The 13C n.m.r. spectra of two secondary fungal metabolites of related structure, aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin, have been completely assigned. The distribution pattern of acetate units has been determined from 13C n.m.r. spectra of aflatoxin B1 derived from singly and doubly labelled [13C]acetate. These results and other published data on 13C-labelled sterigmatocystin agree with a biosynthetic scheme based on a C20 polyketide precursor.


Abstract This article outlines the gravity of the environmental crisis—pollution, climate change, overpopulation and the unpredictable environmental impacts from our use of science and technology and exploitation of natural resources. We must put the 'eco' back into economics and realise what the conditions and principles are for truly sustainable living. We have to set a new bottom line, a bottom line dictated by the reality that we are biological creatures, completely dependent for our survival and well-being on clean air, clean water, clean soil, clean energy and biodiversity. We are social animals who need strong families and supportive communities, full employment, justice, equity and security and freedom from racism, terror, war and genocide. And we remain spiritual beings who need sacred places in the natural world that gave us birth.


Observing the fast dynamics of specific molecules or targets in three-dimensional (3D) space and time inside a crowded and complex environment, such as living cells or tissues, remain one of the grand open challenges in modern science. Harmonic holography tackle this challenge by combining the 3D imaging capability of holography with the ultrafast, coherent optical contrast offered by second-harmonic radiating imaging probes (SHRIMPs). Similar to fluorescence, the second-harmonic signal emitted from SHRIMPs provides a color contrast against the uninterested background scattering, which can be efficiently suppressed by an optical filter. We review the latest developments in SHRIMPs and harmonic holography and discuss their further applications in fluidics and biofluidics.


This paper presents a pilot scale investigation for salt removal by electrodialysis on the Reverse Osmosis (RO) concentrate of the IWVA that is obtained by RO treatment of the effluent of a WWTP. Due to the presence of a high concentration of carbonates (around 1300-1600 ppm as carbonates) the RO concentrate has a high scaling potential and a decarbonation process based on an acidification with HCl and an aeration was installed. In this study, it is proved that the ED system can run a long-term operation on the decarbonated RO-concentrate to produce the designed effluent (around 75% salt removal) without scaling problems. Meanwhile, a high overall water recovery (95%) was achieved for the integrated RO-ED system. Furthermore an economical analysis of the ED system was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of this process. Result shows that the full operational cost is around 0.66 Euro/m RO-concentrate treated by the ED system; the total cost of the RO-filtrate is thus enhanced with 0.22 Euro/m.


A specimen of a Ruddy Kingfisher rarely encountered around Tokyo, was captured near Shiba Park in September, 1941. It is a young. of the year, probably on its way to the tropics.


1085 Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is administered prior to surgery for locally advanced tumors but does not confer any additional survival benefit. Measurement of Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, has been associated with response to therapy, but methods of measurement are controversial. There is no universal cut-point for association due to subjectivity in threshold for positivity and selection of the field of view. Here we propose that quantitative objective measurement for Ki-67 will provide a reproducible assay for likelihood of response to chemotherapy. Methods: A cohort of 115 consecutive (between 2002 and 2010) invasive breast cancer patients that received neoadjuvant therapy were included if pre-surgical biopsies were obtainable. Ki-67 expression was measured using quantitative immunofluorescence (AQUA) technology using the MIB-1 antibody. Images for each specimen were collected in 5 to 100 fields of view (FOV), and summary scores were obtained corresponding to the average and maximum...


1• Though, a better washing of cotton c loth es was found in presence of alkylamine glass bound lipase compared to the detergent alone, yet the handling of free alkylamine glass-beads and its reuse was a problem. There was always a chance of losing th e g lass-beads while removing the cotton cloth after washing and also during th e change of detergent solution for next washing and removal of washing discard. Furthe r, the washing i.e., remova l of oil stain from cotton cl othes was assessed only on visual bas is. These proble ms were overcome in the present work by affixin g th e a lk y lamine glass-beads on the wall of container before immobilization and employing a chemical meth od to evaluate the washing.


Numerical studies were conducted to investigate the beneficial effects of using arrays of jets on the aerodynamic characteristics of the High-altitude Long-endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (HALE-UAV) airfoil. Flowfield predictions were made by using an unsteady, two-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes flow solver. An unsteady surface transpiration boundary condition was enforced over a user-specified portion of the airfoil's upper surface to emulate the time-varied velocity out and into the airfoil's surface. Five flow-control techniques for the "quasi-Global Hawk" airfoil are investigated,as steady blowing, steady suction, unsteady blowing, unsteady suction and synthetic jets. A physical analysis of the influence on the control efficiency is proposed to provide some guidelines for practice. Our numerical results have indicated that active flow control techniques can, with the careful selection of their position and style, be used to enhance the aerodynamic performance of airfoils.


No differences in bronchoalveolar lavage or gallium scintigraphy results have been described in elderly patients. Granulomatous infections must be ruled out, particularly tuberculosis. Tuberculin testing can give false negatives in the elderly, so cultures for mycobacteria must be performed to rule out infection. Definitive diagnosis requires pathology confirmation and is determined by non-necrotizing epithelioid cell granulomas. The techniques employed will depend on the patient's situation, particularly in more fragile geriatrics. Salivary gland biopsy has been reported to have high diagnostic yield in the literature,3 but in our series it was performed in only 1 patient, with a negative result. Disease progress is varied and unpredictable. Up to 30% of cases can resolve spontaneously.1 No difference have been described in the progress of elderly patients compared to other age groups. There is controversy regarding when to start corticosteroid treatment.5 According to some authors, treatment should be reserved for patients with significant clinical or functional compromise or with mild disease that does not remit spontaneously or progresses after 6–12 months. Closer monitoring is recommended in elderly patients, as side effects from steroid treatment are more common in this population.2,4 To conclude, sarcoidosis with thoracic manifestations is an entity which can occur in elderly patients and requires numerous diagnostic tests for confirmation. Some studies have described differences in sarcoidosis in elderly patients compared to other age groups. The interpretation of diagnostic tests may be more complex in these patients due to their high burden of concomitant diseases and the atypical presentation of the disease in this population. Table 1 shows a summary of the different characteristics of sarcoidosis in the elderly patient.


Dependence of the concentration of silver in the brain and its parts on the period of administration of silver nanoparticles (*p < 0,05 – Brain vs Cortex, #p < 0,05 – Brain vs Hippocampus, $ p < 0,05 – Cortex vs Hippocampus in each group). of organs per each point n=4-8. General character of Ag accumulation is similar for brain, hippocampus, cerebellum and remnant. Concentrations of Ag in cortex are lower for all the time points in comparison with other brain regions.


The marked azotemia and other evidence of renal damage induced in rats and dogs by rapid i.v. administration of pure tetracycline · HCl at 50 mg/kg was prevented by concomitant administration of ascorbic acid at 125 mg/kg or higher. d-Isoascorbic acid had a similar effect when tested in rats. Mannitol was protective in dogs but had no consistent benefit in rats. When injection of ascorbic acid into rats preceded that of tetracycline by 5 to 10 minutes, protection was marked; reversal of the order of injections with the same interval resulted in less protection. Ascorbic acid was ineffective against antibiotic toxicity when blood flow to rat kidneys was prevented by renal pedicle ligation. Ascorbic acid increased the rate of dialysis and the percentage of ultrafiltration of tritiated tetracycline from plasma. The protective effect of ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and mannitol (the latter in dogs) against the nephrotoxicity of tetracycline is postulated to be secondary to an osmotic diuretic effect. Decreased protein binding in the plasma by ascorbic acid may be a contributing factor.


Services reach almost all aspects of human life, ranging from government services to private services such as trade, transportation services and communication services using mobile phones. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that affect customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The data collection method used was a questionnaire, which was analyzed using SPSS-Amos. The results showed that service productivity affected consumer loyalty either directly or indirectly. Responsiveness only had a direct effect on customer loyalty. Accountability had an indirect effect on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction. Also, service attitude had a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty either directly or through service quality. The novelty of this study lies in the dimensions used in measuring the variables in service providers.
Keywords: provider, service quality, consumer loyalty


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of low-dose prolonged methylprednisolone infusion on lung function in patients with early severe ARDS.

DESIGN
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

SETTING
ICUs of five hospitals in Memphis.

PARTICIPANTS
Ninety-one patients with severe early ARDS (</= 72 h), 66% with sepsis.

INTERVENTIONS
Patients were randomized (2:1 fashion) to methylprednisolone infusion (1 mg/kg/d) vs placebo. The duration of treatment was up to 28 days. Infection surveillance and avoidance of paralysis were integral components of the protocol.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The predefined primary end point was a 1-point reduction in lung injury score (LIS) or successful extubation by day 7.

RESULTS
In intention-to-treat analysis, the response of the two groups (63 treated and 28 control) clearly diverged by day 7, with twice the proportion of treated patients achieving a 1-point reduction in LIS (69.8% vs 35.7%; p = 0.002) and breathing without assistance (53.9% vs 25.0%; p = 0.01). Treated patients had significant reduction in C-reactive protein levels, and by day 7 had lower LIS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome scores. Treatment was associated with a reduction in the duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.002), ICU stay (p = 0.007), and ICU mortality (20.6% vs 42.9%; p = 0.03). Treated patients had a lower rate of infections (p = 0.0002), and infection surveillance identified 56% of nosocomial infections in patients without fever.

CONCLUSIONS
Methylprednisolone-induced down-regulation of systemic inflammation was associated with significant improvement in pulmonary and extrapulmonary organ dysfunction and reduction in duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay.


