Membrane separation technology has attracted much attention due to its energy efficiency as compared to the other separation technologies, such as distillation. Many attempts have been made to develop membranes for H2 separation to obtain high purity H2 for fuel cell application. Most currently investigated membranes for H2 separation are polymer membranes. However, they suffer from limited stability under harsh environments, such as high temperatures, typically for many H2 process streams. Inorganic microporous membranes are therefore highly promising for high temperature H2 separation because of their high thermal and chemical stabilities. Currently investigated zeolite membranes, such as silicalite-1 membranes, can not provide satisfactory H2 permselectivities because the kinetic diameters of H2, CO2, N2, and CO are smaller than the zeolitic pore diameter of silicalite-1. The lack of suitable zeolite membranes represents a major obstacle in the development of novel inorganic membrane technology for H2 separation. This dissertation is devoted to developing chemically and thermally stable ultramicroporous sodalite (SOD, pore size: 0.28 nm) and deca-dodecasil 3R (DDR, pore size: 0.36×0.44 nm) membranes for H2 separation. Sodalite membranes were prepared as low-silica (Si/Al=1.0), high-silica (Si/Al=5.0), and more thermally and chemically stable pure-silica sodalite by in-situ crystallization and seeded secondary growth methods. Deca-dodecasil 3R (DDR) membranes were hydrothermally synthesized on porous α-alumina and γ-alumina supports by in-situ crystallization and seeded secondary growth methods using 1adamantanamine (1-ADA) as the structure-directing agent (SDA). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were applied to investigate the phase composition and microstructure of the membranes and corresponding bulk zeolite phases. The thermal stability, thermal expansion and template removal behavior of sodalite and DDR structures were investigated by high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-mass spectrometer (MS) system. Confocal microscopy technique was applied to characterize intercrystalline defects present in sodalite membranes. Defective sodalite membranes were successfully modified by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica source. The CVD-modified sodalite membranes exhibited significantly enhanced H2/CO2 permselectivity of 41 and 45 at 550 C for lowand high-silica sodalite membranes, respectively. H2/CO2 permselectivity of defective DDR membranes obtained by in-situ crystallization increased from 2.6 to ~33 at 550 C after CVD modification. For largely defect-free DDR membranes obtained by seeded secondary growth, H2/N2 permselectivity increased from ~10 to 14 by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of thin Al2O3 layer on the surface of the DDR membrane and the H2 permeance slightly decreased from 5.1×10 to 2.7×10 mol m s Pa at 25 C. These results indicated that ultramicroporous sodalite and DDR membranes are highly promising for economical H2 separation from various H2-containing process streams, such as syngas from the water-gas-shift reaction.


The utility model relates to the technical field of solar module, and especially relates to a freely splicing type solar module frame. The freely splicing type solar module frame comprises a frame main body, wherein the frame main body is provided with a groove in which a slide block can be inserted and a long groove in which a corner brace can be inserted, and the groove and the long groove are arranged parallelly. The freely splicing type solar module frame of the utility model has the advantages of simple structure and convenient assembling; by adopting the freely splicing type solar module frame, a special-purpose tool is not needed, especially in the process of performing a high-lift operation, there is no need for carrying heavy installation tools, thereby reducing occurrence of danger; at the same time, the freely splicing type solar module frame can be reworked without influencing reuse of the solar module frame, thereby saving material.


The Publisher and authors would like to draw the reader's attention to an error in the following article: Ishikawa T and Ikeda M. Mild cognitive impairment in a population-based epidemiological study. Psychogeriatrics 7(3): 104–108. This manuscript was submitted as a Review Article, but was published as an Original Article due to clerical mishandling. The correct article type is Review Article. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2008.00254.x PSYCHOGERIATRICS 2008; 8: 153


Recently, many hash-based authentication protocols were presented to guarantee mutual authentication between tag and DB in RFID system. To be suitable for distributed DB environment, one generally uses fixed constant value as a tag ID. However, some existing protocols have security flaws or heavy computational loads in DB in order to search a tag ID. We propose a secure authentication protocol which is suitable for distributed DB environment by using unchangeable tag ID. The storage method of pre-synchronized information in DB at previous session is core idea of our proposal which gives low-cost ID search of DB at next session. In normal synchronization state, our protocol only requires 3 hash operations in tag and DB respectively.


This paper discusses the use of knowledge discovery techniques for a recent development in the field of scoring: behavioural scoring. The goal of behavioural scoring is to develop a model that predicts the creditworthiness of existing customers on the basis of their behaviour in the past. This paper explains briefly the Knowledge Discovery in Data process and applies the technique of logistic regression to real life datasets of a Belgian financial institution. It describes the development of scoring models for a cheque account, a credit account and the customer level and compares the model results for different pre-processing values and selection methods by means of the ROC curve, p-values and misclassification rates.


A 26-year-old woman presented at 33 weeks of gestation with a singleton fetus with tachycardia. A complete fetal echocardiogram revealed a structurally normal fetal heart without signs of hydrops. The fetal heart rate was between 200 and 220 bpm. Evaluation of the rhythm with pulsed Doppler and M-mode scanning was not definitive. Fetal Doppler tissue imaging color M-mode scanning was performed …


Fragmentation metrics provide a means of quantifying and describing forest fragmentation. The most common method of calculating these metrics is through the use of Geographic Information System software to analyze raster data, such as a satellite or aerial image of the study area; however, the spatial resolution of the imagery has a significant impact on the results. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plot data also provide a way of quantifying fragmentation using measurements collected on the ground. In this study, the relationship between frag- mentation metrics (total edge length, edge density, and forest proportion) calculated using FIA plot data and satellite imagery at two different spatial resolu- tions, 30 m and 250 m, is compared. Results for total edge length and edge density showed that estimates derived from the 30-m data were consistently larger than those from the FIA data, while estimates from the 250-m data were consistently smaller than those from the FIA data. For forest proportion, the percent forest values found using FIA plot data were very similar to those calculated using satellite imagery. which are measurements that quantify and describe landscape pattern. The most common method of calculating fragmentation metrics is through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) software to analyze raster data, such as a satellite or aerial image of the study area; however, the spatial resolution of the imagery has a significant impact on the results of the frag - mentation metric calculations, and it is not known which spatial resolution produces the most accurate results. We believe that Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plot data can offer some insight into this problem. In this study, we compare the relation- ship between fragmentation metrics calculated using FIA plot data and satellite imagery at two different spatial resolutions (30 m and 250 m). The fragmentation metrics include total edge length, edge density, and forest proportion. Fragmentation is indicated by longer total edge lengths, higher numbers of edge density, and lower amounts of forest proportion.


Geostatistcs has been an important tool for spatial analysis recently, it has been applied many fields of natural science, such as geography, ecology, soil science and so on. The paper discusses the progress in the theory method of Geostatistics. The whole framework has been pointed out, including estimation, local uncertainty, stochastic simulation and multi point simulation. Especially the new methods, for example Sequential Gaussian Simulation, LU Simulation, P field simulation, Annealing Simulation are described. The paper analyzes the difference between multi point simulation with the traditional geostatistics methods. That is the breakthrough of two point method variogram to training image to describe the spatial structure of objects. Meanwhile, the paper makes a comment on the software of Geostatistics. The need of graphic user's interface, high quality image input and output, together with the absence of spatial analysis function, caused the combination of Geostatistics and GIS is an inevitable trend.


Patterns of protein interactions provide important insights in basic biology, and their analysis plays an increasing role in drug development and diagnostics of disease. We have established a scalable technique to compare two biological samples for the levels of all pairwise interactions among a set of targeted protein molecules. The technique is a combination of the proximity ligation assay with readout via dual tag microarrays. In the proximity ligation assay protein identities are encoded as DNA sequences by attaching DNA oligonucleotides to antibodies directed against the proteins of interest. Upon binding by pairs of antibodies to proteins present in the same molecular complexes, ligation reactions give rise to reporter DNA molecules that contain the combined sequence information from the two DNA strands. The ligation reactions also serve to incorporate a sample barcode in the reporter molecules to allow for direct comparison between pairs of samples. The samples are evaluated using a dual tag microarray where information is decoded, revealing which pairs of tags that have become joined. As a proof-of-concept we demonstrate that this approach can be used to detect a set of five proteins and their pairwise interactions both in cellular lysates and in fixed tissue culture cells. This paper provides a general strategy to analyze the extent of any pairwise interactions in large sets of molecules by decoding reporter DNA strands that identify the interacting molecules. Copyright: ß 2012 Hammond et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: UL holds stock in Olink Bioscience, having rights to the proximity ligation technique. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.


Bax, Bcl‐2, and p53 proteins are involved in the regulation of apoptosis and have been reported to correlate with prognosis in several tumor types.


Bad smells are symptoms that something may be wrong in the information system design or source code. Although bad smells have been widely studied, we still lack an in-deep analysis about how they appear more or less frequently in specific information systems domains. The frequency of bad smells in a domain of information systems can be useful, for instance, to allow software developers to focus on the more relevant bad smells of a certain domain. Moreover, developers of new bad smell detection tools could take information about domains into consideration to improve the tool detection rates. In this paper, we investigate code smells more likely to appear in four specific information systems domains: accounting, e-commerce, health, and restaurant. Our analysis relies on 52 information systems mined from GitHub. We identified bad smells with two detection tools, PMD and JDeodorant. Our findings suggest that Comments is a domain-independent bad smell since they uniformly appear in all investigated domains. On the other hand, Large Class and Long Method can be considered domain-sensitive bad smells since they appear more frequently in accounting systems. Although less frequent in general, Long Parameter List and Switch Statements also appear more in health and e-commerce systems, respectively, than in other domains.


