The drivers of intraspecific niche variation and its effects on species interactions are still unclear, especially in species‐rich Neotropical environments. Here, we investigated how ecological opportunity and interspecific competition affect the degree of individual trophic specialization and the population niche breadth in tetra fish. We studied the four ecologically similar species (Psalidodon aff. gymnodontus, P. aff. paranae, P. bifasciatus, and Bryconamericus ikaa) in subtropical headwater streams (three sites with two co‐occurring species and three sites with only one species). We sampled fish in two contrasting seasons (winter/dry and summer/wet) and quantified their trophic niches using gut content analysis. Psalidodon bifasciatus was the only species distributed over all the sampled streams. We observed seasonal differences in population trophic niche breadth of P. bifasciatus just when this species co‐occurred with P. aff. gymnodontus. These findings confirm the complex nature of the effects of interspecific competition, depending, for instance, on the identity of the competitor. The degree of individual specialization of P. bifasciatus was higher in the winter, and it was not influenced by the presence of another species. Conversely, the other two Psalidodon species studied presented greater individual specialization in the summer, when fish consumed a higher proportion of allochthonous items (terrestrial insects and seeds), and there were no effects only for B. ikaa. Herein, our results suggest that seasonality in food‐resource availability is a major driver of niche variation and it has the potential to play an important role in how these similar tetra species interact and coexist.


Proteins are the most fascinating multifaceted biomacromolecules in living systems and play various important roles such as structural, sensory, catalytic, and regulatory function. Protein and peptide interactions have emerged as an important and challenging topic in biochemistry and medicinal chemistry. Computational methods as promising tools have been utilized to predict protein and peptide interactions in order to intervene in the biochemical processes and facilitate pharmaceutical peptide design and clarify the complications. This review will introduce the computational methods which are applicable in protein and peptide interaction prediction and summarizes the most successful examples of computational methods described in the literature. HIGHLIGHTS •Highlights the importance of peptides and proteins interactions. •Summarizes the computational methods which are applicable in peptide and protein interaction prediction. •Highlights the applications of computational methods in peptides and proteins interactions.


A display device (1) has electrophoretic particles (8, 9), a display element including electrodes (5, 6), between which a portion of the electrophoretic particles (8, 9) is present, a temperature sensor (25) and a processor (15) for supplying a driving pulse (32) to the electrodes (5, 6) to bring the display element to a predetermined black, gray or white state, corresponding to the image information to be displayed. For improved grayscale accuracy and optimal picture and text quality, the processor (15) is further arranged to supply pre-pulses (31) preceding the driving pulses (32). The energy of the pre-pulses (31) is increased with increased temperature measured by the temperature sensor (25) and is sufficient to release the electrophoretic particles at a first position near one of the two electrodes (5, 6), but too low to enable the particles to reach a second position near the other electrode (5 or 6).


Past several years have witnessed significant advances in the performance of mid wave infrared (MWIR) and long wave infrared (LWIR) QCLs. Both output power levels and wall plug efficiencies (WPE) have improved using new designs for QCL superlattice structures (the non-resonant extraction design). Continuous wave (CW) room temperature (RT) performance has now reached a level of >4 W, with WPE of ~16%, from a fully packaged device that produces a collimated beam of laser radiation at ~4.6 μm. The NRE design has permitted similar performance improvements at other wavelengths. For example, it is now possible to obtain: 2.5 W of CW/RT power at wavelengths in the 3.8 μm-4.2 μm range and >2 W of CW/RT power in the 7.0 μm-9.5 μm range. We are confident that if needed, similar or better performance can be obtained at all wavelengths in the 5.0 μm-7.0 μm range.


The most widely known anecdote about Archimedes tells of how he invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape. According to Vitruvius, a votive crown for a temple had been made for King Hiero II, who had supplied the pure gold to be used, and Archimedes was asked to determine whether some silver had been substituted by the dishonest goldsmith. Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down into a regularly shaped body in order to calculate its density. While taking a bath, he noticed that the level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this effect could be used to determine the volume of the crown. For practical purposes water is incompressible, so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. By dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced, the density of the crown could be obtained. This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals had been added. Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by his discovery that he had forgotten to dress, crying "Eureka!" (Greek: "εὕρηκα" meaning "I have found it!"). The test was conducted successfully, proving that silver had indeed been mixed in." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes#Archimedes.27_principle)


With the development of network and information technology,many new data formats come forth and data integration become more and more important,so a model of distributed heterogeneous data integration based on the method of virtual concentration is brought forward here.This model provides a unified way to visit the distributed heterogeneous data,it can also realize coherence and real time of the data and "plug and play"of the data source.By this model united use of heterogeneous data source is satisfactorily implemented.A brief realizing method by the technology of Java and XML is given lastly.


How did the Bible, the Canon of Holy Scripture, evolve into the form in which it exists today? This book tells us how. The study of the Canon has come to be looked upon as one of the dry and less -interesting fields of Bible study. That a great pity, for it is by such study that * we come to see the essential greatness of Scripture.


The interest of superconductor materials for the realization of radiation detectors lies in a variety of concrete achievements and stimulating proposals. In this paper, recent aspects of superconductive radiation detectors are reviewed wich refer to two important issues. The former deals with results concerning detectors based on superconductive junctions in a configuration which provide both energy and time discrimination of single photons. The latter concerns materials and device aspects of hot-electron photodetectors based on nanosized heterostructured superconducting strips. Both aspects offer a new potential in the field of radiation detection. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


In 1993, the Department of Veterans Affairs, through the Acting Undersecretary for Health, reorganized its VA Central Office Bioethics Committee to better serve the goals of the Veterans Health Administration and provide an accessible resource for ethics expertise. Members were recruited from a variety of offices in the Veterans Health Administration, reflecting a wide cross section of activities at the VA Central Office, and others from the field, representing different professions and geographic regions, to bring a diversity of outlook and experience. They included physicians and nurses, as well as representatives from social work and chaplain services, education, administration, geriatrics, and the VA General Counsel. Staff assistance is provided by the VA's National Center for Clinical Ethics, White River Junction, Vermont. The committee developed several subcommittees tasked to work on topics of special interest, each of which would produce a white paper, policy recommendation, or written report. The committee as a whole, and its subcommittees, meet semiannually in Washington, DC, and more frequently, as needed, by telephone conference call and FAX. The subcommittee assigned to consider the issue of futility prepared and submitted a white paper, entitled "Futility Guidelines: A Resource for Decisions About Withholding and Withdrawing Treatment/' It was approved by the entire committee and signed off by the Acting Undersecretary for Health, Department of Veterans Affairs. Although not defining official VA policy, the document is meant to be an educational tool, resource, or guideline for the development of local policies within VA facilities throughout the country, compatible with their patient population mix, their nature, complexity, mission, community, educational affiliation, and staff culture. It was introduced at a nationwide teleconference, transmitted to all VA facilities, in September 1994, with a follow-up teleconference scheduled in February 1995. After a brief background describing the debate about the meaning of futility and the various factors that have fueled the concern about this issue, the white paper goes on to describe the several definitions of futility, including quantitative, qualitative, and economic, that have appeared in the bioethics literature within the past few years. It suggests that futile treatment may "be defined as that which affords no benefit, or marginal benefit, weighing the intrusiveness, burden, and risk against the ultimate outcome/' In view of the fact that the term futility has appeared to generate such passion and because it usually arises in a context of withholding or withdrawing a particular diagnostic or treatment modality, the paper recommends that the term futility itself not be defined, but rather that particular clinical situations where diagnostic or therapeutic modalities will be appropriately withheld or withdrawn, be specified. They include:


It is a research hot spot in cognitive electronic warfare systems to classify the electromagnetic signals of a radar or communication system according to their modulation characteristics. We construct a multilayer hybrid machine learning network for the classification of seven types of signals in different modulation. We extract the signal modulation features exploiting a set of algorithms such as time-frequency analysis, discrete Fourier transform, and instantaneous autocorrelation and accomplish automatic modulation classification using naive Bayesian and support vector machine in a hybrid manner. The parameters in the network for classification are determined automatically in the training process. The numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed network accomplishes the classification accurately.


Abstract. The dynamics of atmospheric CO2 has received considerable attention in the literature, yet significant uncertainties remain within the
estimates of contribution from the terrestrial flux and the influence of atmospheric mixing. In this study we apply the WRF-Chem model configured with
the Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) option for biomass fluxes in China to characterize the dynamics of CO2 in the
atmosphere. The online coupled WRF-Chem model is able to simulate biosphere processes (photosynthetic uptake and ecosystem respiration) and meteorology in
one coordinate system. We apply WRF-Chem for a multi-year simulation (2016–2018) with integrated data from a satellite product, flask samplings,
and tower measurements to diagnose the spatio-temporal variations of CO2 fluxes and concentrations in China. We find that the spatial
distribution of CO2 was dominated by anthropogenic emissions, while its seasonality (with maxima in April 15  ppmv higher than
minima in August) was dominated by the terrestrial flux and background CO2 . Observations and simulations revealed a consistent increasing
trend in column-averaged CO2 ( XCO2 ) of 2.46  ppmv (0.6  % yr−1 ) resulting from anthropogenic emission
growth and biosphere uptake. WRF-Chem successfully reproduced ground-based measurements of surface CO2 concentration with a mean bias of
 − 0.79  ppmv and satellite-derived XCO2 with a mean bias of 0.76  ppmv . The model-simulated seasonality was also consistent
with observations, with correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.89 for ground-based measurements and satellite data, respectively. Tower observations
from a background site at Lin'an (30.30 ∘  N, 119.75 ∘  E) revealed a strong correlation ( − 0.98) between vertical CO2 and
temperature gradients, suggesting a significant influence of boundary layer thermal structure on the accumulation and depletion of atmospheric
 CO2 .


