With the high speed development of the social economy, it brings a series of problems of financial fraud which are resulted by the fail of the internal control. In older to decrease those kinds of matters, it is urgent for corporations to ensure that their inside auditing and internal controlling are actually valid. As a basic element of the internal control, the inside audit environment should have a good regulation. In this paper, it will discuss the importance of the intern environment in corporation's inside control, and then will build up an evaluation index tabulation. We analyzed some correlative elements which would affect the inside controls to build up a more detailed evaluation index tabulation, because the current evaluation index system are not really complete in China. According to the research results, it will be clear for companies to predict and conclude whether the inside control in the corporate have an effective impact. It also can help to verdict the reasons for the failure of internal control. Introduction It was not surprise for us to hear about that some international enterprises got into the trouble of financial scandal and management failure. Losing the internal control has been considered as one of the reasons. Therefore, the international society is more and more concerning about the effects of the internal control. Although a list of regulations has been established in China, many challenges still exist for lacking of experience and time limitation. For instance, the notion of the internal control, which is really significant, is not been valued by most of companies and the result of the internal control is not much satisfied. It just was a framework without any practical solutions to the problems. Thus, it is necessary for us to build up an evaluation system to test the result of the inside control. The internal audit environment is the basic of the internal control and research should pay attention to investigate the elements under it which are considered by our corporate.[1] Through the evaluation, the corporations will produce the concepts of inside control, then make a correct solution to enhance their internal control and reduce the financial fraud and corruption which were based on the different defects.[2] In this paper, the concept of the internal control and the environment of internal control will be introduced firstly, and then we will analyze the factors which have a significant influence on the internal control, and put forward an evaluation index tabulation to help our corporate make sure the effectiveness of their internal control. Finally, the conclusion and discussion will be given base on the whole analysis. Internal Control According the literature review, the research about the internal control audit is still rare in China. The development of the internal control's history in China is not as long as it developed in other country. In many areas, we still have to consult and learn from the foreign academicians. American required the certified public accountant (CPA) to begin the internal control auditing in 2002 for all the companies. At same time, only the public companies are asked to start internal control auditing by some CPA of China. However it did not work well and did not get much attention until the 149 frequently occur of the financial fraud. Companies start to realize that it is urgent to build up a system to evaluate the effectiveness of the internal control. According to the enterprise internal control general regulations, the internal control is a process to achieve its control objections under the implement of the board, supervisory board, managers and whole stuffs. [3] The aim of the internal control is make sure that the operation management is legal, the property belong to the company is safety and the financial report and its reality information are true and complete to some extent. It also needs to ensure that the management performance and effect are going well and the company's development strategy can be achieved. [4] According to the 'Internal Control-Integrated Framework' and the 'Enterprise Risk Management -Integrated Framework' published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tread way Commission (COSO), Ministry of Finance in China takes those five elements (Interior audit environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, internal supervision) as the foundation of internal control elements. Internal environment is the basis of internal controlling among the five elements and it is also the basis of this paper. [5] Interior audit Environment It is clear that the internal audit environment is the core of the internal control, and it will affect a company directly to achieve their mission. According to the research of Baoqing Wang, those factors (the organization framework, development strategy, human resources, social responsibility and company culture) are all really important to the interior environment. [6] An excellent organization framework can help to solve the internal contradiction between the different right subjects in the corporate. The correctness of the development strategy has a huge influence to the company's long term development. Moreover, it is also believe that the more professional employees can do a better job. Thus, the management of the human resources element is good for our enterprise to train and hire more high qualified stuff. As to the enterprise culture, it is the special faith and behavior of a company and company will take a long time to get it. All of those elements have their owner diverse functions to internal control, and we have to pay attention to all of them to make sure the corporate under a good operation. [7] Evaluation Index System Firstly, the history of the internal control audit and the content of the inside audit environment should be commended. It is necessary to have a division and combination of those elements for getting the 5 aspects which is needed to be evaluated. The A1 level index is consists of those 5 parts, including the organization framework, development strategy, human resources, social responsibility and company culture. Those 5 aspects are considered to play different functions and have different value in the inside control evaluation and they are given the different ratio in a total 1. The details of those 5 parts are explained in the A2 level index (table 2) which are included and compared many different factors. [8] However, those indexes are not the only choice, different companies can select the different index according to their owner operate situation.[9] With the current information, the internal control evaluation score (A) can be calculated by the following formula: The internal control evaluation score (A) = the organization framework index ×0.3 + the development strategy index ×0.2+ the human resources index ×0.2+ the social responsibility index ×0.15+ the company culture index ×0.15 (1) According to the score, it can be judged whether the companies do excellent in the internal control or not. It can also be acknowledged in which aspect the companies need to improve and give more concerning about it. If we have to get a more accurate result, we can set more detail evaluation indexes(like A3, A4...) which have a relevant effect of those 5 parts. Due to the limitation of this research, it will only list the A1 and A2 index for example in the following tables.


We write in response to Eva Bendix Petersen's commentary on 'Australian early career researchers' narratives of academic work, exit options and coping strategies', published in Australian Universities' Review (AUR) 53(2). While the professoriate is, perhaps, unable to directly tackle the malaise that Petersen ascribes to what she sees as an unsustainable staffing condition in the universities, we argue that the professoriate has a duty of care to early career academics, a duty of care that can be articulated through active mentoring. Acknowledging the growing group of academics recruited from the professions and/or specifically for teaching, but now increasingly required to meet scholarly research performance targets, we describe an approach to guided and mentored team-based, multi-authored research. By aligning experienced and inexperienced researchers into small project teams, often with a scholarship of teaching and learning focus, we demonstrate how early career academics can be better inducted into the world of academe, start to be research-productive, and thus be acknowledged, validated and rewarded.


According to the importance of the engineering cost management,the author analyzes the problems of the engineering cost management at present in our country,puts forward the effective way of the engineering cost management to improve the management level of the construction enterprise,attains the expected purpose of reducing cost and enhancing the competitiveness of the enterprise.


A general study is given of the polarization of light scattered by isotropic media whose elements of heterogeneity are not very small in comparison with the wavelength, (suspensions, colloidal solutions, solutions of large molecules, ...). This includes an extension of a theory by R. S. Krishnan, who, considering certain particular states of polarization of the incident light and applying the law of reciprocity, had proved the equality of two of the four coefficients which are to be considered in these cases. Using Stokes' linear representation of the polarization of light beams, it is shown that the scattering through a given angle and for a given wave‐length is characterized by the 16 coefficients of the linear forms which express the four polarization parameters of the scattered beam in terms of the four corresponding parameters of the incident beam and that the law of reciprocity leads to six relations between these sixteen coefficients. For an isotropic asymmetrical medium (having rotatory power), th...


R. K. Narayan is generally acknowledged as the most outstanding of the three major Indian authors writing in English to emerge in the 1930s (R. K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao). His works have been described as "an original blend of Western method and Eastern material" (Walsh, Narayan 3). His material is "Eastern" not just in the sense that he describes Indian characters in an Indian setting, but in the way that he uses references to Hindu mythology and the Indian epics to lend depth to his own works. He has what Britta Olinder has called "a singular power of joining his fresh and humorous view of the ordinary world with the deeper meaning and larger perspectives he finds in the mythical treasures of his own religion" ("Reality and Myth" 22). In The Man-Eater of Malgudi, for instance, the comic conflict between the good-natured but ineffectual Nataraj and Vasu, his taxidermist lodger, is on a deeper level a struggle between the forces that sustain life and those hostile to life. The struggle is brought to a happy conclusion because Vasu, like the rakshasa to which he is compared, carries within him the seeds of his own destruction (Walsh, Critical Appreciation 139). Narayan's basic technique of ironically juxtaposing scenes of modern life with the exploits of gods, demons, and heroes of old, is well known and, in the case of some of his novels, well documented. "Naga" shows to what effective use Narayan can also put the same basic technique within the tighter form of the short story. "Speaking for myself", Narayan has said, "I discover a story when a personality passes through a crisis of spirit or circumstances." A character "faces some kind of crisis and either resolves it or lives with it" (Malgudi Days ix). "Naga" certainly conforms to this simple pattern. A young boy faces two crises. When the story begins, he has already lived through the first one. Abandoned by his father, he has been forced to face life on his own. He has discovered that he has sufficient knowledge to carry on the family trade of snake charming, performing with Naga, the cobra the father has left behind. The story starts at a point close to the second crisis, which occurs when Naga - old and tired - has become a burden. The boy tries unsuccessfully to rid himself of his dependent by setting him free, only to find that Naga cannot survive on his own. The boy finds that he is incapable of purchasing his own liberty at the price of Naga's life and resumes responsibility for the snake. This is a variation on a theme that often appears in Narayan's works: an individual's impulse towards greater independence or individuality is hampered by forces within his immediate or extended family. Naga is family, as the father has made clear: "He is now one of our family and should learn to eat what we eat" (147). When the father abandons his son, he takes with him the "strumpet in the blue sari" and the performing monkey, and leaves behind in the hut the wicker basket containing Naga. The interpretation of the short story hinges partly on the answer to one question: why does the father leave the serpent rather than the monkey for his son? After all, when they performed for people, the father and the cobra functioned as one team, and the boy and the monkey as another. One could, of course, see the father's decision in terms of a selfish act: he takes the monkey because its earning power is far superior to that of the cobra, leaving his son to fend for himself as best he can @whereas the monkey is "popular" [148], the father has to go through with his snake act "unmindful of the discouragement" initially met with from householders [145]). Somehow this interpretation of the father,s motives does not quite agree with the facts as we know them. The father is not described as an evil man. Admittedly, when under the influence of alcohol, he handles his son roughly. He also, by all accounts, has bad taste in women. However, in the few brief glances that we are given of him at the beginning of the story, he is presented as a sympathetic character. …