Suspension-cultured carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Kintoki) cells were grown in calcium (Ca 2 + )-deficient and normal liquid media. Cell growth was limited by the Ca 2+ deficiency. Similar amounts of pectic fractions were extracted from the walls of control and Ca 2+ -deprived cells, but the fractions from the walls of Ca 2+ -deprived cells showed a substantial decrease in galacturonic acid content. However, after 15 days of culture, Ca 2+ -deprived cells released galacturonic acid-rich extracellular polysaccharides at twice the rate of control cells. The polysaccharides consisted of a mixture of several polymers containing predominantly arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid. Ca 2+ -deprived cells also secreted three times more extracellular proteins, containing many glycan-hydrolytic enzymes, into the medium than did normal cells. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed several distinct changes in the polypeptide pattern in the medium of control and Ca 2+ -deprived cells. Activities of α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and exo-polygalacturonase increased considerably during Ca 2+ deficiency, whereas α-L-arabinofuranosidase and #-galactosidase activities were much reduced.


The ultrafast dynamic evolution of an atomic system under medium-strength laser fields is studied by performing transient absorption measurement. An analytical model developed from perturbation theory with a modified transition dipole moment is presented to explain the spectral features of the multilevel system. By fitting the measured absorption spectra to the model, the system's dynamic evolution is quantified by different amplitude and phase modulation factors in the pump-probe and probe-pump scenarios. This study provides a way to understand laser-matter interaction in the transition area between the strong-field and weak-field regimes.


The parallel-plate plastometer technique has been applied to the study of the viscous behaviour of glassy poly mers in the supercooled liquid state above the glass-transi tion temperature ~. Viscosity measurements were per formed on polystyrene sampies in the range of 104 to 1010 Pa s (approximately ~ to ~ + 100 K). The results obtained by this unusual method are In good agreement with viscosity values obtained by other traditional techniques in the range from 104 to 106 Pa s. The parallel-plate technique used in this work has been proved to be a simple, quick and adequate tool for extending the viscosity measurements of glassy polymers to a temperature range between ~ and ~+100K.


The present invention relates to an optical element is suitable as an adhesive, the optical element material using the curable composition for an optical material of a coating agent, resist materials, prisms, optical fibers, information recording substrates, filters, plastic lenses, and more , to a curable composition, comprising (a) an episulfide compound and (B) a polymerization catalyst tetraalkyl dialkyl phosphate salt represented by the following general formula (1) is formed.


The importance of classroom management is underlined. Effective tips of classroom management are highlighted. They are reducing teacher talking time, echoing, establishing a good rapport, using stirrers and settlers, making students take more responsibility for their environment. All this will help to engage students into the lesson.


A new type of servosystem called cyclic control is introduced. The control algorithm presented allows the execution of cycles defined by positions to be attained at given time instants. The cycle starts and ends at the same position and has to be repeated over and over in time. As distinct from repetitive control and learning control, where exact trajectory tracking is considered, the control problem formulated cares only for position. This allows the development of a finite-dimensional control scheme that does not need system reinitialisation at each trial since the new trial starts from the point reached at the end of the previous one. A control scheme design is explicitly addressed and an implementation on a flexible arm presented.


A new species, Lvsmata dispal~ was found from a collection of shrimps from the Dampier Archipelago. It bears an unequal second pair of pereopods, with the carpus having more than 30 subsegments, and a com pa rati vel y long 10C('ri te. The combi na lion of these cha racters distinguishes L dispar immediately from all known species. A full description of this species and a list of a further eight species of seven genera of the family Hippolytidae, with short notes on three members new to Australian waters, is presented.


The aims of this study were to examine the plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx; two end products of nitric oxide metabolism) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) concentrations in patients with liver cirrhosis, and to investigate whether there is a relationship between these two vasoactive parameters and the course of disease. Twenty‐eight patients with liver cirrhosis (11 HBV‐related, four HCV‐related, four alcohol‐related, and nine with idiopathic etiology) and 25 healthy subjects (controls) were included in the study. The venous plasma concentrations of NOx and ET‐1 were significantly higher (P<0.01 and P<0.001) in the patients with cirrhosis than in the controls. A significant increase in ET‐1 was observed in the Child B subgroup vs. Child A (P<0.05), and in the Child C subgroup vs. either subgroup A or B (P<0.05). There were no statistical differences between study subgroups (Child A–C) in the mean of NOx values. Plasma NOx and ET‐1 were significantly increased in patients with ascites compared to those without ascites (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Increased nitric oxide synthesis may be a compensation mechanism against endothelial injury. The highest ET‐1 levels in Child C and moderately increased ET‐1 levels in Child B, and the lower increase of ET‐1 levels in Child A patients suggest that plasma ET‐1 increases with the progression of the disease. The fact that NOx and ET‐1 levels were higher in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (patients with ascites) than in those with compensated cirrhosis (patients without ascites), and the presence of a strong correlation between ET‐1, NOx, and the degree of varices, supports the suggestion that there is a relationship between NOx, ET‐1, and portal hypertension. Our study demonstrates that increased ET and nitric oxide metabolism is associated with the hemodynamic alterations induced by portal hypertension. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:177–181, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The beneficial role of Liv.52 against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity has been studied histologically in albino rats and also by assessing the alterations in the serum transaminases (SGPT and SGOT). It has also been found that preand post-treatment with Liv.52 prevents any notable hepatic damage and the serum transaminase levels tend to reach the normal range. It has been found that CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity resulted in a significant elevation of the SGPT level. The complete safety of Liv.52 as a hepatotonic in the prevention and correction of hepatic damage has been emphasized. INTRODUCTION Experimental poisoning with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has an ancient and varied history and its hepatotoxic action has been reviewed by several workers (Himsworth 1950; Drill 1952; Popper and Schaffner 1957). Yet the views on the mechanism of genesis of hepatotoxicity are still controversial. The use of serum enzyme activities for human clinical diagnosis has increased greatly during the past several years (Bergmeyer 1963; Tietz 1970; Wilkinson 1970). In the past it has also been reported that serum transaminase activity has been found to be altered in certain pathological conditions which were associated with necrosis or other type of cellular damage of cardiac, hepatic or skeletal muscle tissues (Molander et al. 1955; Steinberg and Ostrow 1955; Mason and Wroblewski 1957). The activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) was found to be relatively greater in liver than in other tissues as compared to the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (Wroblewski and La Due 1956; Henry 1959). This might perhaps suggest that the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) might possibly be a more specific index of liver cell damage than the SGOT, because of its relative concentration in the hepatic tissue. The assessment of liver function and the use of serum enzyme changes in toxicity studies has been reviewed (Cornish 1971; Grice 1972; Plaa 1968). Grice et al. (1971) examined the correlation between serum enzymes, isoenzymes and histologically detectable organ damage due to carbon tetrachloride, mercuric chloride, diethanolamine and thioacetamide. The present investigation was undertaken to find out the protective role of the indigenous drug, Liv.52 (The Himalaya Drug Co.) on experimentally-induced hepatic damage with carbon tetrachloride by assessing the alterations in the serum transaminase activity as a criterion of hepato-cellular integrity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed on 60 male albino rats weighing between 100 to 130 g. They were divided into the following six groups of ten each. Group I: Control, Group II: received CCl4 (0.2 ml/g) orally and was sacrificed after 24 hours. Group III: received CCl4 (0.2 ml/g) orally and was sacrificed after 48 hours. Group IV: received Liv.52, 2 ml daily for 10 days. Group V: was administered Liv.52, 2 ml daily for 10 days also CCl4 (0.2 ml/g) and Liv.52, and sacrificed after 24 hours of CCl4 administration. Group VI: was administered Liv.52 as the above group and CCl4 and Liv.52 and was sacrificed after 48 hours of CCl4 administration. The serum of control and drug-treated groups was collected and the transaminases (SGPT and SGOT) were estimated according to the method of Reitman and Franket (1957). A piece of liver was also examined histologically to ascertain the degree of liver damage. RESULTS The activities of SGOT and SGPT of the CCl4 treated groups showed a significant elevation (Figs. 1 and 1a) when compared to the groups, which received Liv.52 before and with CCl4 administration. Fig. 1: Effect of CCl4 and Liv.52 on serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). I = Control; II = 24 hours after CCl4; III = 48 hours after CCl4; IV = Liv.52 for 10 days; V = Liv.52 + CCl4 after 24 hours, later for 10 days; VI = Liv.52 + CCl4 + Liv.52, 48 hours, later for 10 days. Vertical bars = S.E. DISCUSSION The results of the present study revealed a significant increase of the serum transaminases with CCl4. This elevation could be explained on the basis that CCl4 caused necrosis of liver cells. It is known that as a result of necrosis of the hepatic cells caused by acute infection or chronic liver disease, these enzymes are released Fig. 1a: Effect of CCl4 and Liv.52 on serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). Description as in Fig. 1. into the circulation with consequent rise in the serum levels (Wroblewski and La Due 1955; Molander et al. 1957; Zelman et al. 1959) and a persistent rise in serum transaminase levels is presumably an indication of continuing liver cell damage. The elevation of the serum transaminase, especially the SGPT activity, could be explained on the basis of damage due to CCl4. Administration of Liv.52 before and after CCl4 poisoning prevented liver damage which was also confirmed histologically and the serum transaminase levels also remained within the normal range. This finding indicates that probably Liv.2 conditioned the hepatic cells and prevented any further damage to the liver parenchyma by virtue of which the leakage of these enzymes into the circulation was prevented. It could also be emphasized that Liv.52 aided quicker regeneration of hepatic parenchyma and also its stimulating action markedly increased the functional efficiency of liver. This could be substantiated with the observation of Molander et al. (1957), who also have reported that the serum levels of the transaminases return to normal as the liver parenchyma heals and the liver cells regenerates. This is what happened with the Liv.52 treated groups in this study. Therefore, it could be concluded from this investigation that Liv.52 has proved to be a good hepatotonic and could be used to rectify hepatic damage. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank The Himalaya Drug Co., for providing a generous supply of Liv.52. REFERENCES 1. Bergmeyer, H. U., Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic Press, New York (1963). 2. Cornish, H. H., Problems posed by observations of serum enzyme changes in toxicology. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. (1971): 1, 1-32. 3. Drill, V. A., Hepatotoxic agents. Mechanism of action and dietary inter-relationship, Pharmacol. Rev. (1952): 4, 1-42. 4. Grice, H. C., The changing role of pathology in modern safety evaluation. CRC Crit. Rv. Toxicol. (1972): 1, 119-152. 5. Grice, H. C., Barth, M. L., Cornish, H. H., Foster, G.C. and Gray, R. H., Correlation between serum enzymes, isoenzyme patterns and histologically detectable organ damage. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. (1971): 9, 847-885. 6. Henry, L., Serum transaminase levels in liver diseases. J. Clin. Path. (1959): 12, 131137. 7. Himsworth, H. P., The liver and its diseases. Blackwel Scientific Publication, Oxford (1950). 8. Mason, J. H. and Wroblewski, F., Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase as an index of hepatocellular integrity. Arch. Int. Med. (1957): 99, 245. 9. Molander, D. W., Wroblewski, F. and La Due, J. S., Serum SGOT as an index of hepatocellular injury. J. Lab. Clin. Med. (1955): 46, 831. 10. Molander, D. W., Sheppard, E. and Payne, M. A., Serum transaminase in liver disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1957): 163, 1461-1465. 11. Plaa, G. L., Evaluation of liver function methodology. In: Selected Pharmacological testing methods (A. Burger ed.) (1968): Vol. 3, pp. 255-258, Dekker, New York. 12. Popper, H. and Schaffner, F., Liver structure and function. Blackinston Division, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, (1957). 13. Reitman, S. and Frankel, S., Colorimetric method for the determination of SGOT and SGPT. Am. J. Clin. Path. (1957): 33, 97. 14. Steinberg, D. and Ostrow, B. H., Serum transaminase as a measure of myocardial necrosis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1955) : 100, 635. 15. Tietz, N. W., Fundamentals of clinical chemistry, Saunders, Toronto (1970). 16. Wilkinson, J. H., Clinical significance of enzyme activity measurements. A review. Clin. Chem. (1970): 16, 882-890. 17. Wroblewski, F. and La Due, J. S., Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity as an index of liver cell injury from cancer. A preliminary report. Cancer (1955): 8, 11551163. 18. Wroblewski, F. and La Due, J. S., Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase in cardiac and hepatic disease. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1956) : 91, 569-571. 19. Zelman, S., Wang, C. C. and Appelhanz, I., Transaminases in needle aspiration biopsies. Am. J. Med. Sci. (1959): 237, 323-333.