According to the theory of the Norwegian school of meteorologists, the main precipitation of our latitudes is caused by the vertical motions at the surfaces of discontinuity with respect to velocity and density of the air. This conception of important influence which the surfaces of discontinuity have upon our weather is generally accepted in Europe, although sometimes with modifications. It has begun to prove its usefulness in better understanding and forecasting of the weather in this country, mostly through the work done at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


Most cooling reservoirs in the U.S. employ a surface intake, but many could obtain improved performance (decreased intake temperatures during summer) by using a submerged intake. Potential improvements were studied using mathematical hydrothermal modeling applied to five hypothetical reservoirs located in Augusta, Ga. For the base case reservoir—characterized by an average depth of 30 ft (9.1 m), surface area of 2,000 acres (809 ha), and areal loading of 0.99 MWt/acre—and a range of vertical mixing parameters, intake temperatures from Apr.–Oct. decreased by an average of 0.7–1.2°F )0.4–0.7°C) using a submerged intake as compared with a surface intake. For a range of assumed turbine performance curves and cost parameters, these temperatures yield estimated energy savings of 1,000,000–20,400,000 kWh annually and total, present valued, cost savings of $700,000–$11,600,000. Savings increase as the reservoir area and depth increase and vertical mixing decreases. In most cases, performance also improves with combined use of a surface and a submerged intake, with the former used during initial periods of the annual stratification cycle.


To investigate the accuracy of present design formulas for mechanical joints of glued laminated timbers (GLTs), dowel-bearing tests with a drift-pin were conducted in this study. GLTs with four kinds of moduli of elasticity (5.9, 7.9, 9.8, and 11.8GPa) were prepared for the tests. These GLTs were composed of mechanically graded Japanese cedar and Japanese larch laminae with uniform modulus of elasticity. Four types of specimens were cut from these GLTs; "Parallel type" in which load was applied parallel to the grain, and "Perpendicular type" in which load was applied perpendicular to the grain. Five kinds of drift-pins with the diameter of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20mm were embedded into GLTs. Bearing stress was calculated by the ratio of a bearing load to the diameter and the length of a drift-pin.We investigated the relation of the diameter of a drift-pin to "five percent offset values" specified in ASTM-D5764, "initial stiffness" calculated by the ratio of a bearing stress to a unit bearing deformation, and "effective elastic foundation depth" (the ratio of modulus of elasticity of wood to the initial stiffness) based on the theory of a beam on elastic foundation.The results obtained were as follows.(1) Five percent offset values were constant regardless of the diameter for the "Parallel type" whereas they showed a declining tendency with increasing of diameters for "Perpendicular type".(2) Initial stiffness decreased with increasing of diameters for the "Perpendicular type", on the other hand, this tendency was not clear for the "Parallel type".(3) Effective elastic foundation depth increased with increasing of diameters for both types. Dr. Hirai's formula commonly used to estimate the relationship between the depth and diameter of fasteners was applied to these results, however the conformability was low. This discrepancy resulted from the fact that the formula was derived from experiments in which fasteners of small diameters were used.


Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick cells grown in liquid culture containing 5 × 10−3M sodium 2,4‐dichloro‐phenoxyacetic acid exhibited vesiculation of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial swelling with disorganization of cristae, disruption of the chloroplast lamellar system, and dictyosomes with irregularly swollen cisternae. Ultrastructural details previously not reported for species of Chlorella were also observed: (1) presence of a crystalline pyrenoid with an 80 A periodicity, (2) a nucleolus made up of ribosome‐like particles, and (3) smaller ribosomes in the chloroplast and mitochondria than in the cytoplasm.


An expression for the backscattered intensity of acoustic waves singly scattered from a region containing fluctuations of the acoustic velocity has been derived for high frequencies by expanding the autocorrelation of the slowness fluctuations in a Taylor series about zero lag. The resulting expression indicates that the backscattered intensity is independent of frequency and directly proportional to the first derivative of the autocorrelation at zero lag; the next higher term is proportional to the reciprocal of the square of the frequency and directly proportional to the third derivative of the autocorrelation at zero lag. Contributions from terms of the Taylor series involving even numbered derivatives of the autocorrelation are zero. Since for the autocorrelation of a smooth function only the even numbered derivatives are nonzero at zero lag, this result demonstrates that backscattering at high frequencies can only occur from discontinuities of velocity or its derivatives as opposed to fluctuations in which the velocities are smooth. If the backscattered intensity is independent of frequency, the contribution of backscattering to the attenuation parameter Q is proportional to frequency. Such behavior may have been observed for seismic waves of frequencies greater than 1 Hz, suggesting that scattering from discontinuities is an important part of the attenuation of such waves.


Summary: The purpose of the article is to present the socio-economic diversity of people with disabilities in selected municipalities of the Lodz region in terms of urban and rural living environments . The analysis discussed in the paper is based on the findings of the pilot surveys conducted on a sample of 119 participants of the Occupational Therapy Workshops (OTW) run between September and December 2018. To verify hypotheses, measurements of diversification were applied, including a comparison of mean values, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation analysis. In this article the authors use to hypothesis: H1; and assume that the respondents are in a similar socio-economic situation. H2. The authors suppose that the level of diversity of conditions is mostly affected by disability certificate period and the degree of disability. Correlation analysis shows that a lower degree of disability goes along with the respondents' higher assessment of the labor market situation.


Rice cultivation spells are spoken by community or traditional leaders, and can also be read by farmers when sowing seeds in the rice field. In sowing seeds, the spells are spoken as a repellent of disasters, and as an educational tool. The presence of spells in the implementation of education is an effort to introduce and preserve culture to the younger generation. This study aims to describe the semiotic features of the rice cultivation spells in Sundanese regions and their relevance to literary learning based upon local wisdom. The method deployed in this study was a descriptive qualitative involving a content analysis technique. The analysis shows that the rice-cultivation spells form as the request for permission from God as the holder of the universe, the gratitude to God for the gifts he has granted, the presence of rice cultivation as a legacy of the ancestors, and the function of rice component for human life. This study is relevant to literary learning in a way that rice cultivation spells can be integrated into literary appreciation learning in high schools. Keywords—spells; riffaterre semiotics; hermeneutics; literary appreciation learning


Along with Chinese economic power being stronger,Chinese companies begin extending overseas extensively.In the course of overseas investing,state-owned enterprises,the most important nucleus,face variety of challenges more often than not.Only with a long-term overseas investing strategy and reinforced system support can Chinese state owned enterprises increase their success rate and the rate of return on investment.


Recently, together with numerous publications on the dynamics of multi-link and multi-wheeled robots, publications have appeared dealing with the dynamics of single-wheel robots that can move rectilinearly and make turns [1-3]. This makes topical the study of stability and controllability of a nonholonomic mechanical system that can describe the motion of a single-wheel controlled vehicle. Steady state motions are given for a nonholonomic mechanical system representing a model of a monocycle moving along a horizontal plane. Necessary conditions for stability of these motions are obtained, and the possibilities for their stabilization by means of appropriate control actions are analyzed.


To the Editor:

We read with interest the editorial by Taylor et al1 concerning the ongoing debate about cardiac chimerism. We were surprised that the authors cited the article of Glaser et al2 as proof that chimerism would not exist but failed to mention our study showing that cardiomyocytes can be regenerated by non-cardiac cells in human transplanted hearts. Importantly, in our article, which appeared in the same issue of Circulation ,3 we found chimerism to involve up to 1.6% of cardiomyocytes.

We agree with the authors of the editorial that there are differences among the studies published to date on cardiac chimerism.3–5 However, there are no qualitative differences, but simply variability in the extent of this phenomenon. There are also distinct methodological differences among the studies; the first used fluorescence microscopy,3 the second light microscopy,4 and the third confocal …


The structure of the amount of time spent on the Internet for respondents of all courses is identical. The majority of respondents single out work and studying as the main activities performed online.


Nepal is highly vulnerable to natural and human induced disasters. Complex geology, variable climatic conditions, active tectonic processes, rapid urbanization, unplanned settlements, lack of public awareness, increasing population, weak economic condition and low literacy rate have made her vulnerable to disasters. Therefore, advanced technology and adequate resources are needed to alleviate the disasters in Nepal. Training and other educational programmes are extremely needed to raise awareness. Nepal needs proactive Disaster Management Act and Policy for disaster risk reduction activities.


