their eighteenth century absolutist, or twentieth century authoritarian, versions. But it is against this backdrop that the current discourse of 'failed' or 'collapsed' states must be understood. For every claim that a state has collapsed, is failing, or is going to fail, contains two usually implicit definitions or benchmarks. One concerns the 'stateness' against which any given state should be measured as having succeeded or failed (the institutional dimension of state collapse), and the other concerns the normative and practical implications of such a failure (the functional dimension of state failure). Concern over the possibility of state failure thus often has as much to do with dashed expectations about


Electric discharge machining (EDM) is a thermal-based machining process where material removal in the form of melting and vaporization occurs due to repeated electrical sparks between electrode and workpiece. EDM process finds wide applications in the manufacturing, automobile, aerospace, and biomedical industries due to its remarkable feature of producing complex geometrical shapes like molds, tools, and dies. Irrespective of materials hardness. In this review, the paper author has given details about a new advancement made in the EDM process, which is low-frequency vibration-assisted Die Sinking EDM. There is also a brief introduction of vibration setups that can be used to generate low-frequency vibration. There is also some discussion about various optimization techniques (e.g., TOPSIS, MOORA, GRA) used to optimize the process parameters that are current, frequency, pulse on time, and pulse off time to get better response parameters ( MRR, TWR, and SR). Besides, there is extensive discussion about the effect of current, pulse on time, pulse off time and frequency on MRR, SR, and TWR. In the end, some discussion on the effect of low-frequency vibration on surface topography is also discussed.


This study attempts to investigate the role of public and private sector investment in the Syrian economy over the period 1970-2010. The cointegration test indicates that GDP is positively and significantly related to the public and private sector investment. The Granger causality test indicates unidirectional short-run causality relationship running from GDP to public investment, and bidirectional short-run causality relationships between private investment and GDP. There are also bidirectional long-run causality relationships between public investment, private investment and GDP. The study result indicates that public sector investment has the biggest effect on the GDP, thus the Syrian government should maintain the important role of the public sector, as well as improving the private sector investment.


Grafting CNTs onto substrates such as fibres and microparticles offers an alternative approach to tackle the issues associated with dispersion in a composite matrix, as well as additional benefits (hybrid effects) provided by these dual-filler systems. One approach to obtain such hybrid systems is the direct growth of nanotubes on the supporting fibre or particles. Previous study has shown that the CNTs would grow on the silica microparticles with the morphology closely related to the operating conditions such as temperature and time. However, the role of hydrogen in affecting the tube's morphology was not explored before. The particles were synthesized via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method. Spherical silica gel with 40 − 75 μm diameter was used as the substrate. Toluene and ferrocene were used as the hydrocarbon and catalyst source, respectively. The reaction time was kept for four hours while the temperature was maintained at 850°C. The FESEM and TEM investigation proved that the flow hydrogen during reaction caused a tremendous difference in the outer diameter of the synthesized CNTs. Relatively thin CNT was observed under 50 ml/min of hydrogen flow compared to the particles synthesized without hydrogen. Raman spectroscopy of the CNTs revealed three bands; the disorder-induced D mode (∼1321 cm−1), the tangential G mode (∼1570 cm−1) and second order G′ mode (∼2642 cm−1). Raman analysis shows that the synthesized CNTs exhibited all these peaks, confirming the existence of CNTs. As G peak is more intense than D peak for all samples synthesized under hydrogen flow, it can be concluded that CNTs synthesized is indeed of high quality. It can be confirmed that hydrogen plays an important role in influencing the morphology of the synthesized tubes.


Tigecycline and colistin are few of last-resort defenses used in anti-infection therapies against carbapenem-resistant bacterial pathogens. The successive emergence of plasmid-borne tet(X) tigecycline resistance mechanism and mobile colistin resistance (mcr) determinant, renders them clinically ineffective, posing a risky challenge to global public health. Here, we report that co-carriage of tet(X6) and mcr-1 gives co-resistance to both classes of antibiotics by a single plasmid in an epidemic ST95 lineage of virulent Escherichia coli. Genomic analysis suggested that transposal transfer of mcr-1 proceeds into the plasmid pMS8345A, in which a new variant tet(X6) is neighbored with Class I integron. The structure-guided mutagenesis finely revealed the genetic determinants of Tet(X6) in the context of phenotypic tigecycline resistance. The combined evidence in vitro and in vivo demonstrated its enzymatic action of Tet(X6) in the destruction of tigecycline. The presence of Tet(X6) (and/or MCR-1) robustly prevents the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by tigecycline (and/or colistin). Unlike that mcr-1 exerts fitness cost in E. coli, tet(X6) does not. In the tet(X6)-plus strain co-carrying mcr-1, phenotypic tigecycline resistance is independently of colistin resistance caused by MCR-1-mediated lipid A remodeling, and vice versa. Importantly, Co-production of Tet(X6) and MCR-1 gives no synergistic delayed growth of the recipient E. coli. Therefore, spread of such a plasmid is of great concern in the context of "one health" comprising environmental/animal/human sectors, and heightened efforts are required to monitor its dissemination. Author summary We report that tet(X6), a new tigecycline resistance gene, is co-carried with the other resistance gene mcr-1 by a single plasmid. Not only have we finely mapped genetic determinants of tet(X6), but also revealed its biochemical action of tigecycline destruction. Crosstalk of fitness cost is addressed between Tet(X6) and MCR-1. Tet(X6) tigecycline resistance is independently of MCR-1 colistin resistance, and vice versa. Taken together, it expands mechanistic understanding of Tet(X) family of resistance enzymes, and heightens the need to prevent its dissemination.


Colour slides of the Łódź Ghetto were found in Vienna in 1987. They were taken by Walter Genewein, the Austrian chief accountant of the Ghetto. In 1998, Dariusz Jabłoński made use of the story of Genewein and his slides to shoot the documentary film Photographer. Jabłoński juxtaposed two realities: the world of a smoothly operating enterprise portrayed by the Austrian and the reality recalled by Arnold Mostowicz, the Jew and one of the few Ghetto survivors. As Genewein and Mostowicz tell two different stories their views have to differ as well. Hence, Mostowicz's disagreement with the reality documented by Genewein and the belief that it is a distorted picture which by no means corresponds with the remembrance of the place. Łysak tries to unravel the mystery of the points of view and understand the truth of the two sides. He also tries to take a closer look at the notion of a "documentary" and explore its possibilities as an objective record of reality. Łysak tries to analyse clichés of the pictures connected with the remembrance of the Holocaust (e.g., image of the gate of the Auschwitz camp with the inscription Arbeit macht frei) and the mechanisms governing a destruction of the clichés and habits (colour used in the portrayal of the Holocaust on the slides taken by Genewein). [originally published in Polish in Kwartalnik Filmowy 2003, no. 43, pp. 66-76]


Transparent conducting films are becoming increasingly interesting because of their applications in electronics industry such as their use in solar energy applications. In this work silver nanowires were synthesized using solvothermal method by reducing silver nitrate and adding sodium chloride for assembling silver into nanowires. Absorption spectra of nanowires in the form of a dispersion in deionized water, AFM and SEM images confirm the nanowire formation. Solution of nanowire was coated over PET films to obtain transparent conducting films.


Data from the World Fertility Survey for selected Latin American countries are used to produce estimates of the simultaneous effects of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on mortality during infancy and between first and fifth birthday. This is done by postulating models which take into account the reciprocal influences between the dynamics of birth intervals and breastfeeding. We also attempt to show that the effects vary according to several important characteristics of the child, mother, or community of residence. Finally, we investigate possible pitfalls in the inferences drawn by using alternative measurements of the main variables and by applying competing methods for the estimation of their effects. Although the results we obtain are quite robust to the definition of several indices and to the type of estimation method used, they remain partially inconclusive as a result of lack of proper controls for past and current health status of the infant.


The approach commonly used to assess the potential for climate reconstruction is to use linear regressions to compare the isotopic signal stored in archives to instrumental climatic data sets. A new method is proposed that combines statistical and mechanistic approaches to extract climatic information from δ13C records in organic matter. Both a spatial and a temporal gradient of 13C discrimination in a moss species commonly found in temperate and tropical peat bogs are compared to meteorological records. The relevance of fossil and modem analogues to elucidate palaeoenvironment records are tested. It was found that the magnitude and, in some cases, the direction of the impact of temperature, humidity and CO2 atmospheric concentration on 13C discrimination depend on the calibration set considered. The use of a mechanistic model is shown to help greatly in specifying the joint influence of the climatic variables.


Due to the potential optimal convergence, algebraic multigrid is widely used in solving large sparse linear systems. The aggregation-based version is one of the widely used methods for its cheap cost and easy implementation. But its convergence is often slow compared to other versions. In this paper, a smoothing technique based on incomplete LU factorization without fill-in is presented to the operators on each level. Each operator is approximately factorized, and the derived lower and upper triangular factors are approximately inverted, which are applied to the operator from both sides to improve the diagonal dominance, and then the effectiveness of the smoothing process and the accuracy of the grid transfer operators. The numerical results show that when incorporated into the preconditioned conjugate gradient iteration, the convergence rate is greatly improved, and though the time used for setup is larger, the time used for iteration and the overall time can also be reduced for large-scale systems.


