This thesis examines the challenge of coordinating civilian and military efforts within a so-called 'whole-of-government' approach to stability operations. The empirical analysis focuses on British and American attempts to implement an integrated civilian-military strategy in Afghanistan and Iraq between 2001 and 2010. Unlike many existing analyses, the thesis consciously avoids jumping to the search for solutions to fix the problem of coordination and instead offers a nuanced explanation of why it arises in the first instance. Empirical data was gathered through personal interviews with a wide range of civilian and military practitioners between 2007 and 2011. Together with the in-depth study of official documents released by, and on, the defence, diplomatic and development components of the British and American governments, they provide the basis for a fine-grained analysis of obstacles to interagency coordination. The thesis offers a framework for analysis that is grounded in organisation theory and distinguishes between material, bureaucratic and cultural dimensions of obstacles to interagency coordination. It identifies organisational cultures as a crucial force behind government agencies' reluctance to participate and invest in an integrated approach. The empirical chapters cover interagency dynamics within the government bureaucracy and in operations on the ground, including the role of specialised coordination units and Provincial Reconstruction Teams in the pursuit of coordination. The thesis concludes that stabilisation remains an inherently contested endeavour for all organisations involved and that the roles and expectations implied by contemporary templates for coordination clash with prevailing organisational identities and self-perceptions. These findings caution against the procedural and technocratic approach to interagency coordination that permeates the existing literature on the subject and many proposals for reform. While the thesis examines a specific empirical context, its conclusions have broader implications for civilian-military coordination and the quest for an integrated approach to security in the twenty-first century.


What is the impact of the rising class of the academic precariat - defined as academic workers contracted to teach and conduct research on short-term, zerohour contracts - on Malaysia's rapid industrialisation of higher education? This article seeks to illuminate the employment pattern of this growing class of insecure academic labour at a time when there is a decline in tenured appointments and academic positions for new PhD graduates in Malaysia. The work environment of the academic precariat is characterised as flexible at best and exploitative at worst; an average academic precariat may experience a drop in wages commensurable with their qualification and experience, lack of employment benefits and office hours, and "docility" under the disciplinary management of a neoliberal institution. This article also seeks a sensitive reading of how freelance academics understand themselves by highlighting their affective or emotional labour and whose experiences are specifically shaped by insecurity, vulnerability and uncertainty. Taking a sociological approach to examining this phenomenon, this article argues that the rise of the academic precariat can be attributed to the discursive climate within and at the peripheries of Malaysian higher education that operates alongside the restructuring of funds into higher institutions of learning. Such a discursive climate surrounds the unstable semantic reproduction of the designation "academic" and its catch-all usage to describe individuals within and at the peripheries of academia. Arguing that the rise of the academic precariat is a bleak indication of the state of higher education in Malaysia, this article closes with strategies for mobilising resistance and marshalling support through the strengthening of unions for full-time, part-time and freelance academics.


The utility model relates to a demolition tool, which includes a rod-shaped pieces, set in rod-shaped pieces referred to the sliding pieces; described in a rod-shaped pieces of the first - and second terminal, which covers the rod-shaped section one end of the first demolition of a stud, the stud described in the first demolition block with the injector clamping screw holes with adapters, which covers the rod-shaped pieces with the second-axial spacing devices; by a in the first thread linking the demolition stud positioning cylinder, cylinder positioning referred to the peripheral surface of the cylinder cover and the shape of the gear shaft hole adapters. Sliding pieces of the rod-shaped sliding on the impact installed at the ends of the rod-shaped device spacing generated impact, use of this impact can facilitate the completion of the demolition injector, such as the installation of the gear shaft. The engine removal tool is simple, easy to use, is the engine for the demolition and installation tools.


Following sequestration into the ER, wheat gliadins assemble into complexes that initiate the formation of protein bodies. In the present work we have characterized the DNA sequence and regulation of expression of a plant BiP and also studied its interaction with wheat storage proteins as well as its role in the maturation of these storage proteins. In the Israeli lab, immunoprecipitation studies were made using anti BiP and anti storage proteins sera, both in wheat and in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a wheat gliadin storage proteins. In both cases, we could show that BiP interacts with the gliadin storage proteins. In addition, we could show that BiP also played an important role in the initial assembly of the gliadins. In the American lab, the complexity, structure and properties of tomato BiP was characterized at the molecular and biochemical levels. In addition, tomato BiP was also overexpressed in bacteria and the overexpressed protein was found to be active. The cooperative findings of the Israeli and American labs clearly improves our understanding of the structure and expression of a plant BiP as well as its role in the maturation of storage proteins in plants seeds. In addition, it will serve as a foundation for future studies of the mechanisms of BiP function in in vitro studies using purified storage proteins and purified recombinant active BiP.


A signalling method for reducing the bandwidth needed for communicating measurement values from at least a first source base station (11, 12, 13, 14) to at least a 5 first target base station (21, 22, 23, 24, 25) connected through a core base station (10) comprising the steps of - reporting at least a first measurement value from the at least first source base station (11, 12, 13, 14) to the core base station (10), - preferably sorting the measurement values in descending order, 10 - including, in the core base station (10) value information about the at least first measurement value in a multicast message, - transmitting the multicast message to the at least first target base station (21, 22, 23, 24, 25), characterized in that the value information is determined as a first difference between a maximum value and the first measurement value.


This paper provides additional tables, estimation code and estimation output for the paper "Dynamic Stock Market Covariance in the Eurozone." It should be read in conjunction with that paper. Some familiarity with RATS statistical programming language is necessary for understanding the estimation code and estimation output. This code may be useful for researchers doing empirical analysis involving GARCH, Midas-Garch, or DCC-Midas-Garch, particularly if they use RATS. The code could be translated with suitable modifications to other programming languages.


The last breaker trip equipment is a very important control device in inverter station of HVDC system, whose main function is to prevent overvoltage at the AC side of the converter station and other parts. The overvoltage caused by sudden trip-out of all AC loads in the inverter station while the DC system still being in operation, will lead to damage of the AC and DC equipments. Taking the Lingbao back-to-back HVDC project for example, which is the first fully home-produced HVDC project in China, the last breaker trip equipment is analyzed in detail. Learning from the practical design and commissioning experiences in this project, the control functions of last breaker trip equipment are optimized, and the design principle and commissioning experiences are summarized. These experiences can be referred to other HVDC projects and are also helpful for improving the design, commissioning and operation level of HVDC projects in China.


Helmholtz resonators have long been recognized as an effective tool for muffling noise in air or in a gas path. Traditionally their effectiveness as an acoustic filter of notch type was analyzed with lumped parameter model and their natural frequencies could be predicted pretty accurately. Beyond the analysis of Helmholtz resonator itself and it's application in some simple acoustic environments such as a duct with anechoic termination, seldom literature could be found which dealed with the resonators together with their acoustic environments_ This paper is devoted to the study of muffling effect of Helmholtz resonators installed in different environments. Finite element approximation was employed to simulate a general acoustic environment of tluee (3) dimensional nature, while the Helmholtz resonators were represented by boundary conditions with suitable amount of impedance at the frequency of interest. As a result of variational formulation of the acoustic wave equation, the impedance boundary condition turned out to be damping terms in the second order matrix equations. Examples were given to quantitatively show the noise reduction effects of various Helmholtz resonator arrangement. Discussions on the damping coefficients based on lumped parameter and distributed model formulation were both made.


This paper experimentally investigates the operating characteristics of the microwave cavity plasma reactor under diamond film deposition conditions. A detailed description of this reactor will be presented. The input experimental variables are: (1) absorbed microwave power (2--3 kW), (2) operating pressure (40--60 Torr), (3) receive gas composition (H{sub 2}/CH{sub 4}/CO{sub 2}), and (4) total gas flow rates (50--400 sccm). Substrate temperature and discharge volume are important internal experimental parameters. Substrate temperature affects the diamond film growth rate and morphology. Discharge volume affects the diamond film deposition area and uniformity. The variations of substrate temperature and discharge volume versus the input experimental variables will be discussed. The experimental output parameters are: (1) diamond film linear growth rate ({mu}m/hour), (2) weight gain rate (mg/hour), (3) carbon conversion efficiency (%), and (4) gas flow efficiency (mg/liter). The experimental dependence of the output experimental parameters on the input experimental variables will be presented.


There is no single point of view in legal science regarding the criteria for distinguishing public and private law. Moreover, there is no theory that would be recognized by most researchers. The reason lies in the fact that scientists in their works analyze public and private law in various aspects, in this regard, they identify such criteria of differentiation that cannot be universal.The paper considers public and private law from the standpoint of instrumental theory and define it as a system of legal means designed to satisfy public or private interests, respectively. The undoubted advantage of this theory is that it is not focused on the search for universal criteria for distinguishing public law from private law, but suggests focusing on legal means aimed at creating the conditions necessary to meet the diverse legal interests of legal subjects. It is proved that public and private law are an integral part of legal support. Legal support, depending on the purpose (the type of interest being satisfied — public or private), is proposed to be divided into two types: public law and private law. It is established that support of interests in private law differs from that one in public law in the following. It allows for the possibility of choosing or changing behaviors provided for by regulatory legal means through the manifestation of legal initiative on the part of legal entities, and the form of implementation of such an initiative is self-regulation. Legal relations on the implementation of legal means arising within the framework of private law enforcement of interests arise between legally equal subjects. Private law support of interests is designed to mediate such a type of activity as legal (legal realization) activity. Private law support of interests is characterized by such a type of legal regulation as permissive.