Secondary migration is important, but because of its complexity, it is rarely studied in modern basin analysis even though it is a primary condition of successful hydrocarbon exploration. The purpose of the three-dimensional model for secondary hydrocarbon migration is to show the regularity, path, direction, and amount of the migrating hydrocarbon from the petroleum source rocks so we can predict the volume of oil and gas that are available to a trap. The method is quantitative, which constructs the hydrocarbon source map and the map of the potential migrational path. Also we can use [open quotes]hydrocarbon loss maps,[close quotes] to construct hydrocarbon flux maps, which show the amount of hydrocarbons that flowed at each point of the migration surface that is the amount of accumulated hydrocarbon in different areas. A fundamental thesis is that even the best traps can be productive only if they are on a migration path; otherwise, they are [open quotes]empty.[close quotes] The Geological Institute of the Miskolc University and the Hungarian Oil and Gas Co. have collaborated since 1988 to develop this method and the program. According to model calculations in the Pannonian basin, this method appears to be effective because almost all of the knownmore » hydrocarbon fields could have been predicted. Also, we could identify several promising, but so far unexplored, areas. The first prospect that was selected for drilling on this basis was an oil discovery.« less


Water masses are collections of water parcels that share similar histories and fate. The validity and value of the concept of a water mass depends on scale, spatial and temporal, as well as purpose. In spite of pragmatic and conceptual limitations, this dissertation shows that the treatment of the ocean as composed of a finite set of water masses can provide a practical analytical framework in which to describe aspects of the ocean's physical and biogeochemical structure. In particular, the case is made that, given the current biases of ocean models, model diagnostics developed in a water mass reference frame are useful tools to identify, understand and attribute causes for the specific biases. Water masses also provide an intuitive basis for analyzing the response of ocean models to many types of perturbations, be they numerical experiments or analogues of real climatic phenomena. This dissertation is divided in three parts. The first part provides a detailed account of the ocean's water mass system. The second part utilizes the information gathered in part I to develop an analytical framework that is used to evaluate global coupled model simulations. Finally, part III investigates a methodology designed to account for the confounding role of natural variability for the purpose of measuring the change in the oceanic anthropogenic carbon distribution from repeat hydrography sampling programs. Part I A synthesis of the ocean's major water masses is presented that compares and contrasts the water masses of the Northern and Southern polar, subpolar and subtropical regions. The world's most prominent bottom waters, deep waters, intermediate waters and central waters are reviewed sequentially, including a discussion of formation mechanisms, thermohaline and biogeochemical properties, variability, formation rates and their role in ocean circulation or climate. Water masses originating at high polar latitudes are discussed first, with a comparative description of the freshwater and sea ice conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Low salinity intermediate waters from subpolar regions are described next, followed by high salinity intermediate waters that originate from evaporation basins. The central waters that ventilate the thermocline are discussed last, including a presentation of the five types of mode waters. One recurrent theme of the water mass synthesis presented here is that overflows, entrainment at the overflows, water mass formation and export is often impacted critically by small bathymetric features, such as the Maud Rise in the Weddell Sea, the Orphan Knoll in the Labrador Sea, the depth and width of continental shelves or the presence of canyons cutting through the shelf break. Mode and intermediate water formation are critically dependent on the winds and on the cycling of the mixed layer. Some water masses, such as Eastern Subtropical Mode Waters in the North Pacific, can also depend critically on peculiarities of the seasonal cycle of the buoyancy flux, making these waters an interesting potential early warning diagnostic for climate change. As water mass formation often requires cold winter air bursts, small zonal or meridional shifts in the winds can have a dramatic impact on the formation characteristics of water masses.


A new species of Cylindrolobus (Orchidaceae), C. gaoligongensis from the Gaoligong Mountain, northwestern Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to C. arunachalensis and C. gloensis, but can be distinguished from them by having orange to pink and triangular‐ovate lip mid‐lobe with mucronate apex, front margin of lateral lobes yellow to white and with short glandular hairs gradually transitioning to dense long hairs, two central calli connected to a keel toward mid‐lobe in the disk, and three rows of white long hairs at the base of the disk. Additionally, an improved description and illustration of the closely related species C. arunachalensis, is also provided.


By examining how student borrowers fare financially after graduation, we attempt to further the existing knowledge of the costs associated with education debt and the manageability of the typical debt burden. We compare the financial stability of individuals who have borrowed for education to similar individuals who have not. We show that, keeping education constant, more student debt is associated with higher probability of being credit constrained and greater likelihood of declaring bankruptcy, particularly for individuals who accumulate debt but do not complete a Bachelor's degree. We find evidence that homeownership rates may also be affected by education loans. Controlling for earnings tends to strengthen these relationships, which is consistent with omitted variable bias combined with positive return to student loans.


Abstract The rare earth oxoborates REB5O8(OH)2 (RE = Ho, Er, Tm) were synthesized in a Walker-type multianvil apparatus at a pressure of 2.5 GPa and a temperature of 673 K. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data provided the basis for the structure solution and refinement. The compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2 (no. 5) and are composed of a layer-like structure containing dreier and sechser rings of corner sharing [BO4]5− tetrahedra. The rare earth metal cations are coordinated between two adjacent sechser rings. Further characterization was performed utilizing IR spectroscopy.


aaa After pursuing an international education, Yu Huang, a native of China, returned to her homeland to commence her career in the sport industry. Huang, who is the coordinator of Data Strategy & Fan loyalty with the National Basketball Association China (NBA China), is based in Shanghai, China. Before she joined NBA China, Huang was a specialist in sport-event management at YooZoo Sports, a company that uses internet space operation (ISO) to develop high-tech infrastructure in stadiums. In addition to YooZoo Sports, the YooZoo Group has several other subsidiaries (e.g., YooZoo Games, YooZoo Picture). Currently, YooZoo Sports has three large multipurpose sport parks that concentrate on soccer practices and games but also provide use for other sports (e.g., Shanghai YXSpace). Revenue is also generated by renting the facilities to private companies in Shanghai. Huang's role with YooZoo Sports involved developing marketing and partnership opportunities with corporations and leagues around the world. Some examples of these partners include Fan Zhiyi, a former professional soccer player who played for the Chinese national team and professional teams (e.g., Shanghai Greenland Shenhua Football Club) and the Great Stone Gridiron Corporation (GSG). GSG is a company based in China that aims to introduce American football to China and develop interest in the sport through hosting youth camps and initiatives, partnering with elementary schools and building training facilities in Beijing and Shanghai. After her time with YooZoo Sports, Huang joined NBA China and assumed her current coordinator role, working with the data-strategy and fan-loyalty program NBA Qiu Mi Quan (QMQ), the first NBA fan-loyalty program. Her primary responsibilities are maintaining QMQ platforms, launching regular online campaigns, and organizing fan events.


A condition for fluctuations in the mobility of the free charge carriers in nondegenerate semiconductors is derived. It is shown that to have mobility fluctuations quasiequilibrium should not hold.


The effects of ouabain on the atrial refractory period (RP) were investigated in the isolated rabbit atrium in an effort to uncover a possible explanation for the many contradictory statements in the literature concerning such effects. The response to ouabain was characterized by a latent period followed by a decrease in RP which reached a maximum at 20 minutes. Following this decrease, the RP again rose to reach a level above that of the initial control level by 60 minutes. This response was not affected by atropine, hexamethonium, or phenoxybenzamine. Atria treated with reserpine or the beta adrenergic blocking agent pronethalol showed only an increased RP in response to ouabain. The decrease was eliminated and the latent period shortened. The characteristic ouabain response could be restored to reserpinized atria by incubation of the atria with norepinephrine. The data are interpreted to indicate that in the isolated system ouabain exerts two opposing actions on the RP: 1) a release of norepinephrine, which tends to decrease the RP, and 2) a direct action of ouabain itself tending to increase the RP. The vagal stimulation produced by ouabain, resulting in a release of acetylcholine, will tend to decrease the RP and must also be considered in the intact animal. The measured RP response to ouabain in any individual animal will depend on the relative contributions of these three factors.


The famous black writer Ralph Ellison employs the popular folklore Tarbaby in the structure of his novel Invisible Man to reflect the dilemma which not only the blacks but human beings in the modern world confront. It has far-reaching implication and artistic value.


Very few historical moments are inevitable. However, the generalized war that shook the foundations of Europe again, represented, apparently paradoxically, the favorable context for some people to fully realize that everyday experience – regardless of the rhythm of their lives – only makes sense if it shapes them spiritually. Among them was also Sandu Tudor, who, at the end of the Second World War, sharpened his need to consolidate the contents of the assimilated orthodox mystical tradition, which was, in his vision, an efficient way of preserving humanity. It is well-known that the proclamation of the Romanian communist state was equivalent to the introduction of the new wave of repression against the Orthodox believers and, in particular, the mystics, so that in 1948 it resulted in the arrest of many members of the Rugul Aprins (The Burning Bush), especially among the students. In these circumstances, wishing to keep them from the roll of the anticipated communist oppression, Patriarch Justinian ordered, after 1948, the removal of Fathers Benedict Ghiuș, Sofian Boghiu and Arsenie Papacioc, but also of the founder of the Rugul Aprins – Sandu Tudor, a fact which did not escaped the watchful eye of the Securitatea (Security). In this context, as the world became more and more feared because the atheist communist offensive against the Church slowly became visible, Monk Agaton Tudor, becoming the abbot of the Crasna Monastery, continued his spiritual mission, credibly pleading (hence the popularity) for a doctrine other than the accepted one (communist ideology).


A new, detailed history of earthquakes in Maine prior to 1900 is provided. Using accounts from diaries and newspapers to supplement earlier listings, many previously uncataloged earthquakes, as well as more detailed descriptions of previously known events, have been found. Modified Mercalli intensities have been assigned to these events where possible. Historically-recorded Maine earthquakes tend to be centered in the coastal zone, clustering in the Eastport and Penobscot Valley areas. They occur mostly southeast of the Norumbega fault system.


