Zhongzhong 868 hybrid grow period expect for 128 days,need≥10 ℃ accumulate 2700 ℃,belong to middle and late hybrid,have high produce,steady yield,more resistances and other good traits,adjust to Jilin province,Heilongjiang province,Inner Mongolia municipality,Liaoning province and so on.Its appropriate planting density is 42000~45000 stubs/hm2.While breeding the hybrid,female and half of the male originally can be sew at the same time,the other half of the male originally can be sew when female has been brouht out,which rate is 1:4.


SUMMARY We examine data from a study of the effects of prenatal exposure to elevated levels of cadmium and zinc on mortality and physical malformation rates of hamster fetuses. As is common in teratology studies, extraneous variation relative to Poisson and multinomial models arises from examining more than one fetus for each treated female. We establish asymptotic normal properties of a one-step Gauss-Newton estimator of the parameters of any sufficiently smooth function that links the expectation of each observed vector of counts to a finite set of covariates, when the data exhibit either overdispersion or underdispersion. The asymptotic properties of this estimator rely on the existence of the first two moments of the observation vectors and on the consistency of initial estimators for parameters in the link function and for any additional parameters used to model extraneous variation. Various patterns of extraneous variation are accommodated by simultaneously adjusting different components of variation. Applications to logistic regression models for multicategory responses with extramultinomial variation are explicitly considered.


This article discusses the actual and potential impact of helicopter travel on urban mobility. Vertical flight has long promised a world of unhindered mobility, especially due to the versatility of the helicopter as a means of transportation. Some of the major utopias of mobility in the modern age have centred on the various capabilities of vertical flight, especially with regards to dense urban spaces. In this article I briefly uncover this modern desire for door‐to‐door air travel and situate contemporary uses of the helicopter in relation to historical fantasies of vertical flight. I then analyse a distinctive phenomenon in the contemporary world of vertical flight: the rise of helicopter travel in São Paulo, Brazil. By focusing on the various infrastructures that enable urban air travel and the needs and uses for helicopters in a major global city, this article investigates a relatively unknown but very significant development in contemporary urban mobility. The article also suggests a conceptual framework for understanding the emergence and effects of urban air travel in São Paulo, therefore seeking to contribute to developing theories of mobilities.


Introduction Morbid obesity (BMI>40) is a significant risk factor for complications following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). As such many have a restrictive practice of withholding elective primar...


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Because high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils possess low-resistivity, large-current-carrying, and state transition characteristics, the design of HTS transformers is much different from that of conventional ones. The general design of 10.5-kV/1250-kVA HTS transformer is given first. In the electromagnetic design of the 1250-kVA HTS transformer windings via field-circuit coupling simulation, the influence of leakage magnetic field on the critical current of tapes and the circulating current of parallel branches was considered. Moreover, the transient stability of transformer windings combined with superconducting fault current limiter in the HTS power substation is discussed. Based on electromagnetic analysis, the primary and the secondary windings are constructed, and a special transposed method for double pancakes wound with four parallel tapes is proposed. Finally, the current-carrying ability of the primary and the secondary windings is tested in 77 K. Their critical currents are higher than 200 and 3200 A, respectively, which is enough in rated operating condition.


A temporal constraint management system (TCMS) is a temporal network together with algorithms for managing the constraints in that network over time. This paper presents a practical TCMS, called MYSYSTEM, that efficiently handles the propagation of the kinds of temporal constraints commonly found in real-time applications, while providing constant-time access to "all-pairs, shortest-path" information that is extremely useful in many applications. The temporal network in MYSYSTEM includes special time-points for dealing with the passage of time and eliminating the need for certain common forms of constraint propagation. The constraint propagation algorithm in MYSYSTEM maintains a restricted set of entries in the associated all-pairs, shortest-path matrix by incrementally propagating changes to the network either from adding a new constraint or strengthening, weakening or deleting an existing constraint. The paper presents empirical evidence to support the claim that MYSYSTEM is scalable to real-time planning, scheduling and acting applications.


Objectives:  To evaluate the bladder function of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients by using video H2O cystometry (CM) before renal transplantation (RTx).


(TYPE=abstract) An essential part of
our research activities concerns a better
understanding of heterogeneous catalysis on the microscopic scale
by surface-chemical modeling, i.e., by using metal single-crystal
surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. This includes
studies of the energetics of the chemisorption process as well as
of adsorption and desorption kinetics of simple gases (hydrogen and
carbon monoxide, in particular) and simple surface reactions. An
important prerequisite here is the determination of the surface
geometry and electronic structure and their change upon adsorption
and surface reaction. By means of appropriate surface-analytical
techniques (LEED, AES, ESCA, TPD, HREELS, work function
(.DELTA..phi.) measurements, inverse photoemission as well as
angle-resolved UV photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge
X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) experiments at the synchrotron
facility BESSY among others bond lengths, bond angles and bond energies,
molecular configurations and vibrations at surfaces, electronic band
dispersions are examined in order to reach a correlation between
microscopic surface interaction patterns and macroscopic reaction rates.
Non-linear reaction phenomena are presently being studied with
the catalytic CO oxidation over various Pt metal surfaces using
reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, PEEM and .DELTA..phi.
measurements. Furthermore, by using electron microscopic techniques
(scanning tunneling and photoelectron emission microscopy) the
morphology and growth of thin metal films is being investigated with
emphasis on surface alloying. The ultimate goal here is the tailoring
of catalytically especially active and selective bimetallic model
catalyst surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy.


Piccolo tubes are parts of aircraft wings anti-icing system and consist of titanium pipes inserted into the internal structure of the slat. Due to thermal expansion, clearances between the tube and its support are unavoidable, and cause the overall system to exhibit highly nonlinear behaviour, resulting from impacts and friction. This paper aims the complete nonlinear vibration analysis of an aircraft Piccolo tube, from measurements and identification to a thorough understanding of the dynamics and improvements of the design.


We investigate the effect of ion bombardment on the structure and surface mor-phology of polycrystalline Ti (purity of 99.5 %) and nanocrystalline Ti-SS (stainlesssteel) films deposited by DC magnetron sputter ion plating (MSIP) process. The de-velopment of the structure and surface roughness with increasing negative substratebias U


Qualitative researches on the relationship between administrative monopoly and economic efficiency are relatively abundant,but quantitative analysis achievements are inadequate.Taking Chinese railway transport industry for an example,separately use the formula of HHI and method of DEA to measure its market concentration ratio and production efficiency and then do an empirical analysis on the relationship between them.The result of the examination shows that the negative impact of administrative monopoly on production efficiency is inconspicuous in the short term,but it impedes the improvement of production efficiency in the long term.


The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphates on the pasting properties of rice flour. Taisen 2 and Taisen waxy 2 (TSW2) were selected as rice material. Different phosphates including sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium trimetaphosphate were added to the rice flour at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% (w/w, dry basis) levels and cooked in Rapid Visco Analyser at 95C for 12.5 min. Results showed that the addition of the phosphates significantly (P < 0.05) changed pasting properties that relate to the native rice flour. Addition of phosphates significantly (P < 0.05) decreased overall viscosities (except for breakdown) of the non-waxy rice flour compared with those of the control. Hardness and adhesiveness of the non-waxy rice flour gel was also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with addition of the phosphates. For waxy rice flour, TSW2 showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in overall viscosity parameters compared with the control due to addition of phosphates. The texture of waxy and non-waxy rice flour gel was different with the addition of phosphates.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Rice flour is widely used in the rice food industry. Phosphates are widely used in traditional rice products, i.e., rice noodle, rice vermicelli and bamboo-leaves-wrapped alkaline waxy rice dumpling (alkaline tsong-tsu) to improve pasting properties and texture of these products. The use of phosphates in tsong-tsu has replaced the illegal uses of borax for the improvement of pasting properties and texture of the product. Rice flour is usually used along with other ingredients such as salts, sugar, lipids, emulsifiers and phosphates. The presence of phosphates may cause interactions with other food ingredients and influence the rice flour pasting properties and rice product texture differently. Because very little information on this area is available, the effects of phosphates on the pasting behaviors and texture of rice flour need to be examined. Such investigations are of importance to rice food industries and especially to the rice consuming peoples.


A pattern recognition-based methodology is presented for fault diagnosis of a single-variate and dynamic system. A group of wavelet coordinates discriminating the classes of events most efficiently among other wavelet coordinates are determined according to the linear discriminant basis (LDB) method and a principal component analysis (PCA) technique. The proposed feature extractor couples the LDB method with the double wavelet packet tree in order to determine the best configuration of pattern windows causing the most discrimination among classes. The lifting scheme-based wavelet filters are used so that the required computation time is reduced significantly without degrading the robustness of the method. To reduce the size of the feature space, the wavelet coordinates are projected into a new low-dimensional space, by using a PCA technique, where minimum correlation exists among the new space variables. The tuning of some parameters, which affect the performance of the approach, is also discussed. The feature classifier is a binary decision tree that employs a soft-thresholding scheme for recognition of a noisy input pattern. The performance of the proposed technique is examined by a classification benchmark problem, and the faults classification problems for the Tennessee Eastman process. It is observed that the proposed pattern recognition methodology succeeds satisfactorily to classify the noisy input pattern into the known classes of events.


