Many countries merely focus on reducing industrial carbon emission while ignoring carbon discharge from consumption of daily necessities,especially food.Food with carbon labeling is an attempt to encourage consumers to choose food with low carbon emission.The effectiveness of this move is largely determined by consumers' awareness of environmental degradation and their willingness to pay extra money for such food.The paper reviews literature about studies on the cognition of food with carbon labeling,related theories,and factors influencing consumer choices,and approaches to consumer willingness.It is of practical and universal value in promoting the establishment of China's food carbon labeling mechanism so as to cut carbon emission from food consumption.


Objective To investigate the potential therapeutical effect of matrine on patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA).Methods The human fibroblast-like synovial cells were collected from patients with RA and cultured to 3th to 5th generation,then treated with different concentrations of matrine(0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,2.0mg/mL).Microscope was used to observe the shape of cells after treating 24 hours or 48 hours.The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)method was used to detect the inhibitor rates of cells in different concentrations of matrine.Results Matrine could inhabit the growth of human fibroblast-like synovial.The result of MTT method showed the inhibition rate was2.52%-25.74% under different concentrations of matrine,as the incubated concentration and incubated time increased,the inhibition rate increased too.Conclusion Matrine could inhibit the growth of human fibroblast-like synovial cells,which could be used as a potential drug for patients with RA.


THE surgical treatment of cancer includes all the methods which have for their immediate or ultimate object the removal or destruction of the growth. The knife, radiotherapy, the actual cautery, and surgical diathermy are all well recognized forms of treatment. Each has a special field of usefulness, and can be used singly or in combination with other methods. To make a study of the comparative values of these methods of treating cancer necessitates a review of some of the conditions under which cancer develops and the protective reactions which Nature appears to employ in defence. On the assumption that the cancer cell itself is the cause or at least the agent of the malignant process, it is interesting and profitable to ascertain, if possible, just what happens when the abnormal growth takes place. All life depends on heat and energy resulting from oxidation, the union of oxygen with carbon, the ash of which is the carbon dioxid of respiration, and the union of oxygen with hydrogen, the ash of which is ...


Hamilton, Ontario is an industrial city with a population of 300,000 which is situated at the western end of Lake Ontario. Canada's two largest iron and steel mills are located here; the city historically has had relatively poor air quality, which has improved markedly in the last 25 years. Concern about the health effects of current air quality recently led us to carry out an epidemiological study of the effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of over 3500 school children. Respiratory health was measured by pulmonary function testing of each child, and by an assessment of each child's respiratory symptoms via a questionnaire administered to the parents. Previous studies had shown that other environmental factors (e.g. parental smoking, parental cough, socioeconomic level, housing, and gas cooking) might also affect respiratory health, and thus "confound" any potential relationships between health and air pollution. The questionnaire also collected information on many of these confounding facto...


Scattering and frequency shifting of light reflected from Rayleigh waves in isotropic solids have been observed. The amplitude of the scattered light is correlated with acoustic surface‐wave amplitude. Diffraction patterns are pictured and surface‐wave velocities are calculated based on scattering angles.


I investigate the structure of static Euclidean SU(2) fields by using both explicit solutions and topological and variational arguments. I characterize the general vertical-barnvertical-bar = 1 finite-energy static SU(2) field by the set of points (the zero-set) on which b/sup 0/ vanishes, and argue that the Prasad-Sommerfield solution, which has an isolated point zero-set, is in fact the degenerate limit of a much wider class of (anti-) self-dual distribution solutions with 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional zero-sets. In particular, I give arguments suggesting that there are (anti-) self-dual ''string'' configurations with a line segment as zero-set, and that these solve the source-free static Euclidean field equations. The possible role of such solutions as background fields in the quark-confinement problem is discussed, and a program of numerical investigations is outlined.


The purpose of the thesis has been to investigate whether there is a link between trade liberalism and economic growth in the Asian countries. Previous research has pointed out that correlation exi ...


A reasonably designed energy management strategy (EMS) can guarantee the safe and stable operation of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). To optimize the energy conversion efficiency of FCHEV, this research proposes a three-level efficiency optimized EMS based on the dual reward functions Q-learning algorithm. Focused on the system overall efficiency, a hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform was built first to compare the effectiveness between the proposed EMS and other existed methods. The results shown that compared with other state-of-art methods, the proposed strategy can effectively improve the energy efficiency of the system, and can slow down the aging of the fuel cell by reducing its operating stress. To further verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, varying driving loads profile were tested based on a 1.2-kW hybrid electric vehicle developed in the laboratory. The FCHEV real-time experiment results indicated that the proposed EMS can achieve the average load power matching error of 0.19 W and can optimize the system average overall system efficiency to 52%. The proposed method can help to contribute to the massive commercialization and implementation of the FCHEV.


— This paper measures gender bias in discussions about women versus men in an online professional forum. I study the content of posts that refer to each gender and the transitions in the topics between consecu- tive posts once attention turns to one gender or the other. Discussions about women tend to emphasize their personal characteristics instead of profes- sional accomplishments. Posts about women are also more likely to lead to deviations from professional topics than are posts about men. I inter- pret these findings through a model that highlights posters' incentives to boost their own identities relative to the underrepresented out-group in a profession.


The aim of this paper is to study theoretical risk bounds when using the Empirical Risk Minimization principle for pattern classi cation problems. We review some recent developments in statistical learning theory, in particular those involving minimal loss strategies. We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications of these results.


Here the environment and language of CGI programming, the method and the data format that the form transfers the data to CGI program are introduced. Then a net page on schoolmate address book and its CGI program are made on Intranet by the use of Windows NT4.0 platform in visual C++6.0. Through the CGI program, a brief analysis on CGI programming is stated. It will be of great important value in respect of Internet application.


What was the research about? Diabetes can damage nerves, causing numbness, tingling, or a "pins and needles" feeling. These symptoms start in the toes or fingers. This health problem is known as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, or DPN. There is no cure for DPN, but taking medicines may help manage symptoms. It can be hard for doctors to find the right medicines and doses that will work for patients. DPN medicines have side effects that may be hard for some patients to live with. The research team wanted to find an easy way for patients to tell doctors about symptoms and side effects when starting new medicines.


Through the game analysis of the behavior between rural financial institutions and local governments, the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium formed by rural financial institutions and government was obtained. In the development of rural revitalization strategy, the rural credit evaluation system should be established as soon as possible, so as to reduce the cost of identifying user information and reduce the non-performing repayment rate of rural financial institutions. The best solution was which government incentives was given priority, in order to restraint policy was complementary, only in this way could make the government and the rural financial institutions wouldl eventually go win-win cooperation, which solved the problem of rural financing difficulties.


Not only do treatment, therapist, client, and contextual variables depend partly on each other—confounding effects supposedly assessed in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of psychotherapy, as Krause and Lutz (2009) explained—but the independent variables depend partly on the dependent variables. Therapists and clients can use emerging information about outcome to modify their activity in therapy and so optimize outcome, a phenomenon described as appropriate responsiveness. As a result of appropriate responsiveness, not only are RCTs uninterpretable in terms of experimental effects, but also the hypothesized effects (i.e., differential effectiveness of treatments) tend to be specifically defeated, yielding frequent findings of equivalent effectiveness for theoretically and technically diverse treatments.


The thesis deals with the question of female identity in Arthur Schnitzler's literary demonstration of female characters. In the short story Mrs. Berta Garlan Schnitzler portrays the ideal of a woman of his period and the role fulfillment expactations that caused an identity crisis among women. The main point of whole analysis is a conflict between sexual instinct and the role of mother. Inquiry of female characters serves as a model that shows how patriarchal morals disable their self-fulfillment and to what extent this could be percieved as a Schnitzler´s society criticism


Movable and fixed properties and various elements of staging and production in the plays of Aeschylus are discussed. The article expands theories set down by Hammond in an earlier publication by adding both more commentary and new evidence from Greek art.


THE United States as a nation does not think carefully about the military, an unsatisfactory situation given the dangers of a heavily armed world and the baffling complexity of military questions. One reason for the lack of disciplined analysis is that an odd group in Washington, calling themselves Military Reformers, manages to corrupt thoughtful debate—chiefly by reducing it to clowning. The Reformers are diverse, having little in common other than great self-esteem and matching confidence. They include free-lance intellectuals, veterans, employees of the Pentagon, technical men, journalists, men, women, and, if not children, some who are intellectually not much beyond childhood. By and large (exceptions can be found to any of this), they believe that we need weapons employing older and simpler technology (which they tend to equate) and that most of our equipment today is badly designed and unreliable, doesn't work, or is unrelated to the realities of combat. By virtue of well-developed links with the media, they managed for some years, if not to shape, at least to confuse the debate over genuine military questions. David Evans, the defense writer of the Chicago Tribune, is an ardent and active Reformer, having recently hosted, for example, a Reformist caucus on Capitol Hill. The Trib is not a minor paper. There is enough truth in the assertions of the Reformers in some cases and enough doubt in other cases to make these views well worth considering. My objections to the Reformers over the years have not been so much to their ideas but to their slipshod research, chicanery, hermetic pompousness, deceptiveness, emotionalism, and general ignorance. Not all of them exhibit all of these characteristics, but most show most of them. To demonstrate the degree of the problem, permit me to give a few examples. BY FRED REED


This paper focuses on formulating a multiple regression model using matrix notation that can be used to predict the magnitude of airwaves in Shallow Water Sea Bed Logging (SBL) Data. The term airwaves refer to the propagated EM signals from the source antenna via atmosphere that is induced along air/sea surface and interferes with the subsurface signal. In shallow water, the airwaves have the ability to mask other subsurface responses possibly containing valuable information about subsurface resistive structure such as hydrocarbon reservoir. A fair representation of SBL environments was simulated to generate the airwaves data. Magnitude of airwaves at selected offset is used as the dependent variable. Whereas the predictor variables (independent variables) for the proposed multiple regression model are the frequency, seawater depth, seawater conductivity, sediment conductivity and offset. Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) is used for selecting the multiple regression models. The formulated regression m...