Pruritus is a troubling and occasionally disabling symptom. For clinicians, over time, ignorance of mechanism has often led to therapeutic frustration. The last decade has significant progress in the understanding of the complex pathophysiology of pruritus. Most of that literature has emerged in neurobiology, immunology, and experimental dermatology; little has appeared in palliative care literature. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the mechanism of pruritus and argues that a well-informed knowledge of pathophysiology is necessary to both illuminate this area of clinical practice and enhance strategies of management.


The wheel-rail contact forces are the main influential parameters and indicators of quality of dynamic behaviour of railway vehicles. Their exact determination has great practical importance in development and testing of railway vehicles. Past experiences have shown that the best way for determination of wheel-rail contact forces is experimental testing or measurement, that can be stationary (measurement from the track side) and continuous (measurement from the vehicle side). When it comes to the continuous measuring systems which are obligatory in many cases of certification of railway vehicles according to the international standards, there is no universally and prescribed technical solution of measuring system. Consequently, today there are a number of solutions of these measuring systems which are mainly based on using of instrumented wheelsets. The aim of this paper is to identify the basic aspects of the problem of continuous measurement of wheel-rail contact forces, and to point out the basic problems that occur in the initial stage of development of instrumented wheelsets. In addition, the aim of paper is to define the main guidelines for solving these problems, which should be an important source of information for scientists and engineers, considering the deficient of literature and publications in this field.


Objective: To explore college students' views and attitude to peer counseling helpline.Methods: A total of 319 engineering college students [201 males and 118 females,79% science and engineering majors,21% other majors,average age(20±2)] were investigated with the peer counseling helpline related questionnaire by random street intercept interview.Results:(1) The awareness rate of helpline was 35.1%,for which there was difference in grades(χ2=9.881,P=0.020) and genders(χ2=9.329,P=0.002).The awareness rate was increased with increasing grade(the rate from freshman to senior were 32.0%,24.1%,40.8%,and 47.5% respectively,the rate of females was higher than that of males(45.8% vs.28.9%,P=0.002).(2) The main route they knew the helpline was handouts(22.2%),BBS website(21.4%) and classmates(20.5%);the route they knew the helpline was different in gender(P0.001),grade(P0.001)and hometown(P=0.021).(3) The utilization rate of helpline was 2.5%;65.2% of college students thought the helpline was useful and 57.7% of college students would like to use it after they knew the helpline number.The main reason for using helpline was "nobody to talk with "(49.8%),while the main reason for not using helpline was "not familiar with this manner"(59.2%).(4) The willingness to helpline use had significant differences in awareness to necessity of helpline(P0.001),attitude to effect of helpline(P0.001),help-seeking style(P=0.007)and reason for not using helpline(P0.001).Conclusion: Most college students can accept the usefulness of helpline.The rate and route of awareness to helpline have some differences in grade and gender,and the attitude to helpline could affect the willingness to use.


Complex oxide β-Mn_2V_2O_7 is identified as exhibiting near-optimal band energetics for solar fuel applications among known metal oxides. Experiments, corroborated by theory, indicate a bandgap near 1.8 eV. The calculations predict that β-Mn_2V_2O_7 has well-aligned band edge energies for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. Photoelectrochemical measurements indicate appreciable photocurrent, corroborating the predictions.


This chapter articulates how African Pentecostalism emerged as a form of dissent, and formed many different kinds of independent churches, new denominations, and movements of renewal within older churches. In particular it traces those characteristics of dissent that are found in the independent Charismatic churches since the 1970s, and how these have impacted African Christianity as a whole, including Catholic and Protestant churches. It gives examples in turn from West Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa, and critiques the 'Prosperity Gospel' that is often a central part of these churches' appeal. It concludes with a summary of how these churches characterize new forms of dissent.


We present <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sf Supremo}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Supremo</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="kim-ieq1-3025300.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, a cloud-assisted system for low-latency image super-resolution (SR) in mobile devices. As SR is extremely compute-intensive, we first further optimize state-of-the-art DNN to reduce the inference latency. Furthermore, we design a mobile-cloud cooperative execution pipeline composed of specialized data compression algorithms to minimize end-to-end latency with minimal image quality degradation. Finally, we extend <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sf Supremo}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Supremo</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="kim-ieq2-3025300.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> to video applications by formulating a dynamic optimal control algorithm to design <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sf Supremo-Opt}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Supremo</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Opt</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="kim-ieq3-3025300.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, which aims to maximize the impact of SR while satisfying latency and resource constraints under practical network conditions. <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sf Supremo}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Supremo</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="kim-ieq4-3025300.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> upscales 360p image to 1080p in 122 ms, which is 43.68× faster than on-device GPU execution. Compared to cloud offloading-based solutions, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sf Supremo}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Supremo</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="kim-ieq5-3025300.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> reduces wireless network bandwidth consumption and end-to-end latency by 15.23× and 4.85× compared to baseline approach of sending and receiving whole images, and achieves 2.39 dB higher PSNR compared to using conventional JPEG to achieve similar data size compression. Furthermore, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sf Supremo-Opt}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Supremo</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Opt</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="kim-ieq6-3025300.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> guarantees robust performance in practical scenarios.


An improved semi-analytic approach to the barrier penetration probability is developed in the frame work of the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation. It is used to calculate decay half-lives and preformation probabilities for a set of 304 cluster emitters in the range 87 ≤ Z ≤ 96 and a set of 390 α-emitters in the range 52 ≤ Z ≤ 120. For cluster decay, the validity of our approach is tested against Coulomb and proximity potential model (CPPM) by comparing decay half-lives and barrier penetration probabilities. Our results are found to be in a good agreement with CPPM calculations and with the available experimental data. In case of α-decay, our calculations are tested against the experimental data and also a very good agreement is achieved. In both cases, results are also compared with calculations of some other well known universal decay laws that are used in many recent studies. Our approach shows a better agreement with experimental data than most of the other models. Our study is extended to calculate the assault frequency and preformation probability of the cluster inside the parent nucleus. A strong correlation is obtained for all these parameters with each other. Neutron shell closures are found to be more important in the cluster decay process than proton shell closure. It is also noted that the odd–even staggering behavior dominates the decay processes involving the emission of clusters with odd neutron number.


The CIE Technical Committee 8-01, color appearance models for color management applications, has recently proposed a single set of revisions to the CIECAM97s color appearance model. This new model, called CIECAM02, is based on CIECAM97s but includes many revisions1-4 and some simplifications. A partial list of revisions includes a linear chromatic adaptation transform, a new non-linear response compression function and modifications to the calculations for the perceptual attribute correlates. The format of this paper is an annotated description of the forward equations for the model. Introduction The CIECAM02 color appearance model builds upon the basic structure and form of the CIECAM97s5,6 color appearance model. This document describes the single set of revisions to the CIECAM97s model that make up the CIECAM02 color appearance model. There were many, often conflicting, considerations such as compatibility with CIECAM97s, prediction performance, computational complexity, invertibility and other factors. The format for this paper will differ from previous papers introducing a color appearance model. Often a general description of the model is provided, then discussion about its performance and finally the forward and inverse equations are listed separately in an appendix. Performance of the CIECAM02 model will be described elsewhere7 and for the purposes of brevity this paper will focus on the forward model. Specifically, this paper will attempt to document the decisions that went into the design of CIECAM02. For a complete description of the forward and inverse equations, as well as usage guidelines, interested readers are urged to refer to the TC 8-01 web site8 or to the CIE for the latest draft or final copy of the technical report. This paper is not intended to provide a definitive reference for implementing CIECAM02 but as an introduction to the model and a summary of its structure. Data Sets The CIECAM02 model, like CIECAM97s, is based primarily on a set corresponding colors experiments and a collection of color appearance experiments. The corresponding color data sets9,10 were used for the optimization of the chromatic adaptation transform and the D factor. The LUTCHI color appearance data11,12 was the basis for optimization of the perceptual attribute correlates. Other data sets and spaces were also considered. The NCS system was a reference for the e and hue fitting. The chroma scaling was also compared to the Munsell Book of Color. Finally, the saturation equation was based heavily on recent experimental data.13 Summary of Forward Model A color appearance model14,15 provides a viewing condition specific means for transforming tristimulus values to or from perceptual attribute correlates. The two major pieces of this model are a chromatic adaptation transform and equations for computing correlates of perceptual attributes, such as brightness, lightness, chroma, saturation, colorfulness and hue. The chromatic adaptation transform takes into account changes in the chromaticity of the adopted white point. In addition, the luminance of the adopted white point can influence the degree to which an observer adapts to that white point. The degree of adaptation or D factor is therefore another aspect of the chromatic adaptation transform. Generally, between the chromatic adaptation transform and computing perceptual attributes correlates there is also a non-linear response compression. The chromatic adaptation transform and D factor was derived based on experimental data from corresponding colors data sets. The non-linear response compression was derived based on physiological data and other considerations. The perceptual attribute correlates was derived by comparing predictions to magnitude estimation experiments, such as various phases of the LUTCHI data, and other data sets, such as the Munsell Book of Color. Finally the entire structure of the model is generally constrained to be invertible in closed form and to take into account a sub-set of color appearance phenomena. Viewing Condition Parameters It is convenient to begin by computing viewing condition dependent constants. First the surround is selected and then values for F, c and Nc can be read from Table 1. For intermediate surrounds these values can be linearly interpolated.2 Table. 1. Viewing condition parameters for different surrounds. Surround F c Nc Average 1.0 0.69 1.0 Dim 0.9 0.59 0.95 Dark 0.8 0.525 0.8 The value of FL can be computed using equations 1 and 2, where LA is the luminance of the adapting field in cd/m2. Note that this two piece formula quickly goes to very small values for mesopic and scotopic levels and while it may resemble a cube-root function there are considerable differences between this two-piece function and a cube-root as the luminance of the adapting field gets very small. ! k =1/ 5L A +1 ( ) (1) ! F L = 0.2k 4 5L A ( ) + 0.1 1" k4 ( ) 2 5L A ( ) 1/ 3 (2) The value n is a function of the luminance factor of the background and provides a very limited model of spatial color appearance. The value of n ranges from 0 for a background luminance factor of zero to 1 for a background luminance factor equal to the luminance factor of the adopted white point. The n value can then be used to compute Nbb, Ncb and z, which are then used during the computation of several of the perceptual attribute correlates. These calculations can be performed once for a given viewing condition.