During the past few years a number of interesting species of Myxomycetes have come to my attention. They are principally the result of my own collecting, but in some cases they are gatherings submitted to me through the courtesy of other collectors. In the former case most of the gatherings were made in Colorado, and add considerably to the already rich list of Myxomycetes recorded from that locality. As usual, I am greatly indebted to the expert judgment of Miss G. Lister and Professor T. H. Macbride, to whom have been submitted the more critical specimens included in the following list.


We study the error rate of quantum key distribution (QKD) through noisy quantum channel, and we get the relationship between the quantum bit error rate (QBER) a nd the fidelity of the noisy channel. Basing on the local distinguishing princip le, we propose a scheme of QKD through the symmetric noisy quantum channel that can get secret keys without errors as using the maximally entangled states (the four Bell states) through pure quantum channel.


Gradient PZT ceramics with a series of PbZrxTi1-xO3 solid solutions in a single ceramic body were prepared by sintering a green compact composed of two different PZT layers in contact with each other. The composition of PbZrxTi1-xO3 solid solution varied continuously with the distance from the interface. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the gradient PZT ceramics yielded the value of an intermediate composition between two single-phase PZT ceramics on both sides or the value of either of them.


Abstract.  A joint dynamic model for the interdependence between infection, immunity and risk of disease is presented. Recurrent latent infections are modelled as realizations from a renewal process and antibody dynamics as a diffusion with a decreasing drift modified by the stimulating effect of the random infections. The augmented submodels are estimated simultaneously in one large Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. As an example, we consider the risk of recurrent ear infections when having only partially observed information on bacterial carriage and antibody concentrations.


Abstract : The Assistant Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Manpower and Personnel (N1B) requested that CNA analyze the Navy's compensation system in view of current recruiting and manning shortfalls and anticipated future changes in the Navy's workforce. This study will help the Navy implement an effective, market-based compensation system that will give it the ability to attract, retain, and motivate a high-quality workforce in a competitive, dynamic labor market. The intent is to take a strategic look at Navy compensation policy and practices. The starting point is to consider what the Navy wants to accomplish with its compensation system. What goals, in terms of managing human resources, can be met through compensation policies and practices? We consider human resources management system approaches, as well as approaches suggested by economics literature, and arrive at a succinct set of strategic goals.


The objective of this paper is to determine the plastic limit moment for cylindrical vessels with a nozzle under in-plane moment loading. Three full scale test models with different dl D ratios were fabricated for the experiment. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis was also performed. The plastic limit moment of the cylindrical vessel-nozzle connections was determined approximately by the twice-elastic-slope criterion. The results indicate that the plastic limit moments obtained by the experiment and finite element analysis are in good agreement. On the basis of the above results, a parametric analysis of the plastic limit moment for cylindrical vessels under in-plane moment on the nozzle was carried out, and an empirical formula is proposed. The results can serve as a supplement to the available data of plastic limit load for cylindrical vessel-nozzle connection structures under external load.


Excellent properties offered by nano titanium carbide particles are exploited as a reinforcement to the 8090 AL alloy matrix. The effects of titanium carbide volume fraction, normal load, sliding distance and sliding speed on the wear performance of stir cast metal matrix composites were studied using a pin-on-disc tribometer. 8090 Al alloy–nano titanium carbide composites show higher wear resistance. High surface area of nano titanium carbide particles embedded in 8090 Al alloy matrix exhibited high adherent titanium carbide tribo-layer at the contact surface. Formed titanium carbide layer reduces the sub-surface deformation of the composite by way of reduced frictional force.


Tail lengths of live J2 were measured in two, three, and eight populations of Tylenchulus graminis, T. palustris and female T. semipenetrans, respectively. Except for one population of T. palustris from Costa Rica and two populations of female T. semipenetrans from Italy, all other populations were from Florida, U.S.A. Ranges in tail length values were 59.5-72.5, 42.0-54.0, and 55.0-70.0 m for T. graminis, T. palustris, and female T. semipenetrans J2, respectively. The canonical discriminant analysis for this character allows the separation of T. palustris J2 from T. graminis and female T. semipenetrans J2, which did not differ. The nearly hyaline portion of the posterior body without fat globules 2 m diam was measured in selected populations of T. graminis, T. palustris, and female T semipenetrans J2 from Florida. The ranges in values for this class of measurements were 59.0-75.0, 24.5-59.0, and 35.0-60.0 m for each of the three species, respectively. Another class of measurements


ABSTRACT Several of the world's largest open-pit mines are expected to consider making a transition to underground mining because of the opportunity to access an increased amount of reserves and extend a mine's life. A case study exploring the optimal transition depth from open pit to underground mining at AngloGold Ashanti's Geita gold mine in Tanzania is presented herein. The approach considered assesses the problem by evaluating the profits of a set of candidate transition depths, which have been identified by the mining operation as viable opportunities. An accurate valuation for each candidate's transition depth is derived by producing yearly mine plans based on uncertainty, which outline expected yearly cash flows. Compared with the conventional deterministic approach, the results of this study show a 23% net present value increase for the stochastic mine plans, as well as an improved production performance and the ability to meet mill requirements throughout the life-of-mine.


Controller tool for over head projector (OHP) there is electronic instrument where used to control OHP displaying. Without manually ways. With that toolst we can controlling OHP on a distance between 5 to 8 meter this circuis used infrared censor as media to send data signal. Light Emiting Dioda (LED) infrared and fototransistor are electronic component for a light application. Where Led inframerah as infrared of source and fototransistor purposed as receiver. All remote control use the transmition infrared signal on modulate carrier signal with a curtain frequency the curtain frequency between 30KHz til 50KHz. The signal transmition by the transmitter will accep by infrared receiver and will decode to be a binery data package on infrared transmition, they have two terminology where is very important that is 'space' where exlplain no carrier signal and 'pulse' have carrier signal.The oscillator design are crystal oscillator to make 455 KHz with output shift code signal. This circuit design to used IC TC9149 and receiver circuit used IC TC9148. Transistor C828 use to control the motor polarity and relay, until we give trigger that transistor will work like a electric switch to cut off and and connected the load to electricity source. Keyword : inframerah, photo transistor Jurnal Terkait :   http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/32/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2004-dinohariad-1573-Pendahul-n.pdf


Background: Control of postoperative paint is one of the most important clinical problem which can present several complications in different organ systems especially cardiovascular and respiratory system. Objective: To compare the effect of intranasal morphine and intravenous morphine on postoperative pain in inguinal herniorrhaphy. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 60 patients who schaduled for inguinal herniorrhaphy at shahid Rajaee hospital in Qazvin during 2001. Patients were divided into two equal groups. In order to control of post operative pain, one group received 4mg intravenous morphine and another group received 4mg intranasally. About 4 hours after operation, patients were investigated for incidence of postoperative pain. Then gathered data were analyzed statistically with comparing the proportion of two groups tests. Findings: During four hours after operation, 73% of patients in intravenous morphine group and 40% in intranasal morphine group needed for second dose of drug. Thus there was significant statistical difference between two groups (P<0.05). In intravascular group, complications such as nausea, vomiting, pruritis and respiratory depression did not occur in any patients but in intranasal group, two patients developed mild nausea which there was no significant statistical difference between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Intranasal morphine decreases post operative pain more than intravenous morphine.


The term "epigenetics" has evolved substantially. Historically, it was used to describe events that could not be explained by genetic principles. Now, epigenetics can be broadly thought of as the link between genotype and phenotype. Epigenetics changes the final product of a locus or chromosome without changing the underlying DNA sequence.1-3 Research, as of 2017, focuses on the study of covalent and noncovalent modifications of DNA and histone proteins, and how these modifications influence the structure of chromatin. DNA methylation provides a stable, heritable, and critical component of epigenetic regulation. Almost all DNA methylation in mammals occurs on cytosine residues of CpG dinucleotides.1 DNA methylation also partly mediates the formation of heterochromatin and plays a role in many cellular processes, including sequence silencing, the inactivation of X chromosomes, and imprinting.4


Aiming at the data security problems existed in Center for Drug Evaluation,China Food and Drug Administration,the paper puts forward constructing drug evaluation business centered network security architecture.At the same time data transmission security,local protection and remote disaster recovery should also be strengthened.


Objective:To developed a method for determination of chloramphenicol alcoholic solution.Methods:HPLC method was carried out on a ZORBAX 80A Extend-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm) with UV detection at 278 nm.The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% sodium heptanesulfonate(25:75) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The column temperture was 35℃and the inject volumes was 10μL.The content of chloramphenicol was calculated by external standardization method.Results:There was a good lin- ear relationship for chloramphenicol within the range of 24.74~247.4μg/mL(r=0.999 9).The average recovery was 99.28% and RSD was 0.27% (n=9).Conclusion:TThe method is simple,specific and not interfered by excipients.It is accurate for quality control of chloramphenicol alcoholic solution.


OBJECTIVE
To study the effects of Radix Puerariae on immune response.

METHOD
Decoction of Radix Puerariae was administrated to mice (i.g.), and then sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and ovalbumin were used as antigens. Levels of anti-SRBC, anti-ovalbumin antibodies and serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) were determined.

RESULT
Levels of anti-SRBC, anti-ovalbumin antibodies were higher in experimental group than that in control group (P < 0.05), while concertrations of IL-2 showed no significant difference.