(1) The question whether the injection of sulfarsenol had .any curative effect on the disease. In Case 1 it did certainly seem to act in a miraculous fashion. After the first injection the patient never looked back, there were no complications and no relapse occurred. In Case 2 the temperature became normal for the first time after the second injection, but unfor~ tunately, a complication set in shortly afterwards. It is interesting to note that in both cases cessation of ,fever occurr!:ld on or about the forty-sixth day of the disease. 'rwocases are of course too few for any conclusion to be come to as to the value of sulfarsenol treatment in glandular fever, but it is thought that it should certainly .be tried in any other cases which may occur. (2) These cases certainly bear out the contention that the disease does not possess a high degree of infectivity. No case occurred amongst the nursing orderlies and there were no further cases in 'the hospital. (3) The incubation period in Case 2 was twelve days. (4) The appearance and disappearance of the rash in Case 1 coincident with the febrile and afebrile days has not apparently been noted before. (5) No enlargement of the spleen was noticed in either case. (6) The blood picture showed a lymphocytosis in both cases. (7) The acute serous pleurisy in Case 2 has not been described before as a complication of glandular fever.


Research focuses on Islamic educational leadership influencing the leadership development and parenting of parents who are members of the military (TNI) in instilling children's personalities, because parental parenting is also related to the way parents provide education to their children. This research is a qualitative-descriptive type. Data accumulation techniques by means of in-depth interviews. From the results of the study, it was found that Islamic education leadership has an influence that underlies leadership development inspired by the ideal leadership of the Prophet as a maksum commander,Islamic education leadership also affects the implied parenting, namely democratic, and militaristic parenting. By applying these democratic parenting styles, religious, theoretical, and social personalities are formed in children.


This research contributes to a perspective on the knowledge of promotion of goodness (al amr bil ma'ruf) and prevention of evil (wa nahyu 'anil munkar) into corporate governance of public companies. In the modern managerial paradigm, managers are expected to get things done in organizations through their fellow colleagues efficiently and effectively. The study uses Al Qurtubi and Ibn Taymiyyah models in operationalizing the promotion of goodness (al 'amr bil ma'aruf) and prevention of evil (wa nahyu anil munkar) in modern public companies' corporate environment. The study uses content analysis on secondary data and information of Bursa Malaysia public companies' annual reports, Internet search engine hit analyses, selected literature on corporate governance and website information of 100 public companies. The results of the content analysis suggested 13 factors that contributed to good corporate governance. Business decision makers are recommended to use the 13-factor checklist for corporate governance practices assessment. The study also proposed 15 actions to use good corporate governance practices to achieve sustainable organizational performance. The study conducted survey and personal interviews but the results were not statistically significant and meaningful. The study proposes the future study to use survey and personal interview.


The recent progress of BSIM (Berkeley Short-channel IGFET Model) SPICE models extended for SOI transistors are reviewed. The models cover partially depleted (PD), fully depleted (FD) and dynamic depletion (FD) (automatically transition between PD and FD). The key concept of dynamic depletion will be discussed.


Stochastic Programming is a framework for modelling and solving problems of decision making under uncertainty. Stochastic Dynamic Programming is a branch of Stochastic Programming that takes a"functional equation"approach to the discovery of optimal policies. By leveraging constructs - lambda expressions, functional interfaces, collections and aggregate operators - implemented in Java to operationalise the MapReduce framework, jsdp provides a general purpose library for modelling and solving Stochastic Dynamic Programs.


Our purpose to review the manuscripts worldwide and evaluate the prognostic factors that effect end visual acuity in different injury groups. Studies about ocular injuries of the children, worker, driver, and army personal were investigated. Injuries of those groups are more frequent in our region than some other regions. Prognostic factors of those studies were compared with each other. Globally prevention is critical and open glob injury is bad prognostic factor, evaluation of visual acuity of the paediatric patients is important. Work related injuries and combat injuries mostly happen in productive young-aged and those have impact as global burden. Ocular traumas secondary to motor vehicle accident can cause central blindness secondary to optic neuropathy or intracranial pathology.


thnomusicologists generally seem to adhere to the idea that pitch perception is based on frequency ratios, a theory that has gained support from various disciplines. Musics from different cultures, as far as they have been analyzed in this regard, appear to conform with this principle. Irrespective of the type of scales they use (tempered, equidistant, etc.), they all seem to be based on logarithmic frequency systems in which the invariant interval features are frequency ratios, not frequency differences as is the case in linear systems. However, in a series of studies on Australian Aboriginal music Catherine Ellis has given evidence that the frequency distribution of this music shows segregation into clusters spaced according to frequency differences instead of ratios (1964, 1965, 1967, 1990); but, as a result of methodological limitations, some of her results are not unequivocal, and interpretation is limited because there is no accompanying time-frequency analysis of her material. Nevertheless, Ellis's claim of arithmetic scaling in this music is strongly supported by her finding that transpositions appear to be performed on a frequency-difference basis. Although these findings bear considerable implications for several disciplines, including, not least, ethnomusicology and theories on the evolution of music, they have found little resonance in current approaches within these disciplines. In over twenty years there has been no re-examination or follow-up study on her results. This neglect cannot simply be explained by difficulties or limitations of the applied methods; probably it is a far more important factor that Ellis's studies contradict a widespread belief about an essential of human auditory perception, the correspondence of pitch distance and frequency ratios.


Although Confucianism was introduced to Silla Dynasty after four counties of Han Dynasty(漢四郡) were set up, it was King Jijeung(智證王)`s period when Silla Dynasty accepted Confucian political concept. King Jijeung held a position of Galmunwang(葛文王) for three years after King Soji(召知王) was dead in 500 A.D, and he finally ascended the throne in spite of great age of 64. Under the unfavorable condition of old age, he accepted Confucian political concept to expand his political power base. He named the country `Silla` and designated the ruler of the country as `king` based on this concept. In King Beopheung(法興王)`s period, Silla established an educational institution called Bak-sa(博士; Doctor) to promote the spread of Confucianism. The establishment of this institution was influenced by Baekje Dynasty, because Silla and Baekje maintained friendly relations at the time. In King Jinpyung(眞平王)`s period, Silla established the Human Resources Department called Wihwabu(位和府) to raise the efficiency of personnel management of government officials. Since the standard of selection was the degree of understanding of Confucianism, people who wanted to enter the government service were needed to study Confucianism. The inscriptions engraved on Imsinseogiseok(壬申誓記石) tell a pledge of two young men vowing to finish reading Confucian books such as Sigyung(詩經), Sangseo(尙書), Yegi(禮記), and Jwajeon(左傳) in three years.


This work analyses the isothermal flow field of a research burner exploiting both swirl and radially staged combustion air. The burner is composed of two coaxial co-rotating swirling jets, and the swirl level of the two jets can be controlled independently of each other. The influence of the swirl levels on the flow field is experimentally investigated under isothermal conditions using the Stereo-PIV technique, and the results evidence significant differences in the mean flow field at the different swirl levels. The vortex breakdown occurs in all the investigated cases, except for the combination of the lowest outer swirl level and the intermediate inner swirl level. Besides, the central recirculating flow region shape and size are affected by the momentum ratio and swirl level of the central jet. When the swirl intensities of the two coaxial jets are at their maximum, LDV measurements evidence on the burner axis tangential velocity fluctuations at a frequency of about 86 Hz; a POD-based phase average of the PIV maps allows recognizing the presence of a Precessing Vortex Core (PVC) which induces a periodic merging of the two jets. Those results can be of significance in the design of double swirl burners and for the control of the combustion process. Nevertheless, further tests are required to extend the current analysis to combustion conditions.


Abstract A series of six new single crystals of fully stoichiometric As3+-bearing Mo-oxides and partially W-substituted Mo-oxides with formula AsmO(Mo1−xWxO3)p (m = 1, 2; p = 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) was successfully grown using vapor-phase transport in vacuo. The crystal structures were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. All these compounds exhibit acentric orthorhombic symmetry with Z = 2, and belong to the so-called (n)-ITB (intergrowth tungsten bronzes) family, with n = 2, 3, 4 and 5. The six (n)-ITB phases have the following formulae: (2)-AsMo5O16 (Pm 2a), (2)-As2Mo10O31 (Pma 2), (3)-AsMo7O22 (Pmn 21), (3)-As(Mo5.53W1.47)O22 (Pmn 21), (4)-As(Mo4.33W4.67)O28 (Pm 2a) and (5)-As(W6.63Mo4.37)O34 (Pmn 21). Their structures consist of vertex-sharing MO6 octahedral units (with M either Mo or Mo/W) connected so as to form three-dimensional frameworks. Such frameworks consist of perovskite tungsten bronzes (PTB) type slabs, from 2- to 5-octahedra wide, intergrown with single hexagonal tungsten bronzes (HTB) type slabs, stacked up to form pseudo-hexagonal tunnels along the a-axis. As3+ and additional oxygen atoms are located in off-center positions inside the tunnels, forming As–O bonds with peculiar arrangements. In particular, we obtained the first examples of structures where, besides the usual AsO3E distorted pyramidal geometry, As3+ adopts AsO4E coordination with a seesaw configuration.