This paper reads between the lines of Manuel Castells' recent writing about the 'network society'. In his trilogy The Information Age, as well as in a series of reports and papers, Castells touches on the implications of the network society for higher education and for Africa. I start by outlining Castells' concept of the nature of work in the new global economy, and in particular his disctinction between 'individualised work' and 'generic labour'. This highlights the structural basis for social exclusion in the network society - a risk for geographical areas such as Africa, but also for the ghettos of the new metropoles. From this I move on to education and, specifically, the current claims for the potential of distance learning on the World Wide Web. Although Castells does not consider this field specifically in his work that is reviewed here, his models for the workings of networks allow us to understand some of the trends, and to infer their implications.


During η Car's spectroscopic event in mid-2003, the stellar wind's bright Hα and Hβ emission lines temporarily had a distinctive shape unlike that reported on any previous occasion and particularly unlike the 1997–1998 event. Evidently the structure of the wind changed between 1997 and 2003. Combining this with other evidence, we suspect that the star may now be passing through a rapid stage in its recovery from the Great Eruption seen 160 years ago. In any case, the data indicate that successive spectroscopic events differ, and the hydrogen line profiles are quantitative clues to the abnormal structure of the wind during a spectroscopic event.


Fuel particles for the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) contain a layer of pyrolytic silicon carbide, which acts as a pressure vessel and provides containment of metallic fission products. The silicon carbide (SiC) is deposited by the thermal decomposition of methyltrichlorosilane (CH/sub 3/SiCl/sub 3/ or MTS) in an excess of hydrogen. The purpose of the current study is to determine how the deposition variables affect the structure and properties of the SiC layer.


Transportation investments have profound indirect effects on urban development. Improving transportation infrastructure reduces travel times, and thus, enhances accessibility of the population to employment and vice versa. In this procedure, the cities whose accessibilities mostly benefit from the transportation improvements would attract more population and capital. This paper attempts to quantify these impacts in the megaregions, and to prioritize the transportation investments according to their potential effects on the sustainability of the future development in these regions. For this purpose, the problem is formulated as a bilevel programming model. At the upper level, subject to a budget and environmental constraints, the optimal subset of projects is chosen from the candidate set. The objective is to maximize the total production of the megaregion at the end of the planning horizon. The final product of each city is determined according to its resultant population and physical capital. Under the network investment decisions of the upper level problem, the lower level represents the route choice behavior of users. Because the focus of the study is interurban road networks, which have sparse connectivity, a simple all-or-nothing trip assignment technique is employed at this level. To illustrate the application of the proposed model, the Northeast Megaregion of the United States is used as the case study. The exact solution is obtained for this example and compared to the regional development without improving the transportation network.


The palladium-catalyzed coupling of amines and aryl halides or aryl alcohol derivatives has matured from an exotic small-scale transformation into a very general, efficient and robust reaction during the last ten years. This article reports several applications of this method from an industrial vantage point, including ligand synthesis, synthesis of arylpiperazines, arylhydrazines and diarylamines. Much emphasis in placed on issues of scale-up and safety to underline the potential of CN couplings as solutions for industrial-scale synthetic problems.


Approximately 53 % of the administered dose is excreted in the urine, while 45% in the faeces. The biological elimination half-life in healthy volunteers averaged 20 hours and in patients with heart failure averaged 30 hours. Its most common adverse effect with an incidence of about 16% is hypotension. It has minimal potential for drug interactions.


Cardiovascular disease in Indonesia has become one of the leading causes of death after complications from stroke and diabetes. Therefore, early detection of heart disease is important. Heart abnormalities can be detected using an electrocardiogram device. General electrocardiogram limits the patient's mobility due to being wired with the instrument. The existence of an electrocardiogram with smart devices that can support cardiac arrhythmia detection is an innovation expected to improve patient comfort. The purpose of this study is to apply the principle of tele-cardiology that can be used for detecting cardiac abnormalities and to classify electrocardiogram data via cloud computing by implementing the developed Pan-Tompkins and Kim-Lee algorithm. In this research, we use a dedicated server after it was proven to be able to run in localhost and Node JS as the runtime-environment for running the application. The test datasets that have been chosen are from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database with 48 different recordings and Normal Sinus Rhythm Database with 18 different recordings for the Heart Rate Variability parameters to be extracted which are average heart rate, the standard deviation of average heart rate and root mean square of the average heart rate. Using linear regression method and testing with a 95% confidence interval, it is found that there is a significant correlation between heart rate variability increase and cardiac arrhythmia case where the value of the standard deviation of average heart rate being the most significant (α < 0.05). With this technology, it is expected to improve efficiency in proving cardiac arrhythmia and heart disease remotely.


. The research on brand experience and brand image shaping based on virtual reality technology is an emerging research field, which mainly includes brand experience, virtual reality technology, user experience, virtual reality experience, and other aspects. This study aims to explore how to use virtual reality technology to enhance brand experience and image, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises. The brand experience in virtual reality has broken time and space constraints, attracted user participation, and played an important role in deepening users' brand personality impression. This article starts from the characteristics of brand experience under virtual reality technology, analyzes the impact of brand experience on brand personality communication in virtual reality, and proposes a brand personality communication and design strategy based on virtual reality technology in the sensory dimension. The evaluation of brand impact identification is affected by the positioning of the enterprise brand, resulting in poor evaluation effect of brand image identification. To improve the effectiveness of brand image recognition evaluation, a brand image recognition evaluation system design based on regional visual division is proposed. The test results indicate that the brand image recognition evaluation system based on regional visual division, regardless of whether it is disturbed by noise environment or not, results in higher brand image recognition, thereby improving the evaluation effect of brand image recognition and contributing to brand experience and brand image shaping.


The COVID-19 pandemic has created anxiety and concern for the public to visit health facilities. Efforts are needed to continue to provide knowledge to the public about physical health and degenerative disease, especially at this time. One of the promotive effort to increase public health understanding is the use of health promotion media. The use of health promotion media is very effective to increase the level of public konwlegde. This studi aims to ditermine the effectiveness of using posters as a medium for health promotion on knowlegde of self care management of degenerative diseases of the elderly. The research method that will be applied is analytical description research with purposive sampling technique. The research design is one group pretest-posttes. The study was conducted from March to July 2020 on 21 respondents from the Nurul Huda Taqlim Assembly in Menganti Village, Kesugihan District, Cilacap Regency. The data analysis technique used paired sample t test. The result showed that the effectiveness of the use of posters as a medoum for health promotion on self care managemen knowlegde of degenerative joint disease in elderly people (p=0,001)


RNA molecules must fold into specific three-dimensional shapes to perform their structural and catalytic functions. Unlike proteins, RNAs secondary structural features are usually stable enough to form by themselves in solution. The reason is that in RNA, the stabilization energy gained from the formation of secondary structure is substantially larger than the energies involved in tertiary interactions. As a result, the formation of tertiary interactions is expected to alter only slightly the pre-existing secondary structural contacts. Moreover, secondary structure prediction is robust and can be made without taking into consideration tertiary folding. However, bulk studies of the energetics and kinetics of their secondary and tertiary folding are often frustrated by the presence of multiple species and multiple folding pathways in solution. These problems are circumvented in single-molecule studies in which the folding/unfolding trajectories of the individual molecules can be followed. The T. thermophila group I intron ribozyme is organized into several domains whose mechanical unfolding can be investigated independently, and whose tertiary contacts are stabilized by numerous Mg++ ions. We have begun characterization of the ribozyme by analysis of the P5abc domain because:


Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is currently the preferred surgical treatment for most patients suffering from ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis coli. The double-stapled technique of transection of the proximal anal canal and anastomosis has proven to be technically easier and to provide better functional outcomes than mucosectomy and hand-sewn pouch-anal anastomosis at the dentate line. Concerns regarding the development of rectal carcinoma or dysplasia in the cuff of retained rectal mucosa have not been realized.


1. Several papers published in the 1980s stressed the importance of scaling issues, the inter-relatedness of patterns and processes at different scales of time and space, to our understanding of ecological systems. Scaling issues are of major theoretical interest and increasingly are of considerable applied importance.

2. In recognition of this, the Natural Environment Research Council, in partnership with the Scottish Executive Rural Affairs Department, funded a Thematic Programme entitled 'Large-scale Processes in Ecology and Hydrology'. The principal aim of this Programme was to integrate recent major developments in information resources and technologies with current theory in order to improve understanding of large-scale patterns and processes and their relationship to patterns and processes at smaller scales.

3. The Thematic Programme, which ran from 1995 until 1999, funded six research projects that have generated a large body of published papers. This volume, dedicated to the findings of the Programme, brings together outputs from all six projects with the aim of ensuring a rapid and widespread dissemination of the Programme's findings. A brief resume of each of the papers is presented.

4. The papers in this volume cover a wide variety of subjects ranging from ions to the flora and fauna of the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, each study has sought in various ways to quantify observed spatio-temporal patterns at a range of scales, to determine whether those patterns are consistent across scales and to identify the interactions between small-scale patterns and processes and those at larger scales. The importance of the spatial and temporal scales at which studies are conducted, the key role played by dispersal in spatial population dynamics, and the diversity of ways in which large-scale patterns and processes relate to those at smaller scales are highlighted in many of the papers.

4. All of the papers presented here have direct relevance to applied issues. These issues are diverse and include the control of invasive alien species, the conservation of declining, threatened or endangered species, the development of survey techniques, strategies for farmland, woodland and forestry management, and the assessment of pollution sensitivity. Thus, the Thematic Programme has addressed issues of considerable theoretical interest and has at the same time generated results and predictive models that are of considerable practical and policy relevance.


