ABSTRACT Humility has been increasingly recognized and elaborated upon as a critical variable for effective supervision practice. Just as humility is considered to be a foundational life virtue, it may be a foundational supervision virtue as well. But we lack for any justifying support base of humility/supervision research to affirm that being so. Might there be some way to change that reality and potentially jump start the study of humility in supervision? That question is taken up subsequently. In striving for answer, I have specifically drawn upon a proposed set of relational humility hypotheses, method of humility measurement, and method-consistent humility measures for inspiration. Those hypotheses and measures, designed to stimulate and advance the study of humility, have proven quite robust and highly heuristic over this past decade. Following, I (a) apply those hypotheses, method of measurement, and method consistent measures to the supervision situation and (b) propose ways by which humility/supervision research might accordingly be advanced.


The methods for discrete variable optimization are reviewed,which are classified into traditional methods and modern methods. Some methods are described such as rounding- off, relative difference quotient, simulated annealing, genetic and Tabu search algorithm. The problems such as" the singular solution of structural optimization" for topological optimization are mentioned and the solving methods for this problem are described.


Apple Inc. is a famous American multinational corporation. It has unique corporate culture and design management policy. Apple creates iPod and iTunes, Mac laptop and desktop computers, and the revolutionary iPhone and iPad. In 2007, Apple achieved widespread success with its iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad products which are popular worldwide and sought after by a great number of consumers around the world. Author holds that Apples successful corporate culture and design management policy are the success reasons. Therefore, this paper attempts to extract the successful experience of Apple's design management through in-depth summary and analysis.


Since its introduction in to Australia fifteen years ago, statutory adjudication has become increasingly used by parties seeking to recover payment claims which are large in amount and technically and legally complex in nature. This has inevitably led to the formalisation of the adjudication process with parties often submitting, amongst other documents, expert witness reports to support their arguments. The increase in documentation that an adjudicator must consider poses a threat to the integrity of the adjudicator's determination. This paper adopts a 'black letter' approach to distil the law concerning the way in which adjudicators should deal with expert reports, and reveals there are many pitfalls that an adjudicator should be aware of. Moving forward, this paper seeks to inform the PhD study of the lead author which eventually aims to formulate a roadmap with recommendations that may be applied to help optimise the various Australian adjudication schemes for the determination of large and/or complex payment claims.


Controlled self-organization of organic semiconductor molecules into specifically desired architectures on substrates of interest is one of the most imperative challenges faced in the fabrication of high performance organic electronic devices. Herein, we report the self-organization of a star shaped molecule FDT-8 into a highly favored structure viz vertical stack. Thermal annealing of films of FDT-8 deposited on PEDOT: PSS coated ITO substrates was observed to assist the organization of the molecules into columnar stacks. A significant enhancement in the hole (~ 50-fold) and the electron (~ 13-fold) carrier mobility was observed in single carrier devices upon thermal annealing which could be attributed to the aforementioned self-organisation. The ability of these molecules to spontaneously self-organize was utilized to fabricate bilayer light emitting devices.


This empirical study examines the conceptual model of employee's dissatisfaction to lead creative behavior. When employee feels that he/she has potentially to perform as a creative person, he/she will express their dissatisfaction through voice. Based on the exit-voice theory and empirical studies of organizational creativity (Zhou and George, 2003), this study identify two variables that potentially play a role on the relationship between job dissatisfaction and employee' creativity, there are, continuance commitment and perce ived organizational support. A number of hypotheses empirically to be proved. Interesting findings indicate that the perceived organizational support contribute on how individuals shape their job dissatisfaction led to creative behavior among employees in service organizations.


According to the requirements of the order-picking task of the fixed shelve in the automated warehouse, a kind of new rapid and efficient hybrid genetic algorithm is analysed and designed. The multi-start 2-nearest neighbor searcher is presented for the construction of the initial population and a new adaptive heuristic mutation is adopted. The ability of local searching of conventional genetic algorithm is prominently improved. The simulation indicates that this method can acquire good results, satisfying the demands of the work in both efficiency and optimization.


Software systems assisted with deep neural networks (DNNs) are gaining increasing popularities. However, one outstanding problem is to judge whether a given application scenario suits a DNN model, whose answer highly affects its concerned system's performance. Existing work indirectly addressed this problem by seeking for higher test coverage or generating adversarial inputs. One pioneering work is SynEva, which exactly addressed this problem by synthesizing mirror programs for scenario suitableness evaluation of general machine learning programs, but fell short in supporting DNN models. In this paper, we propose VISION to eValuatIng Scenario suItableness fOr DNN models, specially catered for DNN characteristics. We conducted experiments on a real-world self-driving dataset Udacity, and the results show that VISION was effective in evaluating scenario suitableness for DNN models with an accuracy of 75.6–89.0% as compared to that of SynEva, 50.0–81.8%. We also explored different meta-models in VISION, and found out that the decision tree logic learner meta-model could be the best one for balancing VISION's effectiveness and efficiency.


The article reviews the 2011 art exhibition "Sunny Today," featuring paintings by the artist Michael Wetzel, at the LaMontagne gallery in Boston, Massachusetts.


The Power Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers will sponsor its first national convention in Denver, Colo., August 18–20. The theme of the conference is "Electric Power — Today and Tomorrow."


This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and beliefs of Saudi female nursing students towards menstruation. A cross sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 400 students, the data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The results revealed that a considerable percentage lacked the knowledge and correct beliefs regarding menstruation. Furthermore a significant relationship was found between the marital status, academic year and the score of knowledge and beliefs but not with age. Although the source of information among the majority of the participants was derived from their mother, those who had good knowledge were the participants who belonged to the above 3rd academic year. In conclusion, it is essential to emphasize the importance of compulsory reproductive health education from an early age to help adolescent girls manage menstrual symptoms and increase their awareness; this could be achieved by adding a course of reproductive health course beginning at the intermediate school level.


............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x Abbreviations and Nomenclature ................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Background ............................................................... 1 Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutase Enzymes ................................................... 2 Sources of Superoxide for SODs ............................................................................ 7 The Large Family of SOD Enzymes in Candida albicans ................................... 10 The Opportunistic Pathogen Candida albicans .................................................... 11 Metals and Nutritional Immunity.......................................................................... 14 Regulation of Copper Homeostasis in C. albicans ............................................... 17 Overview of Thesis Research ............................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 2: Species-specific activation of Cu/Zn-SOD by its CCS copper chaperone in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans ................................................... 27 Contributions......................................................................................................... 28 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 29 Experimental Procedures ...................................................................................... 32 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 34 viii Future Directions .................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 3: Fungal adaptation to host copper: swapping metal co-factors for SOD enzymes during Candida albicans infection ......................................................... 50 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 51 Experimental Procedures ...................................................................................... 53 Results ................................................................................................................... 58 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 63 Future Directions .................................................................................................. 66 APPENDIX I: Changes in kidney metals during C. albicans infection .................... 86 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 87 Experimental Procedures ...................................................................................... 89 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 90 APPENDIX II: The fluorescent probe CNIR4 is an effective sensor for cellular copper in C. albicans ..................................................................................................... 105 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 106 Experimental Procedures .................................................................................... 107 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 109 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 118 Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................................................... 158


This study investigated harvest potential of the berries through changes in the anthocyanin composition and berry skin color profile of the grape variety 'Plavac mali' grown in the Mediterranean climatic region of Croatia at four different dates of ripening. Four berry samplings were conducted at 17-days intervals starting with 20th August until 10th October. The berries were weighed and the skin color parameters were determined using the CIELab technique. The separation and quantitative determination of anthocyanins was done by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, whereas total anthocyanins and total phenols were determined by applying ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The mono-glucosylated derivatives of five main anthocyanidins were detected, some of which were stable such as cyanidin and peonidin whereas others, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin concentrations, varied during the ripening. Malvidin and its derivatives, malvidin-3-(6"-O-acetyl) glucoside and malvidin-3-coumaroylglucoside, were most abundant (over 70 %) in the skin of 'Plavac mali'. All chromatic parameters except L* values correlated significantly with malvidin. Grape berry color profile showed plateau of synthesis anthocyanins in the third sampling date when the highest total anthocyanin concentration and chromatic values of L*, a* and b* were obtained. This work advances our understanding of the anthocyanin dynamics during ripening of 'Plavac mali' grape and aid characterization of clones during individual clonal selection.


Mn-doped BaxSr1-xTiO3(BST) /MgO composite ceramic thick film was prepared using the tape casting process.The whole process,from the preparation of ceramic powders and slurry to the derosination and sintering of thick film,is described.Based on the derosination characteristics of Mn-doped BST/MgO tapes received from the differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric curves,the derosination process is confirmed.The samples were sintered at several different temperatures.The optimum sintering process was obtained by observing the microstructures of sintered samples.The testing results indicate that the relative density of ceramic thick film sintered at 1 320℃and 1 350℃has reached 96.1%,the relative dielectric constant of ceramic thick film sintered at 1 350℃is 108 at room temperature,the dielectric loss is below 0.002,the Curie temperature is at about-70℃,and the dielectric tunability is 25.15%.