Taiwan and other developed countries have being experienced an emergence of a growing aging population. Home-caring robot is an excellent candidate capable of supporting such an aging society. In the paper, a robot is designed to move up-and-down stairs to provide service for the elders. The robot consists of a main body for moving, a front arm and a rear arm for moving up and down stairs. The main body is equipped with two brushless dc motors (BLDCMs) and their drives for locomotion, worm gears for torque amplification, two dc motors to control two arms, and DSP-based board as control center. The robot is equipped with roller chains attached with rubber blocks used to generate friction with ground and stairs for moving. The distance between any two rubber blocks is properly arranged to fix the stair brink. The moving direction of the robot is steered based on the speed difference of two BLDCMs and the information from ultrasonic sensors. A walking experiment of moving up and down stairs with the rise of 120 mm and depth of 400 mm is shown in the video.


We have introgressed the blast resistance genes Pi1 and Pi2 from a CO39 pyramid through backcrossing into rice cv. Jyothi, a high-yielding but blastand bacterial blight (BB)-susceptible cultivar. The pyramided rice lines carrying Pi1 and Pi2 excluded the entire rice blast population in Kerala State, southern India, when they were evaluated at Pattambi, Kerala, a hot spot for blast. Phenotypic evaluation for selecting resistant progenies was supported by selection using molecular markers (microsatellite markers RM224 and RM144 within 2.4 cM from Pi1 on chromosome 11). Progress has also been made to improve cv. Jyothi and IR50 for resistance to BB. The pyramided line NH56 carrying Xa4, xa5, xa13, and Xa21 was used as the resistant donor in backcross breeding. The RFLP marker G181 situated at 1.7 cM from Xa4 on chromosome 11 and PCR-based markers (RG556 for xa5 within 0–1 cM on chromosome 5, RG136 for xa13 within 3.8 cM on chromosome 8, and pTA248 for Xa21 at 0–1 cM on chromosome 11) have been deployed to select lines carrying all four BB resistance genes.


Electronic travel aids are used for detecting obstacles, identifying services, and, generally, obtaining useful information from the surroundings, thus enabling a safe and effective exploitation of the environment. A drawback is unnatural codification, which may lead to usability concerns. This paper introduces a haptic device aimed to provide the user with information on the presence of obstacles inside the environment. The haptic interface is intended to reproduce the stimuli provided by a traditional white cane, without any contact with the environment. A prototype, implemented through a short cane with an embedded smart sensing strategy and an active handle, is presented. Twenty-five blindfolded normally sighted users participated to assess system performance in detecting obstacles and correctly conveying their position by the haptic interface. With respect to detecting obstacles and their positions, the average values of the sensitivity in the case of left, center, and right positioned obstacles are 0.735, 0.803, and 0.830, while the specificity values are 0.924, 0.835, and 0.827, respectively.


Present restructuring in Canada, Europe, the Soviet Union, and elsewhere challenges political strategies based on the national state and national economy. Capitalist restructuring is taking two different directions. One is global accumulation centred on transnational financial institutions, and the other is the formation of continental economic spaces in North America, Europe and Asia. At the same time, "post-fordist" decentralization has created some examples of regional economies that relink production and consumption, and the natural and social bases of production, which had been so drastically separated by the capitalist division of labour.


The social work department of a large New York City teaching hospital has conducted practice research studies over the past five years to better improve the early identification of high risk elderly patients. A recent prospective study is presented of the relationship between functional capacity and discharge status/length of stay, the results of which directly led to a change in the inpatient delivery system. A sample of 250 randomly selected patients, 65 years of older, selected upon admission, were tested using the Katz ADL, the IADL and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (PMSQ) to distinguish those patients likely to remain hospitalized beyond medical necessity.


Hardware specialization for the long tail of future energy constrained edge applications will require reducing design costs by orders of magnitude. In this work, we take a distributed approach to hardware compilation, with the goal of creating infrastructure that scales to thousands of developers and millions of servers. Technical contributions in this work include (i) a standardized hardware build system manifest, (ii) a light-weight flowgraph based programming model, (iii) a client/server execution model, and (iv) a provenance tracking system for distributed development. These ideas have been reduced to practice in SiliconCompiler, an open source build system that demonstrates an order of magnitude compilation speed up on multiple designs and PDKs compared to single threaded build systems.


A mathematical model of an experimental refrigeration system incorporating a liquid separator and flooded evaporator, compressor and a shell and tube condenser was derived as a design aid. This model, which gives dynamic and steady state responses has subsequently been developed and now gives good information on the movement of the refrigerant inside the system. The responses from the model show good agreement with experimental data.


ABSTRACT A mutant of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 disrupted for sll1878 exhibited greatly reduced Fe3+transport activity. The Km value ofsll1878-dependent Fe3+ transport in cells grown in iron-replete medium was 0.5 μM. Both the maximal rate andKm value were increased in iron-starved cells.


The experiment took 1-day-old ducklings as experimental animal, applied experimental design of 2×3 factors(temperature×selenium) to determine the effects of cool temperature and selenium at different levels (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg·kg-1) on the performance and incretion activity of ducklings in cages. The results showed that the cool temperature significantly decreased the daily gain of per week and the full time(P0.05), significantly increased feed to gain ratio(P0.05), significantly increased feed intake of per week(P0.05), which has no significant increase in the full time but tended to rise. Selenium with 0.4 mg·kg-1 effectly increased the daily gain and decreased the feed intake and feed to gain ratio, but had no significant effect. The level of T3 in the cool temperature showed significant increase(P0.01), and the level of T4 tended to increase. The level of T3 tended to decline, and the level of T4 firstly increased and then decreased but the tendency was upward in the cool temperature and normal temperature. In cool temperature, the content of cortisol tended to increase, but as the level of dietary selenium increased, it tended to downward. In conclusion, cool temperature decreased the per-formance of ducklings, the effects with 0.4 mg·kg-1 selenium level on the performance and incretion activity of ducklings were the best, which could reduce the effect of cool temperature on the performance of ducklings.


One of the criterions for constructing composite oceanic structure is resistance against underwater explosion. In order to optimization of these structures, the study tries to analyze the phenomenon by the use of simulation in ABAQUS software. To validate this method, the results of this simulation have been compared with those obtained experimentally in published literature. Then, dynamic behavior of composite structures loaded by underwater explosion has been studied. The weight of composite plate has been optimized provided that no fracture occurred due to underwater explosion loading using presented genetic algorithm and changes in its angles and thickness. Results showed that the proposed algorithm is capable of optimization of composite plate's weight.


Sven E. Olsson-Hort, Hans Hansen and Ingemar Eriksson, Social Security in Sweden and Other European Countries Three Essays, Finance Department (DS 1993:51), Stockholm, 1993, no price given. This is a strange curate's egg of a document. It is a report produced for ESO (the studies in public finance expert group) which provides background papers for the Swedish Ministry of Finance. It is clear from the list provided that all of the previous papers published in the last ten years have been in Swedish. This report has been written in English but seems to be intended for a Swedish audience. It is the very ambiguity surrounding its purpose that makes it difficult to know how to recommend it to a non-Swedish audience. By the end of the report I was convinced that it was intended to be a contribution to the current debate in Sweden about the worrying size of public sector deficit and the national debt; the perceived need to reduce public expenditure; and the necessity to reform social security. It was the task of the three authors of this report to examine the origins, the legacy and the recent reforms of the social security systems of different European countries. Sven Olsson-Hort, an academic who has written some splendid accounts of Swedish social policy, outlines the emergence of the Bismarckian and Beveridge reforms and assesses their impact on Sweden. He also shows how the Titmuss and Esping-Andersen typologies can be applied to Germany, the UK and Sweden. None of this is new however, nor is it that well done. Moreover, Olsson's account tells us little about contemporary Swedish developments. Social security developments in the 1990s merit only two pages in which we are told that 'there is no clearcut or obvious alternative to the traditional approach or model' (p. 40). Chapter 2, written by an official in the Danish Economics Ministry, is excellent. It is a concise, clear and systematic comparison of elements of social security in Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain, Germany and the Netherlands in 1992. The elements are illness, unemployment, work injury, retirement, having children and maternity leave. He takes each in turn and compares them in terms of entitlement, type of benefit (flat rate, income-related) and methods of financing, using OECD's concept of the Average Production Worker (APW) as his model beneficiary. While the use of the APW might seem limited, one has to recognise that the author accomplishes his astonishing feat in just over 40 pages. Not only is this chapter of most interest and use to comparativists but it is used in the concluding section to show both the ways in which the Swedish system is superior and some of its shortcomings.