A total of 55 CVM samples, collected from cycling postpartum buffaloes having apparently unhealthy vaginal discharge, were screened for bacterial isolates. Out of 55 CVM samples screened, 30.00 (55.55%) samples had bacterial growth, whereas 25.00 (45.45%) samples did not yield any bacterial culture. Among the CVM samples (n=30) found positive for bacterial growth, the single and mixed types of bacterial isolates were found in 27(90.00%) and 3(10.00%) CVM samples, respectively. Among the 27 single isolates, frequency of Staphylococcus spp. was found to be maximum of 37.03 per cent followed by E. coli (18.51%), Bacillus spp. (14.81%), Proteus spp. (11.11%), Streptococci spp. (11.11%), Pseudomonas spp. (3.70%) and Salmonella spp. (3.70%).


South Africa has a strong legal framework that offers a high level of protection to people living with HIV/AIDS. Although the Constitution does not explicitly refer to HIV/AIDS, it does prohibit unfair discrimination on the grounds of disability. International jurisprudence has developed a broad definition of 'disability\', which goes beyond so-called functional disability and has successfully accommodated HIV-related discrimination cases in Australia, Canada and the USA. It is likely that South African courts will ultimately do the same.
Employment legislation does refer specifically to HIV-related discrimination and prohibits unfair discrimination on the grounds of HIV status in the workplace. Pre-employment and employment HIV testing is prohibited, unless the permission of the Labour Court is obtained before to testing takes place. There are other laws, dealing with the provision of medical aid services, access to education and health care, that also prevent HIV-related discrimination.
Despite this, however, people with HIV/AIDS continue to suffer high levels of discrimination and prejudice. The disclosure of HIV status remains a fearful experience for many South Africans and may well be accompanied by violence and economic and social deprivation.
This article examines some of the most important cases that have come before the courts and other tribunals in 2003 and have sought to establish the rights of people with HIV/AIDS to live lives of dignity without fear. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine Vol. 5 (1) 2004: 40-43


THE phenomenon which is indicated by the name "Karyokinesis " depends essentially on the appearance of distinctly visible and readily stained thread-like structures in the cellnucleus, which change their form during its division. These structures were observed and figured before they were recognised as general and important occurrences. For example, Henle in his ' Splanchnologie' (1865, p. 355) gave the first drawings of karyokinetic figures for cells of the testis. Again, Heller and A. Kowalevsky (1869), and later on W. Krause (1870)—if we here leave out of consideration botanical writers—may be added as observers of facts in karyokinesis, without, however, giving a correct explanation of them. The honour of discovering karyokinetic (indirect, metamorphic or mitotic) nuclear division as a regular phenomenon, with its three chief constituents—chromatic nuclear figure, achromatic spindle and polar stars—belongs to A. Schneider, the zoologist of Breslau, at that time in Giessen. In his memoir, " Untersuchungen iiber Platyelminthen," in the ' Jahrb. der oberhessische Gesellschaft fur Naturund Heilkunde ' (1873), he describes facts about the division of eggand sperm-cells, as 1 Translated by W. B. Benham, D.Sc, from the 'Arch, fur Mikr. Anat.,' vol. xxxii, 1888, pp. 1—12.


Voluntary Medical Male circumcision (VMMC) reduces risk of heterosexually acquired HIV. Kenya adopted VMMC as an HIV intervention in 2008 and has been making remarkable progress towards achieving its male circumcision target. However, its uptake is lowest among older and married men. The main objective of this paper is to examine the nature interpersonal communication messages and their influence on uptake of VMMC among married men in Teso South Sub County in Western Kenya. Teso Sub County is among the sub counties with low male circumcision prevalence and high HIV/AIDS prevalence thus a target of the VMMC programme. The survey was carried out between June 15 and July 13, 2017 targeting married men aged between 20 and 49 years. Key constructs and thematic frameworks were developed using health belief model (HBM) and Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and presented verbatim using the participants own words. Based on male circumcision interpersonal communication messages, the findings show that majority respondents including those circumcised perceived HIV/AIDS to be severity and believed they were susceptibility to it. Self-efficacy (confidence in performing a behavior), and especially response efficacy (the belief of efficacious of message) regarding acceptance of VMMC as a preventive measure were the most important correlates of perception. Low response efficacy was the critical problems in adoption of VMMC. Majority of those who had sought VMMC did it for other reasons such as peer pressure, penis appearance, sexual satisfaction and penile hygiene and not for HIV prevention. Among the uncircumcised respondents, majority of those who expressed willingness to adopt male circumcision said it will be for other reasons, not HIV prevention.


Variations in dissolved free and combined carbohydrates during a phytoplankton bloom in the northern North Sea were investigated. Large amounts of carbohydrates are released into seawater during the bloom; the major portion of this release occurs towards the end of the bloom. A considerable part of the released carbohydrates is in the combined form. Free dissolved carbohydrates are formed mainly by in situ hydrolysis of dissolved combined carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose dominate the free dissolved carbohydrate fraction. Glucose is formed biologically, and fructose biologically and abiotically from glucose. Glucose comprises more than 60 % of the combined carbohydrate fraction, followed by mannose, galactose and xylose. The production and release of dissolved carbohydrates in large amounts appear to be related to the availability of nutrients. The vertical distribution of dissolved carbohydrates is controlled by boundary layers in mid-water.


One in ten married women in Nepal is estimated to suffer from a fallen womb or prolapsed uterus. This condition occurs when the cervix along with the uterus moves down from its normal anatomical position because the surrounding ligaments are unable to maintain support. A primary cause is unattended childbirth accentuated by heavy manual labour too soon before or after giving birth. But rarely does a woman know what has happened and why or that it can be treated. She is often too embarrassed to ask for help. Nepalese women start carrying heavy loads and doing difficult labour at an early age. They marry young and usually have several childbirths at home without any help which may stretch the pelvic muscles during long labour. Also manoeuvring by unskilled birth attendants and resuming heavy work immediately after delivery can cause further damage. "Our research shows that some 95 per cent of women in Nepal resume their household work within 45 days of delivery" says Dr. Rajendra Gurung reproductive health specialist for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). "Thats just too soon as the ligaments are still too soft. Even worse more than 14 per cent are doing heavy work within seven days of delivery. This is just dangerous! The scale of the suffering is enormous-we are talking of 600000 women and girls." (excerpt)


Gorden and Roth (1969 a) have reported that the ratio of "big" over "little" insulin increases in response to an oral glucose load. During the first 30 minutes, it does not reach 5% of the total insulin. Conversely, 90 to 120 min after the glucose load, "big" in sulin represents 5 to 29% of the total insulin. The same authors observed that the proportion of "big" insulin increases at a11 times in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects, this increase being already important after 15 min (Gordon and Roth 1969 a, 1969 b). This paper reports the effect of an experimental rise of FF A on the quality of the insulin secretion in man, being accepted that "big" insulin represents proinsulin chain or a pro insulin intermediate form (Sherman, Gordon. Roth and Freychet 1971, Steiner. Clark, Nolen. Rubenstein, Margoliash, Me/ani and Oyer 1970).


Abstract There are obvious advantages of biosurfactants over chemical surfactants. The developing shortage of oil and rapid increase of oil prices is putting pressure on oil companies to recover as much oil as possible from the wells to sustain the oil economy. Therefore, there is a need to research some "super bugs," which can produce active and stable biosurfactants in good yields. Five bacterial strains presently isolated from the oil-contaminated soil were selected for the screening for biosurfactant production, via three different methods: surface tension measurements, drop-collapsing test, and emulsification index (EI24) test. Two thermophillic isolates coded as SGI and LFA were found to be the suitable candidates for biosurfactant production. In fact, the biosurfactant produced by the isolate SGI led to the reduction of surface tension up to 26 m/N/m; thus, SGI was selected for the further studies. Biosurfactant production by the thermophillic isolate SGI was found to be growth-associated in all conditions tested. Biosurfactant production using different cheaper carbon substrates was studied. The production of biosurfactant was also studied using isolate SGI, under different conditions of high temperature, NaCl concentration, pH, carbon source, and initial nitrogen concentration. The biosurfactant was found to produce a relatively stable emulsion with hydrocarbons at a wide range of pH. It was also found to be stable at various pH ranges (7.0–14.0) for SGI and was also found to be thermostable for 1 hr at 125°C, based on the value of surface tension. There is a wide array of further studies in the area of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) including further boosting the activity of the isolate by using adaptation, enrichment, and nutrient enrichment techniques.


Text Light-sheet microscopy systems are starting to become more advanced in order to revise and improve aspects such as, light-sheet uniformity, axial resolution over wider field of view, or imaging resolution and contrast [1]. Inevitably, the cost of the microscopes starts to increase, reaching levels that can be considered unaffordable for certain labs and settings. In this work, we present a miniaturized version of a LSM that aims to reduce the cost and size as well as provide active control of all the optical paths. Imaging of the whole 3D voxel takes therefore place with the sample at rest. Control of the optical paths through small-scale active optical elements are based on Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, using a bimorph varifocal mirror, a piezoelectric 2D scanning mirror, and an electrical tunable lens (Optotune). In previous work, we have shown synchronised movement of the two optical paths in order to create a 3D image of the sample over a 200 μm depth and 500 μm x 280 um width and height [2]. In this work we introduce a custom 3D printed optical prism to reduce astigmatism in the image collection for flat bottomed sample holders. In this way we attempt to image both "thin" samples fixed on microscope slides as well as "thick" samples embedded in an agarose gel volume. We manage to achieve significant reduction of astigmatism, especially for "thick" samples whereas the imaging resultion is set to sub-micron levels. Figure 1. a) 3D schematic of the Miniaturized LSM b)Schematic of the light-path intersection and sample mounting including 3D printted prism


Cotton fiber consolidated with chitosan has antibacterial function.In this investigation,techniques for material preparation,such as ultrasonic,microwave and heating,were principally used as means for consolidating cotton with chitosan.The basis of these chose methods was theoretically indicated. Correlative experiment was carried through by means of othorgonal testing method.The main factors influencing solidification effect and correctness of experiment process were confirmed by observation of samples and analysis of data.