Objective To analysis the prevalence and risk factors of gallstone disease(GD) among rural residents of YiLing district in Yichang city and to compare the morbidity difference between migrants and non-migrants.Methods The stratified cluster sampling method was used to perform the present investigation for 9 781 rural residents(older than 35 years) in Yiling district of Yichang city with questionnaire,physical examination and laboratory tests in February 2008.Results There were 1 134 subjects with GD.The morbidity of GD was 11.52 % and the age-adjusted morbidity was 11.55%.The age-adjusted morbidity of males was 9.90 %,which was significantly lower than that(12.86%) of females(P0.01).The morbidities of GD in migrants and non-migrants were 10.67% and 11.73 %,respectively.There was no significant difference.The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors related to GD were sex(female,OR=1.291,95% CI:1.131~1.475),age(OR=1.772,95% CI:1.436~2.185),dairy products(OR=1.603,95% CI:1.198~2.145),lard(OR=1.656,95% CI:1.005~2.728),diabetes(OR=1.487,95% CI:1.103~2.005) and obesity(OR=1.501,95% CI:1.183~1.905).Conclusion The prevalence of GD in rural residents of Yiling district is higher.Sex,age,dairy products,lard,diabetes and obesity are the main risk factors for GD.


MEDIA ARE PRESENTED coating compositions comprising a liquid phase, a polysaccharide disintegrable THE COLON AS NUGGET GUAR GUM LOCUST BEAN O and a polymer material forming a film, preferably hydrophilic groups. THIS IS OBTAINED THROUGH COATING LAYER COATING IN AN ORAL DRUG RESISTANCE HIGH MECHANICAL, which disintegrates IN THE COLON under the action of enzymes glycoside.


Security mechanisms constitute a vital part towards the design of a computer network in modern-day organisations. In particular, the implementation of the principle of layered security to harden the network against attacks requires the introduction of checkpoints into the connectivity of components, which inevitably has an adverse impact on network performance. Moreover, advanced intrusion detection systems (IDSs) could be effectively utilised at the checkpoints of the computer network, leading to the analysis and determination of 'optimal' security versus performance trade-offs. To this end, a novel quantitative method is proposed for the evaluation and prediction of the aforementioned trade-offs supported by Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs), such as Random Forest (RF) classifier, Logistic Regression (LR) and Naïve Bayes (NB) algorithms for Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs). In this context, a minimisation is employed in order to reduce the high dimensionality of datasets using Feature Selection (FS) for the dataset. Moreover, highly weighted features are used to keep false-negative (FN) low and increase the accuracy of MLAs towards the establishment of 'optimal' performance versus security tradeoffs. Typical numerical experiments are carried out indicating that the RF classifier is the best MLA, incorporating a subset of 19 selected features and identifying different types of attacks correctly with 99.9% of accuracy.


In this paper, Super-Capacitor (SC) has been suggested to improve the performance and Low-Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability of the Wind Turbines (WTs) based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The stator is connected directly to the grid, however, the rotor is connected through a Back-To-Back Converter (BTBC): Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC). This configuration makes it very sensitive to any disturbances. SC is coupled through the voltage balance circuit to the DC Link Capacitor (DCLC), which is connected between the two converters. The proposed system effectively reduces the disturbance of the DC Link Voltage (DCLV) during the fault and recovers the active power rapidly and smoothly after the fault clearance. This, in turn, improves the LVRT Capability. A voltage dip and three phase fault are applied at different places. The study is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to depict the system validity.


Pompe disease is a rare, progressive disease leading to skeletal muscle weakness due to deficiency of the acid α‐glucosidase (GAA) enzyme. Herein we report the first diagnosed Finnish patient with a phenotype compatible with the late‐onset form of Pompe disease. Molecular genetic analysis of the GAA gene revealed a novel missense mutation, 1725C>A (Y575X), combined with a previously reported mutation, 1634C>T (P545L). Human recombinant α‐glucosidase enzyme (alglucosidase‐α) treatment was initiated for this patient at age 20 years. After 12 months she was no longer fully wheelchair‐bound, and muscle strength had improved. No disease progression was visible on muscle magnetic resonance imaging of the lower limbs, and the energy state of the muscle cells increased by 46% on phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Overall, our findings suggest that enzyme replacement therapy is indicated, even in patients with late‐onset Pompe disease, to halt disease progression and improve the quality of daily life. Muscle Nerve, 2009


This article shows the emergence and development of the border dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia, ranging from the Royal Order in 1803, to the judgment of the International Court of Justice in November 2012. Attempted Nicaragua exposed to declare invalid Esguerra-Barcenas Treaty had given solution to the dispute over the Archipelago of San Andres, and the appearance of the White Books to ensure the protection of their territorial interests. Continue the development of the case before the International Court of Justice and concludes showing some reactions from both countries about the failure.


Through the investigation, were analyzed the reason of college students' mental barriers, studied the characteristic of sports teaching and the method to adjust college students' mental barriers. We thought that can utilize sports teaching's means and method to adjust properly and eliminate college students' mental barriers, and so provides a reference to promote the contemporary college students' mental health.


Shifting from a focus on transitions between speakers at turn boundaries, this study examines projective and multimodal structures inside a turn-constructional unit (TCU), out of which any turn is built. It analyzes how particular noun-phrasal components within a TCU become projective and shape interactive turn spaces (ITSs) where co-participants legitimately provide a relevant next action. The speaker projects spaces, which create opportunities for responses and facilitate collaborative participation. The analysis explicates where and how the speaker projects ITSs through emerging syntactic components and multimodal resources such as gazes, gestures, and facial expressions. Demonstrating how participants understand emerging local actions and how they analyze prior actions to which they are responding (i.e., the impact of reflexivity) reveals the interactive organization of spaces inside a TCU where multiple dimensions of projection work together to facilitate micro-collaboration in Japanese conversation.


Nanocrystallite α-cordierite glassceramics are synthesized using a modified Pechini method. The structural and lattice modes of the products are investigated via XRD and Micro Raman back-scattering spectroscopy. The Debye-Scherrer formula is used to confirm the grain sizes estimated by the SEM slides. Dielectric coefficients calculation and DTA analysis are used to study the synthesized nanocrystallites properties.


The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is among the oldest agencies in the federal government. Its origins can be traced back to 1862, when President Abraham Lincoln appointed a chemist, Charles M. Wetherill, to serve in the Department of Agriculture.1 One of the key early pieces of legislation that initiated the evolution of the FDA into its modern form was the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, which prohibited interstate commerce in misbranded drugs, thereby giving the FDA its first regulatory oversight over medical product labeling.2 The transformation of the FDA took another major step forward in 1938 with passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which gave the FDA authority to require evidence of safety before new drugs could be marketed.3 Finally, in the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments, the FDA's drug regulatory authority was expanded to require the FDA to certify drug efficacy and safety before marketing.4 The Medical Device Amendments in 1976 gave the FDA similar authority to certify the effectiveness and safety of high-risk medical devices before their approval.5

Each of these points in the FDA's early history represented a broadening of its authority and occurred in the context of public health crises related to widely promoted unsafe or ineffective drugs or medical devices, justifying the need for greater government oversight. For example, the Kefauver-Harris Amendments were designed to address the proliferation of medications with poorly documented efficacy and the occurrence of severe side effects caused by some drugs, the most noteworthy example of which was the sedative-antinauseant thalidomide.6,7 The 1976 legislation was passed after >100 deaths of young women from a widely promoted, but largely untested, implantable intrauterine contraceptive device.8 Currently, the FDA describes its responsibilities as ensuring the safety, efficacy and security of the medical …


Contrary to some writers of the fi rst generation whose narrative frame- work new linear and "architext" uniform, Alioum Fantoure is breaking new ground through what the so called New African Novel. As a mater of fact, in Le Recit du Cirque... , he combines poetry with drama, the natural with the supernatural to bring forth"writing" with a dramatic and pathetic fl avor.


Professor Jeff Griffiths has been elected an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians for his contribution to medical science and health care for work that includes modelling of smallpox and AIDS. He has been a member of staff at Cardiff University since 1964


This study is predicated on the mechanism of the response of agency under adverse structural changes affecting their work and living order, of which migration was an outcome. Migration to urban employment among agricultural families, we argue, was not a part of the family strategy to diversify household income but driven by the 'risk of plantation work and living'. The risk of plantation work and living originated from the process of commodification of plantation lands (and labour). In short, we argued that commodification of plantation lands gave rise to the notion of 'the risk of plantation work and living' and to mitigate that risk, the plantation families were forced to migrate. However, the risk of plantation work and living did not result in haphazard outmigration from the plantations. Under certain structural developments, the impetus of moving-out was transformed into action. We introduced the concept of 'organization of exit' to capture the entire planning of the plantation families to exit the plantation based on the 'migration decisions' made. The organization of exit shows the differentiated approaches were undertaken by the labour families and it can be best explained by narrowing the focus on the family unit as a catalyst to organise migration. The struggle to consolidate their material positions and their limited resources – material and non- material – is critical in understanding the outmigration process. We showed that migration from plantation was a gradual process and was not a sudden knee-jerk reaction to the risks of plantation work and living.