© 2007 The Author Journal compilation © 2007 The Royal Entomological Society 435 Philpott and Armbrecht (2006) suggest that management for habitat diversity and the consequent increase in ant species diversity may improve ant predation levels on pest species, thereby benefiting land managers with biological control. Their focus was the agroforestry systems ( sensu Nair, 2001 ) of coffee and cacao. I suggest that the benefit of ant biodiversity to the management of crop pests may be best appreciated and applied to the broadest range of tropical agroforestry systems if considered within the context of a trade-off. Habitat complexity may often, as Philpott and Armbrecht (2006) argue, lead to higher species diversity, which in turn may have some functional consequences. However, the converse can also be true, whereby habitat simplification actually increases ant activity or at least leaves it unchanged. In fact, predation often appears to be more directly linked to ant activity than it is to ant diversity and ant activity can decrease or increase with habitat simplification depending upon context.


Short review of raw materials used for composite development, plywood technology and smart textiles description presented as a part of the European project MAPICC 3D training sessions and review meetings funded under the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission is described in this project overview. Textile reinforced composites are used in transport industry mostly to replace metal parts in vehicles due to their low mass and high mechanical properties. Important issue nowadays is the re-use of waste carbon fibres, fabrics and composites. A small number of recycling processes is still available in industry and only a few companies have found ways to recycle carbon materials. Research centres and academic communities try to solve this problem and to give adequate response in accordance to the European Union end-of-life directives. Smart textiles are expected to play a significant role in the European textile sector and help textile industry in its transformation into a competitive knowledge-driven industry.


Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines are N-aminated by O-mesityl- or O-p-tolyl-sulphonylhydroxylamine and the resulting N-amino-compounds are converted by saturated aqueous bromine into brominated 1,2-dihydroazeto[1,2-a]pyridinium salts.


We performed a systematic study of the Doppler shifts and electron densities measured in an EUV bright point (hereafter BP) observed in more than 10 EUV lines with formation temperatures from log (T/K) = 4.5 to 6.3. Those parts of a BP seen in transition region and coronal lines are defined as its cool and hot components, respectively. We find that the transition from cool to hot occurs at a temperature around log (T/K) = 5.7. The two components of the BP reveal a totally different orientation and Doppler-shift pattern, which might result from a twist of the associated magnetic loop system. The analysis of magnetic field evolution and topology seems to favor a two-stage heating process, in which magnetic cancellation and separator reconnection are powering, respectively, the cool and hot components of the BP. We also found that the electron densities of both components of the BP are higher than those of the surrounding quiet Sun, and comparable to or smaller than active region densities.


The behavior of the nuclear shell structure far away from the valley of stability is discussed in this paper with an emphasis on the N = 20 magic number. Two experimental examples, namely γ-spectroscopy of 27Ne by 1H(28Ne, 27Ne) reaction and single-particle spectroscopy of 23O by 22O(d, p)23O* → 22O+n process in inverse kinematics, are shown providing indirect indication and a direct evidence for the extreme decrease of the N = 20 shell gap and, consequently, the vanishing N = 20 magicity.


NOWADAYS most of the detectors used in positron emission tomography (PET) applications are based on pixelated detectors. Usually a high number of individual scintillator crystals are either coupled individually to a light sensor or sharing a fewer number of them. In both cases the spatial resolution is limited by the pixel size. The high degree of segmentation in those detectors strongly simplifies the task of locating gamma ray interaction although on the other hand small pixel size degrades energy resolution and time performance. Moreover the scalability of pixel based architecture requires a high cost in terms of material and manufacturing. Other solutions have been proposed in the past [1] based on bigger scintillation crystals where the light distribution sensed by an array of photodetectors was analyzed in order to obtain the gamma event characteristics. However the size and shape of the scintillator crystal cannot be fully customized and large area detectors (body PET scanners) are still difficult to build.


Although the technique of high-pressure single-crystal diffraction has been used to study pure elements for many years [1], recent developments, such as improved diamond anvil cell design combined with CCD-equipped diffractometers and synchrotron sources, have allowed the structure solution of a number of complex new phases [2,3]. In this talk we will describe the technique of high-pressure single-crystal diffraction, and discuss its advantages and limitations. To Illustrate the power of the technique, we will present recent results on the full modulated structure of the incommensurate composite structure of Rb-IV, the structure of Ba-IVb and the structure of epsilon-oxygen [4]. Finally, we will describe our on-going development of techniques that will enable us to do combined highpressure high-temperature single-crystal diffraction, and single-crystal diffraction at pressures of 50GPa and above.


Intrusions in the Zhangbaling uplift zone and the eastern margin of the Dabie orogenic belt belong to the syntectonic intrusions developed during the strike-slip stage in the southern segment of the Tan-Lu fault zone. However, characteristics of rare earth elements show that intrusions in the Zhangbaling uplift zone have the characteristics of mantle source type and those in the eastern margin of Dabie belt are the typical crust source type. Therefore, Au-deposits related to the intrusions in the Zhangbaling uplift zone are developed better than those in the eastern margin of the Dabieshan. The research results of the rare earth elements coincide with the studies of geophysics, tectonic setting and stable isotope. It is further indicated that the rare earth elements offer effective approach to tracing the material sources of magmatic rocks.


While acoustic metamaterials provide extraordinary control to manipulate sound waves, their physical realization and applicability are severely impeded by the limited tunability, narrow operational frequency range, and non‐compact designs. Integrating liquids with active actuation mechanism in the metamaterials provides broader material and design scope. Active microfluidic techniques for liquid actuation, never used in metamaterials before, will enable active tunability for liquid‐embedded metamaterial designs, leading toward a novel class of "microfluidic acoustic metamaterials (MAM)." This work demonstrates deep‐subwavelength ultra‐compact tunable MAM, consisting of a slit aperture which is tuned by electrically moving a liquid droplet over it using electrowetting‐on‐dielectric. The proposed design makes MAM inherently multi‐stable, and the ability to tune the acoustic field by moving the emission source point provides widescale efficient precision and multiple degrees of freedom. MAM realizes active acoustic switching and amplitude modulation of more than 20 dB and phase modulation from 0 to 2π with greater than 80% transmission efficiency analyzed analytically, experimentally, and numerically. MAM also delivers broadband operations ranging from 35 to 45 kHz. This design strategy opens state‐of‐the‐art pathways for automating, tuning, and miniaturizing metamaterials by using microelectromechanical (MEMS) and microfluidic concepts.


Abstract To achieve high efficiency in supply chain network, an orderly and flexible flow of materials is essential. In this paper we develop a practical mixed integer programming model for a supply chain network design problem where the objective is to minimize the total production, transportation and distribution costs and the fixed costs for opening warehouses. We employ Lagrangian relaxation to the model and also present several solution procedures to find the lower bound and the best upper bound of the objective function. These procedures are coded as integral parts of a subgradient optimization algorithm. Computational results are reported and show that the algorithm behaves very well in large-scale supply chain network design problems.


Environmental history is a wide field that encompasses many of our traditional disciplines. This paper gives a short introduction and historical overview over the different directions that environm ...