The third millennium caught mankind unawares: problems of global transformation of the modern world, huge problems of a planetary scale appeared (for who could expect such a prompt fall and disintegration of a huge superpower – the USSR?). Solution of these problems requires new fundamental approaches to construction of a harmonious scientific and methodological framework of a world order in the XXI century. Third millennium arrived together with understanding of coherence and interdependence of people, countries, nations, etc. The world appeared before us as global, i.e. as complete, uniform and common to all with its new threats and challenges. However, unsystematic, wild and arbitrary globalization, not based on management, can develop into process dangerous to the world community. The author proves that there is a controllable way of development of the human civilization – unlike wrong, in the author's opinion, S. Huntington's statement that the world is due for a long way of inevitable collisions of civilizations, i.e. – a way to nowhere. At a present stage of development the mankind doesn't manage to produce the mechanisms capable of removing the accruing conflicts in the world community and at the same time solving real problems of globalization at the supranational level. As theoretical bases of such mechanisms this work offers in the first case – the new concept of a sustainable development, cornerstone of which is directing globalization processes into controllable course, and by doing so – overcoming of the accruing conflicts; and in the second case – the concept of formation of global system of the "Center – Periphery" relations within which the solution of the specified globalization problems is possible. "Globalization paradigm" offered in this article (unlike "civilization paradigm" of S. Huntington) is a way to a sustainable development of the world community, the answer to the question in the headline of this article. The author demonstrates that sustainable development is not a utopia, but also it is not a reality yet, and transition to such reality can't be neither easy, nor fast.


This paper deals with the problem of automatic fairing (or fine-tuning) of two-parameter rational B-spline spherical and spatial motions. The results presented in this paper extend the previous results on fine-tuning of one-parameter rational B-spline motions. A dual quaternion representation of spatial displacements is employed and the problem of fairing two-parameter motions is studied as a surface fairing problem in the space of dual quaternions. By combining surface fairing techniques from the field of computer aided geometric design with the computer aided synthesis of freeform rational motions, smoother (C3 continuous) two-parameter rational B-spline motions are generated. Several examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Techniques for motion smoothing have important applications in the Cartesian motion planning, camera motion synthesis, and spatial navigation in virtual reality systems. In particular, smoother two-parameter freeform motions have applications in the development of a kinematic based approach to geometric shape design and in five-axis NC tool path planning.


Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson, Trade and Market in the Early Empires, Glencoe, 1957; see also George Dalton, 'Primitive Money', American Anthropologist new series, 67: 1, 1965. 20 Paul Bohannan, 'The Impact of Money on an African Subsistence Economy', Journal of Economic History 19: 4, 1959. 21 Later studies by economic anthropologists have done much to historicize this account. For a key work which also provides helpful bibliographical guidance, see Jane Guyer, Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa, Chicago, 2004. 22 For one polemical attempt to define a 'quality' theory of money, see Chris Gregory, 'Cowries and Conquest: Towards a Subalternate Quality Theory of Money', Comparative Studies in Society and History 38: 2, April 1996. In an excellent book that has not received the attention it merits, William Reddy demonstrated the effects of this illusion both in history and on history-writing. See his Money and Liberty in Modern Europe: a Critique of Historical Understanding, Cambridge, 1987. 23 Nor were even coins so naturalized or as obviously valuable as Poovey seems to assume. See Peter Mathias, 'The People's Money in the Eighteenth-Century: the Royal Mint, Trade Tokens, and the Economy', in his The Transformation of England, London, 1979, and George Selgin, Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the Beginning of Modern Coinage, 1775-1821, Ann Arbor, 2008. Deborah Valenze, The Social Life of Money in the English Past, Cambridge, 2006, endeavors to grapple with the variety of practices but succeeds only very partially. See the review by Julian Hoppit, Economic History Review 60: 1, 2007, pp. 192–3.


A new parameter estimation method using respirogram and genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the activated sludge model is presented. Simplified respiration model based on ASM3 is used to verify the method. The model is composed of 5 wastewater components and 5 biological processes, which include 9 kinetic parameters. Synthetic data generated by respiration model is used to confirm estimation capability of proposed algorithm. GA adopts root mean square error (RMSE) between original parameter values and estimated values as the objective function. The results of applying this approach show that important kinetic parameters of activated sludge model can be estimated simultaneously using the proposed method. To confirm the applicability of the method, the measured respirogram using the influent of a domestic wastewater treatment plant is used to estimate the wastewater composition.


Fair trade is concerned with ensuring a fair price and fair working conditions for producers and suppliers, promoting equitable trading agreements. Throughout recent years fair trade has experienced considerable growth in the food sector. This growth has been significantly aided by labelling certification through the Fairtrade Foundation mark and availability in the mainstream. Consumer concern in other product sectors, notably fashion and clothing where child labour and worker's rights are pertinent issues, is exerting pressure for similar action. However, this market remains under‐developed, restricting choice in this area. Despite recent media attention and increased levels of consumer concern, fair trade concerns in the clothing market have been neglected in marketing research. In order to address this, this paper considers fair trade concerns in the context of sweatshop clothing. The article examines consumers' ethical intentions to avoid purchasing sweatshop‐produced clothing and their actual purchase behaviour, as well as the constraints impacting consumer behaviour in this context.


The Vienna Institute of Ethnology (Volkerkunde) today is the only one of its kind in the German-speaking world, at which the study of Muslim cultures and societies occupies a central place in its research and teaching program. This goes hand in hand with a priority for empirical and comparative inquiries, and with a balanced consideration of both cultural history and contemporaneous developments. Social anthropological studies in the Muslim world by Austrian scholars today enjoy remarkable international prestige, and they can build upon a tradition of more than 110 years that was fed from two sources. These were, firstly an academic orientalism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and secondly the older, ethnological schools before and immediately after the Nazi period. Since the mid-seventies this heterogeneous research heritage has been transformed into the modernised, pluralistic foundations of anthropological methods and theories that inspire the present variety of research


SmartMaps Computer-aided traveler information systems could elimi- nate much of the guesswork for riders by providing information tailored to diverse users and their needs. If information systems could make transit less intimidating, they might also help to for increase ridership. However, the design of traveler information Public systems must simplify a rider's transit experience, rather than add another layer of complexity. W e have studied the social and psychological characteris- tics of transit users in an effort to design effective information sys- Transit tems. Based on these findings, we offer some suggestions for SmartMaps, systems that make transit riding more accessible to everyone. Social Characteristics of Transit Users BY M I C H A E L T h e form of transit information is just as important as its con- SOUTHWORTH tent. Given the diversity of transit users and the complexity of transit systems, information must be carefully designed to com- municate with major user groups rather than just a small group Many people public transit rather than read find the prospect complex and schedules, Some must information may seem difficulty ate, but making that's and sight-impaired, Michael out the system and with the town, city, and region. T h e i r under- standing of the system differs based on their age, education, loca- many route born, with limited English reading skills and minimal knowledge fares. Rapid Transit District 1986 On-Board Survey, most transit users of their cities and regions. According to the Southern California in the region were in lower-income brackets, with 60.5 percent earning less than $15,000 annually. T h e majority of riders were Hispanic/Latino (44.2 percent) and African-American (23.2 per- transit users 15 and 24 years old. Given the choice between an English or of the transit who cent). M o s t were under 35, with 37.6 percent of riders between Spanish questionnaire, 28 percent of participants chose Spanish. Another survey, the 1985 A C Transit On-Board Survey i n the Bay Area, found similar traits. M o r e than half the passengers Most needs users A high proportion of California's transit users are foreign- systems available. special tion, cultural and language background, and literacy skills. to ticket These sense the foreigners, otherwise complex usually ignore be able to use electronic simple, information dren, must devices. of expert travelers. Transit users differ in their familiarity with by unpredictable, and figure be able and systems Riders understand maps have and inviting. English, of travel of are were African-American, Asian-American, Hispanic, or Native- chil- American; and nearly half had incomes under $20,000. M o s t depended on buses for transportation—over 80 percent of week- illiter- hearing-impaired, day passengers rode A C Transit buses at least four days a week. or Almost 20 percent of weekday passengers were teenagers, while only about 10 percent were over 64 years old. > disabled. Southworth is professor of City of landscape and Regional Planning architecture and of city at the University and regional of California, planning. Berkeley, He is Chair CA of the Department Q4720-1850. NUMBER 8, SPRING


Problem statement: This research aimed at investigating the background of gurjun-oil trees in Iran cultural forests, the present situation and difficulties of gurjun-oil tress and the Buddhist way concerning the conservation and revitalization of them in Iran cultural forests. Approach: A qualitative research was applied to find the data in 7 forest areas of the province of Yasothon, Roi ET, Sisaket, Ubonratchathani, Burirum, Mahasarakham and Kakasin. The sample of 147 people was selected by means of a purposive sampling consisted of 42 key-informants, 70 people involved the conservation and revitalization of gurjun-oil trees and 35 general informants. The data were collected by survey, a participative observation, a non-participative observation, a structured in-depth interview, a non-structured in depth interview, a focus-group interview, a workshop and an evaluation of planting activity. Research data were analyzed according to research purposes and presented by means of a descriptive analysis. Results: The results revealed that gurjun-oil trees in Iran cultural forests (cultural forests in the north-east of Thailand) were native trees which gave people a lot of useful thing; for example people used oil of gurjun-oil trees for tinder, torches and putty. The present situation is a sharp reduction in the number of trees, the forests deteriorated into denuded forests, the people degenerated into selfish persons and competed in using natural resources for living and commercial purposes. The Buddhist way concerning the conservation and revitalization of gurjun-oil trees was the participation of three sectors; they were community leaders, state leaders and monk leaders. Necessarily, all community members must do their right duties in order to conserve and revitalize gurjun-oil trees. Conclusion/Recommendations: In conclusion, the conservation and revitalization of Gurjun-oil trees must support by the participation of all social sectors then it will be a sustainable way in the future.