This paper presents a novel approach for solving the frequency responses of a powerline network, which is a two-parallel-conductor system with multiple junctions and branches. By correcting the ref ...


A construction method of energy-efficient data aggregation tree is proposed by considering a tradeoff between acquisition time and energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. This proposed method constructs the data aggregation tree to minimize the link cost between the connected nodes for reducing energy consumption, while minimizing the maximum distance between sensor nodes and a sink node for rapid information gathering. Simulation results show that the proposed aggregation tree can be generated with low complexity and achieves high energy efficiency compared to conventional methods.


Atherosclerosis leads as a cause of death and disability in Europe, North America and Japani. It has been previously determined that high LDL:HDL ratios, family history, smoking, gender, chronic hypertension and age are all risk factors for developing atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, evidence is emerging that high levels of stored iron might constitute yet another risk factor for atherosclerosisii,iii,iv. This is consistent with the proposed mechanism of atherogenesis, whereby macrophages take up an oxidized version of LDL to become foam cells (which compose the gruel of the plaque)v. Body stores of iron would act as pro-oxidants to catalyze the formation of oxidized LDL from normal serum LDL. Thus, high levels of iron would promote increased foam cell development and plaque enlargement. Although some studies have shown a lack of association between body iron stores and atherogenesis vi,vii,viii, it is feasible that repeated phlebotomy (which would decrease iron s tores) might prove to lower one's risk of developing atherosclerosis and CVD.


This paper analyses the affect of the Diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake on water quantity and quality of the Taihu Lake and the area around, explains that the Diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake have effectively raised water supply and improved the water quality of Taihu and water environment of river network around. This paper also advances that it is necessary to strengthen water quantity and quality monitoring during the period of diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake, and suggests studying how to increase a new route of diversion for extending the effect of diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake.


The metal screen of new type of medium and high voltage single-core underground cables is comprised of helically applied copper wires embedded in a semiconductive layer. The distribution of current and power among the thin wires is non-uniform in a three-phase system, what can lead to their non-uniform heating, especially during fault conditions. The paper investigates this problem with 2D finite element models. The simulations are based on the coupling of the electromagnetic and thermal fields.


Bandung city is one of the cities in West Java has potential tourism that can be relied on, and one of the destination in Saung Angklung Udjo. Saung Angklung Udjo offers a package of art and cultural of West Java that attract tourist. The number of tourist visited in Saung Angklung Udjo continue to rised from 2004 until 2010. The increase in the number of tourist are most significant in 2008. Creative tourism is one of the strategy that can be used to increase visitor and continous visitor. In connection with these research conducted that creative tourism in Saung Angklung Udjo influence tourist visit decision. The purpose of this research is to find creative tourism influenced visiting decisions of Saung Angklung Udjo. Technique of sampling is saturated sampling. The method used in this research is explanatory survey by using ordinal scale. Analyze from this research used Path Analysis with a software computer tools SPSS 19.0. The result of this research found Creative Tourism influenced significantly 37,8% and the rest influence other factors. Based on the result of statictical test were obtained that Creative Spectacles, Creative Spaces, and Creative Tourism has an influence on the decision to visit. It can be conclude that creative spectacles, creative spaces, and creative tourism influence the visiting decision of Saung Angklung Udjo.


The population structure and spatial distribution patten of Sassafras tzumu have been studied in this paper.The results show that there are many class Ⅳ medium size trees,few class Ⅱ saplings and class Ⅲ small size trees,and no classⅠseedlings;therefore the population age structure belongs to the senescent type,while the height structure of Sassafras tzumu population takes on a two peak type,and there are many trees of 14~22 metre height class.The whole populations are featuring the uniform spatial distribution pattern at presnt,but the evenness is not high;the saplings and small trees are characterized by the clump distrilution pattern;and up to medium size stage,the spatial distribution pattern of Sassafras tzumu population changes into the uniform distribution,showing a scattaring trend.


While there is a strong trend among independent travelers to gather information and plan trips within Japan through the use of the internet and word-of-mouth information, there is a lack of information regarding geotourism available online. In response to this situation, a number of San'in Kaigan Geopark model tours were operated in Tottori Prefecture. These were promoted by female bloggers who are popular and influential in the independent tourism market. In 2012 and 2013, a total of 70 female bloggers established their own themes and planned trips to the San'in Kaigan Geopark. Each blogger posted their travel reports on their blog sites and on twitter. At the same time, a "San'in Kaigan Geopark Model Tours for Women" facebook page was established so that each of the travel reports could be posted and shared. As a result of this continual availability of travel information, San'in Kaigan Geopark related pages received a high number of online hits, and increased awareness and popularity regarding the Geopark was achieved.


The White Stork Ciconia ciconia is a summer visitor and passage migrant in Turkey. Although widespread in the breeding season near wetlands, there has been no tradition of research involving regular monitoring of their nests in Turkey. Here we present data on the breeding ecology of White Storks from central and western Turkey, carried out over several years. About 15 pairs were observed annually near Ankara and between 15 and 36 pairs near Izmir and their breeding success was examined. No significant difference was noted in mean brood size between the two localities over three common study years. The mean reproductive output, given as mean number of young fledged per occupied nest, was 2.57 for Ankara (5 years), and 2.38 for Izmir (3 years). Significant differences in brood size between nest locations (roof, chimney, electricity and telephone poles) were found. Contrary to previous studies outside Turkey, in Ankara the mortality rate was higher in nests with smaller brood sizes. Also in Ankara, early breeders had significantly higher breeding success than late breeders, confirming previous research elsewhere.


The invention provides a network processor based on the standard IEC61850. The network processor comprises a processor module, a storage module, a storage controller module, a clock management module, an internal control module, an interface controller module and an external interface module; the storage module, the storage controller module, the clock management module, the internal control module, the interface controller module and the external interface module are all in both-way connection with the processor module through AMBA buses. The network processor supports the IEC61850 protocol function, achieves high instantaneity and low power consumption, and is applied to an intelligent transformer substation and a power distribution automation communication system.


Pinus flexilis occurs in limited numbers on northwest- facing slopes at an elevation of 6600 to 6800 ft (2002 to 2065 m) in the granitic region of the Black Hills of South Dakota. This is the east- ern extension of a species more common at high elevations in western North America. Associated conifers are Pinus ponderosa and Picea glauca. The understory is dominated by Juniperus communis on lower, less steep slopes and by grasses, forbs, and cryptogams on the upper, steeper slopes. Soils are relatively deep, with developed profiles contain- ing B2t horizons.


BACKGROUND
During a 27 month period, we detected four incidents of penicillin-resistant (PR) Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) isolated from blood cultures of three patients.

METHODS
The 4 PR-SDSE were compared phenotypically and molecularly (using WGS) with 36 penicillin-susceptible SDSE from blood cultures obtained in the same catchment area and time period.

RESULTS
Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four PR-SDSE belonged to a single clone and a possible epidemiological link between the three patients was identified to be a dermatology department. MICs of penicillin were determined to be 0.5-2 mg/L using Etest and 0.5 mg/L when tested by a broth microdilution method. The four PR-SDSE were unrelated to the 36 penicillin-susceptible isolates, which could suggest that they did not evolve locally from a susceptible clone, but have been introduced into the region. In silico genome-based resistome analysis revealed identical PBP mutations in all four isolates. We detected mutations in multiple PBPs, including two amino acid substitutions within the active sites of the transpeptidase domain of PBP2x (T341P and Q555E), which have also been detected in other PR streptococci. The remaining mutations were, however, all located outside the active-site motifs of the transpeptidase domain.

CONCLUSIONS
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description and characterization of invasive PR-SDSE. The resistant isolates had several amino acid changes in various PBPs compared with penicillin-susceptible SDSE. The observation that SDSE also can become PR emphasizes the importance of performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing.


This article covers a method for synthesizing environmentally friendly multifunctional metal (calcium, magnesium) oleate detergents with antioxidation property. These multifunctional metal (calcium, magnesium) oleate detergents with antioxidation property were synthesized using oil-soluble liquid antioxidants (PPIBP, PPIBTSTBP, and PPIBPDA) as reactive functional materials. These oil-soluble liquid antioxidants have the potential to be used as functional materials for application in synthesizing other kinds of substrate detergents.


The practice of democratisation at the centre of development in South Africa has brought about dual impacts of change. Diversity within South African societies has increased challenges facing the state. While emphasis has been continually placed on promoting processes of transformation, there has simultaneously been a challenge of deceleration in state developmental practice during pursuits of social change in working environments. Persons with disabilities continue to be secluded, regardless of increased pressure for inclusiveness in workplaces. Diversity in employees as an inevitable element of social groupings has surfaced as a precept of both strengths and challenges to organisational structures in private and public organisations. In light of diversity in public organisations, the primary focus nonetheless remains fixated on the divisions etched in the workplace as a consequence of disablism, in particular. Persons with disabilities have been pinpointed as one of the targets of exclusion, continuing to be undermined in their contributions to effective organisational practices. To transform organisational attitudes affecting persons with disabilities and embracing diversity, attention is to be directed towards the application of principles of equality and human rights in creating enabling environments that are inclusive of persons with disabilities. The article reviews the concept of disablism as a societal phenomenon affecting persons with disabilities in organisations. Furthermore, the principles of equality and human rights are explored in terms of their contribution to diversity and an enabling environment in the workplace.


