Metals and other elements concentrations in biodiesel, its raw materials and co-products depend on several factors, including the production process adopted. The presence of these elements, as inorganic contaminants, may affect the biodiesel production process and its properties, and consequently, the quality of the fuel. The great variety of raw materials and of production processes, as its high, spread and increasing consumption, is leading to stricter conditions by the fuel quality control agencies. In this work, analytical methods for the determination for inorganic analysis of biodiesel, raw materials (oilseeds and vegetable oils) and glycerin, which is the main co-product resulting from the biodiesel production, are proposed. The methodologies were developed using different procedures for sample preparation and different atomic spectrometric techniques for element determination. Additionally, the methods proposed were applied to evaluate the stability of some metals in the biodiesel matrix and for the determination of trace and others elements in different steps of the biodiesel production process. Methods are proposed for the determination of 19 elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn) in seven different oilseeds, using ICP-MS and ICP-OES; for the determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn, P and S in vegetable oils and biodiesel by ICP -OES, using a simple dilution in alcohol (ethanol or 1-propanol), as sample preparation procedure and for the determination of Cr and Fe using ICP-DRC-MS. Moreover, different calibration techniques and modifiers were evaluated for the determination of Cd, Pb and Tl in biodiesel using ET AAS. A simple method for the determination of Na and K, as residues of the catalysts, in glycerin by F AES has also been developed. All proposed methods proved to be simple, accurate and precise for the determination of trace and other elements in the mentioned samples. The obtained limits of detection (3s, n = 10) were suitable for the intended analysis. The accuracy of the methods was evaluated by recovery tests, by comparing the results to the ones obtained using a different analytical technique and in, some cases, by the analysis of certified reference materials. The evaluation along the time of the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb in different samples of biodiesel obtained from different raw materials, has been shown that, under the applied conditions, the concentrations were stable within a period of 19 months. These results of metal stability in biodiesel samples may be important for the development of new reference samples with certified concentrations for elements of interest. The methodology has shown to be suitable for monitoring the concentrations of trace and other elements in different steps of the biodiesel production process, enabling the identification of possible sources of these elements and allowing a better understanding of the presence and fate of the inorganic contaminants throughout the production process. It was found that the oil chemically extracted from the seeds is richer in the studied elements than the oil extracted under pressure and that oil purification is important to reduce the contaminants concentrations.


Abstract : Our overall goal is to characterize axonal and myelin damage in human spinal cord injury, its evolution over time, and response to therapy. Towards this end, we have developed a set of in-vivo magnetic resonance imaging methods. We have successfully implemented a refined high-resolution approach to imaging the transverse diffusion properties of human spinal cord in-vivo. This work reveals the internal architecture of the spinal cord white matter, not previously reported, and its distribution suggests that these diffusion results are driven by the diffusion barrier spacing. Kurtosis results support the complexity of the extracellular diffusion pathways as the primary determinant of these results. Prior work suggests that barrier spacing is largely a function of axon density, and indirectly related to the fiber diameter distribution. The imaging results also permit high-resolution identification of several white matter tracts, not otherwise visible in-vivo. We have also implemented in-vivo human subject spinal cord myelin imaging using an inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) approach. Prior work with this method indicates that it is sensitive to myelin content, and not confounded by edema or diffusion barrier spacing. Thus, diffusion and ihMT methods combine to offer independent assessment of axonal architecture (diffusion) and myelin content (ihMT). As both methods have been accomplished in-vivo in human subjects, this work will lead directly to characterization of axonal response to spinal cord injury in patients.


Attending to practice has become a significant topic in science education today. As scientific argumentation is a typical form of scientific practice as well as an important educational practice, more and more attention has been paid to it by science education researchers. Evaluating students' competence in scientific argumentation is one of the most important research topics, but in China, science researchers seldom concentrate on it because the diverse educational values of scientific argumentation need to be further understood. The present study sought to examine the performance of Chinese students participating in written scientific argumentation in the context of chemistry. After clarifying the conception of scientific argumentation in science education, and comparing the evaluation criteria in domestic and international science education research, written scientific argumentation tasks in the context of chemistry were designed and criteria for their evaluation were constructed and improved. In total five tasks were designed for evaluation. All of the five tasks were aimed at evaluating students' competence of selecting (or putting forward) claims, evidence and warrants, in addition, two tasks investigated the competence of refuting arguments. The general criteria for evaluation was constructed according to the four dimensions of scientific argumentation, they were the structure components, the content quality, the logic of justification and language. For each task, content criteria and performance criteria for evaluation were constructed. After analysis and improvement of the criteria based on two pilot tests and the Rasch model, it was obvious that the criteria met the standards, effectively and credibly, for this study on the assessment of students' competence in written scientific argumentation. The number of students who participated in the formal test was 578 (304 males and 274 females). Through this kind of evaluation, this study found that the students' competence in written scientific argumentation was generally weak, and was influenced by some factors. Specifically, firstly, the students could put forward claims and evidence more easily than warrants and rebuttals. Secondly, the specific tasks had an influence on the performance of the students in written scientific argumentation. In regard to other factors, gender did not influence the students' competence in written scientific argumentation, but the grade level and school level were key factors. The students' competence in written scientific argumentation at grade level four and three other school grade levels were significantly different. Finally, some changes to the Chinese chemistry curriculum were proposed based on the results of this study.


This paper is concerned with the problems of reachability and observability of a plug-flow reactor equation with diffusion term. It is shown that the system with boundary inputs is formulated as an well-defined boundary control system, and that it is approximately reachable at any time through a Fourier series expansion of the solution. It is also shown that the boundary control system associated with only one boundary input is approximately reachable except for special values of diffusion and reaction constants, and the unreachable subspace is determined for the exceptional boundary control systems. Furthermore, the results concerning observability are derived through a concrete expression of the solution to the system of plug-flow reactor diffusion equation with the output equation.


Existing vehicle experiment systems tend to focus on the research of vehicle dynamics by conducting performance tests on every system or some parts of the vehicle so as to improve the entire performance of the vehicle.Virtual technology is widely utilized in various vehicle test-beds.These test-beds are mainly used to simulate the driving training,conduct the research on drivers' behaviors,or give virtual demonstrations of the transportation environment.However,the study on the active safety of the running vehicle in the virtual environment is still insufficient.A virtual scene including roads and vehicles is developed by using the software Creator and Vega,and radars and cameras are also simulated in the scene.Based on dSPACE's rapid prototyping simulation and its single board DS1103,a simulation model including vehicle control signals is set up in MATLAB/Simulink,the model is then built into C code,and the system defined file(SDF) is downloaded to the DS1103 board through the experiment debug software ControlDesk and is kept running.Programming is made by mixing Visual C++ 6.0,MATLAB API and Vega API.Control signals are read out by invoking library function MLIB/MTRACE of dSPACE.All the input,output,and system state values are acquired by arithmetic and are dynamically associated with the running status of the virtual vehicle.An intelligent vehicle experiment system is thus developed by virtue of program and integration.The system has not only the demonstration function,such as general driving,cruise control,active avoiding collision,but also the function of virtual experiment.Parameters of the system can be set according to needs,and the virtual test results can be analyzed and studied and used for the comparison with the existing models.The system reflects the running of the intelligent vehicle in the virtual traffic environment,at the same time,the system is a new attempt performed on the intelligent vehicle travel research and provides also a new research method for the development of intelligent vehicles.


A registration method for large free-form profile is proposed.The curved surface is divided into several sub-regions and compact 3-D points called point clouds in every sub-region are separately measured by structured light method.Some global marked points in the curved surface are obtained using close-range photogrammetry and all cloud points in different local coordinations are converted at the global coordination.This method can avoid cumulated errors becauseof using global marked points.The matching of marked points is settled based on the invariability of spatial character and matching ambiguity is eliminated.An object about 1065mm×1000mm×255mm with 19 sub-regions is measured and average registration deviation is 0.045mm.


In this paper, we propose water quality monitoring system using vision camera and multiple objects tracking method. The proposed system analyzes object individually using vision camera unlike monitoring system using sensor method. The system using vision camera consists of individual object segmentation part and objects tracking part based on interrelation between successive frames. For real-time processing, we make background image using non-parametric estimation and extract objects using background image. If we use non-parametric estimation, objects extraction method can reduce large amount of computation complexity, as well as extract objects more effectively. Multiple objects tracking method predicts next motion using moving direction, velocity and acceleration of individual object then carries out tracking based on the predicted motion. And we apply exception handling algorithms to improve tracking performance. From experiment results under various conditions, it shows that the proposed system can be available for real-time water quality monitoring system since it has very short processing time and correct multiple objects tracking.


It has become the responsibility of every designer to recognise environmental issues at the very conception of the design idea. The initial section of this title details the importance of seeing design from a systems context and explains how the designer must view the entire system before being qualified to solve a single packaging unit. The core of the book explores around 60 real examples of packaging designs which have incorporated environmental considerations at the design stage. The varied designs are brought alive by dynamic, artistic photography and icons highlighting their attributes.


