Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or Dawson ' s encephalitis is a chronic debilitating disorder of the central nervous system characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, myoclonic jerks, extra-pyramidal symptoms and classical high-amplitude generalized periodic slow-wave discharges also known as Rademecker complexes in electroencephalogram (EEG). A plethora of abnormal movements can occur in SSPE which include myoclonus, dystonia, tremor, chorea, rigidity, bradykinesia, ataxia and stereotypy. 1 The differential diagnosis of myoclonus in children/adults in the presence of EEG changes is rather speci fi c, whereby in some cases fi ndings in EGG may be pathognomonic. Here we present two cases with progressive cognitive impairment, jaw-myoclonus and characteristic EEG fi ndings diagnosed with SSPE.


(L-trans-4-hydroxy-proline)

[51-35-4] C5H9NO3 (MW 131.13)

InChI = 1S/C5H9NO3/c7-3-1-4(5(8)9)6-2-3/h3-4,6-7H,1-2H2,(H,8,9)/t3-,4+/m1/s1

InChIKey = PMMYEEVYMWASQN-DMTCNVIQSA-N

Alternate Names: (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.

Physical Data: mp 274°C.

Solubility: soluble in H2O, 357.8 g L−1 (20 °C).

Form supplied in white crystalline powder, widely available.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions wash thoroughly after handling. 4-hydroxy-l-proline is nonhazardous, nontoxic, and nonflammable. Store in a cool and dry place, a well-closed container. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.


Stem cell microterritories (niches), as a specialized part of the extracellular matrix (ECM), are considered an important target and tool for the development of new materials, medical implants, and devices. However, tissue bioengineering products that have stem cell niches of known size on the surface or in the bulk structure of artificial materials are practically unknown. This brief review attempts to draw attention to the problematic aspects of niches as specific parts of the ECM, such as their hierarchy and size for mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). These parameters arise directly from numerous definitions of stem cell niches as specialized morphological microterritories found in various tissues. The authors of this review analyze the known information on the hierarchy of MSC microterritories by analogy with that of hematopoietic stem cells. Occasional reports on the size of artificial MSC niches compared to natural niche candidates are summarized. A consensus on a hierarchy and optimal range of niche sizes for MSCs and other stem cells is needed to accelerate the development of prototyping technologies and additive manufacturing in applications to precise tissue bioengineering and regenerative medicine.


Objectives: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves axonal injury and accumulation of pathological protein aggregates including amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau). Biomarker analysis of tau and Aβ concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be an objective marker of cognitive status after TBI. The goal of the current study was to analyze tau and Aβ 40–42 in a cohort of military and civilian participants with chronic deficits secondary to TBI, and correlate neuropsychological outcome data with concentrations of tau and Aβ42 measured in CSF from the same subjects.

Methods: 19 chronic TBI participants ( > 6 months from injury; 16 males, mean age 41yrs, 8 military veterans and 11 civilians) underwent lumbar puncture as well as neuropsychological testing. CSF was analyzed for concentrations of total tau, Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) and Aβ1-40 (Aβ40) by ELISA, and tau/Aβ42 ratio was calculated. The neuropsychological test battery included measures of memory, processing speed and executive function: California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT) Short and Long Delay Free Recall (SDFR, LDFR), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Working Memory Index (WAIS IV) and Trail Making Test Part A/B. Nonparametric correlation (Spearman rho, ρ) was used to relate CSF levels to neuropsychological data, controlling for age.

Results: CSF tau/Aβ42 ratio was inversely associated with Trails B (Spearman p > −0.49, p  −0.51, p  −0.50, p < 0.034, respectively). There were no significant correlations between CSF biomarker levels and WAIS neuropsychological measures.

Conclusions: In chronic TBI, neuropsychological outcome on measures of memory and executive function (CVLT and Trails B) corresponded to CSF biomarkers of tau and Aβ concentrations. Additional studies with a larger cohort of TBI participants are needed to draw meaningful conclusions. The use of CSF biomarkers in ongoing studies will allow us to test more specific hypotheses regarding the link between TBI and chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy.


This book concerns the tome III of the selected papers of the Senior Engineer Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem that contains papers about: - the robust estimators, - the coordinates Fuseaux in Tunisia, - the problem of the movement of n body.


University function is in expansion. The new academic function of developing and industrializing high tech, improving the national competitiveness, productivity and entrepreneurship has been the important symbol of modern leading universities. This paper specifically describes the behaviors on the new function taken by the University of Cambridge in UK as an example. It also briefly explores the conscious idea by which the University of Cambridge succeeded so as to supply references to research universities in China,


HE adaptability of a population will be a function of its capacity to proT duce genotypes which will be adapted to conditions with which it need not ordinarily cope. Crossing over is one means whereby such new gene combinations arise ; it is therefore a process of great evolutionary significance. Our knowledge of the mechanism of crossing over and, of the factors which modify it is still far from satisfactory. The purpose of the present paper is to summarize the results of an extended analysis of interchromosomal effects of inversions on crossing over and how they come about. R. P. LEVINE and DICKINSON (1952) have recently shown that crossing over in the X-chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura can be modified by the different inversions found in the I11 chromosome. Their results are in agreement with those of MORGAN, BRIDGES and SCHULTZ (1933) who found that crossing over in the I1 chromosome of D. melanogaster could be significantly increased in the presence of inversions in the X or I11 chromosomes of that species. Similar results were also obtained by STEINBERG (1936). More recently, CARSON (1953) has observed the same phenomenon in D. robusta. The present study compares the effect of three different I11 chromosome gene arrangements, the result of inversion, on crossing over in the Xchromosome of D. pseudoobscura.


This study examined effects of mass media campaigns promoting family planning (FP) on contraceptive use in Tanzania. Nationally representative data were obtained from a 1994 KAP Survey and a 1991-92 Demographic and Health Survey. Tanzania integrated FP into maternal and child health services in 1988. It adopted 1992 IEC policy a national communication program and social marketing of condoms in 1992. The FP Communication Project operated during 1991-94 and educated men and women about the health benefits of modern contraception. The multimedia campaign relied on radio spots in 1993 and 1994 a radio serial drama during 1993-94 a Green Star logo posters leaflets newspapers and audiocassettes. Other campaigns by five other organizations or programs were complementary. Analysis reveals that womens exposure to mass media sources of FP messages was associated with increased contraceptive use especially modern methods. Women exposed to FP messages were more likely than other women to discuss FP with their spouses and to visit health facilities. These effects remained after controls for residence education age marital status parity approval of FP partners views on FP and radio ownership. Most women who recalled mass media messages were not already using or had not ever used contraceptives. The impact was greater when women were exposed to multiple sources. Messages reached about 55% of reproductive-age women.


Dear Editor, A 13yearold girl visited our hospital with generalized hyperkeratosis and intense pruritus. She was born with photophobia, alopecia and erythema in her neck and hip. Hypohidrosis was identified during childhood. Her physical development was delayed, with a weight of 26 kg and a height of 138 cm (below the 3rd percentile). On physical examination, she had generalized erythema, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and welldemarcated verrucous hyperkeratotic plaques on her left lower leg with purulent discharge (Figure 1ab). Sparse hair, dentition defects and dystrophic nails were also noted. Corneal neovascularization was determined through ophthalmologic examinations. Brainstem auditory evoked potential test confirmed severe neurosensory deafness. Haematological tests revealed an elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) level (27,216 IU/ml). Histopathology of the specimen from the lower limb showed hyperkeratosis and the infiltration of plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils within the epidermal stratum corneum layer. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the purulent exudate of the lower limb. After ethical committee approval and informed consent from the patient, genomic DNA was extracted from the patient's peripheral blood and subjected to wholeexome sequencing. The patient harboured a de novo transversion c.148G > T in GJB2 gene, leading to the replacement of aspartate with tyrosine (p.Asp50Tyr). Sanger sequencing was further used to verify this mutation with the designed primers (Figure 1c, Table S1). The diagnosis of keratitis– ichthyosis– deafness syndrome (KID syndrome) was made based on clinical, pathologic and genetic data. The sustained elevated IgE and intense pruritus imply the presence of atopic eczema in association with KID syndrome. The treatment included antibiotics, acitretin and dupilumab. Dupilumab was given at a dose of 600 mg initially, followed by 300 mg one month later. Acitretin was prescribed at 20 mg daily for one year. Artificial tears were prescribed by ophthalmologists for potential ocular side effects. The patient had notable improvements for hyperkeratosis (Figure 1de) and decreased pruritus intensity. IgE level was found by degrading for 37.24% compared with the initial index (Figure 1f). KID syndrome is a rare ectodermal dysplasia. We summarized 195 cases of KID syndrome published in the past two decades (Table S2). The major diagnostic manifestations include neurosensory deafness (91.79%), erythrokeratodermia (88.72%), keratitis (75.38%), palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (66.67%) and alopecia (61.54%). Structural alteration of connexin 26 encoded by GJB2 was confirmed responsible for this disease (Figure S1).1 The p.Asp50Tyr mutation described in our case was found to induce increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and showed a more frequent phenotype of dental defects.2– 4


An eviction from gunfire and noise was granted for 78.1% of the soldiers. Conclusion The noise of firearms, explosions, air and ground vehicles make so much noise that hearing loss is one of the most common disabilities in the military. This justifies the importance of personal protective equipment to further protect the ears of military personnel and the role of the occupational physician in the early detection of hearing disorders


This paper presents a finite-time sideslip differentiator-based line-of-sight (LOS) guidance method for robust path following of snake robots. Firstly, finite-time stable sideslip differentiator and adaptive LOS guidance method are proposed to counteract sideslip drift caused by cross-track velocity. The proposed differentiator can accurately observe the cross-track error and sideslip angle for snake robots to avoid errors caused by calculating sideslip angle approximately. In our method, the designed piecewise auxiliary function guarantees the finite-time stability of position errors. Secondly, for the case of external disturbances and state constraints, a Barrier Lyapunov function-based backstepping adaptive path following controller is presented to improve the robot's robustness. The uniform ultimate boundedness of the closed-loop system is proved by analyzing stability. Additionally, a gait frequency adjustment-based virtual velocity control input is derived to achieve the exponential convergence of the tangential velocity. At last, the availability and superiority of this work are shown through simulation and experiment results.


