The study of structural changes in chrome CVD coatings on tool steel as a result of annealing and their effect on resid-ual stresses and adhesion of coating having steel substrate, has been considered. The results of studies of residual stresses in the chrome coating and the relative adhesion index are presented. It is shown that heating of the gas-phase coating leads to the formation of a transitive layer between the coating and the substrate, increasing their adhesion.


Air embolus and epidural anaesthesia J. W. Sleigh, FFARCSandJ.M. Saddler, MB, ChB J.S. Crawford, FFARCS Time course of actions of combinations of muscle relaxant drugs J.M. Cundy, FFARCS, A. Cranston, MB, BS and M. Rose, MB. BS Anaesthesia and the public A. Gilston. FFARCS Apparent postoperative recurarisation M.A. Fox, FFARCS and J.M. Hunter, FFARCS A defective Tuohy needle A.J. Shribman, FFARCS A.M. Powell enflurane anaesthesia


SUBTITLE: THE TRANSITION TO REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE IS A COMPLEX MATTER AND IS TAKING LONGER THAN HAD BEEN ENVISIONED: ICAO, THROUGH ITS MEMBER STATES, REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONSULTATIVE BODIES, IS WORKING TO FACILITATE THE PROCESS.


The microbiome of plants plays a pivotal role in their growth and health. Despite its importance, many fundamental questions about the microbiome remain largely unanswered, such as the identification of colonizing bacterial species, the genes they carry, and the location of these genes on chromosomes or plasmids. To gain insights into the genetic makeup of the rice leaf microbiome, we performed a metagenomic analysis using long-read sequences, and developed a genomic DNA extraction method that provides relatively intact DNA for long-read sequencing. 1.8 Gb reads were assembled into 26,067 contigs, including 136 circular sequences of less than 1 Mbp, as well as 172 large (≥ 1 Mbp) sequences, six of which were circularized. Within these contigs, 669 complete 16S rRNA genes were clustered into 166 bacterial species, 130 of which showed low identity to previously defined sequences, suggesting that they represent novel species. The large circular contigs contain novel chromosomes and a megaplasmid, and most of the smaller circular contigs (<1 Mbp) were defined as novel plasmids or bacteriophages. One circular contig represents the complete chromosome of an uncultivated bacterium in the candidate phylum Candidatus Saccharibacteria. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of long-read-based metagenomics for profiling microbial communities and discovering novel sequences in plant-microbiome studies.


By analyzing the data of sediment observed in 11 hydrological stations in Ganjiang River,severe soil and water loss is found in Taojiang,Ganshui,Zhangshui,Pingjiang,Wujiang and Suichuanjiang,etc. The average volume of sediment in the upper reaches of Ganjiang River is larger than that in the lower rea- ches.Transported sediment module is 144/km~2 in Wan'an station,136/km~2 in Ji'an station,131/km~2 in Xia- jiang station,112/km~2 in Zhangshu station,and 114/km~2 in Wuzhou station.The average diameter of sedi- ment particles is 0.04~0.066 mm,and the change in sediment content is consistent with the changes of both the seasons of a year and rainfall or runoff.Lastly,suspended load and soil and water loss are studied,and the countermeasures are presented so as to be the basis for the further technical application in the future.


This paper mainly studies the comprehensive evaluation of multi station integration project. Firstly, the multi station fusion evaluation index system including four first level indexes and ten second level indexes is constructed. Secondly, the evaluation model of multi station fusion comprehensive benefit based on AHP entropy fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is constructed. Finally, three multi station fusion project cases are selected for empirical analysis. The comprehensive score of case 1 is the highest, which is 88.6402, and that of case 2 is the lowest, which is 86.6486, Case 3 is between the two.


SUMMARY

A monomolecular surface-film method was used to evaluate lipid changes in bacteria isolated from refrigerated poultry meat. Changes in cell lipids were studied as functions of reduced growth temperature and growth in the presence of low concentrations of chlortetracycline. Temperature reduction did not cause lipid changes in representative psychrophilic bacteria but did cause profound changes in a gram-positive rod having a lesser ability to grow at 4°C. Growth in the presence of CTC caused lipid increases in all strains.