We investigate how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has altered the pattern of foreign direct investment (FDI) in North America. The theoretical analysis suggests that NAFTA affects the incentives of U.S. and non-U.S. firms locating in Mexico differently and may lead to investment diversion from the U.S. Combining U.S. and Mexican FDI data and using a difference-in-differences estimator, we find that U.S. FDI in Mexico has increased since the inception of NAFTA in a manner that cannot be explained entirely by the usual FDI determinants. Other countries have been using Mexico as an export platform since before NAFTA with no discernible positive effect from the agreement. We find little evidence that inward U.S. FDI has been diverted. The results are robust to a number of different model and econometric specifications as well as the skill data used.


Introduction: Clinical trial accrual and enrollment are essential to break disparities seen in minority populations affected by cancer. Despite Hispanics (HI) being 18.9% of the US population and the fastest-growing minority in the US, they only represent 4% of the patients enrolled in clinical trials. These disparities are often explained by different social determinants of health, but could also be due to decreased perceived interest by oncologists in their participation simply due to lack of English proficiency. Effective doctor-patient communication is vital in establishing a healthy doctor-patient relationship, and is vital in delivering high-quality health care. In this study, we explore whether physician-patient language concordance affects clinical trial enrollment.
 Methods: We evaluated 233 patients diagnosed with breast cancer who consented to experimental clinical trials in a private Oncology practice in Houston, Texas, from 2008-2022. All trials had approved consent in English and Spanish. We used logistic regression to model the probability of treatment, while adjusting for the effects of cancer type, gender, race, ethnicity, and language concordance.
 Results: Of the 233 patients with breast cancer, 191(82%) were enrolled in a clinical trial, and 96% of these patients spoke the same language as their providers. 42 patients were not enrolled, with 95% of patients speaking the same language as their provider. There were 209 (90%) patients who spoke English, 22 (9%) were Spanish speakers and 2 (1%) were Arabic speakers. Of the Spanish speakers, 18 were enrolled, with 13 (72%) having language concordance with their provider. The ethnicity was evaluated, resulting in 72 (31%) patients being Hispanics, 55 (24%) African American, 94 (40%) Caucasian, 7 (3%) Asian, 4 (2%) Middle Eastern and 1 (0.4%) American Indian. It also evaluated the rate of consent withdrawal, showing only 6 (3%) patients. After evaluating the results, it was noted that there was no statistically significant association of physician-patient language concordance with enrollment rate (p=0.776). There was also no significant difference in consent withdrawal (p=0.626), and no change associated with gender (p=0.344) or ethnicity when evaluated (p=0.13).
 Conclusion: In conclusion, our analysis confirms no significant difference in breast cancer patients' enrollment in clinical trials if there is language concordance between physician and patient. The efforts of the medical workforce to use translators and translated versions of informed consents, surveys or outcome assessments, when available, seem enough for our patients to agree to continue enrollment.
 Citation Format: Daniela Urueta Portillo, Ana M. Mendoza Sanchez, Nitzia E. Quilantan, Lisa Maria Mendoza Sanchez, Marcela Mazo Canola, Jonathan Gelfond, Julio A. Peguero. Does physician-patient language concordance increase clinical trial enrollment in breast cancer patients?: A real-life study in a majority-minority population. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5522.


In a Korean connected digit recogniser, duration modelling is necessary to reduce insertion and deletion errors due to monophonemic digits, which cannot usually be corrected even by discriminative training algorithms. In the Letter the authors incorporate context-dependent word duration modelling directly in a decoding algorithm to reduce those errors. While incorporating duration information in the postprocessing stage shows little improvements over a baseline system, the proposed method reduces word error rates by ~10% for unknown length decoding when both maximum likelihood estimation and generalised probabilistic descent training are used.


The ethical clearance certificate number for this research is KUL011SOLA01. This research elucidates the conceptualization of urbanization, urban sustainability, merits of coastal vegetation, and threats to urban expansion. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the analysis of the questionnaire, of which 300 copies were distributed to different categories of individuals in the study area, out of which a total of 254 copies were returned. The results revealed that 197 (80.7%) respondents confirmed the occurrence of environmental challenges, 33 (13.5%) others stated otherwise, while 14 (5.7%) claimed ignorance. Further, the researcher sought to know the causes of coastal vegetation loss; 190 (74.8%) respondents blamed it on urban expansion, 169 (66.8%) respondents stated it was due to deforestation activities. Other views cited by the respondents in this regard and their corresponding frequencies are as follows: bush fires (132/52.0%) and conversion of ecosystem land uses for crop cultivation (112/44.1%).


Predictions from ESS-theory concerning assessment of fighting ability and decision making are tested using a cichlid fish Nannacara anomala. Pairs with a pronounced difference in weight were allowed to interact. Fight duration increased when the difference in weight between the contestants decreased and the probability of an escalation from tail-beating to mouth-wrestling also increased when the weight difference decreased. Despite the fact that weight difference very well predicts the outcome of fights in this species it was found that fishes weighing less than 50 % of the opponent engaged in fighting, which suggests that visual assessment alone provides only limited information about relative fighting ability. The possible functions of various behaviour patterns are discussed in relation to assessment and escalation.


Corpus callosum morphology was studied by MRI in 16 children (mean age, 9.7 yrs) with developmental dyslexia and matched controls at the Center for Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Georgia, Athens, and the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, and the Athens Magnetic Imaging.


This article aims to contribute to the discussion of understanding the sociological aspects of security risks as social phenomena. This derives from the General Theory of Risks, which emphasizes the following features of risks: that the possibility exists for an unfavorable occurrence, that this could accompany some human activity associated with the decision-making process, that it will originate in the uncertainty of the human actor's environment, that it will be increased by the influence of subjective factors, and that it will manifest itself in losses, damage, and other harm. The sociological perspective on risk , aside from analyzing it as a social process, is particularly connected with the concept of a risk society and social deviation theory (social pathology).A sociological point of view on security is still lacking or otherwise linked with other problems. This gap can be bridged by viewing security as an anthropocentric issue. Another possible starting point for the research of security risks is to regard the security system as a complex social system. From the sociological point of view, both military and non-military risks represent fundamental types of security risks. When examining security risks it is possible to differentiate between the views of the military (political-military), the police (criminology), and the intelligence services, in terms of their practical goals. This practical analysis of security risks gives rise to further questions. These could include the development of a dynamic perspective, the accuracy of their evaluation, and the level of their security as a group.


This research aims to demonstrate that the service-learning methodology is an effective tool for people with intellectual disabilities to acquire the necessary skills to solve the drowning of another person, assuming minimal risk. In addition, it is also intended to know the perception of university students about the effect that the participation in a service-learning project developed with people with intellectual disabilities, has caused on them. To achieve these objectives, this research has had the voluntary participation of students of the Physical Activity and Sport Science Degree to provide two sessions of aquatic rescue to a group of people with intellectual disability. The methodology used in this study has been quantitative and qualitative. The results show that the service-learning methodology is a useful tool to improve the safety of people with intellectual disabilities in the aquatic environment. Regarding the second of the objectives set for this study, it is concluded that university students have perceived that their academic competence, their respect and their understanding towards people with intellectual disabilities has increased. At the same time, the students have perceived changes in their personal identity and they have expressed the intention to be involved in projects with a positive social impact in the future.


Soil–bentonite mixes are frequently used as impervious blankets in waste disposal projects. Numerous results of laboratory permeability tests are presented for sands containing up to 33% bentonite. These results seem difficult to analyze because different testing methods have been used in which it is not easy to control certain parameters, such as hydration period, degree of saturation, and swelling under low confining pressure. Hydraulic conductivity, however, can be obtained by using empirical equations that take into account the bentonite content, porosity, and degree of saturation of the sand alone when tested at its optimum modified Proctor value in a permeameter. This preliminary evaluation helps to select the soil to be tested. Then, the laboratory test results can be used to predict the in situ hydraulic performance after due consideration of the variabilities in natural sand and bentonite content. Key words: liner, soil, bentonite, permeability, laboratory, field.