In this paper, metallic CuNi nanoparticles were synthesized using inductively coupled plasma reactor equipped with the liquid nitrogen cooling system. Sample characterization was done by high-resolution TEM and SEM images. The temperature and field dependence of magnetization measurements were performed using a quantum design SQUID magnetometer.


To screen out cultivars with excellent tissue culture capacities for genetic transformation, the callus induction and regeneration response of immature embryos, inflorescences and anthers from 50 China new released cultivars with excellent agronomic performance were evaluated. The results showed that, among the surveyed cultivars, the callus induction frequency of immature embryos and inflorescences were genotype-independent. Whereas, the regeneration frequency of callus induced from immature embryos were significantly different, with less than 60%, from 60 to 80% and more than 90% in 36, eight and six cultivars, respectively. The regeneration frequency of the induced callus from inflorescences differed significantly, with less than 60%, from 40 to 90% and more than 90% in 34, 11 and five cultivars, respectively. However, both the callus induction and green plantlets regeneration frequencies of anthers were significant different among the cultivars, with the induction frequency less than 25%, from 25 to 60%, and more than 75% in 33, 14 and three cultivars, respectively. The green plantlets regeneration frequency of the callus induced from anthers ranged from 42.5 to 88.5% in different cultivars. Tissue culture capacities of immature embryos and inflorescences were highly correlated. Whereas, both of them have low correlations with anther culture capacity.


In this paper, adaptive control is studied for a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems in parameter-strict-feedback form with both parametric and non-parametric uncertainties. The non-parametric uncertainty function is assumed to satisfy the Lipschitz condition. To achieve asymptotical tracking performance, estimation of both uncertainties is constructed. Future states are predicted to overcome the noncausal problem. Based on future states prediction and uncertainties estimation, a novel adaptive control is proposed. An augmented tracking error of equal growth order of the output tracking error is used in the parameter estimation law. The proposed adaptive control achieves asymptotical tracking performance and guarantees the boundedness of all closed-loop signals. The effectiveness of the proposed control law is demonstrated in the simulation.


Electrical engineers often treat their stationary networks, rotating machines, and microwave electronic devices as a collection of impedance elements Z without decomposing Z into its RLC components. It is shown here that a lumped or distributed impedance network, surrounded by its own electromagnetic field, is actually the sum of four different types of multidimensional networks: 1) the well-studied 1-network of branches in which the currents flow, 2) a 0-network forned by all the point generators, 3) a 2-network of equipotential surfaces that pass through the generators perpendicularly to the branches, and 4) a 3-network composed of three-dimensional impedance blocks surrounding the branches. Thus the topological structure of a stationary or rotating, electric or electronic network is neither a graph nor a polyhedron, but a so- called fiber bundle over a non-Riemannian manifold.


When an expressway intersects another expressway, a unique connector needs to be designed between the two consecutive exit ramps. Tn such a case, it is important to design a connector such that there is enough distance for drivers to find their way safely. A current design manual in Korea prescribes the minimum length of the connector as 240 m. In this research, we have suggested a method for calculating the minimum length of a connector in order to check the feasibility of the currently prescribed length. For this purpose, we have attempted to determine the total perception-reaction time and lane-changing time required by a driver. For determining the driver's perception-reaction time, we have used the driver's decision time in addition to the conventional 2.5 s of perception-reaction time for stopping sight distances. We have considered both the design speed and the average travel speed for the calculation of the length. To evaluate the accuracy of the new method, we have chosen four sites on expressways for which relatively high accident rates were recorded. As a result, we could verify that the current limit (240 m) was sufficient for drivers to be able to change lanes in the given specific geometry. However, the prescribed limit should be revised in case the drivers' decision time is considered to be their perception-reaction time. All new approaches for calculating the ideal length of a connector have been carried out by taking into account the design speed as well as the average travel speed. Owing to the characteristics of the specific geometry for two consecutive exit ramps and the large difference between the design speed and the average travel speed in the objective areas, it is more realistic to use the proposed method by keeping the decision time equal to a driver's perception-reaction time, in order to determine the ideal distance that should be maintained between two consecutive exit ramps.


A NY survey of the scholarship on Pindar's second Pythian would make it abundantly clear that it is one of the most difficult of the epinician odes.' Alexandrian editors were divided as to its date, its occasion, and its interpretation; and modern scholars have, despite intensive study of the poem, reached no consensus on these same matters. The ode, composed for Hieron I, tyrant of Syracuse, has been assigned to dates ranging from 477/6, shortly after Hieron succeeded his brother Gelon as tyrant of Syracuse, to the year 468, just prior to his death. It has been variously claimed that the ode, which does not name the place where Hieron gained the chariot triumph for which it was written, celebrates a victory at Nemea, Delphi, Olympia, Athens, Thebes, and Syracuse. It has also been asserted that the ode was never performed by a chorus but is instead an epistle written by Pindar in epinician form. Further, the interpretations of its central myththe sin and punishment of Ixion-have been manifold and on occasion directly contradictory. Finally, the fourth and final triad, a puzzling quasi epilogue in which Pindar lashes out against his detractors, has greatly exercised critics of the poem, especially those interested in the much-vexed problem of the unity of Pindaric odes. The fullest study of the poem in re cent years has been made by C. M. Bowra in his article "Pindar, Pythian J.*"2 He would date the ode to the year 468, when Hieron won his crowning victory at the games, that with the chariot at Olympia; moreover, he would account for much of the bitterness which Pindar evinces in the poem by the fact that in 468 Hieron commissioned Bacchylides, Pindar's Cean rival, to write the ode of victory. This ode, Bacchylides 3, borrows notably from two famous earlier odes of Pindar -Olympian 1, written for the same Hieron, and Olympian 2, written for Theron of Acragas. Bowra, basing his argument in part on statements made in the scholia to this poem, believes that in Pythian 2 Pindar is expressing his resentment at the plagiarizing Bacchylides and at his malicious supporters at Syracuse, who by slanderously taxing Pindar with ingratitude toward Hieron have aroused Hieron's distrust of the Theban poet. Bowra's thesis has not gained universal acceptance ;3 and indeed, with the evidence at hand, no final verdict is possible. I think, however, that in their examination of the ode scholars, Bowra included, have consistently misinterpreted a key section, and it is my purpose to offer here a new interpretation of this section, the third


OBJECTIVE To better understand the cardiac limitations during exercise in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we measured left ventricular performance with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during exercise in diabetic and nondiabetic adolescents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirteen subjects with T2DM, 27 overweight/obese nondiabetic (ObeseND) subjects, and 19 nondiabetic nonobese control subjects were recruited. Cardiac (left ventricular) MRI scans were performed at rest and during submaximal exercise. RESULTS Vo2 peak indexed to fat-free mass was reduced in T2DM and ObeseND subjects compared with control subjects (P < 0.0001). Indexed cardiac output increased less during exercise and was 20% lower in T2DM subjects due to reduced stroke volume. This was a consequence of reduced ventricular filling with smaller end-diastolic volume, which decreased further during exercise in T2DM subjects, but not in ObeseND or control subjects. End-systolic volume was also smaller in T2DM subjects. These changes were associated with increased resting and exercise diastolic blood pressure, and total peripheral resistance in T2DM subjects. CONCLUSIONS Independently of obesity, T2DM impairs cardiac function during exercise in adolescents.