The theoretical starting point of Joseph Nye's soft power theory is the dissatisfaction towards the explanatory power of the international relationship pattern. He thinks that realism emphasize too much the hard power. However, today, culture, policy and sense of value become more and more important in the international relationship. In that case, all the countries should learn to use new power source to realize its goal. The new source of power is called "the soft power" by Joseph Nye. Ideological and political education not only has the Chinese characteristic but also significantly represents the soft power. Thus, enhance the education of mainstream culture and core value of socialism for the college students, guide them to set up the correct sense of value, develop the ideological and political education healthily and enhance the national soft power.


Pearl millet is a gluten free cereal resistant to drought, diseases and pests. The major protein fraction in pearl millet is prolamin the alcohol soluble fraction called pennisetin. Researches on the factors affecting pennisetin extraction and on its functional properties are still very scant. In this paper, the effect of temperature, reducing agents (β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol or sodium metabisulfite) and sodium hydroxide on pennisetin extraction was assessed. Samples were characterized by protein and amino acid (AA) analysis, SDS-Page and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Pennisetin was extracted with high protein purity (90.1%) from pearl millet grain flour (PMF) using 70% aqueous ethanol containing 1% sodium metabisulfite and 0.2% sodium hydroxide at 60°C. SDS-Page confirmed pennisetin extraction and showed three subunits corresponding to the 27-, 22- and 12 kDa-pennisetins. The percentage of essential amino acids in pennisetin (68.55%) was higher than that in PMF (41.64%). The hydrophobic character of pennisetin was confirmed by the presence of 45.49% of hydrophobic amino acids. Functional properties of pennisetin and PMF were investigated. Compared to PMF, pennisetin exhibited comparable oil and water binding capacities and higher foaming capacity and emulsifying activity index but with lower emulsion stability. Pennisetin functional properties were similar or lower relatively to common used proteins of wheat, sorghum, rice or peanut. Excluding water, oil binding and foam capacities, all the functional properties of pennisetin and PMF were significantly different (p≤0.05).The findings suggest increasing the use of pennisetin and PMF as nutritional and health promoting agent for vegans and celiac patients.


Cloud computing, a new paradigm for utility computing, has brought a revolutionary change in the IT industry by enabling the elastic on demand resource provisioning of computing resources. As cloud infrastructure heavily relies on virtualization technology, there is a need for an efficient and effective virtual machine scheduling strategy. Virtual machine scheduling problem can be defined as an allocation of a set of virtual machines (VMs) to a set of physical machines (PMs). The proposed work focuses on PSO based VM scheduling strategy for VM placement in cloud infrastructure. The strategy focuses on efficient VM allocation to physical servers in order to minimize the total resource wastage and the number of servers used. Simulation experiments were conducted to observe the allocation of VMs to the servers and to evaluate the proposed algorithm with respect to performance and scalability. The results are compared with Best-Fit, First-Fit and Worst-Fit placement strategies. Simulation study conducted to evaluate the performance reveals the effectiveness of the model.


The area of the operation section applies to the summation of the land use for the various logistics activities in the logistics park. The computation of this index has come to be an important item in the logistics park planning during the continuous development in the construction of the logistics park. The previous research in logistics park land use planning mostly concerned the prediction of freight demand of the logistics park, but few studies concentrate on the topic of how to convert the demand to the calculation of the land area, and the transfer method in the present literature tends to be subjective and simple. This paper decomposes the logistics operation area into some function sections, uses the convert coefficient that was gained from the experience data in kinds of industries, calculates the area of different function sections by means of space-time consumption method with the assumption of the logistics demand of the logistics park that is given, then collects to get the whole area. This paper focuses on the computation of logistics park operation area, puts forward a new method to calculate the logistics park land scale, offers the reference for the decision of logistics planning, and hopes to be widely used in practice.


Proliferation of digital platforms specifically Instant Messaging Applications (IMAs), have introduced new challenges to digital forensic investigations. With the rapidly increased use of WhatsApp application, it is plausible to speculate that WhatsApp became a potential source of threat and/or cybercrime. Some newly added features on WhatsApp, such as 'delete for everyone', giving the users the ability to delete messages from both ends (sender and receiver), have resulted in complicating the cybercrime investigation process. Therefore, there is a need to revisit the investigation process and the structure of such updated features to be able to create a comprehensive digital forensic technique. This paper examines the forensic artifacts of the WhatsApp's 'delete for everyone' feature. This feature is a great addition to the overall usability of IMAs, however, it is also crucial to update the digital forensic investigation techniques and test the capability of commercial forensic tools in recovering forensic evidence when a new technology has been introduced. During the course of this research, we tested and validated the digital forensic methodology and compared the investigation results with forensically sound commercial tools. During the data acquisition process, we conducted physical and logical forensic acquisitions of an Android device which led to a breakthrough discovery of a SQLite file called Write-Ahead-Log (WAL) which contains the application's latest messages, including deleted (allegedly) messages.


The Ag-Cu-S layer formed on PE demonstrated a wide variation in thickness. The cross-section showed the average thickness of sulfide layers on PE increase from 1.9 mm to 5.6 mm with the increase in the sulfurization time and from 1.9 mm to 3.9 mm with the increase of treating time in the solution of copper salts. The electronic micrographs of the sulfide layers indicate the creation of an irregular but continuous base of small dendrites and agglomerates. With the increase in the sulfurization time and treating time in copper (II/I) salt solution observed an increase of the agglomerates size. Energy dispersive spectroscopy results indicate that modified layers are poor in copper (0.5 at. % - 1.5 at. %). The atomic ratios of Ag/Cu/S, calculated from the quantification of the peaks (excluded C and O elements) give the values (%) of 8.3:1.5:4.4, 8.7:0.5:4.3 and 23:1.2:10.9, respectively. In all cases, energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements revealed the modified layers are nearly stoichiometric Ag 2 S. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.3.584


Islamic fundamentalism,the Islamic Renaissance appeared in a radical political thought and power,and to a certain extent,reflected desire to reserve tradition culture under the wave of moderniztion.This article probes it from its definition,characteristics,formation reasons and influence Contemporary Islamic fundamentalism is wotj great influence international society that cannot be ignored,not only for the Middle East hut also China′ frontier area.


The paper extends the recently published methods for image reconstruction and texture minification using the generalized ripmap method, named fipmap, and quad-trees. Fipmap is based on the technique of partitioned iterated function systems, used in fractal image compression. The quad-tree texture reconstruction algorithm works well for many standard cases. The special cases can be solved using the fipmap minification. The approach was applied for textures from architectural image sequences and the results are very promising.


Plasma cleaning has been used as a treatment prior to PVD coating processes in order to improve the film adhesion. The variation of the cleaning parameters, such as, the bias power, the chamber pressure and the process time, modifies the energy of the argon ion bombardment. In this work it is presented a study in order to determine the influence of these cleaning parameters on the surface of AFNOR 20M5 steel substrates. Particularly, it is presented how the argon bombardment affects the relaxation of residual stresses profiles on the near surface of the substrates. The residual stress profiles were determined by X-Ray Diffraction with Cu K and Cr K radiation using the conventional sin 2 method and the pseudo-grazing incidence method. Concerning the experimental results, it is very clear from all data that the compressive residual stress value found in the substrate before plasma cleaning, due to the mechanical polishing, was relaxed after cleaning. The application of the pseudo-grazing incidence method enabled the characterisation of the extreme surface ( 0.1-0.5 μm), and it seems that the residual stresses state in this region is dependent on the pressure chamber, if a convenient bias power is applied. However the study had shown that thermal effects due to the prior heating of the substrates, carried out just before the plasma cleaning, seams to be important on the residual stress relaxation over a higher depth range.