The present invention discloses an omnidirectional LED light source emitting light, comprising a substrate, an LED chip and a fluorescent paste layer disposed on the substrate, the substrate is a transparent substrate, a transparent substrate is provided with through holes, the through-hole built-in thermoelectric connector the thermoelectric element is connected close to the LED chip is connected to one end of the LED chip connection electrodes connected to the other end of the thermoelectric element is connected to the circuit connecting electrodes of the LED chip connection electrodes are electrically connected to the LED chip. The present invention uses the transparent substrate and the thermoelectric elements are connected, the light emitting angle can be improved and heat dissipation, the whole point of the present invention to improve the stability of light emission using an LED light source, and to extend the service life. The present invention also discloses an omnidirectional LED light source emitting light, a preferred embodiment, the adhesive layer of the phosphor was also prepared for further improvements to enhance the stability of the LED light source of the present invention, the whole point of light, while improving the luminous efficiency and uniformity of lighting effects.


The problem of forming conflictological competences of pedagogical staff in educational organization, which is associated with the increasing stressfulness of the organizational environment and multifunctional activities of teaching staff, is presented in the paper. The analysis of conflictological competences, which need to be formed within the framework of continuous conflictological education of university teachers, is given. The paper analyzes the methods and content of the module Conflict and Stress Management in the Educational Process of the retraining program Teacher of Higher Education. The aim of the research is to develop methodological recommendations aimed at improving the level of conflictological and stress-competence of teachers of Samara State Technical University, involving the use of modern educational technologies. This objective is achieved by means of the following tasks: conducting expert surveys (respondents: teachers and students of the university) in order to determine methods and techniques for improving conflictological and stress competence of teachers; creating training and methodological materials for students of professional development program Education Process Management: Psychological and Pedagogical Competence of a Technical University Teacher and retraining program Teacher of Higher Education in Samara State Technical University. Team-building for the students and teachers of the university. The study was conducted in several stages. Objectives of the theoretical stage of the research: to substantiate the significance of increasing the level of conflictological and stress competences of university teachers. Objectives of the diagnostic stage of the research: to monitor the level of professional stress of teachers; to conduct an expert survey to assess the significance of increasing the level of conflictological and stress-competences of university teachers. The respondents of the expert survey were the trainees of the professional development program Management of Educational Process: Psychological and Pedagogical Competence of a Technical University Teacher and the retraining program Teacher of Higher Education of Samara State Technical University. The following methods were used in the research: expert survey, observation, questionnaires, methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The experience of teaching the discipline Conflict and Stress Management in the Educational Process as part of the retraining programme Teacher of Higher Education of Samara State Technical University is presented. The prospective of the study is the further improvement of teaching methods to develop conflictological and stress-competence of teachers.


Comparative tests were made on 6-inch cast-iron pipe manufactured in France and on similar pipe manufactured in this country. The pipes were of "bell and spigot" type and were cast in sand molds. The tests, which included hardness, transverse, ring, shear, impact, and hydrostatic tests, had shown that the strength of the French pipe lay within the range of variation of the American pipe. Its deflection in transverse test was much lower than that of American pipe. The French pipe was also character-ized by greater hardness, low impact values, and a higher content of phosphorus (about 1.85 per cent) than in American pipe. The compressive test of the rings cut from the pipe seemed to give results which are fairly representative of the properties of the pipe, and is suggested as a substitute for transverse test of arbitration bars or coupons.


DECOIT GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 9, D-28359 Bremen

University of Applied Sciences of Bremen, Flughafenallee 10, D-28199 Bremen

The authors give thanks the BMWi-ZIM [10] for the
financial support as well as all other partners
involved into the research project SPIDER for their
great collaboration.


After its first public version appeared in 2006 the UK's counter-terrorism (CT) strategy, CONTEST (based around the four CT objectives of: Pursue, Prevent, Protect and Prepare), was published in a much expanded version in March 2009. This paper provides a critical overview of the 2009 version with particular emphasis upon: outcomes measurement; the CONTEST 'Prevent' focus on countering violent extremism and CONTEST (2009)'s much heightened emphasis on the terrorist CBRN threat. The paper notes that CONTEST (2009)'s expanded length is related to a belated UK Government awareness of the need for better public understanding of the Government's perception of the international terrorism threat facing the UK. Though the paper raises the issue of whether the CONTEST focus on Islamist terrorism might inhibit a better appreciation of current indicators of more overt right-wing violent extremism in the UK.


Tin co-doping is used for photosensitive Er/Yb/P/Al/Si fibres. A 10 cm long 80% grating was written without hydrogenation to realise a single frequency DFB laser with an efficiency of 11%, the highest reported so far. A boron-co-doped germanosilicate ring next to the fibre core was used in the second approach to achieve 1 cm long high reflectors (>99.9%) and extremely low threshold single frequency DBR fibre lasers with 23% efficiency.


Abstract ATRT of the CNS constitute a group of rare and aggressive early childhood tumors with poor prognosis. While there are differing chemotherapeutic regimens for ATRT, high-dose MTX is a crucial component of many therapeutic protocols. Currently, the biological mechanisms contributing to the generation of MTX resistance in ATRT are unknown. To identify genes involved in MTX resistance in ATRT, an unbiased genome-wide RNAi screen on ATRT cell lines was conducted using 24,000 distinct shRNAs covering 8,000 genes. ATRT cells were transfected with a retrovirus containing pRS-shRNA vectors and treated with puromycin for selection. The resulting cells were treated with MTX to identify resistant clones and resistant colonies were then isolated and amplified individually. Presence of shRNA inserts in each colony was determined by PCR using pRS forward and reverse primers. PCR products within each of the three resistant colonies were sequenced, leading to the identification of three distinct genes, TGIF1, HIF3A and PGAM2, as potential indicators of resistance. Western blotting verified depletion of these proteins in their respective colonies. Proliferation assays were then conducted on cells from each resistant colony alongside control cells to confirm that the identified drivers conferred resistance. Sensitivity to MTX was significantly lower in TGIF1-depleted (IC50=212±8.48nM, n=3), HIF3A-depleted (IC50=52±4.68nM, n=3) and PGAM2-depleted (IC50=41±4.13nM, n=3) cells compared to control cells (IC50=19±2.87nM, n=3), (p<0.001). In addition, more than 60% of TGIF1, HIF3A, and PGAM2-depleted cells survived the maximum MTX treatment (100nM), while less than 20% of control cells survived this treatment. Our study using an unbiased genome-wide RNAi screen approach has shown that depletion of TGIF1, HIF3A and PGAM2 are potential molecular markers of MTX resistance in ATRT. Screening for their occurrence may help to identify patients at high risk of MTX resistance and may also serve as targets for future novel therapeutics development.


Series Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii One Overview 1 Two How to Administer the WMS-IV 25 Three How to Score the WMS-IV 65 Four Interpretation 83 Five Strengths and Weaknesses of the WMS-IV 159 Six Using WMS-IV with WAIS-IV 169 Seven Clinical Applications of the WMS-IV 193 Eight Illustrative Case Reports 217 References 243 Appendix 253 Annotated Bibliography 263 About the Authors 265 Author Index 267 Subject Index 271


This study reports on the work of six early childhood teachers and the researcher as they enacted a variation of collaborative action research in a university-based early childhood center. The project included cross-national provocation via a "day in the life" video from an infant-toddler center in Milan, Italy. In addition, the model utilized a poststructural approach known as deconstructive talk (Lenz Taguchi, 2008) to facilitate teachers' critical reflective inquiry into their own narratives. Teachers viewed the video from Milan, discussed provocations from the video, set foci of inquiry for their own classrooms, video recorded in their own classrooms, and undertook multiple rounds of interpretation and analysis of the video documentation. Deconstructive talk within the rounds of interpretation provided an approach to uncover assumptions and allowed for exploration of the sources of knowledge underlying their pedagogical approaches. Findings reveal the areas of their own practice teachers scrutinized and the processes the group employed to engage in critical, reflective thinking about epistemological foundations of pedagogy. Particular areas of inquiry included teachers' involvement and intervention, teachers' roles and relationships, children's social negotiations, and children's use of space and materials. In addition, the findings report on how the teachers used this particular collaborative action research process to transform and reconstruct new, locally-situated epistemologies in order to inform daily pedagogical decisions. Implications of the project contribute to discourse in early childhood about possible models that foster transformative teacher discourse and situated knowledge construction.


THESE DAYS, everyone says learning is important. But some people believe traditional educational courses, studydays and time spent in classrooms may not be the best foundation for professional development and improved performance.


-Tactile stimulation to the Sonoran coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus) and the western hook-nosed snake (Gyalopion canum) induces an expulsion of air from the cloacal vent which results in an audible popping sound. The behavioral context of cloacal popping differs in these two species, as does the acoustics of the popping sound. The cloacal pops produced by M. euryxanthus are rather consistent and show a low amplitude (50-53.5 dB), limited frequency range (442-5523 Hz), distinct temporal patterning, and harmonics. The cloacal pops released by G. canum are more variable; the initial pops are of high amplitude (70-73 dB) and broad frequency range (359-15,178 Hz), but in subsequent pops the amplitude falls off and the frequency range narrows; no temporal patterning or harmonics were observed. Cloacal popping is driven primarily by the M. Sphincter cloacae but may involve other extrinsic cloacal musculature. The presence of this unusual defensive sound in only these two sympatric snakes suggests its function against a common


Based on the incomplete labor market in china,we structure a myopic-search model.We show that:firstly,although employment rate under government's direct intervention is higher than the labor market equilibrium without intervention,it has a lower overall social welfare.Furthermore,the welfare level of unemployed workers without intervention is no less than that of direct intervention.Therefore,direct intervention in labor market may reduce employment rate,but it brings out overall social welfare loss,and go against the improvement of low-income workers' welfare.Secondly,policies that holdback people's free move may cause that city people occupy high wage positions,and country inhabitant can only find low wage positions.This kind of equilibrium has the lowest city people's unemployment rate,but it can't realize the lowest overall unemployment rate.