In this paper, we propose and deal with a discrete Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with feedback controls. By using the difference inequality theory, some sufficient conditions to ensure the permanence of the system are derived. The paper ends with brief conclusions. Our results are new and complete previously known results.


Fluorination is a proven method for challenging the limits of chemistry, both structurally and electronically. Here we explore computationally how pressures below 300 gigapascal (GPa) affects the fluorination of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au and Hg. A plethora of new structural phases are predicted along with the possibility for synthesizing four unobserved compounds: TcF7, CdF3, OsF8, and IrF8. The Ir and Os octaflourides are both predicted to be stable as quasi-molecular phases with an unusual cubic ligand coordination, and both compounds formally correspond to a high oxidation state of +8. Electronic structure analysis reveals that otherwise unoccupied 6p levels are brought down in energy by the combined effects of pressure and a strong ligand field. The valence expansion of Os and Ir enable ligand-to-metal F 2p → M 6p charge transfer that strengthens M-F bonds and decreases the overall bond polarity. The lower stability of IrF8, and the instability of PtF8 and several other compounds below 300 GPa, is here explained by the occupation of M-F antibonding levels in octafluorides with a metal valence electron count exceeding 8.


The following is a brief record of my personal association with the development of opinion and policy on Aboriginal affairs since 1930. My record is of one voice, not of a lone voice. Moreover, whatever advance has been made from the rather futile protection policies and ideas of segregation of the preceding decades, has been built on the efforts of many who from 1830 onward tried to influence opinion and policy. The final aims varied at different periods, according to changing views here and abroad. Individuals reflected, modified and worked for the ideas which were resolved out of the ferment of events, actions and reactions. Thus, in the nineteen-twenties the League of Nations concept of the Mandate and Australia's responsibility for the Mandated Territory of New Guinea brought world opinion to our very door. The condition of the Aborigines in Australia thenceforth had a bearing on our fitness to fulfil the Mandate in the islands.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine pesticide contamination in bee products in Singida District Municipality of Tanzania, particularly at Kijiji cha Nyuki. The specific focus of the study was to assess the levels of pesticides residues in bee products harvested from the selected bee farms, identifying the common type of pesticides that contaminate honey and honey products on the quality of selected bee products.
Material and Methods: A mixed methods approach was adopted for this study and collected data both primary and secondary data was collected using physical observation and survey, interviews and questionnaires, the purposive and random sampling techniques was used in this study to select total of 104 participants who was taken as a sample from universal populations. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Computer Programme version 25, where statistics aspect was determined from the results obtained from both questionnaires and laboratory experiment to the four (4) honey sample Bee pollen One Kg, propolis 500gm, and Bee wax One Kg.
Findings: The study found 252 pesticides residues ingredients in beeswax with a mean of 0.03 mg/kg. Lambda-cyhalothrin ingredient had 4.20 mg/kg of the total pesticide's ingredient found in beeswax against 251 which represent the rest of the pesticides ingredient that were concentrated in the beeswax. In regards with the effect of lambda-cyhalothrin identified in beeswax, bee pollen and honey, the results indicate current concentrations of pesticides in beeswax, bee pollen and honey does not pose risk to human health neither to environment, this is an indication that honey produced in the Kijiji cha Nyuki is safe for consumers as there is very low concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin in each studies area.
Unique Contribution to the Theory, Practice and Policy: It was noted most of the pesticides that found in honey was agricultural pesticides therefore Theory of Planned Behaviour was relevancy in explain the relationship of individual to use pesticides to the agricultural. Therefore, study will contribute to the beekeeping programme guidelines for quality control of bee products to provide thoughtful mitigate to the amount of pesticide contamination in bee and honey products, the study could contribute to policy design and implementation to understanding of how the regulations outlining the use of insecticides is being implemented, and the current economic condition of studied farms.


Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and short sleep duration, are known risk factors for suicidal ideation, attempts, and death. Insomnia is a heterogeneous disorder, with phenotypes of short and normal sleep duration based on objective sleep measures showing differential pathophysiology, natural course, cardiometabolic and neurocognitive morbidity. However, little is known about the association of these insomnia phenotypes with suicidality in adults.

 We analyzed data from the Penn State Adult Cohort (N = 1741, M age = 52.46, SD = 13.43, 57.4% female), a randomly selected population-based sample who underwent a thorough clinical history and in-lab polysomnography (PSG). Suicidality was ascertained by a lifetime history of suicide attempts, suicidal ideation or suicide as cause of death by December 31 2018 (n = 102). Insomnia symptoms were defined as a complaint of moderate-to-severe difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep, early morning awakening and non-restorative sleep, or chronic insomnia (n = 719). Short sleep duration was defined as < 6-h of in-lab PSG-measured sleep (n = 879). Binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between insomnia phenotypes with suicidality, while controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Given the low suicidality prevalence in this sample, 1000 bootstrapped samples were drawn to provide stable estimates.

 Compared to normal sleepers who slept > 6-h, subjects with insomnia symptoms who slept < 6-h and those who slept > 6-h were associated with 1.96-fold (95%CI = 1.04-4.00) and 2.46-fold (95%CI = 1.30-5.04) increased odds of suicidality, respectively. After further adjusting for substance use, subjects with insomnia symptoms who slept < 6-h and those who slept > 6-h were associated with 1.72-fold (95%CI = 0.90-3.58) and 2.22-fold (95%CI = 1.15-4.60) increased odds of suicidality, respectively. Normal sleepers who slept < 6-h were not associated with significantly increased odds of suicidality (OR = 1.32; 95%CI = 0.56-2.94).

 Adults with insomnia, particularly those with normal sleep duration, were associated with increased suicidality. These data further support that objectively-defined insomnia phenotypes may confer risk for differential adverse health outcomes (e.g., cardiometabolic vs. psychopathologic) via distinct mechanistic pathways.

 American Heart Association (14SDG19830018)


Observing active nuclei, Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies, starburst and merging galaxies, is both a challenge and a requirement for adaptive optics. It is a requirement, because models needed to explain the high infrared flux and the physics of these monsters need constraints that come, in part, from the fine details gleaned on high angular resolution images, and it is a challenge because, being distant, these objects are usually faint in apparent visual magnitude, meaning that the wavefront sensors have to operate in a photon starved regime. Many observations have been controversial in the past, and it is always difficult to tell an artifact such as astigmatism from an inner bar. The importance of observing the point spread function is therefore even more crucial than on bright objects, as PSF reconstruction methods 'a la Veran' break down when the photon noise dominates the statistics of the wave front, or when locking the loop on extended objects. Yet, while some cases have been controversial, some very clear and profound results have been obtained in the extragalactic domain, such as the detection of host galaxy to quasars and star formation studies. It turns out that the fundamental prerequisite to such success stories is a stable, well understood and well calibrated PSF.


The Localization of Compact Invariant Sets theory, define a region in the state space where are located all compact invariant sets of a dynamical system. This work explore the global dynamics of the myeloid cells in a tumor-immune system model, this model describes the interactions of myeloid, tumor and specific immune response cells. The localizations sets of immature and mature myeloid cell populations were found, also found two eventual localization sets for tumor and immune cell populations, so, the populations are bounded, but was proved that the sets vanish and the dynamic escapes to negative orthant, that it is not the biologically feasible domain for the model.


Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is a widely used method in the optoelectronics and semiconductor industries, producing high purity thin films, in crystalline, amorphous and epitaxial phases. A variety of materials can be produced in this way although for the most part use of the technique has focussed on polysilicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and metallic materials. The advantages of CVD processing, which offers offer superior quality compared to conventional methods such as sputtering or co-evaporation, include conformality, coverage, and stoichiometry control. The process should also be more economical and scalable to large substrates as it can take place at atmospheric pressure rather than under vacuum conditions.


Nonlinear recurrent neural networks are used as theoretical models to model and predict behavior of nonlinear systems such as electrical and mechanical loads and systems. Recurrent networks implement dynamic system models more efficiently than their feedforward counterparts. The efficiency of recurrent nets stems from the infinite number of state and state space trajectories that are exploited to enhance the storage capacity with respect to the weight space dimensionality. Training of recurrent networks is achieved by applying a classical optimization algorithm for training recurrent neural networks with hidden recurrent states. The leap-frog algorithm does not make use of excessive iterations or tedious line search algorithms to obtain the optimum weight vector of the recurrent network and exhibits the ability to escape for, shallow local minima. Leap-frog is used in off-line mode, when the identification model or predictor is trained, before the neural network is applied in adaptive mode. A comparison is drawn between leap-frog, online gradient descent, and block-mode gradient descent by using a theoretical nonlinear model with known (stable) states.


A robust subtropical circulation index (SCI) is defined as the difference between the North Atlantic subtropical high and the Indian monsoon low. The SCI is negatively correlated to air temperatures over Egypt and is associated with large‐scale climate indices of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic sector. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society


the literature around the topic would appear to be more promotional than descriptive. With this in mind, we conducted a systematic literature review and content analysis with the following objectives: first, to address the current state of HRA and second, to propose a framework for the development of HRA as a sustainable practice. We analyzed 79 articles from research databases and found 34 empirical studies for subsequent content analysis. While the main results reflect the relative newness of the field of HRA, with the majority of the empirical articles focusing on financial aspects, they also reveal the growing importance given to ethics. Finally, we propose a framework for the development of sustainable HRA based on the triple bottom line and discuss the implications of our findings for researchers and practitioners.