Objectives : The aim of this study are clinical application of perfusion computed tomography (perfusion en in hydrocephalus and comparison its...


Is high the AHP method usage to the college mechanical engineering material academics in the senior high vocational school education particularly mass valuation, put forward valuation layer to turn the teaching, build up the teaching mass valuation of mathematics pattern, pass the power coefficient within each index sign train environment operation, objectively the quantisty turn the valuation of the teaching mass.


Objectives: The role of perioperative hemofi ltration (HF) in adult patients with impaired renal function undergoing cardiac surgery is controversial. There are suggestions that it may be benefi cial for high risk patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. However, long term outcomes in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients have not been investigated. Methods: To address this we retrospectively followed 7620 patients who underwent CABG between April 2001 and March 2006. Logistic regression was used to risk adjust in-hospital outcomes. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to risk adjust Kaplan-Meier freedom from death curves. Outcomes were adjusted for American Heart Association and American College of College of Cardiology recommended variables. Results: 113 patients had intraoperative HF, 38 had postoperative HF and control group of 7006 that had no HF. After adjusting for differences in case-mix, patients with preoperative kidney disease who received postoperative HF proportionately had signifi cantly higher rates of hospital deaths as compared with intraoperative HF patients. In addition, 5-year follow-up risk-adjusted freedom from death indicated signifi cant differences between intraoperative HF group and postoperative HF patients. Conclusions: These fi ndings support the hypothesis that after adjusting for differences in case mixes, the use of intraoperative hemofi ltration may offer superior short term clinical outcomes and longer-term survival benefi ts for patients with preoperative kidney disease. Case Report The Risk-Adjusted Impact of Intraoperative Hemofi ltration on Real-World Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Matata BM* and Shaw M Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom *Address for Correspondence: Dr. Bashir M. Matata, Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital NHS Trust, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, L14 3PE, UK, Tel: +441516001380; Fax: +441516001647; Email: Submitted: 02 February 2017 Approved: 22 February 2017 Published: 27 February 2017 Copyright: 2017 Matata BM, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


African American females are a high-risk population for both vitamin D insufficiency and type-2 diabetes. Numerous comparison studies have been conducted between African Americans and other racial groups, regarding vitamin D insufficiency and type 2-diabetes. African Americans, especially African American females, are at a higher risk for becoming insufficient in vitamin D when compared to other ethnic groups. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among African American women is ten times higher than white women. In addition, African Americans, especially African American females, have a higher prevalence of type-2 diabetes. African American females surpass white females with 100% prevalence. Although many factors may contribute to the onset of type-2 diabetes, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations have been found to have a positive association with insulin sensitivity. In this article, we review the effects of diet and subcutaneous vitamin D synthesis on vitamin D status as well as type-2 diabetes prevalence in the most vulnerable population of both conditions, African American females. We further focus on the mechanistic studies in cell cultures and animal models, as well as cohort, intervention, and clinical studies in human subjects. In conclusion, development of vitamin D assessment in the prevention of type-2 diabetes for African American females may provide further insight for intervention and education. Adequate vitamin D intake should be promoted and recommended to decrease disparities within this population.


Summary: Candida albicans yeast cells, germ tubes and hyphae of equivalent ages were tested for their ability to adhere to vaginal epithelia when the viable biomasses of the different morphological forms were standardized by ATP measurment. No significant differences were found between mean numbers of yeasts and germ tubes adhering per epithelial cell, but numbers of 6‐hour‐old hyphae per epithelial cell were significantly lower. However, in terms of fungal biomass attached per epithelial cell, the 6h hyphae attached significantly better than the other cell forms, and in terms of surfaces areas of fungi per epitehlial cell, yeast cells were more poorly attached than either germ tubes or hyphae. No differences were seen in adherence of C. albicans to epithelia from pregnant and nonpregnant females, but previous observations that ketoconazole can reduce attachment of C. albicans to vaginal epithelia were confirmed. Scanning electron microscopy of adherent yeast and hyphal forms showed that only the tips of germ tubes and hyphae were involved in penetration of epithelial surfaces, and in some instances the hyphal tip appeared to be the only point truly attached to the epithelial cells.


The weight percentage (not including loss during sintering) of chemical composition of low temp. & quick-sintering sanitary porcelain with diopside as flux is as follows: SiO2 62.76%, Fe2O3 0.82%, CaO 6.61%, K2O 1.53%, Al2O3 21.78%, MgO 5.99%, Na2O 0.061%, and TiO2 0.445%. The recipe of glaze adopts zirconium phosphate emulsible glaze, its initial fusing temp. is low, the high temp. viscosity is small. The features of said sanitary porcelain production are electricity and oil economizing, the coal saved being up to 30-34% and greatly lowering the cost of raw material.


Hydroxyapatite (HAP) containing hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) as a cationic surfactant was prepared by a precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and micropore physisorption analyzer were used for characterizing the crystal phase, morphology and specific surface area of HAP and CTAC-HAP. After thermal treatment, the specific surface area of both pure HAP and CTAC-HAP were reduced. The sharp rod morphology of CTAC-HAP was changed into a round shape with a smaller aspect ratio after the heat treatment. The morphological change by thermal treatment was also observed in pure HAP. Therefore, the morphological change and decrease of the specific surface area sug-gested that pores from the removal of CTAC during thermal treatment were not retained.


Driving axle housing is an important bearing member of wheeled excavator,and the fatigue fracture is a major failure way of it,which should ensure that has sufficient service life.First of all, using the static and dynamic analysis of axle housing to identify the danger zone with stress greater and modal characteristics according to FEM.The test load spectrum was used to find stress and displacement of the danger zone danger point.The S-N curve of the axle housing was amended with the method of Miner linear cumulative damage law and Goodman law.Cumulative fatigue damage of driving axle housing by Ansys workbench to obtain the fatigue life and the safety factor of the whole driving axle housing.The results show that the service life of axle housing meets the demand.


ABSTRACT: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATRIAL FIBRILASISIMTOMATIC AND ASIMTOMATIC WITH CLASSIFICATION OF NEW YORK HEARTASSOCIATION (NYHA) HEART FAILURE IN TULIP ROOM RSUD DR. H. ABDUL MOELOEK PROVINSI LAMPUNG Background : Atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation, AF) is supraventricular tachycardia with uncoordinated characteristics of atrial activation. The incidence of AF is increasing especially with increasing life expectancy. AF management is still a problem. Until now, there have been two basic intervention choices: restore and maintain a sinus rhythm or control the heart rate. Purpose: To find out the relationship between symptomatic and asymptomatic atrial fibrillation and heart failure classification according to the New York Heart Association in the Tulip Room of the RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province in 2018 Methods: The sampling technique used in this study used accidental sampling technique. The research institute uses a medical record. Data analysis using univariate (average) and bivariate (t test). Results: Most of the patients at the Tulip Room of the Regional General Hospital Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province in 2018 is a patient with New York Heart Association (NYHA) 2-4 heart failure, which is 33 people (89.2%). Most of them are in the Tulip Room of the Regional General Hospital Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province in 2018 is a patient with Atrial Fibrillation, which is as many as 30 people (81.1%). There is a relationship between symptomatic and asymptomatic atrial fibrillation with the classification of heart failure according to the New York Heart Association in the Tulip Room of the RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province in 2018 with p-value = 0.016 and OR = 2.046. Conclusion: There is a relationship between symptomatic and asymptomatic atrial fibrillation and the classification of heart failure according to the New York Heart Association in the Tulip Room of the RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province in 2018. Keywords: Atrial Fibrillation Symptomatic, Asymptomatic, Heart Failure


The world enters an era of bio economy that is the economy based on biotechnologies, using renewable raw materials for energy production and materials in ecology the bio economy allows to prevent environmental pollution, to reduce volumes of emissions of the gases causing greenhouse effect, and other toxic agents. Active use of renewables from agricultural raw materials is observed in the USA, Japan, Brazil, China, India, Canada, EU countries . The international power association (IEA) predicts that by 2030 world production of biofuel will increase to 150 million tons of a power equivalent of oil. Annual rates of a gain of production will make 7-9%. As a result till 2030 the share of biofuel in the total amount of fuel in the transport sphere will reach 4-6% To what can lead hobby for biofuel from a colza difficult to predict. But it would be desirable that under good intentions world scientists, producers and politicians didn't come to deplorable result. After all, to a regret to consider all aspects very difficult.


In 2009 a repository was created to hold the body of masters theses and dissertations for IT degrees across the country. Before this, there was no central location where researchers could easily access these documents. Analysis of this repository has helped propose a research agenda for the IT discipline. The themes of IT research themselves were not surprising, but gathering the research to populate the repository did yield some surprising results. Much of the work done by IT graduate students simply is not readily accessible to the rest of the world. This makes it appear as though there are less IT graduate students than we thought, and the repository is currently only populated with just over 100 theses and dissertations.
 The presentation of the repository at SIGITE 2009 yielded good community support. There have been enhancements and upgrades for the repository in the last year, but we have as yet seen little community participation in the actual submission of IT research.


PURPOSE
This study investigated the survival of complete crowns in relation to periodontal variables on a long-term basis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 1,037 complete crowns made in an undergraduate clinic for 456 patients were evaluated over an 18-year period. The study population was a mixture of periodontally affected and non-periodontally affected patients, which is comparable to the population group in a private practice. Patients were offered a supportive maintenance program. Periodontal variables were measured, including Plaque Index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and attachment level. The Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs (CPITN) was calculated per sextant in a full-mouth assessment.