The 4.2m Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) primary mirror has about 9 mm freeform aspheric departure. Actively controlled stressed lap and infrared deflectometry system have been developed to manufacture the extremely large freeform optics.


Japanese is one of the foreign languages that many students learn in Indonesia, including at MAN 1 Pasuruan. Students of MAN 1 Pasuruan have a great curiosity about Japanese culture, especially about the lives of Japanese high school students, shodou 'Japanese calligraphy', Japanese language, and JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test). However, learning Japanese at MAN 1 Pasuruan has limited learning time, so that during learning hours it is more focused on teaching basic Japanese, while teaching about Japanese culture and JLPT is still very necessary. Therefore, this community service activity aims to increase students' understanding and interest in Japanese culture and language so that students can measure their own learning success and Japanese language skills with JLPT test. This community service activities were carried out at MAN 1 Pasuruan using a blended method which was attended by 50 students (40 students via online and 10 students via offline) from class X Language, XI Language, and XII Language by introducing Japanese high school life, simulations of JLPT test, as well as demonstrations and shodou workshops by native speakers and experts who expert in their fields. The high activity and enthusiasm of students shows that this community service program is very much needed by MAN 1 Pasuruan to accommodate the needs and to increase students' interest in learning Japanese language and culture that has been learned during teaching and learning activities in class.


Since the reform and opening up policy, China's commercial development has made an unprecedented achievement both in speed and in scale in recent years, thus it becomes a dazzling light in the world's economic development. However, in the construction of commercial outlets in recent years, there are some phenomenons such as layout of the chaos, the same function of the formats, business facilities redundant construction, resources waste, and excessive competition because of a lack of unified planning, which will have a negative impact to the sustainable development of commercial economy and prosperity of our country. Under the background of economic globalization, this article makes an exploration about Zhuozhou's business sustainable development in the perspective of the trend of global commerce development field of vision, which will guide the practice of the commercial development of our country in a new scientific concept of development strategy and will ensure our business developing safe and healthy in the fierce international competition. Keywords-economic globalization; sustainable development; business I. THE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC


Maslou's humanistic psychology concerning self-realization is highly popular among contemporary Chinese college students. These students, however, after a process of accepting, adoring and rationally digesting Western cultures, have generally formed a more rational concept of self realization, namely, incorporating the individual — the "small self" into society — the "big self."


Optically pure (S,S)-1,2-bis[(o-alkylphenyl)phenylphosphino]ethanes 1a–d were prepared in four steps from phenyldichlorophosphine via phosphine-boranes as the intermediates. The rhodium complexes 5a–d of these diphosphines were used for the asymmetric hydrogenations of α-(acylamino)acrylic derivatives including β-disubstituted derivatives. Markedly high enantioselectivity (78–>99%) was observed for the reduction of β-monosubstituted derivatives. β-Disubstituted derivatives were also reduced in considerably high enantioselectivity (up to 90%). The single crystal X-ray analysis of the rhodium complex 5c of (S,S)-1,2-bis[phenyl(5′,6′,7′,8′-tetrahydronaphthyl)phosphino]ethane (1c) revealed its δ-type structure with face orientation of the two tetrahydronaphthyl groups and edge orientation of the two phenyl groups. This conformation corresponds to that of the rhodium complex of 1,2-bis[(o-methoxyphenyl)phenylphosphino]ethane (DIPAMP); the rhodium complex of (R,R)-DIPAMP, whose chirality at phosphorus is opposite that of 5c, exhibits a λ-type structure with the face orientation of the two o-methoxyphenyl groups and the edge orientation of the two phenyl groups. The conformational similarity of these rhodium complexes as well as the stereochemical outcome in the asymmetric hydrogenations means that the coordinative interaction of the methoxy group of DIPAMP with rhodium metal is not the main factor that affects asymmetric induction.


Specific emitter identification (SEI) methods via deep learning have shown significant progress in accuracy recently. However, these methods require a large amount of the labeled data. In this letter, contrastive learning is introduced to cope with the problem of the lack of the labeled data, which the network modules include the feature extractor, the projection head, and the classifier. We use a two-stage semi-supervised training scheme. In the first stage, the feature extractor extracts the features of the received signal, and the projection head deepens the network to reserve more information in the features. They are trained with the unlabeled samples via the self-supervised contrastive learning loss. In the second stage, the overall network is fine-tuned over a small amount of the labeled data using an alternative loss. This loss combines the original cross-entropy loss with the supervised contrastive learning loss. Numerical results on the FIT/CorteXlab dataset show that even with tens of the labeled samples, the accuracy of the proposed identifier attains around 90%, which outperforms the conventional supervised and semi-supervised identifiers.


Discharging a child home on long‐term ventilation (LTV) via tracheostomy is complex and involves multiple healthcare providers across healthcare sectors. To date, there has been a paucity of data with respect to the experiences of families transitioning a child home on LTV. Our objective was to explore the perceptions of family caregivers (FCs) who have completed a newly developed LTV discharge pathway as they transitioned home.


The southernmost thrust of the Himalayan orogenic wedge that separates the foreland from the orogen, the Main Frontal Thrust, is thought to accommodate most of the ongoing crustal shortening in the Sub‐Himalaya. Steepened longitudinal river profile segments, terrace offsets, and back‐tilted fluvial terraces within the Kangra reentrant of the NW Sub‐Himalaya suggest Holocene activity of the Jwalamukhi Thrust (JMT) and other thrust faults that may be associated with strain partitioning along the toe of the Himalayan wedge. To assess the shortening accommodated by the JMT, we combine morphometric terrain analyses with in situ 10Be‐based surface‐exposure dating of the deformed terraces. Incision into upper Pleistocene sediments within the Kangra Basin created two late Pleistocene terrace levels (T1 and T2). Subsequent early Holocene aggradation shortly before ~10 ka was followed by episodic reincision, which created four cut‐and‐fill terrace levels, the oldest of which (T3) was formed at 10.1 ± 0.9 ka. A vertical offset of 44 ± 5 m of terrace T3 across the JMT indicates a shortening rate of 5.6 ± 0.8 to 7.5 ± 1.1 mm a−1 over the last ~10 ka. This result suggests that thrusting along the JMT accommodates 40–60% of the total Sub‐Himalayan shortening in the Kangra reentrant over the Holocene. We speculate that this out‐of‐sequence shortening may have been triggered or at least enhanced by late Pleistocene and Holocene erosion of sediments from the Kangra Basin.


The report reveals the modern representations on the role of the immune mechanisms in developing psoriasis; in particular, the careful analysis of the role of different sub population of T-lymphocytes and subclasses of immunoglobulin in the pathogenesis of the disease has been carried out. The special attention has been paid to the pathogenic significance of cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-α, IF-γ), depending on the clinical form of psoriasis process.


Significant shortcomings in the care given to heart surgery patients at St George's Hospital in London "probably, most likely, or definitely" contributed to 67 deaths between April 2013 and December 2018, an independent panel of experts has concluded.1

NHS Improvement convened the panel of 12 assessors after St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust fell below national safety levels for heart surgery from April 2013 to March 2017.2

The review follows an investigation in 2018 by former NHS England deputy medical director Mike Bewick, which found a "persistent toxic atmosphere," with surgeons "working in camps" and displaying "tribal-like activity." …


Tigecycline has been widely used to treat hospital‐acquired pneumonia (HAP) off‐label since it is effective against a wide range of multidrug‐resistant bacteria. However, no recommended dosage for this indication has been evaluated, resulting in possible inadequate treatment.


A multivariate optimization of a methanol extraction of total arsenic species from marine seaweed has been performed using ultrasound energy to speed up the analytical process. Variables such as methanol concentration, ultrasound power, sonication time, waterbath temperature, and the number of repeated extractions were studied. As the screening method, a Plackett-Burman 2 6 x 3/32 design for six variables was applied to establish the variables that significantly affect the extraction process. After statistical evaluation (confidence level of 95.0%), the methanol concentration, number of repeated extractions, and waterbath temperature were found to be significant factors and were optimized using a central composite design. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was used to determine total arsenic, while total inorganic arsenic was assessed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures of 250 and 2100°C, respectively, were found to be optimum to perform the total arsenic determination by ETAAS. Hydrochloric acid and sodium borohydride concentrations of 0.2% (m/v) and 3.0 M, respectively, and a cell temperature of 900°C were used to determine total inorganic arsenic by HG-AAS. The methods were validated by analyzing two certified reference materials, P-ACHK and IAEA-140 /TM.


hardmetals) are used extensively in the mining and manufacturing industries, and account for approximately two-thirds of the world's tungsten consumption. If present production volumes continue, the world's tungsten resources could be depleted in 40 years (Ishida et al., 2012). In addition to this mineral depletion, raw material costs are high. Therefore recycling of tungsten carbide scrap is becoming increasingly important. For the current study two different recycling methods were investigated, namely the zinc recycling process and acetic acid leaching. The aim of the research was to determine whether the two recycling techniques could be used as complementary processes on an industrial scale to recycle cemented tungsten carbide mining tool scrap. The recycled products would then be converted into feedstock powders for the manufacture of new mining tools, only if the recycled powders have properties similar to newly purchased powders, to ensure tool integrity. Although the zinc recycling process is currently being used globally, to the authors' knowledge, the acetic acid leaching technique is not used to produce commercial cemented tungsten carbides. Therefore the assessment and comparison of both recycling methods can potentially improve the successful usage of recycled materials, leading to less dependence on large quantities of new raw materials. In this way, raw material costs may be reduced and the global demand for production and mining of tungsten becomes less urgent. Successful recycling will also ensure that mining and manufacturing industries dependent on tungsten carbide tools are not adversely affected. A brief review of the recycling of hardmetals will be given first, followed by the methodology and results of the research undertaken.