SUMMARY Monodispersed, nanosized polyion complex (PIC) vesicles were developed as new candidates for siRNA delivery on the basis of PIC formation from short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)– polycation block copolymers. In this new formulation, siRNAs were embedded in the vesicle wall, then termed by siRNAsomes. We optimized the formation condition of siRNAsomes in terms of the ratio of number of amino groups on block copolymers and phosphate groups on siRNAs (N/P) and the amount of crosslinking reagent, or glutaraldehyde (GA). At N/P = 2.3, crosslinked siRNAsomes showed salt resistance, serum stability, high cellular uptake and significant gene silencing activity. Combined with their encapsulation ability of hydrophilic macromolecules, siRNAsomes have a great potential as a versatile platform for co-delivery of various materials and siRNAs. INTRODUCTION Recently, we reported the formation of submicrometer polyion complex vesicles (nanoPICsomes) from a pair of oppositely charged polymers, PEG-based block aniomers and homo-catiomers in aqueous media. NanoPICsomes are promising nanoreactors and nanocarriers, mainly due to their size tunability, well-controlled unilamellar structure, easy loading of water-soluble macromolecules, and long blood circulation in mice after crosslinking. For further expansion of the scope of nano-PICsomes, it is required to gain more insights of desirable properties and principal requirements of the material for nanoPICsome formation, and properties of resulted vesicles. To accomplish this, vesicle formation from a pair of 21-nucleotide siRNAs and PEG– polycation block copolymers (Scheme 1) is of interest due to several expected advantages as follows: First, using siRNAs, instead of commonly used charged poly(amino acid)s, for vesicle formation might help us to further generalize nano-PICsome concept. Second, embedding siRNAs in the PIC layer of the vesicles might improve physiological stability and cellular uptake, compared to naked siRNAs which are enzymatically degraded and hardly enter the cells. Third, such vesicles might exhibit intrinsic gene silencing ability originated from RNAi effect of loaded siRNAs. Forth, various therapeutic hydrophilic macromolecules might be loaded into the inner aqueous phase of the vesicles, as observed in nano-PICsomes. In this study, PIC vesicles were prepared through electrostatic interaction between siRNAs and PEG-polycation block copolymers at various N/P and PEG weight fraction (fPEG), followed by physicochemical and biological evaluations. Monodispersed siRNAsomes obtained at the specific formulations encapsulated water-soluble macromolecules and illustrated appreciable gene knockdown effect, suggesting their potential utility for multifunctional siRNA nano-carriers. Scheme 1. Formation scheme of siRNAsome EXPERIMENTAL METHODS PICs were prepared by vortex mixing of PEG-polycation block copolymers (PEG-P(AspAP)) with siRNAs, in 10 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.3, and evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), conventional transmission electron microscope (conventional TEM), and cryo-TEM. Crosslinking reaction was carried out by treatment of PICs with specific amount of glutaraldehyde (GA). After crosslinking, serum stability and encapsulation ability were examined by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Cellular uptake was observed using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). RNAi activity was investigated by luciferase expression assay. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DLS and TEM results revealed a selective formation of monodispersed small unilamellar vesicle (SUVs), polydispersed large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), and meso-porous particles with micrometer size. These structures can be described as a function of N/P (Figure 1A,B). Overall, excess amount of PEG-P(Asp-AP) seemed to be essential for the formation of vesicles. Negative zeta potential (ZP) was found for submicrometer PICs made at N/P < 1.9, and positive ZP for those made at N/P > 1.9. Thus, successful formation of monodispersed siRNAsomes (SUVs) is correlated with surface charge and fPEG. Surface charge of PICs might impart colloidal stability to vesicles, and neutral surface charge (low ZP) may cause formation of micrometer PICs. Also, the optimized fPEG (6.3– 7.8%) might provided SUVs, given that fPEG < 10% favors vesicle formation. To evaluate gene silencing activity of siRNAsomes, siRNAsomes obtained at N/P = 1.5 and 2.3 were crosslinked with GA, at various molar ratio of GA to primary amino groups of polymers ([GA]/[NH2]). siRNAsomes crosslinked at appropriate conditions showed no change in size and PDI after adding 150 mM NaCl, while noncrosslinked ones underwent disassembly. The highest luciferase (luc) knockdown effect against A549-luc was found for siRNAsomes containing the luc-targeting sequence prepared at N/P = 2.3 and crosslinked at [GA]/[NH2] = 0.4 with optimized reaction condition (crosslinked-siRNAsomes). CrosslinkedsiRNAsomes were further challenged with Hepes buffer containing 10% serum and 150 mM NaCl after encapsulation of TRITC-Dex (Mn = 70000) to investigate their stability under the physiological conditions. From the results of FCS measurements, crosslinked-siRNAsomes shows negligible change in size, keeping TRITC-Dex in their inner space. CLSM observation revealed that crosslinkedsiRNAsomes could be remarkably taken up by Huh-7-luc, compared to non-crosslinked ones and naked siRNAs. The serum stability might promote their cellular entry. Figure 1. DLS results (A,) and TEM images (B) of PICs prepared at various N/P; PICs made at N/P= 1.9 were not measurable by DLS (black bar) due to turbidity.


type="graphical" xml:id="gpol12188-abs-0002"> The developing Business of Migration Control is large and growing, yet its impacts on policy-making and policy-implementation and its interaction with other international actors is unknown.


Abstract The CHIN P'ING MEI is a novel of unknown authorship, whose earliest extant edition dates from late in the Wan-li (1573–1620) period of the Ming. The novel is set in Shantung, at the close of the Northern Sung dynasty, though its descriptions of customs, dress, and governmental organization in fact reflect the author's own period, the Ming. The central characters in the CHIN P'ING MEI are a wealthy young merchant, Hsi-men Ch'ing , his six wives, and their assorted servants and relatives. The action of the novel takes place almost entirely within the Hsi-men family compound, which is, however, extensive enough that representatives of almost every social class appear within its walls, either as residents or as guests. In the course of the novel Hsi-men Ch'ing rises in wealth and status, but the household over which he presides seethes with intrigue and discord, and his particularly painful death is the resul...


The two epigraphs with which I begin this essay epitomize the stasis at the heart of any discussion of racial reconciliation: the question of credibility. The first comes from the American social activist Malcolm X.1 The second comes from Captain Jacques Hechter, a former member of South Africa's apartheid security police.2 Taken together, they reveal the double-edged character of rhetorics third blade: ethos. The question of "character as it emerges in language" is fundamentally at stake in any discussion of race,3 and it informs my response to John Hatch's thoughtful and well-argued essay on enlarging rhetorical coherence through reconciliation.4 Hatch suggests that by forging a rhetoric of coherent reconciliation, we might contribute to a better public discourse about race in the United States. He argues that by "further theorizing reconciliation as a tragicomically coherent rhetoric, rhetoricians could help prepare the way for principled practices and constructive critiques of racial reconciliation in the United States."5 1 wish to pursue this suggestion by examining the rhetoric of racial reconciliation in the enlarged space opened by Malcolm X's question and Jacques Hechter's answer: the space within which apologies are deemed sincere or simply expedient, within which credibility and character are paramount. This space is circumscribed by the center/margin relationship that is defined by what Charles M. Mills describes as "The Racial Contract." Unlike the social contract idealized in Western philosophy and politics, the Racial Contract reveals the ideological presuppositions and material conditions that have constrained race relations for the past five hundred years. During that time, black rhetors have sought persistently to re-sign the Racial Contract, and have contributed to the crafting in real


Folklore medicine in Sudan used medicinal materials to treat inestinal infections caused by bacterial infections or contamination of food. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of different parts of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile gum, Haplophyllum tuberculatum Juss.aerial parts, Hydnora abyssinica A. Br.fruits, Nigella sativa L seeds, Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. roots,and Usnea molliuscula lichen were tested for antibacterial properties at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against 20 intestinal isolates including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella para typhi B,Staphylococcus aureus, and standard bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8236), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 35657), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 1319106) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), using the Agar Diffusion Method. Standard antibiotics were used as standards drug for antibacterial effect. The highest enhancing properties were observed in methanol extracts and the lowest in aqueuos extract. U. molliuscula methanolic extract was the most active among all tested plant extracts, while, the aqueous extract of H. tuberculatum had a promising level of efficacy among the aqueous extracts tested. Most responsive Gram-negative clinical isolates bacteria were S. para typhi B and P. aeruginosa. Most susceptible standard bacteria were B. subtilis (NCTC 8236). Obtained results from investigated plants confirm their antibacterial potential and usefulness in the treatment of intestinal infections.

 Key words: Phytomedicine, traditional uses, antibactrial activity.


This article establishes how the system of adolescent criminal responsibility has been an issue of constant discussion over the time, it is necessary because we must know and understand the legal provisions that have been determined in this topic but put into question its effectiveness.
For this reason, an important bibliographic review was made, using the information of degree works, reflection articles, among others, with the purpose of a historical and legal framework of the adolescent criminal responsibility system in Colombia and the sanctions contemplated in the current legislation. As a result of its collection and appropriation of the information, a series of alternative mechanisms was proposed for the adolescent offender that can be applied in the current system, emphasizing the different positions that have been given around this issue.


Since the introduction of value methodology (VM) into the construction industry, VM has gained popularity among both industrial and academic professionals. VM has been applied by various stakeholders at different levels of project development with different tools in attaining value for money, supported by academic research into this management approach and its applications. However, there is little research work analysing the development of scholarly research in the field of VM in construction. This paper presents the findings of a comprehensive review of 45 papers published between January 1993 and March 2013. Content analysis was carried out on papers published in top academic journals in the area of construction engineering and management. The findings revealed that the majority of research works have focused on the applications of VM, with less attention given to the aspect of theory development to support the applications in the future. It is recommended that scholars should explore this niche area, focusing on theory development and its applications of VM in the construction industry.


To investigate the hormonal balance in obesity with respect to insulin and glucagon secretion and to assess their effect at the substrate level, we compared ten obese subjects with an equal number of normal weight controls. No subject was diabetic by USPHS criteria. Aminogenic hormonal secretion was measured after arginine was given intravenously at a rate of 1 gm.'min. for thirty minutes. Changes in the hormonally sensitive substrates, glucose and free fatty acids, were examined in relation to the hormonal secretion. Our obese population was characterized by increased insulin and decreased glucagon secretion. At the substrate level, these hormonal differences were reflected in changes of serum glucose but not in free fatty acids.


Automatic control of mobile robots and robot arms requires techniques for estimating the position and orientation of objects with high accuracy and robustness. Although methods using markers or machine learning have been developed, general-purpose and highly accurate estimations have not been realized. Our team developed a high-accuracy visual marker "LentiMark" for high-accuracy estimations of position and posture, but data are lost when the camera cannot obtain marker images. We therefore developed the Marker-IMU system for integrating visual markers with an inertia measurement unit (IMU). When cameras cannot acquire the image of a visual marker, any missing data are restored from IMU data. However, when calculating positions from acceleration sensor values, sensor error increases estimation error. Therefore, we developed a method for error correction using measurements from before and after the missing data. Evaluation experiments confirm that missing data can be estimated using the proposed method.