In Africa where the condom is the primary defense against the transmission of HIV infection the technique of "social marketing" has been used to promote condom use. Social marketing uses the avenues of private enterprise to promote public health measures. The success of social marketing programs has led to a widespread increase in condom sales and to innovative measures to promote condom use as evidenced by the marketing materials on display at the Seventh International Conference on AIDS in Africa. Social marketing relies on keeping prices below those of competitors but remain profitable to the vendors who may include prostitutes barmaids hotel managers or youth leaders. Social marketing results in four times as many condoms being sold as could be distributed for free by the suppliers. Attaching a small price to condoms also increases their value to users who are more likely to use them correctly. Population Services International (PSI) the nonprofit organization that tops the world market in social marketing of condoms distributed more than 33 million condoms in 11 African countries in 1991 alone. The innovative sales techniques incorporate education and promotion through the use of explicit posters radio messages and songs describing correct condom use. Some of these methods have caused controversy among health educators who reject the replacement of traditional health education processes with advertisements. Health workers also protested when a brewery collaborated in a condom-promotion campaign and gave away condoms in exchange for beer tops (and then had to worry about what to do with the 60000 beer tops it collected). In addition to the inevitable detractors (including Roman Catholic and Muslim clerics) there are quality concerns about the condition of latex condoms in the African heat. These concerns have led to research into polyurethane condoms. Meanwhile the spread of HIV in Africa continues and PSI can only estimate that condom use has reduced the impact of this disease.


This chapter reviews theoretical and clinical issues related to living under continuous traumatic stress (CTS) due to exposure to political violence. Through an analysis of CTS experienced by the residents of the southwestern area of Israel, the chapter presents an approach to therapeutic interventions for children and families that advocates the adaptation of extant therapies to the CTS situation. An illustrative case study is presented, and the effect of external threat on the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client is discussed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for therapy with children who are exposed to CTS and suggestions for future research for assessing interventions of the kind described in this chapter.


Abstract : An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of proton irradiation rate on the solar transmittance of a silicone rubber under a 10 to the -8th torr vacuum. Measurements were made with 150-kev protons. The effect of vacuum on the solar transmittance of the test material was negligible. The solar transmittance of the material appeared to decrease with decreasing irradiation rate. The solar transmittance of all samples was a power law function of the total energy accumulated per unit area of the sample between total energy levels of 10 to the 8th and 10 to the 10th ergs/sq cm/sec.


With the rapid development of the world economy, energy crisis has become a serious problem. In addition, considering the fact that non-renewable energy reservation decreases day by day, it is important to save energy. This paper develops an innovative optimization model, which is based on the linear programming method, to optimize power flow between each individual user. The proposed method considers power transmission losses and carbon emissions at the same time, therefore, the proposed method can effectively reduce carbon emissions and transmission losses. Through MATLAB simulation, the proposed linear programming optimization model can reduce 28.7% of transmission losses compared to the previous literature.


On the basis of physical absorption tower, physical-chemical absorption tower and regeneration tower are arranged. Row material gas is divided into two pathes entering the bottom of two absorption towers for gas-liquid contacting to remove CO2, the CO2 removed gas from physical absorption tower is fed to the middle part of the physical-chemical absorption tower to remove residual CO2 together with gas in tower, and the purified gas is fed out from the top of tower. The absorbant liquid from the physical-chemical absorption tower is regenerated in regeration tower and the removed CO2 gas is fed out from the top of tower. The said process can reach the purification degree of chemical absorption process and has low power consumption.


Creep and relaxation phenomena are being observed in shape memory alloys, not only at high temperatures but also at room temperature, due to their martensitic transformation. Transformation-induced creep and stress relaxation in shape memory alloys occur due to temperature variations during loading and unloading cycles. In this work, a one-dimensional fully coupled thermomechanical model was employed to develop a continuum framework for studying these behaviors in shape memory alloy wires. A decrease or increase in stress was observed during forward or reverse transformation at a constant amount of strain, showing the stress relaxation and stress recovery, respectively. Similarly, the model predicts that strain increases or decreases when stress is held fixed in the course of forward or reverse transformation, meaning the phenomena of creep and creep recovery, respectively. This model provides the ability of investigating the effects of different ambient temperatures, strain rates, applied stresses and strains, and wire radii on the creep and relaxation responses of shape memory alloys. Relaxation and creep experiments at different ambient temperatures and loading or unloading rates were also done on NiTi wires, and the theoretical predictions were shown to be in a good agreement with the empirical observations.


The study of "literature on screen" is not new: indeed, this terminology has long been used for the study of adaptation, perhaps most notably in Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan's Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen. What is less widespread, however, is the association of literature with television's "small screen" – because of its serial storytelling, television adaptation has long been relegated to limited-run miniseries (what I've called short-form adaptations), and the study o...


To study the effect of initial curing conditions on the fly ash hydration degree in fly ash-cement system,the time-dependent developments of fly ash hydration degree under different curing temperatures and ages were studied using the selective dissolve method.The process and mechanism of fly ash pozzolanic reaction developments were analyzed combining with scanning electron microscope images and early age compressive strength of concrete.Results indicate that curing temperatures and ages are the important factors which can enhance fly ash hydration degree.High curing temperatures and longer curing ages can lead the compressive strength of fly ash-cement mortar higher,and the micro structures of fly ash-cement paste denser.


DR. SHERRY: Dr. Slichter, you have provided a beautiful demonstration of increased fibrinogen turnover in patients with malignant disease and also have shown that increased surface counting at the site of superficial neoplasms occurs after the injection of lSII-labeled fibrinogen. Can fibrinogen turnover studies be used as a diagnostic test for detecting obscure neoplastic tumors? If so, how specific would it be, and can the concept of surface counting be developed to localize neoplasms deeper in the body? DR. S. J . SLICHTER: In answer to your last question, the two patients we looked at recently had superficial tumors; one was a bronchogenic carcinoma, and the other was an osteogenic sarcoma. The extent of the usefulness of this approach will depend on how good the methodology is for localizing labeled fibrinogen in deeper tissues. I would suspect that we would be able to find most superficial tumors by this technique and localize them, but I don't have information on how satisfactory our particular technique would be for deeper tumors. DR. SHERRY: Of course, there has been a fair amount of work in the past with lSII-labeled fibrinogen, but without much success. I would hope that if you do pursue this Investigation, you might try injecting the labeled fibrinogen in conjunction with e-aminocaproic acid or TrasyloP, which might prevent or slow the turnover of labeled fibrin in the tumor itself. Could turnove*r studies be used as a diagnostic test for the presence of neoplastic disease, even though such studies might not be of a localizing value? DR. SLICHTER: Very few of the patients we studied did not have metastatic disease, as confirmed by conventional techniques. Two did have localized tumors, and as the data would suggest, in localized tumors without extensive disease, the turnovers may be normal. Thus, if one were to employ fibrinogen turnover studies as a screening test for a localized malignancy, such a method would not prove very useful, because the disease must be necessarily relatively extensive before the systemic effects of the disease can be seen. Also, the techniques that are used are not easy to adapt to routine clinical situations; at present, they are research tools. Consequently, I am not sure that they would be helpful in finding disease that is undetectable by already established methods. DR. R. BERG (Princeton University, Princeton, N . J . ) : It has been widely stated that carcinoma of the pancreas is particularly associated with remote venous thromboses. I was most interested in Dr. Pineo's demonstration that much has procoagulant activity, but none of the speakers have addressed the question of pancreatic carcinomas. Could any of the panel members comment on that? DR. G. F. PINEO: This is a recurrent theme in the literature, that is, that carcinoma of the pancreas predisposes to thrombosis, or DIC. In the 12 patients who were reported 'by Dr. Michael Brain, this was the commonest tumor. I am not certain how many of these were mucus producing. The ones that we saw all were mucus producing but they were not restricted to the pancreas. Please remember that a number of adenocarcinomas, even of the breast, are mucus producing. In the general population, I am not sure how often one sees patients who present with phlebitis and who later are diagnosed as carcinoma. Our experience suggests that this is quite unusual.


Background Nomal binocular vision is achieved through accommodation and vergence.Anisometropia is associated with abnormal visual development,but its impact on accommodation and vergence is unknown.This study is helpful to make a reaonable correction plan for anisometropia.Objective This clinical study was to examine the binocular vision function in myopic anisometropia and evaluate the influence of myopic anisometropia on binocular vision function.Methods Seventy subjects with myopic anisometropia ≥ 1.0 D were recruited in Tianjin Eye Hospital and Tianjin Vocational Institute from 2006 to 2009.The subjects were assigned to the low anisometropia group with the 1.0 D ≤ spherical equivalent difference < 2.5 D and the moderate and high anisometropia group with spherical equivalent difference ≥2.5D,and other 35 individuals with spherical equivalent difference < 1.0 D were enrolled as the without anisometropia group.Binocular vision function parameters were examined in all the individuals,including comprehensive refractometer to check the diopter,Worth 4 dot to examine the binocular vision function,different distance of vertical fusional amplitudes,accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) and stereoscopic vision.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to the study.Results After anisometropia was completely corrected,the normal rate of Worth 4 dot examination was 94.3%,80.0% and 60.0% in the without anisometropia group,low anisometropia group,moderate and high anisometropia group,respectively,showing a statistical difference among groups (x2 =12.137,P<0.05),and the normal rate of 4 dot was less,and that of 5 dot was higher in the moderate and high anisometropia group compared with the without anisometropia group and low anisometropia group (P<0.05).No significant difference was found in the normal rate for phoria of distance among the three groups (x2 =4.489,P=0.344).The normal rate for near phoria of distance was 65.7%,42.9% and 37.1% in the without anisometropia group,low anisometropia group,moderate and high anisometropia group,respectively,with significant difference among them (x2 =6.045,P<0.05).The normal rate of stereopsis was 91.4%,77.1% and 54.3% in the without anisometropia group,low anisometropia group,moderate and high anisometropia group,respectively,which was statistically different among groups (x2 =12.863,P =0.002),and that in the moderate and high anisometropia group was significant declined in comparison with the without anisometropia group (x2 =12.208,P < 0.05).The difference of distance phoria,AC/A,negative relative accommodation (NRA),positive relative accommodation (PRA),accommodation amplitude and binocular accommodative lag were statistically different among groups (P>0.05).Conclusions The normal rate of the stereopsis,Worth 4 dot and the phoria of near distance are decreased with the increase of anisometropia,but other ocular motor parameters are normal in anisometropic subject.