Carcass data from serially slaughtered steers fed different dietary energy sources during backgrounding were used to formulate equations relating carcass fat thickness (FT) and marbling (MRB) score to hot carcass weight (HCW). Relationships between fat depot accretion and HCW were similar among diets. Pooled data resulted in linear relationships between fat deposition and HCW. These equations and a second system of equations, based on published results, were used to predict final FT and MRB score from unrelated steers. Ultrasound FT and MRB score were collected at d 142 and d 226 of the trial. Carcass traits were predicted from carcass weight gain and ultrasound at d 142 or 226. Percentage differences between predicted and actual values were analyzed with slaughter group, breed, sex, treatment, and 2-way interactions in the model. Ultrasound timing influenced prediction accuracy for FT and MRB score (P 0.01) and FT accuracy (P > 0.01). Growing program influenced FT accuracy from ultrasound at d 142 (P > 0.01), underestimating pasture-fed cattle by 58.4%, but did not affect MRB score accuracy from either session. Accuracy of FT and MRB score predictions from growth-based equations is influenced by ADG between ultrasound and end point, breed, and sex, although scans up to 120 d preslaughter may be accurate.


In this paper, an ultra low power all digital sensor read out circuit architecture which requires very low power is proposed. The proposed circuit is targeted for optically powered biomedical applications. The read-out circuit is utilized for the measurement of capacitive and resistive type of transducers. The measurement method is based on the fact that both capacitive and resistive sensors can be utilized to introduce delay in the signal transmission path. The proposed circuit architecture is composed of entirely digital components and it measures the introduced delay using only single input clock signal. The proposed architecture is implemented on UMC 180 nm CMOS technology and simulation results are presented. The proposed circuit operates with 1.2 V supply that is generated by the optical power harvesting and charge pump unit, while consuming 70.4 mW. The results confirm that the proposed circuit can be utilized in optically powered biomedical applications for carrying out capacitive and resistive sensor measurements.


The microwave spectrum of propylene, CH3CH:CH2, has been investigated in the region 17–36 kmc. Measurements have been made on the normal isotopic species and on the H3CC13H:CH2 species. Most of the observed lines are split slightly as a result of internal rotation. These splittings have been satisfactorily analyzed by the methods of Hecht and Dennison, giving an internal potential barrier of 692.4±6 cm—1 or 1978±17 cal/mole. Principal moments of inertia (in units of amu A2) are 10.973, 54.312, and 62.175 for H3CCH:CH2 and 11.160, 54.318, and 62.382 for H3CC13H:CH2. The electric dipole moment has a magnitude of 0.364 D and makes an angle of 8° with the a principal axis. With reasonable assumptions concerning the location of the hydrogen atoms the remaining structural parameters are: rCC=1.488 A, rC:C=1.353 A, ≤ CCC=124°45′.


Purpose of research. To develop a classifier of control and verification equipment, to propose a model of a set of control and verification equipment, as well as a methodology for forming an optimal set of control and verification equipment to ensure the effective functioning of an organizational and technological system for providing mechanical assembly based on threaded connections of an automated assembly process control system at automotive cluster enterprises.Methods. Calibration equipment set in the assembly production organizational and technological system based on thread joints of the automated assembly process control system at the enterprises of the automotive cluster is presented in the work on the basis of a set-theoretic approach. Set-theoretic models are used to describe the calibration equipment set. The method of hierarchical classification became the basis for the development of models. Formalization of the decision-making process on the formation of calibration equipment set is based on the methods of decision theory. Separate elements of the methodology are based on the use of methods of mathematical analysis.Results. A set-theoretic model of the calibration equipment set is proposed. A classifier of calibration equipment is proposed. The technique of making a decision on the formation of calibration equipment set is described. The technique takes into account the actual load on the sensors for measuring the torque and allowing optimize the cost of calibration equipment purchasing. The cost savings from the use of the developed models, classifiers, methods and algorithms for production technological preparation and for equipment purchasing are calculated. The application of the developed models, classifiers, methods and algorithms in the conditions of an automotive cluster enterprise shows a significant reduction in the labor intensity of technological preparation of production, as well as significant savings in financial costs for the purchase of calibration equipment set.Conclusion. The developed classifier, model and methodology for the formation of an optimal calibration equipment set make it possible to simplify managerial work at an automotive cluster enterprise and solve the problem of optimal control of calibration equipment subsystem, which is part of assembly production organizational and technological system based on thread joints of the automated assembly process control system at the enterprises of the automotive cluster.


In the subpart "2.5. Enzymatic-Photocatalytic Heterogeneous Cascade Reactions of Enzyme-Photocatalyst in Suprastructures" of the original published article, the citation of the Equation are wrongly displayed. The corrected part is shown below:


The use of resistivity‐monitored dump‐rinse tanks in semiconductor wet processing allows the rinse process to be optimized, substantially reducing DI water consumption while minimizing the deleterious effects of water on bare silicon surfaces. Optimization experiments performed on the Metals wet clean hoods at ACT yielded optimum rinse cycles consisting of two or three dump cycles plus an overflow rinse to 10ΜΩ, with a calculated savings of about 40,000 gallons of DI water (about 40%) per year compared to previously accepted standards. Experiments indicate that the time required for rinsing is a competing function of the effectiveness of each dump cycle and the time required to physically perform the chosen number of dump cycles.


A comprehensive seismic survey encompassing the seismic refraction and the downhole method have been carried out in order to characterize a site of granitic residual soil.  The seismic refraction was found to be useful in the initial modeling of the subsurface and has managed to identify the water table, a bolder and the bedrock level satisfactorily.  From the downhole seismic, P-wave velocity was found to be responsived to lithology and the water table, while the S-wave velocity was found to be able to characterise the residual soil in terms of their weathering grades.  Correlations between the S-wave velocity (Vs) and dynamic shear modulus (Gseis)  were established with the SPT (N) and the static unload reload shear modulus (Gur)of the pressuremeter tests. The relationship of Vs = 2.89N + 167.84 and Gseis (MPa) = 2.39Gur + 36.03 were obtained in this study.


Poverty is a threat to the world. In its extreme form at any part of the world, it will make endanger rest of the world. In fact, it is the source of crime and the worst form of violence. The poor people do not commit any crime but they get punishment out of being born as a poor that is not controllable in their hand. Microfinance has been designed to eliminate poverty and help marginal and poor people through small income generating activities. The borrowers need capital to materialize their dream, may be in a small amount and microfinance can play important role in this scenario. Through microfinance, small entrepreneurs may acquire necessary inputs to start their business. Both local governments and international agencies are trying to eliminate poverty through microfinance programs, services and guidelines. With this concept, Microfinance has been hosted primarily in Bangladesh. Grameen Bank (GB) has been serving large number of people below poverty level in Bangladesh. However, impact of microfinance is still questionable in several studies. Microfinance used properly and returned back to the lender with stipulated amount and time shows its working effectively for poverty alleviation. Otherwise, there must be loan default and the whole system may be in question. We survey with questionnaire to find out factors contributing to loan default among GB borrowers using binomial logistic regression. The results showed that some factors were crucial for loan default and should be treated properly at the start of lending.


This paper presents main results of a shale stability study, related to the understanding of shale/ fluid interaction mechanisms, and discusses shale strength correlation. The major shale/ fluid interaction mechanisms: Capillary, osmosis, hydraulic, swelling and pressure diffusion, and recent experimental results are discussed. Factors affecting the shale strength are discussed, and a sonic compressional velocity-log based correlation for strength is proposed. Recommendations for modeling and improving shale stability are described, based on the current understanding of shale stability.


M ONTANA was the pioneer state in uniting widely separated institutions of higher education in one organic university. Unnecessary duplication of work has been eliminated. Vicious lobbying for institutional appropriations has been replaced by presentation of clear and understandable budgets which have been discussed by the presidents, deans, and directors who compose an executive council or chancellor's cabinet, approved by the chancellor and presented to the State Board of Education for study, acceptance, and presentation to the State Board of Examiners. Good will and state consciousness among administrators, faculties, students, alumni, and communities have been substituted for bitter and destructive competition which dominated higher education under the plural control prior to i9i6. The cost of higher education has been reduced more than I3 per cent, and the efficiency has been increased greatly. All that the founders of the Montana system of administering higher education desired has not yet been achieved. There are many objectives still to be attained. The system has, nevertheless, abundantly justified the faith of its founders. Montana's educational experiment has been followed, with minor modifications, by Georgia, North Carolina, and Oregon. Several other states are seeking information relative to the Montana system.2 Manifestly, the Montana pioneers made a definite contribution to educational efficiency and economy when they thought through the educational philosophy incorporated in Chapter 92 of the Session Laws of I913. Today, the system has the cordial and enthusiastic support of all informed and intelligent people of the state. [Vol. IV, No. 31


Integrating sphere microscopy is used to measure quantitative absorption, photoluminescence, external quantum efficiency and internal quantum efficiency along a single InP nanowire solar cell.


In this paper,the prediction of void fraction and pressure drop for upward gas-liquid annular flow in a vertical annulus is studied.According to the idea of Kelessidis(1989)for the flow pattern transition from churn to annular flow and the integral analysis method of Wallis(1969)for the velocity profile of single-phase flow in an annulus,a new model for prediction of void fraction and pressure drop is proposed based on considering the structural feature of the concentric annulus and the flow pattern characteristics.The present model is compared with existing models and the experimental data from this paper and the literature.It is in better agreement with experimental data than existing models.