This article reviews Something Incredibly Wonderful Happens: Frank Oppenheimer and his Astonishing Exploratorium. by K. C. Cole 410 pp. , 2012. Price: $19 (paper) ISBN 978-0-226-11347-0.


Railway operations are disrupted frequently. The disrupted situation requires to adapt the timetable and the resource schedules quickly. This research focuses on the rescheduling of rolling stock. Disruptions have a large influence on the passenger flows. The rolling stock schedule must be adapted such that there is on every train enough capacity for the modified passenger flows. To handle the modified flows it may be beneficial to adapt the stopping patterns of intercity trains to allow stops at regional stations. In this research we study a real time rolling stock rescheduling approach which determines if additional stops at regional stations are worthwhile.


The biomass size spectrum (BSS) theory was introduced by Sheldon et al. in 1972 to describe the features of marine pelagic ecosystems. Schwinghamer was the first to extend this concept to benthic assemblages. Traditionally, benthic communities are described by structural variables, such as abundance, species composition, and biodiversity indices. Analysis of the distribution of biomass by size is an ataxonomic approach to studying the structures and functions of the benthic communities. The introduction of the BSS theory provides a new method for benthic ecology research. Compared to taxonomic approaches for studying the structures and functions of benthic communities, the BSS theory is easier to operate, in which calculation errors caused by inaccurate taxonomic identification may be avoided. Because of the urgent need to understand the structures and functions of marine ecosystems, and to accurately detect the ecological systems, the fields of application for the BSS theory will become more extensive. In China, most studies on the size spectrum of zoobenthos have been conducted in the subtidal zone, with only a few studies having been conducted in the intertidal zone. In addition, no studies have been conducted in mangrove swamps. To provide a scientific basis for the ecological protection and sustainable


Purpose To describe a very interesting case of reactivation of ocular toxoplasmosis after macula hole surgery. Setting : Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is the most frequently cause of posterior uveitis worldwide and reactivation is unpredictable.


Background: Complications from type II diabetes mellitus (DM) are especially serious for older people. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of upper limb ergometry against lower limb ergometry in reducing blood glucose levels in elderly women. Materials and methods: Forty female patients, aged 60-70, with type II DM took part in the study. Pre-treatment, the mean ± SD values for blood glucose were 279.9 ± 60.99 mg/dl in group A while in group B they were 281.7 ± 38.69 mg/dl. Two groups of involving 20 subjects each were used in this study. Group (A) received upper-extremity ergometry activities, whereas Group (B) received lower-extremity ergometry exercises. Prior to and following three sessions per week for three months, blood glucose levels were monitored. Results: Upper extremity ergometry exercise is more effective than lower extremity ergometry exercise in reducing blood glucose level. Improvement in blood sugar levels was higher (21.04%) in group (A) than in group (B) (12.26%). Conclusion: Blood glucose levels in elderly women were shown to be more effectively controlled with upper extremity ergometry exercise than with lower extremity exercise.


The responses of Andersson and Radnitzky and of Rozeboom are in teresting evidence of a "paradigm clash" that ramifies into both sub stantive psychological theory and also the methodology of scientific re search. Seeing the world through the rose-colored spectacles of Popperian methodology, Andersson and Radnitzky applaud my article as an attack on Procrustean positivism and inductivism and are thus largely sym pathetic. In contrast, Rozeboom sees (albeit rather darkly) through the lenses of spectacles ground for a never-say-die justificationist and be haviorist, and attacks my position for not having taken into account his sophisticated, logical "isms" approach. Not surprisingly, both comments distort my position, the one slightly and the other badly. Thus it is worth stressing at the outset that my argument concerning the limitations of dispositional analysis is not dependent on acceptance of any meta theoretical approach to science and its methodology-for expository pur poses my presentation attempted to dichotomize two extreme views, an old line represented by classical logical empiricism and a new look com posed variously of nonjustificational and a non "explanation is logical deduction" school and argued that at neither extreme could one consider dispositional analysis adequate for explanatory science. The responses point to the middle ground that, for brevity of presentation, my article


Objective To investigate the influence of the independent living-skill training in community on the social function in patients with chronic schizophrenia.Methods A total of 120 patients with schizophrenia who were discharged after rehabilitation from January to June,2008 were randomly divided into the observational group(n=60)and the control group(n=60).Of the patients in the control group who undergone conventional rehabilitation training,8 quit the training and 52 actually completed the training;Of the patients in the observational group who undergone independent living skill training,4 quit the training and 56 actually completed the training.Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms(SAPS),scale for the assessment of negative symptoms(SANS)and social dysfunction scale(SDSS)were used in the patients of the two groups to assess levels of rehabilitation before treatment,at the end of 8,and 26 weeks,and 1 year after treatment.And nurses' observation scale for inpatient evaluation(NOSIE)was also used before treatment and 1 year after treatment.Results The scores of SAPS,SANS,SDSS before the treatment,at the end of 8 and 26 weeks,and 1 year after treatment in the observational group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P0.05 or P0.01).And the scores of NOSIE in the observational group on 1 year after treatment were superior to those before the treatment(P0.01).Conclusion The independent living skill training in community can effectively improve the social function and the life quality of patient with chronic schizophrenia.


Abstract We examined stress as a predictor of behaviours related to Coronavirus Disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) through its effects on delay discounting. Adults (N = 3686) completed an online survey with a behavioural measure of delay discounting and questions regarding stress, physical distancing, and stockpiling of food and supplies. Stress was weakly, but positively, correlated with delay discounting (p < 0.01). Delay discounting was positively correlated with stockpiling (p < 0.01); and discounting was negatively correlated with physical distancing (p < 0.01). Mediation models indicated that discounting was a significant mediator of the relationship between stress and physical distancing (−0.003) and stockpiling (0.003); bootstrap 95% CIs (−0.006, −0.001) and (0.001, 0.005), respectively. After accounting for its indirect effects through discounting, stress continued to have a direct effect on these outcomes. This study indicates that delay discounting partially mediates the link between stress and behaviours related to COVID‐19. Results suggest that interventions reducing stress and/or delay discounting may be profitable for increasing infection prevention and reducing stockpiling.


We consider the skyline problem (a.k.a. the maxima problem), which has been extensively studied in the database community. The input is a set P of d-dimensional points. A point dominates another if the former has a lower coordinate than the latter on every dimension. The goal is to find the skyline, which is the set of points p ∈ P such that p is not dominated by any other data point. In the external-memory model, the 2-d version of the problem is known to be solvable in O((N/B)logM/B(N/B)) I/Os, where N is the cardinality of P, B the size of a disk block, and M the capacity of main memory. For fixed d ≥ 3, we present an algorithm with I/O-complexity O((N/B)logd-2/M/B(N/B)). Previously, the best solution was adapted from an in-memory algorithm, and requires O((N/B) logd-2/2(N/M)) I/Os.


I t has been clearly established that many enzymes exist in multimolecular forms. Dr. Markert's prediction that the large majority of the 1,000 or more enzymes that a cell possesses eventually would be shown to be isozymes is believable. In spite of this rapid progress, we have yet to understand why different proteins are formed to catalyze what would appear to be the same enzymic function. One general theory for the existence of isozymes invokes the differential distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes. This theory, often referred to as the "aerobic-anaerobic" theory and developed largely under the sponsorship of Dr. Kaplan and his colleagues, is based on: (1) The abundance of LDH 1 in tissues dependent on terminal respiration, whereas LDH 5 predominates in tissues with glycolysis.' (2) The relative resistance of LDH 5 to inhibition by high concentrations of pyruvate or lactate when provided as substrates.' In addition, it has been found that LDH from tissues which depend primarily on glycolysis (LDH 5) is relatively more resistant to product (lactate) i n h i b i t i ~ n . ~ ' ~ Thus, it would appear that in cells in which glycolysis is the source of energy, lactate dehydrogenase is capable of functioning in the presence of high concentrations of products of glycolysis such as lactate and pyruvate. Since, in such cells, LDH may be expected to function to oxidize NADH, it seems reasonable that the enzyme is relatively more resistant to inhibition by products of glycolysis. The abundance of LDH 1 in tissues dependent on terminal respiration makes equal sense since an enzyme sensitive to inhibition by high concentrations of pyruvate may serve, as Kaplan et al. have suggested, to feed the tricarboxylate This attractive theory has been criticized recently. Dr. Vesel17'8 has pointed to the fact that the theory has been based largely on enzyme kinetics measured a t 25OC-an unphysiologic temperature in most systems. In addition, in the liver, a tissue rich in mitochondria, the anaerobic isozyme is abundant, whereas in erythrocytes, platelets, and lens fibers, known to depend primarily on glycolysis, the aerobic isozyme predominates. We report yet another objection to the aerobic-anaerobic theory for the *This work waa aided by Grant HD-00215 from the National Institute of Child Health


Microwave power transmission (MPT) is the wireless transfer of large amounts of power at microwave frequencies from one location to another. MPT research has been driven primarily by the desire to remotely power unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and by the concept of space solar power (SSP) first conceived by Dr. Peter Glaser of the Arthur D. Little Company in 1968. This paper attempts to reveal, in adequate chronological detail, many of the MPT milestones reached over the past 50 years, including those related to SSP. Key components to various MPT systems are presented as well as design schemes for achieving efficient MPT. Special focus is given to rectenna design since this particular MPT component has received the most attention from researchers over the last couple of decades.