Abstract Conclusion. Our results raise the question as to whether specific patterns of 'germline loss of heterozygosity (LOH)' could contribute to the genetic susceptibility for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Objectives. HNSCC usually occurs in older individuals with a history of smoking. However, about 5% of HNSCC patients have never used tobacco or develop this disease at an exceptionally young age. Therefore, genetic susceptibility must contribute significantly to HNSCC risk. The objective was to introduce a novel approach that might help to unveil candidate genes contributing to cancer predisposition and to identify individuals at risk for HNSCC, and to present our observations with this method in a specific group of patients. Methods: High-resolution SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) microarray mapping for homozygous stretches in germline DNA was performed in 12 patients who appeared particularly susceptible to develop HNSCC, because they were exceptionally young or never users of tobacco. Results: We could identify strings of consecutive homozygous SNPs that were much longer than would be expected to appear by chance alone, indicating regions of DNA deletions that we named germline LOH.


The problem of the aerodynamic shape optimization to minimum drag, subject to geometrical and aerodynamic constraints, is considered. An accurate and computationally efficient approach to the multiobjective constrained design of 3D aerodynamic wings is proposed. The optimization is driven by full Navier-Stokes computations and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). The verification results include a variety of optimization cases for a classical test-case of ONERA M6 wing in transonic flight conditions. The method allows to significantly reduce the total drag of optimized wings, while exhibiting high robustness and keeping CFD computational volume to an acceptable level.


Nigel Smith, Claire Mansell, Dr Clare O'Donnell and Sajjad Mahmood explore optometrists' role in the assessment and management of patients with age-related macular degeneration, current management strategies and an overview of future treatment options.


It is shown that the existence of vortex structures in a viscous liquid can be explained within the framework of the concept of solitary dissipative vortices. A minimal model is proposed in which the structural elements of the theory are the Burgers and Sullivan vortices. The vortexvortex interaction dynamics is studied. It is shown that the vortices can arrange themselves in ensembles and form periodic structures (lattices). The evolution of a dissipative lattice is of a self-similar nature, and asymptotically goes over into the regime of rigid-body rotations. A selection rule, according to which a triangular lattice is energetically the most advantageous lattice, is formulated. The results obtained are valid for finite circular lattices of sufficiently large size. It is shown that such circular lattices form a sequence through which a limiting transition to an infinite lattice can be realized if the size is increased. The dispersion law for the vibrations in a dissipative lattice is found. It is found that only damped vibrations occur in a triangular lattice, and that there exists an upper wavelength limit A, such that vibrations with A>A, do not occur.


This paper deals with boundary feedback stabilization of a system, which consists of a wave equation in a bounded domain of , with Neumann boundary conditions. To stabilize the system, we propose a boundary feedback law involving only a damping term. Then using a new energy function, we show that the solutions of the system asymptotically converge to a stationary position, which depends on the initial data. Similar results were announced without proof in (Chentouf and Boudellioua, 2004).


[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The discipline of project management (PM) has grown up since the 1950s, getting more codified and computerized along the way. Where Gantt charts once depicted schedules on paper and "critical path method" developed by DuPont and Remington Rand showed what tasks represented the project's irreducible timeline, there is now--for interested parties anyway--a cluster of applications on the market to get work completed. Ma even on budget. PM solutions are available for budgeting, measurement, and probability analysis (e.g., task completion likelihood and the risk associated with the task). They also take a hand in logistics and workflow, showing key cross-functional dependencies and the relationship among various project specialists. Given this panoply and the discipline's sturdy middle age, one would assume that projects would run on autopilot. And yet, obstacles inevitably surface in each project pipeline and not always for political reasons or due to inattention, notes James DeLuccia, managing director of Intellection Strategies, one of the architects of the international credit security standard, and author of IT Compliance and Controls published by John Wiley and Sons. (www.ITcomplianceandcontrols.com) "Banking regulation has created this broader environment of control that's positively affected IT project rollouts," he says. "Compared to other industries, banks do fairly well and have developed a culture of project discipline; it makes sense considering all the guidance out there from organizations such as the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council." But banks have complexity challenges inherent in the highly transactional nature of the work. As written in IT Week, the IT services and infrastructure solutions provider Dimension Data, Scottsdale, Ariz., recently surveyed 400 CIOs about their efforts to roll out software-as-a-service projects (SaaS). One key finding? Execs are relying on conceptual flame-works for best practices and PM skills to build out a web services environment. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] At a time when IT projects involving web services and enterprise restructuring are becoming more the norm, project management solutions, however flawed, probably deserve a second look. Complexity cubed DeLuccia points out that the sheer number of technologies that support branch, internet, call center and back-office operations mean there is a systems-related complexity that no amount of planning discipline will completely tame. "If you have one server or device attached to your network, you've got an IT environment that's easy to document, monitor, and control," DeLuccia says, offering the simplest example. "Add just two more systems and you have a complexity level that's cubed, because you factor in complexity by the power of the number of systems involved," DeLuccia adds. Newer software is well documented and there are numerous guidance standards of how operations should be set up, monitored, and how change management should be conducted. In theory, all of this is out there to help all the technologists, from the programmers to team heads, keep operations simple and take advantage of new technologies like web services, for instance. "But the problem can be, while the guidance is published, in the end, standards bodies say, "but do what's right for you," he jokes. "PM," says DeLuccia, "can help you keep track of what's in the pipeline and help you better evaluate short-cut options." Communication blocks But as high tech as "e-PM" is, the bigger appeal may be the old-fashioned organization it brings. According Elizabeth Harrin, who authored Project Management in the Real World, "projects change the status quo; they change themselves. Communication is essential at all points through the project lifecycle to ensure understanding and maintain credibility. …


This article deliberates the achievements and trends relevant to environmental sustainability—Ecological Footprint (EF) and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI)—and Quality of Life Index (QLI) in 15 republics of the former USSR over the past 25 years, which have been in constant flux globally. This comparative research additionally includes nine nearby European and four Asian countries. Studies have shown that the environmental sustainability and quality of life of these countries depend on various macroeconomic, values-based, human development and well-being factors. The aggregations of analyzed data from the framework of variables were from World Bank, Country Economy and other databases, which this article details. The method applied is the Degree of Project Utility and Investment Value Assessments (INVAR). The INVAR method provided new opportunities for performing the multicriteria analysis on environmental sustainability and the quality of life. Over the course of the research, there were strong correlations established between the EPI, EF and QLI indicators on one side and the macroeconomic, values-based, human development and well-being factors from the


Features of the unsteady flames propagating in channels filled with gaseous combustible mixtures are studied numerically. The analysis is based on the model treating the flame as a moving energy source. It is shown that the crucial role in flame dynamics and its structure evolution belongs to the compression waves emitted by non-steady flame itself. The compression waves establish flow pattern, temperature and pressure fields near the flame front, which in turn determine the features of flame evolution on the different stages of its propagation.


The JET Active Gas Handling System is designed for processing of the exhausts from the JET Torus and its ancillaries to enable tritium to be recycled through the machine. The design concept was established in mid 1987 and site installation is essentially complete. This paper describes the measures and solutions which were adopted for achieving construction standards and gaining approval for operation of such plant.


2 PURPOSE T he Principles for Delegation document is designed to provide overarching principles and guidelines for practice in situations where registered nurses delegate tasks to others. The purpose of this document is to define relevant principles and provide registered nurses (RNs) with practice strategies when delegating patient care to nursing assistive personnel (NAP). The American Nurses Association (ANA) recognizes that there is a clear distinction between RN and licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN) practice. Principles for Delegation is designated for the RN professional practice role. ANA also recognizes that RNs practice in many settings. Principles for Delegation is intended to be useful for RNs practicing across the continuum of care. However, there are some settings for which these guidelines may not apply. These may include community-based care settings or other settings that lack the regular presence of an RN and in which care given by others is not directed or supervised by an RN. Throughout this document the terms " nurse " and " patient " are used. " Nurse " is specific to the professional registered nurse. " Patient " is used throughout the text to provide consistency and brevity. Nursing's Social Policy Statement, Second Edition (ANA, 2003) recognized the importance of clearly identifying the recipients of professional nursing care, be they individuals, groups, families, communities or populations. The terms " patient, " " client " and " person " most often refer to individuals, while " health care consumer " can represent an individual or group. To date, professional nursing has not yet selected " health care consumer " as the term best depicting the healthy or ill recipients of professional nursing care. Disclaimers: This document addresses the process of delegation as it applies in most states and territories of the United States. Some states may have different definitions, regulations or directives regarding delegation. RNs must check with their state's board of nursing to ascertain state-specific differences. The Nurse Practice Act (NPA) is the legal authority for nursing practice in each state; however, the majority of information in this document is relevant to the practice of all RNs.