Recently the proliferation of digital videos has increased exponentially due to availability of consumer cameras . Despite the improvement in the sensor technologies, one of the fundamental problems is that of noise affecting the video scenes. Recently, adaptive, pixel-wise, temporal averaging methods can advocate in denoising videos. In this work, we adapt the edge maps of frames within temporal averaging to guide the denoising away from the edges. This allows the filtering to remove noise in intermediate flat regions while respecting boundaries of objects better. The experimental results indicate that we can obtain improved video denoising results in comparison to other filtering methods.


tagged ecotype of Silk Banana (Musa, AAB), is under the threat of extinction due to its susceptibility to Panama Disease. This otherwise superior variety dominated banana production in the then Mysore province for decades due to its appealing colour and aroma. An attempt was made to identify the natural variability for resistance to Panama disease amongst the plantations in growing districts viz. Mysore and Chamarajanagar, Karnataka, India. Though, most of the lines were collected keeping Fusarium resistance as objective, development of lines with multiple pests/ diseases resistance/ tolerance is of SHORT NOTE


Terrorism has long been a global threat. One of them is the Syrian Islamic State of Iraq or ISIS. ISIS is an organization that empowers its actions through various methods and techniques of media propaganda. Media propaganda is used by ISIS to maintain its existence and strengthen its position. ISIS also uses the media to spread its ideology. ISIS media which use internet platforms in the form of a magazine called Dabiq Online Magazine. This magazine is designed very professionally in terms of content, design, and marketing or distribution. So that content can make readers "affected". The most message campaigned was the urgency of the Khilafah. This study uses Teun Van Djik's critical discourse method to analyze text, cognition and social context in Dabiq Online Magazine, with a locus on the issue of the Khilafah. The result is that when linguistic aspects and related contexts are explained, the pattern is studied to find how ideology is marketed in the text for specific purposes and interests, research shows that the Khilafah discourse voiced by ISIS through Dabiq Online Magazine is not relevant to the Khilafah discourse that voiced in general by Muslims. Even the Khilafah discourse explained by ISIS on Dabiq's media does not explain the meaning of the Khilafah correctly as it is generally accepted and accepted in general terminology in Islam.


true, it is strange that there is only one Islamic ceremonial garment made to order in Italy still extant (the voided velvet kaftan of Suleyman I in the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul). Islamic and Italian art objects can often resemble each other so closely that the only way to distinguish them is through a careful examination of their respective techniques. Rosamond Mack should be congratulated on her study of the arts of the eastern and western Mediterranean and the way they influenced each other. She adds new information and insights to our understanding of this subject, concentrating on the decorative arts in a novel way. Bazaar to Piazza is a book which beautifully presents the carpets, silks, and ceramics of the East. While the individual decorative arts are well set out, the author might have attempted a better synthesis and more complete integration of these arts into the cultural context of the age. This, however, is a minor criticism of an important addition to the literature on the cross-fertilization of Islamic and Italian art during the period of the Renaissance.


A numerical method for the analysis of tunnel-wall interference effects in forced-oscillation testing is presented. The method is based on the wall-pressure signature concept and utilizes the computed wall-pressure distributions. The induced wall pressure field is computed by using an unsteady three-dimensional full Navier‐Stokes solver fo ra 70-deg pitching delta wing in a wind tunnel. To validate the code, the computed static results are shown to have good agreement with the experimental data of Wentz in lift and drag coefficients. On the other hand, the computed static and dynamic normal force coefficients are, in general, higher than those in a second set of data. However, the predicted hysteresis curves of normal force coefficient in large-amplitude-oscillation testing agree reasonably well with this second set of data. The computed unsteady pressures on the tunnel walls and floor are used to generate the interference flowfield that is analyzed for the upwash and blockage corrections. The corrected results are shown to agree well, in the slope and magnitude of hysteresis loops, with the computed results in free-air conditions. It is also shown that the hysteresis in upwash and blockage corrections increases with the reduced frequency.


Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the virtual representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility from inception onward. As such, it serves as a shared information repository for collaboration throughout a facility's lifecycle. BIM is a new paradigm which can perform a diverse engineering activity such as design, simulation, structure analysis, etc and support a based information model in construction industry. In these days, many construction companies tried to perform a project efficiently by constructing and using BIM and carried out a research related in PMIS(Project Management Information System), etc. But a real case of research focused on 3D modeling object and control and share of engineering information is insufficient. In this research, we suggest an efficient BIM model and information share system based PLM for collaboration based on analyzing and researching a case of constructing BIM when perform construction project.


The results of recent published studies focusing on CYP17 polymorphisms in prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility are often conflicting. We performed a meta‐analysis based on 38 independent studies to evaluate the association.


Kabat-Zinn et al introduced mindfulness, a concept and technique borrowed from Buddhist meditation practices, to the field of psychotherapy. It is defined as the " the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment to moment " (1). Unlike other forms of meditation that emphasize distancing oneself from the present to reach a higher state of consciousness, mindfulness stresses upon a fuller awareness of, and thus a greater involvement with, the present moment. The fuller awareness incorporates all visual, auditory, gustatory, tactile, cognitive and emotional information available to consciousness at that moment (2). Further, all occurrences are observed but not judged, i.e. they are not given labels like good or bad, healthy or sick, important or trivial, etc. (3). The seemingly complex task of being mindful requires regular practice, and it has oft been said that psychotherapists must first become adept in mindfulness themselves, before being able to effectively use it with their clients. Steven Hayes has placed mindfulness, along with acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), under the 'new or third wave Cognitive Behavior Therapy'. These newer therapies aim to change the meaning of psychological events (thoughts) that people experience, rather than change the events themselves (4). Instead of restructuring, mindfulness encourages a person to regard troublesome thoughts


The differential impact of comparable Basic Income (BI) schemes is examined for two countries by Callan et al (1996). This study uses national tax-benefit microsimulation models for Ireland (SWITCH) and the UK (POLIMOD). It finds that the relative effect of a scheme depends on the way in which it is integrated into the existing tax-benefit systems in the two countries as well as the level and structure of existing taxes and benefits, and the economic and demographic characteristics of the population. Furthermore, the types of scheme that it is possible to model for both countries is constrained by the capabilities of the two models and by the availability of suitable data in the model databases.


In active noise and vibration control, physical phenomena of the medium involved and oversampling can necessitate optimizing the midfrequency (in-band) behavior of transfer elements by allowing arbitrary behavior at low and high frequencies. For FIR (finite impulse response) filters, a globally convergent algorithm is that provides the optimal solution under gain constraints at out-of-band frequencies is given. This is necessary to obtain dynamically realizable frequency responses and allow application in practical environments. The method is illustrated by analytical and practical examples.<<ETX>>


A network-based street lamp changing scheme confirming method includes that (a), the construction side forms basic information data representing the street lamp basic type and transmits the basic information data to the street lamp changing scheme forming side; (b), the street lamp changing scheme forming side confirms the basic information data and forms a street lamp changing scheme according to the basic information data; (c), the street lamp changing scheme confirming side confirms the street lamp changing scheme; (d), the street lamp changing scheme confirming side transmits the street lamp changing scheme to the construction side. The construction side and the confirming side and/or the confirming side communicate with each other through a network to confirm the street lamp changing scheme. Confirmation is performed through the network according to the confirming method, requirements of confirming each side arrives at the street lamp field are omitted, the paper approval process is omitted, and confirming efficiency is improved accordingly.


Clinical decisions about prophylactic therapy for patients with hereditary long-QT syndrome (LQTS) depend on assessing their risk for sudden cardiac


Abstract: Mice, like most mammals, are endothermic, meaning they rely on themselves to keep their body temperature constant through their metabolic rates. This experiment is designed to test what kind of effect colder temperatures have on the metabolic rate of mice. To test this, we took a mouse and contained him in a respiration chamber where we could monitor the CO2 levels for five minutes. We then decreased the temperature two different times, once at 17 degrees Celsius and again at 12 degrees Celsius, and recorded the CO2 levels each time. Our results showed us that our original hypothesis was correct, and as temperature decreases, the metabolic rate increases.


In order to delineate the extent of the cultural alienation between three prominent Calvinist, Lutheran, and Catholic Wittelsbach courts, this chapter compares the medieval and Renaissance educational experiences of the Wittelsbachs and then contrasts them with those that developed following the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. An important yardstick in measuring the distance is the comparison between the educational primary sources associated with the Wittelsbach rulers for their children during the confessional age with those of the shared Renaissance paradigm for princely education that predated the confessional splits within the dynasty. The Wittelsbachs did ensure that their sons received a humanist education by qualified court tutors known as Hofmeister. It is also clear from the Wittelsbach educational instructions that the primary concern of the ruling princes was to make certain that their heirs could fulfill their distinctly confessional dynastic destinies.Keywords: Catholic Reformations; medieval educational experiences; princely education; Protestant Reformations; Renaissance paradigm; Wittelsbach education


DRUG ADDICTION is one of the few health problems that has been consigned to the police for disposition. Consequently, when the advice of experts has been sought as to how it goes with the drug addict, inevitably one turned to law-enforcement officials, unquestionably the most qualified and experienced group in the field in terms of longevity and familiarity with the subject matter. Law enforcement-the addicts' keeper and Boswell-unhesitatingly furnished sociological, medical, and psychiatric judgments as to the nature of the addict, offered a prognosis of his ills, suggested methods and sites for treatment, and inevitably requested more repressive measures and laws as the ultimate antidote for coping with the addicted population. In recent years the wisdom of these views has been the


This paper proposes a new method for the probabilistic risk assessment of rotor angle instability in power systems using fuzzy inference systems (FISs). The novel two-step approach first models the stochastic uncertainties present within the power system to produced probability density functions (pdfs) for stability indicators. These stability indicators are established for both small and large disturbance rotor angle stability analysis. The pdfs produced are subsequently decomposed into regions based on user-specified threshold values. The outputs from this decomposition are analyzed using fuzzy techniques to complete the risk assessment of instability. The methodology is applied to a multi-area test network into which a VSC-MTDC grid has been embedded to support power transfer from a number of large wind farms. This new combination of probabilistic and fuzzy techniques is shown to provide an effective methodology for quantifying the influence of system uncertainties on the risks of rotor angle stability.