We model both the total power and the degree of circular polarization as measured by the Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) experiment on the Voyager spacecraft. A new model defines the instrument response to an incident wave of arbitrary polarization and direction. For the planetary source, we postulate the location and the emission mode. Knowing the location and attitude of the antennas, we model the direction and polarization of the received wave. The two models together predict the time variation of total power and of polarization for direct comparison with PRA data. The limiting polarization of the propagating wave is estimated for the modeled Uranian sources and found to be similar to the polarization at the source. The instrumental response is calculated for the initial polarization of the incident wave. The smooth Uranian emission at 58.8 kHz is interpreted as X mode emission near the gyrofrequency. Emission cones, symmetric about the magnetic field direction, originate at source elements which are distributed in longitude at a given magnetic latitude. The sense of polarization and the total power can be modelled by either wide-angle, hollow emission cones from equatorial source elements or narrow, filled cones from conjugate sources at moderately low latitude. The degree of polarization is modelled more closely by filled cones from conjugate sources than by wide hollow cones on the equator. Quantitative modeling of polarization provides a new tool for thorough analysis of planetary radio emission observed by PRA.


This article analyzes, with a qualitative methodology, the problems underlying the delicate correlation between representation, participation, conflict, assessed in the context of the radical democracy studies and in consideration of the Latin American scenario, the laboratory par excellence of participatory practices, involved during the course of the last year by interesting protests and demonstrations. The outbreak of social conflict in this region has underlined the crisis and dysfunctionality of the democratic circuit, highlighting however interesting news compared to the past, both in terms of the peculiarity of the protest and its channeling for the purpose of redefining the political-institutional space, as well as incidence of digital ecosystems for the organization and maintenance of the action.


The COVID-19 crisis has revealed the unsustainability of pre-pandemic vulnerabilities and inequalities, which must be addressed as part of the strategy to "Build Back Better". Based on the socio-economic impacts across Asia, the recovery path calls for broadening social safety nets, universal health insurance, affordable access to digital connectivity, income and livelihood diversification, and building capacities to manage multiple risks and likely future pandemics. The economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed multiple vulnerabilities within current economic development models, such as high dependence on tourism and related industries and services as engines for growth and employment. Many countries are re-examining the role of agriculture and integrated rural development as a long-term viable strategy to emerge from the current crisis, create jobs and absorb expanding job creation for more robust and sustainable economic recovery.


Resistance is the cornerstone of management of diseases of poplar. Maximization of its effectiveness requires the concerted employment of proper site, selection, silvicultural practices and sometimes direct or chemical control.


Attention is directed to Shortensis (Dilcher, 1965) described from fossils as the perfect state of Manginula. Manginula is a genus of epiphyllous fungus described in 1918, apparently not reported since, and in need of revision. A new species of Manginula has been detected from present day vegetation and the material used to reinterpret the original generic description of the perfect state. The distinction between Shortensis and Manginula is invalidated. Two new fossil species of Manginula are described from a lens in the Eocene South Maslin Sands, South Australia, and the implications of their occurrence are discussed.


This commentary reviews three articles linked together by two themes (a) the use of cultural adaptation of evidence-based practices to reduce disparities in health and services delivery and (b) the importance of collaboration involving intervention developers, practitioners, and consumers when delivering services. Both themes illustrate a process of cultural exchange, enabling researchers to develop interventions that are more meaningful and acceptable to consumers; providers to develop a stronger therapeutic alliance with consumers; and consumers to develop greater understanding and acceptance of treatment process. Such exchanges lead to improved consumer outcomes and greater satisfaction with services. By serving as a culture broker or change agents, social workers can play a leadership role in the translation of research to practice.


Most of the existing Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for ad hoc networks involve the use of a single wireless channel as the transmission medium. Throughput of a single channel MAC protocol is li-mited by the bandwidth of a single channel. Use of multiple channels helps to alleviate this problem. One of the existing methodologies towards using multiple channels in a MAC protocol for ad-hoc networks is to assign one channel as the control channel and the rest as data channels. However, dedicating one channel completely for control messages leads to a poor utili-zation of the available bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a Control-channel-Reuse-based Multiple-channel MAC (CRM-MAC) protocol in ad-hoc net-works which identifies mechanisms to improve the bandwidth utilization. The proposed protocol derives from an existing multi-channel MAC solution called Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA). We demonstrate the improvement in our proposed protocol over DCA through extensive simulations.


4-Substituted ( and CH2F)-6-Me-1,3-dioxanes together with model derivatives (cis- and trans-4-CHnF3−n-6-t. Bu-1,3-dioxane, and 2-Me-4,6-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes) were prepared and their p.m.r. spectra analyzed, using i.a. INDOR techniques. Special features which correlate configuration and p.m.r. data are discussed and especially the fluorine–hydrogen (long-range) couplings have been studied. From vicinal (ring) coupling data (using appropriate models), from the vicinal exo-couplings 3J(H4,CF3−nHn) and from absolute shift values, the equilibria were obtained in the conformational heterogenous trans-4-CHnF3−n-6-Me-1,3-dioxanes (n = 0 → 2). The results, according to the different methods, are mutually in excellent agreement, as is also the case for ΔG0(CF3), obtained approximately from dipole moment measurements. The anomeric effect is pronounced, and the conformer with the axial fluoromethylated substituent is the preferred one (CF3:76%; CF2H:62%) at room temperature in CS2. For CH2F the contrary seems t...


AIMS: Radiation affects not only tumors but also healthy tissues through the increment of oxidative stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress degree as well as non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the plasma of patients submitted to radiotherapy and to verify if these parameters are modified in those patients who develop radiodermatitis.METHODS: Forty-one patients submitted to radiotherapy for treatment of breast cancer were followed. From these patients, plasma samples were obtained at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the treatment, for analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP).RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in terms of TBARS and FRAP in plasma harvested from these patients at the beginning and at the middle of the treatment. There was lower incidence of grade two radiodermatitis among patients undergoing radiotherapy with hypofractionated doses. There were no differences in FRAP or TBARS among patients who developed radiodermatitis of any degree in relation to those who did not develop this side effect. No differences of FRAP or TBARS were observed between patients that presented grade two radiodermatitis regarding to the others studied.CONCLUSION: There was no clear relationship between changes in TBARS or FRAP with the occurrence or severity of radiodermatitis.


The analysis of existing techniques of a choice of competitive strategy is carried out by the enterprises and are revealed there lacks. The technique suggested allowing to combine strategic and marketing methods of a choice of competitive strategy. The combined method of a choice of competitive strategy is applied at the food industry enterprise


Ritual has for too long been considered the most conservative and repetitive kind of performance, especially in Africa. In 1968, Victor Turner wrote that wherever individualism, novelty, and change develop, rituals perish within a short time (1968:22-23). He believed that only in stable societies with a strong corporate life-those least influenced by technological change-is ritual able to maintain its function and that only with stabilization would a widespread revival of ritual be possible. Even in his later writings (1982:85) Turner believed that ritual liminality in Africa largely meant the maintenance of an existing social order. My own experience in southern Nigeria, Togo, and Ghana suggests something else-that rapid social change stimulates a traditionalizing process in which rituals and ritual symbols proliferate, constructing their pasts at the same time that they construct themselves (see Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1983:21 ). The studies which follow indicate a more far-reaching basis for this claim. The contributors here view ritual not as a relic from the past somehow mindlessly and uncritically passed on from generation to generation. Rather, they examine ritual as a vital, ongoing process. In gathering the essays for this issue, I made no attempt to cover all of Africa geographically and, as it turned out, most of the essays are focused on West and Central Africa. I also wanted integrated perspectives on entire events as opposed to studies of particular media-like dance or music. What interested me most was the wide spectrum of ritual performances in Africa today, and the different relationships these performances have to different kinds of social orders. The contributors wrote essays on rites of passage-marriage and both male and female initiations-divination, prophecy, masking and puppet performance, as well as possession trance performance. These are not parallel categories; indeed many rituals combine different types and modes of performance, such as initiation and masking, or divination and possession trance, or divination and initiation. What all of the essays demonstrate is that, broadly speaking, African ritual is dialogic in form, always a process of competition, negotiation, and argumentation, never simply a matter of repeating correctly (see Bloch I974). The first essay, by Kolawole Ositola, represents a practitioner's view of the rituals he conducts. He does not talk about ritual in the same way that academics do, nor does he provide a detailed description and analysis of his


Teacher education programs have long used a customized set of curriculumembedded assessments to support teacher candidate learning. High-stakes summative assessments have been left up to the states, which have usually tested basic skills, content knowledge, and, increasingly, pedagogical knowledge. However, recent changes in national and state accreditation processes have put program outcomes under the microscope, and the policy environment increasingly demands that teacher education programs provide evidence that their graduates have learned to teach. The quest for more valid licensing examinations has led some states and teacher education programs to look toward the use of performance-based assessments that measure teachers' competencies with more authentic instruments as the basis for licensure and professional development.1 Preservice teacher credential programs across the country have independently created and implemented their own assessment systems that include performance-based approaches, focusing not only on teaching knowledge but on the application of this knowledge in practice. (For descriptions of a wide variety of assessment approaches used in teacher education programs, see Castle & Shaklee, 2006; Wise, Ehrenberg, & Leibbrand, 2008; Coggshall, Max, & Bassett, 2008.) The strength of university-based approaches to assessment is that they are often used in formative ways to support candidate learning, while current licensure examinations are only summative in nature and do not generate detailed information about specific strengths and weaknesses in candidate performance


The first Norman cathedral church erected at Rochester was a building presenting remarkable, and in some respects unique, features. Though very little of the original fabric remains above ground, discoveries made from time to time, and fortunately put on record, enable us to ascertain its precise extent. Its documentary history, too, is fairly clear.


