Energy used for tillage processes accounts for a significant proportion of total energy usage in crop production. Understanding how tillage tool geometry affects performance will help with tillage tool design and selection. Modelling of soil-implement interaction is a complex process due to the variability within the soil profile, non-linear behaviour of the soil and the dynamic effects of soil flow. An approach which should be able to realistically simulate the tillage process is the technique of discrete element modelling (DEM). Some computer softwares have already been developed to simulate dynamic motion of the granular particles. EDEM is one such software able to simulate 3D DEM modelling of granular materials. To simulate the soil-tool interaction, appropriate DEM parameters of the soil particles must be used. In order to determine these appropriate 3D DEM parameters, a 2D sinkage test simulation conducted by Asaf et al. (2007) was replicated using EDEM. It was found that the solution in 3D using the same parameters gave a similar result but was very time consuming (taking 275 hours to solve). In order to reduce that computation time various size spheres were used and it was determined that a 3mm spherical particle with the same DEM parameters gave a similar result (within 6%) as that of 2 joined spheres clump but only took 31% of the computation time to provide the solution.


Bacterial infections around the time of childbirth are among the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide and account for about one-tenth of the global burden of maternal death. Several factors have been associated with increased risk of maternal peripartum infections, including pre-existing maternal conditions (examplemalnutrition, diabetes, obesity, severe anaemia, bacterial vaginosis) and conditions during labour and childbirth (exampleprolonged rupture of membranes, multiple vaginal examinations, manual removal of the placenta, caesarean section). Caesarean section is the most important risk factor for maternal infection in the immediate postpartum period. One of the main strategies to prevent post-caesarean infections includes use of prophylactic antibiotics.. The WHO guideline panel made strong recommendations regarding the administration of prophylactic antibiotics 30-60 minutes before skin incision for women undergoing elective or emergency caesarean section.


This paper discusses the measurement of unemployment in Palestine as a developing economy under conflict and argues the relevance of international comparisons of unemployment based on international standards. We analyze the dynamics of the labour market and study the behaviour of different labour force components over time in both Palestine and the UK to track the changes on their labour force status. The analysis are based on the econometric methods introduced by Christopher and Heckman (1982, 1983) and used by Riddle and Jones (1999, 2003) and others in studying the unemployment pool and testing the equivalence of the behaviour of non working groups. We used the micro data of the labour force survey in Palestine and the UK to produce comparative analysis between Palestine and one of the developed countries. The analysis introduced an empirical evidence on the behavioural equivalence between unemployed persons in Palestine and some sub-categories of persons outside labour force according to the ILO (1) This paper is based on the research made within the framework of a fellowship programme 2005-2006 granted by the Palestine American Research Center (PARC) and the Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC). The author would like to express special thanks to Professor Steve Bradley and Professor Brian Francis for their valuable comments on the preliminary draft.


THE Concessions and Agreements of the proprietary province of West New Jersey were drawn up fully a year before the settlement of Burlington took place. Of them Charles M. Andrews has written: "The plans drawn up for the government of this Quaker colony are of conspicuous importance. None are as worthy of study as these." The Concessions are distinguished on two counts: first for their frame of government which vested the whole power of government in the inhabitants; and secondly for their guarantees of individual liberty. "We lay a foundation for after ages to understand their liberties as men and christians, wrote the Trustees, "that they may not be brought into bondage but by their own consent; for we put the power in the people."'1 It will be recalled that in 1664 James, Duke of York, granted New Jersey jointly to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Ten years later Berkeley sold his undivided moiety of the province to John Fenwick in trust for Edward Byllynge, a fellow Quaker, who at the time was practically bankrupt. The two quarrelled and Fenwick, to the chagrin of a large number of Quakers who were deeply interested in setting up a commonwealth in the New World upon a really substantial and orderly basis, set out for the Delaware and in the fall of i675 established a small colony at Salem. Meanwhile Byllynge's affairs were taken over by three trustees appointed by his creditors, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and William Penn. The last was not one of Byllynge's creditors, but he became greatly absorbed in the project to establish a Quaker haven across the seas. Indeed, it is this step that marks the beginning of Penn's interest in America. Before engaging upon a settlement the Trustees undertook to clarify the Fenwick-Byllynge title which had been all but invalidated by the Dutch re-occupation of New York in i673. On July i, 1676, by the Quintite Deed, a division of New Jersey was agreed upon by Sir George on the one hand -and the Trustees and Byllynge on the other. By this act East and West


In 1986, the US Congress passed the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986. (HCQIA) was designed to protect the health and safety of the public by 1) enhancing the Peer Review process through protection for peer review members from lawsuits, and 2) providing a national repository for reported information regarding medical malpractice payments and adverse actions involving physicians, which among other things, would monitor the movement of incompetent or unprofessional physicians. The framers of HCQIA did not foresee that in 2023, hospitals and employers will invariably deny employment and/or hospital privileges based on an NPDB report outlining loss of hospital privileges or relinquishment of hospital privileges under investigation. Such an adverse report by NPDB results in the inability of the physician to obtain employment or practice in a hospital. Therefore, in 2023, the unintended consequence of the reporting of adverse peer review actions by NPDB, an agency of the Federal Government, can violate the constitutional and civil rights of the said physicians.


Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV‐6) infection is widespread in healthy individuals. The only definite disease association is with exanthem subitum in infants though the virus has been linked with a variety of other diseases including interstitial pneumonitis in bone marrow allograft recipients. In order to investigate the role of HHV‐6 in the latter disease we have developed an optimised staining method for the demonstration of specific antigen in routinely processed post‐mortem tissues. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded lung tissue from 8 immunocompromised patients who died from interstitial pneumonitis was subjected to immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies against HHV‐6, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and adenovirus, using a modified avidin‐biotin complex (ABC) method. Staining for HHV‐6 was obtained in 6 of the 8 patients studied and was present in pneumocytes and macrophages. CMV and adenovirus antigens were identified in 4 and 6 patients, respectively. Whilst the lung tissue of 6 patients contained more than one virus, there was no evidence of cross‐reactivity between the monoclonal antibodies. We demonstrated that accurate localisation of HHV‐6 using monoclonal antibodies is possible in post‐mortem lung tissue and conclude that either HHV‐6 alone or in combination with other viruses may play a role in the development of interstitial pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy.


Determination of the junction temperature of power LEDs is a great challenge. Indirect calculation of the junction temperature can be done by calculations, starting from the temperatures that could be measured with thermocouples in the accessible points and taking into consideration the thermal resistances of the materials included in the LED structure and in the mounting PCB used as heatsink. In this paper the authors proposed to use as temperature sensor the protection diode embedded in most of the power LED structures.


With the distributed application of computer technology and continuous development, more and more service systems provide us with information services, each service needs to have permission to verify this general requirement. At the same time, based on dynamic, loosely coupled environment, the business process will involve more than one ISP so that users need to face the trouble of multiple logins to complete it. Traditional users single sign-on (SSO) mechanism have solved the trouble of users' multiple logins to complete the business [1]. However, the traditional authorization is based on the role of request access to the entity of resources, either directly or indirectly assigned to the login access to these entities or log on roles, but these are unable to meet current validation requirements service, for example: we need to verify the status of the entities, the balance, consumer grade and so on [2]. Therefore, this paper based on an open source framework, called CAS; develops a model of SSO Service authorization under distributed environment [4]. It uses the XACML to achieve an attribute based access control (ABAC) [3], this model is characterized by the following three points: 1. complete SSO under distributed environment [4], 2. Able to verify data sources from different databases when completing SSO; 3. Able to use property-based verification for more accurate authorization after authentication. These make access control to be more flexible, a wider range of usage and a finer granularity of control.


Named in honor of the late Carl V. S. Patterson, Towanda, Pa., scientist and industrialist, the building houses new laboratories, pharmacy, medical records and nursing administration offices. Long a devoted worker for the Hospital, Mr. Patterson developed an artificial compound suitable for use in making x-ray intensifying screens that brought him national and international recognition.


The CO2-cure phenolic resin is novel molding and core-making binder, which is composed of high content phenolic resin, oxacid salt and alkali and so on. Performance and constitution of phenolic resin are main factor to affect resin-sand's compressive strength. Elementary curing mechanism was studied by means of measuring pH change of the resin aqueous solution, and the better dosage ranges of cross-linking agent and alkali also were gained. The effect of their content and surface-stabilizing agent on compressive strength was studied, finally the better constitution of phenolic resin was acquired.


Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide, and accounts for 80-85% of all lung cancer diagnoses. While targeted therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusions have proven to be effective for the treatment of NSCLC, only a fraction of NSCLC patients (i.e. 70%). Amongst the PDX models containing a biallelic HRR mutation (ATM, BAP1, RAD51D & XRCC2), only ATM biallelic mutant models were sensitive to niraparib (2 out of 6). Furthermore, none of the of nine monoallelic mutant models (ATM, ATR, BRCA1/2, RAD50 & RAD52) were sensitive to niraparib. Surprisingly, 7.5% (3 out of 40) of the HRR WT PDX models were sensitive to niraparib. Further analysis is required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving niraparib sensitivity in HRR WT NSCLC. Citation Format: Asli Muvaffak, Yinghui Zhou, Bin Feng, Sarah Wang, Jing Ju Wang, Sridhar Ramaswamy, Kevin G Coleman. Targeting homologous recombination repair defects in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A091. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-A091


Currently, in the case of European countries and Japan, the use of sea and river water is vigorously studied and applied as they have been regarded as alternative energy source from the past. But in South Korea the importance is recently increasing, and the use of renewable energy is becoming obligated by the government. So in this study, examples of unutilized energy from sea water heat pump used at 「EXPO 2012 Yeosu Kore a」and stream water heat pump used at 「Marine Police Academy」are introduced.