Impact of drought stress on physiological and biochemical changes were evaluated in five Brassica juncea genotypes at three different growth stages in a pot experiment i.e., water stress imposed at branch initiation, flower initiation and siliquae formation stages in the form of 45, 60 and 90 (DAS) days after sowing. The study revealed that heat stress decreased chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and relative water content (RWC) in all the genotypes. In contrast, drought stress induced an increase in proline, relative stress injury (RSI) and soluble sugar content in all genotypes. The drought susceptibility index (DSI) for seed yield and its attributes were recorded to characterize the relative tolerance of genotypes which clearly distinguish Brassica juncea genotypes into drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Noteworthy in comparison to the drought-sensitive varieties, Brassica genotype that possessed higher degrees of drought tolerance Genotypes Kranti displayed higher chlorophyll content, CSI, RWC, soluble sugar content, better osmoregulating ability with the increase in proline content and lower level of membrane injury index. The findings of the present research investigation recommended the growing of Kranti genotypes in the drought prone areas to obtain high economic yield even in adverse condition.


With the development of Healthy People 2010, U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher prompted increased public and professional awareness of the issue of health disparities. Dr. Satcher recognized that frequently the over-use and under-use of health resources was quantitatively associated with patients' gender, race, and/or ethnicity. This bothersome observation had long been claimed by some patient segments, but previously had not risen to the level of research and public interest that was deserved. In renewing the Federal public health mandate for the next decade, Dr. Satcher validated the problem and set tangible performance metrics and objectives (PMO) for corrective action. African-Americans comprise approximately 13% of the U.S. population and have been the principal focus of most analyses of health disparities. Few diseases are spared from the association between race and non-medical differences in the frequency and type of interventions and/or the resultant clinical outcomes. For example, differences have been observed in coronary artery catheterization, angioplasty, bypass graft surgery, asthma prophylaxis, vascular limb salvage procedures, and the amount of hemodialysis and transplantation frequency in adults (1). The preponderance of evidence suggests that rather than over-utilization of procedures by whites, underutilization of resources is occurring for blacks and other emerging ethnic minorities. Moreover, these differences adversely affect patients' clinical outcomes. Precise reasons for racial disparities in the use of clinical services, intermediate outcomes, and clinical outcomes are uncertain and vary. Proposed explanations include limited insurance coverage, patient preference, inadequate health services' networks, inadequate provider experience with minorities, differences in symptoms and/or their interpretation, cultural incompetence, overt prejudice, and subconscious provider bias (1). Although many racial and ethnic minorities prefer the provision of medical care by race congruous providers, congruity between providers and patients does not necessarily minimize health disparities (2). Based on such findings, it has been posited that a principal contributant to health disparities is the failure of providers to implement best clinical practices. Arguably, the patient's race is inappropriately interjected into the diagnostic and/or treatment algorithm, although it should not be a variable for execution of best clinical practice. Structured clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are the quintessential statements of best clinical practices. Thus, racial disparities in health services may be viewed as yet another troubling example of the failure of CPG to be adopted and implemented locally. In this issue of JASN, Leonard et al. contribute to the growing body of descriptive literature on race and genderbased inequalities in health care (3). The authors quantitatively demonstrate that even in a circumstance in which care is provided in a tertiary care environment staffed by highly skilled subspecialty providers, who have ready access to their patients with easily measurable and actionable PMO, black children and boys are at risk of "inadequate" hemodialysis. The reader may query the use of quotation marks. The descriptive categorization of adequate versus "inadequate" suggests an a priori demonstration of a quantitative benchmark for hemodi


Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebral arteriovenous differences in oxygen content were studied in rats provided with a porta-caval shunt. The arteriovenous oxygen differences decreased, while cerebral blood flow was unchanged. It is concluded that rats with a porta-caval anastomosis have a reduction in cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen, possibly due to reduced functional demands.


A novel one‐trough synthesis via an air‐water interface is demonstrated to provide hexagonally packed arrays of densely spaced metallic nanoparticles (NPs). In the synthesis, a mesostructured polyoxometalate (POM)‐silicatropic template (PSS) is first self‐assembled at the air‐water interface; upon UV irradiation, anion exchange cycles enable the free‐floating PSS film to continuously uptake gold precursors from the solution subphase for diffusion‐controlled and POM‐site‐directed photoreduction inside the silica channels. NPs ≈ 2 nm can hence be homogeneously formed inside the silica‐surfactant channels until saturation. As revealed via X‐ray diffraction, small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), grazing incidence SAXS, and transmission electron microscopy, the Au NPs directed by the PSS template are arrayed into a 2D hexagonal lattice with inter‐channel spacing of 3.2 nm and a mean along‐channel NP spacing of 2.8 nm. This corresponds to an ultra‐high number density (≈1019 NPs cm−3) of narrowly spaced Au NPs in the Au‐NP@PSS composite, leading to 3D densely deployed hot‐spots along and across the mesostructured POM‐silica channels for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Consequently, the Au‐NP@PSS composite exhibits prominent SERS with 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid (4‐MBA) adsorbed onto Au NPs. The best 4‐MBA detection limit is 5 nm, with corresponding SERS enhancement factors above 108.


Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are examined from three angles. First, Chinese A-share ETFs, relative to the behavior of Chinese A-shares and H-shares, can provide information about the Chinese markets. Second, ETFs can provide liquidity to fixed-income investors and make new investment strategies possible. Third, a combination of ETFs can capture the majority of a benchmark's returns and can be used to outperform a benchmark through systematic bets.


This paper proposes a holistic vision of the urban metabolism (UM), viewing the city as a subsystem within an industrial ecosystem (IE) in which municipal-industrial symbiosis is essential to achieve sustainability goals. For this purpose, the metabolism of a large Spanish city, Zaragoza, was studied by analyzing the main fractions of its MSW. A methodology based on carbon footprint (CF) was developed to analyze the environmental impact—in terms of CO2—of the influence of households' behavior, the City Council's strategies, and the main MSW fractions. Zaragoza's IE represents a footprint of 931,250 CO2 tons for the fractions studied, of which 438,000 CO2 tons are due to organic fraction, 180,371 to plastics and 154,607 to paper and cardboard, which are the three most significant contributors. If households selectively separated 100% of their waste, the footprint would drop to 648,660 tons of CO2. Furthermore, monetary savings were quantified through the CO2 emissions price. The proposed methodology accounts for the CF of the whole IE, not just the city. Moreover, it enables the creation of Sankey diagrams to visualize the distribution of emissions of each subsystem, highlighting the importance of cooperation between the city and its recycling industries to reduce its CF.


This paper presents a Post Keynesian model explaining the determination of employment and income distribution. A major innovation is the incorporation of the insider-outsider description of labor markets into a macro framework. This introduces power and conflict into the macro process. Microeconomic bargaining considerations are central to macroeconomic outcomes. Endogenous government deflicits can sustain profitability in an otherwise contractionary environment. Firm level profit maximization may not produce macroeconomic profit maximization because firms fail to internalize the effects of economic activity on profitability.


Background There are several potential physiological differences between the atriopulmonary (AP) and the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) Fontan circulations. Studies suggest that the TCPC reduces energy loss due to turbulence and may have more dependence on respiratory movement for pulmonary blood flow. We compared cardiopulmonary physiology during rest and exercise in patients who had undergone the AP Fontan procedure with those who had undergone the TCPC Fontan procedure. Methods and Results Forty-three children were studied more than 6 months after undergoing a Fontan procedure (23 AP and 20 TCPC); 106 healthy children were also studied as a control group. Measurements of effective pulmonary blood flow, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, minute ventilation, heart rate, and oxygen and carbon dioxide consumption were made with an Innovision quadrupole mass spectrometer. Data from the control group allowed calculation of z scores for the Fontan groups matched for age, sex, pubertal stag...


Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystic neoplasms are very rare, especially in men. To our knowledge, only 13 cases of such neoplasms have been reported in men to date. The most common type is the primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma, which almost invariably affects females. Most patients present with non-specific symptoms. In this case report, we will describe a case of a 53 year old male patient who presented with raised CEA tumour marker and vague right sided abdominal discomfort. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, which revealed a 4.9 × 4.7 × 7.5 cm lobulated retroperitoneal cystic lesion abutting the posterior wall of the mid ascending colon. A laparoscopic excision was eventually performed with complete removal of the retroperitoneal cystic lesion. Subsequent histological assessment confirmed the diagnosis of a primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma with borderline malignancy. On comparison with a prior CT scan performed about seven and a half years earlier, we managed to derive a doubling rate of about 626 days, which is the first reported case in English literature to document the growth rate of such a tumour. The patient has since been discharged well, with no evidence of tumour recurrence on an interval CT scan.