The invention discloses a method supporting random replacement of a plurality of data units and comprises the steps of configuring patterns for random replacement of N data units; and performing replacement operation on the N date units according to configuration of the patterns in a data unit replacement process. The invention further disclosed a device supporting random replacement of a plurality of data units. By means of the method and the device, occupied space of data unit replacement circuits in a chip can be reduced, and simultaneously power consumption is lowered.


A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
Department of Sociology/Global Labour University
Faculty of Humanities
University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa


A peer-to-peer(P2P) system consists of a dynamic set of nodes that organizes itself in an overlay network. In general, this overlay network may have nothing to do with the location of nodes on the physical network. We propose a generic mechanism called Apocrypha to make any P2P overlay ``network-aware'', and thus improve its quality, using topology-preserving transformations. We demonstrate the applicability and utility of Apocrypha on two different P2P systems: the Chord system which uses a deterministic overlay topology, and the Gnutella system which operates on an ad hoc topology. We also describe new, improved routing protocols for the Chord system, and introduce the long-circuit phenomenon in Gnutella.


Will Atkinson is a doctoral student in the Department of Sociology at the University of Bristol. This article is the last in a series of three examining theories of individualization and reflexivity as they relate to the decline of class. firstname.lastname@example.com Stephen J.Ball is the Karl Mannheim Professor of Sociology of Education at the Institute of Education, University of London. He has written and researched extensively in the area of education policy and a collection of his writings have recently been published:Education Policy and Social Class (Routledge,2006). His latest book Education plc: Understanding private sector participation in public sector education (Routledge) was published in 2007. email@example.com Annette Braun is a Research Officer at CeCeps at the Institute of Education. She is currently a researcher on the ESRC funded project looking at the training of childcare workers ('Learning to care for children: training and the acquisition of a vocational habitus'), and completing a PhD on young women graduates choosing teaching as a career at the beginning of the 21st century. Previously Annette has worked on the national evaluations of the Excellence in Cities Policy and the Pupil Learning Credits Pilot Scheme at the Centre for Educational Research, London School of Economics. email@example.com Chamion Caballero is a Research Fellow in the Families & Social Capital Research Group at London South Bank University. Her research interests include racial and ethnic identity, particularly that of mixed race, and she was one of the authors of the DfES report Understanding the Educational Needs of Mixed Heritage Children, published in 2004. She is currently working on a Joseph Rowntree Foundation funded project looking at the experiences of parents from different racial, ethnic and faith backgrounds, as well a British Academy funded project exploring attitudes towards mixed race people in Britain in the mid-twentieth century. firstname.lastname@example.com Nick Crossley is a professor and head of sociology at the University of Manchester. He has written widely on social movements, including two books: Making Sense of Social Movements (Open University 2002) and


Electron temperature and density in gas discharges used for positive‐column He–Se+ lasers measured with the probe method are described and compared with those for positive‐column He–Cd+ lasers. It is shown that the electron temperature in the positive‐column He–Se+ laser does not decrease very rapidly with increasing metal vapor pressure although it decreases significantly in the positive‐column He–Cd+ laser. The changes of the electron densities in the two also are different. The importance fo the charge‐exchange excitation mechanism and the difference of excitation mechanisms in the two are discussed.


Robustness of neural network models is important in fault diagnosis (FD) because uncertainty in operating conditions varies the power spectral densities of vibration data; however, it is unknown to users due to the limited explainability of the models. This article proposes an FD framework with a power-perturbation-based decision boundary analysis (POBA) to explain the decision boundaries of vibration classification models. In the POBA, perturbed data are obtained from training data by power perturbation on frequency bands centering on dominant class-discriminative frequencies. The decision boundary of a model is then evaluated and visualized to users by testing the model on the perturbed data. Furthermore, the decision boundary information can be used to define a robustness score per class, and a robust model can be obtained by ensembling trained models using their robustness score per class. Demonstration using two vibration datasets verifies the explainability and robustness of the proposed FD framework.


This report surveys the design and implementation of CIS, a web-based Course Information System. CIS has been developed for the Computer Science I/II courses held between 2000 and 2003 by Prof. Dr. R. Loos, which were attended by 300 to 450 students. It maintains and presents each student's submissions and grades and holds related information such as worksheet texts, submission deadlines and the assignment of students to teaching assistents. In short, it covers most of the administrative data that comes up in regular university courses. CIS is designed to be used by first-year students conveniently. It aims at modelling real-world procedures, so that the system behaviour can be explained in well-known analogies. It is minimalistic, in the sense that it only takes on the routine work, while leaving the teacher free in any questions of structuring the contents of the course. Our problem statement and analysis focuses to two aspects: The requirements on the central data base and the interfaces for three groups of users: Students, teaching assistants, and teachers/administrators. The actual implementation is straightforward, and we only mention particular decisions taken herein. CIS has been in use at the Wilhelm-Schickard Institut for three years, in courses organized both by the authors and others. The experiences indicate that the system can be considered reliable and mature. As the effort of setting up CIS is small, it has become feasible to employ it for several advanced courses with fewer than 20 students.


Prior to 1945 the growth of dentistry in India was sporadic. There was neither a dental act nor a dental association on a national basis. Any person who felt like practicing dentistry could do so. The few dental organizations were local in scope. Bombay, Ahmedabad, Poona, La hore, Nagpur, Calcutta and Madras had small organizations striving to advance dentistry in the country. The year 1946 was an important one for the dental profession in India. In that year the first All India Dental Confer ence was held and the first dental asso ciation on an " all-India" basis was or ganized. The 1946 conference in New Delhi adopted a constitution for the All India Dental Association. With the for mation of this Association, existing smaller organizations were amalgamated. Each adopted a uniform constitution and gave allegiance to the parent organiza tion. The government1 and the nation be came convinced that the dental profes sion was making a determined effort to elevate dentistry. A dental bill was pre pared and presented to the government by senior members of the All India Den tal Association. The ensuing Dental Act represented the interests of both quali fied and unqualified dentists in India. T o clarify the term " unqualified," it should be understood that many dentists in our country have had no formal train ing because of the lack of dental schools and the widespread practice of appren ticeship. For these and economic reasons, students could not go abroad to obtain the proper training. Understanding the situation, the All India Dental Associa tion provided safeguards in its consti tution for both qualified and unqualified practitioners. Directing its attention to dental educa tion and dental amenities for the people,2 the Association was successful in induc ing the government to award scholar ships to deserving candidates so that they might go to the United States or the United Kingdom for higher dental train ing and return to their homeland to serve as teachers. In 1947, 13 such candidates were sent abroad for dental training, and in 1948, nine. Internships were arranged at the Eastman Dental Clinic at Roches ter, N. Y., the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children at Boston and the Murry and Leonie Guggenheim Dental Clinic in New York City. Each year .six can didates selected by the Association go to these institutions as interns to acquire higher knowledge and develop a broader professional outlook. The Association impressed on the dif ferent governments the importance of es tablishing dental educational institutions in India. Today there are six dental insti tutions admitting students for the Bache-


This paper describes the development of ballast water treatment systems using interaction of bubbles, shock waves and discharges. In this development, we have cavitation flows during nozzle and diffuser part (reactor) and discharge in this cavitation area. The aim of this investigation is to satisfy the IMO standard for ballast water treatment by using our special cavitation discharge water treatment system, and to modify the geometry of reactor part in the circuit by using simple measurement method of the bubble density and diameter. In this paper, it is concluded that (1) the disintegration rate of plankton (more than 50 μm) by using cavitation discharge is satisfied in IMO standard (D-2), (2) by simple measurement method, the result of bubble density distribution in the reactor almost agrees with the position of electro node for discharge optimized with efficiency in the previous experiment.


Objective To investigate the therapeutic approach and curative effects of circular mixed hemorrhoids with PPH plus Sclerosing Agent Injection.Methods 38 cases were cured by this method from march 2005 to May 2007.Results PPH plus sclerosing agent injection are prominent and this new procedure is simple in operation,less in pain and complications,quicker in recovery and it has a lower recurrence rate.Conclusion PPH plus sclerosing agent in jection is better efficacy,and with should be promoted.


Underage marriage especially in rural areas remains as customs prevail whereas in urban areas it is an increasing problem. Underage pregnancy constitutes a condition of high risk because the physiological and the psychosocial conditions of the underage female are not yet mature. In addition the nutritional state and antenatal services in developing countries are generally still less than desirable. In Indonesia health problems arising from underage female marriages and pregnancies can be seen from the results of the BKS PENFIN studies conducted in 12 teaching hospitals in Indonesia. The analysis of data of the period from January 1 to December 31 1980 found 90% of mothers delivering in the 12 hospitals have been married before the age of 20. The incidence of young pregnancies and deliveries where the mothers are less than 20 years old was 11.38%. From those pregnant young mothers 74.7% constituted 1st deliveries 21% 2nd deliveries and 4.3% 3rd deliveries. The characteristics of pregnant and delivering young mothers include 1.9% without husbands and 78.1% with an education of 6 years or less. Health disorders found are anemia (76.8%) hypertension (15.2%) disorders of uterus and birth canal (6.8%) protracted delivery (27.1%) induced delivery (45.8%) maternal deaths (60/10000) and perinatal deaths the figure of which was higher than for mothers between 20-30 years. Even though the data was obtained from teaching hospitals and therefore did not portray the actual numbers impressions can be drawn from the available data that the delivery problems of underage pregnancies in Indonesia are still sufficiently serious and education about family living should be undertaken. (authors modified).