RESULTS
The estimated survival rate was 78% at year 18. For the surviving restorations, the improved PI over time was statistically significant (P = .001). Odds ratios were 1.00 for both PI and BOP. For the CPITN, odds ratios were 3.00 to 3.83. Caries was the most frequent reason for failure, followed by periodontal disease.

CONCLUSION
PI and BOP were not directly related to the frequency of failures. Patients with a high CPITN at baseline had a 3.8 times greater likelihood of losing a complete crown (and abutment tooth) than patients with a low CPITN. The higher failure rate was related not only to periodontal disease, but also to a wide range of biologic and technical problems. In relation to complete crown survival, caution is needed in patients with a high CPITN at baseline. Prosthetic work should be preceded by periodontal examination and prophylactic and periodontal treatment if needed.


Considering the nonlinear flux-linkage characteristic of switched reluctance motor (SRM), least square support vector machine (LSSVM) optimized by adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) and implemented it for modeling nonlinear characteristic of SRM. When the LSSVM is trained with sufficient sample data, AGA is applied to optimize super parameters of LSSVM via minimizing fitting errors between forecasted data and measured data. With the trained LSSVM, the forecasted data of the model are compared with measured data, and error analyses are given to evaluate performances of the proposed model. The experimental results demonstrate that LSSVM optimized by AGA performs better forecast accuracy and successful modeling of SRM.


This paper argues that characterizing heuristic performance in terms of adherence to optimal policies can elucidate many differences in search effort associated with different variable ordering heuristics. This framework involves two policies that search must adhere to to be successful: the promise policy is in force when search is on a solution path; the fail-first policy holds when search is in an insoluble subtree. After discussing how adherence to these policies can be measured, the paper shows that many complex patterns of performance can be elucidated by measuring the adherence to each policy. For example, some strategies designed to maximize adherence to one policy are shown to be either unsuccessful in this regard or to affect adherence to the other policy adversely, thus impairing search. In contrast, strategies used by superior heuristics often balance features such as branching and local connectivity so as to enhance adherence to both policies simultaneously. Differences related to problem structure can also be elucidated


On the base of the linear system theory a condition for minimum of the phase shift from attenuation in a voltage controlled attenuator (VCA) is founded. The base structure of the VCA is investigated. It is shown that fulfillment of the invariance condition provide a theoretically minimum of phase shift. For example, the paper disclosed details of the new attenuator design and discuss its performance. Its main difference from known consists in ultra broadband feature and large range of attenuation where minimum of the phase shift is reached at regulation. As a result of optimization, the correcting circuit parameters and adjusting parameters of diodes are founded.


Recent researches indicated that the large-scale landslide induced by rainfalls usually occurred at the end of the rainfall, and the occurring conditions usually were attributed to the high accumulated rainfall. However, the researches which explore the relation of rainfall-runoff and the scale of the large-scale landslide are rare. This study used the integrated Rainfall-Infiltration-Slope stability model to simulate the process of rainfall-runoff and predict the occurring time and the scale of the large-scale landslide. The simulation showed that the runoff had a double peak pattern in weathered granite slopes with steeper bedrock, but ladder recession pattern in volcanic debris slopes. The bedrock locations had influence on the peak timing and decreasing pattern of the runoff. It is expected to have the possibility of the large-scale landslide evaluation if the relation between the runoff and bedrock locations is further studied.


Some compounds have a quite different mode of action from conventional fungicides.They can induce plants to have systemic acquired resistance against a wide spectrum of pathogens.Recently,the first commodity has been announced by Ciba Geigy.Its active ingredient is s methyl benzo thiadiazole 7 carbothioate.


The Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor (Flex-PLI) was developed to evaluate the risk of pedestrian lower extremity injuries. However, it has been pointed out that the post-crash kinematics of the Flex-PLI differs from those of a human body when it is hit by high-bumper vehicles. This paper describes the feasibility of applying the Flex-PLI to a wide range of vehicle types by adding a supplemental weight. The following aspects are discussed in this regard: A human body finite element (FE) model analysis shows that the upper body of the Flex-PLI is not involved in tibia and knee ligament injury indexes in the first contact with a high-bumper vehicle. A rigid bar model is introduced and its rotational energy ratio is formulated. The rotational energy ratio is employed to evaluate the post-crash kinematics of the Flex-PLI and a human leg model. The feasibility of adding a supplemental weight to the Flex-PLI with regard to the bumper height is discussed. Language: en


People around the world are becoming more aware of the environmental stresses humans are placing on the planet. Many consumers now display concern about environmental deterioration. This is the major impetus for green products and green marketing. However, green is a relative term and depends on the individual. Green Marketing has emerged as an important concept in India as in other parts of the developing and developed world, and is seen as an important strategy of facilitating sustainable development. Green marketing is an idea which has gained popularity in the last few years. This has become all the more vital when our planet is in threat and everybody is keen to protect it. Going green is in the minds of the business owners and executives now more than ever. Environmentalism has fast emerged as a worldwide phenomenon. Business firms too have risen to the occasion and have started responding to environmental challenges by practising green marketing strategies. Green consumerism has played a catalytic role in ushering corporate environmentalism and making business firms green marketing oriented. In this paper, we requested and recommended the firms to engage their activities in Green Marketing which would be arrive as Grace Marketing for all factors of Business Environment of the organisation.


Objective:To study the clinical character and the effect of pregnancy accompany with malignant tumor on mother and fetus,in order to make early detection,early diagnosis and early treatment.Methods:Fifteen pregnant women accompany with malignant tumor from July 2007 to January 2011 in our Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Leukemia and cervical cancer were the most frequent malignant tumor during pregnancy.Among them one was dead,one had continue pregnancy,5 underwent artificial abortion after chemotherapy,2 underwent induced abortions by ethacridine at the second trimester,1 had abdominal hysterotomy,4 had caesarean section after 28 gestational weeks,1 was vaginal delivery.There was 5 live births and 10 perineonate death.Neonatal birth weight was from 2160 g to 3700 g,and there was no congenital malformation.1 of 15 cases was dead,6 were lost of follow up,8 were alive up to now.Conclusions:Malignant tumor during pregnancy is hard to be detected in early stage and the missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis rate is high with bad prognosis.Early diagnosis is the key factor to improve the prognosis of pregnant women with malignant tumor.Strengthening recognition of pregnant women with malignant tumor can increase early diagnosis,early detection and early therapy.


We derive an analytic behavior of the Casimir free energy, entropy and pressure of metallic films in vacuum at low temperature. It is shown that this behavior differs significantly depending on whether the plasma or the Drude model is used to describe the dielectric properties of film metal. For metallic films described by the lossless plasma model the thermal corrections to the Casimir energy and pressure drop to zero exponentially fast with increasing film thickness. There is no classical limit in this case. The Casimir entropy satisfies the Nernst heat theorem. For metallic films with perfect crystal lattices described by the Drude model the Casimir entropy at zero temperature takes a nonzero value depending on the parameters of a film, i.e., the Nernst heat theorem is violated. The Casimir entropy at zero temperature is positive, as opposed to the case of two metallic plates separated with a vacuum gap, where it is negative if the Drude model is used. Possible applications of the obtained results in investigations of stability of thin films are discussed.


Abstract The software and hardware of Safety Critical Systems - SCS, which control special critical technology process or operation, are subject of enhanced requirements for reliability and inadmissibility of any incorrect controlling influences (safety) after failures. This paper suggests and investigates a hybrid computerbased fail-safe/fault-tolerance FST-structure with single reservation, which has the qualities to meet these requirements. The base system 2 ∨ 2, based on which it is built, is studied in the previous edition of Information Technjlogies and Control. For derivation of probabilistic models through which to establish the efficiency of the strutucral redundancy in a fault-tolerant structure, in this paper are used the published results. Formulas are derived for the probability of failure-free operation (availability coefficient), for safe failure and for unidentified (dangerous) failure. Models are found for calculation of the enhancement of reliability and the variation of safety relative to the base system 2 ∨ 2. Subject of analysis are type software and hardware modifications of the proposed general scheme used in the practice of different companies, which manufacture and operate SCSs. It is proven that at the expense of acceptable hardware redundancy and insignificant increase of dangerous failures the probability of interruption of the operation of the FST- system and its down-time due to failure may decrease by tenths of thousands of times.


In the past 10 years or so, gradual declassifications of official foreign policy documents in the Soviet Union, in China and in the United States have provided opportunities for research in the various fields concerned. More importantly, in the realm of China's international relations theory this has been a period for "letting a hundred flowers bloom" through translation, study, argument, and reflection. Particularly worth noting is that in recent years, research in China's decision‐making in foreign policy, which had hitherto been off‐limits, has been gradually opening up, resulting in many publications. An example is China's Foreign Policy Decision‐Making during the Cold War written by Professor Niu Jun of The School of International Studies of Peking University, and published by Japan's Chikura Publishing Company in September 2007. 1. Niu Jun, China's Foreign Policy Decision‐Making during the Cold War, trans. Yasuki Masui (Tokyo: Chikura Publishing Company, 2007).


The relationship between the measured Verdet constants of a number of molecules and the quantum‐mechanical theory of the Faraday effect is examined. The observed behavior of nitric oxide, which is significantly different from that of the diamagnetic gases, is explained by a consideration of the effect on the Verdet constant of the transition from the 2Π32 state to the 2Σ state lying at 44 000 cm—1.