While He walked among us, Jesus made some very bold statements about His church. Twice Jesus drove the money-changers and those selling merchandise, out of the temple. He then proclaimed the words of the prophet Isaiah "for my house shall be a house of prayer for all nations". I believe the foundation of every church needs to be prayer. For it is in prayer that we draw close to the Father. In prayer we develop an intimate relationship with the Father. In prayer He speaks to us. Individually and corporately. Prayer is the foundation and the key. The apostle Paul instructs us to bring everything to God in prayer. We are to seek God's will, wanting His kingdom to come here on earth as it is in heaven. We are to wait and listen for the Father leadings. Jesus knows the heart and nature of man. He knows that man will not do the work His heavenly Father desires unless God Himself leads man. That leading comes through prayer. When man relies on his own strength, abilities or his own understanding — pride is birthed. Without the proper focus on God, man would simply seek his own glory and his own desires. When he takes his eyes off of God, man misses or falls short of what God wants. Man's wisdom is folly when compared to the unsearchable depths of God's wisdom. That is why we are told to seek God in everything. The early church began with prayer. In the first chapter of ACTS we see the church birthed in the upper room of a home in Jerusalem as 120 faithful followers of Christ waited and prayed for 10 days for God's power to move. Then God poured out His spirit in the streets of Jerusalem and around 3,000 Jewish men became followers of Christ. In chapter six, the elders of the early church were given to do two things: prayer and ministry of the word. These same leaders who had seen the power of God displayed after a time of prayer. When the church places a strong emphasis on prayer — great things can and will happen.


Epilepsy suppression with cooling stimulation is the primary purpose for this study. In this dissertation, cooling stimulation was implemented and demonstrated on cerebral cortex of rats. Electrodes with needle structure was designed and fabricated by using MEMS technology to minimize the size of device. A TE cooler was used to create cooling source and it can be control via electrical current. A cooler component was integrated with an electrode and a TE cooler, in addition, a thermal sensor was also combined with it to detect temperature variation, which was affected by cooling cerebral cortex. The cooler components were implanted on surface of cerebral with deep brain stimulation and the thermal sensors were penetrated into cortex to measure temperature variation which can verify the functions of cooler components. In our experimental results, electrodes with needle structure can improve efficiency of epilepsy suppression due to the particular structure. Duration, frequency and average single time of epileptic waveforms were used to identify to performance of suppression.


Material extrusion (ME), an extrusion-based rapid prototyping technique, has been extensively studied to manufacture final functional products, whose forming quality is significantly influenced by the melt flow behavior (MFB) inside the extrusion liquefier. Applied vibration has a great potential to improve the MFB, and thereby promote the forming quality of the built product. To reveal the mechanism, a dynamic model of the melt flow behavior (DMMFB) is established based on fluid dynamics, Tanner nonlinear constitutive equation and Newton's power law equation. The MFB, i.e., pressure drop, shear stress and apparent viscosity, is investigated without and with different vibration applied. The corresponding finite element analysis (FEA) is then carried out. From the comparison between DMMFB and FEA results, it is concluded that the proposed model is reliable. When vibration is applied onto the extrusion liquefier, the time-domain MFB will change periodically. Its effective value decreases significantly, and further decreases with the increase of vibration frequency or amplitude. This paper provides the theoretical basis to improve the MFB by applied vibration, and thereby to enhance the forming quality of ME products.


Writing a poem on the red leaf" is a kind of especial convey emotive fashion, it is a matchmaker, gives voice to lady-in-waitings' hidden bitterness and depressive pain frame of mind, profoundly puts up lady-in-waitings' strong wish longing for rushing out encircled city, and forms a sort of jolly profound lady-in-waitings' bitterness motif mold. This text is going to discuss the motif mold history origin evolutive and its cause of formation.


The dead-reckoning of a wheeled vehicle using only an odometer is susceptible to drift errors when no position fixes are provided by external navigation beacon systems. Grid line patterns which can often be found in a structured environment may provide relative pose information of the robot with respect to the grid structure, and this information can be used to correct drift error. Grid line patterns are repetitive in nature, which still leads to the estimation difficulty involving multiple hypotheses. A particle filter was employed and suitable probabilistic sensor models were introduced to handle such multiple hypotheses. Experimental demonstrations were carried out to check the validity of the proposed navigation algorithm.


In Africa, rice is produced and is a source of food energy in most developing countries. But its cultivation faces to brown spot disease, caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker, which is a serious seed-borne and seed transmitted disease of rice worldwide.The aim of this study was to screen rice varieties for resistance to brown spot disease in field conditions inYaoundé. A completely randomized Fisher block design with three repetitions was used during 2 growing seasons (2015 and 2016). Growth, yields and disease (incidence and severity) parameters were evaluated on four rice varieties (Nerica 3 and 8, White rice and Kamkou). Results show that height of the Nerica 8 variety (86.03cm) and the number of tillers of Kamkou variety (21.66) were significantly highest compared to others varieties (P<0.05) at 59 Days After Sowing (DAS). There was no significant difference on disease incidence for the different rice varieties at the end of rice plant cycle. However disease severity was lower on Nerica 3(2.71%) and Nerica8 (2.05%) varieties and higher on White variety (4.57%). Hence, Nerica 3 and 8 varieties were more tolerant to brown spot disease than others varieties. Overall, Nerica 3 (3.68 t ha-1) and Kamkou (3.51 t ha-1) varieties resulted in higher yields than white rice 28.93 t ha-1.


To investigate the relationship between sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) and nocturnal enuresis (NE) in children and to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy on resolving enuresis in indicated SDB patients with NE.


In this article authors are develop the complex method of estimation of competitiveness of personnel by the use of ball estimation of its basic components. To the indexes which are estimated belong: job performances, labor productivity, labor discipline, personal, professional and professional qualities, health and professional mobility. The results of estimation allow to define the level of competence depending on a presence and degree of display for the worker of the set descriptions


Aims and Objectives: Aim to investigate whether the procedure of Matra Basti with Bala Taila has any effect on "Prasaranaakunchanyo-vedana" in the patients of Osteoarthritis of Knee Joints. Methods: A total of 20 patients having Osteoarthritis of knee joints were included in the present study. Patients were administered "Matra Basti using Bala Taila" after giving snehan and svedana to them. The time of administration of Basti, time of expulsion and samyaka anuvasita lakshanas were noted on each day. The readings for Prasarana-akunchanyo-vedana for both knees were noted before treatment and after treatment of 7 days. Results: The study showed significant improvement in symptom of Prasarana-akunchanyovedana after administration of Bala Taila Matra Basti. Conclusion: The administration of Matra Basti using Bala Taila has significant results for the improvement of the symptom of "Prasarana-akunchanyo-vedana" in the patients of Osteoarthritis of Knee Joints.


In VANETs, frequent beacon broadcasting can lead to high bandwidth consumption and channel congestion. In this paper, a position prediction based beacon approach is proposed to reduce beacon frequency and decrease bandwidth consumption. Vehicles track their neighbors using the predicted position instead of using periodic beacon broadcasting. Only when the prediction error is higher than a predefined tolerance will a beacon broadcasting be triggered. For improving the prediction accuracy, we classify the motion of vehicles into two typical patterns: a constant speed pattern and a maneuvering pattern. A maneuver detection module is responsible for recognizing current motion patterns, and a variable dimension filter that can switch dynamically between the two patterns is employed to generate high accurate position prediction. The simulation results show the proposed scheme can reduce significantly the number of beacons than three existing beacon approaches.


Migratory animals must adapt to multiple ecosystems throughout their annual cycle, each with a different suite of competitors a nd vailable food resources. In isolation, each community would induce a different set of adaptations in a migratory species. However, these ecological pressures may c onflict, so that migrants may not be able to minimize competition in one or more of thes e communities. Behavioral adaptations can reduce the resulting interspecific competition through mechanisms such as interspecific territoriality, niche or habitat p artitioning, and use of competition refuges. I outline an approach that determines whether compe tition is occurring between migrant and resident species and the form that it takes. I also argue that studies of competition should be made at the level of individuals whenever possible, rather than at the level of populations or species. Finally, I outline the bas is for my hypothesis that resident Adelaide's Warblers ( Dendroica adelaidae) compete for food with migratory American Redstarts ( Setophaga ruticilla) during the non-breeding season in the dry forests of southwest Puerto Rico.


Immobilized lipase from Candida sp.99-125 was used for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste oil in organic solvent system. The effect of various factors on the reaction was studied, including the inhibition of short chain alcohols on enzymatic reaction, the nature of solvents, substrate concentration, water content, mode of adding methanol and so on. As can be seen from the results, the conversion rate reached 92% under the optimum conditions, and the life span of the immobilized lipase reached more than 7 batches.


Fair feature selection for classification decision tasks has recently garnered significant attention from researchers. However, existing fair feature selection algorithms fall short of providing a full explanation of the causal relationship between features and sensitive attributes, potentially impacting the accuracy of fair feature identification. To address this issue, we propose a Fair Causal Feature Selection algorithm, called FairCFS. Specifically, FairCFS constructs a localized causal graph that identifies the Markov blankets of class and sensitive variables, to block the transmission of sensitive information for selecting fair causal features. Extensive experiments on seven public real-world datasets validate that FairCFS has comparable accuracy compared to eight state-of-the-art feature selection algorithms, while presenting more superior fairness.


We hypothesized that during high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), a reduction of peak‐to‐peak oscillatory pressure along the endotracheal tube is maximal when respiratory system compliance is maximal. We made a mathematical model of the endotracheal tube and the respiratory system of a neonate suffering from idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). The model consisted of linear viscous and inertive elements, a non‐linear endotracheal tube resistance, and a non‐linear compliance allowing for alveolar recruitment and overdistention. Respiratory compliance was maximal at the transition between maximal recruitment and minimal overdistention. A new variable, the oscillatory pressure ratio (OPR), was defined as the ratio between peak‐to‐peak oscillatory pressures at the distal end and the proximal opening of the endotracheal tube, respectively. The respiratory variables of four patients were fed into the model, and the relationship between respiratory system compliance and OPR was determined.