A fake shark – bathed in neon purples and blues – menaces the stage as pastor Ed Young, Jr., steps out to the standing ovation of his thousands of congregants. Church has started. Young, in his fifties with youthfully coiffed hair and tidy in a slick-grey suit, begins with a viral toddler song. He leads his audience in a call-and-response: "baby shark, bum bum bum bum bum, teenage shark, bum bum bum bum bum.... " (Young 2011). As he shakes his hips and moves his arms in a chomping motion, Young draws them in. The camera pans to the audience, all wiggling their hips and clapping their arms to follow. Young is an entertainer. He is also a social media personality, a rap-music satirist, and a man of God. The lead pastor of one of the largest megachurches in Dallas, Young has many fans. His primary congregation at Fellowship Church in Grapevine has an estimated Sunday attendance of 20,000, a figure that does not include the thousands of other members and visitors who frequent the seven satellite campuses or watch his sermon feeds on the "Fellowship Live" internet broadcast each week.1 On this particular Sunday in August of 2011, Young unveiled a sermon series called "Shark Weak". A puny reference to the Discovery Channel predator fish programme, the series spins popular television into spiritual selfhelp lessons so that congregants might navigate metaphorical 'sharks' in their lives. This up-beat preaching style, complete with familiar popular culture reference and a therapeutic message, reflects just some of the major trends that define modern megachurches. The novelty shark notwithstanding, this entire spectacle is rooted within the historical narrative of the megachurch and is a product of centuries of evangelical evolution. Megachurches like Ed Young, Jr.'s, did not simply materialise. They did not spring up in shopping centres and off of interstates without precursor or precedent. Megachurches are modern manifestations of eighteenth and nineteenth century revivalism, early-twentieth century innovations in religious


Eutrophication has become a serious problem in lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and is exerting profound pressures on the aquatic communities. However, little research has been conducted on the effects of eutrophication on benthic communities in these lakes. In this study, we investigated macrozoobenthic assemblages in two large shallow lakes (Lake Chaohu and Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu), which have each experienced severe environmental deterioration and increased occurrences of cyanobacterial blooms in the past few decades. To analyze the changes in benthic community structure over the long-term, we compared the present community with communities from previous studies. Our results showed that present benthic assemblages have simplified substantially compared to communities in the past. In Meiliang Bay, Tubificidae and Chironomidae exclusively dominated the benthic community in 2007, in contrast with the relatively high diversity of benthic community in 1994, with several taxa sharing dominance of the community. Similarly, benthic assemblages in Lake Chaohu changed greatly over two decades, shifting from dominance by Bivalvia in 1980–1981 to dominance by Tubificidae and Chironomidae in 2008–2009. These observed changes in benthic assemblages are discussed relative to the ability of individual different taxa to tolerate eutrophication, algal blooms, Microcystins and associated habitat deterioration.


The analytical solving static problem elasticity theory for piecewise homogeneous half-space is found.The explicit construction of direct and inverse Fourier's vector transform with discontinuous coefficients is presented. The technique of applying Fourier's vector transform with discontinuous coefficients is developed on an example of the static problems of the elasticity theory.


A method for inference of the primordial power spectrum from the COBE 2 DMR sky maps is discussed. This approach involves a Fourier decomposition of the sky maps in a basis of orthonormal functions on the incompletely sampled sky, a detailed mathematical model of all noise properties, and a likelihood analysis of the data based on an exact probabilistic model of the measurable quantities, valid in the context of Gaussian theories of structure formation. Results from the two year COBE-DMR data analysis and the implications for in(cid:13)ationary ((cid:13)at geometry) models dominated by either dark matter or a cosmological constant are presented. The cross power spectrum of the 53 and 90 GHz DMR sky maps is also discussed. ABSTRACT We summarize the results of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy measurements of the COBE-DMR using the (cid:12)rst two years of data. The inference of angular power spectrum parameters from the DMR data is com-plicated by the need to omit Galaxy contaminated regions of the sky, preventing the spherical harmonics from forming an orthogonal basis set over the remain-ing sky. The COBE-DMR team has implemented three methods for deducing the power spectrum parameters. These include: a two-point correlation function analysis (Bennett et al. 1994); an analysis in terms of orthogonal modes constructed on the cut sphere (G(cid:19)orski et al. 1994); and an analysis of a modi(cid:12)ed Hauser-Peebles power spectrum (Wright et al. 1994). These methods for deducing the power spectrum are discussed and the results are summarized and compared. ABSTRACT We summarize the recent results on the observed COBE-DMR two year sky rms temperature (cid:13)uctuations. A `cross-RMS' statistic is used to infer the Qrms(cid:0)PS normalization for a scale-invariant (n = 1) spectral model. The method is extended to the normalization of other cosmological power spectra.


In situ carbon fibers toughened alumina composites were prepared by hot-pressing sintering under vacuum,using pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile(PAN) fibers as the precursor and alumina as the main raw material,by adding SiO2-MgO-CaO flux.The influence of different amount of flux on the properties and microstructures were investigated.The main evaluation criteria to select the optimum flux content were density,microhardness and fracture toughness.The friction and wear behavior and mechanism of the in-situ carbon fiber toughened alumina ceramic were studied.The effects of mechanical properties and microstructure on wear resistance of the composites were investigated.The results showed that the optimum content of flux was 3vol%,and the corresponding properties were density 3.72 g·cm-3,microhardness 1624 HV,fracture toughness 10.6 MPa·m1/2.At room temperature dry friction conditions,the wear rate of composites was first increased and then decreased with the increase of the flux content.Wear mechanism of the in situ carbon fiber reinforced alumina matrix composites were mainly brittle spalling accompanied and fatigue wear.


Fast reaction kinetics of 'OH with N-4-desmethylwyosine (dYt), a derivative of rare tricyclic nucleoside has been studied by pulse radiolysis. The possible initial transient radicals of OH adducts of dYt were studied by AMI (with geometry optimization) and B3LYP/6-31G++ (calculation of total energy). The radical reaction mechanism and the possible structure of OH-adducts were discussed and predicted.


BACKGROUND
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are also called growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) and form a subfamily of related proteins within the TGF-beta superfamily. BMP-4 is one ofmultifuntional growth factors with pleiotropic roles in many different cell types and is predominantly present in human bone tissue.

OBJECTIVES
To analyze the content of extractable BMP-4 in human demineralized bone as a function of age.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
Bone samples were ground and demineralized by exposure to 0.5 N HCl and then extracted by collagenase digestion. Extractable BMP-4 was analyzed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS
63 samples of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) derived from 36 men and 27 women between the ages of 15-65 years. The extractable BMP-4 content appears to be age-dependent, with DBM from younger donors being most likely to have higher BMP-4 quantity. In addition, DBM with high osteoinductivity contained greater amounts of extractable BMP-4 than DBM samples with low osteoinductivity.

CONCLUSION
The BMP-4 in demineralized bone undergoes age-related decrease that may contribute to the reduction of bone volume observed with aging.


Character input method in an object of the present invention is the information communication equipment having a keypad on a small number of keys and compact multi-tap (Multi-tap) method and the single tap (Single-tap) scheme disadvantages or to improve the drawbacks efficiency of character input , and the extensibility, provide an information communication service method using the character input method, and the method of the present invention to guarantee the adaptability of the information service. The characteristics of the core technologies of the present invention to achieve the above object is a virtual keypad and a virtual key input method invented by the present invention it to enter a plurality of characters on the keypad with a number of about 12 key. That is, the method of the present invention is used as a key index to bring together haphwa and assembled screen, specify a representative character in the character groups, assigning that representative characters for each key, marking and type of characters that belong to it in a particular character set, the input character object in addition, utilizing a key control to set the input mode to input a virtual mode, and provides the selected output, to ensure that input efficiency of the various language character has the ability to display the character input method specific characters on a virtual input mode. Also it presents an efficient method for the present invention method in the service information in the mobile information communication device to the interface.


The removal of serum from the medium of ovarian granulosa cells in exponential or confluent stages of growth results in a rapid and pronounced decrease in the rate of transport of the non‐metabolizable amino acid, α‐aminoisobutyric acid. This decrease is rapidly and completely reversed by the addition of serum. The decrease and its reversal are insensitive to inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis and are unaffected by a number of other metabolic inhibitors. The serum requirement cannot be replaced by peptide hormones known to stimulate cell division and secretion by these cells. These data are consistent with a model of post‐translational control of AIB transport by a high‐molecular‐weight component of serum.


In this paper, we employed Standard and Perturbed Integral Collocation methods to find numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Power series form of approximation is used as basis function and Chebyshev Polynomial is used as perturbation term in the case of perturbed Integral Collocation Method. Numerical Computations are carried out to illustrate the application of the methods and also the results obtained by the methods are compared in terms of accuracy and computations involved in the two methods. Two examples each of first and second orders linear integro differential equations are solved to demonstrate the methods.