Rapid deactivation and short lifetime are challenges for SAPO-34 catalysts for the reaction of methanol to olefins (MTO). To overcome these drawbacks, SAPO-34 on fully calcined kaolin microspheres ...


The characteristics of a high-frequency transformer isolated series-parallel resonant converter operating on the utility line is presented. This converter uses a capacitive output filter. Variable frequency as well as fixed-frequency (phase-shift) control methods are considered. Based on the available analysis, of the DC-to-DC converter, a design procedure (with a design example) is given. SPICE (and SABER) simulation and experimental results, obtained for the designed converter (rated at 250 W) are presented to verify the theory. It is shown that high line PF with lower total harmonic distortion (compared to conventional rectifier followed by large filter capacitor) can be obtained with the proposed converter.


The evidence linking psoriasis to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease is overwhelming, classifying psoriasis as a systemic disease and not simply a disease of the skin.


The present study was conducted in purposely selected colleges of Jammu .A sample of 200 respondents comprising 100 male respondents and 100 female respondents were selected through proportionate allocation random sampling method. Findings revealed majority of the male respondents (91%) and female respondents (81%) were aware about female foeticide. Television and newspaper were the sources to get information about female foeticide. Son preference and unequal status among son and daughter were mainly associated reasons for female foeticide. Students were aware about declining sex ratio at state and at national level but not sure about exact ratio. Majority of students were not aware about legal aspect of female feoticide. ABSTRACT


On treatment with N-methylglycine in DMF, the chromone-3-carbaldehydes 1a–c produce 3-[3-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1-methyl-2,5-dihydropyrrol-2-yl]-4H-chromen-4-ones 10a–c and the deformylated products 9a–c, whereas the bis-chromone derivatives 12a–c give the bis[3-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1-methylpyrrole] structures 13a–c.


When the jury of the Man Booker Prize 2010 chose three novels for their short-list that were written in present tense they earned some harsh criticism. To some, like Philipp Pullman, present tense narration seemed to be no more than an annoying fad, "a silly affectation," which he criticises as a limitation to narrative possibility.1 Nevertheless, present tense narration is spreading fast, not only among Booker Prize nominees and winners. Indeed, it has become so common that it hardly seems to draw much attention anymore.

But what is the appeal of present tense narration to contemporary authors? What effect does the choice of present tense narration have on the ways stories are told and read? This paper will address and compare the use of present tense narration in recent British novels by authors such as Hilary Mantel (Wolf Hall, Bring up the Bodies), Ali Smith (Hotel World, The Accidental ), Tom McCarthy (C) and others, looking for similarities and differences in their respective narrative rationale. In view of the heterogeneous and complex use of present tense in contemporary fiction, I would like to suggest, merely pointing to the pace of contemporary life and the simultaneity of new communication media does not suffice to adequately address a phenomenon that has become a characteristic feature of 21st century narration.

1 Laura Roberts. "Philip Pullman and Philip Hensher criticise Booker Prize for including present tense novels." The Telegraph. 11. Sept. 2010.


Three mice from each group were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and dissected for Liver, Gastrocnemius muscle, Pancreas, and Epididymal adipose tissue. These mice were not tested for Day 15 glucose. Cervical dislocation for tissue retrieval is important since AMPK, the target of the drug is highly sensitive to hypoxia, and this means that it is activated by any method of termination that involves suffocation or respiratory depression. The remaining 5 mice in each group were euthanized by CO2 inhalation, and terminal blood was taken by cardiac puncture.


Legionellosis, manifesting as either Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever, is a serious concern in the United States. Water providers and property owners must do their part to control Legionella.


Technological innovations in the marine field have developed rapidly in the last decade. One of it is the innovation in the technologies related to the underwater research and exploration. It has been driven by the need of the a flexible, reconfigurable, and reliable machine for underwater operation termed Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The ROV development has opened up many opportunities in the observation and exploration of underwater environment. The most important aspect in the ROV is the flexibility of motion during the maneuver in the water. The mechanical structure and also the static and dynamic analysis is very important aspect in designing ROV related to its operation environment. This paper proposes ROV body design based on analysis characteristic hydrodynamic and buoyancy effect using CFD. The characteristics of each fluid flow affect the motion of the ROV which movement is driven by the thrusters. The hydrodynamic characteristics and buoyancy effect will be analyzed. The result will be used in the further mathematical calculations in the controller design phase.


Over the last few decades, there has been growing interest in the use of low-carbon materials to reduce the environmental impacts of the construction industry. The advent of mass timber panels (MTP), such as cross laminated timber (CLT), has allowed structural engineers to specify a low-carbon material for a variety of floor design considerations. However, serviceability issues such as vibration and deflection are limiting the construction of longer span timber-only floor systems and have encouraged the development of timber-concrete composite (TCC) systems. The use of concrete would negatively impact on the carbon footprint of the TCC floor system and should be minimized. The purpose of this study was to study the impact on embodied carbon in the TCC system, when the ratio of timber and concrete was varied for specific floor spans. Two MTP products were considered, CLT and glued laminated timber (GLT). The floors were designed to satisfy structural, acoustic, and vibration criteria, and the results were presented in the form of span tables. It was found that using thicker MTP instead of adding concrete thickness to meet a specific span requirement can lead to lower embodied carbon values. Increasing concrete thickness for long-span floor systems led to a reduction in allowable floor span due to the vibration criterion being the controlling design parameter. Increasing timber thickness also resulted in higher strength and stiffness to weight ratios, which would contribute toward reducing the size of lateral load resisting systems and foundations, resulting in further reductions in the embodied carbon of the entire structure.


The invention discloses a manufacturing method of a tapered adhesive ceiling coil of a heating furnace. The manufacturing method orderly comprises straight pipe cutting, straight pipe welding, lossless detection, steel pipe taper pasting and profiling, and compressive strength testing. In the primary taper profiling process, three fixed shafts on a tapered adhesive ceiling coil profiling machine of the heating furnace are fixed after the spacing is adjusted according to the outer diameters of the straight pipes, then the welded straight pipes passing the nondestructive testing are sequentially sleeved into the three fixed shafts and tightly adhered to a straight pipe profiling surface, and then, the three fixed shafts are rotated along with the tapered adhesive ceiling coil profiling machine of the heating furnace at the speed of 0.002-0.006m/s to be wound on the straight pipe profiling surface so as to obtain helical coils. The pasting and profiling process is then carried out to obtain the tapered adhesive ceiling coil. The manufacturing method has the advantages that the manufacturing process is simple and convenient, the manufactured product can meet the performance requirements, and the manufactured product is favorable in quality and is manufactured and formed in one step.


A vibration reduction system has a vibration reduction film and a control unit. The vibration reduction film is constituted of a vibration sensor film, an insulating layer, and a vibration actuator film that are stacked in this order. In each of the vibration sensor film and the vibration actuator film, two pairs of electrodes are formed on both surfaces of a piezoelectric polymer film into a pattern based on a particular mode of vibration. The electrodes of the vibration sensor film overlap with the electrodes of the vibration actuator film. In response to electric charge signals from the electrodes of the vibration sensor film, the particular mode of vibration is detected. By application of voltages into the electrodes of the vibration actuator film, a vibration of opposite phase is generated to counteract the detected vibration.


Abstract Nuclear power provides approximately 17% of the world's electricity, which is equivalent to a reduction in carbon emissions of ∼0.5 Gt of C/year. This is a modest contribution to the reduction of global carbon emissions, ∼6.5 Gt C/year. Most analyses suggest that in order to have a significant and timely impact on carbon emissions, carbonfree sources, such as nuclear power, would have to expand total energy production by a factor of three to ten by 2050. A three-fold increase in nuclear power capacity would result in a projected reduction in carbon emissions of 1 to 2 Gt C/year, depending on the type of carbon-based energy source that is displaced. This paper reviews the impact of an expansion of this scale on the generation of nuclear waste and fissile material that might be diverted to the production of nuclear weapons. There are three types of nuclear fuel cycles that might be utilized for the increased production of energy: open, closed, or a symbiotic combination of different reactor types (such as thermal and fast neutron reactors). Within each cycle, the volume and composition of the nuclear waste and fissile material depend on the type of nuclear fuel, the amount of burn-up, the extent of radionuclide separation during reprocessing, and the types of material used to immobilize different radionuclides. This chapter is a discussion of the relation between the different types of fuel cycles and their environmental impact.


Multi-scale morphological top-hat transformation has been widespread used in pattern recognition, but the selection of the scale is still very subjective and empirical. To automate the scale selection, an automatic scale selection approach based on mutual information is proposed and the property of the proposed criterion based on mutual information is investigated extensively in this paper. Experimental results indicated that the proposed scale selection algorithm was capable of selecting the proper scale to the top-hat transformation for the extraction of uneven background illumination.