CONCLUSION
Decoction of Radix Puerariae can promote the formation of antibody.


"The mountains are like the bones of the earth. Water is its blood," wrote a Vietnamese geographer in 1820. Lowland Việt Nam is aquatic, but it is also multiregional and polyethnic. The country's three historic lowland regions are bounded by extensive uplands, all linked by interrelated landscapes, economies, and cultures. Throughout the plains, water plays a key role in the economy and communications. In the north and south, the Red River and the Mekong River form wide deltas and flow into the South China Sea. Linking the two deltas is the central region, many hundreds of miles of curving coastline, broken every twenty miles or so by river mouths and port towns.


This paper considers how car park owners and operators can help people with all types of mobility difficulties, who wish to park their vehicles on and off the street. Much of its detailed advice is drawn from publications by the Department of Transport and other bodies. As far as possible, parking bays should be located within easy walking distance of their destinations, and park-and-ride services should also cater for them. Some regulations for the provision and enforcement of parking bays are outlined. Bays should be designed so that drivers and passengers, who may be disabled, can enter and leave their cars easily and safely. Some recommended design features for on-street parking, pedestrianised areas, and off-street parking are summarised. Ramps, lifts and dropped kerbs should be provided where necessary. There should be appropriate signs to designated parking areas, and signs and markings in these areas. Some information and guidance is given in relation to the following types of parking equipment: (1) parking meters; (2) pay & display machines; (3) barrier controls; (4) pay-on- foot; and (5) other forms of control. For the covering abstract see IRRD 871940.


Abrasive water jet (AWJ) is widely useful for producing cutouts/holes in difficult-to-cut materials. However, in AWJ hole trepanning, due to the jet trailback, the diameter of the hole tends to increase with an increase in workpiece thickness and striation marks are observed at the exit side. This results in an inferior quality hole due to poor dimensional tolerances, leading to assembly problems. Therefore, to obtain superior quality holes by AWJ trepanning, optimum selection of process parameters is absolutely critical. This paper embodies a Taguchi method based experimental investigation for finding the optimum parameter settings in AWJ hole trepanning of 6 mm thick Kevlar-epoxy composites, mainly used for anti-ballistic applications. Kerf taper and surface roughness has been chosen as the quality characteristics and four major operating parameters have been considered for experimentation. Visualisation studies using SEM and optical microscope have also been conducted for investigation of delamination induced during AWJ trepanning.


Based on a combination of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), which could respond to an external temperature, and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which could form a molecular inclusion complex, a novel hydrogel, having both thermal and pH sensitivities and containing β-CD and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) segments, was synthesized. For the incorporation of β-CD into the polymer network, a macromonomer was prepared first by the reaction of a β-CD-based polymer with maleic anhydride in dimethylformamide and then by copolymerization with NIPA in an aqueous solution. Elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and swelling measurements were employed for the characterization of the hydrogel chain structure and its physical properties. With methyl orange as a model compound in inclusion tests, it was found that the hydrogel not only possessed a remarkable supramolecular inclusion ability (with respect to that of the small molecule cyclodextrin) but also could sensitively respond to various external stimuli, including the temperature, pH, and ionic strength. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 361–367, 2003


The article aims at lexical categorization of somatic phrasal verbs with the verbal components back, hand and head on an appropriate conceptual basis. Contexts of reality relevant hereto have also been discussed.


The anti-crisis policy of the EU and EU members has been analyzed in order to reduce the negative effects of the contemporary global crisis on the labor markets. This is a monitoring of the scale of the crisis on the quantity and quality parameters of the labor markets in the European countries and in Bulgaria with comments on the effects of the short-term policies to overcome the initial crisis shocks. The palliative nature of these policies and the necessity of up-to-date transition to structured-based policies are underlined. The mix of short-term anti-crisis measures and the fundamental structural changes in the labor market is the successful strategy to restructure the labor markets, in order to achieve a higher labor productivity, higher competitiveness and more dynamic economic growth.


HORN, BJ, R ZONDERVAN, G SHAFER-CRANE, E HORNBACH. Prevention of tendon subluxation in Dequervain's tenosynovitis release using retinacular repair. Spartan Med. Res. J. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-14, 2016. This study compared the incidence of tendon subluxation in patients of a single surgeon undergoing Dequervain's release with and without retinacular repair. The study reviewed 31 patients that underwent standard Dequervain's release without retinacular repair and 49 that underwent Dequervain's release with retinacular repair. Each subject's functional status was assessed using the Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation. Subjects were compared against age, gender, handedness, tendon subluxation, return to work duration, and surgical laterality. Tendon subluxation is an infrequent complication affecting patients undergoing Dequervain's release. This complication has a higher incidence in younger females and demonstrates no predilection for hand dominance. The efficacy of retinacular repair is suggested by good Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation outcome scores and should be considered as an adjunct to prevent tendon subluxation. This is a level 4 study.


Abstract Interchange of instructional materials between videotape and film assumes that materials will be equally effective in both media. This paper describes a direct comparison between three projection methods (front, rear and CCTV) using material originally designed for CCTV. Post‐test scores indicate that the amount students learnt varied with the projection method, rear projection being the most effective. The results are discussed in terms of the physical factors involved in viewing and the novelty value of the projection method.


Objectives: To examine trunk stability in unstable sitting posture in two different functional activities. Design: A randomized crossover design. Participants: Ten healthy subjects and ten patients suffering from MS. Interventions: A task in which the subjects had to keep their trunk as stable as possible was compared with tasks in which they had to track an object with the head or grasp an object. Main Outcome Measures: Mean sways and mean absolute angular speed in anteroposterior and mediolateral plane. Results: Sways in sagittal and frontal plane showed differences between patients and healthy subjects (sagittal plane, P<0.0001 and frontal plane, P< 0.002). Sway speed differentiated between the groups in both planes (P<0.0001). Differences between sway speed in different tasks were also detected (P<0.0001). Correlation coefficients between sitting balance scores and laboratory measures were low and not statistically significant. In the healthy subjects, instability in frontal plane was positively correlated with the subjects' weight and height. Conclusion: Both patients and healthy subjects had greater difficulty in the frontal plane; the speed of the oscillations discriminated better than sways between tasks and groups. Data collected showed impairment in the quiet sitting task in MS patients. Patients were more unstable than healthy subjects during head movements in the frontal plane; conversely arm movements produced larger sways, especially in the sagittal plane.


The Tutorial/Workbook was developed in conjunction with a set of 4 videotapes to convey the need and applicability of statistical quality control concepts to the shipbuilding industry. The workbook can be used alone or in conjunction with the videotapes which are available through the Audio Visual Material Available for Shipyard Training (AVMAST) catalog. Inquiries should be made to: Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. Attn: AVMAST Coordinator. The titles of the video tapes are: The Deming Philosophy of Modern Management; Statistical Control Charts; Statistical Techniques for Discrete Random Experiments; and, Statistical Techniques for Continuous Random Experiments. The ultimate objective of this workbook is to give those individuals who plan to use statistical methods in the shipbuilding industry a practical level of understanding of a widely used graphical technique called the statistical control chart. The authors of this workbook believe firmly that a sound level of understanding of the statistical control chart can be developed only after the student is exposed to an extensive introduction to basic concepts in statistical methods. For this reason the workbook is devoted almost entirely to basic concepts of statistical analysis. After the student develops an understanding of basic statistics, the control chart can then be understood without any difficulty as a straightforward application of statistical methods.


The knowledge accumulated over the last decade on B‐cell–derived non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (B‐NHL) pathogenesis has led to the identification of several molecular abnormalities, opening new perspectives in the design of novel therapies. Indeed, drugs targeting specific biochemical pathways critical for B‐NHL cell survival, proliferation, and fitness within the malignant microenvironment are now available to the clinician: the B‐cell receptor signaling inhibitors of BTK, PI3Kδ, ζ, γ, and SYK or the pro‐apoptotic BH3‐mimetics are clear examples of it. Moreover, it is emerging that malignant B‐cell growth is sustained not only by mutations in oncogenes/tumor suppressors but also by the "addiction" to nononcogene (ie, nonstructurally altered) molecules. In this regard, a consistent body of data has established that the Ser/Thr kinases CK1, CK2, and GSK3 are involved in malignant lymphocyte biology and act as pro‐survival and signaling‐boosting molecules, both in precursor and mature B‐cell tumors. Currently, an experimental and clinical groundwork is available, upon which to design CK1‐, CK2‐, and GSK3‐directed antilymphoma/leukemia therapies. In this review, we have examined the main features of CK1, CK2, and GSK3 kinases, summarized the data in B‐NHL supporting them as suitable therapeutic targets, and proposed a perspective on potential future research development.