When the space shuttle passes though the ionosphere, the plume provides a high-speed neutral gas compared to the surrounding plasma. Simultaneously, the exhaust molecules exchange charge with the ambient O+ ions in the ionosphere, producing a ring-beam ion distribution(bump-on-tail distribution), which has an important effect on incoherent scattering radar(ISR) spectrum. Based on the theory of incoherent scattering of dust plasma, the incoherent scattering characteristics of the bump-on-tail distribution in the early stage of solid rocket exhaust are simulated. The influences of dust component and plasma distribution on the incoherent scattering spectrum are analyzed, and the mechanism of the influence is initially explained. The results show that the addition of dust enhances the ion spectrum, and the influence of distribution function on the ion spectrum is closely related to the resonant frequency of the generated plasma. The research on ISR characteristics of the plasma distributions is important to understand the physics of both nature and artificial plasma.


The defects existed in the configuration of power supplied to instruments and control system in PVC production facilities were indicated as well as the demand for power supply.Plans for improving the main connection configuration of power supply were proposed.


The paper presents a brief review of the present state of borate crystal chemistry, including ways of describing boron-oxygen rigid groups, the statistics of their occurrence in borates and two current borate classification schemes. One of them by Hawthorne, Burns & Grice is based on the dimensionality of boron-oxygen complexes, the primary division of the other by Strunz is based on the number of boron atoms in the repeat unit of the borate anions (monoborates, diborates, etc.). New original data on the crystal structures, polymorphic transitions and thermal expansion of borates and their relationship to borate glasses are presented.


A Reynolds-average NS solver has been developed for the prediction of 3-D unsteady flow phenomena that occur on helicopter rotors in forward flight.For the solution of NS equations the combination of the third-order upwind scheme(MUSCL) and flux-difference splitting scheme without adding artificial viscosity has been employed.As a result,the method can reduce the false dissipation of the rotor wake vorticity effectively when compared to Jameson's second-order cell-centered finite volume approach.To incorporate the important effects of the rotor wake and account for the rigid blade motions in rotation,flapping and pitching,a moving embedded grids methodology has been adopted.Aiming at the key identification issue of donor elements in embedded grids,the present analysis implements a new searching scheme,the Pseudo-Searching Scheme of Donor Elements (PSSDE),for improvement purposes.As numerical examples,simulation results on surface pressure distributions are presented for a two-bladed Caradonna model rotor in forward flight at different pitching and flapping angles.Better agreements are found with measurements or other calculated results contrast with the second-order center-difference scheme.Also,unsteady lifting results,simulated for three different blade-tip planforms,are given and the benefit of swept tips in suppressing supercritical flow is demonstrated.


This article determines the bridge jacking plan and proposes a construction organization design without interruption of traffic, based on the research of bearing disease and cause analysis, bearing technical condition evaluation, jacking plan, traffic control, safety technical plan, quality acceptance and other related technologies. According to the evaluation result of the bearing technical condition, an implementation plan for replacing the support without interruption is established, whose rationality and necessity are verified by the support project.


In this paper we present a study of the Marangoni boundary layer flow and heat transfer of copper-water nanofluid over a porous medium disk. It is assumed that the base fluid water and the nanoparticles copper are in thermal equilibrium and that no slippage occurs between them. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations by generalized Karman transformation. The corresponding nonlinear two-point boundary value problem is solved by the Homotopy analysis method and the shooting method. The effects of the solid volume fraction, the permeability parameter and the Marangoni parameter on the velocity and temperature fields are presented graphically and analyzed in detail.


Tekeze River Basin is a trans-boundary river basin in the North-West part of Ethiopia and is a data scarce basin with limited number of gauging stations. The natural flow regime and the spatial and temporal variability of the Basin are poorly understood and remain poorly described. The lack of data and information has resulted in a limited knowledgebase for water resource planning and management decisions. Thus, there is an opportunity to improve water management, if it can be underpinned by a better scientific understanding of the rainfall variability and streamflow availability and variability in the basin. This research is carried out using MannKendall, Pettit test and Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration software to determine the potential trend of rainfall and assess its significance with stream flow variability in Tekeze River Basin. Trend in mean monthly rainfall data shows increasing trends in the Eastern part of the Basin where as decreasing trend for Western part of the basin. Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) also used to evaluate hydrologic variables and trends generated from daily streamflow data at Embamadre. The significant results in the streams downstream of Tekeze reservoir had increased minimum flow, decreased maximum flows, increased fall rates, decreased summer monthly flow and decreased high pulse rates. Generally investigation of trends in the hydroclimatic variables of Tekeze River Basin revealed a number of significant trends, both increasing and decreasing. The observed changes were non uniform in term of their spatio-temporal prevalence in the basin.


In the years following Ireland's political independence in 1922 the popularity of its missionary movement was unprecedented. This most Catholic of endeavours helped to assert Ireland's difference from Britain. Religious women actively participated in this process. Their medical work and subsequent representations of the mission fields contributed to a rhetoric of Irish nationalism that served to define postcolonial Ireland within a universal, Catholic discourse. However, the location of their missionary spaces, largely in British colonial Africa, brought the sisters into contact with the empire from which Ireland had recently withdrawn. In their encounters with local people, the sisters perpetuated a form of colonialism that will be studied as a seeming contradiction to the Catholic Church's stance against British rule in Ireland.
This is conducted through the lens of gender, and exposes the variation in Catholic-informed ideals of femininity in this postcolonial period of Ireland's history. To study these nuns is to explore the gendered and uneven power relations within the Church, their contribution to the expansion of Catholicism and their ambiguous role in empire. By drawing on the scalar connections between varied missionary spaces including the body, convent and domestic home, in both Ireland and Tanganyika, this thesis contributes to broader debates in historical geography and postcolonial theory.


Photo-induced anisotropy measurements were carried out in thin films of azopolymers PEPC with Solvent Yellow 3, with the concentrations of 10 wt% and 30 wt% of polymers with azo groups in their side-chain. The experimental dependences of the azimuths of the probe beam at the pump beam angles for samples were studied. The photoinduced dependence of the sample birefringence of the probe beam at the incident polarization angle of the pump beam was carried out by the polarimetric method for the studied samples. The geometric phase of anisotropic carbazole-containing azopolymers, in contrast to the dynamic phase, can be measured by the proposed polarimetric method without involving interferometry methods. This is possible because the geometric phase is not controlled by the difference in optical paths but is the result of a change of polarization inside the films due to photoinduced changes in its spatial structure.


INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations (1). There is a peak age of onset among young women between the late teens and early 40's and a female to male ratio of 9:1. Ethnic groups such as those with African or Asian ancestry are more at risk of developing the disorder and it may be more severe compared to Caucasian patients. SLE is a chronic illness that may be life-threatening when major organs are affected but more commonly results in chronic debilitating ill health. No single cause for SLE has been identified though factors such as sunlight and drugs may precipitate the condition and there is a complex genetic basis. This module will describe in detail the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnosis of SLE.


Angular correlation measurements for positron annibilation in calcium hydride are reported. Thc results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of angular correlation results for hydrides in general. (AIP)


The authors consider the problem of job placement in load-sharing algorithms for large heterogeneous distributed computing environments. They present simulation results using a simple model; the results indicate that, under heavy loads, the usual policy of placing jobs where they will incur the shortest expected delay leads to inefficient system performance. Thus, purely greedy policies are not sufficient; the authors identify a simple threshold algorithm that does significantly better. The authors introduce a novel adaptive algorithm having a performance much closer to optimal.<<ETX>>


Sculpture for me is an art of patience. My imagination plays with ideas drawn from dreams, visual experiences and cultural environments, and some of my pieces were executed only after 30 years of reflection [1]. Naum Gabo, in a letter to Herbert Read, said, 'sometimes a falling star, cleaving the dark, traces the breath of night on my window glass, and in that instantaneous flash I might see the very line for which I searched in vain for months and months. These are the wells from which I draw the crude


This report is the Summary Outcomes Report of the WSKEP Specific Priority Subject Workshop 3.3
on Informing Decision Making for Water Resource Management. It includes an introduction reporting
the key recommendations resulting from the Workshop. This document will be made available on the
Programme website www.wskep.net. The full Participants Outcomes Report was distributed to all
participants of the Workshop.


Mesoporous silica films were prepared on glass plates by a dip coating method, and the film/plate samples were used as a support for Au, Pt and Pd nanoparticles. By H2- or photo-reduction of metal precursors impregnated on the films, metal nanoparticles are formed with an ordered array structure in the mesopores. The nanoparticles are isolated by dissolving the silica film with a dilute HF solution, and the particles are stabilized with ligands such as 1-dodecanethiol and triphenylphosphine. The diameter of the separated nanoparticles is 2.5 nm with narrow distributions, showing that uniform particles are formed in the mesopores. Selective formation of metal nanoparticles rather than nanowires suggests that a 3D-hexagonal structure is involved in the 2D-hexagonal mesoporous silica films. To study the formation of nanoparticles in a 3D-hexagonal structure, HMM-2 powder was used as a support, and in fact Au and Pt nanoparticles are formed in the HMM-2 powders. The XRD study suggests that the Au nanoparticles in the film/plate have an anisotropic orientation in the mesoporous channels. The Au/film/plate sample gives a weak plasmon peak at 570–580 nm using diffuse-reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, which is shifted to high wavelength by 50–60 nm compared with larger Au particles.