Open rotat ional graz ing (ORG) is a graz ing system that or ig inated in semiar id rangelands of the USA wi th h ighly seasonal vegetation and erratic, uneven distribution of rainfall. Camos should be uti l ised when the most desirable plants are physio logical ly ready for defo l ia t ion (ear ly matur i ty) and defoliated to a predetermined level. Several adjustments are recommended to this very flexible grazing system to make it more suitable for Namibian conditions. Performance results suggest that ORG may be more productive, sustainable and profitable than continuous grazing, especially in the long term. However, after 60 years of rangelands research in southern Africa, it can sti l l not be proven that rotational grazing is ecologically and financially more suitable to our conditions than continuous grazing. lt may be more appropriate to emphasise factors such as realistic and flexible stocking rates, correct separation of veld types, planned veld resting and choosing adapted l ivestock rather than any particular grazing system. THE ORIGIN OF GRAZING SYSTEMS Grazing systems (grazing plans) attempt to uti l ize seasonal vegetation in a manner that is beneficial to both l ivestock and veld (range) (Heady and Child, 1994). They can only be applied when a farmer/oroducer/herder controls the movement of l ivestock or uses fences and camps to contro l l ivestock. Commercial l ivestock farmers in Namibia rely predominantly on fences to implement their grazing systems, while communal farmers rely mainly on herding and transhumance (seasonal m o v e m e n t s o f l i v e s t o c k w i t h t h e i r h e r d e r s ) a l t h o u g h deter iorat ing raz ing is forc ing an increasing number of communal farmers to claim parts of tribal grazing lands for their own exclusive use through fencing. In Namibia, the first fences, erected mainly during the 1920's (Walter and Volk, 1954), were border fences that demarcated private property and kept l ivestock on the farm. At a later stage, farmers started to subdivide their farms to better control their l ivestock herds, e.g. to separate male from female animals in the non-breeding season or to prevent l ivestock from entering parts of the farm where predators or poisonous plants occurred and would have caused stock losses. However, by the 1940's, the majority of farms sti l l had less than five camps and many had only one or two (Bester, 1993). Much progress was made during the 1950's with the camping of farms, thanks mainly to the good rains received during that decade and grazing systems research init iated on government-owned experimental farms. It was not unti l the 1960's that many farms had many camps and it was realised that one could use camps to control ivestock 94 andthe uti l ization of indigenous veld, thereby manipulating veld cond i t i on and p roduc t i v i t y . G raz ing sys tems and recommendations proliferated, caused confusion and are being debated to this day. The early grazing systems in Namibia, going back to the period between the two world wars, were paucicamp systems due to the small number of camos on each farm. As the number of camps per farm increased, the farmers had a bigger choice and many rotational grazing/rotational resting systems were advocated. Today, some farms have in excess of 10 camps per herd. Rotational grazing plans have been in use in the Middle East for over 600 years and in Europe for over 200 years, but have only been advocated in southern Africa since 1887. However, it is only since the 1960's really that many commercial farmers in Namibia had enough camps to apply any one of the many multicamp rotational grazing systems. Unfortunately, advocates of particular grazing systems often tend to be intolerant of others and it is sometimes forgotten that most grazing systems have the same basic aims. BASIC OBJECTIVES OF SEASONAL GRAZING SYSTEMS The primary objective of most grazing systems is to manipulate the distribution of l ivestock on the farm, to promote uniform forage uti l ization, effective resting of the veld and to control selective grazing. Most grazing systems also aim to, over time, improve the condition of the veld by manipulating the botanical composi t ion, ground cover , p lant v igour and vegetat ional succession and, if possible, also the quality of the forage. A third and very important objective in an arid environment is to create a fodder bank by deferred grazing (often combined with effective veld resting) or harvesting and preserving surplus grazing. Many grazing systems aim to improve the product iv i ty of l ivestock, either per individual animal or per unit area of land, thereby increasing income and decreasing costs. Afew increase the flexibil i ty of grazing management and decrease risk in the farming operation, while too few actually consider co-ordinating livestock forage requirements with wildlife habitat needs and other land uses. An overriding objective of most grazing plans is to control animal management and animal production cycles (Heady and Chi ld , 1994). The major tools to achieve these mostly shared objectives is the animal herder or the camping system, the foraging animal, water distribution, veld burning and the provision of nutrit ional


The volume of activity in e-commerce increases every year. It leads to new challenges on the logistic side to deliver all the goods worldwide in a minimal amount of time. Indeed, the volume of goods delivered by air, sea or land is now gigantic: according to Pitney Bowes (2018), 87 billion of parcels were shipped in 2018. Amazon itself delivers an average of 2.5 billion packages each year (Sheetz, 2019). Alibaba, with the Asian market, has even more customers and targets now Europe with a first European hub in Belgium through a deal struck in 2018. Moreover, customers have grown more demanding in terms of delay. Nowadays it is not uncommon to see the major players offering delivery in less than 24 hours for some destinations and products. This is only possible by optimizing all the elements of the supply chain.


This is a collection of selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2014 International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Building Materials (CEABM 2014), May 24-25, 2014, Haikou, China. The 638 papers are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Geotechnical Engineering, Chapter 2: Geological Engineering, Chapter 3: Tunnel, Subway and Underground Facilities, Chapter 4: Seismic Engineering, Chapter 5: Hydraulic Engineering, Water Resources and Hydrology, Chapter 6: Coastal Engineering, Chapter 7: Construction Technology, Chapter 8: Water Supply and Drainage Engineering, Chapter 9: Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation, Air Conditioning Works and Daylighting Design, Chapter 10: Oil, Gas and Mineral Exploration, Chapter 11: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chapter 12: Cartography and Geographic Information System, Chapter 13: Surveying Engineering, Chapter 14: Applied and Computational Mechanics, and, Chapter 15: CAD/CAE/Computer Technology.


Li metal is an attractive anode material for electrochemical energy storage. However, the growth of Li dendrite accompanied with infinity-dimension changes, which leads to the decreased Coulombic efficiency and Li...


In the European Union, food safety policies combine public regulations with private standards, in accordance with co-regulation principles. GLOBALGAP was initiated in 1997 by European retailers who developed a shared certification scheme inducing producers to comply with requirements on food safety, sustain- able production methods, occupational health and animal welfare. The rise of standards in the governance of agri-food chains has been the subject of extensive debate among social scientists, based mainly on the issue of legal pluralism. Pub- lic regulations and voluntary standards are commonly presented as simultane- ously competing with and reinforcing legal systems. The aim of this article is to discuss this assumption. First, we analyse GLOBALGAP as a repository, demon- strating that it is composed of heterogeneous types of prescription, such as good practice, proof recording and the rule of law, and that it covers many different issues (quality, environment, producer health, animal welfare, etc.). Second, we examine the issue of the rule of law within a voluntary standard and show that GLOBALGAP operates as a centre of calculation, bringing together separate ex- isting elements of the law. As a consequence, the standard provides a material, organizational and cognitive support for a managerial rationalization of farms by actors such as consultants or producers organizations.


The development of tax decision-making models has focused on economic and behavioral factors affecting compliance. A possible explanatory factor that has been overlooked in these decisionmaking models is tax ethical beliefs. This study examines the influence of ethical beliefs on tax compliance decisions. Specifically, the research empirically tests whether an individual's ethical beliefs about tax compliance mediate withholding effects (overwithheld or tax due) and tax rate effects (low or high) in tax evasion decisions. The results indicate that tax ethics are highly significant in tax evasion decisions and may be a "missing variable" in decision making models.


Probabilistic databases play a crucial role in the management and understanding of uncertain data. However, incorporating probabilities into the semantics of incomplete databases has posed many challenges, forcing systems to sacrifice modeling power or restrict the class of relational algebra formulae under which they are closed. In this paper we propose a probabilistic representation that uses factor graphs to model distributions over possible worlds. Since in general, factor graphs can specify distributions that preclude exact probability computations, we motivate a sampling approach to inference based on the Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm. We exploit the efficiencies that arise from MH to hypothesize (sample) worlds without having to fully instantiate them. Furthermore, the proposal distribution of MH is highly customizable allowing a database designer to express jump functions that are specific to a particular query or class of queries. We implement a prototype system to represent the uncertainty in a real-world information extraction task, and demonstrate its efficiency both theoretically and empirically. We show that the amount of computation to hypothesize a world on this task is independent of the number of tuples in the database, and further demonstrate how customizing the jump function can lead to substantial gains in efficiency. Finally, we show that our system is capable of producing probability values for aggregate extensions to relational algebra.


The paper introduces the notion of a truncating twisting function from a cubical set to a permutahedral set and the corresponding notion of twisted Cartesian product of these sets. The latter becomes a permutocubical set that models in particular the path space fibration on a loop space. The chain complex of this twisted Cartesian product in fact is a comultiplicative twisted tensor product of cubical chains of base and permutahedral chains of fibre. This construction is formalized as a theory of twisted tensor products for Hirsch algebras.


Imine reductases (IREDs) have emerged as promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral amines. In this study, the asymmetric imine reductase‐catalyzed intermolecular reductive amination with NADPH as the hydrogen source was investigated. A highly chemo‐ and stereoselective imine reductase was applied for the reductive amination by using a panel of carbonyls with different amine nucleophiles. Primary and secondary amine products were generated in moderate to high yields with high enantiomeric excess values. The formation of the imine intermediate was studied between carbonyl substrates and methylamine in aqueous solution in the pH range of 4.0 to 9.0 by 1H NMR spectroscopy. We further measured the kinetics of the reductive amination of benzaldehyde with methylamine. This imine reductase‐catalyzed approach constitutes a powerful and direct method for the synthesis of valuable amines under mild reaction conditions.