We describe two brothers with congenital lymphedema of lower limbs, atrial septal defect (ASD), and similar facial appearance. A sister had severe hydrops fetalis, ASD, omphalocele, and other anomalies. This combination of congenital lymphedema and ASD differs from other reported cases of congenital lymphedema and most likely constitutes a previously unrecognized autosomal recessive syndrome.


The future of the market is connected to the fast changing trends in customers profile and behaviours. Thus, luxury companies have started to be focused on a new consumer class that is rising nowadays and will be relevant within the close future. That is way; companies are strategically focused on understanding and attracting the younger segments of the population as Gen Z: the customers of the future. Any way the concept of luxury is debatable and depends on countries, social values and life style, culture factors etc. Even if the Romanian luxury market is still under development in the context of the low income of Romanian consumers in comparison to the West European citizens, there is a lot of growth potential. Thus, the aim of this research paper is to measure the Romanian consumers' perception of luxury brands correlated to independent variables as: gender, education, monthly revenue and age and, thus, to identify a consumer typology in this respect. In order to achieve the purpose of the research study a consumer survey was conducted in Arges County. The results of the study relived the fact that luxury perception vary on a great extent due to age, education, level of income and cultural context.


I have thus ventured-I hope carefully, faithfully, and truthfully-to place before my brethren of the British Medical Association, and the medical professional generally, the bench, and the bar (for this is a question in which all classes are most deeply interested), the conclusions at which I have arrived, after thirty years extensive experience in hospital and private practice of railway and other similar accidents. My conclusions I have endeavoured to support by cases, the like of which, had space been at my disposal, could have been repeated again and again. The cases now published will, however, I trust, lead every physician and surgeon for the future to admit that, in forming an opinion as to the probable effects of a railway accident, nothing can be so likely to lead to error as the basing of that opinion on subjective symptoms only.


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This paper describes techniques to improve the robustness of the HTK large vocabulary speech recognition system to non-ideal acoustic environments. The primary methods are single-pass retraining using stereo training data; parallel model combination which combines HMMs trained on clean data with estimates of convolutional and additive noise; and maximum likelihood linear regression which estimates a set of linear transformations of the model parameters to the current conditions. Experiments are reported on both the 1994 ARPA CSR S5 (alternate microphones) and S10 (additive noise) spoken tasks and the 1995 ARPA CSR H3 task (multiple unknown microphones). The HTK system yielded the lowest error rates in both the H3-P0 and HS-C0 tests.


Photovoltaic technology using organic polymeric semiconductors is one potential solution to the global energy crisis and offers a more cost-effect way of harnessing solar power than traditional Si-based panels. OPVs suffer with problems regarding stability, lifetime, and inadequate charge generation and extraction speeds. One line of research focuses on p-type dopants to increase conductivity but these must be solution-processable to fit in with the vision of low cost, large area fabrication methods. Some headway has been made into ascertaining the status of research into solution-processable p-type dopants and the project is at a stage that leaves scope for further assessment of two compounds that could be used as p-type dopants within an organic solar cell.


The effect of ultrasound on the degradation of pyrethrins and the velocity of extraction are studied through the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of pyrethrins from pyrethrum. Experimental results show that the ultrasound (200kHz, 200W) could not produce supercritical carbon dioxide "cavitation", so the pyrathrins are not degraded. By using ultrasound, the velocity of extraction is increased and the influence is more powerful than using water as co-solvent. The optimizing technological conditions is known to be: extraction pressure: (20MPa); ultrasound (20kHz, 200W); co-solvent (0.5mLwater/gflower); extraction temperature: (40℃); flow rate of CO2: (2.0L·min-1).


Feed-in tariffs (FITs) have been used to promote renewable electricity development in over 40 countries throughout the past two decades. These policies generally provide guaranteed prices for the full system output from eligible generators for a fixed time period (typically 15-20 years). Due in part to the success of FIT policies in Europe, some jurisdictions in the United States are considering implementing similar policies, and a few have already put such policies in place. This report is intended to offer some guidance to policymakers and regulators on how generator interconnection procedures may affect the implementation of FITs and how state generator interconnection procedures can be formulated to support state renewable energy objectives. This report is based on a literature review of model interconnection procedures formulated by several organizations, as well as other documents that have reviewed, commented on, and in some cases, ranked state interconnection procedures.


This paper describes a medical imaging technique, called Electrical-Impedance Tomography. It then considers those applications in which a real-time EIT system would be useful. A design for such a system is presented, highlighting those areas that are critical in a real-time application.


Poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, with a complicated nature, roots and multiple impacts. Although generally missing in the mainstream definitions, access to energy has become an increasingly importa nt aspect of this poverty. In modern societies access to energy is a basic con diti for full participation. In this context, even short-term deprivation result s in serious difficulties for the people affected. In the article we discuss the concept of energy poverty (its origin and problems with definitions), and ana lyse empirical data indicating the scope and impacts of the problem in the Slovak Republic. We suggest possible approach to defining energy poverty and offer f irst empirical findings. In conclusion we discuss methodological problems wi th the conceptualization of energy poverty and possible definitions, and out line challenges and further


A versatile, high‐speed multichannel counter, which has maximum temporal resolution Δt=30 ns and channel length up to 4095, has been developed for various kinds of time‐resolved laser spectroscopic measurements. High speed, large counting capacity, low cost for fabrication, and ease of circuit assembly have been accomplished by introducing both parallel and pipe‐line processing. The performance of this system has been verified in the applications to cw laser radar, time‐of‐flight measurement of molecular beam, and radiative lifetime measurement.


Scalability issues for routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have been typically addressed using hybrid routing schemes operating in a hierarchical network architecture. Several clustering schemes have been proposed to dynamically identify and maintain hierarchy in MANETs. To achieve significant performance gains, it is important that the underlying clustering scheme is able to identify stable clusters such that the cost associated with maintaining the clustered architecture is minimized. In this paper, we study the impact of mobility prediction schemes on the temporal stability of the clusters obtained using a mobility-aware clustering framework. We investigate the performance of the prediction schemes with respect to Gauss-Markov, Random Waypoint, and Reference Point Group mobility models under varying network and mobility conditions. Our results indicate that while mobility prediction significantly improves temporal stability of the clusters, an accurate mobility tracking algorithm need not always lead to an accurate mobility prediction scheme.


We introduce a scalable hardware architecture for large-scale invertible logic. Invertible logic has been recently presented that can realize bidirectional computing probabilis-tically based on Hamiltonians with a small number of non-zero elements. In order to store and compute the Hamiltonians efficiently in hardware, a sparse matrix representation of PTELL (partitioned and transposed ELLPACK) is proposed. A memory size of PTELL can be smaller than that of a conventional ELL by reducing the number of paddings while parallel reading of non-zero values are realized for high-throughput operations. As a result, the proposed scalable invertible-logic hardware based on PTELL is designed on Xilinx KC705 FPGA board, which achieves two orders of magnitude faster than an 8-core CPU implementation.


Workers' compensation insurance (WCI) premiums for construction companies are higher than those for most other industries. WCI is increasingly affecting contractors' ability to conduct business and has already made the costs of performing certain types of work in certain states prohibitively expensive. However, there are a number of strategies construction companies can employ to lower their WCI costs. These include the formation of industry groups, safety programs, and lobbying for legislative reform. Groups of like-minded employers pool risk and provide better credit worthiness to potential insurers. Insurers in return are able to reduce marketing costs as well as claims processing and safety costs. An effective safety program can also greatly reduce workplace injuries. Multidepartmental and multilevel teams with the support of top management can help establish, implement, and continuously improve safety programs. Along with voluntary measures that an employer can take, it is essential that employers encourage their legislators to cure the workers' compensation system. In states where legislative reform has taken place, losses and premiums have declined significantly. The writers hope that this paper will encourage construction companies to better understand the control they have over their own WCI costs and the benefits of improving their own safety performance.


While diving into the background ideas about caste and race as legal categories, a researcher will discover an important disagreement between scholars: For some, caste is certainly connected with race, whereas for others, caste and race are separate concepts which refer to distinct realities. The aim of this article is twofold: To consider the validity of several characteristics which are ascribed by many authors as common to caste and race, and to analyse background assumptions that enabled the comparison between caste and race as such. The important question, connected with both these aims is about the emergence of the idea that the ancient "Hindu nation" was divided into two peoples, and castes as a system are reflecting the original division in modern India. We will closely examine comparisons made between the advent of Aryans in India and slavery in the United States and Africa. Finally, we will reconsider the European ideas of human evolution and equality of men, which served as a contrasting board for explanations of caste as a form of slavery.


The author describes the importance of developing students' speaking skills in the process of teaching a foreign language for specific purposes. The methods which should be used for developing speaking skills are presented. The exercises and tasks that encourage students to think and develop foreign language professional speaking skills of a certain branch are described. The methods that provide interconnection between studying language in a real context of a certain professional branch and developing professional motivation of students are analysed. It is considered that for the successful development of students' speaking skills, real-life situations should be prepared to motivate students, give them confidence, expand terminology, making learning exciting and fun. When teaching a foreign language for specific purposes, attention should be paid to the developing of the students' speaking skills, which are aimed at mastering the future profession and help improve the level of general and professional culture, and contribute to the preparation for intercultural communication. The methods, exercises and tasks offered during teaching a foreign language for specific purposes should be problematic and encourage students to debate and express their own thoughts. The acquired knowledge is believed to be changed. Consequently, the author proves that innovative teaching methods should be used to teach students how to think, to find the necessary information, to improve their knowledge that will be needed in the future profession. These methods allow students to be actively involved in their professional field, which encourage them to search for necessary information, which promotes creative thinking, enrichment of vocabulary, and development of students' speaking skills. It also causes great interest for studying, thus contributing to the effective mastering of vocabulary and terminology which is very important for developing students' speaking skills. The theoretical knowledge acquired in the learning process should be used in practice and give students the opportunity to develop and improve knowledge of a foreign language and use acquired speaking skills of a foreign language in the future professional activities.