Depleting fossil fuel reserves and the need for alternate clean fuel for future energy applications have catapulted hydrogen as one of the most promising sources of energy. Large scale hydrogen production is done by conventional hydrogen plants. The technology of hydrogen production is composed of two main components viz. reforming and purification. Both these processes require handling and storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen is a highly inflammable gas and is associated with wide flammability limits. Hence it is necessary to indentify the potential hazards associated with hydrogen handling and storage facilities. This paper brings out the emergency response planning for hydrogen storage facility based on safety assessment studies. Hazard ranking, identification and analysis have been carried out using appropriate tools. Consequence analysis has been carried out for various scenarios viz. rupture, leakage, etc. using Safeti Micro v6.4. Based on these studies protective, preventive and emergency measures have been identified and recommended. Keywords: Hydrogen, emergency response, hazard identification, consequence analysis


doi:10.1017/S0714980817000265 415 Nearly 10 years ago, the Alzheimer Society of Canada brought national attention to the rising challenge of dementia by publishing a landmark analysis entitled "Rising Tide: The Impact of Dementia on Canadian Society" (Alzheimer Society of Canada, 2010). The image was strong, and unfortunately also very accurate. The number of Canadians who will live with dementia will double by 2050. This number will have to be at least doubled, since for every person living with dementia there is at least one caregiver whose health and wellness is also affected by dementia. The magnitude of the challenge requires a major response from the research community in order to understand the causes of dementia, its treatment, and risk reduction strategies, and to ensure the best quality of life for those currently living with dementia. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research's (CIHR's) Dementia Research Strategy was introduced to foster this effort. The Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA), introduced in 2014, has now become the flagship research of this effort. As well, the recently published report by the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology (SOCI), along with Bill C-233 which received royal assent, are encouraging indicators that the effort might be re-energized as we see that the needs are even greater than initially imagined.


This is a systematic review of the concept of indistinguishability in both classical and quantum mechanics, with particular attention to Gibbs' paradox. Section 1 is on the Gibbs paradox; section 2 is a defense of the concept of classical indistinguishability, that addresses (and refutes) the view that classical particles can always be distinguished by their trajectories so are distinguishable. Section 3 is on the notion of object more generally, and on whether indistinguishables should be thought of as objects at all


To improve the efficiency of the main petroleum pipeline operation and planning of operating modes when using the method of changing the rotor speed, it is necessary to carefully evaluate and predict the efficiency of pumps depending on the rotor speed. Therefore, experimental research of the dependence of efficiency on the rotor speed is needed. Various modes were considered: from the current frequency of 50 Hz to 25 Hz. The results of the study show us that with a decrease of the rotor speed, there is also a decrease in efficiency, which is opposed to the theory of similarity. The obtained results indicate that during the operation and planning of work, it is necessary to take into account the efficiency of the pumps for the correct forecasting of energy costs.


Abstract Tubular vision, correepondmg in size and shape to the clinical symptom most commonly noted in hysterical amblyopia, was induced hypnotically in a trained subject. After confirmation of her contracted field of vision by ophthalmological examination, the subject waa systematically exposed to a variety of stimuli presented outside the tubular field. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.


This paper presents a wideband dual-port dual-circular-polarized antenna that operates at 2.45 GHz and 6 GHz for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer systems. The higher frequency band at 5 GHz – 7 GHz is designed for RF energy transmission, while the lower frequency band at 2.45 GHz is designed for wireless communication. The patch that operates at higher band is covered by a metasurface, in order to extend the bandwidth. The radiators that operate at higher and lower bands share the same aperture, and the radiator operating at lower frequency (the square patch) also acts as the ground of the radiator that operates at higher band (4-element patch array). The proposed antenna is implemented. In the measurement, 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth is found of 43% (from 4.7 to 7.3 GHz), and an isolation better than 45 dB is found at 2.45 GHz. The average gain exceeds 9.5 dBi from 5 GHz at 7GHz and 9 dBi at 2.45 GHz respectively.


Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in regulating cellular proliferation. Alterations to the Insulin-like growth factor system have been reported for different tumors. They are of particular interest in the search for new prognostic and therapeutic approaches to cancer treatment. This study aimed to investigate the expression of IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGF-I and IGF-II genes in leukemic cells from children with previously untreated acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).The expression of IGF-I and IGF-II genes as well as IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 genes were measured using TaqMan real-time PCR in 50 children (mean age 10.8±4.8 years). All four genes were expressed with a great variability. RNA samples were extracted from leukemic cells enriched by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient separation of bone marrow or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC). MNC samples from peripheral blood and bone marrow of healthy children were used as controls. The median expression of IGFBP-2 was 25 times higher in AML cells than in peripheral MNC (p<0.001) and 10 times higher in bone marrow of healthy children (p<0.01). Increased IGFBP-2 gene expression at time of diagnosis was associated with a poor prognosis and a shortened survival time. Leukemic cells of patients who remained in continuous complete remission during the follow up showed a significant decreased IGFBP-2 gene expression at time of diagnosis compared to patients who suffered from relapse (p=0.05).On the other hand, AML cells showed a significantly lower IGFBP-3 gene expression than controls. The median expression of IGFBP-3 was 30 times lower in AML cells than in peripheral MNC (p<0.001) and 20 times lower than in bone marrow of healthy children (p<0.001). No significant difference could be found in IGF-I and IGF-II expression between leukemic and normal cells. Leukemic cells from children with previously untreated AML express components of IGF system. Especially IGFBP-2 seems to play an important role. By this mechanism, IGFBP-2 promotes their own growth in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine manner. Whether these components will be useful as prognostic factors in stratification of AML treatment in children needs to be evaluated.


Since beginning its odor control program in 1999, Lafayette Utilities System (LUS) in Lafayette, Louisiana, has tested several pilot- and full-scale air treatment systems at its wastewater treatment plants and lift stations. This testing, involving such technologies as wet scrubbers, impregnated carbon, and iron sponges, typically has revealed short- and long-term system performance limitations, as well as inherent and site-specific operations and maintenance requirements. So, when LUS recently considered using biofiltration systems at its lift stations, the utility opted to examine performance, operations, and maintenance issues associated with such technologies for an extended time.


Information in the national economic construction, social development, national defense and scientific research and other fields increasingly important role, along with the further development of network technology and in-depth applications, security issues will continue to be given new content, this paper, the main threat to information security sources, and information security policies, network letter income security research status quo, and security products.


An image compression algorithm is presented that is suitable for transmitting a high-resolution (400 dot/in) black-and-white (two-tone) facsimile image over a packet network. The algorithm decomposes the image into nondroppable (essential) and droppable (supplementary) bits. The nondroppable bits describe the image at low resolution (200 dot/in) and can be coded with any of the standard CCITT Group 3 or Group 4 techniques. Thus, the algorithm is compatible with the large installed base of Group 3 facsimile machines. The droppable (supplementary) bits are approximately 45% of the total number of bits and can be dropped by the network to relieve congestion. The supplementary bits are encoded with a predictive Huffman method. Resynchronization after missing some of the supplementary information presents no serious difficulties. The algorithm is information preserving, assuming that all droppable bits are available, and its compression efficiency is equal to or better than that of direct two-dimensional Group 3 or 4 CCITT encoding of the high-resolution (400 dot/in) image. Frame memory is not needed. >


Data Mining is a field of computer science that is concerned with extracting useful information from varied sources. In an era where information has become the inherent necessity of human beings, its increased relevance and usefulness has taken focus as need of the hour. The most important part of this association rule mining is the mining of item sets that are frequent. Market basket analysis is done by companies in order to retrieve itemsets that are frequent and often used together by customers. Apriori algorithm is a widely used technique in order to find those combinations of itemsets. However, when any of these frequent itemsets increases in length, the algorithm needs to pass through many iterations and, as a result, the performance drastically decreases. In this paper, we propose a modification to the apriori algorithm by using a hash function which divides the frequent item sets into buckets. Further, we propose a novel technique to be used in conjunction with the apriori algorithm by eliminating infrequent itemsets from the candidate set. In this top down approach, it finds the frequent itemsets without going through several iterations, thus saving time and space. By discovering a large maximal frequent itemset very early in the algorithm, all its subsets are also frequent hence we no longer need to scan them. Clearly, the proposed technique has an advantage over the existing apriori algorithm when the most frequent itemset's length is long.


Causing the deaths of millions of people annually, tuberculosis is now a universally shared threat. The emergence and spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis strains make effective treatment and control of tuberculosis complicated. Drug-resistance can arise from two sources: acquisition and transmission. Whole genome sequencing now plays an important role in bioinformatics and the research on infectious diseases. Based on the whole genome sequencing data of 110 tuberculosis isolates, a phylogenetic tree was built and the ancestral sequence was reconstructed. A simulation model was then designed to explore the development of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a population and resulted in about 300,000 tuberculosis patients. The tuberculosis patient clustering algorithm, which achieved desirable performance, was then proposed to cluster these tuberculosis patients into epidemiologically related groups. This research explored the transmission and acquisition of drug-resistant tuberculosis, and used modeling and algorithms in support of treatment and control of tuberculosis.


Polyarylamine containing meta-para-para-aniline units in the main chain and meta-para-aniline units in the pendant chains was synthesized. The polymer can be oxidized to radical cations in chemical or electrochemical ways. The presence of meta-phenylenes in the polymer chemical structure allows for the ferromagnetic coupling of electronic spins, which leads to the formation of high spin states. Detailed pulsed-EPR study indicates that the S = 2 spin state was reached for the best oxidation level. Quantitative magnetization measurements reveal that the doped polymer contains mainly S = 2 spin states and a fraction of S = 3/2 spin states. The efficiency of the oxidation was determined to be 74%. To the best of our knowledge, this polymer is the first example of a linear doped polyarylamine combining such high spin states with high doping efficiency.