ABSTRACT Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are believed to be involved in theinvasion and metastasis of various human carcinomas. In the presentstudy, the production levels of seven different MMPs (MMP-1, -2, -3, -7,-8, -9, and -13), the activation of the zymogen of MMP-2 (proMMP-2), theexpression of membrane-type MMPs (MT1-, MT2-, and MT3-MMPs),and the tissue localization of the activated enzyme were examined inhuman invasive papillary thyroid carcinomas. Sandwich enzyme immu-noassays revealed that among the MMPs examined, only the MMP-2production level is significantly enhanced in the carcinoma tissues com-pared with the follicular adenoma and normal control thyroid tissues.Gelatin zymography indicated that the proMMP-2 activation ratio isconsiderably higher in carcinomas with lymph node metastasis than it isin those without metastasis, follicular adenomas, or normal controls(P < 0.01). Northern blot analysis of the expression of MT1-, MT2-, andMT3-MMPs, which are known to activate proMMP-2in vitro, demon-strated the predominant expression of MT1-MMP mRNA in the carci-noma tissues (15 of 15 cases), whereas MT2-MMP expression was confinedto 26% of the cases (4 of 15 cases), and no consistent expression ofMT3-MMP was observed. MT1-MMP mRNA expression levels correlatedwith the proMMP-2 activation ratio (r5 0.692; P


The supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of ursolic acid from Follum eriobotryae was studied,and the extraction process conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test L9(34).The contents of ursolic acid in the extracts were determined directly by the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The result showed that the order of the factors influencing extraction is A D CB(A:extraction temperature,B:extraction pressure,C:presoaker,D:extraction time)and the optimum extraction conditions were extraction temperature 30 ℃,pressure 15 MPa,presoaker 50 ml,extraction time 90 min.On these condition,the average ursolic acid content is 7.83%.


The emergence of novel cellular network technologies, within 5G, are envisioned as key enablers of a new set of use-cases, including industrial automation, intelligent transportation, and tactile internet. The critical nature of the traffic requirements ranges from ultra-reliable communications, massive connectivity, and enhanced mobile broadband. Thus, the growing research on cellular network monitoring and prediction aims for ensuring a satisfied user-base and fulfillment of service level agreements. The scope of this study is to develop an approach for predicting the cellular link throughput of end-users, with a goal to benchmark the performance of network slices. First, we report and analyze a measurement study involving real-life cases, such as driving in urban, sub-urban, and rural areas, as well as tests in large crowded areas. Second, we develop machine learning models using lower-layer metrics, describing the radio environment, to predict the available throughput. The models are initially validated on the LTE network and then applied to a non-standalone 5G network. Finally, we suggest scaling the proposed model into the future standalone 5G network. We have achieved 93 and 84 percent <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R^2$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="minovski-ieq1-3099397.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> accuracy, with 0.06 and 0.17 mean squared error, in predicting the end-user's throughput in LTE and non-standalone 5G network, respectively.


A substantial enhancement of the b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}cc\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}s decay rate is found due to the QCD interaction within the c\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}s pair which may amount to 30% or more. Some general features of the calculation of the QCD radiative corrections in the two first orders are discussed.


Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular material that offers not only structural/mechanical support but also chemical and physical guidance cues for cells. Cellular self-organization is highly related to the property of ECM. Here, we investigate the 3D hollow spheroid formation process of vascular mesenchymal cells (VMCs) at the interfaces between hydrogel ECMs with different mechanical properties. The combined hydrogel geometrically consisted of two subparts differing in their stiffness and had geometric interfaces between those two subparts. The experimental results show that 3D hollow spheroids with large cavity generated around interfacial regions of hydrogels, which were not observed in a common 3D culture with sole-stiffness hydrogel. The hollow spheroids emerged because of the tailored groove dimensions of hydrogel interface and the concentration gradients of proteins and cells across the hydrogel interfaces. This experimental demonstration provides a potential method to improve the biological properties of multicellular spheroids for fundamental and therapeutic applications.


The discovery of nuclear fission leads to the production of nuclear weapon and peaceful use of atomic energy, which give rise to the growth of a system of nuclear fuel cycle in an industrial scale worldwide.It is just in such a course of development that makes inorganic chemistry, fission chemistry, coordination chemistry and analytical chemistry get new impetus of development, and leads to the formation of new disciplines such as fluorine chemistry, separation of isotopes and environmental chemistry of the actinides as well as new branches of chemical engineering unit operations such as solvent extraction and ion exchange, etc. In this paper such developments are discussed and described with illnstrative examples.


Analyzing the landscape of author instructions for general medicine journals: past and present Laura M. Miesle, Teresa A. Oblak, Lamara D. Shrode,


ABSTRACT Historiography on the Red Power era has to-date largely focused on the direct action protests of the American Indian Movement, while overlooking the continuing political lobbying and transnational work of more moderate Native rights organisations. This article argues that the National Congress of American Indians in the U.S. and the National Indian Brotherhood in Canada rhetorically challenged the U.S.-Canada border, even establishing a Joint Agreement to foster collaboration across it. However, while their leaders purported to challenge nation-state borders, in practice the collaboration between the two organisations adhered to the settler-colonial structures dominant in North America. Shaped by these federal ties, the exchange was ultimately unable to achieve its aim of working towards self-determination through mutual cooperation. Moderate Indigenous organisations remain dependent on federal structures to operate, thus limiting their ability to effectively organise across settler-state borders.


This paper explores an emerging common phenomenon of new immigrant groups clustering in suburban areas. We argue that the households of new immigrant groups are concerned with neighborhood safety. They are attracted to suburban neighborhoods which generally have lower crime rates. Since suburban neighborhoods have become more heterogeneous, households of new immigrant groups can look for safer neighborhoods in the suburbs without necessarily paying a higher housing cost than they would reside in the central city or in other neighborhoods in the same suburban context. With such budget constraints, only a limited number of suburban neighborhoods are available. Subsequently, these households spatially cluster in suburban areas. The 1996 Toronto census data in general confirms this picture.


In Japan, the cask-storage method of spent fuel will be licensed in the near future and the related R&D works (partly of the Japanese Government have been carried out mainly by CRIEPI. This paper describes the results of research subjects that CRIEPI selected in order to provide reference data for the licensing of the cask storage method as follows : (1) Thermal Analysis and Test for Fuel Pin, (2) Creep Test for Fuel Cladding, (3) Long Term Performance Test of Metalic Seals, (4) Cask Drop Test onto Reinforced Concrete Pad, (5) Material Integrity Test for Ductile Cast Iron Cask, (6) Reinforced-Concrete-Slab Drop Test onto Cask, (7) Toppling Test of Cask.


The ascorbic acid content of three types of Gramineae, viz., Triticum vulgare, Hordeum vulgare and Zea mays (Nab El-Gamal and Beladi), is given and also the average variations in the seeds during germination are shown.

The effects on the seedlings of β-irradiation emitted from small doses of radioactive H332PO4 as well as by irradiation with 131 I, are investigated.


We humans love to name things, be they living or inanimate. Names help us as a mental short cut, so that when we refer to an object or a living being we do not have to resort to lengthy descriptions of their attributes. Names simplify and smoothen our conversations. Many names directly reflect specific characteristics of the named, such as "eumelanin" (from Greek eυ = good, true, and lekar = black, dark), but others are entirely devoid of any inner meaning. A typical example for this latter group is "q" for the long arm of a human chromosome. That does not mean, however, that the choice of "q" does not have its history. As the story is told, battles raged at a Chicago conference in 1966 about how to name the chromosome arms. Some argued for "s" and "l" (for short and long). The German-born American geneticist Klaus Patau, of fame for having discovered the cytogenetic basis of trisomy 13, argued that the short arm should be called "k" (for kurz, German for short), but the French geneticist J erôme Jean Louis Marie Lejeune, of fame for having co-discovered the cytogenetic basis of Down syndrome, strongly argued for "p" (for petit, French for short). Nevertheless, the common "l" (for English long; French long; or German lang) could be confused with "1," and so Lionel Penrose, a British psychiatrist and medical geneticist who is known, among many other things, for having associated the risk for Down syndrome with maternal age, proposed a compromise: "p" and "q," simply because "q" followed "p" in the alphabet and perhaps because p + q = 1 (one chromosome), in allusion to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, where the frequency of the dominant allele p + the frequency of the recessive allele q also equals 1. Why do I write about these hard-fought battles of a distant past? Well, HUGO, the Human Genome Organization, recently redefined MITF, a gene dear to our hearts. They now call it "melanogenesis-associated transcription factor" instead of the well-known "microphthalmia-associated transcription factor." We all agree, of course, that MITF mutations cause microphthalmia (=small eyes) only in mice and not usually in humans or many of the other species in which its homologues are found. But neither do MITF mutations just cause deficiencies in melanogenesis. No, MITF is a jack-of-alltrades, involved in many physiological processes in melanocytes and melanoma, which include the regulation of cell proliferation, autophagy, and even DNA repair. It also operates in many other cell types, such as in osteoclasts and mast cells, and in a variety of organs, such as kidneys and, in Drosophila, the gut. It is called microphthalmia-associated transcription factor for purely historical reasons. The corresponding locus was discovered in mice by Paula Hertwig in 1942 (for a short description, see PCMR 23, 729–735, 2010). She originally named it "m" for microphthalmia, perhaps because the small-eye phenotype seemed the most unusual to her or because the original cross also segregated an allele for albino, which independently made some offspring white (though not microphthalmic). Hans Gr€ uneberg, the eminent mouse geneticist, then proposed the symbol "mi" because "m" was already taken for another locus, misty. The cloning of the mi gene was reported in 1993 and in negotiations with the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice and HUGO, we later named it Mitf rather than "Mi" because gene names required at least four letters and because it indeed encoded a transcription factor. Redefining it now as "melanogenesis-associated transcription factor" obfuscates this historical context and replaces an admittedly restricted definition with one that is equally restricted. This is totally unnecessary, only creates confusion for people working with different species, and does a disservice to the gene's interesting history of discovery and analysis. Hence, I urge everyone working in this area to ignore HUGO's unenlightened redefinition and continue using the established term. After all, as Eirikur Steingrimsson has pointed out, if one really wanted to be consequential, using the term "melanogenesis-associated transcription factor" would also require a renaming of the gene from MITF to METF, a change even HUGO did not have the courage to propose!