Purpose: To report several cases of secondary infection by fungus in herpes simplex keratitis. Case summary: A retrospective chart review was performed on 3 eyes of 3 patients who were without improvement and diagnosed with fungal keratitis by smear and culture on prior presentation with herpetic keratitis. Two cases were diagnosed with fungal keratitis, based on the results of culture. Fungal keratitis by Candida albicans was improved with antifungal agents, but a case caused by Fusarium species was more aggravated, regardless of antifungal agents. One case was improved by antifungal medications, which was diagnosed with fungal keratitis by the fungal hyphae manifestation on KOH preparation. Conclusions: Secondary microbial infection should be considered, when the lesion had no improvement with antiviral agents in herpetic keratitis.


It is very difficult to make the unitive programming interface between the relational databases and the irrelational databases in a same platform because of the difference of the data structure. The paper states the advantages of OLE DB and uses ADO realizing the interface of visiting the isomerous databases on the VC platform through introducing the new COM based interface technigue OLE DB and comparing with other database interfaces, for example ODBC etc.


We review some results on regularity on the boundary in spaces of analytic functions on the unit disk connected with backward shift invariant subspaces in Hp.


A metal–organic framework (MOF) based on (bpy)Re(CO)3Cl-containing elongated dicarboxylate ligands and Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4 clusters was synthesized and used as an ef-


Abstract Photochemical studies on supramolecular hosts that can encapsulate small guest molecules commonly focus on three aspects: photoswitching the cage to release or trap the guest, the effect of the confining environment on the guest, and light‐induced exciton or charge transfer within the cage structure. Here, we exploit ultrafast spectroscopy to address how the guest alters the photoswitching characteristics of the cage. For this, the impacts of three disparate guest compounds on ring‐opening or ring‐closure of a dithienylethene (DTE) ligand in a photoswitchable DTE‐based coordination cage are juxtaposed. The guest modulates both outcome and timescale of the cage's photodynamics, by an interplay of structural strain, heavy‐atom effect, and enhancement of charge‐transfer processes exercised by the guest on the photo‐excited cage. The approach might prove beneficial for attuning the applicability of photoswitchable nanocontainers and desired guest compounds.


We tested whether the effect of socially responsible parenting,
school democracy, and perceived community norms on Czech
adolescents' civic engagement is mediated by their values. Two
forms of engagement and two historical contexts were compared;
using total sample of 2,097 participants aged 13-19. Structural
equation mediation models suggested diverse patterns for
different forms of engagement and historical contexts.


In Spain the impact of the crisis on the labor market is questioning the promises given by the educational system regarding the performance of the titles.  In other work we have shown the correlation between having a higher educational level and be better protected underemployment and relative deprivation (Fruits and Solano, 2013).  The proposed objective is to understand the differences and inequalities in two generations (those born in the era of Development and Transition) compared at two points (2005 and 2010), taking as reference the social structure and key variables, such as the gender, age, human capital and occupation, without forgetting the socio-historical context and following the methodology of inspired Guio, Fusco and Eurostat, in order to determine the degree of protection of education in both, from ECV and EPA.


This article aims to refute the opinion that states, Sufism as a static construction of orthodox thought. It is done by looking deeply into the dynamic dimensions of Sufism and capturing the side of transformation that occurs, as seen in the  Ambulung manuscript in South Kalimantan. Starting from three main issues, related to; mapping the contextual (transformative) dimensions of Sufism in the  Ambulung  manuscript; various factors influencing the transition of Sufism understanding construction in the  Ambulung  manuscript; and the construction process of Sufism's teaching concept in the  Ambulung manuscript, the results of the study show that the Sufism's teaching in the  Ambulung  manuscript is a  wujudiyyah  concept which is full of controversy in the Islamic history. This manuscript is only studied by the  sir  (special or limited) community, whose participants are limited for Sufism teachers. Not for the public audience, because of its teachings are considered potentially being misunderstood. The teachings contained in this manuscript, indirectly persuade people to dynamically think moderately,through understanding  tauhid  wujudiyyah  which are tolerant and openness to the diversity.


The present study is to explore the effect of E-book reading activities for general purposes on EFL learners' English self-efficacy and language learning perceptions. Self-efficacy, claimed by a large number of researchers, has a direct and powerful influence on learners' academic accomplishments; English picture book reading, moreover, is suggested to be beneficial to language learners. However, there is little research on enhancing the level of English self-efficacy through reading English picture books, particularly in digital forms. The participants, in the study, 101 non-English-majored college students in Taiwan, were required to read Ebooks and upload their after-reading feedbacks to the Google Drive for the purpose of sharing them with other peers. The findings of the study reveal that the participants' general perceived English abilities and confidence were enhanced after their efforts on E-book reading activities. Furthermore, from the pieces of after-study learners' perceptions, they presented positive attitudes towards English learning.


The present article is intended to celebrate the Centennial of the solar eclipse of April 17, 1912. It includes a discussion of the state of Spanish Astronomy and the important events that enriched it at the beginning of the XX century, as well as associated astronomic phenomena. Reference is made to the precedents of this resurgence some years earlier when structural changes began to occur (in many cases, thanks to personal iniciatives) that contributed important benefits for Spanish science, in general, and Spanish Astronomy, in particular


The axisymmetric photoelastic problem is reformulated in such a way that data taken from only the meridional plane is sufficient to obtain a solution.


of functional differentiation by problems of coordination between and the fusion of subsystems, and the transcendence of simple modern distinctions between left and right by ideological and theoretical conflicts between safe and unsafe, inside and outside, and political and apolitical. Beck considers these differences from a number of different angles in the six chapters that compose this book. One particularly significant ongoing theme is that we now live in a second, reflexive and global, modernity. This contrasts with the basically national characteristic of simple industrial modernity. The connection between the idea of reflexive modernity and the claim that it is inevitably at the same time global has been a frequent but, I think, very problematic feature of Beck's work. He seems to have made this connection originally in terms of the risks and dangers of global environmental problems. While ecological issues remain much in evidence in The Reinvention of Politics, he now makes the global dimension more comprehensive. But he still tends to see the salience of the global mainly as an outgrowth of changes within modernity. This is a controversial and, I believe, untenable proposition. Beck's position in this respect would be greatly strengthened were he to link his emphasis on processes of individualization more extensively to the global arena and also to pay more direct attention to the global circumstance in more than environmental terms. Nonetheless, he makes a promising start to the link between individualization and globality by a brief discussion of the changing nature of alterity and the decline of national democracy. This rich, insightful book should be widely read. It has great relevance to the entire sociological enterprise. It is not easy reading for those unfamiliar with Beck's previous work, but it is very rewarding. It is suitable for graduate students and advanced undergraduates, as well as professors in all branches of sociology. There is much to learn from this book about the changing nature of politics and democracy, with particular reference to the rapid decline of old modern forms of politics and the present surge of new reflexive "life politics."


Device for protecting a card reader (2), wherein the card reading device (2) has an input and / or output device or feasibility and / or pulling means for magnetic cards (4) having an opening (1) for at least temporarily receiving at least a portion of a magnetic card (4), and the apparatus comprising means for generating a magnetic and / or electric and / or electromagnetic field (71, 71 ') which characterized, in that the device comprises at least one coil (7, 7 ', 7' '), at least one capacitor, at least one permanent magnet (111) and / or at least one electromagnet, wherein the coil (7, 7 ', 7' '), the capacitor, the permanent magnet (111) and / or the electromagnet is accidentally moved or are such that the device comprises at least one characteristic of the generated field (71, 71 ') comprising the amplitude (95, 98), phase (94, 97), frequency (93, 96) and / or spatial and / or temporal distribution of the field (71 'generated) spatially random 71st


Background The impact of social isolation, on the psychological wellbeing of medical students, who had to quarantine due to the COVID19 pandemic, is uncertain. A scoping review of the literature was therefore conducted to assess the extent of the published research in this area. Methods The PRISMA ScR guideline, was used to structure this study. A search strategy was carried out across six bibliographic databases. Data from the selected studies were extracted, and the following variables recorded. First author and year of publication, country of study, study design, sample size, focus group, mode of analysing impact of quarantine from COVID19 on mental health and results of the studies. Results A total of 223 articles were identified across the six databases, from which 69 duplicates were excluded resulting in 154 full text articles. Of these, 29 met the inclusion criteria. Following a review of the abstracts of these 29, ten full text articles were identified all of which were cross sectional studies. Sample sizes ranged from 182 to 860 students and all studies used a variety of self administered questionnaires to measure psychological wellbeing. Eight of the 10 articles showed that quarantine had a negative impact on the psychological wellbeing of medical students. Conclusion. The evidence is small but growing. Quarantine because of the COVID19 pandemic appears to have had a negative impact on the psychological wellbeing of medical students. There is a need for more studies to further evaluate this research question.