A 65-year-old woman, with past history of mitral valve replacement, developed severe right heart failure. In addition to elevated right heart pressure, she had significant hypoalbuminemia as the important cause of refractory edema. Technetium-99m-labelled human serum albumin scintigraphy showed leak of protein from the transverse colon and the excretion of alpha 1 antitrypsin in the stool was markedly increased. Diagnosis of protein losing enteropathy was established. The etiology was increased lymphatic pressure secondary to right heart failure of multifactorial cause, including elevated left side filling pressures and out of proportion pulmonary hypertension due to old tuberculosis, resulting in significant tricuspid regurgitation. The patient was managed conservatively with increased dose of furosemide from 10-20mg every other day up to 40-60mg/day, and maximum dose of tolvaptan (a vasopressin 2 receptor blocker) of 15mg/ day, in addition to high protein diet.


Flip teaching (FT) is a methodology with a significant impact on the educational innovation trend that encourages active learning and facilitates the learning of students. The main objective of this study is to measure the impact of flip teaching on the learning of a course at a higher education institution. To analyze the differences in the exam marks between students that follow FT and other methodologies, the t-statistic and Mann–Whitney U test have been used. Results indicate that FT allows improving the performance of students and achieving collateral capacities, such as responsibility and awareness, making learning more sustainable. This study makes an interesting contribution to existing research in education and demonstrates that it is possible to introduce FT in a block of the course and can be transferable to other courses.


In January 1967, Communist China's "great proletarian cultural revolution" entered a new stage—a stage of violent overthrow of all those in positions of authority in the Party and government who refused to accept Mao Tse-tung's new "revolutionary" order. Erupting in Shanghai under the name of the "January Revolution," this frenzied drive to "seize power" initiated a period of nation-wide violence and disorder.


A deformation of quantum mechanics obtained by replacing commutators by q‐commutators (where q is close enough to unity to be compatible with experiment) is studied. This idea is explored by studying the q‐harmonic oscillator in both configuration space and momentum space. The complete set of states in both representations as well as the transformation between x and p space is obtained. The states as well as the matrix elements lie in the SUq(2) algebra. To obtain expectation values and transition probabilities one must average over the SUq(2) algebra.


The spectrum of deutero‐formaldehyde in the infra‐red has been studied from 2.0μ to 13.0μ and seven absorption bands have been found. With these data and the data on the spectrum of the ordinary formaldehyde available it has been possible, making use of the product relations of Redlich, to identify with considerable certainty the fundamental frequencies of the H2CO and D2CO molecules, respectively, as: ν1 = 2780 cm—1, ν2 = 1750 cm—1, ν3 = 2875 cm—1, ν4 = 1503 cm—1, ν5 = 1278 cm—1, ν6 = 1165 cm—1, and ν1′ = 2056.4 cm—1, ν2′ = 1700 cm—1, ν3′ = 2160.3 cm—1, ν4′ = 1106.4 cm—1, ν5′ = 990.2 cm—1 and ν6′ = 938.0 cm—1. With this identification the valence force constants for the formaldehyde molecules have been computed.


Single and three-phase photovoltaic inverters are responsible to extract the photovoltaic array power and inject it into the grid. Due to variations in solar irradiance, inverters have a current margin, which is not explored during the day. Thereby, many works have proposed multifunctional operation. This concept consists in aggregate to the inverter control strategy other functions, such as harmonics and reactive power compensation. However, most important fact and less related in literature is the necessity of techniques to compensate partially reactive power and harmonics of the load, ensuring the inverter work below the rated current. Hence, the present work proposes a current dynamic saturation scheme in order to compensate partially reactive power and harmonics of the load during the multifunctional operation. Simulations show that the dynamic saturation prevents the inverter of inject low-order harmonics while ensuring the operation below the system rated current. By applying the multifunctional operation, the grid current THD is reduced from 104.64% to 1.54% and reactive power is fully compensated, resulting in a considerable grid improvement.


There is one thing of which I am sure. Without reasonable accommodations, my educational and employment efforts would have failed. Even today, as a published author with several degrees and a position with major responsibilities, I would probably fail any test or task that did not allow for accommodations. All persons with LD are entitled to use reasonable accommodations designed to meet their particular needs (Young, 1996). Learning disabilities are prevalent in the United States, reaching near-epidemic proportions in U.S. colleges and universities. In 1986, the U.S. Department of Education began collecting data on students with disabilities (Vogel, 1993). In that year, 1.3 million of the 12.5 million students enrolled in postsecondary educational institutions identified themselves as disabled. Of those self-identifying, 12.2 percent indicated they had a specific learning disability (Vogel, 1993). In 1995-96, of all undergraduate students enrolled in post-secondary institutions, five percent identified themselves as disabled (U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Of those, it is estimated that nearly 50 percent have specific learning disabilities (Murphy, 1992). Experts expect the number of post-secondary students with learning disabilities to remain high (Raskind & Higgins, 1995), given that more than 100,000 students with learning disabilities are graduating from high school each year (Office of Special Education Programs, 1992) and more than half intend to continue their education (White et al., 1982). Because the proportion of university students with learning disabilities is growing, all educational programs may eventually be required to conduct a selfexamination to determine how to accommodate the students with learning disabilities who enter their programs of study. This is especially important for print media programs such as journalism, public relations, and advertising because a large part of each program's curriculum is based on effective communication through writing. This article provides some fundamental information on learning disabilities relevant to programs preparing students for print media careers. Included is a discussion of learning disabilities, particularly those specific to written expression. The legal requirements facing all university programs are examined, and a brief overview of the types of appropriate accommodations that may be made in the classroom is provided, including assistive technology and strategy instruction. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential implications that the influx of students with learning disabilities will have upon not only the media writing classroom but also the print media newsroom. What are disabilities? Definition. A learning disability, according to the 1977 Federal Register and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), is a specific disorder in "one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations" (U.S. Office of Education, 1977, p. 65,083). Although learning disabilities are defined by the five criteria listed in the IDEA definition (process, language, academics, neurology, and exclusion), the identification criteria focus on a discrepancy between an individual's aptitude (measured by IQ scores) and achievement (measured bv a battery of achievement tests and subtests) (Mercer, 1997; AHEAD, 1997) that cannot be attributed to visual, hearing, or motor handicaps, mental retardation, emotional disturbances, or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage (U.S. Office of Education, 1977, p. 65,083). Many individuals with learning disabilities are identified early in their academic careers; however, research shows that although identification, intervention, and remediation may increase a student's level of achievement, specific learning disabilities are persistent deficits that can be improved but not resolved over time (Shaywitz et al. …


A narrow ribbon urban layout of Lanzhou along the river is inevitable due to its natural geographic environment of "being on a river sandwiched by two mountains", so that the development mode of Lanzhou should shift from recent mode of "overflowing" to the one of "transiting", and there are five spacial arientation available for its development. The principle of "disposition in the manner of ribbon groups and development into balanced districts" is to be observed in order to form a urban spacial configuration of "a river, two towns, and eight groups".


The road Cormac McCarthy, Random House; 2006 256 pp $30.00 ISBN 0–30726–543–9

We all, someday, are going to die. About this fact "there is no manner of doubt, no possible probable shadow of doubt, no possible doubt whatever" (W.S. Gilbert, The Gondoliers ). So too, it seems obvious, some


Mebendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic widely used in veterinary and human therapy. Among benzimidazole derivatives, several drugs with inducing effect on cytochromes P450 can be found. However, the induction capacity of mebendazole on P450s has not been explored yet. In this study, the effects of mebendazole on P4501A activity was tested in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and in human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. Two known P4501A inducers with benzimidazole structure, tiabendazole and omeprazole, were also included in the experiments with the aim of studying structure‐induction relationships. After 24‐, 48‐ and 72‐h incubation of rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells with drugs in various concentrations (0.1–100μm), enzyme activity associated with P4501A1/2 (EROD, MROD) was measured. In addition, the P4501A1/2 protein levels in both in‐vitro systems were determined by Western‐blotting. Mebendazole provoked a significant increase in P4501A1/2 protein expression and P4501A activity in both in‐vitro systems. Omeprazole caused a significant dose‐dependent increase of P4501A activity only in HepG2 cells. Although tiabendazole treatment led to significant increase of P4501A protein level, no effect on P4501A activity was observed in either system. The results demonstrate that mebendazole possesses the ability to significantly induce P4501A. Thus, pharmacological and toxicological consequences of P4501A induction should be taken into account in human therapy. The structure‐induction relationships and differences between in‐vitro systems used are discussed.


For 143 boys and girls without overt neuropathy, the occurrence of urethral overactivity during voiding (detrusorkphincter dyssynergia) has been investigated in three cystometrically recorded micturitions and a free‐flow measurement. The following aspects have been statistically examined for their reproducibility and consistency in reflecting urethral over‐activity: the pressure/flow relationship, the pelvic‐floor EMG, residual urine, and the freeflow curve. Any single aspect, or any single micturition (even the free‐flow measurement), suggests an unrealistically high incidence of "dyssynergia." By combining them, however, we have developed a concept of consistent urethral overactivity, which is associated with residual urine, appears to be clinically significant, and has an incidence of 19% in our material. Consistent urethral overactivity has a significantly higher incidence (67%) in children with upper‐tract disease on both sides, suggesting a causative role. In girls, there is a spectrum of dysfunction, ranging from a more serious type, reflected in the presence of residual urine and of consistent urethral overactivity, to a relatively trivial type, without residual urine, associated principally with an abnormally high EMG during voiding and with a history of urinary tract infections. In our material, there is no association between urethral overactivity during voiding and detrusor instability during bladder filling, suggesting that these are two unrelated findings and not two aspects of a single syndrome.