A field study was conducted to determine the effect of overwintering time on the survival adult of Eurygaster testudinaria Geoffroy in Kufa/Najaf Governorate during the season 2019-2020. The results showed there is a difference in the survival rate of females and males according to the time of laying sunn pest in the overwintering site. The results showed the lowest survival rate for adults was in the first and second treatment of placing insects in overwintering site, and the maximum survival period for adults was three months. while the highest survival rate for females and males was 100 and 98% on the fourth treatment after a month of placing insects in overwintering site respectively, then this percentage gradually decreased until reached 77 and 66% at the end of January, respectively. The results also showed that the weight of sunn pest adults differed according to the date of entry the insect into overwintering site. The highest percentage of weight loss for females and males was 2.3,3.94% and 2.26,2.08% in the first and second treatment in May after a month from Putting insects in overwintering site respectively. The lowest percentage of weight loss was0.2 and 0.21% on the fourth treatment after a month of treatment, then this percentage gradually increased reached 3.22% at the end of January for females and 4.36% in December for males.


Beginning with the seminal role of Joseph Beuys, the authors focus on questions of representational strategies and subject matter in the work of several contemporary German artists. Statements by and interviews with the artists punctuate the text. 50 bibl. ref.


This article pinpoints the various facets that the US Military experienced in Petroleum Operations in the Arctic environment Since the Military were the pioneers in Arctic operations, this experience could prove invaluable if and when the TAPS pipeline is constructed. The article deals primarily with various problems which beset the pipeliners during the initial construction phases and the peculiarities experienced during operations. A slightly different aspect will be experienced, however, when the Oil Industry moves relatively hot crude oil through the pipelines with TAPS since the Military moved only clean product. The article addresses above ground pipeline operations, problems encountered with the enigmatic permafrost, summer and winter rapid temperature changes, cold soaked equipment operations, and seismic impact on a Petroleum Installation during earth tremors. The premise of the Article is that man can control environment to a great extent if he can change his environmental, approach to any given situation. T he U.S. A rm y was in tro d u ced w ith some trep id a tio n to m ilitary p ipelining in an A rctic environm ent in the early 1940's w ith th e Canol pipeline and th e N orm al Wells Oil F ie ld o p era tio n in Canada. S ubsequen tly , th reeand four-inch pipelines carried th e b ru n t o f p e tro leu m from Skagway to F airbanks, Alaska. D uring th is same period the A rm y gained a great deal o f road build ing experience in c o n ju n c tio n w ith th e Canadian G overnm ent in th e co n s tru c tio n o f th e A laskan Highway. Over th e years l it tle had been done to d ispel th e m yste ry o f th e N o rth ern environm ent th a t had been ingrained in th e m inds o f m ost o f th e A m ericans. M any peop le , m ilitary and civilian, are still o f th e op in io n th a t constan t darkness prevails in w in ter, c o n s ta n t sunlight prevails in sum m er, everyone lives in igloos o r hogans, and one m ust subsist on w hale b lubber, seal fa t, d ried salm on and b lueberries. In 1954 th e snow cu rta in was lifted som ew hat b y th e m ilitary w ith the design o f th e 8-inch above-ground H aines-to-Fairbanks pipeline. By 1955 th e pipeline becam e a rea lity and subsequen tly a n ightm are. Engineers learned to th e ir d ism ay th a t during hydrosta tic testing o f a p iep line, rap id tem p era tu re drops caused w ater to freeze w hich resu lted in th e w orld's longest ice cycle. D uring th e co n stru c tio n phase, all face ts o f env ironm en t w ere encoun tered . There were som e 25 m ajor river crossings; 82 m inor stream crossings; 49 m ajor h ighw ay cross ings (w hich is p re tty d ifficu lt w hen th ere is really only one ro ad .) T h irty -n ine secondary ro ad cross ings were accom plished, and 11 m ajor sw am p tu n d ra and perm a-frost areas were traversed . The p ipeline begins a t L u tak In le t a t Haines, Alaska and follow s th e H aines H ighw ay in to Haines Ju n c tio n , C anada, th en along th e A lcan Highway via Tok Ju n c tio n , F o r t G reeley , Big D elta Junc tion , E ielson A ir F o rce Base, to its term inus at F o rt W ainw right, seven miles n o rth e a s t o f Fairbanks. To m eet th e m ilita ry needs n o r th o f th e Alaska Range, p e tro leu m p ro d u c ts from ocean tankers are received in bu lk te rm in a l facilities at Haines. F ro m th is p o in t, the p e tro leu m p ro d u cts are tran sp o rted th ro u g h the line as fa r n o r th as F o rt W ainwright. T he pipeline e x ten d s over the coastal m o u n ta in range and th ro u g h th e p la teau and valleys of th e Y u k o n T e rrito ry , B ritish Co lum bia, an d A laska. T he pipeline is com posed o f 626 miles o f e ight-inch high pressure schedule 40 pipe, 148 miles bu ried , 478 m iles above ground. T here are 11 p u m p sta tio n s on th e line w ith an average discharge pressure o f 1 ,150 PSI w hich m ove the p ro d u c t a t 3 0 ,0 0 0 barrels p e r day. F rom Haines 30 feet above sea level, th e line reaches an elevation o f 3 ,7 5 0 fee t in 57 m iles, and th en decreases to an e levation o f 425 feet in Fairbanks. A long th is ro u te , tem p era tu re s have ranged fro m a low o f m inus 83 degrees a t Snag, Y u k o n T e rrito ry to a high o f 92 degrees a t F airbanks, a varia tion o f 175 degrees. As liqu id fuels are capable o f con trac ting an d expand ing w ith tem p e ra tu re changes, line pressures an d flow rates are d irec tly affec ted . During a tem p e ra tu re rise, it has b een possible to receive 1000 barrels an hour w hile on ly pum ping from H aines a t 500 barrels an h ou r. Conversely, 500 barrels per h o u r can be p u m p ed from H aines and no th in g received a t T ok fo r 2 Vi hours. a. E xam ple 1. O n the S o u th L ine, th e dis pa tcher in A nchorage is starting up th e line a fte r a sh u td o w n the evening before . A t H aines pum ping proceeds no rm ally a t a ra te o f 500 barrels per hour. A fte r fo u r h o u rs o f pum ping , T ok first begins to receive fuel. Because o f a tem p era tu re d ro p due to th e p rev ious cool evening, th e p ro d u c t 84 Col. Frederic Johnson in 4 3 2 miles o f p ip e lin e is su ffic ien tly sh ru n k to abso rb 2000 barre ls o f fu e l b e fo re p ressu re is o b ta in ed to m ove th e fuel in th e line. C onversely , as th e day passes a n d the te m p e ra tu re rises, the o u tp u t at T o k m ay reach tw ice th e in p u t at H aines. b . E xam ple 2. P u m p in g is p ro ce e d in g a t w hat is considered no rm al. T h e o u tp u t a t T ok is ap p ro x im ate ly the sam e as the in p u t a t Haines. Sudden ly th e fuel f lo w a t T ok s tops. T h e S o u th L ine was im m ed ia te ly shu t d ow n , and a f te r ab o u t a h a lf hour o f a n x io u s searching , th e tro u b le was fo u n d . Som ew here b e tw e en D on jek a n d T ok , a su d d en , cold rain s to rm coo led th e fuel in th e line. The ra te o f vo lum e c o n tra c tio n ex ceed ed th e ra te o f in p u t vo lum e a t H aines and c o n seq u e n tly no fuel was received a t T ok . c. Exam ple 3. On sh u td o w n s th e line is pressurized to near m ax im u m pressure. I f th e line is sh u t d ow n for a w hile, and if a te m p e ra tu re arises w hich ex ceed s the te m p e ra tu re a t tim e of shu tdow n , p ressu res will ap p ro a c h m ax im um lim its. W hen th is p o in t is reach ed , fu e l m ust be b led in to T o k to relieve line pressures. T ok m ay receive as h igh as 3 0 0 0 barre ls o f p ro d u c t befo re the line pressures a re safe. W hen th e line cools, the fuel co lum n b reaks arid a t som e p o in ts a long the line, zero p ressures m ay be reg istered . A s y o u can see fro m th e fo rego ing , th e A rm y has ex p erienced ce rta in p rob lem s in o p e ra tio n th a t in th e norm al course o f events are alw ays c ircu m v en ted or conquered . A t th is po in t I w ou ld like to d igress and discuss the living c o n d itio n s o f a h u m an environ m en t in th e A rc tic . O riginally , th e re w as som e co n s te rn a tio n th a t by m oving fam ilies in to an alien env ironm en t, th e seem ingly in su rm o u n tab le p roblem s su ch as tak in g a 200-m ile ro u n d tr ip to buy a loaf o f b read cou ld well resu lt in a to ta l lack o f em ployees so, as a resu lt, n o t o n ly was p erm anen t h o u sin g c o n stru c ted , co m p le te ly self con ta ined th a t g e n e ra ted th e ir o w n h e a t, e lectric ity and w ater, b u t chill ro o m s and fro z e n food lockers w ere c o n s tru c te d to p rec lu d e th e necessity fo r fre q u en t trips t o tow n . E ach in s ta lla tio n in the A rctic becam e se lf su ffic ien t. But th e n o th e r p rob lem s arose. C e rta in p e rm a n en t bu ild ings in d irec t c o n ta c t w i th the g ro u n d even tu a lly had problem s d u e to h e a t tran sfer. In one h o u sin g area th e n o rth w all s e tt le d a t a m u ch m ore rap id rate th an did th e s o u th end o f th e bu ild ing . This requ ired eng ineering e ffo r t in o rd e r to insure equa liza tion o f se ttlin g . F u r th e r c o n s tru c tio n of housing was o f th e tra ile r ty p e a t least 12 inches above the gound o n foo tings w ith leveling screws. T he m ilitary fo u n d th a t th is c o n s tru c tio n was the answ er to a sm all co lony o r iso la ted fam ily • dwellings. A n o th e r p ro b lem e n c o u n te re d w as p e rm a fro s t. T est borings in d ic a te d m any levels o f p e rm a f ro s t and sp o tte d lo ca tio n s . Som e areas im  m ed ia te ly below th e su rface , o th ers 15 to 20 fee t d o w n . P erm afro st a long th e p ipeline tra c e ap p ea red to be o f th e p a tc h n a tu re . T here w ere m any areas rela tively free o f p e rm a fro s t, som e areas w ith s p o tte d p e rm afro s t, ra th e r shallow , and o th e r areas o f deep dense p e rm a fro s t. P e rm afro st in m any cases is still an enigm a. F o r exam ple, w e e x te n d e d a ru n w ay in N o rth w ay , A laska during th e m o n th o f S ep tem b er b y a b o u t 1200 fee t. We sc rap ed th e a rea on ly fo r th e p u rp o se o f leveling w ith o u t d is tu rb in g th e subsu rface . A gravel b u ild u p o f six to e igh t inches w as laid o n to p o f th e su rface w ith a view to w ard th e w in te r snow s co m p ac tin g and fo rm in g a fla t su rface. By M arch, fo r th e m ilita ry m aneuvers, th e ru n w ay w as in excellen t c o n d itio n , req u irin g on ly snow rem oval. This ru n w a y d id an o u ts ta n d in g jo b du ring th e w in te r m o n th s . H ow  ever, by a b o u t A pril w hen th e Spring th a w s ta r te d , a f te r th e snow had m elte d , an as to n ish in g n u m b er o f rocks and , in som e cases, bou lders , th e size of w ash tu b s , had w orked th e ir w ay up th ro u g h the p e rm a fro s t o n to th e gravel and the ru n w a y was n o t useable. R em oval, o f course , again p u t th e ru n w a y in o p