In this paper we present preliminary experiments that aim to reduce lexical data sparsity in statistical parsing by exploiting information about named entities. Words in the WSJ corpus are mapped to named entity clusters and a latent variable constituency parser is trained and tested on the transformed corpus. We explore two different methods for mapping words to entities, and look at the effect of mapping various subsets of named entity types. Thus far, results show no improvement in parsing accuracy over the best baseline score; we identify possible problems and outline suggestions for future directions.


The origin of "political correctness" that sweeps the whole American is reviewed,by which the social and cultural factors that generate some social cultures are analyzed.The present situation of correcting discriminatory language in the U.S.is also investigated.The movement of "political correctness" whose aim is to change the discriminatory languages for African and Asian American people,though has achieved a lot,inevitably has some mistakes of excess.The initiator of the "political correctness" should obey the law of language development.On the other hand,collisions caused by the reality that various nationalities and cultures co-exist are a great issue for many countries.


The investigation of the high‐frequency acoustic excitations in glasses and of their connection to the universal anomalies in the thermal properties remains a largely debated topic. For instance, one interpretation is based on the observation that the high‐frequency acoustic dynamics in simulated harmonic glasses shares the same main features as those found in experiments on real glasses [1]. Another interpretation is based on the observation that both acoustic dispersion and attenuation measured in glasses and in the corresponding poly‐crystals are indistinguishable [2]. A further interpretation is based on the observation that in some glasses the high‐frequency acoustic attenuation increases as a power of q with an exponent of four or larger up to frequencies corresponding to the Boson peak [3]. Here, I will discuss the above approaches on the basis of recent inelastic x‐ray scattering results on the high‐frequency acoustic dynamics of glasses. [1] G. Ruocco et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5788 (2000). [2]...


Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) of sodium atoms are transferred into one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice potentials, formed by two laser beams with a wavelength of 1064 nm, in a shallow optical trap. The phase coherence of the condensate in the lattice potential is studied by changing the lattice depth. A qualitative change in behavior of the BEC is observed at a lattice depth of ∼ 13.7 E r, where the quantum gas undergoes a transition from a superfluid state to a state that lacks well-to-well phase coherence.


Apuirinic/apyrimidinic (AP, or abasic) sites in DNA are one of the most common forms of DNA damage. AP sites are reactive and form crosslinks to both proteins and DNA, are prone to strand breakage, and inhibit DNA replication and transcription. The protein HMCES protects cells from strand breaks, inhibits mutagenic translesion synthesis, and participates in repair of interstrand DNA crosslinks derived from AP sites by forming a stable thiazolidine DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) to AP sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Despite the importance of HMCES to genome maintenance and the evolutionary conservation of its catalytic SRAP (SOS Response Associated Peptidase) domain, the enzymatic mechanisms of DPC formation and resolution are unknown. Using the bacterial homolog YedK, we show that the SRAP domain catalyzes conversion of the AP site to its reactive, ring-opened aldehyde form, and provide structural evidence for the Schiff base intermediate that forms prior to the more stable thiazolidine. We also report two new activities, whereby SRAP reacts with polyunsaturated aldehydes at DNA 3'-ends generated by bifunctional DNA glycosylases and catalyzes direct reversal of the DPC to regenerate the AP site, which provide insight into possible mechanisms by which HMCES DPCs are resolved in cells.


The controversial nature of treatment for displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures has led to numerous publications. Amidst the debate, a few studies have reported the association between patient and injury characteristics and outcome. Factors reported to be associated with a poor outcome included worker's compensation status, Böhler's angle < 0° at fracture presentation, male sex, heavy-labor employment, bilateral calcaneal fracture, and Sander's classification type IV fracture.


In early 2007, we submitted a report to the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia commenting on several aspects of its then-draft Internal Rules, including whether the ECCC's envisaged appeal system adhered to international standards. The Internal Rules were adopted in June 2007, and then revised in February 2008, September 2008 and March 2009. That report, produced under the auspices of the Amsterdam International Law Clinic, is the basis for this article, which examines ECCC appellate procedure from the perspective of comparative criminal procedure, international human rights law and the appellate regimes applied at international criminal tribunals. The ECCC are no exception to the traditional tension between fairness and efficiency that exists in criminal proceedings across all legal systems. An additional dimension for the Chambers to consider, however, is the extreme pressure on achieving expeditious justice: pressure that comes about as a result of both the Chambers' limited resources and the extreme age of the accused. This article critically assesses whether the unique circumstances of the ECCC disproportionately affect the law of appeals.


Recapitulation theory is an important theoretical foundation on the integration between history and pedagogy of mathematics.Through a empirical research on number series,we find that there was some parallelism between students' cognition and the mathematics' history,the recapitulation theory can be used to construct mathematical curriculum.On the other hand,we can apply recapitulation theory to recall the rationality of current content order,make a rational design for the content order and the whole curriculum's design;on the other hand,when we design the teaching of a concrete knowledge,recapitulation theory guides us analyze students' cognition obstacle and exploit students' thought through studying history and ample historical resource.


During 2011 and 2012, on the experienced field of Scientific Tobacco Institute in Prilep experimental plots were set with oriental tobacco type Prilep (variety P-66),type Jaka (variety Jk-125/3) and type Basma (variety Basma-82). Nicotiana tabacum L. which is the subject of biochemical technological analysis is an important crop spread widely in the world. The research results indicate negative correlation of the fermentation processes and the proportion of carbohydrates, which contributes the decrease of tobacco quality. Increased hydrolysis due to prolonged fermentation causes significant reduction in the catalase activity. Nevertheless, the concentration of H2O2 converted into nontoxic products (H2O and oxygen) is depended upon the duration and the conditions of the fermentation processes. Proteins and nitrogen in fermented material increased over prolonged fermentation. This study confirms that prolonged period of fermentation of tobacco raw reduces the quality of oriental tobacco.


A B S T R A C T NO. 1 Human Resource Development for the Highlands of Vietnam: Present State and Needs Nguyen Viet Tung H a n o i A g r i c u l t u r a l University Human resource development in the highlands of Vietnam has, as its intention, the empowerment of individuals and communities to adapt to changes in technology, society, and the economy. This process is confounded, however, by cultural antagonisms, shortages of extension workers, and low levels of formal education among highland inhabitants, which makes training difficult. Under these conditions, human resource development in the highlands should probably rely on a twofold strategy of broad-based communication of information through the mass media and intense investment in a few key highland centers. As Table A l . l indicates, upland minority people are less likely to have attended school than the lowland Kinh majority people. The exceptions to this pattern occur among the Muong and Tay, minority groups predominantly located in the midlands, who often live close to Kinh communities. This would suggest that the problem of human resource development in the highlands lies not only in the construction of schools, the enrollment Table A l . l Population five years of age and over by ethnic group and school attendance (c. 1982) Now Attended in Never Ethnic group Population attending {%) the past (%) attended (%) Entire Country 54,247,014 23.16 59.56 16.94 Kinh 47,276,666 24.24 62.28 14.96 Tay 976,351 23.21 59.40 17.22 Thai 838,897 15 .49 44.08 40.23 Muong 746,380 19.75 61.26 18.66 Hmong 437,543 2.83 6.90 89.93 Dzao 382,740 7.64 25.79 66.34 Bana 111,190 5.41 13.92 80.59 Xo Dang 76,891 9.55 22.34 68.03 Jarai 197,660 6.77 13.82 79.56 Van Kieu 32,534 6.59 18.14 75.18 Kho Mu 33,916 9.46 22.84 67.34 Stieng 40,988 2.76 10.03 87.17 Han Hi 10,221 5.01 12.43 82.15 Lo Lo 2,559 3.20 9.37 87.14 Co Lao 1,179 1.27 7.03 9083 EDUCATIONAL S T A N D A R D S AND C U L T U R A L BOUNDARIES 1 9 8 Nguyen V i e t T u n g of students, and the provision of trained instructors, but in the sociocultural constraints imposed by traditional society. The primary sociocultural restraint to development in the highlands lies in the inherited beliefs and cultural practices of ethnic minorities. These traditions and practices make it easy for highlanders to resign themselves to an indigent life, as if it were in the course of nature. In such a situation, minority people often have little motivation to change, to improve their living standards, or to invest in formal education. Overcoming deep-seated cultural constraints is an extremely complicated and delicate task that seems likely to take many generations. As a first step, trade and communications linkages between highland and lowland communities should be encouraged as a means of reducing the isolation of mountainous areas from mainstream society. In a more open context, the highlands wi l l develop new cultural and economic environments that allow local people to break through cultural boundaries and gradually become acquainted to new ways of life. INVESTMENT PRIORITIES Given the limited financial resources of the Vietnamese government, it w i l l likely remain impossible to invest in highland development everywhere in the highlands at once. Education, health, and communication investments should therefore be strategically placed in selected communities, established through the resettlement of minority people, which would become centers of diffusion throughout the mountain realm. Additionally the education and training of minority peoples need to undergo a radical renovation. Quotas are required to guarantee the admission of highlanders in established and more prestigious schools, colleges, and universities throughout the lowlands. Priority should be given to minority peoples and others who currently work or intend to take jobs in the mountains. Within the highlands, special attention must be paid to the effective eradication of illiteracy and the training of grassroots level cadres. School curricula in mountainous areas should be tailored to the special needs of highland communities and coordinated with programs in agricultural extension, economics, and public health. Finally, radio and television programs, in local languages, that support these individual and collective objectives should be both encouraged and given generous financial support. A B S T R A C T NO. 2 Development of Highland Education in Vietnam Tran Lanh H i g h l a n d Education Development O r g a n i z a t i o n , H a n o i HIGHLANO EDUCATION: Before the August Revolution of 1945, the few schools available in the mountains of AN OVERVIEW Vietnam, most of which were located in provincial capitals and district towns, remained reserved for the children of mandarins and other colonial collaborators. Since the revolution, many thousands of Vietnamese teachers from the lowlands have been sent to remote highland communes to establish schools, organize cadres, and train local leaderships for future service to the nation. More recent educational initiatives have attracted highland students to boarding schools in provincial and district centers, where they are prepared for entrance to universities, colleges, and vocational institutes {Table A2. l j . Unlike lowland teachers who typically remain in the highlands for only two years, it is hoped that present and future generations of highland students, trained in lowland universities, wil l return to their native areas for longer periods of service. The challenges they wil l face are enormous, especially in high mountainous areas. For example, while the illiteracy rate among lowland Vietnamese is currently between 5 and 10 percent, among midland Tay and Nung minorities it ranges between 18 and 24 percent and among high mountain Hmong people it reaches between 90 and 95 percent. In Cao Bang province only 5.7 percent of highland Hmong children between the ages of six and fourteen were enrolled in school in 1992. In Lao Cai, the enrollment rate for Hmong children was 12.6 percent (Ministry of Education and Training 1994). In both provinces, the female enrollment rate was between 1 and 2 percent. Even when children do attend school, drop-out rates remain extremely high. In Son La province, for example, primary school drop-out rates reached 28 percent in 1972, 25 percent in 1982, and 22 percent in 1992. Among the many reasons for these regional and Table A2.1 Number of boarding schools for ethnic minorities 1989-90 School year 1993-94 School year Type of school number enrollment number enrollment Central schools 1 500 5 2,000 Provincial schools 10 1,750 38 10,000 District schools 68 8,172 140 23,000 Total 79 10,422 183 35,000 Source: Ministry of Education and Training (1994). 2 0 0 T r a n L a n h ethnic disparities are transportation problems, limited demand for non-traditional skills, low levels of school attendance, and early marriages.