This paper will briefly say something about 'stereotyping' as a concept long studied by sociologists and social psychologists. Then, it will peek into a leaf of Western history which bears a stunning resemblance with some of what the Arab-Muslim World is going through today. This will entail an account of what seems to have frightened Huntington and many of his likes in the West at present—i.e. mean Islamic activism. The paper concludes with a plea for a serious disaggregation of the complex and simultaneous socio-political processes now unfolding in the Arab-Muslim World. It is a renewed plea for 'cultural relativism' a requisite for the 'bridging', not the 'clashing' of civilizations.


This paper introduces a new way to analyze temperature distribution from an air conditioning unit inside an office using Wireless Sensor Networks and Machine Learning algorithms. The system is able to retrieve real time temperature data and use it to analyze if the air conditioning unit is influencing the temperature inside an office using the temperature difference from various points inside the office. Besides the system architecture, this paper includes a real case scenario implementation and a comparison and discussion of the result for the multiple Machine Learning algorithms applied to categorize if the air conditioner is affecting the office temperature.


Context. The galaxy number counts has been traditionally used to test models of galaxy evolution. However, the origin of significant differences in the shape of number counts at different wavelengths is still unclear. By relating the most remarkable features in the number counts with the underlying galaxy population it is possible to introduce further constraints on galaxy evolution. Aims. We aim to investigate the causes of the different shape of the K-band number counts when compared to other bands, analyzing in detail the presence of a change in the slope around K similar to 17.5. Methods. We present a near-infrared imaging survey, conducted at the 3.5 m telescope of the Calar Alto Spanish-German Astronomical Center (CAHA), covering two separated fields centered on the HFDN and the Groth field, with a total combined area of similar to 0.27 deg(2) to a depth of K similar to 19 (3 sigma, Vega). By combining our data with public deep K-band images in the CDFS (GOODS/ISAAC) and high quality imaging in multiple bands, we extract K-selected catalogs characterized with highly reliable photometric redshift estimates. We derive redshift binned number counts, comparing the results in our three fields to sample the effects of cosmic variance. We derive luminosity functions from the observed K-band in the redshift range [0.25-1.25], that are combined with data from the references in multiple bands and redshifts, to build up the K-band number count distribution. Results. The overall shape of the number counts can be grouped into three regimes: the classic Euclidean slope regime (d log N/dm similar to 0.6) at bright magnitudes; a transition regime at intermediate magnitudes, dominated by M* galaxies at the redshift that maximizes the product phi*dVc/d Omega; and an alpha dominated regime at faint magnitudes, where the slope asymptotically approaches -0.4(alpha + 1) controlled by post-M* galaxies. The slope of the K-band number counts presents an averaged decrement of similar to 50% in the range 15.5 < K < 18.5 (d log N/dm similar to 0.6-0.30). The rate of change in the slope is highly sensitive to cosmic variance effects. The decreasing trend is the consequence of a prominent decrease of the characteristic density phi(K,obs)* (similar to 60% from z = 0.5 to z = 1.5) and an almost flat evolution of M(K,obs)* (1 sigma compatible with M(K,obs)* = -22.89 +/- 0.25 in the same redshift range).


The present work deals with the study of electronic ballasts with high power factor used for supplying power to high pressure sodium vapor lamps. Primarily, a study of the characteristics of this type of lamp is shown, which made possible the obtainment of a simulation model for the lamp. Afterwards, a study of a passive rectifier for power factor correction, chosen due to its simplicity and robustness, is presented. A description of two inverters, a symmetrical one and an asymmetrical one, each with different command strategies, used to supply power to the lamp, follows. It is important to emphasize the simplicity of the command circuits and the soft-switching of both of the inverters' switches throughout their entire operation. The asymmetric inverter is microcontrolled, which allows the luminosity of the lamp to be varied according to the microcontroller's program. Finally, a conclusion stating the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen structures and some suggestions for the continuation of studies in this area is presented.


AbstractThis paper introduces a new concept termed the continuous task-string (TS), which consists of specific combinations of preconstruction planning (PCP) and project execution (PE) tasks that, when linked together have a high probability of improving project performance. Through a two-stage process, 3,910 combinations of 46 and 85 PCP and PE tasks, respectively, were reduced down to 239 validated task-strings. These task strings were evaluated by electrical construction professionals to statistically quantify the potential influence of the task strings on cost and schedule success. Statistical analysis supported the hypothesis that those task strings which were viewed as being more important to cost and schedule success would also be viewed as being more critically interdependent. Hence, completion of the PCP-PE task combination was viewed as being a key ingredient for project success. The research reported in this paper provides a strong theoretical foundation for further studies on the influence of ...


This multiple case study analysis examines the extent to which five global car manufacturers apply carbon management strategies. Following a clear business strategy standpoint, the theoretical arguments are based on a framework developed by Orsato (2006). For this context, we highlight two key differences between carbon management and general environment strategies: the option of compensation and the demand for life-cycle efforts by stakeholders. Our analysis is based on eight carbon management strategies reflecting both carbon reduction and compensation strategies. The results show that the car manufacturers tend to embark on similar strategies in terms of carbon reductions, but less so for carbon compensation. Drawing on institutional theory, we explain this result by a lack of clearly established and widely expressed stakeholder expectations regarding carbon compensation. We conclude that carbon compensation may not yet be fully exploited and thus could be a short-term option when seeking competitive advantages in the automotive industry.


In this paper, we did a study of the transmission characteristics of the AOTF operating with ultrashort light pulses (2ps). Initially one consider the performance of the device, with several lengths, operating in the nonlinear regime without loss. It was observed that the effect of dispersion and nonlinearity has strong influence on the pulse propagation when one increase the length of the AOTF. For shorter length of the device the switched pulse is presenting time broadening. For higher length of the device, pulse breakup was observed. Considering the AOTF with 4 dB/mm of loss, one consider the device of length 0.25 mm constructed with an increasing nonlinearity profile. It was observed that the increase in β (increase of the final value of the profile Q(ξ) of the nonlinearity) lead the switched pulse from broadening to optical compression. One can say that one can operate the AOTF in a configuration that one can avoid the pulse break up and have a switched pulse with a shorter time duration compared with the lossy AOTF. The second AOTF present a higher length (0.76 mm) with higher loss (40 dB/mm) is leading the switched pulse to a strong broadening. In the presence of the nonlinear profile configuration we start having pulse break up. With the increase of the β parameter the pulse is showing break-up where the more intense pulse is shorter than the input pulse. One can say that is possible to operate the AOTF in a situation where the switched pulse present a less intense satellite pulse. The study of the AOTF operating with ultra short optical solitons provides possibilities for achieving, high efficiency in ultrafast all-optical signal processing, especially for optical switches, filters and optical transistors. The acoustic-optic tunable filter (AOTF) has attracted great attention in recent years, in part because it appears to be a suitable basis for multi-wavelength optical cross-connects. It is probably the only known tunable filter that is capable of selecting several wavelengths simultaneously. This capability can be used to construct a multi-wavelength router.


Opacity is an important appearance attribute in the textile industry. Obscuring power and the way textile samples block light can define product quality and customer satisfaction in the lingerie, shirting, and curtain industries. While the question whether opacity implies the complete
 absence of light transmission remains open, various factors can impact cues used for opacity assessment. We propose that perceived opacity has poor consistency across various conditions and it can be dramatically impacted by the presence of a high-illuminance light source. We have conducted
 psychophysical experiments asking human subjects to classify textile samples into opaque and non-opaque categories under different illumination conditions. We have observed interesting behavioral patterns and cues used for opacity assessment. Finally, we found obvious indications that the
 high-illuminance light source has a significant impact on opacity perception of some textile samples, and to model the impact based on material properties remains a promising direction for future work.


In the last years smart irrigation has become an hot topic at the center of the scientific research attention providing to give solutions able to enhance these systems. The growing shortage of water resources, due to climate change and land use, requires more effective water use strategies for agriculture. Given the high consumption by the agricultural sector, we understand how making the consumption of water for irrigation more intelligent leads to a significant improvement in the management of this resource. In this paper we propose an IoT system composed of specific devices that cooperate in order to realize a smart irrigation management system able to correctly and efficiently use the water resource. The proposed architecture is based on sensor nodes flooded in the terrain and able to collect a series of data needed to operate the water irrigation throughout an intelligence decision maker based on a reinforcement learning algorithm modeled through a Markov Decision Process approach. The proposed reinforcement learning smart irrigation system has been compared with a system based on a simple threshold mechanism in terms of water and energy consumption.


Thank you for downloading psychology in contemporary sport guidelines for coaches and athletes. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their chosen novels like this psychology in contemporary sport guidelines for coaches and athletes, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious bugs inside their computer.


Due to its high power-to-weight ratio, a pleated pneumatic artificial muscle (PPAM) offers an interesting alternative actuation source for robotic devices. Its inherent compliant behaviour excites another broad field of interest: assistive clinical devices such as powered exoskeletons and prosthetics. In this paper, the design of a pneumatically powered transtibial prosthetic device is presented. A first prototype has been built and provides a preliminary test bed for control algorithm development and testing with able-bodied subjects in laboratory conditions. The characteristics and working principle of a PPAM are described. The design specifications and the mechanical model of the prosthesis are discussed. The mechanical design and the control structure are outlined. Furthermore, some initial walking trials with an able-bodied subject wearing the prosthesis prototype are presented and discussed.