Purpose – Toyota's management system, more formally known as the Toyota production system (TPS) is one of the most benchmarked business improvement strategies in modern industry. While many companies try to emulate Toyota's success using a variety of different approaches, most practitioners are not aware how Toyota replicates TPS at suppliers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the in‐house capabilities that are transferred from Toyota to suppliers as a way to more deeply understand how TPS can evolve.Design/methodology/approach – This work studies Toyota's supplier development practices by evaluating organizational documents using latent semantic analysis (LSA). LSA is a theory and method for extracting and representing the contextual‐usage and meaning of words and phrases by statistical computation applied to text. LSA is based on singular value decomposition (SVD), which is a mathematical matrix decomposition technique using factor analysis.Findings – This work shows that Toyota targets proces...


On the basis of analyzing the crafts and structural characteristics of the joining sleeve,the difficult is the craft of inclined and small hole.The craft technology is optimized,and the fixture of the EDM forming is designed,which gets good results.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of value‐relevant accounting rules on corporate innovative activities. Using US data from 1972 to 2012, we find that value‐relevant accounting rules help innovative companies to reduce R&D funding gaps, which is conducive to companies' innovative activities and potential long‐term benefits. However, a higher risk premium is required by shareholders of innovative companies. Additionally, we find not only that R&D spending is more sensitive to future earnings variability as compared to that occurring commercial intellectual properties and physical assets, but we also find that managers contracted with long‐term compensation plans have greater incentives to engage in innovative activities when value‐relevant accounting rules set in. Overall, we provide evidence on alleviation of information asymmetry between innovative companies and their lenders when accounting information is more value relevant.


This research was supported with some knowledge of neurosciences, which helped to understand the process of creative, critical and analytical thinking. This knowledge confirmed the importance of exercising creativity, of mastering, manipulating and controlling it to solve architectural problems. Through observation, case studies, surveys, interviews and the study of the new curricular design of the Escuela de Arquitectura at the Universidad de Sonora (2018), the necessary research variables were obtained in order to offer an alternative solution to the problem of introducing creativity into the architect's training process in the aforementioned academic precinct. The results of the research show that the process of training of architecture students is reproductive and it is not given the importance of creativity in the productive processes of innovation in the curriculum. In addition, although the academic staff sees creativity as an important factor, does not promote and does not incorporate it in their teaching activities specifically. To solve this situation, the application of an epistemological methodology was proposed that helps both the macro and the micro curricular design, that includes creativity as necessary in the profile of entry of the applicants and that is emphasized during the process of formative learning, which is essential to develop this competence, as well as modify the graduation profile of future architects.


System simulation without detailed prior knowledge or data of the system is a complex challenge. In this paper we present an approach to automatically generate a model on the fly in a symbiotic way. Basically the data based model generation system introduced is an agent based evolutionary optimization system creating continuous differential equations from simple predefined operators. The well known paradigm of symbiotic simulation is then enhanced with this agent based machine learning system. Here we focus on the emergent behavior of the model generation system resulting from the interaction of multiple agents optimizing a common model and the effects arising from the direct coupling and steering of the connected physical system. Different emergent mechanisms and effects can be observed speeding up the model generation process. To measure and evaluate this effects multiple experiments with a robotic system are discussed.


TiO2films were synthesized using template-assisted sol-gel method with tetrabutyl titanate as precursor and polyethylene glycol( PEG) as template. Film structures were controlled by adjusting the molecular weight of PEG. X-ray diffraction( XRD) results showed that the TiO2films were anatase phase. Field emission scanning electron micrography( FESEM) and N2adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis indicated that the as-synthesized TiO2films exhibited dense,nanoparticle and mesoporous morphology, respectively. After immobilized with glucose oxidase( GOx),the fabricated TiO2film electrodes showed fast direct electron transfer between GOx molecules and electrode surface without redox mediate. The mesoporous TiO2film electrode had a high sensitivity of 5. 95 mA·L /( mol·cm2) and protein density of 1. 63 × 10- 11mol / cm2,higher than other TiO2film electrodes. It was confirmed that the micromorphology of TiO2film could make real influence on glucose sensing performance and TiO2film with mesoporous structure had good application in glucose biosensor.


Knowledge Management (KM) has attracted much attention as a key strategy to achieve organisational success and survival in today's unpredictable and highly competitive environment. And yet, unless people in organisations possess the learning capability to use knowledge creatively, a well developed knowledge management system cannot be directed at sustaining profitability. In the new economy, the achievement of a sustained competitive advantage depends on firm's capacity to develop and deploy its knowledge based resources. One way of ensuring competitive advantage is to develop a highly-skilled workforce equipped with the knowledge and expertise required to stay ahead in the marketplace. The topic of KM is still at a relatively young stage of development. There are many areas of debate within the literature concerning the management of knowledge. One of the main areas where understanding is still limited is the role of Human Resources Management (HRM). Within the search of the key factors that explain knowledge management effectiveness, this publication aims to advance a simultaneously conceptual and practical framework that links HRM and knowledge management.


When it comes to financial market crises, times are always different. To make things worse, global government bonds worth trillions of dollars have yields close to zero, and in many cases below zero. What is left is maximum price downside and rather little upside. The traditional way of managing portfolio risks, by using government bonds as a crisis risk offset, seems–for the time being–no longer to be the straightforward option, rendering traditional stock/bond portfolios less appealing. So, the author asks the question of which risk management alternatives are left and tries to make a critical assessment of their opportunity cost and risk-reduction potential.


We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) polarization observations at 3 and 0.9 mm toward the GG Tau A system. In the ring, the percentage is relatively homogeneous at 3 mm, being 1.2%, while it exhibits a clear radial variation at 0.9 mm with a mean increasing from 0.6% to 2.8% toward larger radius (r). The polarization orientation at r > 1.″85 appears nearly azimuthal at both wavelengths. At r < 1.″85, the pattern remains azimuthal at 3 mm but becomes radial at 0.9 mm. The dust self-scattering model with amax of 1 mm could reproduce the observed polarization orientation and percentage at 0.9 mm, but the expected polarization percentage at 3 mm would be 0.2%, much smaller than the detected 1.2%. Dust alignment with poloidal magnetic field could qualitatively reproduce the flip in polarization at r < 1.″85 and also the detected polarization percentage. A closer inspection of the nearly azimuthal pattern reveals that polarization orientations are systematically deviating by −9.°0 ± 1.°2 from the tangent of the orbit ellipses. This deviation agrees with the direction of the spiral pattern observed in the near-infrared, but it is unclear how dust grains could be aligned along such spirals. For the scenario where the −9° deviation (−7.°3 after considering the inclination effect) measures the radial component of the dust drift motion, the expected inward drifting velocity would be ∼12.8% of the Keplerian speed, a factor of 2.8 larger than the theoretical predictions. Possible additional interpretations of the polarization are discussed, but there is no single mechanism that could explain the detected polarization simultaneously.


: In order to improve the accuracy and universality of the nonlinear viscoelastic - plastic mechanical behavior characterization method of asphalt mixture, a new criterion for the division of creep process of materials is established based on the strain yield characteristics, and the coexistence mechanism of viscoelastic - viscoplastic strain is proposed in the subsequent yield stage; Then, a novel viscoelastic element in the form of parallel connection of two fractional viscoelastic elements is established based on the theory of fractional calculus, and its mathematical equation is derived; With the novel viscoelastic element, a constitutive model characterizing the whole process of creep of asphalt mixture is established, and its analytical expression is derived. The laboratory short - term creep test of Cement and Asphalt Mortar (CA mortar) and the simulation test data of asphalt mixture from the references were used to verify the constitutive model. The results show that the constitutive model has good adaptability to the creep characteristics of different types of asphalt mixture under different stress levels.So, the model can used to provide a theoretical reference for the study of the mechanical behavior characterization of asphalt materials.