Key words:
Anisometropia;  Myopia;  Binocular vision


Considers a re-definition of nursing education in the context of Maori identity. Discusses cultural safety in terms of biculturalism and the teaching of cultural safety in nursing education. Examines historical antecedents of monocultural nursing attitudes. Maintains that recruitment programmes for Maori nursing students and Maori nurses need to provide ongoing support.


The problems for the correction calculation of the instantaneous vacuum thrust by using measured instantaneous thrust data in simulated altitude test of solid rocket motor are analyzedBased test on test phenomena of a solid rocket motor (SRM1), the factors resulting in thrust offset are discussed and the formulae are given to calculate the effects of the factors on the thrusts quantitatively


[Extract] We shall proceed to chronicle the main industrial relations events before and after political independence. These events will be set against the main changes in political leadership that have taken place. Having presented an account of the political context, we shall examine those aspects of the socio-economic environment which are relevant to industrial relations and the political process. Following this we shall apply a systems model to identify and analyse the inputs, the process and the outputs, having regard to the process as being the interaction of industrial relations with politics. Our outputs, then, will constitute the characteristics of industrial relations in the Sudan. Finally, in so far as we are able to, we shall endeavour to suggest some trends for the future.

The information upon which this study is based has three main sources. First, there are existing studies made by academic researchers, in particular of the labour movement, over the years: those sources are cited in the notes. Second, where possible, we have obtained relevant official and semi-official documents and statistics from the appropriate organisations and individual persons. For example, trade union membership figures from the Registrar-General's Office. Third, we conducted semi-structured interviews with Department of Labour officials, political cadres of the SSU, trade union leaders, managers from both public and private sectors of industry, and with officials and representatives of the employers' associations. Without exception the interviewees were candid and willing to co-operate and, although they were often keen to add their opinions of the subjects we were discussing, the interpretation of the data in this study must be our responsability.


Mixed-use megaprojects on state-owned land have been increasingly occurring around the world over the past few decades. This article reviews the body of literature that has emerged on these projects during this period and investigates a number of projects more deeply by reviewing original planning documents and undertaking interviews with government officials, consultants, and other insiders. Project motives, delivery methods, and built outcomes have been examined in order to contextualize their emergence and proliferation, leading to a typological understanding, defined in this article as competitive precinct projects. A content analysis of 30 reviews covering 42 mixed-use megaprojects in 20 countries reveals remarkable global consistency in thematic criticisms. Framed in this article as the "five consistent criticisms of 'global' mixed-use megaprojects," they pose a significant barrier to addressing increasingly complex urban challenges as well as to their successful management from inception to delivery. While the consistent criticisms represent patterns that have endured within a globally active urban development type for over three decades, this research shows that rather than being a neoliberal hegemony, there are mixed political and ideological aims and outcomes across projects and sometimes within the same project. A typological understanding allows patterns to be examined and understood, variances and hybridity to be evaluated, and more sophisticated future directions to be mapped out in the pursuit of broader based and city-scale project outcomes.


The study examined determinant of profitability among small scale goat marketers in AdoEkiti metropolis, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Data on socio-economic characteristics (age, experience on the job, household composition and educational status) and factors influencing profitability of goat marketing were obtained from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Sixty respondents were sourced for in the study area, selection was through multi-stage sampling process. Data generated were analysed using descriptive statistics (tables, frequencies, percentages and means) and regression analysis. The result showed that 81.7% of the goat marketers were above 41 years of age with mean age of 58 years. Majority (53.3%) had between 6 and 11 years of goat marketing experience and a household size of 6-10 members was reported by 75% respondents. It is worthy to note that majority (70%) of the goat marketers in the study area had formal education. At 1% significance level, average price of feed, average price of shed and average price of commission charges were significant factors that influenced profitability of goat marketing. However, at 5% significant level, average price of labour and average price of medication were factors that determined profit. The result of the diagnostic statistics showed that adjusted r2 value of 0.856 from the regression result revealed that 85.6% explained variation in the marketing profit (y) is due to the joint effect of all the independent variables specified in the model. In conclusion, price reduction of identified factors can increase profitability of goat marketing business in the study area.


Congenital heart diseases are the common disease in birth defects .There are 120000 to 200000 children born with congenital heart disease in China each year , most of which are complex congenital heart diseases , seriously harming the health of the newborn , and bring heavy burden to commu-nity and the patient's family .The pathogenesis of congenital heart disease is complex , mostly of which due to the co-effects of environmental and genetic factors .Many patients get congenital heart diseases due to the combined action of multiple genes and signaling pathways , such as TGF-β, Nodal , MAPK , Wnt , Notch and homocysteine methionine signaling pathways which are closely associated with the cardiac devel -opment , and any abnormality in these genes or signal path ways may lead to congenital heart disease .In this paper , we summarizd the roles of various signaling pathways and their related genes in heart development , and how changes or abnormalities in these signaling pathways and genes caused congenital heart disease .

Key words:
Congenital heart disease; Tetralogy of fallot; Signaling pathway; Genetic fac-tors; Gene regulation


Abstract It is noted a lack of integration between information of the Land Registration (LR) and of the Urban Cadastre in various Brazilian municipalities. Due to the lack of regulations at national level that define a conceptual model to organize the data from different entities, the design of integration systems geared to such a purpose is made difficult. Therefore, this study aims at developing an exchange prototype of the mentioned data from a previous research conducted by Paiva et al. (2016), concerning the modeling of the data resultant from LR and Urban Cadastre. To this end, we used the existing situation in the municipality of São José dos Pinhais, Curitiba metropolitan region, as a case study. There, the exchange of information between both entities is similar to that of many Brazilian municipalities. A conceptual model was generated and used to create an object-relational database, which then was used to develop an administrative and geospatial data consultation and editing prototype, based on technologies known as open-source. The use of such programs allowed us to verify the reproducibility possibility of the computational solutions referred herein to other cities with different economic situations.


This paper describes work-in-progress in the area of educational design patterns. More specifically, the paper highlights a relatively neglected area in educational design for technology-supported learning ‐ the various ways in which students can be grouped together to work collaboratively on study activities. Thus, it looks at the 'people' component of the 'task, tools and people' design model. The paper outlines this design model, sketches the 'people' component and offers an example design pattern to illustrate how design knowledge can be shared through design patterns and pattern languages. The research has implications for anyone who is concerned about sharing good ideas for technology-supported collaborative learning, whether in small, medium-sized or large groups (from dyads to learning communities).


Abstract : This manuscript is the first in a sequence of documents that describe the development and verification of the various components of a sea surface infrared radiance simulator. We have developed an approach to modeling the sea surface radiance in the infrared to include both a coherent ship wake structure and an averaged background component. In this manuscript we discuss the component of the simulator for the ambient sea surface. The contribution from the background sea surface is determined by its roughness and temperature given a defined incident sky radiation. The roughness is largely determined by the wind speed at the sea surface and is described as a probability distribution of slopes of planar facets in the model. Then given the reflectivity and emissivity of the sea surface and their inherent dependencies on angle to the observer, temperature, and roughness we calculate the infrared radiance from the sea surface. We have illustrated the range of behaviour of the sea surface radiance for simple sky radiances at grazing and non-grazing angles as a function of sea roughness and temperature.


We have developed new analytical procedures to measure precise and accurate 238U–206Pb and 235U–207Pb ages for young (~ 1 Ma) zircons using laser ablation‐ICP‐mass spectrometry. For young zircons, both careful correction for the background counts and analysis of very small Pb/U ratios (i.e., 206Pb/238U < 0.00016 and 207Pb/235U < 0.0001 for 1 Ma zircons) are highly desired. For the correction of the background, the contribution of the background signal intensities for the analytes, especially for the residual signal intensities for 206Pb and 207Pb, was defined through laser ablation of synthesised zircons (ablation blank) containing negligible Pb. The measured signal intensities for 202Hg, 206Pb and 207Pb signals obtained by the ablation blank were slightly higher than those obtained by data acquisition without laser ablation (gas blank). For the wider dynamic range measurements on Pb/U ratios, an attenuator device for the ion detection system was employed to extend the capability to monitor high‐intensity signals (i.e., > 3 Mcps). Through the attenuator device, the ion currents were reduced to 1/450 of the signal intensity without the attenuator. Because the switching time for the attenuator was shorter than 1 ms, signal intensities for only specific isotopes could be reduced. With attenuation of the 238U signal, counting statistics on 206Pb and 207Pb isotopes could be improved and counting loss on the 238U signal could be minimised. To demonstrate the reliability of this new analytical technique, 238U–206Pb and 235U–207Pb ages for three young zircon samples (collected from Osaka Group Pink Volcanic Ash, Kirigamine and Bishop Tuff) were measured. The data presented here demonstrate clearly that the present technique could become a major analytical tool for in situ U–Pb age determination of young zircons (~ 1 Ma).