Abstract The article by Aoshima and Yata considers two-stage procedures to construct fixed-size confidence regions and to select variables in high-dimensional models with a bounded number of nonzero parameters. In this discussion, we describe some recent work on alternative variable selection methods and fixed-width confidence intervals in high-dimensional sparse regression models.


With the development of computer technology, all walks of life have begun to combine computer technology for industry development, including the garden industry. The garden industry mainly uses computer-aided technology for garden design. The main technology currently used in garden planning and design is BIM technology. It is an important means to achieve two-dimensional construction drawings and three-dimensional landscape models in garden planning and design.


ABSTRACT This article presents and analyzes the "Obama supports terrorism" campaign, which was launched in Egypt in late June 2013 and was instrumental to the framing of some Islamist groups as terrorist both before and after the 3 July 2013 coup. The analysis of the visual material of the campaign highlights its reliance on various Western discourses from the War on Terror, including some whose religious and racial content is an odd fit for a non-Western, Muslim country like Egypt. Yet, despite the lack of a clear and unified causal narrative to justify such framing, the success of the campaign was crucially aided by the symbolic and rhetorical power its slogan, which provided a credible "schema of interpretation" for its supporters.


This article interrogates current approaches to the annotation of scholarly editions in order to reframe annotation practice within an emerging 'new modernist editing'. Using the Broadview edition of Dorothy Richardson's The Tunnel as a case study to reflect on the particular challenges of annotating a modernist text for a particular audience, I explore the problems that emerge from the explanation/interpretation dichotomy that commonly frames annotation practice. While this paper does not devise a prescriptive method for scholarly annotation, its aim instead is to refine our conceptions of the purpose and nature of explanatory notes, by putting them into conversation with contemporary literary theory, and particularly recent approaches to modernism situated in the post-critical turn.


A novel kind of dual-band microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper. We obtained dual-band operation by embedding a pair of L-shaped slots. It is easy to adjust the higher and the lower band by changing the parameters of the antenna, respectively. The proposed antenna can satisfy WLAN greatly


At the same time, it is worth noting that while Denmark's work is essential for understanding the issue, it is not the only approach. It is concerned with determining what the future of Washington's Asian strategy should be. Yet, the author's theory is based on the assumption that the US is in a position of strength as the reigning status-quo power. Nonetheless, Indo-Pacific countries, particularly middle-power states such as India and Japan, have begun to model their Indo-Pacific outlooks on regional power parity. Similarly, while the US is focused on preventing China's expansion, Beijing is no longer only concerned with dethroning the US. Rather, the current broad situation has been impacted by Beijing's effort to safeguard its great power status and national identity. As a result, Denmark's conclusions must be linked to an Asian regional order that has become accustomed to – and is progressively moving with or without – the presence of the US. Finally, the book concludes that the US is the only country powerful enough to counterbalance Chinese influence on its own. However, following the volatility of the previous two decades – Middle East wars, the Global Financial Crisis, Donald Trump's administration, and – the US must work with its allies and partners to regain confidence in it and redevelop trust in its reliability.


The partition functions of generalised Ising-type models on the square lattice can be approximated in terms of the partition functions for finite n*n, n*(n-1) and (n-1)*(n-1) lattices. When expressed as high-temperature series, these approximations give terms through to order 2n or 2n+1 correctly.


Epigenetic alterations, in addition to multiple gene abnormalities, are involved in the genesis and progression of human cancers. Aberrant methylation of CpG islands within promoter regions is associated with transcriptional inactivation of various tumor suppressor genes. Promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) gene has been considered a prognostic marker and has become more important in the treatment of many cancers. O6-methyguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair gene that removes mutagenic and cytotoxic adducts from the O6-position of guanine induced by alkylating agents. MGMT promoter hypermethylation and reduced expression has been found in some primary human carcinomas. Many recent studies have shown that patients with MGMT promoter methylation had significant OS and PFS advantage than those without methylated status. We undertook this study to comprehensively summarize the associations between MGMT promoter methylation and prognosis of ovarian cancer .


This paper presents an ongoing experimental program on unreinforced masonry walls undergoing free rocking. Aim of the laboratory campaign is the estimation of kinetic energy damping exhibited by walls released with non‐zero initial conditions of motion. Such energy damping is necessary for dynamic modelling of unreinforced masonry local mechanisms. After a brief review of the literature on this topic, the main features of the laboratory tests are presented. The program involves the experimental investigation of several parameters: 1) unit material (brick or tuff), 2) wall aspect ratio (ranging between 14.5 and 7.1), 3) restraint condition (two‐sided or one‐sided rocking), and 4) depth of the contact surface between facade and transverse walls (one‐sided rocking only). All walls are single wythe and the mortar is pozzuolanic. The campaign is still in progress. However, it is possible to present the results on most of the mechanical properties of mortar and bricks. Moreover, a few time histories are reporte...


Vaccines remain an unstable and controversial technology in South Korean society, as evidenced by the adverse event debate during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout. The Korean government's primary policy response to this has been to implement a comprehensive immunization compensation system that provides state-level compensation to those who experience harm, even if a direct causal link to vaccination cannot be proven. Although South Korea's immunization compensation system was enacted in 1994 and fully implemented in 1995, government, medical, and public debates surrounding it have been ongoing since the mass vaccination campaigns of Korea. This study examines how attempts to manage vaccine adverse events in Korea have been shaped by conflicts between government, medical professionals, and the public over vaccination, particularly over adverse events. At the same time, the technical limitations of each vaccine led to questions of safety, and these limitations shaped the public's perceptions of effectiveness and trust in individual vaccines. This study focuses on three of the most widely recognized vaccine-related adverse reactions: the typhoid vaccine of the 1960s, the DPT vaccine of the 1970s, and the Japanese encephalitis vaccine of the 1990s. These cases reveal that state-oriented disease control initiatives were not always successful in mobilizing the public and medical personnel unilaterally, but rather that there were various resistances and backlash, requiring detailed policies such as "no-fault" compensation systems to manage them. Furthermore, these cases suggest that for future systematic vaccine policy formulation, it is necessary to build a historical understanding of the technical limitations of individual vaccines and the experiences and responses to their adverse effects, rather than analyzing vaccine policy as a single entity.


Ultrasound Vibration Potential (UVP) is an electric signal generated when ultrasound pulses travel through a colloidal suspension or ionic electrolyte. The electric potential can be measured, providing information useful to characterize the nanoparticles and ionic electrolytes in engineering and particularly, complimentary information to conventional ultrasound imaging in medicine. The main advantage of this method over current conventional ultrasound imaging is that it can measure and further, image differences in ion recipe or physiochemical properties of particles in colloids. The simple approach is to apply external ultrasound pressure wave propagating through a nanoparticle suspension or ionic electrolytes. The nanoparticles begin to vibrate due to the ultrasound pressure, and this results in the generation of electric potential which can be detected by an electrode sensor attached to the body.
This thesis reviews the fundamental physical theory of ultrasound and UVP imaging techniques. The ultrasound vibration potential distribution (UVPD) model based on a static charge dipole field is established and analysed in a numerical method. A new UVP testing phantom made from agar, called the Leeds standard III UVP device for UVP imaging, has been designed, in which electrodes are non-intrusively attached to the body. The measurements using the mock body phantom, containing either ionic or nanoparticle species, are in good quality comparing those measurements obtained from colloidal suspension and consistence with results from the numerical simulation. A method of frequency domain analyse with a number of segmented chirp signal ranges is proposed, which reveals both frequency and phase angle responses are function of particle size. The research also demonstrates how UVP can reveal specific physiochemical structures of colloids or tissue which the conventional ultrasound technique cannot see, with samples of ionic species, silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles and further the animal (pork) tissue.
The results, along with previous findings, further support the potential of UVP for application in engineering for nanoparticle and ionic electrolyte characterisation and providing new and/or complementary knowledge for medical diagnosis and research.


This case discusses the retrieval of a pacemaker with vegetation from a 78‐year‐old man. It suggests that grasping side of Micra body and pulling Micra into Agilis sheath is a possible technique for retrieval.


The focus of this study was on supervisory roles as perceived by primary school teachers in Osun State of Nigeria. Stratified random sampling method was used to select 330 teachers who responded to 'Supervisory Role Perception Inventory'. The t-test statistic was used to analyse the data collected on the three hypotheses that were formulated in the study. It was found that male and female teachers tend to have a similar perception of supervisory roles; that perception of supervisory roles tends to be different between experienced and less experienced teachers; and that, teachers in urban and rural schools tend to be different in their perception of supervisory roles. Conclusion was that supervisory role perception among primary school teachers was influenced by the teachers' years of experience and location of schools. Recommendations included regular conferences, seminar and workshops for teachers and supervisors in order to encourage positive perception and foster good relationship among them.


Methods: Fifteen physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University (aged 18-25 years) were participated in the study. Participants performed bimanual in-phase and anti-phase movements with their wrists at 3 levels of speed ranging from slow to fast and 4 different sensory conditions, including 1) Normal sensory input; 2) Masked vision; 3) Masked proprioception; and 4) Full sensory deprivation. Separate analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on speed and sensory conditions were conducted for the in-phase and anti-phase movement patterns, followed by post hoc analyses using the Bonferroni correction. The dependent variable was error of relative phase.