The linear stability analysis of hypersonic flow over a sharp slender cone with an attached shock is described. Attention is focused on the viscous modes of instability which may be described by a triple-deck structure. The situation in which both the effect of the shock and the influence of curvature are important is considered in the weak-interaction region. Both neutral and non-neutral solutions are presented for both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric disturbances. The results obtained suggest that the effect of curvature on the stability of hypersonic flow is significant when the attached shock is taken into account.


A survey of attendance motivators administered to 220 undergraduates enrolled in an introductory-level survey course at a large Midwestern university in fall 2002 and spring 2003 revealed, intuitively yet contrary to many earlier studies, that the most common situation in which students are motivated to attend class is if they consider the instructor and/or the material interesting. Of the 144 students who responded to the survey, 84.7% indicated such interest was a reason they would attend class. Only 66.7% indicated they would be compelled to attend a class because credit was given for attendance, suggesting that instructors should try to make their courses as interesting as possible if they wish to improve attendance rates. Introduction Many studies (including Beaulieu, 1984; Galichon & Friedman, 1985; Wyatt, 1992; and Friedman, Rodriguez & McComb, 2001) have considered why college students may choose not to attend class, but only some of these studies have constructively considered factors that may help persuade students to attend class. When the reasons can be controlled by the instructor, knowing what to do to keep students coming to class can be as useful as knowing what causes students to skip class Methodology On the first days of class during the fall 2002 and spring 2003 semesters, I administered an optional survey to 220 students in nine sections of Introduction to Japanese Culture, a course that enrolls a relatively representative sample of the undergraduate population at a large Midwestern university. The results and discussion presented here are based on responses to the second question, which asked students to identify situations that would increase their likelihoods to attend class. The question gave five rationales (as seen in Table 1) and asked students to choose all that apply. Also, space was provided for students to write in reasons not already listed. Results I provide aggregate results of answers given to the second question on the survey instrument, for which I received an overall response rate of 65% (144 students out of 220), in Table 1. In light of earlier studies by Launius (1997) and Friedman, Rodriguez, and McComb (2001), I had expected that requiring attendance in and of itself--answer "A"--would turn out to be the leading means to motivate students to come to class. It did not. Instead, my results mirror a finding of Galichon and Friedman (1985), who report that considering a class boring is the most important factor causing students to cut a class. My findings are cast in a positive light, however: Instead of cutting class because it is boring, my students choose to attend class because it is interesting. In all nine sections I queried, the most common response was answer "C": students are more likely to come to class if they find "the instructor/material interesting." Answer "A," "I'm required to attend, because attendance is part of the grade," ranked second in seven sections and third in the remaining two. Overall, as detailed in Table 1, nearly 85% answered that they would be more likely to come to class if the instructor/material is interesting, followed by nearly 67% for required attendance. Students were encouraged to choose as many answers as they thought were relevant to their own situations. The most popular write-in rationale (35 students) was that new material presented in class but not easily available elsewhere (e.g., in the course readings or films) would appear on quizzes or exams. Discussion On one level, my results suggest that students seem to be buying into what Petress (1996, p. 387) has termed a "quasi economic model": students claim that they are customers, and the seller (in this case, the instructor) is obliged to make the product (the class) appealing enough to attract students. Students today want to be kept interested: they want to be kept entertained. Indeed, in my case, remarkably few students come to the first class inherently interested in the subject matter, as Introduction to Japanese Culture fulfills either one or two general education requirements (depending on the student's college). …


Will DG (Distributed Generation) and DS (Distributed Storage) remain ``niche`` resources which currently cannot revolutionize power technology, or yield dramatic levels of a savings to either utility or customer? They look good when compared to traditional T and D technologies--not nearly so good when compared to modern T and D technologies. But even though savings possible with DG/DS are on the order of a few percent, these can be significant. This article, abstracted from a new book by ABB Systems Control, provides an overview of two newly revived concepts that have actually been around since the electrical industry began.


In practice any doctor, especially therapist daily meets patients who, despite the presence of a somatic pathology, have various neurological symptoms, which often require urgent consultations of the neurologist to exclude acute neurological pathology. In the article some of these neurological problems of therapeutic patients are observed.


Metal ions such as Cu are essential for life and toxic in the free form in organisms. Therefore, the intracellular Cu concentration is finely regulated. Cu is always transported by proteins in organism. Cu enters cells via Cu-importer such as Ctr1 and Ctr3 and exits cells through Cu-exporter such as Cu-ATPase 7A and 7B. Over the last few years, transition metals stable isotopes have been used to understand metal dynamism in biological systems. Recent results have shown that during the development of cancer the patient serum is enriched in lighter Cu isotopes While tumors are enriched in heavy Cu. These results show a link between Cu uptake/export and the action of the various transporters. The aim of our study was to better understand the role of the various transporters on the isotopic fractionation in eucaryota cells. Here, we have used mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.c), a classical simple biological model, because its Cu importers are the same high affinity proteins (Ctr1 and Ctr3) as in human cells. In S.c., the Cu can also enter cells by low affinity transporter (e.g. Fet4). When Ctr1 and Ctr3 are functional, 65Cu = 2.5, when Ctr3 is functional 65Cu = 1.5, and when only the low affinity transporter are functional 65Cu = 1. So, the Cu isotopic fractionation is higher when the high affinity transporters are functional. In order to remove the effect of cell division, we have studied the evolution of the 65Cu in yeast during a "pure" uptake phase. The same tendency has been observed. Moreover, the maximum of fractionation occurs during this "pure" uptake phase. These results show a strong relation between the proteom, i.e. all the protein that are expressed in a cell, and the Cu isotopic composition. More experiences coupled with simple modeling will allow us to link the Cu flux via each transporter to an isotope fractionation. The main goal of my PhD is to use the isotope fractionation of metals, such as Cu, to better understand the resistance to chemotherapy. In effect, it has been shown that Platinium compounds, e.g. cisplatin, which are used in chemotherapy enter cells via Cu importers. Therefore the resistance to chemotherapy which appears and increase with time can be linked to an unusual fonctionning of Cu importers which might be traced with the 65Cu. I will combine the study of human samples and in vitro cultures of cancer cell lines. Mots-Clés: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ctr1, Ctr3, low affinity transporter, Cu isotopic composition, cancer, chemotherapy


Abbreviations Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction Drawing Lines in the Sand: Withdrawal from Palestine Winning 'Hearts and Minds': From Imperialism to Independence in Malaya Quelling Rebellion: Countering the Mau Mau in Kenya Securing the Base: Fighting Terrorists in Cyprus Holding the Thin Red Line: Retreat from Aden Soldiering the Peace: Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland Return to Mesopotamia: The Politics of Britain's Military Intervention in Iraq Building Peace amidst Conflict: Britain's Changing Strategy in Afghanistan since 2001 Conclusion Select Bibliography Index


Phalsa is commercially propagated by seeds in India but seed has less viability up to 90-120 days hardly and it is difficult to maintain purity of characters for generation after generation by natural pollination. So, these reasons divert the attention toward vegetative method of propagation in phalsa. In vegetative method of propagation, generally it can be propagated by hardwood cuttings and layering. Propagation by cutting is economically better for farmers and widely employed method because it produce root easily and provide higher survival of cutings. Some factors strongly influenced on growth parameters in phalsa cutting such as growing condition, plant growth regulators, time of planting of cuttings, place of adaptability etc. According to number of previous experiments, phalsa cuttings treated with IBA concentration solution and planting in mist chamber condition showed highest value in number of leaves, survival percentage, shoot length, root length, number of primary root per cuttings, fresh weight of root and dry weight of root per cutting as compare to other plant growth regulators treatments. Mist chamber condition is most suitable for better shoot and root parameters while July planting showed maximum result in all observed characters due higher humidity. Phalsa is hardy crop and can grow easily by hardwood cuttings. So, it does not require any special antiseptic and highly environmentally control condition for propagation.


Synthesis of four 3-arylaminomethyl-4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles starting from substituted anilines is described. These triazoles were employed in the synthesis of some N-bridged heterocycles carrying arylaminomethyl substituents. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by analytical, NMR and mass spectral studies. Some of the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antiviral properties.


The heat of adsorption of Pb on Mo(100) at 300 K has been measured calorimetrically using a single-crystal adsorption calorimeter and a pulsed atomic beam of Pb vapor. The heat of adsorption decreases with coverage in the first monolayer as ${(q}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{q}_{1}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}{q}_{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}),$ where ${q}_{0}=335.4\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ ${q}_{1}=65.0\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ and ${q}_{2}=69.8\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ indicating a heat of adsorption for an isolated Pb adatom of 335.4 kJ/mol, but with a repulsive interaction between two Pb adatoms centered in nearest-neighbor sites of 27.9 kJ/mol, and a relaxation of this repulsion of 11.6 kJ/mol by an isolated pair if unperturbed by third neighbors (that would otherwise prevent the adatoms from moving slightly off site-center to achieve this relaxation). In the second monolayer, the adsorption heat is nearly constant at $\ensuremath{\sim}192.7\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ close to the enthalpy of sublimation of Pb. It decreases at $\ensuremath{\sim}2\mathrm{ML}$ by $\ensuremath{\sim}7\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ which can be attributed to the conversion from layer-by-layer to three-dimensional island growth at $\ensuremath{\sim}2\mathrm{ML}.$ The initial islands are tiny and therefore adsorbing Pb atoms more weakly (bonding to fewer nearest neighbors). This is supported by Auger electron spectroscopy measurements. As the islands grow in size and their surfaces get flatter, the number of neighbors increases until the heat of adsorption above $\ensuremath{\sim}6\mathrm{ML}$ reaches a steady value of 191.5 kJ/mol, within 2% of the reported enthalpy of sublimation of Pb at 300 K (195.2 kJ/mol).