This article is devoted to tendencies of administrative legislation development in Great Britain in the sphere of administrative procedure. The author notes the optimization and harmonization of administrative procedure rules, and considers peculiarities of jurisdiction activity of the UK Administrative Court. The author proves the existence of a formal approach in the UK requirements to the administrative legal procedures. Also the paper reveals the specifics of interpretation of administrative acts' revision by British lawyers.


Objective To study the effects of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor(5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine,5-Aza-cdR) and Histone deacetylase inhibitor(Trichostatin A,TSA) on cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric cancer cell line MGC-803. Methods Cell proliferation was determined by MTT colorimetry and the rate of apoptosis was detected in each group by Annexin V staining.Results The growth of gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 was inhibited by 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine or Trichostatin A and the inhibition rates were 68%,65.8% and the apoptosis rates were 42.31±4.53%,39.30±5.37%.The inhibition rate and apoptosis rate in combination group were 86.3% and 68.20±7.14%.Conclusions Compared with 5-Aza-CdR or TSA,combination of the two drugs can more significantly induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation,which may be a new idea to the biological treatment of gastric cancer.


The Korean Constitution states that we all have the right to trial by the judges. Thus, some scholars have insisted that, for introducing the jury trial in Korea, we needed to first of all amend the Constitutional provision. Otherwise, it will be unconstitutional to indict a criminal defendant to the jury trial. The reformers have been forced to accept several measures which would overcome the opposition based on the Consitutional principle. One is to make the jury an institution which is supposed to give its opinion not its verdict. And the other is to ensure that the defendant may appeal the decisions made by jurors and trial judges in the district courts. The result is that we have an extremely unstable jury trial system. We may not call it as a participation trial because jurors are not really entitled to participate in decision-making process. The basic principle is that, both in England and the States, it is the jury's role to find the facts regarding crimes. If a specific jury produced a verdict, the appellate court should respect the jury's finding and its reviewing power should be limited to the sufficiency of the evidence with which jury has formed its verdict, not the weight of evidence. Nonetheless, in the Act of the Korean Participation Criminal Trial, there is not any guidelines about the standards that the appellate court may consult in deciding whether the trial court's conclusion is legitimate or not.


Background: Incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in western countries is rising. In the palliative setting, chemotherapy is the only established treatment. The evidence for other treatments including locoregional therapy is low. However, such individual treatments are offered in a real-world setting. The aim of this study is to document the offered treatments and to analyze the survival of patients with unresectable CCA treated at a tertiary referral center. Patients and methods: Data from 220 consecutive patients with CCA treated at a German university cancer center from January 1, 2008, until December 31, 2012. Of those, 105 patients were unresectable. Survival curves were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method; log-rank test was applied for survival analysis. Results: Any palliative treatment was beneficial for patients with unresectable CCA when compared to best supportive care (BSC) alone; median OS with BSC was 10 weeks (BSC vs. transarterial chemoembolization [TACE] p = 0.017, HR 0.36; BSC vs. TACE/chemotherapy p < 0.001, HR 0.24; BSC vs. chemotherapy p < 0.001, HR 0.31). Combination of TACE and chemotherapy prolonged overall survival as compared to TACE alone (105 vs. 43 weeks, p = 0.045). Conclusion: Prognosis in advanced stage CCA is still very poor. However, multimodal treatment in palliative patients significantly prolong survival.


Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of detecting medication errors by self-observation of office transactions related to medication management. Methods: Primary care physicians (N = 14) and office staff (N = 18) reported all their medication management transactions during the 4-hour study period. A study coordinator abstracted additional information from patients' charts. Results: Participants documented 440 medication management transactions for 246 encounters: 98 office visits, 70 patient refill requests, 34 pharmacy refill requests, 16 nonvisit patient phone questions, 13 encounters initiated by laboratory results, and 15 others. Errors were identified in 84 of the cases (34.1 percent). Error types included medication not listed on the chronic medication list (59); medication not listed anywhere in the chart (7); wrong dose prescribed (6); prescription incorrectly written (5); failure to implement medication across care settings (3); contraindicated medication prescribed (1); and other (3). None of these errors would have been detected by chart review alone. Conclusion: Self-reporting followed by chart review is feasible in primary care practices and discovers medication errors that might not have been detected by either method alone.


I discuss the differences between the properties of astrometric and photometric microlensing and between the arising prospects for survey and follow-up experiments based on these two different signatures. In particular, the prospects for binary stars and extra-solar planets are considered.


The author's research is devoted to the development of applied principles and methodological tools for assessing the economic efficiency of modern innovative energy-efficient clusters. In the introductory part of the article the author substantiates the expediency of formation of this type of clusters in the conditions of modern high-tech production. The criteria that should be met by the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of innovative energy-efficient clusters are formed. The methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of this type of clusters, based on the application of the dynamic approach to the assessment of investment efficiency, and consisting of the main and verification assessment criteria, is developed.


A report is made of the theoretical analysis, design and example of an environmental monitoring system, used when the radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere. For nuclear reactors and other similar nuclear installations, a large number of papers have been published on their safety and hazard evaluation. However, no detailed analyses have yet been reported of an environmental monitoring system for such installations. This environmental monitoring system should be able to detect sudden large releases of radioactive materials soon enough to enable appropriate steps to be taken and it also should routinely measure the routine levels of hazardous nuclides. I t should detect the levels of radiation and radioactivity before the exposures of the populace around reach some specified limits; this means the higher the dose rate the earlier the detection must be done. The results of investigations have shown that this monitoring system should function in the following three items: (1) centralized continuous automatic monitoring; (2) regular surveys of the radiation levels; and (3) environmental sample analyses, especially to serve as the biological indicators. The selection of suitable biological indicators for the environmental contamination monitoring, and the development of measuring methods for the variation of low-level dose rates, e.g. 10-6 rad hr-l are important before designing an effective environmental monitoring system. Three different centralized continuous monitoring systems for nuclear installations, developed as the result of analyses and investigations, are thus shown.


It is demonstrated that the Nth cumulative time integral of optical signals can be obtained by propagation through a high-reflectivity uniform fiber Bragg grating incorporating N pi-phase shifts arbitrarily located along its axial profile.


The chromic phase transition from the high-temperature/low-pressure form of CuMo0.9W0.1O4 (γ-phase, red-brown) to the low-temperature/high-pressure form (α-phase, green) is induced at 25 °C by simple immersion of the powder in an acidic aqueous solution.


The feature article by Reeves presents an excellent survey of genetic algorithms (GAs). It covers the history of GAs and the application of GAs to combinatorial problems, while providing useful background and a balanced operations research (OR) perspective. In this commentary, we hope to complement the survey by focusing on some aspects of GAs that Reeves did not have an opportunity to comment on in depth.


Industry 4.0 is the state of the industry in the face of the 21st century when there is a massive change through technology that opens a barrier between the digital and physical worlds. There will be many types of jobs lost, and new types of jobs will emerge. Faced with this, high mastery skills are required by graduates. In vocational high schools the mastery of skills is done by sending students directly into industrial work practices. But are IWP activities really able to be used to improve skills in dealing with Industry 4.0? What types of skills students must master when dealing with industry 4.0 This article will conduct a study of various related literature about IWP and industry 4.0. The results of the study will link the effects resulting from IWP activities and needs in industry 4.0. The results of the study indicate that the IWP program in vocational high schools needs some improvement to be able to produce vocational high school graduates who are ready to face industry 4.0.


PCL/gelatin is a biodegradable polymer blend with good biocompatibility, mechanical, physical and chemical properties that is a promising material for use in fabrication of electrospun (ES) nanofiber tissue engineering scaffolds. Although ES nanofiber scaffolds provide a favorable extracellular matrix, microscale surface patterns are needed for study and control of cell adhesion, proliferation and migration. However, micro-patterning of ES polymer/biomaterial blended nanofibers with available techniques is difficult due to its fibrous surface texture and biomaterial content. In this work, the effects of direct-write femtosecond laser ablation on electrospun PCL/gelatin nanofiber tissue scaffold surface morphology and chemistry and resulting growth rate of deposited cells was investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that laser ablation did not change the statistical distributions of fiber diameter and surface porosity. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR)...


Hormone deprivation may cause remission in women with advanced breast cancer. Occasionally this remission may last for 15 years. However, only 30% of women respond in this way. An essential 1st step in the response of hormone-sensitive tissues is binding of the hormone to a receptor protein in or on the target cell. For steroids, receptors have been found in the cytoplasm, while for polypeptide hormones, receptors seem to be on the surface of cell membranes. Between 40-85% of human breast cancers contain estrogen receptors. If estrogen receptors are present, 43-60% of patients have responded to endocrine therapy, whereas only 8% have responded if estrogen receptors were not present. Treatment with antiestrogens has achieved 16% response rates in patients in whom estrogen receptors were not present. Progesterone receptors have been detected in 57% of breast cancers, together with estrogen receptors in 49%. The significance of this finding is not apparent. The main peptide hormone implicated in promoting growth of breast cancers is thought to be prolactin. Growth hormone and human lactogen have also been implicated in promoting breast cancer. Receptors may be detected in human breast, prostate, endometrial, and other cancers and these preferentially bind estrogen, androgen, progesterone analogue, prolactin, growth hormone, or placental lactogen. The heterogeneity of human cancers is thus shown. Most remissions are short-lived and after relapse there is less chance for antihormonal therapy. To choose the best treatment at a given time the most hopeful prospect is that investigations may determine criteria for the study of the particular cancer in each patient.