Bangkok, Thailand-Newer, minimally invasive treatment modalities
for renal tumors, including cryotherapy, microwave therapy, and radiofrequency
(RF) ablation have recently been studied as alternatives to traditional
open surgery. RF ablation of small renal tumors, albeit in its infancy,
is feasible and promising, suggest researchers from Washington University
School of Medicine in St. Louis and Long Island Jewish Medical Center in
New Hyde Park, NY. Close follow-up is required in these patients to ensure
complete eradication of the tumor.


The resolution and accuracy of the number of photons detected by a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) are limited by the excess noise, which consists mainly of after pulsing and optical crosstalk. Since these excess noises are correlated with each other, it is challenging to determine the after pulsing and the optical crosstalk probabilities independently of the output signal of the SiPM. Here we examine the dynamic response of passive-quenched single-photon avalanche diodes to clarify the characteristics of the after pulsing. Optical crosstalk is not present in the output signals of single-photon avalanche diodes; therefore, we can obtain the after-pulsing probability directly from the experimental results. We derive an analytical expression for the probability density function of after-pulse timing and analyze the experimental data based on this expression. We confirm that two types of trap levels with emission lifetimes on the order of 10 and 100 ns are responsible for the after pulsing in our devices. The dependence of the after-pulsing probability on the device recovery time is also well explained by our model.


In contrast to formulations of the Dirac theory by Hestenes and by the current author, the formulation recently presented by W. P. Joyce [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34 (2001) 1991–2005] is equivalent to the usual Dirac equation only in the case of vanishing mass. For nonzero mass, solutions to Joyce's equation can be solutions either of the Dirac equation in the Hestenes form or of the same equation with the sign of the mass reversed, and in general they are mixtures of the two possibilities. Because of this relationship, Joyce obtains twice as many linearly independent plane-wave solutions for a given momentum eigenvalue as exist in the conventional theory. A misconception about the symmetry of the Hestenes equation and the geometric significance of the algebraic spinors is also briefly discussed. The recent formulation by Joyce[1] of what he calls the "bivector Dirac equation" in the complex Dirac algebra (Clifford's geometric algebra of Minkowski spacetime taken over the complex field) can be decomposed into the Dirac equation in the Hestenes form[2, 3, 4, 5] for mass +m plus another equation for mass −m. The purpose of this comment is to prove this claim and to discuss a few other aspects of the paper. The approach exploits the power of projectors in geometric algebras. To start, we first review the Dirac equation for a free electron and its formulation in algebraic form.


This work aimed to analyze the effect of the boundary segmentation algorithm in thyroid nodules image segmentation and the influence of its adoption in avoiding recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury during treatment of thyroid nodules. The nodule boundary was extracted aided by the local Gaussian distribution fitting energy (LGDF) segmentation algorithm, which was compared with the normalized cut (Ncut) algorithm and the Canny algorithm. Then, 51 patients treated with microwave ablation for thyroid nodules were taken as a test group, and 51 patients treated with surgical resection were taken as a control group. The incidence of RLN injury and the levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. The results showed that the true positive fraction (TPF) of the LGDF segmentation algorithm was 69.45%, the TPF of the Ncut algorithm and the Canny algorithm were 58.65% and 52.37%, respectively. The TPF of LGDF algorithm was higher than that of the Ncut algorithm and Canny algorithm, with notable differences (

 P
 <
 0.05

 ). In the control group, there were 10 cases of temporary and permanent damage to the RLN after operation, and the total incidence was 19.61%. In the test group, there were 3 cases of temporary and permanent damage to the RLN after operation, and the total incidence was 5.88%, which was lower than that of the control group (

 P
 <
 0.05

 ). No evident differences were shown in the levels of FT3, FT4, and TSH between the two groups before treatment (

 P
 >
 0.05

 ). However, after treatment, the TSH level of the test group (4.58 ± 0.79) was higher than that of the control group (3.19 ± 0.17), and the levels of FT3 and FT4 in the test group were lower than those in the control group, and the differences were remarkable (

 P
 <
 0.05

 ). In short, the LGDF algorithm had more ideal segmentation effect. In addition, ultrasound-guided microwave ablation was effective in treating benign thyroid nodules, which could reduce damage to the RLN and maintain normal thyroid function.


Twenty-one routine clinical and laboratory data in 161 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) undergoing surgical treatment were analyzed. The necrotic tissue at operation was bacterially infected in 41% of the patients. The goal of the study was to evaluate whether there was any special clinical feature in cases of an infection. The parameters were recorded during 48 h after admission as well as during 48 h before operation, and the frequencies submitted to both a univariate and a multivariate analysis (logistic regression model). In the period after admission, patients with infected necrosis signifi-cantly more often had a rectal temperature >38.5°C (p = 0.001). Before oper-ation (i.e., after maximum conservative treatment), four findings were signifi-cantly related to an infection: rectal temperature >38.5°C, base excess >- 4 mmoVL, hematocrit <35% (all p = 0.0001), and paO, <60 mm Hg (p = 0.001). The multivariate analysis, which calculates and quantifies the mutual influence of factors, showed a combination of three findings (rectal temperature >38.5"C, base excess >- 4 mmoVL, and hematocrit <35%) to be related to necrosis infection before operation. All three criteria in a patient imply a prob-ability of infection of 83%. It is noteworthy that the sepsis indicators were equally distributed in patients with focal, extended, or subtotalhotal infected necrosis, but correlated with the necrosis extent in sterile necrotizing pancre-atitis. Moreover, all parameters not related to the pancreatic infection [e.g., hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, rise of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and the white blood cell count] correlated with the three necrosis categories.


Obtained by polymerizing a radical polymerizable monomer, a polymer having a carboxyl group, a weight average molecular weight of the glass transition temperature of -80~0 ° C. is from 500,000 to 1,500,000 polymer and (A), 3 a cyclic diterpene carboxylic acid (B), containing a curing agent capable of reacting with the carboxyl group (C), the polymer (a) and the 3 sum of the acid value of the cyclic diterpene carboxylic acid (B) is 5 to 50 discloses a pressure-sensitive adhesive is a (mgKOH / g).


This presentation addresses pieces of my educational endeavors to form and give voice within the intellectual arena. The underlying working premise of the paper is that of 1 preparing one's voice in a liberatory way that not only serves oneself but is one that works in service for marginalized peoples and the greater global community. Pamelaia Sanders Doctoral Candidate, Transfonnative Learning and Change, California Institute for Integral Studies in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA PURPOSE Giving voice has become a personal and intellectual goal as I seek to become engaged in critically reflective dialogs in interdisciplinary scholarship as I move from my lived experience into the academe as an educator and social change agent. To give voice requires that I acknowledge different realities and understand that there are different ways ( to inteIpret reality. (Sheard, 1994) I am a southern born African American woman learning within a predominately white institution. In my coming to voice, I have focused on issues regarding the inclusion of the truths and realities of marginalized peoples. What has become evident to me is the preponderance of ignorance, fear and denial of there being a need for the voices of others to be heard -even as people witness civil, economic and social devastation within this society and the world. The need for a multicultural (inclusive) curriculum has become obvious as I listen to questions regarding racial indifferences and the need and relevance of a philosophical discussion focused on cultural differences and similarities. PERSPECTIVE The urgency of giving voice became more real for me as I began to live my life in an embodied state that encompasses all parts of my beingness: mind, body, soul and spirit. Racism impacts every facet of our being: economically, socially, psychically, emotionally and physically. A multicultural and liberatory education is a transformational instrument that is effective in empowering self and others to intelligently and personally counterattack oppressive forces that exist along the lines of oppressive "isms." It is within the framework of an emancipatory pedagogy and by my having learned to implement liberalized methodologies into my life work that I have created strategies that enable marginalized peoples to decolonize all parts of our beingness. In this meaning-making process, I have given voice to core issue of inclusivity. METHODOLOGY Fonning and giving voice has required an active and participatory approach where the truths and realities of others are invited to the table for coequal philosophical discourse and representation. It would be extremely naive to believe that my cultural lens is the only one to set the agenda for the dialogs that are before me -within and outside of the academe. My cultural ontological stance does influence how I view the world and prepare for a multidimensional philosophical discourse. Throughout my being in graduate school, I have been in a structured learning community with people from various cultures and walks of life. I have learned to look at my own issues and concerns within and outside of learning spaces so as to better dialog with others in the world. The journey to this space of self-knowing has been demanding, rewarding, frustrating and even painful. I have progressed on the learning path by being supported by a few enlightened professors, peers and cultural elders. I believe that this process of giving voice will last a lifetime. After being on this path for several years, it is now that I am better prepared to enter into dialogs with others with an understanding of the myriad places we all position ourselves in the world to objectively view our differences and similarities. In the space of emancipatory learning, I continue to deconstruct that which the dominant culture would have me believe about myself, my culture and peoples of color. I am well aware that the concerns and histories of Africa's peoples did not surface yesterday. When a class syllabus requires that I read the works of thinkers from the dominant culture, I have questioned: Why were not the voices of Patricia Hill Collins, Molefi Kete Asante, Maulana Karenga, Paula Giddings or even the renowned works of W.E.B. du Bois included? Where are the voices of marginalized peoples within institutions of higher learning today? Can Kant or Heidegger truly speak to the concerns that are before me and my people in this century? Partially perhaps, but not in its entirety. Budding intellectuals and lay persons of color are empowered and affirmed as we read the works of the people of African descent and other cultures that have and are contributing worksinside and outside of academia -that speak to race, racism, philosophy, gender, science and nature from a cultural lens. As well, the dominant culture can benefit from the writings of peoples of color to engage in a discourse of inclusivity. (Yancy, 1998) The work of learning how to give voice is best done in a community. In forming and giving voice, the work can not be done without knowing oneself, "doing the work" (as we say within transformative learning circles) and having a full understanding of our personal worldview. After having entered into the work, it is then that we can sit at the intellectual gathering of informed minds and give voice to a multicultural discourse. Presenter Pamelaia Sanders has worked for nearly twenty years as a social change agent and educator within the global community. She has worked in corporate America, international nongovernmental organizations and within an academic environment. Pamelaia is a doctoral candidate in transformative learning and change at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco.