Objectives: To present the indications for conservative medical therapy vs. myomectomy during pregnancy, as treatment of symptomatic large uterine fibroids and to discuss possible complications arising with either mode of therapy.
Methods: A retrospective observational study of 19 pregnant patients, with a median age of 35 years, all with large uterine fibroids ranging from 8-25 cm in size, referred to the university clinic of Grosshadern in Munich, Germany, between 1996 and 2007 either due to symptoms or due to routine registration for delivery was conducted.
Results: 7 (37%) patients were followed as asymptomatic ambulatory patients, and 12 (63%) patients were admitted to the hospital with complaints varying from vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, increased infection parameters, and premature contractions. From the 12 admitted patients, 9 (75%) received conservative medical therapy and 3 (25%) underwent myomectomy between the 19th and 21st week of their pregnancy. The decision to treat surgically was based on the characteristics of the fibroids and their symptoms, and non-response to initial conservative therapy. 5 (26%) Women delivered spontaneously. 14 (74%) patients were delivered via caesarean section following the threshold of viability: 11 (79%) via primary caesarean and 3 (21%) via secondary caesarean. 4 (29%) of the patients undergoing caesarean required hysterectomy, and only 1 (25%) of the hysterectomy patients had undergone myomectomy during the pregnancy.
All infants were live born without malformations, with the exception of one infant born with a missing limb, to a mother who had undergone myomectomy during her pregnancy.
Conclusions: Certain known risk factors in pregnant women with fibroids such as size, continuous growth, texture and position of the fibroid in relation to the placenta, leading to symptoms not treatable via conservative methods, can predispose to complications during pregnancy. Women with such risk factors or women who have failed medical therapy, should be offered the option of undergoing myomectomy during pregnancy, in the hope of improving pregnancy outcome.


Antibiotic resistant infections are a risk for increased patient mortality due to long time-to-results for current diagnostic methods. Results from a ∼1,500 patient trial demonstrated bacterial blood culture required 51 hours on average for a positive result. Current antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) requires two additional days for phenotypic results. Studies show delays in effective treatment increases mortality rates by 7.6% every hour. The CDC classifies carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (13,000 annual deaths) as urgent threats, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (∼15,000 annual deaths combined) as serious threats. Identifying resistance markers direct from patient samples may aid clinical decisions, reduce antibiotic use, reduce time to effective therapy, and improve patient outcomes

 200 antibiotic resistant bacterial strains were genotyped for 13 clinically-relevant resistance genes and screened for antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Results identified correlations between resistance markers and phenotypic resistance and potential aid for clinical treatment.

 High resistance to vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam, first-line antibiotics, were seen in 48 Gram-positive and 69 Gram-negative strains. Presence of Gram-positive markers vanA or vanB correlated to 100% (28/28) vancomycin resistance and 88% (25/28) ampicillin resistance. In 85 sequenced Gram-negative strains, 35 harbored metallo-β-lactamase (blaIMP,blaNDM,blaVIM), 35 contained extended spectrum β-lactamase (blaCTX-M-14,blaCTX-M-15), 21 contained AmpC β-lactamase (blaDHA,blaCMY), and 34 contained carbapenenase (blaKPC,blaOXA48). These markers correlated to 100% resistance to ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime in all strains.

 Together, these data suggest that molecular diagnostics that identify genetic markers may provide clinicians with needed information during a window when therapeutic intervention can improve patient outcomes.

 Caitlin Morrison, B.S., T2 Biosystems: Stocks/Bonds Janis Pham, B.S., T2 Biosystems: Stocks/Bonds Alicyn Pearson, PhD, T2 Biosystems: Stocks/Bonds John King, B.S., T2 Biosystems: Stocks/Bonds Heather S. Lapp Noucas, MSc, T2 Biosystems: Stocks/Bonds Robert Shivers, PhD, T2 Biosystems: US20200291488A1|T2 Biosystems: Stocks/Bonds Roger Smith, Ph.D., T2 Biosystems, Inc: US20180188195A1, EP3849938A1,WO2020257691A1, WO2020252084A1|T2 Biosystems, Inc: Stocks/Bonds.


The bifunctional nucleophile methylhydrazine reacts in an alkaline medium in a regioselective mode with chalcones to yield 2-pyrazolines, which can be oxidized by DDQ to the corresponding 1H-pyrazoles. From oligo(chalcone)s this reaction yields cross-conjugated compounds with an alternating sequence of 1,4-disubstituted benzene rings and 3,5-disubstituted 1H-pyrazole rings. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)


Objective and Goal: role of the educator necessitates making the most of each teaching opportunity by understanding the characteristics of the learning audience and incorporating demonstrated principles of adult educational design, with a focus on collaborative learning and variety in presentation techniques. The goal is to provide student oriented education, producing efficient doctors. Design and participants: A cross-sectional study among 214 medical students of the AIMST University, conducted in 2008. Main outcome measures were: 1. Learning style {visual (V), auditory (A), readwrite(R), kinesthetic (K)} 2. Preferred study practice (alone, in pairs or in groups). Results and Discussion: Preference for different learning styles were, visual (V) 9%, auditory (A) 28%, reading/writing (R) 38% and kinesthetic (K) 35%. 51.4 % of the total 214 students preferred a single mode of information presentation (either V, A, R, or K). Of the 104 students (48.6 % of the total 214 ) who preferred multiple modes of information presentation, some preferred two modes (bimodal, 25%), some preferred three modes (tri-modal, 12%), and some preferred four modes (quadri-modal, 67%). Practical implications: With growing interest in learning styles, an awareness of students' preferences will be of particular value in designing course delivery strategies which combine an appropriate mix of lectures, Problem based learning (PBL) sessions and practical hours. Originality/value: Multiplicity exists in the learning styles of students and the accomplishment of teaching goals is based on the ability to understand the complexity and to use the knowledge of these differences to balance these disparities among the students in a class.


Adults of Dirofilaria immitis usually are found at necropsy in the right ventricle of the heart and in the pulmonary arteries of the infected dog. The habitat of adult Dipetalonema reconditum has not been determined clearly although one or more specimens have been recovered by Grassi and Calandruccio (1890), and Noe (1907; according to Chabaud, 1952) in Europe, and by Newton and Wright (1956) in the United States. In each of those investigations tissues of dogs were carefully dissected in search of adult filariids but few specimens were collected.


The author discusses recent years' current situation of the coal mine auxiliary transportation in my country,describes the application of the mine-used explosion-proof trackless rubber-tyred locomotive in modernized auxiliary transportation,and provides concrete development thought,so as to make the auxiliary transportation development with step of advanced technology,promote development of the coal mine enterprise.


In this paper the microplate assay was used to determine AChE inhibition by different concentrations of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. The results showed that there were no inhibition of organophosphate insecticides, such as methyl parathion, monocrotophos, omethoate and acephate to the AChE of cotton aphid. By measuring the AChE activity of individual cotton aphids on cascara and on cotton seedling in Beijing and Gaomi, Shandong Province, along with the inhibitory frequency of methomyl to it, it was found that the distributive frequency among individual AChE activities was similar among the three populations of cotton aphid tested. The individuals with inhibitory rate of methomyl to individual AChE below 30% in the three different populations were amounted to 2 4%,16%,29%,respectively.The individuals with inhibitory rate over 70%,accounted for 72%, 33% and 1% of the three populations respectively. The difference among these three populations was noticeable, and this result was in accord with the outcome of biological measurement.Consequently the method of microplate titer assay would be a better forecast skill for determinating insensitivity of AChE to carbamate insecticides in cotton aphid. It might be helpful for releasing pest resistance.


Advertisements which feature a well-known spokesperson can be effective in building product image. In recent years, CEOs have increasingly been featured in advertising, but there has been little research into the effectiveness of this approach. Previous studies find that to achieve the best effect, there needs to be a good fit between the spokesperson and product being advertised. However, does the concept of spokesperson-product fit apply when a company uses its CEO in its advertising? The purpose of this research is to investigate whether it is true that a certain type of spokesperson is more effective for a certain type of product, and whether CEOs can only be effective advertising spokespeople for specific products. An experimental design is used to test the hypotheses. The managerial implications of the results are provided, and these may help firms to choose more suitable spokespersons and thus have more effective advertising.


This is like an abstract to a paper, but it is more abstract. In fact, it is the introduction to something which is a not paper. The global Covid-19 pandemic of 2020 represented an inflection point for our post-post-modern world, a moment where our old normal was dramatically arrested. We are now in a state of comprehensive flux as 'new normals' emerge, begin to solidify, and may evolve into an—as yet undetermined—futures. This not paper is a facet and exploration of that flux as it relates to publication and conference culture, video conferencing systems, and how we both conduct, and share, research. You should read the whole of this abstract, but then you should take a step inside the not paper, it lives on the web over here https://designresearch.works/thisisnotapaper/


Evidence-based research, tend to encourage the development and / or use of the results found, in the clinical practice. The amount and complexity of information in health, requires the production of literature review methods, such as integrative review, which provide a support in the form of synthesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the scientific literature available on midwifery in SciELO database from 2010 to 2015. It presents general concepts and stages of development of the integrative review, as well as relevant aspects of the applicability of this method for research in nursing and health in general. The integrative review is a research method that allows a systematic search, critical assessment and the promotion of a synthesis of the available evidence on the subject investigated.The publications reviewed here, have shown how it is relevant to clinical practice, the participation of nursing in all stages of the gestational cycle, including childbirth and the postpartum period. Also provided to identify gaps that that will direct the development of future research, such as those relating to liability issues of the nursing area hardly contemplated in studies of care in obstetrics.
 Keywords: Research. obstetric nursing. Health.