Nialamide produces effective monamine oxidase inhibition resulting in a three‐ to fivefold increase in tryptamine excretion when administered in a dose of 100 mg. for 10 days. L‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine, given in a dose of 75 to 100 mg. to normal volunteers receiving nialamide in a dose of 100 mg. daily for 10 days, produces a prompt and prolonged elevation in the blood pressure. Flushing of the face, heat, and pounding of the heart were poduced in most subjects. The blood pressure elevation was considered to be secondary to the intake of large amounts of the potent precursor in the presence of effective monamine oxidase inhibition. The active amine was not identified but could have been dopamine, norepinephrine, or a mixture of the two.


SUMMARY Long-period records of surface waves from WWSSN, GDSN, IDA and GEOSCOPE stations are analysed to retrieve purely continental dispersion of the African continent in the period range of 20-200 s for Rayleigh waves and 20-125 s for Love waves. The phase and group velocities are obtained by two-station and single-station methods, with earthquakes within or near the continent. A regionalization without any a priori constraints is performed over the whole African continent to retrieve local phase and group velocities. Phase- and group-velocity geographical distributions show in the northeast of Africa, near the Red Sea, a region with lower velocities extending to the west, and high velocities in the northwestern and southern parts of Africa. At long periods, there is a general agreement with global models, but the resolution is improved in this regional study. In the resulting 3-D structure, cratonic areas show a fast lithosphere from the NW to the SE. Whereas the high SV velocities of the NW area extend deeper than 200 km, lower velocities appear below this depth in the centre. In the Red Sea region low velocities are locally deep-rooted, with a slow lithospheric layer 150 km thick extending to the west. In this region polarization anisotropy is evidenced by Love-Rayleigh incompatibility. Short-period lateral variations are used to model the crustal thickness.


The formation conditions of strained (non-equilibrium) triple junctions of grain boundaries were studied by the method of molecular dynamics. It is shown that strained triple junctions, containing excess free volume, mainly forms during crystallization process in the result of "locking" of the liquid phase density at a meeting of the three crystallization fronts and, as a consequence, of the concentration of excess free volume in the triple junction after solidification.


Nectar-feeding birds are prominent in many parts of the world, and vary with respect to body size. Despite the availability of considerable morphometric data, few concerted efforts have been made to assess the influence of attributes such as mass, wing length and leg morphology upon the speed, acceleration, mode and energetic cost of movement by birds between flowers when foraging for nectar. This review attempts to consolidate and interpret available data and highlight areas where further investigations appear warranted. Australian honeyeaters are generally larger, and American hummingbirds smaller, than Hawaiian honeycreepers and sunbirds of Africa or Asia. Sunbirds, honeyeaters and honeycreepers generally perch while extracting nectar from flowers. Hummingbirds usually hover, apparently because suitable perches close to flowers are lacking, and not because hovering increases the speed at which flowers can be visited. Honeyeaters move from one flower to another at speeds that are at least as great as those for hummingbirds. Most passerine nectarivores need to ingest more nectar per day than hummingbirds in order to maintain energy balance, some species devoting more than 60% of the day to foraging. The major consequence of reduced foraging activity by hummingbirds, which spend only 5–30% of the day in this manner, appears to be male emancipation from nest construction and care of offspring. Large nectarivores have a greater capacity to store surplus food and to fast than smaller birds, and so can take advantage of short-lived peaks in nectar abundance. Nectarivores such as honeyeaters should therefore be favoured by the rapid diurnal changes in nectar availability which are characteristic of many Australian and African habitats. Body mass also determines the likely access to rich sources of nectar through size-related interspecific dominance hierarchies. In all families, larger species tend to monopolize the most rewarding nectar supplies, forcing smaller subordinate species to use poorer, more scattered sources. Within particular species, males usually have longer wings and greater masses than females. These variations imply that the two sexes differ with regard to their foraging ecology, although few supporting data are currently available.


A rotary device was used for comparing the catches of mosquitoes by light traps. The species trapped were Aedes melanimon Dyar, Anopheles freeborni Aitken, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett. The variation arising from differences in traps was rarely significant while nightly variation was almost invariably significant.

The heat produced by a 25-watt light bulb did not result in higher catches than when a cold bulb was used. Vertical or horizontal screens tended to reduce the numbers of mosquitoes caught, the vertical screens having the greater effect. Trap color had little effect on catch. Air movement by the fan also had little effect on the catch although the range of air movements studied was not great. The catch was directly related to light intensity of the source. Evidence is presented that background illumination interferes with the discrimination of light intensities by mosquitoes. The bearing of these factors on the total amount of variation in a trapping program is discussed.


The utility model discloses an automobile contest runway, comprising at least a soft waterproof membrane. The soft waterproof membrane is covered with a concrete separator layer patched up by a plurality of prefabricated plates; the aperture between each adjacent prefabricated plate is filled with high strength concrete higher than No. 40; the surface of the concrete separator layer is sprayed with an emulsified asphalt layer; the emulsified asphalt layer is covered with an asphalt road surface layer not less than 6 cm thick mixed with pebbles. The automobile contest runway is easy to fix and disassemble, can be combined with the landform and relief of the field with no damage to the original field and the material can be repeatedly used.


Aiming at the difficult flow-back of fracturing fluid in low-permeability and low-pressure gas reservoir,a new type of carbon dioxide foam fracturing technology is proposed.The effects of temperature field change in well-bore and reservoir during fracturing on the gas-liquid transferring were investigated.The laboratory experiments for improving the rheology of carbon dioxide foam fracturing fluid and treatment effectiveness of constant-internal-phase technology were carried out.Field test indicates that carbon dioxide foam fracturing technique can reduce the volume of water-based fracturing fluid flowing into gas reservoir,provide the flow-back energy for fracturing fluid,fasten fracturing fluid flow-back automatically and prolifically,as well as can reduce the second damage to formation and improve the fracturing effectiveness in low-permeability and low-pressure gas reservoir.


There are a large number of risks inherent in the contemporary business world. The healthcare industry is specifically vulnerable to cybercrime as it depends to a large extent on electronic health information. The increasing threat presented by cybercrime should be considered by organizations when formulating their emergency operating mechanisms. It is also important for healthcare providers to understand the critical cybersecurity scenarios and to prepare themselves according. The only ways security risks and dangers can be decreased are through alertness, awareness, preparedness, and rapid response. This is not easy but can be achieved if one is willing to remain committed to this cause for a long time; it will lead to extensive benefits for a strong healthcare ecosystem. Thus, the current study provides the cybersecurity challenges and recommendations in healthcare sector.


Six hours after mitral valve replacement (MVR), the posterior wall of the myocardium ruptured in the ICU in a 58-year-old man. The bleeding was controlled by opening the chest and applying finger pressure over the defect, and the patient was returned to the operating room while the finger pressure was in place. After restarting the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegic arrest, the myocardial rupture site was successfully repaired externally by using a large piece of pericardium (Iranian Heart Journal 2004; 5(4): 57-60).


The utility model discloses a portable water kettle for a spinning bike, which comprises a water kettle body (1), wherein a magnetic assembly is arranged on the water kettle body (1). The portable water kettle disclosed by the utility mode is simple in structure and can be mounted on a frame of the spinning bike conveniently without additionally arranging other mounting assemblies on the frame.


This paper will examine the expanded role Contemporary art has assumed in rebranding Paris, France's flagship capital, as a cutting edge, technological, innovative and competitive global city. Paris has effectively incorporated contemporary art into the fabric of the whole city with exhibitions such as those originating at the Grand Palais spreading to venues throughout the inner and outer 'quartier'. France has used arts and culture to claim supremacy in the world whether colonial or local for centuries with Paris the ultimate 'brand'. Post WWII Paris however, saw this brand diminished and claims to artistic supremacy replaced by New York. In an effort to regain some relevancy Paris, and by extension France, began the process of re-branding concordant with political, economic and technological advancement through the fervent promotion of contemporary art. Contemporary Paris through contemporary art aspires to a transnational and post-national site of spectacle; a leading locus for art to be consumed. Paris's mass contemporary art consumption era began in 1972 with De Gaulle's efforts to replace military and imperial power with cultural dominance (though the recent concurrent inaugurations of outposts for the French military and the Louvre in Abu Dhabi may suggest a 'rapprochement' of the domains), inaugurating a litany of new contemporary exhibitions, art fairs, monuments and museums. Furthermore, with the redefinition of contemporary French art from an art produced by French artists to art produced in the "territory of France", this universalizing re-branding of contemporary art attempts to validate Paris's claim to global cultural supremacy. I discuss particular events such as the art fair FIAC, La Force de L' Art and Monumenta to illustrate the use of Contemporary art to shape and brand contemporary Paris.