The uniaxial stress splitting of an optical transition observed in photoluminescence may be substantially different from the stress splitting of the same transition observed in absorption. This paper tabulates the splitting of photoluminescence transitions occurring at optical centres in cubic crystals. The results are illustrated by four examples using diamond as the host lattice.


Frontline health workers are now key component in any public health delivery system, providing essential information on basic components of health, nutrition and sanitation for improving the utilization of primary health care delivery system by the community. This study was conducted to find out the Knowledge Attitude and Practices (KAP) of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers on maternal health and child health components, service delivery system and to find out the association of different communication media on KAP status regarding above components. It is a cross-sectional study. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire from 264 ASHA workers from 8 blocks of 5 districts of Assam selected randomly. Multiple regression analysis has been used to associate various findings and variables. The overall KAP status of most of the ASHAs (72%) was found to be 'Good'. It was observed that 70.45% had good KAP regarding maternal health components, 82.2% had good KAP on child health components, and 78.79% on common diseases. Communication media like TV, radio and mobile have also been found to have significant effect on certain KAP by ASHAs. Most of the ASHAs have been found competent in some aspects of health and nutrition components which have direct impact on child survival and maternal health. But at the same time average to poor knowledge level have been seen in some other important indicators. Hence proper training and timely re-orientation and information sharing through different suitable medium would be helpful for improving the KAP status of ASHAs. South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(2) 2015: 57-64


The purpose of this article is to examine tourist behaviour of participants of the European Junior Swimming Championships in Poznan and to examine the opinions of participants regarding this sporting event on its infl uence on the image of the city. Through the use of simple random sampling, a number of 210 swimmers participated in the study during the European Junior Swimming Championships held in 2013 in Poznan, Poland. Methods of the study included a diagnostic survey, a standardized interview technique and an interview questionnaire. All questions were closed-ended in nature and were analysed using the Likert-scale. Results show that more than 60% of respondents claimed that the European Junior Swimming Championships has positive impact on the image of the city of Poznan. More than 70% of them rated the impact of the event on the city to be 10.0 (on the Likert-scale). More than 70% of athletes participated in tourist activities such as sightseeing (70.7%). The average rating of satisfaction of the event was rated at 8.8 (Likert-scale) and 82.8% of athletes claimed they would return to Poznan in the future. The survey results additionally indicated gaps regarding the city's cultural off ers for tourists during the sporting event. A sample of 210 swimmers completed the questionnaire. The sample was selected in such a way as to ensure proper representation of the obtained results. Simple random sampling, which is a draw without return, was used. Information on the expected number of participants was used to determine the sample size. Calculations were used for the sample size, for the fi nite population. It was assumed that the maximum error of estimation (e) at a 95% confi dence level did not exceed 4%. Results of this empirical case study provide a source of information for event organisers, and those responsible for the development of sport and tourism on the scale of impact of international sporting events. While most research participants in the current literature were sports fans, this study addressed the topic from the perspective of active participants of the event (e.g. athletes). The paper presents the results of empirical research, case study – European Junior Swimming Championships.


ABSTRACT This study uses innovative technology to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the visitors' geotagged landscape photos of rural areas in the Web 2.0 era. The study extracts the spatiotemporal data from the landscape photo-sharing website, Google Panoramio, in South Korea and analyses the spatiotemporal density of 126,354 geotagged landscape photos from 2006 to 2012 based on geographic information analysis. This study also verifies that this novel approach to analysing the collections of geotagged landscape photos can be an effective tool for the spatiotemporal distributions of rural landscapes. Further research is needed to develop more detailed methodologies for analysis of the contents and layouts of geotagged landscapes photos.


Diamond etching in high-temperature ambient-pressure experiments has been performed aimed to assess possible postimpact effects on diamonds in impact craters, for the case of the Popigai crater in Yakutia (Russia). The experiments with different etchants, including various combinations of silicate melts, air, and inert gases, demonstrated the diversity of microstructures on {111} diamond faces: negative or positive trigons, as well as hexagonal, round, or irregularly shaped etch pits and striation. The surface features obtained after etching experiments with kimberlitic diamonds are similar to those observed on natural impact diamonds with some difference due to the origin of the latter as a result of a martensitic transformation of graphite in target rocks. Extrapolated to natural impact diamonds, the experimental results lead to several inferences: (1) Diamond crystals experienced natural oxidation and surface graphitization during the pressure decrease after the impact event, while the molten target rocks remained at high temperatures. (2) Natural etching of diamonds in silicate melts is possible in a large range of oxidation states controlled by O2 diffusion. (3) Impact diamonds near the surface of molten target rocks oxidized at the highest rates, whereas those within the melt were shielded from the oxidizing agents and remained unchanged.


The inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau are inhabited by diverse microbial communities,which play a significant role in biogeochemical cycles of biogenic elements(e.g.carbon,nitrogen).Onshore inputs provide essential


The city of Aguascalientes, characterized by having been a pillar in the textile industry in Mexico, has proven to have entrepreneurs who have managed to survive in the face of changes in the economy that redirected productive activities towards industrial manufacturing. The research problem consists of the little knowledge that entrepreneurs have of the digital tools to implement in their businesses and their effects. Thus, the objective of this work is to contrast the impact of the use of e-marketing on business success, according to the age of the people who manage companies in this sector. This research was carried out by means of structural equations, in order to determine the relationship of each of the constructs in the proposed model applied to this group of companies. The results achieved show that E-marketing has a positive and significant influence on business performance; Furthermore, this variable has a greater influence on the micro-enterprises of the textile sector of Aguascalientes managed by young adults.


Introduction: In orthodontic treatment a proper bond is essential between the enamel and the bracket. Evaluation of the efficacy of different adhesives for bonding orthodontic brackets to enamel has yielded different results. This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of metal brackets bonded by Transbond XT, Ortho-Force and Resilience composites.
Materials & Methods: Sixty extracted intact upper maxillary first premolars were selected for the purpose of this in vitro study. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20). The teeth were bonded with were bonded with Transbond XT, Resilience and Ortho-Force composites in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After 24 hours, shear bond strength test was conducted at a crosshead speed of 0.05 mm/min. ARI scores were evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The results of shear bond strength test were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. ARI results were analyzed with chi-squared test (α = 0.05).
Results: Shear bond strengths were significantly different between the three groups (p value < 0.001). Transbond XT composite exhibited the highest bond strength (15.26 MP) and Ortho-Force composite had the lowest bond strength (11.96 MP). There were no statistically significant differences in ARI between the three groups (p value = 0.561).
Conclusion: Although the mean shear bond strength of Ortho-Force composite was less than the two other composites, it is still clinically acceptable.
Key words: Composite, Orthodontic bracket, Shear bond strength.


Angle-dispersive powder-diffraction techniques with an image-plate area detector and synchrotron radiation have been used to reexamine the high-pressure behavior of cadmium telluride. We find that the well-known structural phase transition at ∼3.5 GPa from the zinc-blende to NaCl structure actually involves two closely spaced transitions-zinc blende to cinnabar, and cinnabar to NaCl. This is the example of the cinnabar structure outside the mercury chalcogenides. The Cd and Te atoms are site ordered, and the coordination of the structure is closer to fourfold than is found in HgS cinnabar


Abstract. Paraneoplastic fever is well known, and is not an uncommon problem in daily practice. In an effort to ameliorate tumour‐induced fever we randomized 48 patients to receive three different non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs: Naproxen (500 mg d−1), Indomethacin (75 mg d−1) or Diclophenac sodium (75 mg d−1). All patients had solid tumours, and microbial infection had been excluded. All three drugs were equally effective in bringing the temperature down to normal for a period of 30‐33 d. Naproxen had the most rapid effect. In cases of fever relapse with the first drug, when the other two drugs were given instead, both proved equally effective. No side‐effects were observed. We conclude that Naproxen, Indomethacin and Diclophenac sodium are equally effective in ameliorating paraneoplastic fever. In relapse, a second drug given subsequently can be effective as well.


In this paper a new nonlinear parameterization of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) model is proposed for the case of an uncertain stator resistance. The assumption of known inductance only is applied. After parameterization the regression model of six parameters is obtained from which it becomes possible to reconstruct the resistance and two necessary parameters involved in the position and speed observers design. The dynamic regressor extension and mixing (DREM) estimator is used to provide good performance and fast estimation of a large regression model which is preferable than the standard gradient approach. Simulation results illustrating proposed approach are given.


Th e history of the Roma population on the Croatian area was marked by the periods in which the Roma faced the impact of the repressive and assimilatory policy of the state and local authorities towards them. Th e period of the reign of Maria Th eresa and Joseph II was marked by such a policy, as they issued numerous decrees on Roma. Th e main goal of this policy was to reform the status of the Roma population by ordering them the forced sedentarization, the prohibition of their identity, e.g. their name, the use of their language and customs, doing their traditional professions and so on. As the result of such a policy, the Roma should have become the integrated part of the Habsburg society. Th e similar enlightened policy toward the Roma was conducted by the other European rulers as well. Th is paper is based on the research of the archival fonds of the Croatian State Archives, as well as the analysis of the relevant literature.