Electroelastic equations containing terms up to cubic in the small mechanical displacement field, but no higher than linear in the electric variables, are applied in the analysis of nonlinear resonance in rotated Y‐cut quartz oscillators. Both pure thickness‐shear vibrators and essentially thickness‐shear trapped‐energy resonators are treated. This is a natural continuation of earlier work on intermodulation in the same resonators. Since in each equation each nonlinear term is negligible compared to an associated linear term, the solutions are obtained by employing an asymptotic iterative procedure and expanding in the eigensolutions of the associated linear problem and, in the vicinity of a resonance, retaining only that nonlinear term correcting the dominant eigensolution. Lumped parameter representations of the solutions, which are valid in the vicinity of a resonance and relate the amplitude of the dominant mode nonlinearly to the voltage across the crystal, are presented for both the pure thickness‐shear and trapped energy thickness‐shear problems. In each instance the expression for the current through the crystal is determined, the influence of the external circuitry is included in the analysis and, ultimately, an expression cubic in the mode amplitude and linear in the driving voltage is obtained. The analyses hold for the fundamental and odd overtone thickness‐shear modes. Nonlinear resonance curves are presented for AT‐cut quartz using the nonlinear coefficient γ determined in earlier work on intermodulation.Subject Classification: [43]40.24, [43]40.30; [43]85.52.


Photoadducts obtained by cycloaddition of isoprene with methyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate were converted to cyclopentene derivatives. The stereochemistry of the intermediate glycols was estabilished by chemical correlations to each other; only the cis-glycols were convertible to the cyclopentenes under the conditions employed, suggesting a fore-going acetylation of the hindered glycol functions.


This paper presents a novel micromechanical unit cell model for continuous fiber reinforced composites, which features a fiber with an octagonal cross-section embedded in surrounding matrix, and was named as octagonal fiber model. The cross-section of octagonal fiber model was subdivided into five by five sub-regions, and the conditions of equilibrium and deformation compatibility were applied to derive expression of effective ply properties, and stress amplification factors, which correlate microstresses in sub-regions with ply stresses. For E-glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy material systems with different fiber volume fractions, effective ply properties and stress amplification factors in sub-regions were evaluated using derived formulae. Results from octagonal fiber model were then compared with those from multiple analytical methods and finite element unit cell model. It was shown that effective ply properties predicted by octagonal fiber model were generally in good agreement with those from finite element model, and octagonal fiber model outperformed other analytical counterparts in estimating stress amplification factors, demonstrating the potential of octagonal fiber model.


This paper seeks to the integration epistemologies developed by Mulyadhi Kertanegara. Nowadays, the relation of science and religion have attracted the attention of Islamic universities, especially in the institutional transformations of IAIN to UIN. This transformation should not be limited as institutional transformation, but also followed by an established to the philosophical nature. An established philosophical base has been implicated for the developing scientific construction, academic tradition builds, and those technicalmethodological applications level. In this framework, Mulyadhi Kartanegara's idea is important to be explored intensively in developing the scientific paradigm at Islamic colleges. The books and papers of Mulyadhi Kartanegara related to the theme of the writing are being the subject of the study and analysis of this article. The results of the study that the basis of the integration epistemologies developed by Mulyadhi Kartanegara is a mystico-philosophical pattern. Mulyadhi Kartanegara builds a unique epistemology which intuitive appreciate and re-construct the heritage of classical Islamic philosophy. [Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melacak epistemologi integrasi ilmu yang dikembangkan oleh Mulyadhi Kartanegara. Relasi ilmu dan agama menarik perhatian perguruan tinggi keislaman dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, khususnya dengan banyaknya transformasi kelembagaan dari DOI: 10.21274/epis.2018.13.2.361-379


The status quo and development trend of CAPP was analyzed and the state and problems in designing processing technology for mould parts and components were considered.Then a general CAPP system constitution for die mould manufacturing,and the key functions implemented by various functional modules were presented.A process parameters database management system for die mould manufacturing,the basic software for supporting CAPP system was established.The standard technological procedure retrieval system for die mould structural parts and standardized parts and components,and the generation system of technique for die mould forming parts was developed.


Correspondence: Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. Email: email@example.com Received 19 December 2005; revised 10 March 2007; accepted 25 April 2007. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02780.x Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare, X-linked dominant, multisystem disorder involving ocular, dental, musculoskeletal, central nervous system and dermatologic structures. Mutations in the NEMO / IKKgene result in the IP phenotype, with 80% of cases being due to a single mutation that results in the deletion of exons 4 – 10. 1 Being an X-linked dominant condition, it has a high level of lethality in male embryos, and female subjects account for 97% of all living patients. 2 Occasional survival of affected male subjects is attributed to somatic mosaicism or due to the presence of an extra X chromosome such as that seen in Kleinfelter's syndrome. Dermatologic fi ndings are most often the fi rst observed sign of IP, and the diagnosis is very frequently made following skin biopsy. These cutaneous manifestations are classically subdivided into four stages: vesicular, verrucous, hyperpigmented, and atrophic, based on the distribution, appearance and period in childhood in which they appear. The skin changes, although distressing to the child and family, very often disappear completely between the 20th and 30th years of life, and the long-term morbidity is determined by the neurological and ophthalmological manifestations of this disease. Nineteen percent of patients with IP are at risk of severe visual loss in one or both eyes. 3 Although the commonest abnormality is strabismus (present in 18.2%), it is the changes in the posterior segment of the eye that pose the greatest threat to vision. 3 We present our experience with three children with retinal sequelae of IP to illustrate the variability in visual prognosis as a result of disease. In keeping with current opinion we also offer guidelines regarding screening of affected children to prevent progression of disease and onset of sight-threatening complications.


This paper presents the design of high gain compact size pyramidal horn lens antenna for 71-76GHz band. The horn antenna aperture is covered by a planar single layer all dielectric lens that is composed of two dimensional periodic unit cells of λ/2 periodicity and low loss (≤1dB). The unit cell is used to design a 21 unit cell × 21 unit cell flat lens which occupied an area of 42mm × 42mm × 4.35mm. The lens horn antenna is well matched (S11<;10dB) from 70-80GHz without additional impedance matching layers, peak gain of email@example.com and aperture efficiency of 60% are achieved. The radiation characteristics of the lens are calculated using finite element method (HFSS) and finite integral technique (CST Microwave Studio).


A two-dimensional space-time ground clutter model for the bistatic passive radar based on airborn continuous waveform illuminator is set up,taking into account of the effects on the clutter spectrum due to the configurations and parameters of the bistatic radar system,as well as the measurement errors.The clutter characteristics and difference between continuous waveform and pulse waveform are analyzed,and the validity of the clutter model is demonstrated by nimetical simulation of the two dimensional space-time likelihood spectra.This model can be served as a basis for the clutter suppression and STAP techniques in the bistatic passive radar system.


A rare clinical observation of a cystic formation of the biliary system — mucinous cystadenoma of the cystic duct is presented. This type of tumors is benign, but in 20 % of cases their malignancy is described. They are often detected incidentally during routine examination and require surgical treatment, regardless of clinical manifestations. Difficulties in differential diagnosis led to unreasonably long follow-up, ending with malignancy of cystadenomas, which reduces the possibility of radical surgical treatment. Therefore, timely detection and differentiation of biliary mucinous cystadenomas by examination are very important for treatment strategy.


Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) technique was used to prepare undoped and (2, 4, 6 and 10 at. %) Zn-doped iron oxide (FexOy:Zn) thin films for use in photocatalytic applications. The effect of Zn ion substitution on structural, optical, and electrical properties was studied. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that there are two different phases of iron oxide, a hematite phase (α‑Fe2O3) and a magnetite phase (Fe3O4) that crystallized in the prepared samples. The nominal fractions of α‑Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 phases changed from 74 % to 42 % for the hematite phase and from 26 % to 58 % for the magnetite phase and this confirmed that the Zn doping favored the growth of Fe3O4 phase. The crystallite size decreased from 15.43 nm to 8.99 nm, while the micro-strain changed from 0.0056 to 0.0215 and the dislocation density from 0.0099 nm‑2 to 0.0639 nm‑2. The unit cell parameters were also improved when the doping rate was changed. Optical measurements showed that the energy gap decreased from 2.26 eV to 2.16 eV, the film thickness changed from 569 nm to 479 nm while the refractive index increased from 2.99 to 3.51 and the Urbach energy from 544 meV to 558 meV. Electrical measurements performed by the two-point probe method showed that the electrical conductivity increased directly with increasing Zn concentration reaching 18.5 10‑15 (Ω.cm)‑1 with 10 at. % Zn concentration. The variation of the electrical conductivity curves versus the sample heating temperature as well as the activation energy showed a semiconductor behavior of the films. Zinc doped iron oxide thin films exhibit 51.85 % photocatalytic degradation efficiency for methyl green organic dye.