Eclipsing binaries with Hipparcos parallaxes are found to define a radiative flux relation for main‐sequence stars in the B6–F0 range about as well as stars with angular diameters and to extend the range to F8. The fluxes of components of binaries showing large intrinsic variations fall well below the curve for other stars and its extension to lower temperatures. Angular diameters of main‐sequence stars obtained with the new generation of stellar interferometers should improve and extend the flux calibration.


Microservice is an architecture style that decomposes complex software into loosely coupled services, which could be developed, maintained, and deployed independently. In recent years, the mi-croservice architecture has been drawing more and more attention from both industrial and academic communities. Many companies, such as Google, Netflix, Amazon, and IBM have applied microser-vice architecture in their projects. Researchers have also studied microservices in different directions, such as microservices extraction, fault localization, and code quality analysis. The recent work has presented cross-service code clones are prevalent in microser-vice projects and have caused considerable co-modifications among different services, which undermines the independence of microser-vices. But there is no systematic study to reveal the underlying reasons for the emergence of such clones. In this paper, we first build a dataset consisting of 2,722 pairs of cross-service clones from 22 open-source microservice projects. Then we manually inspect the implementations of files and methods involved in cross-service clones to understand why the clones are introduced. In the file-level analysis, we categorize files into three types: DPFile (Data-processing File), DRFile (Data-related File), and DIFile (Data-irrelevant File), and have presented that DRFiles are more likely to encounter cross-service clones. For each type of files, we further classify them into specific cases. Each case describes the characteristics of involved files and why the clones happen. In the method-level analysis, we dig information from the code of involved methods. On this basis, we propose a catalog containing 4 categories with 10 subcategories of method-level implementations that result in cross-service clones. We believe our analyses have provided the fundamental knowledge of cross-service clones, which can help developers better manage and resolve such clones in microservice projects.


Smart inverters have been advocated as a fast-responding mechanism for voltage regulation in distribution grids. Nevertheless, optimal inverter coordination can be computationally demanding, and preset local control rules are known to be subpar. Leveraging tools from machine learning, the design of customized inverter control rules is posed here as a multi-task learning problem. Each inverter control rule is modeled as a possibly nonlinear function of local and/or remote control inputs. Given the electric coupling, the function outputs interact to yield the feeder voltage profile. Using an approximate grid model, inverter rules are designed jointly to minimize a voltage deviation objective based on anticipated load and solar generation scenarios. Each control rule is described by a set of coefficients, one for each training scenario. To reduce the communication overhead between the grid operator and the inverters, we devise a voltage regulation objective that is shown to promote parsimonious descriptions for inverter control rules. Numerical tests using real-world data on a benchmark feeder demonstrate the advantages of the novel nonlinear rules and explore the trade-off between voltage regulation and sparsity in rule descriptions.


The AIDS tragedy will reshape Africa and inexorably dominate U.S. foreign policy toward the continent. How we engage on the soft global issues stemming from HIV and AIDS in Africa will inevitably shape our future response elsewhere in the world.


The Vayots Dzor Fortress Lansdscapes Project investigates the rise and fall of fortress culture in southern Armenia, focusing on the Late Bronze/Early Iron and medieval periods. The paper summarises the findings of the inaugural field season in 2017. The team performed extensive and intensive survey in a high alpine valley that was a key transportation corridor between Lake Sevan in the north and Nakhichevan and northwest Iran to the south. The project employed digital mapping, drone photogrammetry and digital storytelling in support of digital humanities approaches. Important findings include the documentation of Late Bronze/Early Iron cyclopean fortress architecture situated along roads as well as evidence for Urartian control of the valley. Furthermore, medieval structures and monuments are prominent features in the archaeological record of the valley.


There is evidence from a number of languages that the position of the accented syllable with respect to the word in which it appears has an effect on the realization of the corresponding tonal event. Peaks tend to shift back (to the left) as word edges approach. Word-edge effects have been shown for English (Silverman and Pierrehumbert 1990), Catalan (Estebas 2003, Prieto forthcoming, Prieto and Estebas 2005), Serbian-Croatian (Godjevac 2000) and Spanish (de la Mota 2005, O'Rourke 2005, Prieto et al. 1995, Prieto and Estebas 2005, Simonet and Torreira 2005). For instance, in Prieto et al. (1995), a significant effect of lexical-stress configuration in a three-way comparison of Spanish sequences such as numero rapido, numero nervioso and numero regular was found. The data in Prieto et al. (1995) were collected from the performance of two speakers of Mexican Spanish. In Iberian Romance, the role of word edges on pitch peak alignment is an area of some controversy. Recent research has focused on Castilian Spanish, as spoken in Madrid and Salamanca (Prieto and Estebas 2005, de la Mota 2005), and on Central Catalan (Estebas 2003, Prieto and Estebas 2005, Prieto forthcoming), as spoken in Barcelona. In this section, we will briefly review the findings for the two languages. Differences in the shape of pre-nuclear pitch accents between Castilian Spanish and Central Catalan are yet to be found: pre-nuclear pitch accents consist of a rise with the valley aligned with the stressed syllable's onset and with the peak in the post-stressed syllable (Hualde 2000). Thus, effects found for Central Catalan can hypothetically be extended to Castilian Spanish and vice versa. Investigations on the modeling of Catalan pre-nuclear accents have found robust word-boundary effects (Estebas 2003). Estebas (2003) showed that F0 peaks in Catalan pre-nuclear accents are consistently aligned with respect to the right edge of the word. In her data, peak delay increases as the distance from the stressed syllable to the word boundary increases, i.e. proparoxytones have a longer peak delay than paroxytones, and paroxytones have a longer peak delay than oxytones. This was established with the use of correlations between the duration of the word and a measure of peak delay. Consequently, Estebas (2003) proposes a labeling of Catalan pre-nuclear accents that consists of a monotonal pitch accent, L*, and a monotonal word-edge tone Hω: L*...Hω. Prieto (forthcoming) and Prieto and Estebas (2005) revisited the effect of word boundaries on the location of F0 peaks and the status of word-edge tones in Catalan pre-nuclear accents. These authors examined the production of minimal pairs that are distinguished only by the position of the word boundary. Instances of such potentially ambiguous utterances are as follows: mirava talles '(she) used to watch carvings' versus mira batalles '(she) watched battles'. The results of the experiments showed that peaks were not strictly anchored at the edge of the word since in all sequences peaks were displaced to the post-accentual syllable. However, a consistent and significant word-position effect was found in that peak delay differed between words with lexical stress in the final syllable – mira – and words with lexical stress in the penultimate syllable – mirava. Prieto (forthcoming) and Prieto and Estebas (2005) reject the existence of word-edge tones due to the fact that all pitch accents, including those in oxytones, show peak delay to the post-accentual syllable; however, they do not offer any explanation for the lexical-stress effects on pitch timing they still find.