This paper presents the design and testing of a linear transimpedance amplifier (TIA) in a GaAs pHEMT technology. The TIA has been developed for integration within an optical receiver using a quasi-coherent technology. The maximum measured differential transimpedance is 63 dB $\Omega$, with a 3 dB operating frequency range from 2 to 38 GHz. The group delay variation is within ± 10 ps from 5 to 32 GHz, and the maximum input current for linear operation is 2 mA peak-to-peak at the 1 dB compression point.


One key to improving team‐based software development is to support the developers' ability to work together. Sets out one site's response to this challenge. Developers at this site have a facility, which we will call the "team room", allowing team members to work together. This is a computer‐supported meeting room that arose from the voluntary, and reflective, efforts of software developers to make it easier for them to work together. The team room's popularity shows up in its extensive use for meetings and its acceptance as an integral part of software development at this site. When people use the team room, they work on a shared screen, making it easier to work together. Because they can work together, meetings become a time of work, not a pause between work sessions. Explains how these positive work outcomes have had some unexpected effects. For example, developers at this site now rely on room use to help deal with intra‐group conflict, so that the team room has become a buffer to social interaction, serving as a conduit for action.


Background Travel practices are changing. Active transport modes such as walking and cycling are encouraged because they are beneficial to health and reduce pollution. Methods We estimated the exposure-based fatality rates for road traffic crashes in France, on the basis of the ratio between the number of fatalities and exposure to road accident risk. Fatality data were obtained from the French national police database of road traffic casualties in the period 2007–2008. Exposure data was estimated from the latest national household travel survey (ENTD) which was conducted from April 2007 to April 2008. Three quantities of travel were computed for each mode of transport: (1) the number of trips, 2) the distance travelled and (3) the time spent travelling. Annual fatality rates were assessed by road user type, age and sex. Results The fatality rates differed according to road user type, age and sex. The risk of being killed was 20 to 32 times higher for motorised two-wheeler users than for car occupants. For cyclists, the risk of being killed, both on the basis of time spent travelling and the number of trips was about 1.5 times higher than for car occupants. Risk for pedestrians compared to car occupants was similar according to time spent travelling, lower according to the number of trips and higher according to the distance travelled. People from the 17–20 and 21–29 age groups and those aged 70 and over had the highest rates. Males had higher rates than females, by a factor of between 2 and 3. Conclusions When exposure is taken into account, the risks for motorised two-wheeler users are extremely high compared to other types of road user. The difference between the fatality risk of cyclists and of car occupants is much smaller (1.5 times higher); besides, there is much room for improvements in cyclist safety, for instance by increasing the use of helmets and conspicuity equipment. Traffic calming could also benefit cyclists, pedestrians and perhaps moped users.


In computer-and classroom-based multimedia college English teaching model,an English teacher cannot play his/her traditional role as an "authoritative person","commander" or "knowledge teller".First,an English teacher can learn to be an active learner,researcher,educator,counselor and facilitator.Then an English teacher also should be a designer,organizer and administrator of class activities.Finally,an English teacher can be a tester,evaluator and collaborater of source information.


In this work, functionalized reduced graphene oxide–silver (FrGO–Ag) nanocomposite was synthesized to enhance the antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of FrGO for infected wound burn treatment. The reduction of GO and FGO was confirmed by the removal of some of the oxygen functional groups (carbonyl and epoxy groups) as revealed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The face-centered cubic (fcc) silver nanoparticles were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The contact time effect and the dose effect of the antimicrobial activity of rGO, FrGO, and FrGO-Ag nanocomposite toward Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans have been investigated. The cytotoxicity results of these compounds revealed that the functionalization by PVP and the decoration by AgNPs improved the biocompatibility of rGO sheets from 35.2 to 88% cell viability against the BJ1 normal human epithelial cell line. Graphical Abstract


Objective To assess the antihypoxic effects of rhodiola extract capsules.Methods Mice were given rhodiola extract capsules by gastric filling method for 30 days at the doses of 225,450 and 900 mg/kg·bw,respectively.The antihypoxic effects of the capsules were examined on three different types of hypoxia model mice.Results It was found that rhodiola extract capsules delayed death of hypoxic mice at room pressure and prolonged the survival time of mice subjected to NaNO2.No effect of rhodiola extract capsules on the growth of mice was observed.No significant effect of rhodiola extract capsules on survival time of mice afflicted with acute cerebral ischemia was found.Conclusions The results indicate that rhodiola extract capsules could enhance the antihypoxic effect on mice.


A method for adsorption of a substance from a liquid sample on a fluidized bed or stirred suspension, in which the beads used comprise a base matrix and affinity ligands, wherein the ligands are suitably attached to the base matrix by extenders that provide the surfaces of the beads with a flexible polymer layer.


A s biomedical implants increase in complexity and functionality, we are beginning to face an entirely new challenge: Is the thermal increase in the human body caused by operation of the implant significant, and, if so, what are its implications? While this may not have been a significant problem in the past, when implanted devices were characterized by basic functionality, we are now reaching the stage of considering implantable systems that enjoy high data rate wireless communications with external devices, stimulate the human body with thousands of channels at high repetition rates, possess sensor capabilities to inform us of the status of the implant, and are extremely small. Regardless of whether we can technologically fulfill some or all of these desired engineering features of the next generation of implantable systems, there is a growing concern that such complex devices may generate enough heat to limit their actual functionality and characteristics. Implantable devices are well on the way to becoming small, dedicated, and highly complex embedded systems. As such, they are plagued by the same thermal management problems that afflict the computer industry: increased functionality causes increased heat generation. And once the heat is generated , it is not easy to dissipate effectively. An implantable device with very limited electronics and limited communication with the external world is rarely a problem from the thermal point of view. The operations performed by the device are limited enough so that no significant or noticeable heat is generated. Similarly, some devices have complex electronics but are silent most of the time. In such cases, the limited operations performed by the implant do not generally cause enough power dissipation to result in a thermal increase in the surrounding tissue. When, instead, we are dealing with an implant that constantly stimulates the human body and its neural tissues with a large number of electrodes and is in continuous communication with the external world, heat dissipation could become an important element of the design. Clearly, there are numerous parameters that affect the thermal increase associated with the operation of an implantable device; such parameters include the current requirements of the stimulating electrodes, the number of electrodes, the power requirements of the implanted electronics, and the characteristics of the telemetry. Herein, we consider the effects of various parameters on the temperature increase in the human body tissue, with a focus on a specific proposed implant: a dual-unit retinal …


Objective:To investigate the clinical presentations,colonoscopic features of ischemic colitis.Methods:Retrospective analysis was used for 48 cases of ischemic colitis from April 1995 to April 2008 in our hospital.Results:Ischemic colitis was most common in the elderly.Clinical performances were abdominal pain,bloody stool and diarrhea.Colonoscopy showed lesions mainly occurred in the left colon,with mucosal congestion,edema,erosion,ulceration.Positive medical treatment meant good prognosis.Conclusion:Ischemic colitis should be considered for elderly patients,who suferred from a sudden abdominal pain,bloody stool and diarrhea,especially those with basic diseases,such as vascular sclerosis.Colonoscopy is very important in accurate diagnosis of ischemic colitis.


OBJECTIVES
Cerebral complications of infective endocarditis (IE) [particularly, mycotic aneurysm, visualized as a hypointense spot on T2*-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] are associated with a high incidence of postoperative cerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage. We have adopted a policy of performing elective open heart surgery after performing a MRI enhanced by gadolinium in such patients whenever possible after improvement in inflammatory findings around a cerebral aneurysm.

METHODS
Fifty-six patients (35 men and 21 women, mean age 56 years) diagnosed with active-phase IE between January 2000 and December 2010 were analysed retrospectively.

RESULTS
Six patients who had not undergone MRI were excluded. The remaining patients were classified into four groups according to preoperative brain MRI findings-Group A (n = 13): cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction, abscess and encephalitis; Group B (n = 7): simple or multiple black dots ( = hypointensive spots) with cerebral haemorrhage or cerebral infarction; Group C (n = 15): simple or multiple black dots alone; Group D (n = 15): no abnormal MRI findings. None of the 12 patients who successfully underwent elective surgery in Groups B and C developed postoperative cerebral complications.

CONCLUSIONS
Brain MRI is an important tool for the detection of asymptomatic intracranial abnormalities associated with IE and evaluation of the preoperative bleeding risk of patients. Patients with contrast enhancement around black dots are at high risk for bleeding, and performing open heart surgery in such patients whenever possible after the improvement of inflammatory findings reduces the potential risk of cerebral haemorrhage.


Despite their many advantages when compared to metal materials, automotive plastics are generally flawed in terms of mechanical strength and dimensional stability. Long fiber thermoplastics (LFT) can considerably improve these disadvantages. LFT can be manufactured using the injection molding method. However, short shot and lack of strength can occur based on process parameters. In this study, a mold is fabricated to produce specimens using LFT and the process range for complete molding is derived from basic tests of the injection molding process. Parameters affecting the strength are derived and analyzed to improve the mechanical strength of the injection specimens. Based on analytical results, the optimal process parameters for the highest strength within the given range are obtained.