Based on a general equilibrium model, this study finds that real output in Estonia is positively associated with real quantity of money and negatively influenced by real depreciation of the kroon, real stock prices, and the expected inflation rate. Government deficit spending is found to be insignificant. Policy implications are that fiscal discipline pursued by the Estonian government is appropriate, that a stronger currency may better serve Estonia, and that the wealth effect of an increase in the stock price on real money balances is greater than the substitution effect.


Pu1au Rambut, in the Seribu Archipelago, Jakarta Bay (5° 38'S, 106° 42'E)is a small (25 ha) forested coral atoll which has been a nature reserve since 1937. Its present status is a strict Nature Reserve (Cagar A1am), and it has been identified as one of the most Important waterbird breeding sites of Java (Silvius et a1. 1987). About half the Island's vegetation is tidal mangrove, dominated by Rizophora s pp., but the southern part of the Island 1s covered with dryland forest with a tree canopy reaching 20 m. The south and south of the island is bordered by a narrow strip of dry beach forest dominated by Casuarina equisetifolia. A comprehensive description of the vegetation is provided by Kartawinata & Waluyo (1977: see also Figure 1).The authors, with Pandu Hartoyo from the Indonesian Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHPA) visited P. Rambut between11 and 14 January 1987. During this period rough estimates were made of the numbers of waterbirds present on the island, with a brief assessment of the threats to the nesting waterbird colony. This paper is a summary of our findings and a review of literature on the waterbirds of P. Rambut.


This 7-page fact sheet introduces common types of septic systems and briefly discusses onsite wastewater flow and the contaminants found in wastewater. Written by Gurpal Toor, Mary Lusk, and Tom Obreza, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, June 2011.
SL347/SS549: Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: An Overview (ufl.edu)


an observer of these varied historical and contemporary constructions of masculinity. He clearly sees something at stake in these explorations and debates, namely a rejection of rigid patriarchal norms of masculine behavior, especially where they lead to the suppression of other forms of masculinity, and the glorification of masculine violence and domination. It is here that my critique of De Sondy's use of the word "Islamic" instead of "Muslim" takes on added meaning: by calling every construct of masculinity and its polar opposite "Islamic," De Sondy restricts the possibility of multiple norms or perhaps no norms at all. It might be a subversion of normativity to insist on this use of "Islamic" but that is not made explicit in the book. I am equally unconvinced of the notion of crisis as more than a construct itself to spur intra-Muslim conversation. However, the book is an at times tantalizing and at other times impressive contribution "in search of" Muslim masculinities. It has already engendered important conversations and should prove useful to scholars and advanced students in masculinity studies, gender and sexuality studies, as well as various fields of Islamic and religious studies.


All of researches in basic science of humanistic social sciences,in which ancient literature research is embraced,can't pander to "reality",instead,they should detach.Only detaching can they be free from reality,they aren't interfered by present utility,the researchers ascend a height to enjoy a distant view,discusses those abstruse even metaphysics theoretic problems,expecting high quality research results with long effect.Researches in basic science aspire after "learning value",and the results with learning value are precious treasure which the researchers offer up to society,even future,which is the largest "Instant Solicitude" given by ancient literature research.


Bacteriophage is a kind of virus depending on bacterium,named bacterial virus,and it can multiply in bacterium.There're six types of Chlamydiophage discovered which are Chp1,Chp2,Chp3,Chp4,CPAR39 and PhiCPG1.Capsid proteins Vp1,Vp2 and Vp3 are three major structural proteins of Chlamydiophage.The study of Chlamydiophage will play great action on chlamydia infection therapy.


The cities in modern world, the result of increase in the use of motor vehicles, have experienced a lot of difficulties in traffic management. So in developed countries, promote the transport policy which based on public transportation to solve this problem. Tram that has been attracting attention as a new means of transportation for the congested traffic management is positioned as a friendly means of transportation on the environment abroad developed countries, it has been recognized its value. However, there is a need for the development of guidelines for emergency response at the time of incident occurrence and emergency response system is absent at the time of tram introduction in Korea. Emergency response system has been established in the case of domestic other means of transportation, when the situation occurs systematic correspondence have been made. Therefore, in this study, already by introducing a tram, tram emergency response system to have that legal guidelines and regulations associated with the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia Japan, related organizations, trying to contribute to providing a suits tram emergency response system established draft domestic situation.


Abstract The collective motions in liquid deuterium fluoride (DF) have been investigated by neutron scattering motivated by a MD simulation, which predicted an optic-type mode at small momentum transfers. Spectra of the measured longitudinal current correlation function show two modes. The lower frequency one originates from acoustic-type movements. The intensity of the higher frequency excitation can be attributed to an out of phase motion of neighboring DF molecules, an optic-type mode. Both, the frequencies and the intensity distribution in momentum space agree well with the MD simulation. The widths of the experimental spectra exceed the widths from the MD simulation and indicate missing relaxation processes in the simulation.


Longing for Western life and starting to adopt it Social transformation was part and parcel of regime change, inseparable from political and economic modernization following the Western model. From occupational and income structure to household spending, lifestyle, and behavioral patterns, the entire social fabric loosened into a state of permanent change. Although radical, the post-1989 transformation did not begin from a tabula rasa. Instead, existing trends, generated by postwar, state socialist industrialization, were accelerated as well as changed by exogenous factors. The pull effect of the envied and admired West, strengthened by geographical proximity, facilitated the spread of Western influences. It proved overwhelmingly attractive to follow the West's lead down the modernization path first laid out in the nineteenth century. The "Westernizers" of the region from the early nineteenth century consistently advocated imitative development: Count Istvan Szechenyi of Hungary in 1830 praised Britain as the "core of the world," and recommended adoption of British practices based on the logic that "copying others presents no danger; we can adopt their century-long experiences" (Szechenyi, 1830: 258). A century and a half later, Bronislaw Geremek, one of Solidarity's leaders, made the same argument: Poland had to make the difficult and painful adjustment to Europe to "secure the chances for Poland of getting a place" in the European order (cited in Kowalik, 1994: 122).


An image diagnostic system controls a probe to perform radial scanning within a body cavity and to acquire reflected signals through the probe. The system produces data based on the signals, constructs and outputs tomographic images of the body cavity and biotissue surrounding the body cavity. The system includes an extraction unit for extracting portions of the produced data on the basis of a frame rate upon successively outputting the tomographic images, and a first output control unit for forming, based on the extracted data, real time tomographic images of the body cavity and biotissue which are outputted in real time during radial scanning. A storage device stores the produced data, and a second output control unit forms, subsequent to the radial scanning, tomographic images of the body cavity and biotissue based on the stored data which are then outputted.


Web search engine uses indexing for management of web-pages in a mannered way. Web-pages are well distributed within the database of server. Both forward and inverted indexing is employed to tackle web-pages as a part of its functional design. This indexing mechanism helps in retrieving data from the database based on user query. In this paper, an efficient solution to handle the indexing problem is proposed with the introduction of non-linear single cycle multiple attractor cellular automata (SMACA). This paper also reports an analysis on SMACA using rule vector graph (RVG). This work simultaneously shows generation of SMACA by using specific rule sequence. Searching mechanism is done with O(n) complexity. SMACA provides an implicit memory to store the patterns. Search operation to identify the class of a pattern out of several classes boils down to running a cellular automata (CA) for one time step. This demands storage of the CA rule vector (RV) and the seed values. SMACA is based on sound theoretical foundation of CA technology.