Protons and neutrons constitute the building blocks of normal matter but despite long investigation we still remain far from understanding the intricacies and mysteries of their inner structure. Jefferson Lab's primary mission is to expand our knowledge of the universe by studying the emergence of nucleons and nuclei and their interactions from the properties and dynamics of quarks and gluons in Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD).


The inadequacy of the present standard method of bacterial analysis of water has long been recognized by water bacteriologists and sanitarians. The main disadvantages of the present lactose broth fermentation tests as described in Standard Methods1 are: (a) The number of tubes showing gas formation in 48 hours bears no significant relationship to the Bact. coli content of the water. An additional 48 hours test must be performed before the coli index can be established.


Renal angiomyolipoma is a type of benign hamartoma that may occur sporadically or be associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Due to their distinct appearance, CT, MRI, or sonography are typically used to diagnose AMLs.


On Critical Tourism, Site-Specificity & the Post-Romantic Condition Nida Art Colony of Vilnius Academy of Arts Nida, Lithuania May 16-19, 2013 Located on the Lithuanian Curonian Spit forty-five kilometers south of Klaipeda, minutes away from the Russian border near Kaliningrad, is Nida, an obscure, seaside resort town that once hosted primarily Lithuanians and Germans--including artists and writers such as Thomas Mann and Jean-Paul Sartre. Nida Art Colony exists in this tiny village--a remote gem of colonial cottages sequestered near pine forests, rustic German architecture, amber jewelry, folk art, and archaic fishing boats designed to handle rough waters. It is a space of respite--where many retreat inward and leave urban responsibilities behind, even if temporarily. Despite the fact that this place seems safe and well-preserved, the fairytale-like Nida is constantly in flux. It exists on an ever-evolving strip of manmade sand serving to impede incoming ocean waves and unexpected maelstroms. The sand dunes continually shift, but the unique site itself remains, despite its inherent fragility. It is intriguing to ponder how the spit remains as protected and seemingly untouched as it has in the Baltics, where similar tourist locales are strategically exploited, quickly altered, or destroyed by an influx of visitors and capitalistic persuasions. Co-curated by Vytautas Michelkevicius and Federica Martini, there were approximately forty participants present at the On Critical Tourism symposium: international artists and artists groups in residence, visiting artists, curators, academics, researchers, critics, and locals. The event shifted between performances, discussions, guided tours, performative walks, role-playing, dinners, workshops, tea rituals, readings, casual conversation, and knowledge exchange. It harbored coinciding ambitions one being to gather a diverse range of creatives, researchers, and practitioners to investigate and experiment with ways to share art and related experiences; roles such as "curator" and "artist" are changing, and borders between such positions are being reevaluated. How do we step out of our comfort zones and into other realms of artistic research? Can we embrace more than one role simultaneously and with an experimental, playful perspective as opposed to stringent academic research methods? The symposium aspired to highlight aspects of site specificity, with stints into critical tourism, alternative methods of artistic and cultural production, ecology, and the history of the Curonian Spit (a UNKSCO world heritage site) alongside the Baltic's post-romantic state and current reality. Various keywords and topics were contextualized, from "artist-as-tourist" and "sightseeing as artistic research," to "nostalgia tourism," "local," and "standardized identities." Symposium days were filled with sunlight, pristine beaches, fresh faces, and converging ideas. It all began on Nida's sand dunes with a performative talk-walk led by the Contingent Movements Archive, including London-based artists Hanna Husberg, Laura McLean, and Kalliopi Tsipni-Kolaza, who together represented the Maldives at the 55th Venice Biennale. Comparisons were made between Nida's fragile milieu and that of the Maldives, as both regions are at risk of disappearing into the sea. The artist group led participants through marshes and dunes toward the Kaliningrad border, referencing the politics and history of both areas. Following this, Barnaby Drabble Zurich-based freelance curator, writer, and managing editor of jar-online.net--introduced the symposium with a comprehensive, practice-based presentation and workshop focused, not on being organized or self-organized, but disorganized. Highlights from his presentation included work by Dutch artist Jeroen Offerman, among others emphasizing the artist's obsessive, oftentimes repetitive nature. Overman's Stairway at St. …


Modern era nowadays comes with a lot of modern technology that can help to improve human productivities including in the transportations sector One of the issue that occur on the development of Bullet Train is to find the suitable ways to improve the speed and performance of bullet train.The suitable solution is purposed in this research.Based on the research,the shape of the Bullet train will determine the impact of aerodynamic feature of the bullet train and the effectiveness of bullet train also can be improve by improving the profile design of Bullet Train.The concept of the nature design or also known as Bio Inspired Design (BID) have been introduced to overcome the effectiveness issue and Snakehead Fish had been chosen for the improvement due to the aerodynamic criteria that also known as serpentine that suitable to be applied to the bullet train.Shinkansen Bullet Train JR500 is chosen as an existing design and the improvement design will be done by making a new profile design which the nose shape design will resemble the profile design of the Snakehead.Next,the method of analysis will be used and three method will be involved in this analysis that are static analysis,fatigue analysis and also dynamic analysis.Solidworks SimulationXpress the data from the analysis is used to find safety factor (


The article is presented the results of investigation of congruity and compliance of socially-demographic characteristics and motivational features of the person of the specialist of sales. The author gives the typological description of a prevailing work of motivation of the specialist of sales depending on such characteristics as: gender, age, geography of work activity, nationality, the experience of work. It is summarized more important conclusions for the practical activity.


An approach to top down design for testability using register-transfer level (RTL) partial scan selection is described. We propose a scan selection technique based on testability analysis for RTL design including data path circuits and control circuits such as state machines. Registers and state machines which make gate level ATPG difficult are identified by the scan selection technique based on RTL testability analysis effectively. Experimental results for actual circuits are also presented.


This paper aims to provide a brief summary of measurable factors affecting the adoption of cybersecurity enhancement techniques. From the practicality perspective, it is important to know that "to what degree" the cyber resilience will be improved by adopting a resilience enhancement scheme that requires a certain amount of financial investment. Numerous strategies have been proposed in different sets of literature to make smart grids more resilient against cyber attack. In this paper, the recent proposed techniques published within the past few years are further discussed in terms of three measurable factors including accuracy, computational time, and robustness with an emphasis on false data injection attacks. There is no single solution that would fit all needs in the power industry. Therefore, recently proposed attack detection and recognition schemes are compared and discussed quantitatively.


Introduction: Cardiopulmonary bypass in pregnant patient is considered a high-risk procedure.  Maternal mortality is similar to that of the non-pregnant females about 1.5-5%. Variations in the timing of surgical intervention, gestational age, maternal health status, perfusion protocol, and pharmacologic therapy are all factors that can influence fetomaternal outcome. Case Report: We present a case of 26- year- old pregnant woman (G1, Ab0, D0) in gestational age of 36 weeks with sudden CVA and neurological sequelae (disartheria, paresthesia of right side of face). In her past medical history, she had no positive history of neurologic problems, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia or cardiovascular diseases. Left perisylvian encephalitis was reported in her brain MRI. In trans-thoracic echocardiography moderate Mitral Regurgitation (MR), severe mitral stenosis with gradient of 9mmHg, and valve surface of 1cm2 was observed. In obstetrics consultation, a healthy male fetus with approximate gestational age of 37 weeks was reported. Finally the pregnancy ended by caesarean section under general anesthesia, with presence of cardiologist and a healthy newborn was delivered at age of 37 weeks. Four days after caesarean section, Mitral Valve Replacement (MVR) was measured which proceeded successfully. Conclusion:Due to the risk of further neurological complications in a pregnant mother who suffers from mitral valve stenosis, provided the gestational age permits harmless termination of pregnancy, it is possible to perform the mitral valve replacement procedure during the same hospital stay after termination of pregnancy.