The isoelectric point(IEP) is one of the most important physicochemical properties of proteins. There are many different methods for the determination of IEP. In this paper,a comparative study between the simplest turbidimetry/spectrometry method and the most advanced capillary IEP focusing(CaIPF) method was made. Henan cattle hide gelatin's IEP was determined with the two methods and the advantages of the CaIPF method over the other methods were demonstrated and discussed.


Roots are the plant parts which facilitate the prim ary contact between a plant and pollutant and cultu ring of genetically transformed hairy roots of hyperaccumul ator plant sp. Brassica juncea L. grown in vitro was established to study the potential of in vitro hairy root cultures for the uptake and accumulatio n of heavy metals (Ni and Zn) for their growth and biomass from an aquatic enviro nment. At elevated concentrations of Ni and Zn metals, hairy roots showed an exponential growth and accumulation. In lower concentrations, Zn might have no effect o n growth of root biomass and also found to be it caused no dram atic decrease in root growth even they are accumul ated. At higher concentrations of Zn, B. Juncea hairy roots was not only found to be tolerent to Z n and also had capacity to increase their root biomass and no growth retardation was se en. All concentrations of Ni showed a drastic chang e in root biomass growth irrespective of the duration of incu bation periods. Ni in higher concentrations caused an exponential increase in root biomass growth and Ni showed no toxicity symptoms in hairy roots even at higher conce ntrations for longer time upto 8 weeks of our study period and Ni was found to be an essential micronutrient for the growth of hairy root biomass. From this study, it was cleared and c oncluded that hairy roots of in vitro grown hyperaccumulator plant culture system could be the useful and effective mo del (as it needs metals for their root biomass grow th) to study the


: Under the financial crisis environment, the enterprise business strategic management mode must be optimized. This paper summarizes the economic characteristics under the financial crisis environment, and analyzes the impact of the financial crisis on the enterprise financial management, such as the difficulty of financing, the low level of investment income, the lack of risk control system, etc., and summarizes the optimization path of the enterprise business strategic management mode under the financial crisis environment, such as solving the financing problem, Optimize the financial early warning mechanism, strengthen resource control, scientifically distribute profits, and enhance the ability of risk control, in order to provide reference for the development of business strategy under the financial crisis environment.


Background: In contemporary times, challenges in the field of education are growing, especially regarding the integration of different methods of student engagement and training. Technology emerges with possibilities for innovative strategies aimed at enhancing learning and contributing to addressing environmental issues effectively. Teachers, in their pedagogical practices, should take into account the socio-environmental reality and integrate Environmental Education for participatory interventions in environmental issues. The use of blogs in Science education enables a more engaging interaction with the content, resulting in a more meaningful and contextualised learning experience. Objectives: To develop a blog to address household solid waste management and evaluate it as a technological tool for enhancing understanding of household solid waste management. Design: The methodology employed in this research was a qualitative approach. Setting and Participants: Thirty-five students from two seventh-grade classes at São Francisco Municipal Elementary School in the municipality of Tupandi/RS. Data collection and analysis: Two questionnaires were administered to the students, one pre-activity and another post-activity, and a blog was developed in each class. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistical analysis, while the qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Results: Most students had no prior experience with blogging, and their limited knowledge of the concept was associated with using the media tool as a page for posting personal life details. During the blog development, students did not encounter difficulties handling the platform's icons. The evaluation characterised the blog as a positive learning tool regarding household solid waste management, recognised by the students as meaningful in classroom practices. Conclusions: The development of blogs served as a technological and pedagogical strategy that facilitated learning about household solid waste management, connecting with the local reality and fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among the students, aligning with one of the purposes of Environmental Education. Furthermore, the integration of the blog in Science education enabled the establishment of a collaborative and dynamic network for knowledge exchange, as well as the cultivation of skills related to digital literacy.


This paper reports a model for CMOS inverter propagation delay developed through SPICE simulation and some measurement. Together with the new mobility and the corresponding saturation current device models, projections of future CMOS gate performance within the environment of device scaling and supply voltage shrinking are presented.


The foregoing "reply" has reference toonly one of the series of articles mentioned in its caption. It rests mainly on the claim that I misunderstood Dr. Fogel, and not that the positions which I advocated in that article were erroneous. It disclaims that Dr. Fogel ever said that "description does not enter, at all in sociological study." That would have been an absurdity tool great to' be discussed. It then objects to the statement that the metaphysical use of the word "appreciation" is based on the metaphysical doctrine of Professor Royce. It is true, no doubt, that metaphysicians who, disagree with Royce on other points adopt the distinction between "appreciation" and "description" which he worked out. Professor Baldwin in his Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, in connection with this definition of "appreciation," states that these terms are due tot Professor Royce, so that in selecting early elaboration of them it seems proper to choose, as I did, that early elaboration o'f them which, together with still earlier writings o,f Professor Royce, sufficed to secure their incorporation in the current philosophical vocabulary. Not disagreement as to the history of these terms, if any be possible, has the least bearing on the present discussion. And no metaphysical implications peculiar to Pro'fesso'r Royce are essential to' my argument; on the contrary, I expressly and repeatedly show that, if my argument is valid at all, it is as valid with reference to' one set of metaphysical suppositions as another. Consequently a criticism or reply of this kind is a case of ignoratio elenchi, or argument beside the issue. Next the objector says that when I attribute to him the view that "certain essential spiritual realities with which sociology must deal can be knowwn only by appreciation," my "location of


A novel cold-mix epoxy (CME) concrete was developed to meet the urgent demand of quick maintenance in long-span steel deck pavement. Considering that the CME is a thermosetting resin, a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was employed to evaluate the curing behavior of the CME binder. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to investigate the viscoelasticity of the CME binder. The semicircular bending test and the three-point bending test were used to evaluate the crack resistance of CME concrete. Long-term performance was investigated by comparing the fatigue behavior of the CME concrete and hot-mixed epoxy asphalt (HMEA) concrete. The results showed that the curing reaction order of CME is similar to that of HME (hot-mixed epoxy) and the activation energy of CME is slightly higher than that of HME which means that the reactivity of the latter is higher. The bimodality that occurs in tanδ curve means that there are two phases existing in the CME and HMEA microstructure, while the secondary phase ensures that the CME and HMEA have good damping behavior. CME concrete has a better crack resistance than HMEA concrete at low temperature, and a similar crack resistance compared with HMEA concrete at high temperature. From the residual ratio of flexural stiffness after 1 million load cycles, the CME concrete shows better fatigue resistance than the HMEA concrete.


The Department of Health is introducing a 'payment by results' system for mental health services in the UK. The system is already being used in the acute healthcare sector, but is still under development for application in mental healthcare. This article outlines the concept of payment by results, briefly reports on its use in other countries and describes the pilot study underway in England to define currencies to be used in a payment by results system planned for NHS mental healthcare throughout England and Wales.


Ontology, Opposition, and Commensalism: A Brief History of Ideas of LSP In order to introduce to a (primarily) North American audience the notion of Knowledge Communication1 I would like to begin with a brief history of ideas2 of the school of thought from which Knowledge Communication has emerged. This history of ideas is centered on three strands of thought which have been (and still are) formative in the development of professional communication in (continental) Europe as a research and university teaching discipline. The school of thought, which encompasses professional communication in (continental) Europe, is called Language for Specific/Special Purposes (LSP). From the viewpoint of a history of ideas, three strands of thought have dominated LSP research over the years: (a) An expanding linguistic ontology, (b) an ideology of opposition, and (c) a commensal relationship with (nonlinguistic) host discipline(s). When it comes to "language," LSP has always had very strong ties to linguistics.3 It is therefore no coincidence that one strand of the history of ideas of LSP is made up of objects of study stemming from linguistics. From lexis, that is, terms and terminology (e.g., Wuster ,1931) over syntax, that is, sentence 1 This article is an edited version of the keynote that I gave at the CPTSC meeting in Aarhus, Denmark, in 2009. I would like to thank CPTSC for its generous offer to both let me give the keynote and to publish the paper. 2 In a North American context, the notion of history of ideas goes back to Arthur O. Lovejoy (1936). 3 In connection with "language," it is noteworthy that LSP has always—typically via LSP translation—had strong ties to second and tertiary language acquisition at university level, too.


This study investigated the used reciprocal peer tutoring with six preschool children with disabilities. The children ranges in age form 4 years 2 months to 5 years 9 months. All six students were given the opportunity to become both tutor and tutee. A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the acquisition of tutoring skills and learning objectives. The students were specifically trained in the following tutoring skills: (1) showing the stimulus card (i.e., card) (SD) Presentation; (2) praise; (3) stamp delivery; and (4) corrective feedback. All six children acquired at least some of the specific tutoring procedures. Improvements in tutoring skills were matched by increases in pre-academic responses. Implications for training preschool students with disabilities to be both tutors and tutees were noted.


In a randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled study we investigated the effect of single oral doses of 8 mg azelastine and 2 mg ketotifen on the immediate response to platelet‐activating factor (PAF) inhalation and to increasing doses of PAF injected intradermally. Bronchial provocation with 100 μg of PAF resulted in marked bronchoconstrictor responses, but neither azelastine nor ketotifen had any significant effect on these responses. Intradermal injection of PAF (100, 200 and 400 ng) resulted in a dose‐related weal and flare response. Azelastine and ketotifen both caused significant reductions in this response (P < 0.002‐ P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the effect of the two drugs.


Concepts for evaluation of information technology (IT)/information system (IS) investments are often designed to investigate one single application. The concept presented in this article has an opp ...