PURPOSE: A method and a system for automatically uploading mobile contents via a wireless network and an interface server for automatically uploading mobile contents are provided to use a network traffic state as history information, thereby changing a sync time set according to each mobile communication terminal. CONSTITUTION: An upload interface server(12) transmits a message informing upload start to a mobile communication terminal with terminal information belonging to a upload time zone. An upload contents managing server(16) stores and manages contents uploaded from the mobile communication terminal. A message manager server(14) transmits a message informing upload start. The mobile communication terminal uploads corresponding storage contents in the upload contents managing server.


"How should a pension saver allocate his or her savings between equity (stocks) and bonds, given that he or she has 45 years left to retirement?" A comparative study of the effect of five asset allocation strategies on the value of the premium pension is carried out. The impact of the annual fee on the value of the premium pension is also studied.


Over 60 years ago, Eliezer proved the surprising result that an electron moving radially according to the Lorentz-Dirac equation in the Coulomb field of a proton will not be attracted to a collision with the proton as expected. Instead, it is repelled from the proton with proper acceleration increasing asymptotically with proper time. Proponents of the Lorentz-Dirac equation sometimes try to explain this away by speculation that the electron must approach so closely to the proton that the field strength would be beyond the domain of validity of the classical Lorentz-Dirac equation and therefore require a quantum-mechanical analysis.
This note proves some variants of Eliezer's result which apply to *bounded*, compactly supported, spherically symmetric fields, and thus call into question such speculation. However, these variants do require the additional hypothesis (not required by Eliezer) that the electron is unaccelerated before entering the field--i.e., that "preacceleration" is impossible.
Though these results may not appear in the literature, the methods of proof are well known. The motivation for writing down careful proofs was continued skepticism by proponents of the Lorentz-Dirac equation.


Scanning tunneling microscopy has been employed to create nanostructures at both polarities of the applied bias voltage, using the hexafluoroacetylacetonate Cu (I) vinyltrimethylsilane precursor molecule on the Si(111) surface at 300 K. Two distinctive mechanisms controlling the formation of nanostructures have been delineated. The first mechanism causes the dissociation of the molecule by an electron attachment process. The second process involves excitation of the molecule by the applied electric field; here field induced surface diffusion acts to supply molecules to the nanostructure growth region under the tip. Both mechanisms have a threshold in the range of 2.5–4.5 V, and while the electron current induced process operates only at positive sample bias, the field induced mechanism works at both bias polarities. Model calculations of the field assisted growth mechanism, which involves both the radial diffusion of the precursor species from outer surface regions and their activation underneath the tip,...


Peptides were studied at the seed-filling stage in field-grown soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr cv. Amsoy 71. Separation of peptides was obtained by dialysis through a thin membrane (porosity, 10 000) and filtration on a Sephadex G-15 column. In the leaflet, peptides were more abundant than free amino acids and their composition was slightly different from that of proteins. After foliar 14CO2 incorporation, labelling showed that peptides were partly translocated towards the pods. In the petiole and pod walls, peptides were less abundant than in the leaflet and their lysine content was higher. In the seeds, the amount of peptides also increased and their percentage composition in histidine was greater, indicating high metabolic activity directed toward storage protein synthesis.


BACKGROUND

A significant number of molecular simulation studies exist in the literature for assessing single-component gas adsorption capacities of ZIFs and all these simulations were performed using different force field parameters. In this study, molecular simulations were carried out to predict both adsorption-based and membrane-based separation performances of ZIF-68 and ZIF-69 for CH4/H2, CH4/N2, CO2/CH4, CO2/H2 and CO2/N2 mixtures using three different force fields.

RESULTS

Results showed that adsorption selectivity of ZIFs may vary significantly depending on the force field parameters whereas membrane selectivity is much less sensitive to the force field. In addition to adsorption and membrane selectivities, various separation properties of ZIFs were estimated such as working capacity, sorbent selection parameter, regenerability, permeability and compared with the properties of other well-known nanoporous adsorbents and membranes.

CONCLUSION

Comparison of separation performance of ZIF-68 and ZIF-69 with traditional zeolites showed that ZIFs can be promising adsorbent materials for CH4/H2, CH4/N2, CO2/CH4, CO2/H2 separations and promising membrane materials for CH4/H2 and CO2/H2 separations. It is better to use ZIFs as adsorbents rather than membranes since they offer higher adsorption selectivity than permeation selectivity for the gas mixtures we studied. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry


The paper analyzes the affected factors while
enterprises decide how to operate reverse logistics and gives
out the diagram. Then it studies how to set up index system
and uses analytic hierarchy process to make last decision.


This article has two purposes.Its primary purpose is to describe the Library of Congress holdings of Malay manuscripts and early printed books in terms of their provenance and contents and to highlight the role played by the nineteenth-century missionary Alfred North in acquiring most of the collection. The second purpose is to begin to suggest the significance of the documents for Malay studies. The Library's holdings of Malay manuscripts, although limited in extent, concern the history and literature of the Malay world in the first half of the nineteenth century. Unlike twentieth-century imprints, which are generally accessible in North America and elsewhere, these early volumes may be the only copies extant.


The results of the previous study (Volchegorsky I.A., Vazhenin A.V., Alekseeva A.P., 2022) allow us to consider emoxypine, ethoxydol and mexidol as equally effective maintenance therapy means that improve the quality of life at the stage of postoperative radiation treatment of patients with uterine corpus cancer. In such a situation, the decision on the purchase of an optimal drug by a medical institution is closely related to the market price of the drug and the cost-effectiveness pharmacoeconomic indicator, which makes it possible to select a drug from the analyzed group based on the minimum cost of the "unit of effect". Objective: to conduct a comparative analysis of the cost of the "unit of effect" of emoxypine, ethoxydol and mexidol, used to improve the quality of life of women receiving radiation therapy af ter surgical treatment of uterine corpus cancer.


I noticed, while at the Royal Society recently, that Belcher was one of a select band of candidates whose application for Fellowship of the Society (F. R. S.) was turned down.' It would be interesting to investigate the reason for the Society's decision....


A new concept, that of a mnemonical transition, is proposed to explain the departure from Michaelian behavior of monomeric enzymes following ordered reaction mechanisms. The concept integrates three simple ideas: the free enzyme occurs under two conformational states in equilibrium; the collision of any of these forms with the first substrate induces the same third new configuration required for proper substrate binding; the collision of only one of these enzyme forms with the last product stabilizes that form without any new conformational change. This whole set of definitions is equivalent to assuming that the free enzyme which is released after catalysis, is in a conformation different from the initial one. The enzyme can be said to "recall" for a while the configuration stabilized by the last product before relapsing to the initial conformation. The non-hyperbolic behavior is thus the consequence of the cooperation of two different conformations of the free enzyme to the overall reaction process.

The reciprocal steady-state rate equations have been established and thoroughly discussed both for one-substrate, one-product and two-substrate, two-product mnemonical enzymes. The departure from Michaelian behavior does not appear as a consequence of a slow conformational transition, but is defined in a simpler way by the relative values of the activation free energies of conformation changes required for substrate binding on the two enzyme forms.

A two-substrate, two-product enzyme following an ordered reaction mechanism and exhibiting the mnemonical transition has a very distinctive kinetic behavior. The curvature of the primary plots is observed with regard to the first substrate only, and is independant of the concentration of the second substrate as well as that of the first product. The enzyme is not inhibited by an excess of the substrate and the primary plots are either concave up or down. The slopes and the intercepts of the straight lines obtained in double reciprocal plots with the second substrate should give, when these are replotted against the reciprocal of the first substrate concentration, a straight line and a curve, respectively. The cooperation of the enzyme conformations to the overall reaction process can be either positive or negative. Since the reciprocal plots cannot exhibit an extreme, the extent of that cooperation can be measured by the numerical value of the second derivative of the reciprocal rate equation. The extent of cooperation between the free enzyme forms is highly controlled by the concentration of the last product. If the cooperation was already negative, the product strengthens that cooperation. If, on the other hand, the cooperation was positive, the product decreases or even reverses that cooperation.

A very general property of one-sited mnemonical enzymes is that cooperation between enzyme forms is only kinetic and does not appear in the substrate binding isotherms.


The aims of this study was (1) to assess the ability of two-step, three-step in vitro, and dynamic in vitro model compared with in vivo total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch in pig diets. (2) to compare the digestibility of nutrients in feedstuffs using different methods by in vitro. Using two-step, three-step in vitro, and dynamic in vitro model to estimate digestibilities of nutrients in seven feedstuffs and 5 pig diets were conducted. For diets, the two-step and three-step methods showed higher (P<0.001) DM digestibility than dynamic model and in vivo. However, DM digestibility in dynamic model was no significant different from in vivo. All in vitro methods, the digestibility of CP was higher than the in vivo digestibility of CP. Digestibilities of starch and NDF in three-step method were no significant difference compared to the in vivo. The relationship (R2) between the two-step method and in vivo results for starch and CP digestibilities were 0.92 and 0.82, respectively. The R2 between the three-step method and in vivo results for NDF digestibility were 0.94. While, the R2 between the dynamic model and in vivo results for CP digestibility was 0.95. For feedstuffs, the digestibilities of DM and starch by three-step in vitro method were higher than that by two-step in vitro and dynamic model results. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the digestibility of CP among different in vitro methods. Accordingly the results, we can conclude that the two-step and three-step in vitro methods can validly to estimate the in vivo digestibility of starch. Moreover, using in vitro method by three-step to estimated in vivo digestibility of NDF. Whereas, using dynamic model can be to estimated in vivo digestibilities of DM and CP.


ion and (b) subordinates are similar to other categories at the same level. Thus, it should be difficult to find contrasts for both superordinate and basic-level contrast categories, but easy to find contrasts for subordinate targets.