Aim To probe the distinctive features with non-X-ray application of Richards screw-plat.Methods Resorting to sliding compression of goose-head nails in non-X-ray treatment of inter-trochanteric fracture,and a summary of the operative approach,post operation treatmentand curative effect.Results For three to twenty-four months follow-upshows that the fracture in each case is healed up,with two cases of coax enstrophe,one case of screw penetrating femur,The excellence rate of coax fracture is up to 89.5%.Conclusion Non-X-ray Richards screw-plate treatment of inter-trochanteic fracture is characterized by less bleeding,no irradiation but a big incision.


The archival zoological collections are the foundation of taxonomic nomenclature and systematics research. Name-bearing zoological collection of a species or subspecies and their comparative data often resolved many ambiguities in systematics, distribution patterns and other biological information. In this study, we revisited the sea turtles collections available at Zoological Survey of India and Indian Museum Gallery. The aimed study may reconcile the previous and present range distribution of this oldest faunal component in Indian waters. The detailed collateral data of the studied species would substantiate to know the actual range distribution, estimate the anthropogenic threats, and effect of climate change in estuarine eco-system, which helps in better conservation strategies.


Background: Multimodal postoperative analgesia with intravenous ibuprofen can reduce the consumption of opioids and reduce the postoperative pain intensity. Recommended dose in the USA and Europe is 800 mg every 6 hours for the management of moderate to severe postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 800 mg is needed in the Chinese population.Methods: This is a multicenter, randomized, controlled multi-center trial. Adult patients (18-65 years of age) scheduled for abdominal or orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were eligible. Subjects were randomized at a ratio of 1:1:1 to receive ibuprofen at 400 or 800 mg or saline every 6 hours for 48 hours after the operation. All subjects received morphine access through patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) device, which was set as background infusion rate 0.5 mg/h, bolus 1 mg, 5-minute lock interval and 20-mg 4-hour limit. The primary endpoint was morphine consumption within the first 24 hours after surgery. Results: A total of 396 patients were enrolled (180 men, 216 women; 46±12.4 years of age; 106 patients receiving abdominal surgery, and 290 patients receiving orthopedic surgery). The number of patients was 131 in the placebo group, 132 in the 400-mg group, and 133 in the 800-mg group. The 3 groups did not differ in age, sex, BMI and the type of surgery. Median 24-hour morphine consumption was 39.1 mg (IQR: 29.7, 61.7) mg in the placebo control, 29.8 mg (IQR: 24.3, 43.7) mg in the 400-mg group, and 28.0 mg (IQR: 24.1, 35.9) in the 800-mg group (P<0.001 for comparisons between placebo versus 400 and 800 mg ibuprofen). There was no significant difference between the two ibuprofen groups (P=0.125). Analgesia-related adverse events did not differ among the 3 groups.Conclusions: Intravenous ibuprofen at either 400 or 800 mg every 6 hours could reduce postoperative morphine consumption, with apparently equal efficacy in Chinese population.


Review(s) of: Obsessive compulsive disorder: Current science and clinical practice, by Joseph Zohar, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. USD 100.00; pp358, ISBN: 978-0470711255.


A focussed-mesh electron multiplier (FMEM) has been combined with a wedge and strip position-sensitive anode to create a novel detector that is considered likely to have a number of applications in space astronomy and laboratory image sensing. Results from the first application of a wedge and strip anode to an FMEM are presented including spatial resolution, spatial linearity, background rate, and pulse risetime. The converted multiplier retains the attributes of an FMEM that made it attractive in the first place, such as low background, high speed, and high dynamic range. >


This paper presents new converter topologies for low-power voltage sag compensators, based on the elimination of the series transformer and the utilization of converter structures with reduced number of semiconductor switches. The main aspects for the specification of the components and a design example are described, along with a simulation study, including the evaluation of the operation of the proposed compensators with nonlinear loads.


A group G is said to be (l, m, n)-generated if it is a quotient of the triangle group [Formula: see text]. Moori posed in 1993 the question of finding all the triples (l, m, n) such that non-abelian finite simple groups are (l, m, n)-generated. We partially answer this question for the Fischer sporadic simple group Fi23. In particular, we investigate all (2, q, r)-generations for the Fischer sporadic simple group Fi23, where q and r are distinct prime divisors of |Fi23|.


The plume produced by a ps UV laser is analyzed, with the aim of understanding the ultra-narrow (isotopically resolvable) re-absorption lines that we observed with this type of irradiation.


This article proposes that James Clerk Maxwell's theory of the medium of aether, published in 1865, provides a significant step toward the unification of gravity, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, and entanglement.


The present paper deals with some fixed point theorems for a class of mixed type of contraction maps possessing the asymptotically regular property in a 2-Banach space.


The effects of chemistry, substrate, and processing conditions on through-thickness cation distributions are explored in solution-derived morphotropic composition lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films. Films prepared from chelate-based and conventional sol–gel chemistries were spin cast onto Pt/ZnO/SiO2/Si and Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates and pyrolyzed at 300°C, 350°C, and 400°C prior to crystallization at 700°C either in a preheated furnace or via rapid thermal processing. For films crystallized within a conventional furnace on Pt/ZnO/SiO2/Si substrates no chemical gradients were observed. All films prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates had increased titanium concentrations near the PZT/Pt interfaces, and the source is shown to be titanium diffusing from the substrate metallization stack. The effect of heating method and rate was explored in films prepared on Pt/ZnO/SiO2/Si substrates with 15°C, 50°C, and 100°C/s heating rates within a rapid thermal annealer. Only one solution chemistry-heating rate combination resulted in the formation of a chemical gradient: a conventional sol–gel chemistry and a 50°C/s heating rate. Infrared spectroscopy of pyrolyzed gel films showed absorption spectra differences in the bonding structure between the two chemistries with the conventional sol–gel-derived films exhibiting a signature more similar to that of a PbTiO3 gel, suggestive of a gel-structure source of gradient formation during crystallization.


Not so long ago, most anthropologists held a view of pre-Columbian Amazonian peoples as fairly uniform across the region and roughly identical to 20th century ethnographic groups- a view based on very scanty direct evidence. Attention was therefore directed at contemporary social forms and singlesited ethnography, which seemed well suited to studying the small, dispersed, and autonomous villages of the region. In recent decades, archaeology and ethnohistory document much greater variability through time and space, notably complex, regional social formations and broad regional social networks. At the same time, contemporary issues of cultural 'property' rights have drawn attention to the agency and dynamism of indigenous social formations. In light of new views on Amazonia, as dynamic, diverse, and unpredictable, the unique ability of archaeologists to consider longterm change provides a critical perspective in regional ethnology, although in-depth archaeological investigations are rare.


One of the important nonphotic zeitgebers is food consumption. The timing of food consumption in relation to melatonin onset has been reported to be associated with fat proportion and BMI. Irregular meal timing along with irregular sleep schedules due to shift work would increase the metabolism problem as well as influencing sleep problems. The aim of the study is to evaluate the meal timing and food consumption in shift workers.

 The nurses with 3-rapid rotating shifts were enrolled to keep food diaries for two weeks including all three shift schedules. They filled out a morningness-eveningness questionnaire. They wore actigraphy to monitor sleep-wake patterns with a daily sleep diary. The timing and the frequencies of meal/snack and caffeine consumption during each shift and day-off were reviewed. The calorie from each food was calculated depending on the nutritional information on the internet.

 13 female nurses were screened and 6 finished the study. The mean age is 29.4±7.69 years and the mean body mass index was 20.2±1.1kg/m2. Average frequencies of meals are 2.59±0.49, 1.66±0.75, 1.93±0.41, 2.09±0.96 times per day, and average frequencies of snack consumption are 1.37±0.9, 1.07±0.74, 0.75±0.82, 0.96±0.79 times per day for the morning, evening, night, and the day off, respectively. Total calorie consumed are 1662.5±564.8, 1380.8 ± 940.3, 1596.8±838.1, 1505.8±706.9 kcals in the same order. Caffeine consumption was 0.29±0.46, 0.4±0.48, 0.72±0.65, 0.46±0.54 cups per day in the same order. One subject with morning type showed a relatively regular meal schedule throughout the shifts. The timing for main calorie consumption seemed to show delayed on evening and night shifts than morning shift although total calorie consumption was similar between each shift.

 Although this is a preliminary study with a small number of subjects, it showed shift worker nurses have an inconsistent number of meals and calorie intake depending on their shifts. Caffeine consumption is very lower than expected. The subject with morning chronotype seemed to keep relatively regular meal timing throughout the shifts, suggesting chronotype influences meal timing in shift workers.

 This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2019R1A2C1090643).


London based writer Colin Martin explores the motivations for collecting contemporary craft informing private and instutional collectors. The Kerfoot Collection housed at the Wagga Wagga Art Gallery in NSW is discussed as a private collection that became public when the Melbourne-based collector Doris Kerfoot gave 120 contemporary glass works, from the collection of 150 that she and her husband Geoff had acquired since the late 1970s.