The rare process of $W$ radiative decay into the $B_c$ meson can serve as an interesting play ground for testing two influential perturbative QCD approaches: non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD) and ligh-cone (LC) factorization. Since the $B_c$ meson is a genuine heavy quarkonium which is composed of two different species of heavy quarks, it is natural to employ NRQCD factorization to tackle this exclusive quarkonium production process; on the other hand, since the mass of the $W$ boson is much greater than that of the $B_c$, the collinear factorization is also a viable approach. To fully disentangle the contributions from several distinct scales $M_W$, $m_Q$, $m_Q v$ ($v$ represents the typical velocity of the $c/\bar{b}$ quarks inside $B_c$), and $\Lambda_{\rm QCD}$, we carry out a joint analysis that combines both light-cone and NRQCD factorization approaches, and compute the order-$\alpha_s$ correction to $W \to B_c+\gamma$. With the aid of the celebrated Efremov-Radyushkin-Brodsky-Lepage (ERBL) evolution equation, we resum the leading collinear logarithms $\alpha_s \ln\! {M_W\over m_Q}$ to all orders in $\alpha_s$. We also explore some phenomenological implications of our predictions.


There are differing views on the strengths and weaknesses of faith-based organizations relative to secular international nongovernmental organizations. This article argues that the theory of comparative advantage and the theory of organizational alignment are inadequate in helping to assess these strengths and weaknesses. The article offers a different perspective, called conduit engagement theory. It holds that humanitarian organizations naturally have specific relationships, organizational linkages, affiliations, or shared philosophies (referred to in the article as conduits) that enable certain programmatic interventions. Maximum effectiveness within the humanitarian marketplace is a function of the robustness of engagement of conduits with high-priority initiatives that have adequate funding over the necessary length of time. A new kind of tool for strategic planning within specific countries and for auditing at an organizational level are proposed.


The gemmological characteristics,mineral components,texture feature and degree of order of the dark-green albite jade are systematically studied by using many kinds of analytical methods,such as conventional gemmological methods,polarizing microscope,electron microprobe and X-ray powder diffraction.The results show that the refractive index of the dark-green albite jade is about 1.53 with density of 2.64 g/cm3.In the petrographic thin sections,the mineral crystals are mainly hypidiomorphic to xenomorphic granular,short prismatic and fibrous.There are two major kinds of texure,mylonitic texture and fibrous granular crystalloblastic texture.The main mineral components are albite and amphibole.The results of chemical compositions of samples by using electron microprobe are that the values of An of albite is less than 0.006,which suggests that the albite ingredient is very pure.The major amphibole type is magnesioarfvedsonite.Based on the X-ray powder diffraction data,the degree of order of albite structure has been calculated,which is very close to 1.It is completely ordered low albite.The formation temperature is lower than 300℃.The present paper makes up some deficiencies in the research on albite jade and provides some meaningful theoretical achievements for the further systematic and comprehensive research on it.


The invention discloses an engine lubricating oil metal particle on-line monitoring signal demodulation method. One of left and right channels of a metal particle monitoring sensor is sensitive to an iron signal and the other one of the left and right channels is sensitive to a non-iron signal. The method comprises 1, synchronously acquiring monitoring signals through the left and right channels of the metal particle monitoring sensor and extracting input data from the monitoring signals, wherein the input data represents monitoring signal amplitude, 2, computing energy distribution of the input signal of the left channel, and 3, carrying out a traversal process on the energy data in an order, determining if a distance between each pair of the adjacent progressive increasing index value and progressive decreasing index value is greater than a first distance threshold value, and if the distance is greater than the first distance threshold value, utilizing the pair of progressive increasing index value and progressive decreasing index value as starting and stopping reference positions of a latent effective signal.


This study analyzes the behavior of ventilated air cavities and their level of efficiency when used for the control of rising damp and the associated pathological damage in walls and foundations of historical buildings. The methodology is based on experiments on-site and monitoring. Knowledge of local climate conditions, the surroundings of the building, its construction features and the type of foundation constitute the preliminary conditions for the monitoring. In order to reach the goal we have measured several parameters according to a plan, developed graphical tools for the study, and prepared statistical data. The building of this system has not always been accompanied by a thorough assessment that would justify the intervention. The results show how this situation has affected the design strategies and sizing of the ventilated air cavities, limiting in many cases their efficiency.


Research on harnessing the immune system to fight against diseases from cancer to allergies has been making progress but unintended side effects still pose challenges.


like group (comprising a-2(IV ) itself, a-4(IV ), and Introduction a-6(IV )). Basement membranes are thin sheet-like extracellular The six a(IV ) chains di er considerably from each structures that form an anatomical barrier wherever other in their tissue distribution. The a-1( IV ) and cells meet connective tissue. They provide a substrate a-2(IV ) chains are found in all basement membranes, for organs and cells and relay signals important for whereas the a-3( IV ) and a-4( IV ) chains are the di erentiation and maintenance of the tissue. The co-localized in some specialized membranes, for importance of a functional basement membrane is example the GBM, lung, lens capsule, cochlea, brain, illustrated in several pathological conditions where the and testis [3]. The a-5(IV ) and a-6(IV ) chains also glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is disrupted. have a limited tissue distribution and are found, for An example is Goodpasture syndrome, where an autoexample, in skin, lens capsule, smooth muscle and immune reaction to the GBM rapidly causes life kidney. The a-5( IV) and a-6(IV ) chains also seem to threatening disease and loss of kidney function. be co-localized, except in the GBM which appears to


In this article, single-layer intrinsic and fluorinated graphene were investigated as gate insertion layers in normally- OFF p-gallium nitride (GaN) gate high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), which wraps around the bottom of the gate forming Ti/graphene/p-GaN at the bottom and Ti/graphene/SiNx on the two sides. Compared to the Au/Ti/p-GaN HEMTs without graphene, the insertion of graphene can increase the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}} / { \mathrm{I}}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratios by a factor of 50, increase the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by 0.30 V and reduce the OFF-state gate leakage by 50 times. Additionally, this novel gate structure has better thermal stability. After thermal annealing at 350 °C, gate breakdown voltage (BV) holds at 12.1 V. This is considered to be a result of the 0.24 eV increase in Schottky barrier height and the better quality of the Ti/graphene/p-GaN and Ti/graphene/SiNx interfaces. This approach is very effective in improving the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}} / {I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratio and gate BV of normally- OFF GaN HEMTs.


The principle of light wave propagation in tapered POF adapter is analyzed theoretically,the fabrication and transmission efficiency of a POF adapter with small cone angle,which is used for the connection between optical fibers with different core diameter,is studied.Several POF adapters with different cone angles ranging from 0.1° to 0.8° are fabricated experimentally at different temperature and pulling force,and the optical coupling efficiency of the output from large end face and small end face are measured,respectively.The results show that the POF adapter with small cone angle can be used in the adapted connection of the fibers with different diameters.


The breadth of information that is required for appraising the sustainable development performance of our institutions is far larger than an economic understanding of wealth is capable of capturing. This paper argues that health and not wealth provides a more appropriate goal and measurement framework for sustainable development. The argument considers current industrial practice in which the emphasis has shifted from micro‐economic to physical‐units measures of performance such as in mass‐balancing as well as in environmental management system standards. The ecological aspects of production units are considered as the source of significant information which is beyond the scope and capabilities of economics to represent. A description is then provided of a tool that is being developed to account for the sustainable development achievements of islands tourism enterprises in Greece, Italy and Scotland. The goal of this tool, as well as sustainable development itself, is to measure increases in health and not in wealth.


Contemporary WYSIWYG (what-you-see-is-what-you-get) design software utilizes digital Artboards which are finite graphics frames that sit atop a scrollable zooming canvas; where many graphics frames can be arbitrarily arranged, scaled and duplicated to explore and juxtapose design ideas. Despite creative practitioners increasingly writing code to explore design spaces, programming environments for Creative Coding regularly only display one graphics frame per program. This hinders the non-linear nature of the creative process where seeing a trail of process work can spark new ideas. We propose bridging this gap and introduce Stamper, an Artboard-Oriented authoring environment for the popular creative coding library p5.js.


Method for determining the plastic properties of metallic materials was proposed based on the functional relationships between representative stress, representative strain and nominal hardness which were established with the aid of dimensional analysis and finite element simulation. The errors of 0.2% yield strength and strain hardening exponent of five engineering metals were from-17.1% to 15.4% and from -0.125 to 0.11, respectively,which satisfied the need of engineering application and verified the effectiveness of the method.