The improvement of parental involvement in primary education was studied in seven projects in seven districts of Uganda. The projects were compared by using a changing behaviour model as framework. All the projects were paying attention to every changing behaviour factor of the model. To what extend varied within and between projects. In general positive results seemed to be related to the projects' activities. Teaching the parents skills seemed to be important for reducing some of the barriers parents experienced. However, there were too many barriers and too little resources to deal with those barriers in the projects. Parents were not fully being enabled to be involved in education. The project activities were evaluated on the level of attention paid to the changing behaviour factors. This way it was predicted which projects were most likely to succeed, namely the projects teaching practical skills to parents, like literacy or agriculture skills. Through this study success factors were identified in the project, which can contribute to further improvement of parental involvement in primary education of Uganda.


indeed to attack, a family ethic based on the gospel. Until the last chapter she offers few arguments or even opinions of her own. At last she shows her hand, offering a balanced feminism remote from the 'man-hating, child-rejecting' caricature (p. 174) which some feminists persistently invite. Human relationships are to be capable of prefiguring 'the union of Christ and the church' (p. 230). She makes encouraging recommendations about what 'eco-feminist family life' can be like. More specific discussion is needed about the practical shape of her hopes. Since the history of the family is not starting from scratch, fresh starts require patient diplomacy and indeed politics. 'Covenanting' is a good keyword and covenanting in stages holds promise (pp. 214-17); but this approach, as she says, 'could fill a whole book', a book one would like to read. To her idea of a 'sexual ethic rooted in friendship' (p. 219) one must say 'Hear, hear'. She wants 'lovers, friends, and partners' to 'shape life-enhancing communities' (p. 229). An appreciative response demands that one should keep asking, How? What policies ought to be put into effect, and by whom, for the hopeful 'reimagining' of families as means of grace with which her book concludes?


Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a recently described virus belonging to the family Circoviridae. It is related to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) – one of the most economically important viruses for the pig production industry worldwide.

PCV3 was originally identified by metagenomics analyses of tissues from pigs suffering from porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (Fig 1), reproductive failure, myocarditis and multisystemic inflammation.1,2 The absence of other common pathogens that could be causing these disease conditions prompted the suspicion that PCV3 might be involved in their aetiology. However, the virus has also been detected in clinically healthy pigs.3

Fig 1: Porcine circovirus type 3 infection in a Chinese pig with severe skin lesions

Although the virus primarily infects pigs, it has, somewhat surprisingly, also been detected in other animals such as dogs, mice, cattle and even ticks.4-7

PCV3 has now …


A new method of locating structural damage using measured differences in vibrational response and a numerical model of the undamaged structure has been presented. This method is particularly suited for complex structures with little or no symmetry. In a prior study the method successively located simulated damage from measurements of the vibrational response on two simple structures. Here we demonstrate that it can locate simulated damage in a complex structure. A numerical model of a complex structure was used to calculate the structural response before and after the introduction of a void. The method can now be considered for application to structures of programmatic interest. It could be used to monitor the structural integrity of complex mechanical structures and assemblies over their lifetimes. This would allow early detection of damage, when repair is relatively easy and inexpensive. It would also allow one to schedule maintenance based on actual damage instead of a time schedule.


Among the 100 Type 2 diabetic patients, 60 were males and 40 were females indicating that Type 2 diabetes occur predominantly in males than that of the females. The mean age of the Type 2 diabetic population was 55.07 years whereas the mean age of the non-diabetic population was 51.19 years. The mean FBS of Type 2 diabetic patients were 200.38mg/dl and that of the non diabetics was 98.81mg/dl. Results of the study showed that group1 (normoglycemics) patients had a mean age of 46 yrs. The Male : Female ratio is 1.07:1. The mean platelet count is determined as 2.5x109 and MPV was found to be 8.05. Group 2 Type 2 prediabetic patients had a mean age of 56 yrs and the Male : Female ratio is 1.2:1. Then the mean platelet count is determined as 2.5x109 and MPV was found to be 8.85. Group 3 diabetic patients had a mean age of 55 yrs and the Male: Female ratio is 1.5:1. The mean platelet count is determined as 2.9 x109 and MPV was found to be 9.2. MPV showed an increasing trend from group1 (8.055), followed by group (2 8.855) and then group 3 (9.199) similar to that of platelet count (2.476,2.540, 2.917 in respective 1, 2, and 3 groups). This study revealed that both the mean platelet count and platelet volume were relatively higher in Type 2 diabetics than in non-diabetes.indicating that both the parameters can be used to predict vasculopathy in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.


Disaggregation and microtubule-severing nanomachines from the AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) superfamily assemble into ring–shaped hexamers that enable protein remodeling by coupling large–scale conformational changes with application of mechanical forces within a central pore by loops protruding within the pore. We probed these motions and intra-ring interactions that support them by performing extensive explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of single-ring severing proteins and the double-ring disaggregase ClpB. Simulations reveal that dynamic stability of hexamers of severing proteins and of the nucleotide binding domain 1 (NBD1) ring of ClpB, which belong to the same clade, involves a network of salt bridges that connect conserved motifs of central PL1 loops of the hexamer. Clustering analysis of ClpB highlights correlated motions of domains of neighboring protomers supporting strong inter-protomer collaboration. Severing proteins have weaker inter-protomer coupling and stronger intra-protomer stabilization through salt bridges formed between PL2 and PL3 loops. Distinct mechanisms are identified in the NBD2 ring of ClpB involving weaker inter–protomer coupling through salt bridges formed by non–canonical loops and stronger intra–protomer coupling. Pore width fluctuations associated with the PL1 constriction in the spiral states, in the presence of a substrate peptide, highlight stark differences between narrowing of channels of severing proteins and widening of the NBD1 ring of ClpB. This indicates divergent substrate processing mechanisms of remodeling and translocation by ClpB and substrate tail-end gripping and possible wedging on microtubule lattice by severing enzymes. Relaxation dynamics of the distance between the PL1 loops and the centers of mass of protomers reveals observation-time-dependent dynamics, leading to predicted relaxation times of tens of microseconds on millisecond experimental timescales. For ClpB the predicted relaxation time is in excellent agreement with the extracted time from smFRET experiments.


The probation in criminal law is a system that people's courts' suspend the previous sentence to those crimers who are taken into custody or limited period of imprisonment under three years in a certain trial period without harm to the society. Probation system plays an essential part in reforming and defending crimes ,and maintaining the social stability in practice. However, probation system has many concrete problems in judicial practice, which make it hard to reach the legal purpose,it is necessary to reform and modify the probation system.In the author's opinion,we should clarify the suitable conditions of probation system, to avoid randomness in practice and prohibit the free judicial rights of the judges.In technological application,by establishing prediction system, the courts can examine more objectively whether the defendants"will not do harm to the society"to make the application of probation more scientically. Also, setting up hearing testimony in application producure can add transparency clarity and put probation producure under a society supervision to avoid"black case work"and incarnate fairness and justice in legal producure. As the respect of probation supervision, first, setting up probation supervision committee can inform the object of supervision to remedy the supervision dificiency of police security organ,and clarify the rights and responsibilities to put into effect the probation supervision;Second,setting up probation guidance system can make the defendants have evident aim and act principles. Finally,it is essential to include the probation supervision into social remedy system so as to perfect the probation supervision.Therefore,to establish a prohibition system is necessary and protential to perfect the probation system of our country.


Excerpt The allergic and toxic manifestations which may follow the use of quinidine are well known.1Such reactions may be classified as (1) gastrointestinal, (2) respiratory, (3) dermatologic, (4) ...


In his article entitled "Ross Ashby's information theory: a bit of history, some solutions to problems, and what we face today," Krippendorff (2009) argues against interaction information among three (or more) variables Q as a viable measure in information theory (McGill, 1954; Yeung, 2008, at pp. 51 ff.). Following Ashby's (1969) definitions, the author defines transmission as the difference between the sum of the entropies for variables independently and the uncertainty in the system of all variables taken together (at p. 192):


The heart tissue is an excitable media. Cellular Automata is an approach describing cardiac action potential propagation. One of the advantages of Cellular Automata approach over the differential equations based models is its high speed in large scale simulations. Prior Cellular Automata models are not able to eliminate flat edges in the simulated patterns or have large neighborhoods. Moreover, they are not able to match the shape of ventricular action potential to the real ones. In this paper, we present a new model which prevents flat edges creation by using minimum number of neighbors. we also rather preserve the real shape of action potential by using linear curve fitting of a well known electrophysiological model.


This paper deals with the problem of tracking a maneuvering target using an airborne electronically scanned array radar. Conventional target-tracking filters produce biased target state estimates because the angular motion of a radar platform complicates the cross-correlations between the converted measurements (CMs). As a practical alternative to this issue, the target tracking filter is designed in the predicted line-of-sight Cartesian coordinate system (PLCCS). Provided that the a priori state estimation error is small enough, the statistics of the CMs in PLCCS can be approximated accurately despite using the first and second moments of the radar measurement noises only. The resulting debiasing term leads to a satisfactory target tracking performance of the proposed filter. Furthermore, by exploiting the diagonality of the noise covariance matrix derived in the PLCCS, the proposed tracking filter is decoupled into each axis to induce a suitable real-time implementation. Through simulations, the enhanced performance of the suggested method is demonstrated.


Multifunctional electrocatalysts are vastly sought for their applications in water splitting electrolyzers, metal-air batteries, and regenerative fuel cells because of their ability to catalyze multiple reactions such as hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and oxygen reduction reactions. More specifically, the application of single-atom electrocatalyst in multifunctional catalysis is a promising approach to ensure good atomic efficiency, tunability and additionally benefits simple theoretical treatment. In this review, we provide insights into the variety of single-site metal catalysts and their identification. We also summarize the recent advancements in computational modeling of multifunctional electrocatalysis on single-site catalysts. Furthermore, we explain each modeling step with open-source-based working examples of a standard computational approach.