Beryllium windows (Be) generally fulfill two functions as standard beamline components. One is the absorbance of low energy photons to reduce thermal load on other components down the beamline. The other is to separate the ultrahigh vacuum of the storage ring from the beamline or from the atmosphere, respectively [1]. On the other hand Be windows show adverse effects on coherence of synchrotron radiation in applications requiring a high beam quality. Degradation of beam quality due to the Be foil is mainly due to its roughness and thickness variation (results in phase shifts and thus in loss of coherence) as well as due to its surface imperfections and inclusions (results in diffraction and thus in beam speckles) [2]. To overcome these constraints diamond windows have been developed for the Swiss Light Source (SLS) beamlines at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI). Diamond foils are manufactured using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique and brazed on copper frames in highvacuum. CVD diamond has excellent optical properties as compared to Be. A single CVD diamond window combines the functionalities of a thermal filter as well as of a vacuum and safety element which usually requires two separate Be windows. This is due to the excellent mechanical and thermal properties of CVD diamond. Results of numerical optimisation of the mechanical behaviour of the CVD diamond window in case of an air inrush, as well as its thermal behaviour during brazing, bake-out and synchrotron beam absorption will be given. Results of mechanical and optical tests performed on a prototype CVD window will also be presented [3]. After completion of these successful tests CVD diamond windows are installed on the last SLS beamlines (X02DA TOMCAT and X05DA Optics). Based on this design, an off-the-shelf diamond window is being brought to market through Diamond Materials GmbH [4]. 1. Mechanical design The CVD diamond window device is integrated on a double side DN63CF flange (fig.1). The free aperture for synchrotron radiation measures 18 x 6 mm. For example at a distance of about 10 m after the undulator source the resulting spot size would be 6 mm x 3.3 mm on the front end window. The diamond foil itself has an oval shape of 22 x 10 mm and a thickness of 100 μm or 200 μm. It is actively brazed (no metallization on CVD diamond required) on an OFHC (oxygen-free high conductivity) copper block in a high vacuum atmosphere. The copper block is designed to dissipate thermal power on the CVD diamond window (brazing, bake-out, synchrotron beam exposure) and to compensate for mechanical strain and stress during the brazing process. The complete design allows a baking temperature of up to 250°C. A separate U-shaped copper tube provides additional water cooling for the CVD diamond window while exposed to synchrotron radiation. Depending on the thickness (100 μm or 200 μm) the CVD diamond window can absorb a power between 100 W to 160 W at a standard SLS dipole magnet without being destroyed. Fig. 1a/b: CVD Diamond Window with water cooling loop on a DN63CF flange (a) and details of the brazed region (b) 2. Mechanical properties of CVD diamond as compared to Beryllium Mechanical properties of CVD diamond surpass those of Beryllium which makes it a preferred window material [4]. CVD diamond has a high thermal conductivity of about 2'000 W/mK which is about five times that of copper and ten times that of beryllium, respectively (fig. 2). This high conductivity allows higher surface power densities and results in reduced stress and strain as compared to a beryllium window. Both materials show a high transmittance for x-ray radiation at low energies due to their low atomic numbers (fig. 2). However, CVD diamond shows a reduced transmittance below 40 keV as compared to beryllium windows of the same thickness (fig. 3). On the other hand degradation of x-ray beam quality can be observed using beryllium windows due to defects, impurities, surface roughness and variations in thickness which results in beam speckles (diffraction) and in reduced coherence (phase shifts) [2]. Much higher quality of polishing and of purity as well as a higher degree of constant thickness is achieved with CVD diamond material as compared to beryllium. A significantly less degradation of quality of synchrotron beams is expected. a b Property Diamond Beryllium Atomic number 6 4 Hardness 12 000 – 15 000 kg/mm 2 150 – 200 kg/mm 2 Strength, tensile >1200 Mpa 310-550 Mpa Density 3.52 g/cm 3 1.85 g/cm 3 Young's modulus 1140 GPa 290 Gpa Poisson's ratio 0.069 0.075 Specific heat 0.52 J/gK 1.87 J/gK Thermal expansion coefficient 1.1 ppm/K (at RT) 2.6 ppm/K (20-500°C) 11.6 ppm/K (at RT) 15.0 ppm/K (25-500°C) Thermal conductivity 2000 W/mK (atRT) 730 W/mK (at 500°C) 180 W/mK (at RT) 97 W/mK (at540°C) Optical transparency UV to far IR Opaque Resistivity Insulator10 13 10 16 Conductor 4.1 μ Melting temperature at 1500°C diamond transforms to graphite 1285 °C Toxicity None High (even small amounts can cause chronic beryllium disease) Fig. 2: Comparison of mechanical properties of CVD diamond and beryllium Fig. 3: Comparison of x-ray transmission of Beryllium (dashed) and of CVD diamond (solid) 3. Finite Element modelling and thermal Analysis of CVD diamond window Thermal and mechanical analysis was performed using the finite element (FE) code ANSYS 10.0. The solid element was used for the modeling of the copper support and the shell element was used for the modeling of the CVD diamond window. Since the CVD diamond window acts as thermal filter FE modelling (FEM) was used to determine the temperature distribution on the cooper block and on the brazing transition. The temperature of the copper block is maintained at 30°C due to the water cooling loop. A thermal load of 160 W was applied on the centre of the square surface (6 mm x 3.3 mm) of the diamond foil with a thickness of 200 μm. Figure 4 depicts the results of this simulation. The temperature distribution on the foil reaches a maximum of 333°C in the centre of the diamond window and decreases rapidly to 230°C on the transition to the cooper block. The average temperature level achieved is still acceptable for the transition to copper because it is well below the temperature range for brazing. Fig. 4: Temperature distribution in °C resulting from a heat load of 160 W applied in the centre of the window (surface of 6 x 3.3 mm, thickness of 200 μm). Maximum stress of 377 N/mm 2 due to the thermal load of 160 W is reached in the centre of the diamond window (fig. 5). Additional stress is induced by vacuum operation (pressure difference to the atmosphere of 1 bar) and by brazing. This results in a total maximum of 578 N/ mm 2 in the centre of the window (fig.6). This number is still acceptable with respect to maximum tensile stress of diamond of 1'200 N/mm 2 . Fig.5: Von Mises stress due to the a heat flow of 160 W Fig. 6: Von Mises stress due to 160 W, 1 bar pressure and brazing stress A maximum stress of 577 N/mm 2 due to heat load, pressure difference of 1 bar and brazing, results in a deformation of 60 μm in the centre of the diamond window (fig. 7 and fig. 8). Fig. 7: Deformation of the Diamond foil [mm] along horizontal axis. Fig. 8: Deformation of the Diamond foil [mm] along vertical axis. 4. Verification of safety function of CVD diamond window against inrush of air The CVD diamond window is also used as a vacuum safety element in case of an inrush of air coming from the experimental side of the beam line. Finite element modelling of the inrush of air case shows that a window shall withstand it. To experimentally verify this behaviour against an inrush of air we apply an over pressure of 3 bars on the beamline side of the window. No permanent deformation or leak is detected. Additional orifices of 40 mmdiameter which act as beam aperture along the beamline will further damp pressure waves due to an inrush of air. As demonstrated we consider the CVD diamond window as safe as long as the resulting pressure peak is maintained below 3 bars. 5. Measurement of surface roughness of CVD diamond window After brazing we measure the surface roughness of the CVD diamond foil of thickness of 100 μm to control the finish of the surface and to detect any alterations due to the brazing process. For this purpose we use a Zygo Newview 5010 white light interference microscope with a resolution below 0.1 nm. A three dimensional plot of the surface roughness with a peak to valley (pv) value of 16 nm and with a root to mean square deviation (rms) value of 2.4 nm is represented in figure 9. This result is compared with a similar measurement of a high quality Beryllium window (PF60) of thickness 75 μm: peak to valley value of 7 μm and 630 nm rms. In comparison to Be the CVD diamond window shows a much better surface smoothness and much less variation in surface thickness. Fig. 9: roughness measurement on the CVD diamond window after brazing: pv 16 nm / rms 2.4 nm 6. Influence of CVD diamond window on coherence of synchrotron radiation Coherence properties of x-ray beams (and of any phase-shifting devices along the beamline) may be characterized by using a shearing interferometer technique and by observing a magnified Moiré-type fringe pattern on a (large pixel-sized) standard x-ray detector [3]. The arrangement of this transmission-type interferometer consists of a beam splitting phase grating and of a slightly tilted analyzer grating which provides the spatial resolution required on a standard x-ray detector. Parts of x-ray beams of the same source interfere in the detector plane and show a "magnified" (Moiré-effect) fringe pattern caused by a small or "shear" tilt angle (on the order of 0.5°) between the gratings. From the observed fringe pattern the resulting and normalized intensity distribution |γ| is calculated. The experiment has been performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France (ESFR), on the ID 19 beamline at 17.5 keV of


Abstract: Background: Chronic tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils that persists as a result of repeated acute or subclinical infections. The size of the tonsils in chronic tonsillitis is enlarged due to parenchymal hyperplasia or fibrinoid degeneration with obstruction of the tonsillar crypts. Based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2012, the incidence of tonsillitis in Indonesia is around 23%. Young age predominates in the characteristics of tonsillitis patients. Objective: The research was to determine the correlation between age and tonsil size in chronic tonsillitis at the Aek Kanopan District General Hospital, North Sumatra. Method: This study uses secondary data, namely medical records at Aek Kanopan Hospital, North Sumatra. Research and data collection were carried out in November 2022 - February 2023. This research is an analytical study. The population is chronic tonsillitis patients at the ENT-KL installation at Aek Kanopan Hospital, North Sumatra, totaling 70 patients. Data analysis was univariate presented in the form of a frequency distribution table and bivariate analysis using a correlation testspearman rho by using SPSS version 24.0. Results: Based on the study, as many as (57.6%) were women and (42.4%) were men, most were aged <18 years, namely (72.7%), mostly with hypertrophic tonsil sizes, namely (65.2%) and there were Correlation between age and tonsillitis size in chronic tonsillitis at Aek Kanopan District General Hospital, North Sumatra, p=0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a correlation between age and tonsillitis size in chronic tonsillitis at the Aek Kanopan District General Hospital, North Sumatra.