Writing in Beijing, Du Gangjian and Song Gang, in a coauthored chapter, take a different tack. They do not look to Western philosophy or to international law but rather to Confucius. They try to show that the notions of "benevolence," "tolerance," and "justice" in the Confucian Analects have much in common with the modern ideology of human rights. They argue that the East Asian tradition itself contains the kernel of modern human-rights beliefs; it is not a foreign conception foisted upon the East (though political democracy, they imply, may be!). The only two chapters that focus directly on human rights inside China today are by Zhu Feng, of Beijing University, and Yu Haocheng, the exiled Chinese legal scholar. Zhu Feng argues that the underpinnings for the promotion of human-rights values incrementally are being put in place in China through the gradual "breakdown of politics' overwhelming grip over society" (p. 139). Yu Haocheng, for his part, stresses the distance that China still has to travel in guaranteeing human rights in both law and practice. All of the contributors, with the sole exception of Claude Lefort, are from Hong Kong or the People's Republic, and thus a common element in their essays is their sense that refuting the ideas contained in the Bangkok Declaration is of immediate, palpable concern. This preoccupation is seen in the two concluding chapters by Michael Davis and Hong Kong legislator Anna Hungyuk Wu, who focus specifically on the Colony's post-1997 situation. Davis discusses the grounds on which international standards of human rights might be pursued in the face of the Basic Law that Beijing has written for Hong Kong, and Anna Wu presents the legal case for instituting a human rights and equal opportunities commission in Hong Kong. Such proposals are built upon an all too fragile hope, for it is obvious that Hong Kong's new rulers are not likely to pay any attention whatsoever to suggestions on how to better guarantee civil liberties, be it in Hong Kong or the mainland. Yet the book is to be welcomed in its own right as a strong intellectual affirmation of the universality of human rights. From multiple angles, it provides a telling refutation to the self-serving arguments about "Asian tradition" which are being bandied about today by an unholy alliance of Asian governments that have good reasons to feel defensive about human rights.


The purpose of this exploratory research is to elucidate the connection between the institution of the French educational system and its function as a vehicle of integration for the children of immigrants. Focusing on those of Algerian descent, this paper asks if and how the educational system is failing this particular demographic. By contextualising colonial France in Algeria, this paper shows the connection between history and the educational institution as it relates to contemporary French culture. This paper argues that the French educational system, although well established, does not recognise nor meet the needs of the multi-ethnic classroom. By identifying integration as a key player, this paper explores the relationships between citizenship and integration and how perceptions of both concepts are produced and reproduced in the school system. This paper notes the need for a shift in the current discourse for the "second generation" from one of "immigrants and immigration" to a more precise discourse on ethnic minorities. Review of European and Russian Affairs vol. 5 issue 1/2009 © RERA 2009 all rights reserved 31 In every country that receives significant numbers of immigrants, the question of the "second generation" usually becomes highly significant; France is no exception. It has experienced high levels of immigration over the past 50 years, and the children and grandchildren of these immigrants are now an important part of French society. Immigration is not a new subject and has been the focus of many debates over the past two decades. The social and economic attainment of the children and grandchildren of immigrants has become a political issue and it has taken precedence in the media. On a more significant level, this attainment will have a durable impact on France as a whole. Nowhere has their presence led to more debates than in the educational system, in fact, the schools have become equal grounds for political and religious debates alike. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate preliminary findings of the connection between the institution of the French educational system and its function as a vehicle of integration for the children of immigrants, more specifically Algerian descent. This paper questions whether the educational system is failing this particular group in terms of integration, in other words, socially, economically and culturally. Recognising these issues have many facets including history and how culture is perceived in France, this paper will primarily focus on the classroom and how the school as an institution is a vehicle to integrating France's students with Algerian roots. I will contextualise colonial France in the latter years and will describe and relate it to the current relationship it has with Algeria. Secondly, I will focus on the history of the educational system, its goals, and how it relates to the present day French culture. Lastly, the paper will discuss the relationship between citizenship and integration of the children with Algerian roots, how citizenship is linked to the educational system and the multi-ethnic classroom. This research will define and discuss integration in terms of how the educational system functions in an ethnically diverse environment. Identifying integration as a key player in the success or failure of the students in the educational system will reveal the family effect and cultural effects on these children. Review of European and Russian Affairs vol. 5 issue 1/2009 © RERA 2009 all rights reserved 32 Historical Context at a Glance The importance of history lays at the root of France's immigration trends and its policies regarding assimilation and integration. The impact of large scale immigration was further magnified by family reunification and the emergence of a "second generation" of French born children. This is the group of interest for this paper because of their historical and contemporary importance in the development of France and the challenges posed to institutions such as the education system. The issues concerning immigrants and their children derive from a combined history of colonialism, political agreements, wars and integration ideologies. However, from the beginning of the Third Republic in the 1880s, immigrants and immigration became a social and political issue in the public sphere (Schor 1996: 13). Immigration trends until the early 20 century in France included groups such as Italians, Poles, Belgians and Spaniards; later came the Portuguese, North Africans followed by the Turks, and others (Schor 1996: 5). During the Second World War, many immigrants engaged in forced labour and xenophobia took the spotlight as a social and political issue as foreigners and Jews were identified by the Vichy regime as problematic (Schor 1996: 167). After the regressions made during the Second World War, France maintained its colonial control in Algeria while experiencing a drastic flux in immigration to support the booming economy of the "trente glorieuses" (Tribalat 1995 : 18, Schor 1996: 192). However, it was after Algeria's independence in 1962 and throughout the seventies where their immigration to France peaked (Tribalat 1995: 18). The motivation for immigration was mostly for economic reasons, especially in the case of the Algerians who were leaving a country exhausted of its resources. However, it is important to note that in 1930 France's immigrant population represented 7% of the total population and in large part the immigrant population became French citizens during the interwar years (Schor 1996: 81). In fact, in 1930, France had become the number one country in the world, surpassing the United States, in accepting immigrants (Schor 1996: 6). At the same time, any potential social issues arising around the fact that immigrants were contributing to the nation's economy were overlooked (Sayad 1999: 31). The assumption from the host society that immigrant workers will always be available and willing to work under any condition was and arguably is still present in our perceptions of the Review of European and Russian Affairs vol. 5 issue 1/2009 © RERA 2009 all rights reserved 33 immigrant. The historical significance of immigration in France is often forgotten when examining the issues on the "second generation" and how "minorities" are integrated into that society. In terms of numbers, Algerians have been one of the largest (at time the largest) groups immigrating to France from the 1970s to present day. The 1970s in many ways marked the end of the migration of the first generation of Algerians and other North African immigrants. Over the following decades, their children emerge as an increasingly important segment of French society. For the purpose of this paper, the children of one or two foreign or immigrant parents are treated as the same demographic in this paper. Additionally, it is important to reiterate the preferred group of children studied are those with Algerian roots, however this analysis includes and accepts the grouping called 'North African' because of the fluidity of these terms in the current literature and because the majority of these groups is of Algerian decent. Accepting a more general, overarching definition of students with Algerian roots allows for a broader scope for information. Often, the Algerian "second generation" is referenced as immigrants, foreigners and Algerians and we inaccurately fall into a discourse of immigrants and immigration rather than treating this group in terms of minorities in a French secular society. The school system has the potential to mark a difference in how students with Algerian roots are different from their foreign origins. The School System at a Glance The Durkheimian perspective on the purpose of the educational system is to prepare young adults with the accepted and appropriate skills for a functional, successful adulthood. This approach to teaching would warrant the successful integration of the young adult from school into a productive individual within France. It is also possible to interpret Durkheim's educational ideology as a means of assimilating individuals into society. For Durkheim, the emphasis is on collectivity, and how society imposes the way in which the individual lives. Another key actor in the creation of France's universal, secular education during Review of European and Russian Affairs vol. 5 issue 1/2009 © RERA 2009 all rights reserved 34 the 1880s is Ferdinand Buisson. He explains the school's role is to train and eventually make individuals transform society. According to Buisson, the Republic consists of the 'utopias of yesterday', and transforms them to today's ideals in preparation of tomorrow's reality. Buisson's perspective is a progressive point of view (Maury 1996: 35) and allows for more of a dynamic, timeless approach to education as a player for society's overall functional needs including the multi-ethnic classroom on a global and local scale. The importance of institutions and their methods to train individuals transform society as a whole. Relating this to the French case, the efforts to maintain "French culture" through laws and practices like laïcité may be impossible because the country in fact transformed when it accepted immigrants in vast numbers. We are therefore left with issues of whether the changes from immigration are recognised for their French born children in institutions such as the school system. The French educational system is unique compared to other European Union countries and Canada. Administratively, France is divided into 30 'academies' covering the 'départements' representing the regions in the country. Each academy is an administrative constituency or district headed by an appointed rector (Ministère de l'Education Nationale). Although the system is centralised, the departments have administrative responsibilities such as the partial management of certain personnel in the school, the allocatio


Separation and deboning of artificial teeth from denture bases present a major clinical and labortory problem which affect both the patient and the dentist. The optimal bond strength of artificial teeth with denture base reinforced with nanofillers and flexible denture bases and the effect of thermo cycling should be evaluated. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of artificial teeth (acrylic and porcelain) with denture bases reinforced by 5% Zirconium oxide nanofillers and flexible bases under the effect of different surface treatments and thermo cycling and comparing the results with conventional water bath cured denture bases. Material and methods: Two types of artificial teeth; acrylic and porcelain were used and prepared for this study. Five specimens of each tooth type were processed to each denture base materials after the application of different surface treatments; these teeth were bonded to heat polymerized, nano composite resin and flexible denture bases. Specimens were thermo cycled and tested for bond strength until fracture with an Instron universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and student T-test. Photomicrographic examinations were used to identify adhesive and cohesive failures within debonded specimens. Results: The mean force required to fracture the specimens were obviously larger for nanocomposite specimens compared with the heat cured and flexible specimens. The most common failure was cohesive within the tooth or the denture base. With each base material, the artificial teeth which were treated with thinner exhibited highest shear bond strength. Thermocycling had deleterious effect on the flexible denture base specimens. In general, nanocomposite and heat cured groups failed cohesively within the artificial tooth. While the valplastic groups failed adhesively at the tooth denture base interface. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the type of denture base materials and surface treatments of the tooth selected for use may influence the shear bond strength of the tooth to the base. Selection of more compatible combinations of base and artificial teeth may reduce the number of prosthesis fractures and resultant repairs.