The sequence of sand dunes at Cooloola, Queensland, is one of the best documented examples of soil formation and ecological succession in the world. An ongoing study has investigated the role of organisms in promoting soil formation, including the incorporation and breakdown of organic material. As part of this study we have quantified the mass accumulation of charcoal in soils of the chronosequence. We propose AMS C dating of charcoal to investigate the accumulation, turnover and destruction of charcoal in the soil as an important component of the carbon cycle and carbon storage in natural ecosystems in Australia.


Visual question answering (VQA) is a new interdisciplinary research area, in which a model attempts to answer a free-form question in natural language based on a given image. In this paper we improve an existing model, which leverages relational networks and attention mechanism, by decreasing its train and inference time while preserving a comparable accuracy.


Abstract A new method for the determination of the nicotine content of tobacco smoke condensate is described. The smoke condensate of the mainstream smoke was collected in a glass fibre filter trap and dissolved in isopropanol. The nicotine content of an aliquot of this solution was determined by ion chromatography (IC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection against external calibration and the nicotine content of the whole smoke condensate was calculated. The nicotine content determined in each run by IC was compared with the results obtained by gas chromatography (GC) according to the International Standard (ISO) method 10315. The present method represents a potential alternative to the GC method. A sensitive and rapid method for the determination of nicotine in smoke condensate using IC with a standard ion chromatography column was developed.


In order to investigate the properties of frozen concentrated orange juice from 5 countries imported into Japan, we evaluated colorimetric value, glucose, fructose, sucrose, citric acid, L -malic acid, D -isocitric acid, L -ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and headspace volatile flavor components by principal component analysis. The products from Brazil contained a large amount of glucose and fructose, while the products from Belize had much more sucrose content. In addition, products from Israel contained high amounts of organic acids. The content of flavonoids depended on the country of origin and were not detected in products from Israel. The flavor component contained the largest amount of d -limonene in all the samples. Principal component analysis using 59 data items showed that the flavor components strongly contribute to the first principal component, and that sugars and flavonoids contribute to the second principal component. In a scatter plot using the principal component scores, products from Brazil and America were divided into two groups, but generally products were gathered and distributed by country of origin. The data analyzed in this study demonstrated that concentrated orange juice products from the same country contained similar components, suggesting that each country of origin has unique differences in components.


A wheel loader is the major vehicle that has been used for scooping, carrying and loading of crushed ores in open pit mines. This paper describes a path generation method for autonomous control of the wheel loader. From the viewpoint of stability of movement and easy control to move along the designed path, smoothness and simple calculation of command value are necessary for the path. In order to satisfy these conditions, a path generation method using a clothoid curve is proposed. A clothoid curve has a continuous changing curvature that is proportional to the length of the curve, and provides continuous changing of steering angle. Furthermore, the interpolation between the start and end point of the loader is proposed, which consists of clothoid curve segment and straight line segment. V-shape curve including backward path and forward path is also generated with considering the avoidance of rapid turning. INTRODUCTION A wheel loader is the major vehicle that has been used for scooping, carrying and loading of crushed ores in open pit mines. Usually, this machine is operated by an expert operator. But, if this machine is used in the dangerous field such as the disaster place or in the task to develop the space resources, the unmanned automation technology is necessary. In order to realize the full automation of wheel loader task, the loader needs to have an ability to recognize the working environment, to plan the scooping and loading task and to execute the task autonomously. Various researches have been already conducted for mobile robots. However, since the working environment of a wheel loader is rough terrain and is changing according to the advance of the task, the full automation of wheel loader task is much more complicated as compared to another types of mobile robots that are operated in the artificial environment. Furthermore, an articulate steering is used for the wheel loader, which is peculiar to a wheel loader. Although the articulate steering has an advantage of small steering radius, the trajectory tracking control is very complicated because the tire is easy to slip in steering. The purpose of this study is to investigate the automation technology to achieve the full automation of the wheel loader task. In this paper, only path generation is described. It is necessary that the function of loader path has a continuous 2nd derivative, that is, a continuous curvature. Furthermore, the loader path should be smooth, because the smooth path, that is effective in trajectory tracking control, derives continuous steering angle and continuous acceleration due to the centrifugal force. Additionally, it is very important that command values such as steering angle and velocity at each point on the designed path are simply calculated. To satisfy these requirements, a path generation method using clothoid curve is proposed. Furthermore, when the initial point and target point of the loader are given, V-shape curve including forward path and backward path is adequate because of the limited narrow space where a wheel loader moves. Thus interpolation method is also proposed. CONCEPT OF AUTONOMOUS LOADING TASK The final goal of this study is to achieve the full automation of the wheel loader task. A concept of autonomous operation is as follows: the wheel loader has a vision system and it recognizes the relative position and direction between the wheel loader and the target point (scooping point) located at the skirt of the rock pile. Then, the whole path of the wheel loader is generated based on the target point obtained by the vision system, and the wheel loader moves autonomously along the desired path. When the loader reaches the target point, the loader penetrates the bucket into the rock pile and then scoops the crushed ores. After the loader scoops the crushed ores, the vision system recognizes the position and direction of the dump truck. Then, the whole path of the wheel loader to the dump truck is generated, and again the wheel loader moves autonomously along the desired path to the dump truck. When the loader reaches the dump truck, the loader recognizes the vessel of the dump automatically, and then the loading task is carried out. In the next chapter, the detail path generation method will be described. CLOTHOID CURVE A clothoid curve is the curve whose curvature is proportional to the length along the curve, and is given by Cv s k s Cv ( ) = ⋅ + 0 (1) Where s is the length, Cv(s) is the curvature and k is the coefficient, which is called sharpness . The direction of the tangent vector is the integration of the curvature, and is expressed by Eq. (2). ( ) θ θ ( ) s k s Cv ds k s Cv s 0 0 s = ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ + ∫ 1 2 2 0 0 (2) Therefore, the x and y coordinates of the curve are given by x s x k s Cv s ds s ( ) = + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ +     ⋅ ∫ 0 2 0 0 0 cos 1 2 θ (3) y s y k s Cv s ds s ( ) = + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ +     ⋅ ∫ 0 2 0 0 0 sin 1 2 θ (4) To obtain simpler equations, initial states (Cv 0,θ0, x0 and y0) are set to zero. Furthermore the coordinates x and y are expressed in term of the direction θ. x k d ( ) ( ) cos θ θ θ θ θ = ⋅ ∫ 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 (5) y k d ( ) ( ) sin θ θ θ θ θ = ⋅ ∫ 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 (6) The right hand side of these equations is called Fresnel integration. Since the integrated term in these equations can be expanded into a series term and expanded series term can easily be integrated, the following equations are obtained. x k ( ) ( ) θ θ θ θ θ = − + − + ⋅⋅⋅       2 2 1 10 216 9360 1 2


Abstract STUDY QUESTION Do expectant parents experience increased anxiety and depression during pregnancies conceived through ART compared to spontaneous conception? SUMMARY ANSWER Among all expectant parents in the sample, those who conceived through ART reported overall lower levels of anxiety and depression in pregnancy compared to expectant parents who conceived spontaneously, while in the subsample of parents who conceived both through ART and spontaneous conception, expectant mothers experienced increased anxiety and depression in early pregnancy following ART compared to spontaneous conception. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Previous research on expectant parents' psychosocial adjustment in response to ART has found mixed results, with some studies suggesting ART is associated with increased anxiety and depression, and other studies suggesting improved mental health or no relationship. Mixed findings may relate to the use of cross-sectional designs that do not account for confounding differences between groups, or variability in the timing of assessment. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This prospective cohort study used data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), which includes 2960 pregnant women who underwent ART and 108 183 women who conceived spontaneously. Of these, a subsample of expectant parents had two consecutive pregnancies with one pregnancy resulting from ART and one conceived spontaneously (n = 286 women, n = 211 partners). Women self-reported their composite symptoms of anxiety and depression at two timepoints during each pregnancy (gestational weeks 17 and 30). Their partners self-reported composite symptoms of anxiety and depression at 17 weeks gestation during each pregnancy. Couples reported their relationship satisfaction at 17 weeks gestation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANGE Using a conventional full-cohort analysis we found that ART was associated with less total anxiety and depression and greater relationship satisfaction, compared to spontaneous conception among both women and men. However, in the subsample of parents who experienced both ART and spontaneous pregnancies, ART was associated with increased levels of maternal anxiety and depression at gestational age 17 weeks (M = 1.19), compared to spontaneous pregnancies (M = 1.15), 95% CI of the mean difference 0.006, 0.074. At 30 weeks gestation, anxiety and depression were similar across both types of pregnancies. Expectant fathers reported similar levels of anxiety and depression at 17 weeks gestation during both pregnancies. Among women relationship satisfaction was higher following ART conception than spontaneous conception. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There is potential for selection effects in the sample, as women who have conceived through both ART and spontaneous conception in their first two pregnancies are rare. In addition, several factors that may be important predictors of mental health in this context, such as previous miscarriages and long-term infertility, were not assessed in the current study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings indicate that previous discrepancies in the literature may be related to inherent differences between the groups of parents receiving reproductive treatment and those who do not. This study addresses that limitation by prospectively comparing different types of pregnancies within the same expectant parents. Earlier inconsistencies may also relate to variations in gestational age when anxiety and depression were assessed. By examining symptoms at two timepoints in each pregnancy, we were able to examine the relation between gestational age and symptoms of anxiety and depression. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The MoBa is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and the Norwegian Research Council/FUGE (grant number 151918/S10). This work was also supported by the Research Council of Norway grant number 288083 and 301004. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.