The representative of the Chagatai language, which developed as a continuation of Khwarazm Turkish, is Zahirad-Din Muhammad Babur's "Baburnama", which contributed to the Chagatai language and literature after the great literary and linguistic scholar Alisher Navoi. In Turkey, it is known as Babur's memoirs about his own life, which received worldwide attention. This work is known as Vekāyi', Vakıanama, Vakıat-ı Baburi, Vekayi'nama-i Padishahi and Baburiyye besides Baburnama. In the developed scientific centres of the world, in Uzbekistan, Turkey and some European countries, when they talk about Baburname, they compare it with the works of Western historical figures. Those whosay "Baburnama" is a unique work" are not at all few. In our study, we have made comments on the state of the scientific studies on "Baburnama" in Turkey and to determine which features of this work are reflected and whether there are works that contribute to the correct and deserved understanding of this work. In this study, within the framework of qualitative research and analyses, the qualities of scientific studies and articles written on or based on"Baburnama", one of the most interesting examples of narrative historical-literary texts, are mentioned


The millimeter wave cloud radar (MMCR) is capable to detect microparticle features in the cloud and to describe the microphysical structure. Clear-air echo is a major type of false echoes (caused by non-meteorological factors) of MMCR. Therefore, analysis of clear-air echoes is valuable for cloud observation. This work analyzes the physical characteristics of the clear-air echoes, and discusses the possible features which could be extracted from products of four devices: MMCR, laser-ceilometer, L-band radiosonde and all-sky camera. The simulation results show that all the extracted features have different probability distributions for clear-air echoes and meteorological echoes. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper has potential application for identifying clear-air echoes from meteorological echoes.


The carrying capacity of a 2.4 ha Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum farm, using mechanised harvesting in North Puget Sound, WA, USA,was determined by means of an ecological model; the results were also scaled to Puget Sound as a whole. An individual Manila clam growth model was developed, calibrated and validated for the commercial farm, together with a macro- algal model to simulate fouling of the predator nets by seaweeds. Both models are based on our previously developed generic frameworks for bivalves (AquaShell) and seaweeds (AquaFrond). For the most part, equations are taken or adapted from the literature and parameterised for the studied site. The individual models were incorporated into the Farm Aquaculture Resource Man- agement (FARM) model to simulate the production cycle, environmental effects and economic optimisation of culture. Both the individual and farm-scale models are built using object-oriented programming. Potential effects of clam production on seaweed growth were analysed and found to be about 10% above background. The FARM model was also used to classify the farm area with respect to its eutrophication status, by applying the Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) model. Farm production ranging from 32 to 45 t of clams per year is well reproduced by the model. Harvest yield is very sensitive to mortality, and profitability is very sensitive to seed costs. Manila clam culture provides a potential nutrient credit trading value of over US $41000 per year, over 1000 Population-Equivalents (PEQ, i.e. loading from humans or equivalent loading from agriculture or industry) with respect to eutrophication control. The potential income would add 21% to the annual profit ($194 900) from clam sales. A scaling exercise to the whole of Puget Sound is in reasonable agreement with declared production (difference of 16%), and suggests that clams provide a significant ecosystem service, of the order of 90 000 PEQ per year.


The premises of a search for CP violation in the D → K+K−π+π− decay is performed. CP-violating asymmetries are built from angular variables describing the distribution of the events in the phase space using data collected by the LHCb detector in 2015. The potential of this analysis technique and the correlations among the proposed asymmetries are studied. Correlations between CP-violating asymmetries are noticed in both toy studies using LHCb data from 2015 and Monte Carlo samples. Pearson's χ tests are performed on constructed samples with no CP violation to set significant levels of signatures of CP violation for future analysis. Prospects of an analysis using Run 2 data are also provided.


This paper analyzes the deficiency of traditional testing method of secure communication between edge device (The device does edge computing in internet of things) and end device (The device in the end of internet of things) in power internet, and proposes a verifying method in power internet of things. This method applies to the scene that tremendous amount of end devices plugged in power internet of things and communicate securely with edge devices. Comparing to traditional method, this method is capable to verify if the security and efficiency of the communication between edge device and end device so that they can meet the requirements in power internet of things.


It was noted that in a homogeneous coastal bluffs, the beach at comparable settings (the basic structure of the wave energy dissipation), and hydrodynamic effects (tides, surges, long waves and wind), the most intense erosion occurs in November–January. During this period, at the upper levels of the coastal profile, which are equilibrium for storm conditions with maximum tides, beach sediments are freezing and the consequent deterioration of their dissipation properties. Loss of redistribution of snow and blizzard in the profile essentially simulates morphodynamics beach properties at this time.


The human skin is situated at the interface of the organism and its environment and therefore exposed to a variety of physical and chemical assaults. Exposure to ionizing and UV radiation or xenobiotics generates free radicals in excessive quantities that quickly overwhelm tissue antioxidants and stress-degrading pathways. Apparently there is a need for providing the skin with potent antioxidants to prevent accelerated ageing processes. Commonly used antioxidants in cosmetics like vitamin C, its derivatives or vitamin E are effective, but highly instable during storage. Ideal anti-(photo) ageing concepts should provide maximum efficacy paired with excellent stability and galenic elegance. RonaCare® AP as candidate of a newly developed class of antioxidants fulfils all these requirements. In the present study cosmetic formulations containing different antioxidants are tested with respect to their Antioxidative Power (AP) directly after processing and after different periods of time at different storage conditions. Vitamin-containing formulations show a dramatic decrease in the Antioxidative Power and some of them show undesirable discolorations. RonaCare® AP did not show galenic disadvantages such as yellowing of the formulation and remains stable without loss of its antioxidative activity. These results indicate RonaCare® AP as superb antioxidant not only for anti-ageing skin care but also for sunscreen formulations.


The novel one-pot four-component reactions of 2-aminothiazole, aldehydes, Meldrum's acid and aliphatic alcohols were investigated, and a series of unexpected compounds, 3-(2-aminothiazol-5-yl)-3-arylpropanoates, were synthesised under catalyst-free conditions. The protocol has advantages of mild conditions, high yield and simple work-up procedure. Thiazoles are important in the field of organic and medicinal chemistry.


The utility model discloses a novel two-end rotor of a single-stage Roots blower. The novel two-end rotor comprises a rotor shaft (1), as well as a first rotor (2) and a second rotor (4) which are arranged on the rotor shaft (1). The novel two-end rotor is characterized in that a first rotor bus (3) of the first rotor (2) and a second rotor bus (5) of the second rotor (4) are not on the same straight line. The buses of a traditional two-end rotor type profile are on the same straight line, while the buses of the novel two-end rotor of the single-stage Roots blower are staggered for a certain angle. By adopting the novel two-end rotor of the single-stage Roots blower, the air flow is steady and the air flow pulsation of the whole blower can be reduced effectively.


Affirming religious freedom is simple, possibly meaningless, in a one-religion society. Conflict surfaces in plurality. Activities and expressions of a religious nature, what is commonly called religion, are not predetermined by arbitration or adjudication. Rather, they emerge spontaneously from within the confines of a particular creed—rituals, observances, and practices are limit less. Religious freedom, like religion itself, is not fixed or static, but is a developing concept. This can lead to problems in a plu ralistic setting. Ironically, the very problems of religious freedom, in their resolution, become the avenues that contribute to a greater free dom of religious practice. In Canada, the courts have been responsible for resolving the major problems of religious free dom. These problems are generally constellated around two poles. One pole is all that is involved in the attempts of a dominant religious group to impress its own understanding of religion on others. This can be precipitated by the arrival of hitherto un known religions in the country and the ensuing struggle to have new ways accepted. Unfamiliar beliefs and customs can meet re sistance from large segments of a population. This is clearly demonstrated by the experience of the Jehovah's Witnesses. The second pole involves governmental policies that affect all citizens by requiring universal participation in a program de signed for the common good of the country. Public education, health care, and old age pensions have caused problems for par ticular religious groups that have found these developments in conflict with their own religious convictions. What can at first appear universally beneficial may, at second glance, seriously infringe upon a specific religion's understanding of its mission and obligations. Religious freedom respects and protects the self understanding of a group and it is through challenges that reli gious freedom matures. Such challenges have frequently surfaced in court.


Legal development aims to establish and secure the implementation of development and its results. The effort that needs to be done to achieve that goal is by reforming the law in a directed and integrated manner and supporting development in various fields as well as legal awareness and dynamics that develop in the ummah.
One of the efforts towards the development of law, among others relating to; First, Land, which has been regulated in PP. No. 28/1977 concerning the representation of property as the implementing regulation of article 49 paragraph 3 of the Law. No 5/1960 Basic Principles of Agrarian Affairs. Second, the law (Islamic jurisprudence). Land "waqf", In law (fiqh) Islamic waqf is worth shadaqah jariah or practice whose reward always flows even though the person who has done so has died, as long as the waqf property is still effective.
Waqf is a religious facility that closely related to efforts to achieve prosperity and as a means of empowering people. Waqf practices are very significant for socio-economic, cultural and religious life. Therefore, Islam puts the practice of waqf as one of the practices of worship in which the person who works it will be given joy by Allah.


Acute upper respiratory infections (AURI) are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children world wide, particularly in developing countries. The clinical features of AURI are rhinorrhoea, nasal stuffiness, cough, sore throat, ear ache, malaise, restless, irritability and occasionally vomiting, onset of fever from 39 to 40 degree celsius, which lasts from few hours to 3 days, irritability, restless, nasal discharge, vomiting and nasal obstruction causes difficulty in sucking and breathing in infants. Steam inhalation may have local effect. Steam introduced into the deeper passages of the respiratory tract provides a larger surface area for absorption. The alveolar capillary network readily absorbs gases and mists introduced into the lungs. Airways must not interfere with the normal gas exchange such as constricting bronchiole.


- Overview of OA policies worldwide - Update on the NHMRC &/or ARC OA policies including requirements for data management & sharing plans in grant application - Use of NHMRC & ARC grant money to pay APCs - Government data and publication OA policies


In this paper, we study a nonlocal evolution equation posed in perforated domains. We consider problems of the form ut(t,x)=∫RN∖AϵJ(x−y)(u(t,y)−u(t,x))dy+f(t,x) with x in a perturbed domain Ωϵ⊂Ω . We think about Ωε as a fixed set Ω from where we have removed the subset Aε that we call the holes. Moreover, we take J as a nonsingular kernel. Assuming weak convergence of the holes, specifically, under the assumption that the characteristic function of Ωε has a weak limit, χϵ⇀X weakly∗ in L∞(Ω) as ε→0, we analyze the limit of the solutions proving a nonlocal homogenized evolution equation.