In this interactive special session, participants will learn to facilitate a workshop for training teaching assistants (TAs) based on a card game. The game invites players to respond to challenging scenarios that TAs may face in the course of their duties. Each scenario appears on a card, and players discuss how they would respond. Session participants will receive a deck of 52 of these cards created with funding from a SIGCSE Special Projects Grant. This session uses the format of two previous well attended SIGCSE special sessions that focused on bias and had a target audience of faculty. While the intended audience is those interested in TA training, everyone interested in inclusive teaching practices is welcome to join in the rich small and large group discussions that we expect to take place!


Tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs) have emerged as one of the most promising post-CMOS technologies for digital, analogue and RF designs. However, it has been demonstrated by several researchers that TFET circuits face increased on-state Miller capacitance effect, which leads to poor transient characteristics with large overshoots and undershoots. This would minimise the reliability of TFET circuits though energy efficient. This work gives more design insights (optimal sizing, number of stages, supply voltage) into TFET circuit reliability and proposes a TFET based circuit interaction design approach for ultra-low power and reliable ring oscillator circuit design. It has been shown that TFET circuit designs without proper reliability enhancement techniques such as circuit interaction or co-design approach exhibits very large undershoots/overshoots (∼20–50%). The proposed TFET circuit co-design approach (i.e. differential topology based design in comparison with the complementary static TFET logic designs) enhances the TFET circuit reliability by minimising the undershoots/overshoots to less than 0.5% with a trade-off in operating frequency and power consumption.


A new series of 1′-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(substituted aryl)-3′-(substituted aryl)-3,4-dihydro-2H,1′H-[3,4′]bipyrazolyl derivatives (6a–e, 8a–e, 10a–e) have been synthesized, characterized and screened for antimicrobial and antitubercular activity. Among the synthesized compounds, the minimum inhibition concentration of 10e was found to be as low as 1.56 μg ml−1 and that of 10c was 6.25 μg ml−1 as compared to the standard anti-tb drugs pyrazinamide and streptomycin.


Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we directly observe monolayers of smectic liquid crystal, 4'-n-octyl-4-cyanophenyl (8CB), on oriented polyimide Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. We find that the monolayers form a two-dimensional crystalline structure and 8CB molecules are always aligned along the chain direction of polyimide. The results demonstrate that the anchoring structure of 8CB monolayers is an epitaxial alignment growth on the oriented polyimide LB films


Objective To investigate the best clinostatism in senile patient after lumbar puncture.Methods A total of 64 senile patients were randomized into two groups: control group(34 patients) was placed in a supine position with low pillow;observation group(30 patients) was placed in random clinostatism which included lateral decubitus and prostration without standing up or raising headstock.Headache,lumbodorsal pain,skin and blood pressure were observed in the 2 groups.Results The incidence and degree of headache had no statistical difference between two groups(P0.05).Observation group had significantly lower lumbodorsal pain,skin and blood pressure than control group(P0.05).Conclusion Random clinostatism is better than supine position with low pillow in senile patient after lumbar puncture.It can guarantee the safety of patients and reduce adverse reaction.


PURPOSE
This study examined the relationship between voice quality and glottal geometry dynamics in patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD).

METHOD
An objective computer vision and machine learning system was developed to extract glottal geometry dynamics from nasolaryngoscopic video recordings for 78 patients with ADSD. General regression models were used to examine the relationship between overall voice quality and 15 variables that capture glottal geometry dynamics derived from the computer vision system. Two experts in ADSD independently rated voice quality for two separate voice tasks for every patient, yielding four different voice quality rating models.

RESULTS
All four of the regression models exhibited positive correlations with clinical assessments of voice quality (R 2s = .30-.34, Spearman rho = .55-.61, all with p < .001). Seven to 10 variables were included in each model. There was high overlap in the variables included between the four models, and the sign of the correlation with voice quality was consistent for each variable across all four regression models.

CONCLUSION
We found specific glottal geometry dynamics that correspond to voice quality in ADSD.


In the small village of Boggabilla, on the fringe of the New South Wales outback, a stockman had a sober story for his drinking mates at the Wobbly Boot Hotel.


UK andseveral developing countries; externalaccess may be purchased. Audience: Health care professionals in the UK involved with prescribing and dispensing medications. Dental practitioners are directed to a monograph section dedicated to dentalandoralconditions. Purpose: Considered a quickreference for makingclinicaldecisions aboutUK medications by thegroupresponsible for itscontentandpublication,a JointFormulary Committee (1FC; composed of representatives from the British Medical Association, the RoyalPharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and UK HealthDepartments). The reference combines information for medication prescribing, dispensing, administration, and clinicalrecommendations from regulatory bodies, consensus guidelines, primary and tertiary literature, manufacturer information, emerging safety data, the UK healthdepartments, and expertopinion.The BNF is an official compendium in the UK. Content: The book is divided intoseveral sections including Changes for this edition,Guidanceon prescribing, Emergency treatmentof poisoning,9 appendices, formularies for dentalpractitioners and nurseprescribers,an indexof manufacturers, and an alphabetical indexof brand and nonproprietary names,drugclasses,microorganisms, diseasestates, and key terms. The largest section, Notes on drugs and preparations, contains briefdrugmonographs appropriately organized into 15chapters by organsystemor diseasecategory. Withinchapters,there is an introduction reviewing treatment principles of a disease witha classof medications(eg,antidepressants fordepression) designed to guideappropriate use basedon clinicalevidenceand guidelines. This section is followed by general andcomparative information aboutpharmacologic classificationsof medications (eg, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin-reuptakeinhibitors). The individual drug monographs residewithin these subsections. The monographs include indications, contraindications, side effects,dose, names,preparations, price, legal/regulatory designations, and dental/oral conditions as appropriate. Additionally, theJFC has designatedsome medications as "less suitablefor prescribing." Highlights of the appendices area cross-referenced listing of drug-drug interactions, drugs to avoid or use cautiously in liver disease or renal impairment, pregnancy and breastfeeding information, intravenousadditives, and cautionary dispensing labels. Usability: Reasonably priced,practical,and presentedin a succinct, organized, easy-to-use manner. However, information is not referenced. Other sources may need to be consulted for comprehensive, in-depth information. Highlights: Integration of clinical guidelines into the monographs is a unique feature for a book of this size and depth, helping to drive evidence-based practice at the point of care. There is good information aboutappropriate prescribing practicesand succinctinformation about unique patientsituations in supplementary sections. Limitations: Focusedon medications in the contextof the UK health care system,but the drug information is applicable in any setting. While not in-depth or referenced, the information is sufficientfor most prescribing or dispensing situations. Comparison with Previous Edition or Version: This reference is updated twiceyearly, witha dedicated listingof changesfrom the previous editionin the beginning of the book.The September 2009 updateis particularly timelyas it includesinfluenzaguidelinerecommendations and antiviral informationfor pregnantor breastfeeding patients.Other updatedprescribing informationincludesmanagement of arrhythmias, asthma, Clostridium dijficile infection, and hospital-acquired pneumonia, reflecting changesto the respective guidelines and recommendations. It is especially important that dosesin renal impairment are now basedon estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)calculated usingthe Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study (MDRD formula) except for nephrotoxic drugs,pediatrics (BNFfor Children),and for patientswith extremebodyweights, wherein creatinine clearance, basedon the Cockcroft-Gault formula, shouldbe used. Comparison with Other Related Books or Products: Comparable tootherhandbook references. Reviewer's Summary: BNF 58 achieves its objectiveas an up-todate,practical, rapid reference. Prescribers, dentists,andpharmacists in druginformation centers,medical offices, hospitals, andpharmacies (especially in theUK)willfindthisreference useful toeveryday practice.


are using these countries as a venue for illegal transit to other European countries (International Organization for Migration). The essay on the Chinese community in France typifies a balanced approach that presents an interesting narrative survey of settlement patterns that is combined with tabular information on occupational specialization (Live Yu-Sion). Other essays have a particular focus, such as "Entrepreneurs of the Chinese Community in Portugal," which displays a series of graphical information on the trends of Chinese businesses during the 1980s and 1990s (Ana Teixeria). The excellent essay on the Chinese in Spain by Joaquin Beltran Antolin succeeded in bringing together many of the key elements of the entire study, an overview of previous studies, and a short but lively history of the Chinese in Spain, and a systematic analysis of migratory flows, regional and occupational distributions. Antolin follows this with a discussion of the life of the Chinese community, the growth of formal associations and relations with the larger Spanish society.


The aim of this work is to show that welded vessels, which have been coated by a polymer for overcoming the pneumatic test are susceptible to failure. This is so, because the cyclic load, which are applied in the vessel during its work. This aim was reached by applying different inspections and tests to a vessel manufactured with aluminium plates, which was used to freight. The vessel had to be repaired by welding, but it failed after few cycles of loading/unloading in the repaired weld. The specimen under study was inspected visually and by non-destructive tests. In this sense, the plate with fracture was tested by mechanical stress test, optical emission spectrometry, and metallographic analysis. The fracture surface was inspected by scanning electron microscopy. The results of all the techniques showed that the failure occurred due to coalesce of multiple cracks that grew by the mechanism of fatigue from welding defects. On the fracture surfaces was found evidence of sealing polymer used for the pneumatic pressure test. This work demonstrates that in welding repairing, the metallurgy and the welding engineering are critical to avoid premature failures of welded components.