Strategic management is a demanding task concerning flexibility, multi-skills and perception of the environmental changes. While searching for better ways and practices, managers often face challenging situations that cannot be easily and entirely perceived and understood. They deal with facts, rumors, unpredictable situations and, many times, with the unknown. The more complex and dynamic their environment, the more difficult it gets to perform their tasks. Under some circumstances, even consolidated models can be insufficient to guarantee the success of the decisions made. Aiming to contribute to the understanding of the reasons why sometimes results are different from those expected, several aspects of systems theory, complex thinking and uncertainty were included in this paper. We hope it can be useful to explain the reasons why even reliable assumptions and solid strategic processes and


. Often centralization is viewed as a means for complexity reduction, as well as a means for achieving higher efficiency. However, in reality this is not always true. This systematic literature review examines different aspects of centralization vs. decentralization in the procurement domain. The results of the review give a better insight into benefits and drawbacks of centralization and decentralization; and help to find the ways of proper combination of both centralized and decentralized methods in procurement. While procurement as a specific domain is in focus of the paper, still the results might be interesting also for researchers and practitioners working in other domains where the centralization and decentralization issues are relevant.


The interfacial reaction in Cu/Sn/Cu fine pitch interconnects during soldering at 250 °C was investigated in the present work. The morphological evolution and growth kinetics of the interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were studied. Cu6Sn5 scallops formed at the Sn/Cu interface and ripened with increasing reaction time. The dependence of average grain number on reaction time t followed t-0.70 relationship. During the solid-liquid interfacial reaction, different growth behavior of interfacial Cu6Sn5 scallops presented between the direction vertical to the interface and that parallel to the interface. According to the ratio of R/H, the growth of interfacial Cu6Sn5 could be divided into three stages, i.e., the initial stage, the ripening stage and the thickening stage. The growth of Cu6Sn5 scallops was controlled by grain boundary diffusion, while that of Cu3Sn was controlled by volume diffusion.


Cognitive relay network is a method for optimizing frequency spectrum utilization. What's important in these networks is to transmit data such that none of primary and secondary users cause destructive interference to other users. Although primary interference affect cognitive network performance, but is neglected in former researches. In this paper, we show cognitive network performance by calculating outage probability. We consider both primary and secondary interference links. Finally, our study is corroborated by representative numerical example. Simulation results demonstrate that increasing interference threshold increase outage probability and increasing data transmit rate cause outage probability increase.


Solid freeform fabrication system has recently been used in many practical areas for fast manufacturing of a concept model. Prototype model can easily be made using a solid freeform fabrication system at the product-developing step for checking and correcting the probable design error. The system considered for this paper basically consists of laser cutting apparatus and material handling equipment. The basic principle of the process is such that 3D CAD data is sliced into thin 2D layers, each slice is cut by laser source along the profile of the 2D layer information and the slices are stacked for sintering in a furnace. Material for the process initially was raw ceramic green tape and becomes hard enough for practical use


Abstract An algorithm is proposed for the construction of an all digital phase locked loop (DPLL) which is conceived primarily for binary PSK carrier recovery. A wide locking range technique is used in constructing a digital implementation of the Costas loop with small phase error and the ability to track and acquire the phases of carriers with significant frequency deviation. This implementation is digitally simulated, its performance under bandpass gaussian noise is tested and the resulting phase error is measured. The results are compared with those of already existing simple implementations.


This paper aims to examine public relation practices in Bangladesh, weighing its ethical implications from an Islamic perspective and investigates whether it comply with Islam's ethical specifications to facilitate Muslim Marketer's thoughts and practices. The paper uses Qur'an (Chapter 3, Verse 103) as a theoretical framework to critically evaluate relevant information to ascertain the extent of ethical legitimacy of promotional strategies used in public relations in Bangladesh. It cites relevant references from Qur'an and Sunnah as interpretive evidences and methodology. Islam puts stress on institutionalizing ethics in every aspects of Business. This complete code of life strongly recommends Muslims to do business which should certainly be in the ethical framework guided by Shari'ah. The existing public relation strategies in Bangladesh are ethically dubious. Undue influence, exertion of too much political power, flattering, fabrication, falsehood, and bribery are very much common practices done by the corporations to build favorable public relations. No ways are these in compliance with Islamic Ethical Values. This paper suggests the necessity for further research into the ethical dimensions of business practices in Bangladesh to promote ethical awareness in the society. This study includes mutual socio-economic and ethical responsibilities among Bangladeshi Marketers to save the society from corruption and moral deterioration.


This article aims to understand the decisional procedures that occur during the ethical review of a research protocol, and to define how functions of ethics committees are carried out in society. To this end, members of committees in the metropolitan region of Chile were interviewed and were analyzed written sources corresponding to international documents on research ethics and national legislation as well. Our study suggests that organizations develop complex deliberative processes, in which the assessment of research risk has a central place. On the other hand, in the deployment of their functions, committees justify their risks for the environment, making possible the biomedical scientific research with human beings.


PURPOSE: To obtain a running time not less than the running time of a traditional piston by forming a running layer of the piston that is made of a lightweight metal with graphite bonded in a cured resin. CONSTITUTION: Piston and cylinder are made primarily from a lightweight metal, and the piston is provided with a durable running layer on its base material. The running layer is made of graphite bonded in a cured resin. Preferably, the running layer has the thickness of 10 to 25 μm. The graphite is particles in 1 to 10 μm. Furthermore, ratio of the graphite is 3 to 60 wt.%, the bond agent for the resin is curable polyamide. Curing temperature of the running layer is 150 to 200 centigrade, and curing time is about 30 to 40 minutes. By this manner, running time not less than a traditional one is obtained.


We compared the effects of prompts versus feedback on handwashing behavior across six restrooms at a large university. We evaluated the effects using two separate multiple baseline designs across three men's and three women's restrooms. Results indicate that feedback was more effective for increasing handwashing.


4 . Forty-eight sixth-,grade studenii were studied' to" determifie their response to selected compressions cf the narration of an instructional sound -motion picthre. A 4:10 color film with a 158 . wpm recorded,nareation vas shown at 25, 33-1/3 and 50 perCent _compression rates; performance tfme and quality were Measured immediately and' aftet 12-day intervals. It'was'found that compression of up to _50 percent did not significantly effect performance quality, but had-a signifiCkntly negative effect" on performance time in ,female students ,and those of low. percePtual speed. Both sex and level of perceptual speed ability-were htl.d.to be patent predictoes'of poorer quality and slower work in Anst uction via compressed sound motion pictures. A compression rate of/25 percent was held least effective for females and most effective for pales; a 33-1/3 Rercefit rate, least effective for those of lOw perceptual abilityAnd most effective for those of high perceptual ability. (SR'


This classroom action research aims to improve student's learning process and outcomes by applying problem-based learning models in the class. The subjects of this study were 39 class VII H students of SMP Negeri 23 Pekanbaru with different levels of academic ability. This research was divided into 2 cycles, each consisting of four stages: planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The data collected was obtained from researchers' observations of the learning activities of teachers and students during class and learning outcomes tests in the form of daily tests. The results obtained are an increase in a better direction. This can be seen in students who participate actively and are more responsible in the learning process, such as discussing, presenting, expressing opinions, and asking questions to provide learning conclusions. The number of students who achieved KKM on the basic value, daily test I (cycle 1), and daily test II (cycle II) was 51.2%, 58.9%, and 66.7%. KKM presentations that experienced an increase from before to after the action showed that student learning outcomes improved. The results of this study indicate that the learning process using a problem-based learning model can improve the quality of learning and learning outcomes of class VII H students of SMP Negeri 23 Pekanbaru.


One of the reasons of high pediatric mortality in developing countries, sickle cell disease is gradually emerging and is becoming a public health problem in many countries where it is rife. In Algeria the incidence is 2.7%. The management of sickle cell disease is increasingly better codified now thanks to better knowledge of the condition. It takes into account not only currently accepted universal principles but also the realities specific to our country. Purpose: to share with health care professionals our therapeutic attitude during main acute complications as well as during the inter3critical phase of sickle cell disease in Algerian children. Clinical cases. In this article, we presented three clinical cases concerning two adolescents and a two3year3old infant, carriers of major sickle cell syndrome, who were hospitalized for severe forms. Conclusions. Providing right care for children with sickle cell disease could help prevent or improve many complications associated with this disease and allow them to lead healthier and more productive lives. Our patients were presented late. These cases revealed the problematic nature of early diagnosis, regular follow-up and early detection of complications in SCD patients especially with asymptomatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The informed consent of the patients was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the author. Keywords: sickle cell disease, acute anemia, stroke, osteonecrosis.


Optical rectification of intense, circularly polarized light penetrating a material generates a static magnetic field aligned with the light's direction and proportional to its intensity. Recent experiments have unveiled a substantial, orders-of-magnitude gap between the observed magnetization and theoretical predictions. In this study, we demonstrate that circularly polarized light creates large non-Maxwellian fields that disrupt time-reversal symmetry, effectively mimicking authentic magnetic fields within the material while eluding detection externally. These unconventional fields give rise to Faraday-rotation-like phenomena, which are a high-frequency manifestation of Berry's curvature.