THE JEWS IN THE GREEK AGE. By Elias J. Bickerman. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1988. Pp. xiii + 338. $30. The late Professor Bickerman (1897-1981) was recognized as a leading authority not only in the study of Hellenism but also in the particular area of Hellenistic Judaism. His most famous books were Der Gott der Makkabàer (1937; English, 1979) and Institutions des Séleucides (1938). His technical articles have been gathered in the three-volume collection Studies in Jewish and Christian History (1976, 1980, 1986). He was widely admired for his mastery of the primary sources pertaining to the Hellenistic era and for his breadth of learning. He was indeed a scholar's scholar. In his latter years he served as professor of ancient history at Columbia University in New York and research fellow at Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Although B. had completed the first draft of this survey of preMaccabean Judaism in 1963, he was revising his manuscript until shortly before his death. His manuscript has been prepared for publication by Shari Friedman, a member of the Jewish Theological Seminary research staff. Albert Baumgarten, professor of Jewish history at Bar-Ilan University, assisted with the final preparation and compiled a 15-page general bibliography. The theme of the volume is stability and change in Jewish society during the first centuries of the Greek age, from the fourth century B.C. until approximately 175 B.C. The first part ("before and after Alexander") surveys the evidence for the early encounters between Jews and Greeks in the land of Israel and the Diaspora. The second part ("the third century") is a historical sketch of Palestine under the rule of the Egyptian Ptolemies and then the Syrian Seleucids. The third part ("permanence and innovation") takes up the volume's major theme with regard to religious institutions, economic life, law, learning, and literature. The "retrospect" emphasizes the paucity and selectivity of evidence for preMaccabean Judaism. It also cautions that "contact between Greeks and Orientals was, so to speak, tangential, connection taking place only at the point marked 'government' " (302). It observes that real Hellenization of the Seleucid empire, outside Asia Minor, began only after the end of Seleucid domination, when the Hellenizing process was taken over by the native rulers. In Palestine the decisive point was the rise of the Maccabean dynasty, which some ancient sources paradoxically portray as anti-Hellenistic. The editors, Jewish Theological Seminary, and Harvard University Press deserve thanks for making available an important synthesis by a


The invention provides a processing method of a cumin needle mushroom food. The processing method comprises the following steps of: 1) washing, namely, washing the needle mushrooms and soaking the washed the needle mushrooms into a mixture solution of 0.1-1% calcium chloride and 1.0-2.0% of sodium chloride for 30-60min; 2) pre-boiling, namely, pre-boiling the washed needle mushroom, adding 0.3% of citric acid and 0.07% of an ascorbic acid solution into water, and washing the pre-boiled needle mushroom in clean water for 3-30min, wherein the pre-boiling temperature is 80-100 DEG C, and the pre-boiling time lasts for 30-60min; and 3) drying, namely, drying the needle mushroom till the moisture content is 10-20% or 60%. The dried needle mushroom can be seasoned and machined according to an ordinary method; and flavor materials such as salt, granulated sugar, and soy sauce, spicy materials such as hot pepper, black pepper and gazhu powder or delicious condiments such as walleye pollack, Korea spicy cabbage and sea urchin roe paste are used.


A theory of the threshold instability in nonequilibrium superconductors with narrow quasiparticle sources (the electromagnetic field frequency, ..omega.., and the voltage, V, across the junction satisfy the condition ..omega..-2..delta..very-much-less-than..delta.., V-2..delta..very-much-less-than..delta..) that was predicted in an earlier paper by the present author (Sov. Phys. JETP 39, 862 (1974)) is developed. It is shown that, as a result of the development of the instability, a transition into an inhomogeneous state, which comprises regions with different finite (nonzero) order parameter values, is possible. The individual regions are separated by transition layers of width of the order of the quasiparticle diffusion length. In the case of a fixed voltage, V, across the junction (or of a given electromagnetic-field frequency ..omega..), the inhomogeneous state is nonstationary. When the current through the junction is fixed (for a given level of absorption), the inhomogeneous state becomes stationary since the relative phase volume is fixed by the current. A broad range of experimental phenomena are well described by the theory.


Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has the potential to investigate abnormalities in brain network structure and connectivity on an individual level in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), paving the way toward using this technology for a personalized, precision medicine approach to diagnosis and treatment. Using a case-control design, we compared five patients with severe regressive-type ASD to five patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) to examine the association between brain network characteristics and diagnosis. All children with ASD and TLE demonstrated intact motor, language, and frontoparietal (FP) networks. However, aberrant networks not usually seen in the typical brain were also found. These aberrant networks were located in the motor (40%), language (80%), and FP (100%) regions in children with ASD, while children with TLE only presented with aberrant networks in the motor (40%) and language (20%) regions, in addition to identified seizure onset zones. Fisher's exact test indicated a significant relationship between aberrant FP networks and diagnosis (p = 0.008), with ASD and atypical FP networks co-occurring more frequently than expected by chance. Despite severe cognitive delays, children with regressive-type ASD may demonstrate intact typical cortical network activation despite an inability to use these cognitive facilities. The functions of these intact cognitive networks may not be fully expressed, potentially because aberrant networks interfere with their long-range signaling, thus creating a unique "locked-in network" syndrome.


Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. HPV vaccination constitutes a key prevention strategy. Aim: Investigation of vaccination programs as a measure to prevent HPV and the role of the nurses in the success of these programs. Material and Methods: A literature review was conducted regarding articles published from 2012 to 2022 in Greek and English languages in the online databases PubMed and Google Scholar with the keywords HPV vaccination, school nurse, health education, health promotion, prevention, community, cervical cancer. Randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, descriptive studies, meta-analyses and qualitative studies were searched. A total of 203 articles were found, however 14 of them were evaluated to meet the criteria for inclusion in the study. Results: The decision about HPV vaccination is multifactorial. The main barriers were the young age of the student, ignorance regarding the effects of HPV and the benefits of vaccination, mistrust of the state and health workers, poor service delivery, and different health or religious beliefs. Information campaigns that were carried out in schools successfully improved adolescents' beliefs about ways to prevent HPV. Conclusions: Vaccination constitutes the only means of preventing HPV infection. The contribution of the nurses to the primary prevention of HPV is crucial and effective through the implementation of educational programs and vaccination. School/community nurses necessitate knowledge and time to answer the questions and concerns of parents and students. These challenges highlight the importance of having a well-designed program targeting at education and vaccination coverage to promote public health.


Barriers to entry in each industry are key determinants for the success, not only for incumbents, but also for the potential entrants. The objective of this paper is to analyze the barriers to entry in the shoemaking industry in Vale dos Sinos/RS, and to demonstrate the importance of this analysis for competitive performance by companies. To do this, we used questionnaires applied to the shoemaking companies located in Vale dos Sinos/RS. The results show that the main barrier to entry is the amount of initial capital to be invested, followed by the difficulty of obtaining skilled labor, the need for a minimum scale of production, and the possession of a well-known brand. This made clear how the barriers affect strategy formulation and implementation, as well as the performance of the shoemaking companies.


A California doctor has been convicted of second degree murder for overprescribing drugs that caused fatal overdoses in three of her patients. Prosecutors said it was the first time in the United States that a doctor had been convicted for murder for overprescribing drugs.

A jury of 10 women and two men handed down the verdict in Los Angeles County Superior Court on 30 October, finding the doctor, Hsiu Ying "Lisa" Tseng, 45, guilty of 23 counts, including 19 counts of prescribing …


For wire samples of cold worked Nb- 40wt%Ti and Nb-50wt%Ti a strong anisotropy of the volume pinning force F p is observed, when the angle between transport current and external magnetic field is varied. Good agreement with the experimental results is found, if F p depends on f p 2, where f p is the pinning force per pinning centre, and if one takes into account the finite dimensions of the subbands that act as pinning centres. For the current-optimized samples, a smaller anisotropy is seen, and for recrystallized samples the pinning force is practically independent of the orientation of current and field, as it was expected.


Power line communication (PLC) technology can be a viable solution for the future ubiquitous networks because it provides a cheaper alternative to other wired technology currently being used for communication. In smart grid Power Line Communication (PLC) is used to support communication with low rate on low voltage (LV) distribution network. In this paper, we propose the channel modelling of narrowband (NB) PLC in the frequency range 5 KHz to 500 KHz by using ABCD parameter with cyclostationary noise addition. Behaviour of the channel was studied by the addition of 11KV/230V transformer, by varying load location and load. Bit error rate (BER) Vs signal to noise ratio SNR) was plotted for the proposed model by employing OFDM. Our simulation results based on the proposed channel model show an acceptable performance in terms of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio, which enables communication required for smart grid applications.


The partial discharge (PD) characteristics in void in series with fissure-like interface between insulation material were studied at room temperature. The interface between needle-plane electrodes was formed by two insulating plates of epoxy resin. The minute interfacial gap and the surface roughness of the plates were changed artificially. By the decrease of the interfacial gap from 400 pm to 0 /spl mu/m the charge of positive PD pulses become smaller significantly and the PD tends to occur around the zero cross phase of applied ac voltage. The experimental results also show that PD characteristics are affected by the surface roughness of interface. The limited discharge spaces along the interface and the charge deposited to the interface walls by PD are considered to exert intense influences on the PD characteristics.


The practice of family planning (FP) has been used since time immemorial to solve community, individual, and familial problems. There are Biblical references to incest being used to ensure the conception of children and to coitus interruptus being used to prevent conception. Pastoralists used cessation of breastfeeding of male calves to promote the conception and birth of more desirable female calves. The condom has ancient precursors made of animal intestines, and the IUD has a prototype in the stone commonly inserted in the uterus of a camel during long journeys to prevent conception. The issues of effectiveness, safety, and convenience that led to these ancient activities also inform the development and use of modern contraception. FP incorporates fertility control, both treatment for infertility and contraception; abortion is regarded as an indicator of a need for FP, not as part of FP. FP is justified on the grounds of human rights, because it allows an individual to choose whether or not to have a child; on the grounds of health, because maternal age and parity affect the health of the mother and child; on socioeconomic grounds, because overpopulation creates drains on already decreasing resources and because birth to unwed mothers creates difficulties for the children and for society; and on the grounds of improving the status of women because unwanted pregnancy causes women to abandon educational and employment opportunities. The maternal and child health and FP services in Uganda provide immunization, nutrition, prenatal and postpartum care, young child clinic services, school health education, and FP services.