The cavitation behavior and suction performance of a pump are largely influenced by the geometry at the impeller eye. A number of geometric factors at the impeller eye have an influence on cavitation, such as, the inlet and hub diameters, blade inlet angles and incidence to upstream flow, blade number and thickness, blade passage throat area, surface roughness, blade leading edge profiling, etc. In this paper, we study the influence of blade leading edge profiles, keeping all other parameters as identical, on the cavitation behavior of an impeller. Leading edge profiles such as blunt, circular, elliptic, and parabola are considered and the effect of different profiles 34


Quality control of European XFEL serial cavities allows us not only exception of the use of rejected cavities for the linac, but also giving a feedback to industry in case of cavity parameters come to their limits. RF check assays not only the electro dynamical characteristics (as frequencies, Q - factors and fields), but also provides the mechanical revise with a very high accuracy.


We calculate distributions for tau+ tau- gamma production at LEP 1 taking into account a potentially existing anomalous magnetic moment a_tau of the tau lepton. The existing upper limits for |a_tau| are known from the dependence of the decay Z -> tau+ tau- gamma on (a_tau)^2 and are of the order of (1 - 5)%. We show that such limits are also sensitive to linear terms in a_tau, which are of equal importance at |a_tau| ~ (1 - 2)% and dominate below this value. Contributions from an electric dipole moment d_tau do not interfere with the electromagnetic vertex or with the anomalous magnetic moment. Appropriate formulae are derived.


There are different approaches able to automatically detect e-mail spam messages, and the best-known ones are based on Bayesian decision theory. However, the most of these approaches have the same difficulty: the high dimensionality of the feature space. Many term selection methods have been proposed in the literature. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how the performance of naive Bayes anti-spam filters depends on the methods applied for reducing the dimensionality of the feature space. In this paper, we compare the performance of most popular methods used as term selection techniques, such as document frequency, information gain, mutual information, X 2 statistic, and odds ratio used for reducing the dimensionality of the term space with four well-known different versions of naive Bayes spam filter.


Law and Morality are two different means which are used to set norms for social life, so we can't ignore the differences between them. At the same time, we should also notice the relatio between them, because morality is a kind of law, a law of morality or moral law. At this point moral can facilitate with law by moralization of law into law instead of changing morality. This is because morality can be regarded as a special law, which is different from the law as the minimum of morality.


Ankyloglossia also known as tongue-tie limits the tongue's motion due to short, thick lingual frenum. In this article, we have reported two cases, a 35-year-old female referred for tongue-tie removal and a 34-year-old male patient with a tongue tie who complained of difficulty in speech following which both of them underwent laser assisted frenectomy procedure under local anesthesia. The postoperative period was uneventful.


Parasite levels were determined for 141 members of a naturally formed social group of rhesus macaques living under free‐ranging conditions. Results indicate that group members harbor Trichuris trichiura, Balantidium coli, and large numbers of Strongyloides fuelleborni. Parasite counts decrease significantly with age in this population. Females have significantly fewer parasites than males and a significantly lower prevalence of multiple infections. There were no rank effects regarding parasitosis. While 89% of the animals examined are infected with one or more species of enteric parasite, the prevalence of diarrhea is negligible (2%). The low prevalence of diarrhea in the presence of high parasite loads may be due to the practice of geophagy, which is engaged in by 76% of group members. Soil eaten by these monkeys contains large amounts of kaolinitic clays. Kaolin‐based pharmaceuticals (i.e. Kaopectate®) are commonly used in human populations to treat diarrhea and intestinal upsets. The mechanical and pharmaceutical properties of the natural kaolinite‐based clays may counteract the effects of parasitosis in this free‐ranging population. Am. J. Primatol. 44:71‐82, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This study investigated the influence of renal replacement therapy (hemodiafiltration) on basic parameters of hemostasis in 41 children (4 months 17 years old) with severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction. Diferential diagnosis of initial coagulopathies revealed follow: the incidience of syndrome DIC was 93%, and 7% liver coagulopathy. We found hemodiafiltration led to normalizing of serum coagulating and antifibrinolytic activity and basic parameters of hemostasis. These changes of hemostasis depends on age of child and stage of syndrome DIC. Infants with consumption coagulopathy and insufficient liver function showed the normalizing of hemostasis after 48 hours. Older children restored parameters of hemostasis nduring 24 hours. All children with coagulating variant of syndrome DIC showed hemostasis normalizing after 24 hours. Mortality was 20% in infants group and 5?5% among older children.


In 2005, National Heritage Act was enacted by the Government of Malaysia as an effort to protect and preserve tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the country. Despite its significance and well intentions, the Act remains weak and limited in terms of its definition, scope, implementation and awareness. This, in particular, becomes problematic when it comes to intangible cultural heritage (ICH) as it is living and continuously evolving. The increasingly rapid globalisation at the end of the 20th century causes more communities to become susceptible to frequent changes. In addition, Malaysian studies itself is still in the early phase of forming and building the breadth and depth of local knowledge of the country and its society. One particular aspect of concern is knowledge about minority ethnic groups with the potentials to be considered as regional heritage such as the various Peranakan communities in Malaysia. Hence, it is a race against time to have the communities' rich and invaluable culture documented for future preservation and conservation. Against this background, the present article explores theses as a potential viable source of knowledge on a minority ethnic community in Malaysia with a focus on Peranakan Chinese in Kelantan. Selected available theses pertaining to social aspects of the community that were written at bachelor degree levels at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Malaya (UM) from 1970s to 2010s are analysed using content analysis technique. Findings of the study suggests that theses can potentially serve as custodians to the untapped "treasure trove" of Malaysian heritage by preserving arcane information of the community at the grass-root level. Several theses written even go beyond "potentials" after they were


The parabolic approximation to the wave equation is applied to the calculation of the spectral density of amplitude and phase fluctuations of a plane sound wave propagating through a random field of internal waves in the ocean. The dependence of the predicted spectra on wave number and frequency shows that the lowest‐mode internal waves dominate the phase variance, while the amplitude fluctuations are controlled by intermediate scales. The results are compared with previous theories and available data. There is a discrepancy between observed amplitude spectra and predictions based on the internal wave models. It is concluded that internal waves are not solely responsible for the scattering of sound in the ocean and that other effects must contribute.


Anisotropic reflectivity spectra of an Ag 2 F crystal have been investigated for linearly polarized light with the electric vectors both parallel and perpendicular to the c -axis. Steep rises of the Drude-type reflectivity are found at 2.7 and 0.9 eV for E ⊥ c and E // c spectra, respectively, and are interpreted as being due to the anisotropy in plasma frequency of electrons in the conduction band. In the spectrum for E ⊥ c , an extremely sharp dip of the reflectivity is observed at 2.9 eV which is similar to the absorption window of silver metal.


Online advertising is one of the most lucrative forms of advertising, making it an important channel of advertising media. Contextual Advertising is a type of online display advertising that takes cues from the content of the triggering page and displays advertisements that are relevant to the current context. However, on several occasions, the context may have a negative connotation, and displaying advertisements that are relevant to it might prove to be detrimental to the advertiser. We refer to such a scenario as an unfortunate placement. In this work, we propose APNEA (Ad Positive NEgative Analysis), a light-weight system that uses a sentiment-oriented approach to rank the advertisers such that positively correlated brands are ranked higher than brands that are neutral or negatively correlated. Experiments show that APNEA helps avoid unfortunate placements while maintaining ad-relevance. It outperforms several baselines in terms of accuracy on human-annotated test data while having a lower run-time, which is crucial for real-time bidding systems. CCS CONCEPTS • Information systems → Computational advertising; Content match advertising; Display advertising; Sentiment analysis.


Nowadays, Korean government has set the goal of "Green Development" as a direction of national growth. For this reason, it is essential to reduce heat load for energy efficiency of building. Aluminum curtain wall is widely used for many high-rise buildings. This system has been selected for many construction projects due to fast processing and beautiful exterior. On the other hands, this system has metal frame which is organized with aluminum. It has so high heat transfer coefficient that indoor air demands high performance of AHU (Air Handling Unit). It is fact that the hyper-performance unit requires large amount of energy to drive. To reduce energy consumption, improving insulating system is needed in first. By reducing heat transmittance of aluminum curtain wall, it is also possible to reduce energy requirement for driving AHU. Additionally, indoor thermal environment is not much affected by outdoor air condition, therefore it is easy to controlling indoor condition to maintain thermal comfort. CFD simulation was conducted to evaluate thermal performance at a curtain wall element and another advanced method was suggested to decrease heat loss.


The existence of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is expected to be able to contribute to state revenues through the tax sector. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of the poultry business, the meaning of tax compliance for poultry businesses, tax avoidance behavior in poultry businesses, and to find out the efforts to overcome tax avoidance behavior in business actors. poultry in Blitar Regency. This research is a qualitative research or naturalistic paradigm using an interpretive paradigm through Husrell's transcendental phenomenological approach. The results of the study found that the tax compliance of poultry businesses in Blitar Regency was very low. This is due to the view that the tax rate is too large, namely the rate of 0.5% multiplied by turnover per year.