We have previously showed that hirudin abruptly arrests thrombin-induced secretion of acid hydrolase at any stage of its progress, whereas it only affects dense granule secretion only at its initial stages; these results have been interpreted to show that acid hydrolase secretion requires sustained while dense granule secreion ony requires a brief receptor occupancy (Holmsen et al. JBC 256(1981)9393). The requirement for receptor occupancy in thrombin-induced α-granule secretion and secretion during aggregation have been studied. Increasing concentrations of thrombin were added to gel-fitered platelets containing a constant, high concentration of hirudin. Dense granule secretion was initiated at lower thrombin concentration than those required for α-granule secretion and aggregation; acid hydrolase secretion required higher concentrations. A 14-fold exess of hirudin produced abrupt stop of dense granule secretion and α-granule secretion when added to platelets shortly after thrombin; it had no affect after these secretory process had reached 30% of their maximal values. Acid hydrolase secretion was, however, abruptly stopped by hirudin at any stage. When the platelets were allowed to aggregate, all three secretory processes increased their rates and could now be abruptly stopped by hirudin at any stage. Aggregation (optical) occurred slower than dense granule andoαgranule secretion, and was reversed by hirudin when added before it had reached 30% of its maximum. It is concluded thatαgranule secretion, like dense granule secretion, only requires a short receptor occupancy to be completed, in contrast to the requirement for sustained occupancy for hydrolase secretion.α-granule secretion might, however, require longer occupancy than dense granule secretion. It is possible that aggregation potentiates all secretory responses through close cell contact and that the abrupt inhibition by hirudin of all secretions may have been caused by its effect on the slower aggregation.


Dioxins are polichlorinated organic compounds, which can be introduced in food chain and are known for having adverse effects in human and animal health, causing problems in embryo, in physical development and are carcinogenic and affect reproductive function. The security level is not known with confidence, attending that is possible to induce cancer in laboratory animals even with very low doses. Dioxins are actively absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and accumulate in the organism in the adipose tissue, increasing the risk with the intensity and duration of the exposure, i.e. with the age. In respect to carcinogenicity, the tetra chlorinated congener, "2,3,7,8-TCDD" (tetra chlorinateddibenzo-dioxin) is one of the most toxic substances with a well known carcinogenic potential for human beings. We present a case study of Dioxin food chain contamination, in poultry meat, occurred in Portugal, 2006. The current study tries to assess the efficacy of the measures taken to address the problem which have a high risk to public health. The results of the study allow us to firmly conclude that the origin of the contamination of poultry meat was the respective litters, which were composites by wood litters from pine trees burned in the summer forest fires. The assessed data demonstrates a good correlation between the profile of dioxin contamination accidentally induced in nature and their respective repercussions in food chain. Comunicacao afixada e resumo publicado no âmbito da dissertacao: Cardo, M.; Mariano, G.; Pinto, M.; Ferreira, E.; Martins, A.; Teixeira, A.; Almeida, I.; Bernardo, F.; Pinheiro, C.A. (2007). Gestao de risco de dioxinas em produtos avicolas. 8o Encontro de Quimica dos alimentos, Beja, Marco de 2007. Organizado por Instituto Politecnicode Beja, Escola Superior Agraria de Beja e Sociedade Portuguesa de Quimica, Beja, Portugal. 383-387


A method allowing the determination of currents and capacitances in the fA and fF range, respectively, is presented. It consists in a test cell associated with a standard measurement equipment. The principle is described and experimental results illustrate some possibilities of this method.


AbstractThis paper presents finite time thermodynamics analysis of an irreversible air standard Atkinson cycle. An irreversible Atkinson cycle model, which is closer to practice, is established. In this model, the effects of stroke length and volume efficiency by considering the non‐linear relation between the specific heats of working fluid and its temperature, the frictional loss, the internal irreversibility and heat transfer loss are analysed. The results show that if compression ratio is less than certain value, the power output increases with increasing stroke length, while if compression ratio exceeds certain value, the power output first increases and then starts to decrease with increasing stroke length. With further increasing compression ratio, the increase in stroke length results in a decrease in the power output. The results also show that, throughout the compression ratio range, the power output increases with increasing volumetric efficiency. The results obtained in the present study are o...


A general expectation is that the stock prices and inflation should positively relate, and that the common stocks are a hedge against inflation because stock represents the ownership of the real assets. The relationship between the stock prices and inflation has been investigated extensively in the literatures (Jaffe and Mandelker (1976), Fama and Schwert (1977), Schwert (1991), and Boudoukh and Richardson (1993)). Moreover the empirical studies suggest that there are anomalies in the stock return and inflation relationship but there is not enough explanation of the negative relationship in the literatures reviewed. After the drastic financial sector meltdown of 2008 and the world wide negative macroeconomic consequences, there has been renewed focus on the macro prudential policies. It is observed that economic and financial stability are important objectives which need to be factored into central bank and government thinking rather than an excessive focus on inflation using the interest rates as the principle instrument of choice. Since 2009, the developed economies like US have maintained very low to negative interest rates using unprecedented policies (UMPs). In contrast to the developed economies, India escaped with the relatively little damage to its banks since its capital account is relatively closed and its financial sector is predominantly government owned. Moving to the Indian inflation, which is the prime focus and a polemic issue in the last 6 decades, India's average annual inflation rate was about 6.7% per annum. This rate of inflation was not particularly high compared to the rates prevailing in the developing and emerging economies.


The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of Al tolerance of sweet sorghum at seedling stage. The four populations in this research were UPCA S1 (P1, susceptible parent) and Numbu (P2, tolerant parent), F1 and F1 reciprocal and F2. The crosses of parental, F1, F1R and F2 generation were grown in University Farm of IPB and UPTD Tenjo from June 2008 to June 2009. The study of Al tolerance inheritance in nutrient solution was conducted in green house of University Farm of IPB from July-August 2009. Based on reciprocal analysis, all of characters are controlled by nuclear genes and their inheritance in not affected by maternal cytoplasm. The distribution of F2 genotype indicated continuous with skewnesses which indicate that all characters are polygenics. All characters of Al tolerance in seedling stage i.e. root length, root and shoot dry weight were controlled by additive gene action with contribution by complementary epistasis gene except shoot length that is controlled by additive gene action with duplicate epistasis gene. All characters had broad sense heritability from medium to high. Based on heritability value, pedigree selection is the most effective selection method in breeding program for sorghum tolerance to Al.


Any medical, therapeutic or interventional procedure on the patient must be aimed at preserving the dignity of the human person subject to the instruments of vital maintenance. Highly invasive therapeutic treatments may not represent an adequate solution to the future of the patient's physical restoration. In many cases, even after the use of several instruments to restore the physical and mental capacity of the terminal patient, the presented situation does not justify the continuity of the use of the invasive therapeutic means. Pioneering projects in Brazil have been establishing the implementation of public health policies called palliative care. The proposal is to guarantee the termination of life with quality, free of pain and in an environment that respects the autonomy of the patient. This determination for non-subjection to 1Graduanda do Curso de Direito na Universidade do Contestado Campus Mafra. Santa Catarina. Brasil. E-mail: email@example.com. 2 Mestre em Direito. Orientadora da Pesquisa. Membro do Corpo Docente da Universidade do Contestado Campus Mafra. Santa Catarina. Brasil. E-mail: email@example.com A dignidade da morte: o cuidado paliativo como direito fundamental 96 Ágora: R. Divulg. Cient., v. 23, n. 2, p. 95-112, jul./dez. 2018 (ISSNe 2237-9010) treatments of prolonged life and pain, can be manifested in an instrument called the anticipated directives of will. The model, because it represents the interruption or suspension of medical procedures and therapeutics, allows the disease to proceed in its normal course, which will result in the death of the patient.


Reaeration is one of the main sources of dissolved oxygen in water, so the reaeration ability is an important research topic related with determinination of dissolved oxygen concentration in water . The paper first discusses some theoretical aspects of reaeration and points out that air bubble interface transfer must be considered together with free water surface interface transfer when there are many air bubbles in water, such as in the water-body downstream of high dam during spillage or in the wave breaking water. Currently there is no universal equation suitable for every river with respect to air bubble interface transfer coefficient or free water surface transfer coefficient, with most equations having omitted one or several important factors. The effective saturation concentration and the effective depth where air bubbles are entrapped into water are introduced in this paper to explain the relation between DO saturation concentration and water depth. The two parameters see to it that if the water depth increases, the DO effective saturation concentration will increase and the DO concentration in water will be more likely supersaturated.


The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of previously reported susceptibility variants in the development of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes in non‐white children. Tested variants included rs2290400, which has been linked to Type 1 diabetes only in one study on white people. Haplotypes at 17q12‐q21 encompassing rs2290400 are known to determine the susceptibility of early‐onset asthma by affecting the expression of flanking genes.


This paper aims to identify the determinants towards the adoption of e-commerce adoption particularly in Malaysia's SMEs furniture industry. The scope of study in SMEs furniture industry can be considered as significant and appropriate in view of its establishments with significant effect to the overall Malaysian economy. The finding of the study indicated that adoption factors such as organizational readiness, external pressure, perceived ease of use and perceived benefit are positively related to ecommerce adoption. The result was found consistent with the outcome from previous studies in similar area. Hence, such generalization from the result of the study particularly in Malaysia SMEs can be considered as appropriate and relevant in view of the present competitive market environment that demands a better way of managing business as compared to the traditional means. Future research should take into considerations on other determinants towards the adoption of e-commerce among SMEs in Malaysia. For examples, top management support, presence of information technology (IT) skills, availability of consultancy, prioritization of e-commerce to the enterprise, perceived risk, enthusiasm of top management and compatibility with the work of the company.