An improved single image fast deblurring algorithm based on hyper-Laplacian constraint is proposed. The algorithm is improved in three aspects: image blur kernel estimation sub-region selection, blur kernel precise estimation, and fast non-blind deconvolution. First, image amplitude and gradient are used as the basis of blur kernel estimation. On the basis of analysing the edge amplitude and gradient of the image, the image sub-region for blur kernel estimation is selected. Then the sparsity of the blur kernel is restricted by hyper-Laplacian, and the fast solving mode of alternately solving different variables is designed. The blur kernel information is accurately estimated. In the fast non-blind deconvolution restoration phase of the image, the regularised constraint term of the hyper-Laplacian model is improved and the image gradient distribution is constrained. The blind growth trend of the regional gradient near the strong edge can be suppressed well, and the deblurred image with clear edge structure is generated. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better image deblurring effect and high efficiency.


Background and Aim: Anxiety and fear of operation, injections, physicians, operation theatre environment and parental separation are all traumatizing experiences in children. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of oral midazolam and oral clonidine as premedication in children undergoing tonsillectomy .The preoperative sedation, anxiolytic, acceptance of mask for induction of anaesthesia, intravenous cannulation and post-operative recoverywere assessed in both groups. Methods: Aprospective randomized double blinded study of 100 patients of age group 4 -12 yrs undergoing tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia were selected. They were divided into 2 groups of 50 patients each. Group A (oral clonidine) received 4 mcg/kg 90 minutes before induction. Group B (oral midazolam) received 0.5 mg/kg 90 minutes before induction. The sedation and anxiety score was noted at the time of parental separation. The reaction to IV cannulation was assessed by sedation and anxiety scoring at the same time all of them were taken under GA with controlled ventilation. The Mask acceptance was graded by 5 point scoring system .Grade 3,4 and 5 are satisfactory.They were monitored throughout the surgery for any complications. Post operative status was assessed by Modified Objective Pain score. Results: The sedation score and anxiety score at venipuncture was better with clonidine group with statistical significance (p< 0.000 and<0.003). The mask acceptance was better with clonidine group with statistical significance (p <0.000).Postoperative score was also better with clonidine group with statistical significance of p value <0.000. Conclusion: We concluded that oral clonidine and midazolam can be used as better premedicants to produce optimal sedation and emotional state.Clonidine 4 μg / kg has been shown to be a more effective premedication for children undergoing elective tonsillectomy than midazolam 0.5mg/kg


With the progress of peer-to-peer (P2P) technology, the Internet applications model is in a great reformation. In order to get an all-win solution among the Internet users, Internet service providers and content providers, it is necessary to measure and analyze the P2P applications from their perspectives. In this paper, the content of P2P measurement is introduced firstly, and then the existing research on P2P measurement is classified into 3 areas: topology measurement, traffic measurement and availability measurement. After comparing between measurement methods, the comprehensive survey on P2P measurement is given, and then the existing measurements and their results are analyzed in depth, furthermore, the shortcomings and problems are outlined. In the end, the future trend of the P2P measurement is discussed.


The developments of radiation models in furnace are reviewed. The current study status and prospect are discussed. The review includes zone method, heat flux method, Monte-Carlo method, spherical-harmonics method, discrete transfer method, discrete ordinates method, and finite volume method.


In order to better understand residents' electricity consumption habits, develop differentiated services, and improve the quality of electricity services, it is important to calculate the basic daily electricity consumption of consumer. In order to calculate the basic daily electricity consumption of consumers, a method based on decision tree is proposed in this paper. Three index should be calculated in order to build the model. Ten consumers' electricity consumption data have been collected to build decision tree. Four consumers' data is used to verify the proposed model. Results show that the method is effective. In future, more data should be collected and used to improve the model.


This paper discusses long-term memory and strategy use in younger and older adults' visual working memory. It was presented at the Working Memory Discussion Meeting in June 2014.


Extracellular vesicles (EVs) range in size from 50 nm to 1 µm. Flow cytometry (FCM) is the most commonly used method for analyzing EVs; however, accurate characterization of EVs remains challenging due to their small size and lack of discrete positive populations. Here we report the use of optimization techniques that are especially well‐suited for analyzing EVs from a high volume of clinical samples. Utilizing a two pronged approach that included 1) pre‐filtration of antibodies to remove aggregates, followed by 2) detergent lysis of a replicate sample to account for remaining false positive events, we were able to effectively limit false positive non‐EV events. In addition, we show that lysed samples are a useful alternative to isotypes for setting gates to exclude background fluorescence. To reduce background, we developed an approach using filters to "wash" samples post‐staining thus providing a faster alternative to ultracentrifugation and sucrose gradient fractionation. In conclusion, use of these optimized techniques enhances the accuracy and efficiency of EV detection using FCM. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry


Computing systems, from HPC and data center to automobile, aircraft, and cellphone, are integrating growing numbers of processors, accelerators, memories, and peripherals to meet the burgeoning performance requirements of new applications under tight cost, energy, thermal, space, and weight constraints. Recent advances in photonics technologies promise ultra-high bandwidth, low latency, and great energy efficiency to alleviate the inter-/intra-rack, inter-/intra-board, and inter-/intra-chip communication bottlenecks in computing systems. Silicon photonics technologies piggyback onto developed silicon fabrication processes to provide viable and cost-effective solutions. Many companies and institutes have been actively developing silicon photonics technologies for more than a decade. Many silicon photonics devices and circuits have been demonstrated in CMOS-compatible fabrication processes. Silicon photonics technologies open new opportunities for applications, architectures, design techniques, and design automation tools to fully explore new approaches and address the challenges of next-generation computing systems. With strong interests from both industry and academia, two international workshops, PHOTONICS (photonics-optics technology oriented networking, information and computing systems) and OPTICS (optical/photonic interconnects for computing systems), have been held annually since 2015. The Special Issue on Silicon Photonics presents the latest progress and provides insights into the challenges and future developments of this emerging area. Several works presented during the workshops are expanded and included in this special issue. This special issue received 18 submissions, and we assigned each manuscript to at least three reviewers. After two rounds of reviews in a similar process as regular articles, seven works were selected for the special issue. The works presented in this special issue span through challenges, design techniques, key building blocks, and architectures of silicon photonics for computing systems. The first work is "A Learning-Based Thermal-Sensitive Power Optimization Approach for Optical NoC" by Zhang and Ye. It targets thermal challenges of silicon photonics, and the authors propose a learning-based thermal-sensitive power optimization approach for optical networks-on-chip under temperature variations. In "A Process Variation Tolerant Method for Nanophotonic On-Chip Network," Xu et al. target silicon photonic process variations and propose a series of solutions to the wavelength drifting issue of microring resonators and subsequent bandwidth loss of optical networks due to process variation. Two works on the energy efficiency of silicon photonics technologies are included in this issue. In "Reducing Power Consumption of Lasers in Photonic NoCs Through Application-Specific Mapping," Fusella and Cilardo propose a design space exploration methodology for optical NoC mapping to improve energy efficiency. Luo et al. propose an off-line approach to co-optimize laser power levels and application execution times in their work, titled "Offline Optimization of Wavelength Allocation and Laser Power in Nanophotonic Interconnects."


There are over 4,000 deaths annually in the United States from cervical cancer— despite both the success of cervical cancer screening programs with Papanicolaou smears, and the widespread availability and public awareness of screening. A significant majority of cervical carcinomas result from some barrier to accessing medical care, and socioeconomic barriers to screening are well documented.1,2 Now, a growing body of evidence suggests another barrier to routine cervical screening: a patient's weight.


Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated as important factors in the control of the invasive capability of glioma cells. Tanshinone IIA, an active ingredient purified from the Chinese herb Danshen (Radix Salvia miltiorhiza Bunge), is known to exhibit potent effects on tumor progression and invasion. In the present study, we investigated whether tanshinone IIA inhibits LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)-induced MMP-9 gene expression in C6 glioma cells. Treatment of C6 glioma cells with LPS and PMA increased the MMP-9 expression and the expression was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with tanshinone IIA at a concentration that is not toxic to C6 glioma cells. Incubation of C6 glioma cells with tanshinone IIA increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with l-N-acetylcysteine (l-NAC) prior to addition of tanshinone IIA, suggesting reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved. Inhibition of PI 3-K/Akt pathway by LY294002 or wortmannin reduced the HO-1 protein expression by tanshinone IIA. In agreement, treatment of cells with tanshinone IIA increased phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, which was attenuated by l-Nac suggesting activation of PI3-kinase–Akt is secondary to ROS production. The inhibition of MMP-9 expression by tanshinone IIA was reversed by tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) suggesting tanshinone IIA may exert this inhibitory effect through HO-1. Increase of HO-1 expression catalyzes carbon monoxide (CO) production. Addition of CO donor mimicked the tanshinone IIA effect on suppressing inducible nitrite oxygen synthease (iNOS) and MMP-9 expression. Scavenge of CO by hemoglobin (Hb) reversed the inhibition due to tanshinone IIA. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by l-NAME inhibited MMP-9 expression due to tanshinone IIA. Taken together, these results suggest that tanshinone IIA exerts its inhibitory effect through induction of HO-1 expression. HO-1 catalyzes the formation of CO, which in turn inhibit iNOS induction. Inhibition of iNOS expression subsequently reduces the MMP-9 protein level and activity.