Alopecia areata (AA) is the most frequent form of an organ-specific autoimmune disease in humans mediated by NKG2D +CD8 T cells destroying hair follicles. C3H/HeJ mice naturally develop AA similar to humans, and we found it accompanies the expansion of exhausted phenotype (CD101 +Tim3 +) memory CD8 T cells not only in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes (SDLNs), but also in the liver and lungs. Before the disease induction, we found these CD8 T cells are activated in the lungs and liver, suggesting they are pre-activated in these organs. In the skin, expanded CD8 T cells additionally upregulated CD39, PD-1, and CTLA-4, which produced less IFNg than those in the SDLN, liver and lungs when stimulated. These features suggest that autoreactive CD8 T cells in the skin are exhausted by chronic antigenic stimulation. However, they did not upregulate TOX, a hallmark of T cell exhaustion. Intriguingly, CD44 highNKG2D-expressing CD8 T cells appeared in the thymi of aged C3H/HeJ mice before disease induction. These cells express TBET and EOMES without overt expansion of PLZF-expressing T cells. Collectively these features suggest AA is mediated by autoreactive activation CD8 T cells that are not explained by previously known mechanisms.
 This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022R1A2C1007692)


. The author describes how the contact changes characteristic of the Balkan languages remodel the Macedonian grammatical system. She starts from the changes of the extention of the grammaticalized information and proceeds to changes in the form and distribution of the surface exponents of that information. She underlines the remarkable parallel between the results of the "Balkan" changes and the results of the evolution of the grammatical systems of the English and of the great Roman languages of Western Europe and supports the hypothesis that the actual West European situation is also due to contact changes.


Peri-implantitis is a complication in implantprosthetic rehabilitation that causes morpho-functional, masticatory and aesthetic disorders. Depending on the severity it can be approached by conservative surgical or radical treatment. The aim of the paper is the comparative analysis of conservative surgical methods (implant preservation) versus radical (explantation). We studied 2 patients who came to the SRL "Omni Dent" clinic with peri-implantitis. Manifestation, treatment and evolution in both patients were compared. Analysis criteria: bone defect extension, soft tissue appearance, tissue regeneration, implant-prosthetic rehabilitation time. In RI patient there were changes in color and appearance of the peri-implant soft tissues (hyperemia, edema, purulent discharge), peri-implant radiolucency on the entire implant surface; in the TM patient there were the same clinical signs but limited to ½ implant length. RI patient underwent explantation with re-implantation in the neighboring region 2.4 after 4 months with prosthesis fixing after another 4 months. Tissue regeneration evolved without complications. In TM patient was decided to keep the implant through curettage, implantoplasty and bone addition. Prosthetic rehabilitation followed later without complications. Timely addressing would prevent the development of complications with implant loss. The insignificant loss of peri-implant tissues can be recovered with the preservation of the implant, in the extended defects the optimal solution is the explantation with the subsequent implantprosthetic rehabilitation.


Typically, creativity and institutionalism are not closely related. However, when talking about cooperatives (or co-ops), the authors introduce, in addition to the paradoxical tension between institutionalism and creativity, perspectives and cases in which institutionalism is a channel for creative production. People often associate cooperatives with institutional characteristics because of their collective manifestations in history, such as agricultural or financial cooperatives. Furthermore, co-ops typically consist of several entrepreneurs working under the same "umbrella" organization. However, according to the outcomes of the chapter, cooperatives could also be a source of, or at least a channel for, contemporary creativity. In this chapter, the authors introduce Finnish cases in which the planners and designers of creative industries have established cooperatives successfully. These cooperatives have already created sustainable paths in their business activities to provide younger and youthful entrepreneurs with business possibilities and at least modest profitability. They also consider neo-cooperatives and light cooperatives, which provide services to cooperatives and allow them to focus on their main area of creating and innovating new business. Creativity cannot flow if there is no time or will to secure large investments and financing, or if the marketing and brand-building are problematic and the decision-making slow. Cooperatives could provide a suitable arena for innovative and creative business if there is a will to change and renew the idea of cooperative institutions, law, and practice. Riitta Kemppainen-Koivisto University of Lapland, Finland Katta Siltavirta University of Lapland, Finland Rauno Rusko University of Lapland, Finland Seppo Särkkä University of Lapland, Finland


Despite of all differences that set Carl Schmitt and Emmanuel Levinas apart, both are convinced that the political existence of individuals run contrary to their untroubled ethical encounter. From this fundamental diagnosis they just seem to draw the opposite conclusion: While Schmitt in his political theology focuses on the distinction between friend and enemy as an inescapable fact making moral imperatives redundant, Levinas' ethics calls for taking on unconditional responsibility for the Other holding back all egoistic or political interests. However, this article wants to show that at a close look the extreme ends of their theories meet again. Through the reconstruction of systematic parallels in the works of Schmitt and Levinas we will demonstrate in particular that in both cases it is the radicalness and the intransigence of theological premises which impede the reconciliation of ethical and political claims. According to the aporias and dangers that are inherent in Schmitt's and Levinas' thinking, the argumentation can be also understood as a plea for a political philosophy that gains its normative orientation precisely from the autonomy of ethics and politics.


p REVIOUS work at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station has shown that application of complete fertilizers to cotton Kirvin fine sandy loam and Lufkin fine sandy loam, both of which respond to applications of phosphoric acid, had no appreciable effect on the length of fiber2 In a few instances, however, applications phosphoric acid on the Kirvin fine sandy loam soil produced increases in the length of fiber, which, although statistically significant, were not large enough to be detected consistently in the commercial classing of cotton. It was thought desirable to make additional studies on other soils low in phosphoric acid to determine whether fertilizers have any effect on length of fiber. Accordingly, studies were made on Lake Charles clay at Texas Substation No. 3, Angleton, on which cotton responds readily to applications of phosphoric acid. The work was conducted in ~932 and ~933, but the test in i932 was destroyed by a tropical hurricane on August ~3, thus results are available for x933 only.


Background: Parents of children diagnosed with cancer are handed a frightening diagnosis, with attendant emotional, social, and financial challenges. They often have many questions that remain unanswered by busy doctors and nurses, who are themselves overwhelmed by the challenges of caring for cancer patients in resource-constrained circumstances. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of a childhood cancer handbook on the experience of caregivers of children diagnosed with paediatric cancer in Nigeria.Methodology: A series of focus group discussions involving caregivers of children with histologically diagnosed cancer were held. A childhood cancer handbook was given to each participant to read. Data was collected four weeks later and analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results: In general, 91.7% of focus group participants reported that they found the handbook useful and having it at diagnosis would have significantly increased their level of information and made dealing with the diagnosis more tolerable. However, many of the participants reported that while the book completely catered to their informational and emotional needs, it did not adequately address certain practical needs such as paying for cancer treatment.Conclusion: Many Nigerian families go through the entire paediatric cancer journey, feeling like they are stumbling in the dark. No dedicated information resource on paediatric cancer exists in Nigeria. The provision of a detailed handbook at diagnosis may reduce the psychological and emotional toll of a cancer diagnosis on parents and family of a child diagnosed with cancer.


Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase – methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase – formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase was purified to homogeneity from mouse liver, taking advantage of its very high...


Sochr D., Adamovský R., Kara J., Hanzlikova I., 2014. Evaluation of the influence of fermentation input sub strates preparation on biogas production intensity . Res. Agr. Eng., 60: 60–67. The article is aimed at verification of the effect of chaff length of fermented material and duration time of the contact of material with oxygen before dosing into the fermenter, on production and energy content of biogas. The results of the verification showed an effect of chaff length in the fermented material on production and energy content of the biogas at processing grass silage with high content of dry-matter and especially maize silage. When processing maize silage, optimal length of chaff in terms of production and energy content of biogas was 13 mm, with grass silage it was from 69 to 112 mm. Verification of the influence of time of grass silage and maize silage contact with air oxygen before dosing into the fermenter did not confirm our hypothesis. It was demonstrated that production and energy content of the biogas increase together with the length of duration of 7 days compared to fermentation of material after max. 3 h of contact with air oxygen.


The building of library automation in our institutions of higher learning has two tasks:popularization and improvement."Popularization"is to realize the automation of information maragement in all libraries and the automatic management in all libraries and the automatic management to purchase,catalogue,circulate and periodical operation,"Improvement"mainly refers the economic developing areas will form resources-shaved library network system based on developing high-speed computer network.And though telephone or CHINAPAC,it can join libraries of all institutios ofhigher learning to gether and forge ahead toward the electronic and digital library.


This special issue addresses the problematic nature of space, whether psychic, symbolic or material, from an inter-disciplinary standpoint. The diverse articles are concerned with legal, psychical, cultural, social and political boundaries. Spaces with legal meanings are the product of such boundaries, and the relation of law and space as explored by the legal geography literature underpins this collection, which investigates these issues at a range of spatial scales, from the scale of the self to the global. In considering the continuum of tension between fear and desire manifest in individuals' internalized boundaries, we need also to make use of theories developed in psychoanalysis and social psychology. Kleinian 'splitting', for example, offers an explanation of law's role in the creation and maintenance of strong boundaries which exclude 'othered' groups. Law's power as a discourse is challenged by internal contradictions at the international scale, when human rights arguments confront state territorial jurisdiction; while at the other end of the scalar spectrum, regulation of conduct depends both on accepted legal notions of the self-governing individual and on assumptions of shared moral values. Other articles in this issue emphasize the nature of boundaries as liminal spaces full of attendant ambiguity, which, although legally established and enforced, prove in fact to be remarkably permeable. The interdisciplinary perspectives developed in this issue demonstrate the need to further problematize boundaries and to acknowledge the complexity of material, social and mental spaces.


Production frequencies provide useful information for analysis and faults diagnosis of manufacturing systems. However, such frequencies are not always measurable. In this case they can be estimated from the observation of other variables. This work deals with the production frequency estimation for systems that are modelled by continuous Petri nets. The buffers contents are measured online and the production frequency estimation results from the inversion of the Petri net model. The exact and approximated solutions of the estimation problem are described. Accuracy of the estimation is related to the measurement error and to the Petri net structure. When the estimation provides several solutions, results are proposed to complete the Petri net such that a unique solution is obtained.