The paper reveals the major aspects of political globalization impact on the frontier safety of the Russian Federation. Threats to Russia safety in the boundary regions were caused by political globalization.


The paper concentrates primarily on the recent development of
the high-resolution NMR techniques that have shown potential of
increasing the range of promising applications and capability
to provide new structural information. These include the 2H,
13C, and 15N isotope-labeling techniques for RNA and DNA,
sensitivity optimized multi-dimensional NMR experiments,
techniques to detect hydrogen-bond networks, applications of
residual dipolar couplings for extracting structural restrains,
and relaxation studies providing the information on dynamics
and structure.


Demands for a digitalized, connected, and smart production provide a fertile ground for industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) platforms to arise within the manufacturing industry (e.g., Siemens MindSphere, AXOOM Smart Enterprise, FORCAM FORCE). Nevertheless, many companies struggle to successfully kick-off platform ecosystems. Information Systems (IS) literature is of limited help, because insights on managing platform ecosystems are mostly derived from successful examples in the business-to-consumer (B2C) context. To better understand the challenging situation of companies in the emerging IIoT environment, we conducted an in-depth case study at a prospective platform provider. Insights gained through interviews and engagement in the field uncovered a tension between a horizontal platform strategy and vertical integrated solutions as a central challenge for companies aiming to launch an IIoT-platform in the market. By conceptualizing this trade-off, its causes along with related benefits and challenges, we add to existing literature on platform governance and launch strategies.


Researchers are using a new technology called RNA interference to help plants fend off insects on their own with very little collateral damage. The first results may come on the markets before the end of the decade.


i Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Diane M. Chappuis for assistance in patient selection and recruitment, Karl Lafleur, Arman Shahriar, and Emal Alwis for assistance with data collection, and Eitan Rogin for useful discussions on the implementation of the stimulus presentation in Java. I would like to give special thanks to Kaitlin Cassady for in depth discussion, ideation, as well as assistance with data collection, data analysis and figure production. I give particular thanks to my advising committee members, Matt Johnson, my clinical mentor Dr. Andrew Grande, and Dr. Bin He, my academic mentor and role model in scientific thinking of seven years. I thank my senior colleagues whose generous contributions have laid a strong foundation for the combined MD/MS program through which this work was enabled. I would also thank the kindness and dedication of my superb patient cohort, from whom I learned much more than I can summarize in the findings of this study. ii Dedication I dedicate this work to my father, whose tireless dedication to the pursuit of excellence in his own life, has set the stage for me to realize excellence in my own, to my mother who taught me to push for the road less traveled by, to my wife Natalie, who has joined me on that non-traditional path in the pursuit of a better medicine, to my brother Sam who I hope may follow his dreams in his own way, and to my dear friend Elissa who has stood beside me in the transition from medical school to graduate school and back again.


The paper contains results of years-long research of tritium concentration in the cooling pool of I.V. Kurchatov Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station during the period of three power blocks' operation. Monitoring was carried out during the period from 1980 to 2003 at the permanent observation points located at the reservoir downstream (near the Nuclear Power Station) and upstream. Limits of the radionuclide concentration fluctuations at different water areas of the Beloyarsk Reservoir have been established and the ways of tritium input from the station to the water body. It has been shown that practically in all cases the tritium concentrations in the Beloyarsk Reservoir water including its upstream exceeds the technogenic background level established for the Urals Region.


In this paper we investigated the Paracoccidoides brasiliensis fungus nanosensor by simulations of simple strand DNA grafting on gold nanoparticle. In order to improve the knowledge of nanoparticle environment, the addiction of salt solution was studied at the models proposed by us. Nanoparticle and DNA are represented by economic models validated by us in this paper. In addition, the DNA grafting and salt influences are evaluated by adsorption and bond energies calculations. This theoretical evaluation gives support to experimental diagnostics techniques of diseases.


Objective The purpose of this cost-effectiveness analysis was to estimate the effects of adding camrelizumab to standard chemotherapy as the first-line treatment in patients with advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) on health and economic outcomes in China. Methods A Markov model was developed to simulate the clinical course of typical patients with advanced or metastatic ESCC in the ESCORT-1st trial. Weibull survival model was employed to fit the Kaplan-Meier progression-free survival and overall survival probabilities of the camrelizumab-chemotherapy and placebo-chemotherapy strategy, respectively. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were estimated over a 5-year lifetime horizon. Meanwhile, one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the uncertainty in the model. Results On baseline analysis, the incremental effectiveness and cost of camrelizumab-chemotherapy versus placebo-chemotherapy were 0.15 QALYs and $7,110.56, resulting in an ICER of $46,671.10/QALY, higher than the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of China ($31,498.70/QALY). The results were sensitive to the utility of PFS and cost of camrelizumab. Conclusion The findings from the present analysis suggest that the addition of camrelizumab to chemotherapy might not be cost-effective in patients with advanced or metastatic ESCC in China.


The paper in general describes the results of research that has focused on the possibilities of e-learning system Moodle for learning using mobile devices such as tablet and mobile phone (m-learning). The research was carried at Faculty of Education in collaboration with the Faculty of Arts and Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove. Separate virtual server with a modified e-learning system Moodle version 2.3 was created for research purposes. The use of different types of mobile devices to access the Internet applications is among the students not only distance form of study but also in form of full-time study more and more popular. The paper presents the way of editing the e-learning materials to be applicable even if the user accesses them through a mobile device connected to the Internet. The paper also shows the results of the research investigation mapping the situation of the use of mobile technologies in the Czech Republic in general. Normal 0 21 false false false TR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Abstract In the genus Epilobium (Onagraceae) an examination ot meiosis in 41 experimental hybrids, involving 25 of the 46 native species of Australia. New Zealand. and New Guinea. as well as standard strains from North America and Europe has shown that all the Australasian species have the BB chromosome arrangement, widespread in the Old World. A single plant of E. microphyllum from Rainy River, Nelson, New Zealand, had a chromosome arrangement that diltered from BB by a single reciprocal translocation, but four other plants from the same area were BB; the deviant arrangement is designated B1B1 and appears to have originated in situ. Ubiquity of the BB chromosome arrangement in Australasia is consistent with the postulated origin of all native species after a single introduction from Asia during the past several million years.


'Drought stress is as complicated and difficult to plant biology as cancer is to mammalian biology' said Jian-Kang Zhu, a molecular geneticist at the University of California, River‐ side. The capacity of a plant to turn on or turn off a series of genes that further alter plant physiology and morphology allows a plant to tolerate, escape or avoid drought stress. Many countries around the world experience drought stress in different ways but it always leads to a decreased annual yield of crops. Deciphering the basis of the molecular response to stress and the mechanism for the adaptation and acquisition of tolerance can facilitate the creation of cultivars with increased drought tolerance. Drought response is a complex mech‐ anism that has been investigated using a broad spectrum of 'omics' techniques, such as mo‐ lecular genetics, functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics combined with advanced phenotyping techniques. The response of plants to dehydration stress has been extensively studied in a wide range of species with particular emphasis on model plants such as Arabidopsis. Taking advantage of the knowledge already obtained from Arabidopsis and other model species, it is possible to gain insight into the stress re‐ sponse in crops such as barley or wheat.


Participants in the Terman Life-Cycle Study completed open-ended questionnaires in 1936 and 1940, and these responses were blindly scored for explanatory style by content analysis. Catastrophizing (attributing bad events to global causes) predicted mortality as of 1991, especially among males, and predicted accidental or violent deaths especially well. These results are the first to show that a dimension of explanatory style is a risk factor for mortality in a large sample of initially healthy individuals, and they imply that one of the mechanisms linking explanatory style and death involves lifestyle.


The review brings into focus a necessity of search of an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections. Practical use and further development of phage therapy are grounded. Special features of the bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents as well as their advantages and limitations in comparison with antibiotics are presented. Literature data about the experience as well as modern studies of the phage therapy of various diseases and states are analysed. Main fields of the phage therapy application are proposed and advantages of the phage cocktails in the practice of medical specialists are concluded.


This article discusses the statistics and trends surrounding the rapidly aging U.S. population. Older workers will make up an increasing portion of the workforce and these individuals represent an important growing demographic target market. While much has been written about the aging population and the potential for entrepreneurs to target this growing market, little research has been conducted on older entrepreneurs. They are a unique group and this article provides empirical results and discussion about the differences and importance of older entrepreneurs to the economy and as contributors to American society. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.


The overall objective of this project was to develop an understanding of the fundamentals of a solvent hydrogen donor process to convert kerogen in eastern US shales to useful products. The goals were to determine the effect of donor content on conversion, changes in kerogen and products with conversion conditions, and the fate of the donor solvent including material balances with losses through isomerization, adduction reaction, and physical retention in the rock matrix. In particular, the project was divided into: (1) characterizing the kerogen of two samples of eastern US shale, (2) hydrogen donor conversion of these shales using model solvents of varying donor content, and (3) characterizing the unreacted kerogen and liquid products. Progress is reported in each of the above tasks. The results of reduced alkylation concentration reveal that this kerogen is more like coal than Green River oil shale kerogen. Hydrogen donor solvents play a significant role in converting both Hilpat and Indiana shales to liquid products. A sizable level of solvent dimerization and adduction (combination reactions with shale-derived species) reactions also occur. The distribution of yields in the donor solvent conversion of shale was studied using a cascade reactor system with shale injection into a preheatedmore » reactor. Analytical techniques were used to characterize the products. 51 figs., 33 tabs.« less