In a 0.05 mol·L~(-1)H_2SO_4 medium,the oxidative color-fading reaction of methyl orange with hydrogen peroxide was remarkably catalyzed by the presence of trace amount of Cr(Ⅵ),when heated in a water bath at 90℃ for 9 min.Under the optimum condition,linear relationship between the values of decrease in absorbance(ΔA)and concentration of Cr(Ⅵ)was obtained in the range within 72 μg·L~(-1).The apparent activation energy of the above mentioned catalytic reaction was found to be 25.73 kJ·mol~(-1).Detection limit(3s/k)of the reaction found was 0.058 mg·L~(-1).Based on these facts,a photometric method for determination of trace amount of Cr(Ⅵ)in industrial waste water and lake water was proposed.In analyzing 3 water samples by this method, results of Cr(Ⅵ)found were in consistency with the results found by the DPC photometric method.


In the article we discussed the approaches to restoration, which are most widely used in the restoration practice in Italy. A comparative analysis of the creative concepts of the authors – theorists and practitioners of the profession – was carried out regarding restoration additions, the relationship of restoration, conservation and reconstructive actions on the heritage site, general provisions of the restoration theory. The recognized leader of the Italian restoration school is Giovanni Carbonara, a proponent of the "critical-conservative" approach. Marco Dezzi Bardeschi, an architect-practitioner, offers a "clean conservation" approach, contrasting the "old" and "new" in architecture. Architect Paolo Marconi develops a pragmatic line of "repair and maintenance" approach. Despite the significant differences in theoretical concepts, they are very noticeably softened in restoration practice. And architects with diametrically opposed views often join forces to work on a common project.


As technology scaling advances to the 45 and 32 nanometer nodes, more devices can fit onto a chip, which impliescontinued rapid design size growth. Naturally, it becomes increasingly challenging to achieve design closure on these enormous chips with tight performance and power constraints. Physical synthesis has emerged as a critical and powerful component of modern design methodologies to conquer such challenges. Starting from logic-level net list, physical synthesis creates a legally placed design while attempting to satisfy timing, power, and electrical constraints simultaneously. This paper briefly outlines the core components of physical synthesis timing closure and discusses some recent techniques that improve the solution quality and throughput of the physical synthesis process.


Surface subsidence is a serious threat to human life, buildings and traffic in Beijing. Surface subsidence is closely related to human activities, and human activities in Beijing area showed a decreasing trend during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). To study surface subsidence in Beijing before and after the COVID-19 outbreak and its causes, a total of 51 Sentinel-1A SAR images covering Beijing from January 2018 to April 2022 were selected to derive subsidence information by Time Series Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (TS-InSAR). The results of surface subsidence in Beijing demonstrate that Changping, Chaoyang, Tongzhou and Daxing Districts exhibited the most serious subsidence phenomenon before the COVID-19 outbreak. The four main subsidence areas form an anti-Beijing Bay that surrounds other important urban areas. The maximum subsidence rate reached −57.0 mm/year. After the COVID-19 outbreak, the main subsidence area was separated into three giant subsidence funnels and several small subsidence funnels. During this period, the maximum subsidence rate was reduced to −43.0 mm/year. Human activity decrease with the COVID-19 outbreak. This study effectively analysed the influence of natural factors on surface subsidence after excluding most of the human factors. The following conclusions are obtained from the analysis: (1) Groundwater level changes, Beijing's geological structure and infrastructure construction are the main reasons for surface subsidence in Beijing. (2) Seasonal changes in rainfall and temperature indirectly affect groundwater level changes, thereby affecting surface subsidence in the area. (3) The COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 reduced the payload of Beijing's transportation facilities. It also slowed down the progress of various infrastructure construction projects in Beijing. These scenarios affected the pressure on the soft land base in Beijing and reduced the surface subsidence trend to some extent.


The role of the manager in maximization of shareholder profitability has led several corporations to fail. To counter such corporate failures, corporate governance mechanisms have been incorporated that realign the diverse interests of the corporate managers by assigning independent non-executive directors. Corporate governance has grown significant in importance since the global financial crisis that led many economies into recession and turmoil.


There are different kinds of remembering—what we had for breakfast this morning, the usual route we took to work, what happened to us in childhood, how we continue to speak our native tongue, and even how we stroke a golf ball consistently (or not so consistently!). Fascination with various aspects of memory is not new. The ancient Greeks and Romans observed that we often remember events in relation to where something happened, that is, in relation to place or space; in the rhetorical schools this human associative tendency was used to develop mnemonic techniques for remembering speeches (Yates). Through the centuries philosophers have continued to think about the function and meaning of memory. In recent years remarkable and fascinating research on the human brain has tackled memory issues such as "photographic memories," amnesia, dementia, and everyday forgetfulness (Rose; Carter). One of the major controversies, frequently highlighted in charges of child abuse, is whether traumatic memories are repressed and later recovered in therapy (Recovered Memory Therapy, or RMT). RMT has its advocates. Yet, some analysts caution that traumatic events are precisely the ones that are usually remembered, that therefore many cases of supposedly repressed events never took place, but have been suggested to the memory by other people's stories, newspaper articles, or even overly zealous therapists ("false memory"; "pseudo-memory"). Although there is no simple solution to this complex controversy, a number of prominent neurologists claim that people do not remember actual events; rather, each time "memory retrieval" takes place, what is retrieved is a previous memory. Memory is thus constructed and reconstructed in a cascading effect. From this perspective, the mind is not a simple recording device; it constantly reinterprets—and thus (re)constructs—the past for the present. While some researchers maintain that the mind retrieves more than just its previous constructions, "false memory" must be taken seriously (Loftus 1980; 1993; 2005). These aspects of neurological research on memory have psychological implications and legal ramifications. They are usually conceived as issues of the individual human mind. However, there is another dimension of memory that has great significance and growing fascination, namely, "collective memory," or what is now more often called social memory (usually in reference to smaller social units) or cultural memory (usually in reference to larger social units). The acknowledged father of this approach to memory is the French scholar Maurice Halbwachs (1877–1945). Halbwachs had studied with renowned psychologically-oriented philosopher Henri Bergson, but then fell under the spell of the great pioneer of French sociology, Emile Durkheim. One of Halbwachs' classic statements reads: ". . . we will surely realize that the greatest number of memories come back to us when our parents, our friends or other persons recall them to us . . . it is in society that people normally acquire their memories. It is also in society that they recall, recognize, and localize their memories" (38). Thus, while Halbwachs did not totally dispense with individual aspects of memory, his convictions about the social context of memory increasingly led him to reject Bergson's individualism in favor of a "collective" view. The revival of Halbwachs' views has accompanied the revival of study of a broad variety of social memory phenomena, from oral recitation and religious ritual to the building of museums, memorials, and national monuments. Excitement about social memory phenomena is cross-disciplinary. It includes the fields of literature, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and political science, as well as history and anthropology (Climao & Cattell). In an excellent overview Jeffrey Olick and Joyce Robbins call this rapidly expanding discipline-encompassing field Social Memory Studies (1998). Social Memory Studies are making their mark on Biblical studies. Here are a few examples: • In 2000 and 2005 Mario Aguilar contributed two articles for BTB on memory. • In 2001 J. Dominic Crossan included sections on social memory and false memory in his recent work, The BirTh of ChrisTianiTy. • In 2003 Alan Kirk of Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia, and Tom Thatcher of Cincinnati Christian University, organized a Special Session on social memory for the annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature in Atlanta, Georgia. They invited prominent social memory theorist, sociologist Barry Schwartz, professor emeritus of Sociology at the University of Georgia, to give the keynote address (Schwartz 2005a). • In 2005 Kirk and Thatcher edited and published MeMory, TradiTion, and TexT. Uses of The PasT in early ChrisTianiTy, which included not only the SBL papers of Schwartz, Kirk, Thatcher, and Esler, but also papers by Holly Hearon, Arthur J. Dewey, Georgia Masters Keightley, Antoinette Clark Wire, and April DeConick, with responses by Werner H. Kelber (2005a) and, again, Barry Schwartz (cf. 2005b). • Kelber, well known for his pioneering studies on the related subject of orality, has been promoting the work of his friends and Presenting the Issue


It is undeniable that some Indonesian Muslims comprehend Islam in radicalism perspective. They use several ways to spread this radicalism through the organization of cadres, speech in mosques that managed under their control, magazines publishing, booklet and books, and through various websites on internet. Although many people develop tendentious speculation that terrorism originates from fundamentalism and religious radicalism, but not a few who believe that the motives of radicalism and terrorism are not sourced from a single aspect. This article discusses about the propaganda (Dakwah) that is carried out by Muhammad (pbuh), Walisongo and theologian ('Ulama). The term of dakwah is often used by Muslims who spread theirbeliefs to others There are some Muslims who engage in dakwah actively. This clearly requires a preacher to adapt the method used, especially in modern era. Such as, the first is dakwah bil kitabah, the method of dakwah by writing, either through books, newspapers or magazines. The second is dakwah bil lisan. Dakwah verbally (linguistic) such as, seminar, symposium, discussion, sermon, opened discussion, chatting etc. The third is dakwah bi al-hal. Dakwah with the act, which is expressed in action to the development of the surrounding environment.