The flotation separation behaviour of cadmium with NaNO 3-KI-Zeph system and the conditions for the separation of cadmium with other metal ions were studied .It showed that Cd(Ⅱ) can be separated completely from Zn(Ⅱ) ,Fe(Ⅲ),Co(Ⅱ),Ni(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),Al(Ⅲ) by floatation at pH=1~6.


In this work, the paper propose two algorithms to extract the gate-bias-dependent parameters including the RSD, the effective channel length reduction DeltaL, and effective channel mobility mueff for deep submicrometer MOSFETs


The present invention is represented by the following general formula (I) (Shown respectively wherein R is independently a hydrogen atom or a C1-C3 alkyl group, n, m denotes. The number of repetitions of 0-5) and essential ingredient a compound (A) and a photopolymerization initiator represented by by using an ultraviolet curable resin composition, to obtain permeability of blue laser, excellent in transparency and low water absorption, and the protection for the high density optical disk having little warping highly durable coating film or adhesive layer it is those that can.


Gerry Schwarz's many profound contributions to the study of algebraic groups, group actions and invariant theory have had a substantial effect on the progress of these branches of mathematics. This volume contains ten research articles contributed by his friends and colleagues as a tribute to him on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. The volume begins with a chapter by Brion. He studies actions of connected, not necessarily linear algebraic groups on normal algebraic varieties, and shows how to reduce them to actions of affine subgroup schemes. Specifically, let G be a connected algebraic group acting on a normal algebraic variety X . Brion shows that X admits an open cover by G-stable quasi-projective varieties; this generalizes classical results of Sumihiro about actions of linear algebraic groups, and of Raynaud about actions on nonsingular varieties. Next, if X is quasi-projective and the G-action is faithful, then the existence of a G-equivariant morphism ψ : X → G/H is shown, where H is an affine subgroup scheme of G, and G/H is an abelian variety. This generalizes a result of Nishi and Matsumura about actions on nonsingular varieties. If, in addition, X contains an open G-orbit, then G/H is the Albanese variey of X , and each fiber of ψ is a normal variety containing an open H-orbit. This reduces the structure of normal, almost homogeneous varieties to the case where the acting group is affine. Finally, Brion presents a simple proof of an important result due to Sancho de Salas: any complete homogeneous variety X decomposes uniquely into a product A×Y , where A is an abelian variety, and Y is a rational homogeneous variety. Moreover, we have the decomposition of connected automorphism groups Aut0(X) = A×Aut0(Y ), and Aut0(Y ) is semi-simple of adjoint type. This is an algebraic analogue of the Borel-Remmert structure theorem for compact homogeneous Kähler manifolds. The chapter by Broer concerns rings of invariants of a finite group in arbitrary characteristic and the question of when such an invariant ring is a polynomial ring. The well-known theorem, due to Shephard and Todd and independently Chevalley, says that in the non-modular case (when the characteristic of the field F does not divide |G|) the ring of invariants F[V ]G is a polynomial ring if and only if the action


. The paper presents a digital background estimator of timing mismatches in time-interleaved ADCs. The presented solution is based on the correlation between samples from adjacent channels and, compared to similar solutions known from the literature, requires fewer multiplication. The operation of the estimator has been verified in numerous simulations. ( A computationally efficient, correlation-based background estimator of timing mismatches in time-interleaved ADCs )


Current study was designed to focus on the proximate, phytochemical and nutrient composition in addition to antioxidant properties of five selected vegetables viz Ipomoea batatas, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Daucus carota, Solanum Melongena and Brassica rapa rapa that are locally available and readily consumed in Pakistan. Nutritional analysis revealed that all the edibles were rich sources of crude protein, carbohydrate, fat and dietary fiber. Micro and macro minerals analysis also exhibited the significant presence of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P. Preliminary phytochemical screening unveiled the extraordinary incidence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids that was also proved by quantitative analysis. The biological assays bared a considerable antioxidant potential of selected green materials. Among vegetables, Trigonella foenum-graecum was proved to be superior while Brassica rapa rapa was considered to be inferior for phenolics and flavonoids content. Trigonella foenum-graecum also presented significant antioxidant activity with maximum reduction capacity and also having least IC50 as a result of inhibition of free radical scavenging by DPPH method. In contrast to α-amylase, a significantly higher inhibition towards α-glucosidase was shown by the selected samples; an impending remedial approach connected to postprandial hyperglycemia. In this scenario, the results of this study suggests that all the selected green materials have very good medicinal potentials, meet the standard requirements for drug formulation and serve as good sources of energy and nutrients. The outcomes of current work also revealed that plant derived foods enriched with phyto-protectants are effective to tailor specific healthy diet for the target population.


The Internet is fast becoming an important product and service information source. Consumers are using the medium for gathering information on products and services. The Internet has unique characteristics, which makes it a powerful medium for communication. However, what is the perception of the product and service information on the Internet? This study aims to contribute to an understanding of consumers' perception of product and service information on the Internet. The research is exploratory in nature. Consumers' perceptions towards the Internet as a product and service information source were measured along a construct relating to perceptions towards the Internet information. A self-administered questionnaire was employed to capture the perceptions of 300 participants. Descriptive statistics and multivariate techniques, including Factor Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and Cluster Analysis, were used in the data analysis. The stlldy found interesting differences in the perceptions held by participants on the product and service information on the Internet. The findings suggest that participants have highly positive perceptions on the wide coverage, currency, relevancy, and depth of product and service information on the Internet. They also have moderately positive perceptions on the credentials of the information providers as being knowledgeable, qualified and experts. However, on the most important evaluative criteria of trustworthiness (fairness, honesty and unbiasness) of the information on the Internet, participants have weak and less positive perceptions.


Aim: To investigate the effects of implanting allograft bone marrow mononuclear cells(BM-MNCs)in the area of acute myocardial infarction on rat cardiac myocyte apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-associated genes.Methods:Twenty four male healthy Wistar rats were divided into two groups at random:control group(AMI+medium,n=12)and transplantation group(AMI+BM-MNCs,n=12).As soon as the descending anterior branch of left coronary artery was ligated, the medium alone was injected into the peri-infarct area of control group and the medium with BM-MNCs labeled with BrdU were injected into the peri-infarct area of transplantation group. Four weeks later,the changes of left ventricular morphology and cardiac function were evaluated by echocardiography. Apoptotic cells and the expression of Bcl-2, Fas and FasL were detected using TUNEL and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Histomorphologic characteristics of BM-MNCs implanted in peri-infarct areas were observed. Results: Four weeks later, the left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVEDs) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVEDd)in transplantation group were lower than those in control group ( P 0.01)and the left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)and left ventricular fractional shortening(LVFS) were higher than those in control group (P0.01). Compared with the control group, the myocyte apoptotic index(AI) and the expression of Fas and FasL decreased significantly(P0.05) and the expression of Bcl-2 increased significantly in the transplantation group (P0.05). The BM-MNCs labeled with BrdU had been observed around the injected region through immunohistochemical examination. Conclusion: Allograft BM-MNCs can inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2,Fas and FasL and improve ventricular remodeling and cardiac function.


I briefly review the Higgs sector in the Standard Model. After summarizing the properties of the Higgs boson, I will discuss the prospects for discovering this particle at the present colliders LEP2 and Tevatron and at the next generation colliders LHC and a high-energy $e^+e^-$ linear collider. The possibilities of studying the properties of the Higgs particle will be then summarized. [Contribution to the European Network Workshop "Tests of the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking}, Ouranoupolis, Greece, May 1997.]


Recent trends in hardware have dramatically dropped the price of RAM and shifted focus from systems operating on disk-resident data to in-memory solutions. In this environment high memory access latency, also known as memory wall, becomes the biggest data processing bottleneck. Traditional CPU-based architectures solved this problem by introducing large cache hierarchies. However algorithms which experience poor locality can limit the benefits of caching. In turn, hardware multithreading provides a generic solution that does not rely on algorithm-specific locality properties.
 In this paper we present an FPGA-accelerated implementation of in-memory group-by hash aggregation. Our design relies on hardware multithreading to efficiently mask long memory access latency by implementing a custom operation datapath on FPGA. We propose using CAMs (Content Addressable Memories) as a mechanism of synchronization and local pre-aggregation. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work, which uses CAMs as a synchronizing cache. We evaluate aggregation throughput against the state-of-the-art multithreaded software implementations and demonstrate that the FPGA-accelerated approach significantly outperforms them on large grouping key cardinalities and yields speedup up to 10x.


The materials industry has yet to involve itself with the implementation of the new ISO standard for the exchange of product data. This, the second in the series on manging materials information puts forward the strategic benefits of getting in on the act


Previous studies showed that linguistic information contained in source code is a valuable source of information and can help to improve program comprehension. The proposed research focuses on improving the quality of source code by studying common negative practices with respect to linguistic information. The definition of the so called linguistic antipatterns are expected to increase the awareness of the existence of such bad practices and to discourage their use. We also propose to study the relation between negative practices in linguistic information (i.e., linguistic antipatterns) and negative practices in structural information (i.e., design antipatterns). We discuss the proposed methodology and some preliminary results.