Whether airport groups develop synergistically has become a concern for the aviation industry. Existing studies have neglected the dynamic comprehensive evaluation and analysis of influencing factors of synergy degree. Taking the synergistic development of airport groups as the research perspective, we integrate the dynamic comprehensive evaluation model into the traditional synergy model. From two dimensions of airport development and regional economy, we measured the static synergy degree of the Chengdu-Chongqing airport group and the dynamic synergetic development degree on the overall time series. Further, using a spatial econometric model, we construct a distance economy-nested spatial weight matrix so as to explore the influence of each indicator on the synergy degree of the composite system. The results show that the overall synergy of the Chengdu-Chongqing airport group is above 0.5 in terms of static synergy degree. The clustering spectrum shows that the Chengdu-Chongqing airport group can be divided into three categories and basically forms the characteristic of "two main and multiple auxiliary airports." In terms of dynamic synergetic development degree and comprehensive evaluation value, the change speed of synergy degree is relatively smooth in the early stage and fluctuates in the later stage, and the overall dynamic evaluation value of the Chongqing regional airports is high. The effects of the explanatory variables of the airport group composite system on the synergy degree show more direct effects than spillover effects, and the direct effects are all positive feedback effects, while the negative spillover effects of the explanatory variables cannot be ignored.


Photoluminescence measurements on individual CdSe/ZnSe/ZnMnSe quantum dots in a magnetic field up to 11 T both parallel and perpendicular to the sample growth plane at 1.6 K reveal a qualitative difference between samples with different strength of the sp-d exchange interaction controlled by means of varying the thickness of the nonmagnetic ZnSe layer. The observed difference is related with the dependence of the non-radiative Mn assisted recombination and the spin relaxation on magnetic field and the strength of the exchange interaction.


The radical change in the wider context in which national economies evolve, collaborate and compete has been alluded to along different dimensions and in different types of discourses. Some emphasize globalization and that nation states tend to loose some of their autonomy. Others point to the growing importance of knowledge for economic development and refer to the 'knowledge-based economy'. Yet others give information technology a key role in the process of change and some go as far as referring to a 'new economy' where old trade-offs between high rates of growth and stability have been relinquished. The hypothesis put forward here and underlying the analysis all the way through is that we are moving into a 'learning economy' where the success of individuals, firms, regions and countries will, more than anything else, reflect their capability to learn. The speed-up of change reflects the rapid diffusion of information technology, the widening of the global market-place, with the inclusion of new strong competitors, deregulation and less stability in market demand. The acceleration in the rate of change implies that knowledge and skills are exposed to a depreciation that is more rapid than before. Therefore, the increase in the stock of knowledge might be less dramatic than it looks at first sight (OECD 2000b). Different national economies exposed to the same transformation pressure have different capabilities to innovate and to cope with change and they have also established different principles and institutions for distributing the costs and benefits of change. The actual transformation they go through will reflect systemic differences in the way they innovate and build competence. They will be specialized differently, characterized by different institutional set-ups and the political culture will promote different types of state intervention to cope with the challenges raised by the transformation. We summarize such differences by referring to different national systems of innovation and competence-building. This signals that in the learning economy we need a wider perspective than the one associated with normal use of the term 'national system of innovation'. To understand the process of transformation, it is useful to analyse and


In recent years, although with the growth of economy, there are many superfluous labors at Jilin province because of technological advancement and reformation of state-owned enterprises. Non- state owned economy appears various forms in accepting labors that reduces employment pressure.


Ian Burleigh is Assistant Professor at the University of Lethbridge, Department of Music, where he teaches science and technology-oriented music courses for the Digital Audio Arts program. He holds an Engineers' Degree in Electronic Computers from Czech Technical University and a M.Sc. in Computer Science from the University of Calgary, where he is also a Ph.D. candidate of Computer Science and Music. He has worked as a software engineer, a freelance musician, and a researcher. He specializes in computational aspects of electroacoustic music, spatial sound analysis and reproduction, computer-assisted music transcription, and general application of computation in arts.


In three recent cases, the Supreme Court of Canada adopted a fundamentally new approach to when hearsay evidence is admissible. This approach purports to be based on John Wigmore's theory for the hearsay rule's development and raison d'etre. Wigmore said that the rule developed as a single exclusionary evidence rule because common law judges believed jurors tended to overvalue out-of-court testimonial statements absent testing by cross-examination. He said the courts of equity subsequently adopted exclusionary rules such as the hearsay rule merely because of the maxim that equity followed the law, and not because these rules were considered necessary when judges were the triers of fact.The author argues that the hearsay rule is the product of the development and fusion of seven different rules, each of which developed for one or more of five initial reasons. Three of these reasons were based on concerns about the unreliability of certain types of hearsay evidence. The remaining two reasons arose from the fact that the admission of certain types of hearsay deprived both lay and professional triers of fact of the opportunity to observe a witness's demeanour or to have them tested by cross-examination, processes considered essential to the evidence's proper evaluation.The author argues that Wigmore failed to address four of the initial rationales and unjustifiably linked the fifth one to a perceived evaluative shortcoming unique to juries. Since the Supreme Court's new approach is derived from his theory, it also suffers from these shortcomings in terms of the rule's founding rationales. Finally, the author suggests some modern implications of this conclusion and some potential ramifications for rectitude of decision.


Abstract           As one of the most important aspect in people's life, education should be treated and improved well. It is so essential because education gives opportunity to have a better life. The process of a nation as fundamental was determined by education. The education is the most important thing that getting much a big attention full from society. Therefore people should think of any better ways to improve the quality of education. One of the ways is through popular education. As growing-trend culture, popular culture has been widely known especially by young people. Some relevant references have been gathered and the data analysis has shown that it is very acceptable to use novel, a part of popular culture to teach. This teaching technique can be used to teach morality and language skill at the same time. Thus in this novel will describe the contrastive of how main characters faced and solved household conflict both in Western-Nothingham and Malang-Java. Therefore education institution should be able to accommodate this sistem in order to succeed in educating specially morality education. Key words: Popular Culture, Morality, Novel, Language, Education


Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are envisioned to play an important role in improving confinement of surface plasmon resonance. Here, a coupled graphene-cavity-waveguide (GCW) system is proposed to investigate the characteristics of the resonant modes with finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. It is found that the surface plasmon characteristics can be modulated with the change of geometrical parameters of the structure and physical parameters of graphene. The resonant wavelength is sensitive to the Fermi level; and the resonant depth can be adjusted by the altering of carrier mobility. Moreover, the quality factor can be affected by the separation of cavity-cavity. The proposed GCW coupling system has potential applications in graphene-based integrated nanophotonic devices, optical filters, slow light and other active photonic devices.


Micro structured fibers and photonic crystal fibers are an enabling technology, allowing for white-light supercontinuum (SC) generation at the nanojoule pulse energy level available from laser oscillators. While the generation of octave-spanning optical spectra found widespread application in frequency metrology, spectroscopy, optical communications, and medical imaging, one of the most intriguing applications, namely the compression into a coherent single-cycle pulse, remained rather disencouraging to date. The poor spectral coherence generated in the prevalent soliton fission mechanism was identified as the reason for the observed temporal incompressibility of the SC. In the following, a new route for SC generation in micro structured waveguide devices, with efficiencies comparable to that of soliton fission, yet much more favorable coherence properties, was devised. The technique relies on resonant two-color excitation based on the cross-phase modulation (XPM) interaction and borrows from the group-velocity horizon concept. The latter leads to an effective temporal confinement of two pulses and greatly enhances their XPM interaction. This concept has previously been demonstrated to exhibit the possibility for a strong all-optical manipulation of light pulses.


This paper presents the design of a 3 pole WLAN filter that utilizes integrated passive device (IPD) attached to a substrate to reduce size and improve filter performance increase yield, and achieve thinner modules. The design uses liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) technology as an alternative to LTCC and discrete solutions


The food chemistry experimental teaching curriculum and conducted is explorated and practiced,through concrete measures to improve the teaching content, teaching methods reform, strict curriculum and examination system and other independent course,optimizing teaching content,based on the life of the scientific menthod to consolidate the basis of the students' theoretical knowledge,practical skill and improve their ability.


Nucleate leptones in solution possess a highly asymmetric structure the magnitude of which may be determined by calculating the axial ratio from either viscosity1 or sedimentation data2 but further evidence for its asymmetry is shown by a high value of flow birefringence.3 It is not to be anticipated, in view of the assumptions necessary in such biophysical calculations, that the resulting values will be in close agree ment or particularly accurate.4 Nearly more questionably, however, are results of estimating the length of nucleate ions of salts of nucleic acid. What will essentially be presented in this note is an account of the length of thymonucleic acid salt leptones in a liquid which is flowing under pressure through a capillary. The structural viscosity of such solutions has been considered5 to be caused by orientation of stiff granulated molecules such as described in their theory by Peterlin and Stuart.6 For when the angle of incli nation y increases from 45 to 80 degrees it is to observe a considerable decrease in viscosity. Results of measuring the x-ray scattering of more concentrated solutions, although not conclusive on this point, are in a good agreement with this conception.3 Supposing the width of the molecules as being 5 A and applying F. Perrin's formula of the diffu sion rotatory constant Ħ, Cerf3 appraises the length of the leptones amounting to about 8000 A. Experiments of my own, however, indicate always much lower length values. Be Ħ the diffusion rotatory constant, G the velocity gradient of the flowing liquid, and tg 2 x as a function of the orientation distri bution function of the leptones (or molecules), if x is the angle of ex tinction (or inclination) of flowing liquid observed in polarized light between crossed nicols (hence the angle between the stream lines and optic axis in the solution), then in a quasi-empirical relation Edsall's7 we have:


This study aimed to evaluate the trainees' practice and learning curve in short‐type single‐balloon enteroscopy (short SBE)‐assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for patients with surgically altered anatomy (SAA) and determine how to train these trainees.