Euonymus scale is a pest that has been frequently encountered in the recent years in parks and gardens on such ornamental host plants as Euonymus spp., Syringa vulgaris and other. Following the attack, plants are completely defoliated or dried. The attack is more likely to occur on the plants located near buildings, or where air does not circulate and there are water stress conditions. This paper presents observations on the pest presence in the ornamental parks and gardens of Bucharest, its attack mode and possibilities of attack limitation.


Aim: To examine the extent of user involvement (UI) in efforts to improve the quality of drug misuse services in England, to identify outcomes of involvement, and explore factors that promote and hinder this process. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of service commissioners, providers and members of user groups in a representative sample of 50 of the 149 English Drug Action Teams (DATs) in England. Findings: We found wide variation in the degree to which systems for involving users had been implemented. Thirty-nine (84.7%) of the 46 DATs that responded reported working with service users, but only 22 (47.8%) involved them directly in commissioning services. User groups had generally been set up with the support of service providers, and had been running for an average of three years. Most stakeholders were able to identify changes to the organization and delivery of services resulting from user involvement, but the impact of these changes on engagement and retention in services has not been examined. Stakeholders reported that cultural, organizational, and individual variables hindered UI, including staff resistance and limited numbers of users willing to be involved. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that most commissioners and providers of drug services in England involve users in efforts to improve service quality. Direct payments to users, effective systems for delivering feedback, and a better understanding of the impact of the outcomes of involvement may help to sustain this process.


Grounded in the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm this study examined the mediating influence of two types of human capital on the relationship between high performance work systems (HPWS) and service quality as well as the moderating influence of empowerment climate on the human capital-service quality relationships. Results of structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed the influence of HPWS on service quality to be indirect through collective human capital and aggregated service orientation. Although empowerment climate did not moderate the collective human capital-service quality relationship it moderated the aggregated service orientation-service quality relationship such that the relationship is stronger when empowerment climate is high but not low. We interpret our findings as supporting a broader conceptualization of human capital and underscoring a need to investigate the boundary conditions of RBV.


ABSTRACT This paper presents a temporal decomposition approach for the one—machine scheduling problem, with ready times, due dates and fixed processing times. We aim at characterizing feasible schedules of the problem and deriving benefit from the temporal properties pointed out, in order to generate a solution which minimizes the maximum lateness. The set of feasible schedules is characterized by means of constraint—based analysis rules. They permit the determination of the feasible locations of each task in a sequence, represented by the rank interval. A solving heuristic procedure is described; it decomposes the set of tasks according to their rank intervals and applicates upon each subproblem a priority rule. Computational results are reported, so that the characterization method as well as the solving procedure can be evaluated.


AIMS
There is a perception among histopathologists that specimens are often received without adequate clinical details. This is the first study to determine the adequacy of information provided when histopathological investigations are requested.

METHODS
Two thousand sequential requests for histological examination were assessed for adequacy and completeness.

RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the demographic details supplied by physicians and surgeons. Clinical details were inadequate in 6.1% of cases: those from physicians were significantly more often adequate (98.7% v 90.6%) and more often included a diagnosis (74.4% v 38.8%) than those from surgeons. Physicians were more likely to supply their name and contact number but requests frequently lacked details of the sender.

CONCLUSIONS
Specimens are infrequently received with inadequate demographic details, but clinical details and details of the sender are more often lacking. Education of clinical colleagues is required if pathologists are to manage the demand for the service.


The dust composition and dynamics of the circumstellar envelopes of oxygen-rich AGB stars with low mass-loss rates (5 × 10 −8 -10 −5 Myr −1 ) have been investigated. We have analyzed the ISO-SWS spectra of twenty-eight oxygen-rich AGB stars with optically thin shells, and modelled the observations with the radiative transfer code DUSTY using the optical constants from laboratory dust analogues. This has allowed us to determine the composition of the dust and the physical conditions at the inner edge of the shell. Moreover, by comparing with CO observations available in the literature, we have determined the gas-to-dust mass ratios and the mass-loss rates of these sources, and analyzed the wind-driving mechanism. The results show that the small amounts of dust present in these envelopes, characterized by visual optical depths in the 0.03-0.6 range, are enough to drive the wind by radiation pressure on the grains. In some sources there are indications of circumstellar dust that does not contribute to the wind-driving, and that may distributed in a disk or clumps. Other sources show signs of variable mass-loss rates. A grain mixture in the shell consisting of aluminium oxide, melilite, olivine, spinel and Mg0.1Fe0.9 Ofi t the observed spectra well. From these species, only melilite is required to have a fractional abundance greater than 25% in all cases. Although spinel reproduces the 13 µm feature, the absence of the 16.8 µm peak in our SWS spectra casts doubts on this identification. The outcome of the modelling reveals that the olivine content in these CSEs increases with pressure and temperature at the inner edge. Moreover, the aluminium oxide percentage in the dust of the envelopes shows a positive correlation with the gas-to-dust mass ratio. These results, together with the derived dust compositions, are consistent with the thermodynamic dust condensation sequence scenario and its freezing-out due to kinetics. However, the temperatures at the inner edge of the shell are substantially lower than those predicted by theory.


Background: Caecal diverticulitis is an unusual condition that presents clinically similar to appendicitis. The diagnosis is not always easy and in the majority of cases, it is usually made at laparotomy. The aim of the present study is to retrospectively report our personal experience with solitary caecal diverticulitis, to determine its incidence in patients presenting as an acute abdomen, as well as identify the symptoms and clinical features that may aid in making a pre-operative diagnosis. And to compare this with a review of the literature, focusing on the surgical treatment and also on the indication of appendectomy in the presence of caecal diverticulitis not requiring surgery.
Materials and methods: Data was collected in patients hospitalized for acute appendicitis or acute abdomen, in the surgical emergency unit of University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa" of Tirana, in a period of 3 years (2015-2017). Sex, age, duration of symptoms, preoperative diagnosis, management, intraoperative findings, histologic examination, length of hospital stay and complications of allpatients affected by solitary caecal diverticulitis were reviewed.
Results: In the study period, 15 patients presented with a solitary caecal diverticulitis. Most of patients had pain in the right iliac fossa, with a duration of 2–6 days. All patients presented with abdominal pain, additional symptoms were nausea, vomiting and fever. The mean white blood cell count was from 8500-19.200/mm3, while the remaining laboratory results were normal. There were no specific findings on abdominal X-ray or ultrasonography. Intraoperative findings ranged from localized /circumscript peritonitis to generalised peritonitis due to acute diverticulitis and a normal appendix. Surgery ranged from diverticulum resection accompanied to appendectomy, to ileocaecal resection, and right hemicolectomy.
Conclusions: Cecal diverticulitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of the cases with pain in the right lower quadrant. Preoperative diagnosis of caecal diverticulitis cannot always be made, since the signs and symptoms are similar to acute appendicitis, but is important in order to decide how to manage this condition.Diverticulectomy and incidental appendectomy are the preferred method of treatment in uncomplicated cases. Right hemicolectomy is a recommended treatment option in complicated patients or those suspicious for tumor during surgery.


Magnetic fields are traditionally presented as a (pseudo)vector quantity, tied closely to the cross product: familiar ideas to experts but full of challenges and subtleties for students. Building on earlier work in rotational physics, we present an alternative approach to teaching the subject in which magnetic fields are instead described using bivectors, which can be visualized as"tiles"with area and orientation whose components form an antisymmetric matrix. Bivectors have historically been considered mostly in specialized contexts like spacetime classification or geometric algebra, but they are no more complicated to understand than cross products. Teaching magnetism in this language addresses common student difficulties, opens the door to understanding the topic in relativity and extra dimensions, and can give fresh insight into these familiar ideas.


The effects of Al incorporation and post-deposition annealing on the structural properties of C-Al-N thin films prepared by reactive unbalanced dc-magnetron sputtering were investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). XPS studies demonstrated the presence of abundant Al-N bonds in addition to C-C and N-C bonds. At low incorporations of Al and N, the films were found to be essentially amorphous. By Raman and HRTEM, the formation of ~5 nm fullerene-like carbon nitride (FL-CN_ x ) nanostructures in an amorphous (C, CN_ x ) matrix was evidenced with increasing Al content in the films. Crystalline improvement of FL-CN_ x nanostructures was seen, as well as the precipitation of ~3–4 nm face centered cubic (fcc-) AlN nanograins by thermal annealing at 500 °C or above. Through these improvements, C-Al-N nanocomposite thin films were achieved. The effects of the incorporated Al and annealing on stabilizing fcc-AlN nanograins and FL-CN_ x nanostructures are elucidated and explained through the use of thermodynamic considerations.


The progressive development of information technology in the world has caused an incredible dependence of the population on services provided by various areas of critical infrastructure. Currently, access to these services and their quality is one of the key characteristics of the country's infrastructure, and the smooth operation and protection of these services is considered a necessary and integral part of state protection of developed countries. The increase in methods and resources for protecting different infrastructures has determined the need to rank critical infrastructure. Taking this into account, the paper analyzes the regulatory framework, global approaches to the identification of critical infrastructure objects and developed a method of identifying critical information infrastructure, which will allow the identification of critical objects of a certain industry and determine the degree of their criticality, which systematizes the objects of critical infrastructure and facilitates the choice of means and ways to protect them from threats.