This paper introduced the imaging part of crop optimization system in hot rolling plant.It was mainly composed of two parts,the width measuring and the imaging part.The principle was to calculate the shape of the strip according to the strip edge location data generated by the scanner of the width measuring instrument.The imaging system calculates the best optimized shear.And it analyzes the typical failure phenomenon of the scene services,finds out the causes and takes effective measures to solve them.The equipment has been put into operation,and achieves significant economic benefits.


Cooperation of T cell-derived lymphokines with monokines and cytokines in immune and inflammatory responses After exposure to antigens, the body responds by producing antibodies through a series of events involving multiple cellular interactions. In this cellular network, the interaction among T cells, B cells, and macrophages lies at the center of the immune response. These interacting cells coordinate their activities through the elaboration of cytokines (Fig. I). Cytokines are defined as soluble mediators of cell to cell communication involved in viral infections (interferon), inflammation and immunity (monokines, lymphokines), and hemopoiesis (colony stimulating factors) (1,2). Interleukins are cytokines which transmit signals between lymphocytes. Initially, antigen processed by antigen presenting cells is recognized by a T cell antigen receptor and at the end, B cells produce antibodies which have the ability to specifically recognize the antigen that provoked their formation. In between the two antigen-specific events, T cells help B cells to make antibodies by producing cytokines. All known cytokines, either monomeric or mul-


The microstructure and ultrastructure of the spermatogenic cells during different period and the maturing progress of germ cells in goat were observed.The result showed that:the spermatogenesis of goats can be divided into several phases,as spermiogonium,primary spermatocyte,second spermatocyte,spermatid and spermatozoid.Spermatogonia contained a large oval nucleus with dense chromatin in the center and mitochondria were found.Golgi complex can be found during the spermatocytes stage.Spermatid altered into spermatozoa since caryoplasm and chromatin concentration and mitochondria redistribution.The mature spermatozoa consist of a rod-shaped and highly-condensed nucleus,an inflated midpiece and abundant mitochondria.Mitochondria centriole played an important role in spermatogenesis.At the same time,the teratosperms spitted in nucleus and midpieces can be observed.


Linear-optic photonic networks with multiple single-photon inputs are attracting attention due to their great potential for quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum sensing. They are also essential for verifying quantum advantages via boson sampling schemes. The quantum coherence of generated multimode–multiphoton states is crucial for various applications. However, the coherence is invisible in the normally obtained photon number distributions, which strictly limits the efficiency of entanglement verification between multimode–multiphoton systems since the required resources for quantum state tomography increase exponentially as the number of photons/modes increases. In this paper, we report the experimental demonstration of direct and efficient verification of entanglement between two multimode–multiphoton systems (one photon in three modes and two photons in three modes) using just two sets of classical correlation tables with and without a discrete Fourier transformation of the optical modes, clearly demonstrating a dramatic reduction in the resources required for entanglement verification. Our experimental demonstration paves the way to understanding the coherence and entanglement of multi-partite systems, not only for photons but for other quantum resources with high-dimensional degrees of freedom.


1,2-Dihydrosilenes were synthesized by the photolysis of silyldiazomethane derivatives bearing one bulky trialkylsilyl group SiR[CH(SiMe3)2]2 (R=Me and i-Pr) and two hydrogen atoms on the silicon a...


Rolfe and Sheikh cite recent guidelines recommending that all egg allergic children should receive the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.1 2 These guidelines also recommend that an allergy specialist should guide the provision of other egg containing vaccines (including flu and yellow fever), for which the risk-benefit is less clear.2

Several life threatening travel …


The regions around Lake Onega (Figure 1) were already populated in the Mesolithic era and by language the Onega dwellers seem to have been Proto-Finno-Ugrians the past 7000 years or more (Patrushev 2000,37; 53-58; Wiik 2000). Because the wind caused the waves of this huge lake to roar on the shore, Finnic speakers I called it Aiininen 'the Sounding one' and Aiinisjiirvi 'Sounding Lake'. It was about a millennium ago when the speakers of East-Slavic started to appear in this region. In their language Aiini-nen transformed to One-ikoe and the lake is known as Onega in modem Russian. The northern parts of the lake are called Transonegan by Russian researchers. This paper is a modal analysis of some Transonegan songs sung by local Russians. My source is the wonderful collection of melodies called Pesni zaonei 'ja v zapisjah 18801980 godov 'Transonegan Songs Written Down from 1880 to 1980' (Krasnopol'skaja 1987), carefully edited by Tamara V. Krasnopol'skaja, a musicologist in Petrozavodsk. The publication contains 110 transcriptions of Russian folk song, and the editor has arranged the tunes in seven sections seen below. For more detailed data on laments, see the following study by Larisa Leisi6.


The effect of Pueraria lobata on Pleurotus nebrodensis fermentation was evaluated for life-span length ability and antioxidant activity,which was tested by Drosophila melanogaster and the MDA contents of mices'liver.Compared with the pure medicine and the pure fungus,the product of Pleurotus nebrodensis ferment on Pueraria lobata has strong life span length and antioxidant ability.


This article explained about the birth of historical-background of tobacco controlling policy and the effect for Jember society. Then, the policy influenced the response from Jember goverment and tobacco society in Jember. The method of this research used historical method including research manners and historical writings. Tobacco controlling policy was backed by the interest of foreign capitalist that threaten Jember economic society who their life was depend on tobacco for instances farmers, tobacco sellers, cigarette sellers, etc. Those problems influenced the reaction from Tobacco farmer Association of Indonesia (APTI) in Jember and tobacco society. APTI Jember prosecuted Jember government to protect the farmers that threathen because of tobacco controlling policy. Besides, The response was also given by the small businessman cigarette in Jember. The cigarette businessman in Jember did against by producing the cigarette without any tax as a way to oppose the policy of tax that was very high at that time. Jember goverment was very responsive to face the problem that made tobacco society worried about the tobacco policy. Then, the government did a cooperation with tobacco society to conserve tobacco. One of the ways to consrve tobacco was by running tobacco affair policy and by using DBHCHT that agreed with tobacco society requirement. The response that was given by tobacco society and Jember government could not be seperated from the importance of tobacco for the economy of Jember society.


What determines the spatial distribution of economic activity? And why is economic activity sometimes "lumpy", distributed in a core-periphery pattern in some countries? This paper uses new sub regional data on the spatial distribution of economic activity for a large cross section of countries, as well as information on roads, rails and surface topography to help understand the role of domestic transport costs in shaping economic geography. The evidence suggests a significant role for physical geography and transport costs in determining the location of economic activity. Countries with rougher surfaces have less developed road and rail transport networks, and greater spatial concentration of economic activity.


Here we focused on tip-burn and blossom-end rot (BER) symptoms in the tomato plants expressing the constitutively active form of Ca 2+ /H + antiporter (sCAX1) and/or a Ca-binding protein (calreticulin, CRT) genes during their whole growth period. Conclusively we demonstrated that CRT is able to suppress the tip-burn and BER symptoms that were induced by sCAX1. Under poor nutrition con- dition, tomato plants overexpressing sCAX1 showed severe necrotic collapses in both roots and shoot polar tissues, which are in accordance with Ca 2+ deficient symptoms frequently observed in an agricultural cultivation of tomato. Reciprocal grafting trials using sCAX1 and wild type plants revealed that the tip-burn symptom by sCAX1 overexpression is not caused by hindrance of Ca 2+ uptake from soil. We con- structed CRT overexpressing transgenic tomatoes, and crossed them with sCAX1 transgenic plants to investigate the effects of CRT on the symptoms of sCAX1 transgenic plants. Co- expression of sCAX1 and CRT significantly suppressed the Ca 2+ deficient symptoms of sCAX1 transgenic plants. Those results suggest the model that Ca 2+ homeostasis disturbed by the overexpression of sCAX1 may be suppressed by the co-expression of CRT.


I. The Emergence of erga omnes Obligations 1. Human Rights Under the UN Charter a. The Programme b. The Implementation 2. The Establishment of erga, omnes obligations in Other fields a. Conventional Creation b. Jus cogens 3. Ensuring Compliance with erga omnes Obligations a. The Growing Awareness of their Different Character b. The Tortuous Implementation of the Idea in Practice II. Can the Existing Community Mechanisms Ensure Enforcement? 1. The Conceptual Question 2. The Relevant Functions of International Organs a. Reporting Systems b. Inspection, Verification and Investigation Systems c. Complaints Procedures d. (Limited) Non-Violent Sanctions 3. Conclusions III. Individual Criminal Responsibility 1. The Evolution of the Concept a. The Way to Nuremberg, Tokyo and Other Prosecutions after World War II b. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols 2. The influence of the International Criminal Tribunals Established by the Security Council a. Jurisdictional Innovation b. The Subject-Matter Jurisdiction of the Tribunals 3. The International Criminal Court (ICC) a. Jurisdiction and its Implementation b. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction


Since times immemorial, man has modified his physical environment; it is a pressing matter, today, that such changes be henceforth made within the framework of a concerted land planning program. This is particularly necessary where estuaries, coasts, and littoral fringe are concerned. The geologist is called upon to play a primordial role in coastal regions management and planning. He or she must be included in the specialists team whose task it is to bring to a close the series of catastrophics which obliterated beaches and dunes, in areas scattered all over the world, while fostering a rational economic and industrial development.