Designing feasible control strategies for opinion dynamics in complex social systems has never been an easy task. It requires a control protocol, which 1) is not enforced on all individuals in the society, and 2) does not exclusively rely on specific opinion values shared by the social system. Thanks to the recent studies on noise-induced consensus in opinion dynamics, the noise-based intervention strategy has emerged as the only one meeting both of the above requirements, yet its underlying general theory is still lacking. In this article, we perform rigorous theoretical analysis and simulations of a noise-based control strategy for opinion formation, in which only a fraction of individuals is affected by randomly generated noise. We develop a new approach to prove the existence of a feasible noise protocol when it is difficult to be explicitly constructed and prove that irrespective of the number of noise-driven individuals, including the case of only one single noise-affected individual, the system can be controlled to achieve quasi-consensus in finite time, and the critical noise strength can be obtained. Our results highlight the efficiency of noise-driven mechanisms for the control of complex social dynamics.


This study investigated and released the JADE, a corpus for Japanese definition modelling, which is a technique that automatically generates definitions of a given target word and phrase. It is a crucial technique for practical applications that assist language learning and education, as well as for those supporting reading documents in unfamiliar domains. Although corpora for development of definition modelling techniques have been actively created, their languages are mostly limited to English. In this study, a corpus for Japanese, named JADE, was created following the previous study that mines an online encyclopedia. The JADE provides about 630k sets of targets, their definitions, and usage examples as contexts for about 41k unique targets, which is sufficiently large to train neural models. The targets are both words and phrases, and the coverage of domains and topics is diverse. The performance of a pre-trained sequence-to-sequence model and the state-of-the-art definition modelling method was also benchmarked on JADE for future development of the technique in Japanese. The JADE corpus has been released and available online.


O n April 1, 1999, the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada's largest territory, was split in two forming Nunavut, Canada's third territory as well as an Inuit homeland. That day marked a new beginning for the residents of the eastern arctic, as well as the formation of Canada's newest Territorial Sport Federation (TSF), Sport Nunavut. Sport Nunavut followed the path of the other two TSFs in drafting a Gender Equity Policy. The creation of Sport Nunavut's Gender Equity Policy is due in part to two other documents: the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, both of which support the notion of the benefits of universal values. The implementation of Sport Nunavut's Gender Equity Policy has been problematic; while the new policy exists on paper, it has frequently been ignored in Nunavut communities. Using Nussbaum's framework of universal values and her adaptation of Sen's "capabilities approach," along with Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed, this paper will show that Sport Nunavut's Gender Equity Policy is contingent on prescribed whitestream, Western notions of feminism and gender roles. Glassford investigated and provided a description of the traditional games of the Inuit in the nineteenth century: "Being nomadic people, the Inuit were required to create activities that involved simple rules and simple equipment. . . . They were, in short, ideally suited to the Arctic environment prior to the intrusion of the southern white culture" (88). Glassford further notes that these games were primarily "festivities for men to challenge one another to tests ofstrength, skill or endurance" (83). Women were permitted to participate in a few activities, such as peedletataq (knee jumping), but such participation was more of an exception than the rule (Glassford). Inuit sport during this period in time reflected the different roles occupied by men and women in Inuit society, where the division oflabour was very pronounced. In 1955, the Canadian government brought bureaucracy to the North. Village centralization was initiated and education, health and social services were taken over by government departments (Kemp). In 1962 the territorial governmentwhich operated out of Ottawa until 1967 (Paraschak 1997)-signed an agreement allowing for the introduction of public recreation to the NWT (Paraschak 1985). The government's support of the development of recreation programs in the North coincided with the centralization and organization oflnuit life. As participation in traditional games and activities that were tied to seasonal festivities "out on the l and decreased, the government increased its efforts to provide consistent recreational programs (Paraschak 1985). According to Paraschak (1985), the Government ofthe NWT used a "guided approach" (23) towards recreation. Such a colonial approach was-and is-not without its problems:


Power cables and overhead lines are the backbone of power systems. In order to ensure the safe operation of these cables and lines, quick and accurate fault location is particularly important .The head of the reflected wave initiated by a fault is hard to identify, this is a key point in cable fault location and is the subject of this paper. Mathematical morphology and wavelet analysis theory are introduced to improve the travelling wave fault location. They are combined to filter out the noise in the travelling wave signal. Singularity detection is used to find the exact arrival time of the wave. A fault model has been created in MATLAB and simulation results show that the improved method can identify the head of reflection wave accurately ,thus improving the accuracy of fault location. (6 pages)


: This paper investigates the problem of designing a fast convergent sliding mode fl ight controller of a transport aircraft for heavyweight airdrop operations in the presence of bounded uncertainties without the prior knowledge of the bounds. On the basis of feedback linearization of the aircraft-cargo motion system, a novel integral sliding mode fl ight control law with gains adaptation is proposed. It contains a nominal control law used to achieve fi nite-time stabilization performance and a compensated control law used to reject the uncertainties. The switching gains of the compensated control law are tuned using adaptation algorithms, and the knowledge of the bounds of the uncertainties is not required to be known in advance. Meanwhile, the severe chattering of the sliding mode control that caused by high switching gains is effectively reduced. The controller and its performance are evaluated on a transport aircraft performing a maximum load airdrop task in a number of simulation scenarios.


Two new cases of polymorphism in two different substituted rubrenes are reported. These are some of the first examples in rubrene derivatives of polymorphism occurring in a separate crystal class.


This composition is written for Flute, Cello and Piano. It is a three-movement piece that features all of the ensemble instruments as soloist and in accompanying roles. This composition employs a modern harmonic approach with the third movement in the unusual metre of 9/8.


Potassium niobate (KNbO3) single-crystalline nanocubes have been successfully synthesized through a large-scale and facile molten-salt synthetic method. High-density KNbO3 ceramics can be obtained by the conventional sintering of the synthesized KNbO3 single-crystalline nanocubes without the addition of sintering additive. The crystal structure, microstructure, and dielectric and piezoelectric properties of these ceramics were characterized. The KNbO3 ceramics show a comparatively saturated polarization–electric field (P–E) hysteresis loop. The remnant polarization Pr and coercive field Ec are 23 µC/cm2 and 8 kV/cm, respectively. The KNbO3 ceramics also show enhanced piezoelectric properties in terms of the planar electromechanical coupling factor kp, the piezoelectric constant d33, and the mechanical quality factor Qm, which are 0.34, 105 pC/N, and 216, respectively.


The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States is to have greater authority over the regulation of food under new legislation from the Department of Health and Human Services.

The proposed bill, the Food Safety Enforcement and Enhancement Act of 1997, authorises the FDA to recall foods deemed to be a public health hazard. The …


This thesis was aimed at electronic component package variability study, preferably at inte-grated circuit standard package range. That comprehensive information served for a versa-tile and flexible contact adapter design with the contact interface compatible with the SENTRY Counterfeit IC Detector contact field. That design was to be implemented as a concept example for analytical abilities demonstration. The experience from first testing and all that design process were expected to be embodied in recommendation for other contact adapter variants and /or further development process.


The invention discloses a preparation method of viscose fiber, and the technical problem solved by the invention is to provide the preparation method of traditional Chinese medicine velvet viscose fiber capable of releasing and permeating active ingredients in human body for a long time.


Background Exposure to a range of biological and psychosocial adversities in early childhood is of negative consequence through the lifecourse. This is particularly important for children in low- and middle-income countries where at least 250 million children are at high-risk of not meeting their developmental potential. Minimal evidence describes mothers' views of this. We therefore elicited an explanatory model exploring mothers' perceptions of infant stress and adversity in rural Haryana, India. Methods We did eight focus-group discussions to explore the perspectives of mothers in the general population of this rural area of India using a discussion guide based on Kleinman's explanatory model. Data were coded by two analysts and arranged in themes for presentation. Illustrative quotations were used for presentation of findings. Results All mothers identified several causes of adversity and stress for children, including poverty, neglect and violence. They described the consequences of this for emotions, behaviour and school readiness of children, and that some of the consequences were reversible with appropriate management. Mothers described younger children as being unable to be affected by adversity, because they were "too young to understand". Conclusions Mothers agreed with much of the current biomedical model for early childhood development, however the predominant view was that young infants were "too young to understand" is an important deviation. These findings are of importance in designing behaviour change strategies for this crucial period of early childhood which is rising up the global policy agenda with the aim of giving every child the opportunity to thrive.


Relatively heavy as well as relatively light human erythrocytes, obtained by ultracentrifugation of normal blood in dextran solutions of different density, were labelled with 51Cr and re-injected into the same normal individual. By measuring the radioactivity of the blood after different intervals, the moment was determined at which radioactivity in the bloodstream had diminished to 50% (51Cr T1/2). The 51Cr T1/2 of the relatively heavy erythrocytes proved to be shorter, and that of the relatively light erythrocytes proved to be longer than that of unfractioned samples submitted to similar processing. In addition the relaively heavy fractions showed a highly variable, early loss during the first 24 hours following re-injection.