The paper deals with the Italian Criminal Justice System, focusing on the issue of the effective criminal defense.The work gives a general framework of the Italian criminal justice system, from the fundamental principles provided for in the Italian Constitution to the specific provisions of the criminal law and criminal procedure codes.The Author conducts also a statistical analysis of the system, especially regarding the endemic problem of the process' unreasonable delay, which is affecting Italy since many decades. The analysis on the field is also related to the current political and social concerns and priorities.


Objective: to understand the reality of the right to leisure and recreation time from the legal field, policies and institutions in Venezuela, and how it contributes to the productivity of workers. Methodology: a documentary research consisted of the search, characterization and analysis of laws, treaties, agreements, official documents, reports and accounts from ministries and operationalizing variables. Results: there is a gap in regulation and institutional laws, and a deficit of public policies on human rights, especially for the working population.


Major emphasis is placed in today's technological society of being "green." Being energy efficient and using renewable resources are strongly encouraged in many different aspects of life. One way environmentalists tout of being able to save the planet is through the use of solar panels or wind turbines to power one's home. Many renewable energy companies boast of being able to take one's household off the power grid or lower one's power bill by utilizing their respective renewable energy devices. This paper will explore the feasibility of these claims and determine whether it is actually economically or aesthetically possible to take one's home off the power grid and utilize a personal energy source. The areas being explored will range from wind turbines, solar panels, personal capacitor banks, solar water heaters, etc. A determination will be made at the end of the paper of whether an average family in Pensacola could indeed live off the power grid.


A truly dialogic educational perspective would cultivate the "novelistic" capacity to empathize with the beliefs of others. The process of reading novels by identifying with characters unlike oneself, and the process of understanding events by imagining what else could have happened, both train people in intellectual and moral empathy.


Some of the history of the development of random process higher-moments and spectra is set down for the period preceding 1980. Time-side and frequency-side properties are contrasted. Some uses of the concepts and associated techrriques are mentioned as well as are some of the computational procedures that have been employed.


It is offered to use a composite array of annual temperature data after some day (decade) for the statistical forecasting of extreme value on the analyzed interval (decade).


The Rio Grande basin from its headwaters in southern Colorado tothe New Mexico –Texas border is the target for field and modeling studiesby the National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center forSustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA) and LosAlamos National Laboratory. Soil physical and hydraulic propertiesmeasured at the Las Cruces Trench Site situated within the Rio-Grande-Mimbres sub-watershed region were used as the model inputs at local/pointscale. The Las Cruces Trench is located on the New Mexico StateUniversity Ranch, roughly 40 miles northeast of the Las Cruces city. Thetrench is located in undisturbed soil on a basin slope of Mt. Summerford,near the northern end of the Dona Ana Mountains. The trench is 26.4 mlong, 4.5 m wide and 6 m deep. Using in-situ and laboratory methods,


The rapid increase in information about genes and their associations with human diseases has highlighted the need for model organisms suitable for genetic manipulation and drug testing. The zebrafish is a valuable vertebrate animal model that offers many advantages, including the relative ease of husbandry and genetic manipulation and the capacity for high‐throughput screens. In this review, we describe the zebrafish as a model for paediatric diseases, with particular emphasis on haematopoietic and infectious diseases.


Optics, thermodynamics and structure of the human eye sclera impregnated by osmotically active chemical agents are studied. Photon migration analysis, imaging and spectroscopy of treated scleral tissue are presented.


The most surprising development of philosophy in recent years has been the sudden interest, friendly or hostile, in theology—or at least in the philosophy of religion. Hence the present volume, Faith and Logic, appears at a propitious time. As a series of essays composed by teachers of theology or philosophy in the University of Oxford it follows in the succession of Essays and Reviews (1860), Lux Mundi (1890), and Foundations (1912). Like all of these works it endeavours to adjust Christian, and more specifically Anglican, doctrines to the changing intellectual problems of the contemporary world. Yet perhaps it is the differences that are most striking.


Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012 Page 33 Abstract: The usage of Web video search engines has been growing at an explosive rate. Due to the ambiguity of query terms and duplicate results, a good clustering of video search results is essential to enhance user experience as well as improve retrieval performance. Existing systems that cluster videos only consider the video content itself. This paper presents the system that clusters Web video search results by fusing the evidences from a variety of information sources besides the video content such as title, tags and description. We propose a novel framework that can integrate multiple features and enable us to adopt existing clustering algorithms. We discuss design issues of different components of the system.


Cholangiocytes exhibit morphological and functional heterogeneity, depending on their anatomical localization; however, like other ductal organs, their mucosal surface is covered with mucin, which functions to prevent the entry of foreign substances, lubricate and prevent clogging by bile. Recently, the authors discovered that distinct sulfated glycans recognized by a series of antisulfated glycan antibodies are expressed not only in normal intrahepatic bile ducts but also in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). In this review, the authors first describe the anatomy of bile ducts and the biochemical characteristics of bile-duct-associated mucins, and then describe differences in structure and expression patterns of these sulfated glycans in physiological and pathological conditions. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies for iCCA using antisulfated glycan antibodies are discussed.


1. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt! N- [4- (1-cyanocyclopentyl) phenyl] -2- (4-pyridylmethyl) amino-3-pyridinecarboxamide. ! 2. The salt according to claim 1, wherein the salt is an inorganic salt. ! 3. The salt according to claim 1, wherein the salt is an organic salt. ! 4. The salt according to claim 1, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of mesylate salts, maleate salts, tartrate salts, succinate salts, acetate salts, trifluoroacetate salts, fumarate salts, citrate salts, benzenesulfonate salts, benzoate salts, naphthalenesulfonate salts, salts lactate and malate salts. ! 5. The salt according to claim 1, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloride salts, hydrobromide salts, sulfate salts, nitrate salts and phosphate salts. ! 6. The salt according to claim 1, wherein the salt is a mesylate salt. ! 7. A salt according to claim 1, wherein the salt is a hydrochloride salt. ! 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a salt according to any one of claims 1-7 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. ! 9. Use of salts according to any of claims 1-7 in the preparation of antitumor drugs. ! 10. A process for preparing a salt according to any one of claims 1-7, comprising the step of salt formation! N- [4- (1-cyanocyclopentyl) phenyl] -2- (4-pyridylmethyl) amino-3-pyridine carboxamide with the appropriate acid.


In order to overcome the drawback of basic particle swarm optimization (PSO) such as being subject to being poor in performance of precision and falling into local optimization,a modified PSO is proposed by inducing adaptive mutation operator and clone operator in PSO.The selection operator can improve the fitness of the particle swarm to enhance the searching ability of arithmetic in local.The mutation operator can enlarge the searching scope to avoid premature convergence.The particle swarm will fly to the most optimization by adaptively adjusting the selection operator and mutation operator according to the change of the global extremum.The experiment results for typical functions show that the modified PSO can improve the performance of precision and avoid the premature convergence.


RATIONALE
Characterization of N,N'-substituted ureas was found to be challenging by NMR, particularly N-di and tri-alkylated ureas because of the absence of adjacent protons. In the present study, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has been used to differentiate positional isomeric pairs and to characterize a series of N,N'-substituted ureas, as these compounds have significant importance for drug discovery. Additionally, urea is an essential functionality in several bioactive compounds as well as a variety of clinically approved therapies.[1] METHODS: High resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS/MS) has been used to characterize a series of N,N'-substituted urea derivatives and differentiate two pairs of positional isomers. The data was acquired by Xcaliber application in positive ionization mode.

RESULTS
ESI-HR-MS/MS of [M+H]+ ions of the positional isomeric urea derivatives 8a and 8b show distinct fragmentation patterns. For example, the MS/MS of [M+H]+ ion of isomer 8a displays the abundant fragment ion at m/z 285.1595, which was totally absent in isomer 8b. This would be plausibly formed by the cleavage of the C-N bond of the urea group with the elimination of isocyanate moiety. In contrast, the MS/MS of [M+H]+ ion of isomer 8b shows an intense ion at m/z 311.1389 which is completely absent in isomer 8a which would be formed by the cleavage of C-N bond attached to the ring nitrogen. Similarly, another pair of positional isomers 8c and 8d have been clearly distinguished by their fragmentation behaviour. In addition, a series of N,N'-substituted urea derivatives were studied to investigate the impact of different substitution on the fragmentation behaviour.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study demonstrates that HR-ESI tandem mass spectrometry can be used to differentiate pairs of N,N'-substituted urea positional isomers and characterize a series of derivatives. It was observed that a characteristic fragment ion was formed by the C-N bond cleavage with the elimination of an isocyanate moiety. The proposed mechanism of fragmentation was supported by the change in the fragmentation pathway upon alkylation of the NH. In order to generalize this fragmentation pattern, a series of N-alkylated urea was synthesized and studied by tandem mass spectrometry.


A S the title of this article says, the chapters in In Our Time are in l_\ five texts.1 Among his earliest and most important work, until I m. the appearance of The Sun Also Rises, they deserve a publica tion commentary, a textual commentary, and a collation. Especially is this the case now that thirteen Hemingway letters to Ezra Pound, 1922 24, have recently been made available to scholars and now that pertinent letters from Hemingway have recently been printed in various exhibi tion and auction catalogues.2 And this is what I propose to accomplish in the following pages. I will not consider the fourteen stories in In Our Time, for they require a separate study; nor will I consider the manu scripts of the chapters which survive, for these are integral to a definitive text. What I am after is a preferred reading of the chapters.