Abstract This paper presents a standard H∞ controller design for singularly perturbed systems with frequency domain by unified approach using the delta operators. Decomposition of the singularly perturbed systems into the fast and slow subsystems is shown. And the delta operator approach is implemented to improve a finite word-length (FWL) characteristics. The delta operator systems have the better FWL characteristics over the shift operator systems. The result is shown in the example.


This letter illustrates the electrical and mechanical design, simulation, and test results of a high-power miniaturized beam steering network for SAR applications at X-band using a waveguide based <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8 \times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> butler matrix. The unit has an insertion loss of better than 0.4 dB and isolation of better than 25 dB over 600 MHz bandwidth at 9.6 GHz. The unit has been tested for power handling of up to 500 W average and peak power of up to 6 kW. The mechanical size has been contained under <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$478\times 362\times264$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm3 using a novel nonplanar structural design.


To assess, under direct visualization, medical interviews, performed by 48 interns in 96 inpatients, we used a list of 44 deficiencies. Such deficiencies concerning to the history of the present disorder (HPD), types of questions, and general features, classified as mayor, important, and minor. There was a total of 783 deficiencies (media, 8.1


Based on the theory of mass and energy conservation in soils,the principle of energy budget on soil surface,and the theory of aerodynamics,a model of coupled soil moisture and heat transfer in soil-atmosphere continuum during soil freezing and thawing is established.The model includes the model of soil water and heat transfer,the relationship between soil temperature and unfrozen water,and the model of water and heat exchange in interface between soil and atmosphere.The model resolved by the Newton-Naphson iterative technique is used to simulate the process of soil freezing and thawing.Compared with the simulated and measured,the result shows that the model is reasonable and can be used to simulate water and heat transfer on seasonal freezing and thawing soil.


Unconstitutional investigation system is American unique contribution to the constitutional theory and it is also an important principle in American constitution. It is originated from American independent war leader's ideas on nature and power-division-thought. It has the basic features of basing on constitution and being confined by the two. It is of great help in supervising its implement and upholding its spirits.


Melon breeding is directed at improving the quality of the fruit needed to meet consumers' demands. The assessment of hybrid melon candidates on important characteristics (vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS) at five maturity stages is needed to get hybrid melon varieties with good fruit quality and determine the right harvest time. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic parameters of vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS contents of D-612 × PK-669 and PK-361 × PK-165 crossings at five stages of maturity. The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight genotypes as treatment and three replications, so there were 24 experimental units. The eight melon genotypes were G1 = D-612 × PK-669, G2 = PK-669 × D-612, G3 = D-612, G4 = PK-669, G5 = PK-361 × PK-165, G6 = PK-165 × PK-361, G7 = PK-361, and G8 = PK-165. The content of vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS was observed at five maturity stages, namely, at 55 DAP, 60 DAP, 65 DAP, 70 DAP, and 75 DAP. The right harvest time for the eight genotypes tested was maturity stage 4 (70 DAP) because it had the highest vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS contents compared to other maturity stages. The inheritance of vitamin A and C content was not affected by the maternal effect, while TSS was influenced by the maternal effect. The vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS content characteristics had higher phenotypic diversity coefficients than genetic diversity coefficients, while heritability values in the broad sense for the three melon genotypic characteristics ranged from 0.613 to 0.968. Crosses of PK-165 × PK-361 can be used to assemble hybrid melon varieties that have high vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS contents because they have positive values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the three characteristics.


In this article we present a learning method to obtain rules for the semantic query optimization in deductive databases. Semantic query optimization can dramatically speed up deductive database query answering by knowledge intensive reformulation. We will present a learning method for rules that will help to semantically optimize queries for deductive databases.i We tried to change the algorithm in (2) to work for deductive database as well in this direction we propose a method for an approximate cost evaluation for deductive database predicates.


Fluidization is a two phase process involves on the suspension powdery solid layer in the stream of fluid (gas or liquid) flowing vertically from the bottom of the column. Intensive mixing occurs in bed and developed interfacial contact area creates the high heat and mass transfer coefficients. Nature of thefluidized bed allows to create a very good environment for the processes such as drying, combustion or conducting catalytic chemical reactions. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of changing the fluidizing medium velocity to the process of mixing taking place inside the bed of different weights and grain size. The range of the research included the study of heterogeneity of porosity, creation and association of bubbles of different sizes and shapes. The research was conducted in a laboratory reactor with bubbles, atmospheric fluidized bed in the form of quartz sand of varying particle size and weight. The air given through perforated gas distributor was fluidized medium. Image registration was conducted using high-speed and high resolution cameraBasler ace acA2000-340kc, with frequency of 500 frames per second. It was used two 400W halogens lamps for proper exposure of recorded movie. Digital image analysis of the experiments indicate the presence at least four characteristic phenomena in the fluidization process. In the initial stage, as the effect of increasing gas flow velocity the homogeneous fluidization was observed, in this stage the relaxation and a few millimeters rising of the bed occurred. As a result of further increasing the velocity occurred the slugging. At the moment when the fluid pressure equalized with the static pressure exerted by a layer of the bed, the bobbles fluidization began. Bobbles phase was Logistyka 4/2013 444/4/2013 164


There are a growing number of applications demanding high sensitivity visible to mid-infrared photodetectors operating at room temperature. Graphene is ideally suitable for optoelectronic photodetectors sensitive from visible to mid-infrared frequencies. Here we report the integration of graphene with thin film high-κ dielectric layers prepared by e-beam thermal evaporation, sputtering deposition and atomic layer deposition methods for the graphene field effect transistor photodetector development. The impact of dielectric layers on graphene properties and the operation of photodetectors varies based on the choice of dielectric and deposition parameters. This work provides a route for use of graphene in the infrared detection at room temperature.


The book includes visions of the future of branding by 25 leading international opinion formers. The introduction, conclusion, expert commentary and updated league tables are written by Interbrand Newell and Sorrell. The vision chapters are: Howard Schultz Karl-Heinz Kalbfell Will Hutton Mike Clasper Marieke van der Werf Paul Smith Thomas Carr Sepp Blatter Rita Karakas Geoffrey Lamb Steve Jones Sang Jin Park Patrick Gournay Lynne Franks Kyle Shannon Michael Perry Spike Lee Lee Clow Sandra Dawson David Puttnam Graham Mackay Jorge Cardenas Jo Harlow Gary Lyon Deepak Chopra


Snow sublimation can be an important component of the snow‐cover mass balance, and there is considerable interest in quantifying the role of this process within the water and energy balance of snow‐covered regions. In recent years, robust eddy covariance (EC) instrumentation has been used to quantify snow sublimation over snow‐covered surfaces in complex mountainous terrain. However, EC can be challenging for monitoring turbulent fluxes in snow‐covered environments because of intensive data, power, and fetch requirements, and alternative methods of estimating snow sublimation are often relied upon. To evaluate the relative merits of methods for quantifying surface sublimation, fluxes calculated by the EC, Bowen ratio–energy balance (BR), bulk aerodynamic flux (BF), and aerodynamic profile (AP) methods and their associated uncertainty were compared at two forested openings in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Biases between methods are evaluated over a range of environmental conditions, and limitations of each method are discussed. Mean surface sublimation rates from both sites ranged from 0.33 to 0.36 mm day−1, 0.14 to 0.37 mm day−1, 0.10 to 0.17 mm day−1, and 0.03 to 0.10 mm day−1 for the EC, BR, BF and AP methods, respectively. The EC and/or BF methods are concluded to be superior for estimating surface sublimation in snow‐covered forested openings. The surface sublimation rates quantified in this study are generally smaller in magnitude compared with previously published studies in this region and help to refine sublimation estimates for forested openings in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


SINCE ITS INITIAL DESCRIPTION, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia has been defined as a disease of lung parenchyma that is recognized by a characteristic clinical history and a roentgenographic pattern of scattered nonsegmental peripheral infiltrates.1-4 It has been emphasized recently that these features are sufficiently specific to allow definitive diagnosis without the necessity of lung biopsy in most instances.34 In this report we describe a patient with combined eosinophilic pneumonia and bronchitis whose atypical presentation resulted in diagnostic confusion and delay of appropriate therapy.


The purpose of this study is develop a scale to determine the democratic tendency of prospective teachers. To achieve this aim, various theoretical sources were analysed by consulting the experts in the field and the items of the scale were formed. The study group consists of 537 prospective teachers of 3rd and 4 th grade, attending the Faculty of Education, Mersin University. Upon the analysis, it was seen that the scale had a structure of one dimension with four components. The components are the democratic level of prospective teachers, the democratic approach to students, Class management and freedom of expression. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient is .74 for the scale and the reliability coefficients for the components are .83, .76, .61 and .62 respectively. These results indicate that the scale has sufficient validity and reliability.


In this paper, we consider the problems of suboptimal control for a class of linear systems with a constant state time-delay. We develop the method of suboptimal control based on sensitivity parameter. The two-point boundary value problem with not only time-delay terms but also time-advance terms is translated into infinite two-point boundary value problems without time-delay and time-advance terms. Through intercepting frontal finite terms of the optimal series solution, we obtain a suboptimal control law. Number of the term intercepted is dependent on the size of the time-delay. The method is especially suitable for the synthesis of small time-delay systems. The arithmetic of solving the suboptimal control law is given. The simulation results show the effectiveness of our method.