By questionnaire survey, the writers investigated the application of compressed straw fuel in Shuangmiao Village, Nan yang City in Henan Province. From the information obtained, effects of compressed straw fuel on farmers were analyzed. It was concluded that compressed straw fuel took the place of straw as well as coal. Switching to compressed straw fuel not only contributed to farmers' health and quality of life, but also benefited rural energy structure and the environment. We expect that the use of compressed straw fuel will play a more important role in the further improvement of life in China's rural areas.


This prestige study surveyed full-time faculty of American Library Association (ALA)–accredited programs in library and information studies regarding library and information science (LIS) journals. Faculty were asked to rate a list of eighty-nine LIS journals on a scale from 1 to 5 based on each journal's importance to their research and teaching. Mean and mode calculations were used to rank results. Additionally, LIS faculty were asked to list the five most prestigious journals to be published in for tenure and promotion purposes at their institution. Several journals were rated highly by each method. LIS faculty ratings of LIS journals are useful for assessing journal quality not only for decisions regarding collection management but for tenure and promotion as well.


We present the first simulation of the effect of Z‐mode waves on the outer radiation belt electron dynamics. We calculate bounce‐averaged diffusion rates in pitch angle and momentum and then use them as inputs to solve a 2‐D momentum‐pitch angle diffusion equation. Numerical results show that the phase space density (PSD) of 1 MeV electrons can enhance substantially and very rapidly (e.g., 30 minutes). In particular, the momentum diffusion rate exceeds the pitch angle and cross diffusion rates at 0.5 MeV and above, a behavior completely different from that for EMIC and chorus waves. Consequently, momentum (instead of pitch angle or cross) diffusion plays a dominant role in the dynamic evolution of energetic electrons. Moreover, the PSD evolution is found to be very dependent upon the assumed initial particle distributions. These results provide further insights on the interplay between acceleration mechanisms of outer radiation belt electrons.


The song is praising education and encouraging children to continue studying. It is performed at school functions like the inter schools festivals, Music Dance and Drama competitions among others.


This thesis is an attempt to characterize the utterances in conversation. Following the principles of Sinclair & Caulthard (1975), it proposes a descriptive framework which is based on the concepts of 'class', 'structure' and 'system'.

Chapter One argues against the position that utterances are multi-functional and the illocutionary forces they carry are largely indeterminate, hence they are not describable in categorial terms. It points out that such a position is a misconception arising from the lack of consistent criteria when characterizing utterances. It then examines studies in three major areas which would give insight to the setting up of a descriptive framework: speech act theory, conversational analysis and discourse analysis.

Chapter Two gives an overall account of the descriptive framework. Its basic theoretical assumption is that conversation is describable in terms of a hierarchical rank scale, consisting of acts, moves, exchanges, sequences and transactions. Utterances are characterized as different primary classes of acts according to which element of structure of an exchange they operate at . Three primary classes are identified: those operating at the head of an Initiating Move are Initiating Acts, those operating at the head of a Responding Move are Responding Acts and those operating at the head o:f a Follow-up Move are Follow-up Acts. For each primary class, subclasses are identified according to their predictive assessment of what follows. The choices of subclasses which are available at each element of structure are presented in the form of a system.

Chapters Three to Six discuss the four subclasses of Initiating Act, Elicitations, Requestives, Directives and Informatives respectively. Chapter Seven discusses Responding Act and its subclasses; and Chapter Eight discusses Follow-up Act and its subclasses.

In Chapter Nine, the entire descriptive framework is applied to a piece of conversation. Its merits and limitations are discussed.


The chlorophyll meter is a simple, non destructive and portable tool that could be used to measure the greenness or relative chlorophyll and nitrogen contents in leaves during different developmental stages for efficient nutrient management. In this study, we tried to correlate SPAD index with chlorophyll (chl)/nitrogen(N) content in leaves of bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L., PBW 509) and durum wheat (Triticum durum L. PDW 233), and to find the variable (chl concentration i.e. μg Chl g tissue, content i.e. μg Chl cm 2 tissue or N content) that could be best estimated with chlorophyll meter.The leaf samples collected from four different fields varying in N and manganese fertility levels, exhibited a wide range of SPAD index (26-47).The linear model was best fitted to describe the relationship of these variables with SPAD index and it was found to be the best measure of chl concentration (R= 0.59) as compared to chl content (R= 0.49) and nitrogen content (R= 0.37). The correlations improved when separate calibration curves were plotted for cultivar and field. SPAD index explained 70, 87 and 71% of variation in chl concentration, chl content and N content, respectively, at field 3 from pooled data of the two cultivars and the corresponding values of variables were 94, 93 and 91% for PBW 509 and 87, 83 and 91% for PDW 233 from pooled data of four fields. The chlorophyll meter can be used with caution to develop separate calibration curves for particular cultivar, field, hybrid and treatments to develop standards for interpretations and efficient fertilizer management.


The task of natural language inference (NLI) asks whether a given premise (expressed in NL) entails a given NL hypothesis. NLI benchmarks contain human ratings of entailment, but the meaning relationships driving these ratings are not formalized. Can the underlying sentence pair relationships be made more explicit in an interpretable yet robust fashion? We compare semantic structures to represent premise and hypothesis, including sets of *contextualized embeddings* and *semantic graphs* (Abstract Meaning Representations), and measure whether the hypothesis is a semantic substructure of the premise, utilizing interpretable metrics. Our evaluation on three English benchmarks finds value in both contextualized embeddings and semantic graphs; moreover, they provide complementary signals, and can be leveraged together in a hybrid model.


Objective To analyze the correlation between the syndromes of diabetes mellitus accompanied with lower limb vascular lesion and blood stasis. Methods 198 type 2 diabetics were divided into 3 types of syndromes differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine: deficiency of qi and blood combined with cold accumulation,dampness-heat blockage,spleen and kidney yang deficiency. All the people's syndrome integral of blood stasis,blood lipid,hemorheology and course of disease were detected to analyze the degree of blood stasis. Results Blood stasis goes through the whole progress of diabetes mellitus accompanied with lower limb vascular lesion,but the degree of blood stasis differs among patients with different types of syndromes. Patients with spleen and kidney yang deficiency syndrome are the most serious, while patients with deficiency of qi and blood combined with cold accumulation are the least serious. There are positively correlated relationship between the course of disease and the degree of blood stasis. The longer the course is,the more serious the degree of blood stasis is. The more serious the blood stasis is,the more abnormal both the blood Lipid and hemorheology. Conclusion Promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis is very important while treating diabetes mellitus accompanied with lower limb vascular lesion.


Abstract : Formed concrete cylinders, cylinders cored from concrete slabs, and formed concrete beams were cured and tested to investigate the usefulness of the splitting tensile test in determining the flexural strength of portland cement concrete pavements. Three length-to-diameter ratios of cylinders, three types of bearing pads, and cylinders with and without reinforcing wire were investigated in this study. Test data analysis established that the length-to-diameter ratio which should be used is two (2) and defined an equation for converting splitting tensile strength to flexural strength. Data showed that test results from either formed or cored specimens could be used to indicate flexural strength, that the presence of wire reinforcement had little effect on results, and that the type of bearing pad was of little consequence. (Author)


Abstract : A new type Fabry-Perot interferometer with metallic film diffraction mirrors mounted on thin dielectric plates has been developed. Measurement of the resolving power (figure of merit) of the interferometer was measured at wavelengths of 8 and 4 mm. Dependence of the resolving power on the ratio of the diameter of the reflectors to wavelength as well as on the transmission coefficient of the reflectors was demonstrated. Values of the transmission coefficient of the interferometer as a function of the transmission coefficient of the reflector were measured. (Author)


Wedescribe models fortheolfactory bulb which perform separation anddecomposition ofmixed odor inputs fromdifferent sources. Theodors areunknown tothe system; hence this isananalog andextension oftheengneering problem ofblind separatofsignals. Theseparation process makesuseofthedierent temporal fluctuations oftheInput odors which occurunder natural onditis. Wediscuss two possibilities, onerelying onaspecific architecconnect modules with thesamesensory inputs andtheother a ig that themodules (e.g., hoerul) have different rpe ilds inodorspace. Wecompare theImplications these models for thetesting ofmixed odors ftomasingle source. Section 1.Introduction Theolfactory system ismostsuitable fortheapplication and development ofneural network models. Thissystem is knowntobeoneofthephylogenetically oldest neural sys- temsinmammals. Itsarchitecture seemstoberelatively simple, yetits detailed functional behavior isstill anopenand challenging problem (1). Candidate membrane receptors forodormolecules were recently identified (2). Theyactivate theolfactory sensory neurons which, inallspecies, project directly toglomeruli. Thelatter (3)compress theincoming information andform thefirst encoding stage intheolfactory pathway. Theglo- meruli, together withexcitatory mitral/tufted cells andin- hibitory interneurons, belong totheolfactory bulb. The processing ofinformation within thebulb takes place mainly viadendrodendritic interactions. Theoutput iscarried by mitral/tufted neurons tocentral regions ofthebrain. Wewill beconcerned with thefirst computational stages ofthebulb, performing ananalysis oftheincoming information. We


Within the past decade, evaluative research has achieved an established and well-regarded place within the repertoire of social work inquiry. Although increasingly wide-ranging and methodologically sophisticated, social work evaluation still has to contend with important challenges. These include taking greater account of the several audiences of research, namely, service users, practitioners, and policy makers; developing, through a variety of research methods, the range and quality of evidence of impact; and drawing research, policy, and practice into closer union. To reach its full potential, social work research must focus both on individuals and their social worlds and must therefore be firmly rooted in the social sciences.