The present paper discusses the basis for the new concept of Competitive Intelligence because the author considers the currently existing concept of Competitive Intelligence as inadequate which fact is documented in the publications by some authors. The aim of the paper is to propose some basic approaches to the new concept of Competitive Intelligence which might be able to ensure the creation of materials for the strategic decision-making of a company in the challenging business environment. The methods applied in the paper are: analysis, synthesis, comparison, and deduction. In the following part of the paper the author explains his bases for the new concept of Competitive Intelligence. The bases of the author's concept of Competitive Intelligence are the following: a) Competitive Intelligence as a forecast of the future, b) emphasis of directing Competitive Intelligence to the area of strategic management, c) Competitive Intelligence is viewed as a system application discipline, d) the information is viewed in connection with the analyst's person, e) Competitive Intelligence works on the principle of a government intelligence service, f) two-level activity of Competitive Intelligence, g) in the final report of Competitive Intelligence there must be a proposal for the hypothesis realised by the competitor, h) Competitive Intelligence is understood as an engineering activity, i) emphasis on the application of legality and ethics in the activity of Competitive Intelligence. Even though some of these bases are generally recognised already, they have never been published in summary. This summary of bases is subsequently reflected in the new work of Competitive Intelligence as the creator of materials for strategic decision-making of the company's top management.


This srticfe describes a system that automatically classifies E-mail messages in the HUMANIST electronic discussion group into one of four clasaes, Question, Response, Announcement, or Administmtfve. A total of 1,372 messages were analyzed. The automatic classification of a message was based on string metching between a message text and pmdefined string sets for each of the message types. The system's automated abitity to accurately classify a message was compared against manually assigned codes. The Cohen's Kappa of .55 suggested that there was a statistical agreement between the automatic and manually assigned codes.


The invention discloses a headrest with an adjustable height, and the headrest comprises a neck pillow around the human neck; a columnar chin pad which is used for supporting the human chin is arranged on the neck pillow; the side wall of the chin pad is provided with a first thread gluing; an end part of the neck pillow which is connected with the chin pad is correspondingly provided with a second thread gluing; the second thread gluing is attached on the first thread gluing with the adjustable height; and when the headrest with the adjustable height is used for treating neck diseases when a user sleeps, the weight of the human head can be supported by the neck pillow, the human chin can be supported by the chin pad, the relative heights of the chin pad and the neck pillow can be adjusted, so that the comfort is greatly improved.


Summary Sulfhydryl (SH) reagents are known to inhibit platelet aggregation but their effect on the release reaction has not been systematically studied. To delineate the functional effect of penetrating versus nonpenetrating SH inhibitors, we studied primary and secondary aggregation, the collagen and thrombin induced release reaction and clot retraction. Washed human platelets were used to avoid exposing plasma proteins and added reagents to SH inhibitors. We found that 5,5´ dithiobis (2 nitrobenzoic acid) interacted only with superficially-located SH groups which were not essential for either aggregation, the release reaction, clot retraction, or membrane stability. N-ethylmaleimide at low concentrations was found to interact in rapid succession with SH groups essential for aggregation, clot retraction, and the release reaction. Finally, at very much larger concentration, it may have interacted with a structural SH group. P-hydroxymercuriphenyl sulfonate presented a very complex pattern. At low concentrations it appeared to interfere with the free access to the platelet surface of externally-added agents. At higher concentrations, it interacted first with SH groups associated with aggregation, and then with SH groups associated with clot retraction. Finally, it appeared to interfere with structural SH groups, producing a membrane leak of proteins and nucleotides. The release reaction was never specifically inhibited.


This paper presents a color image enhancement algorithm based on shifting the histogram of logarithmic DCT coefficients of the luminance component. The novelty of this work lies in utilizing both the spatial domain histogram concept and transform domain enhancement techniques to perform the enhancement. This paper also demonstrates a quantitative measurement based upon contrast entropy to choose the optimal parameters and determines the effectiveness of the method. In addition, different color spaces including HSV, YCbCr, and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) have been examined for the algorithm to determine the best visual results. We also present a comprehensive review of four commonly used color image enhancement techniques, such as mutiscale retinex with color restoration, multi contrast enhancement, multi contrast enhancement with dynamic compression and color image enhancement by scaling, and compare them with the proposed histogram shifting techniques. Computer simulations and analysis show that the histogram shifting method outperforms the commonly used methods for most images.


The present invention relates to a heat exchanger of an air conditioner capable of refrigerant is concentrated in the specific heat line in the heat exchanger does not flow uniformly flows in all the heat exchange line, the air inlet (51a) (51b) (51c) and the air and the housing (51) with an outlet (51d), the refrigerant flows in a branch in one of the coolant tube comprises a plurality of heat exchange lines (52, 53) to flow by switching the direction of flow along each of the inner plurality of the heat exchange line (52, 53) are arranged to intersect with each other before and after the flowing direction of the air entering through the air inlet (51a) (51b) (51c). According to the present invention, each of the heat exchange line (52, 53) are each of the heat exchange of the diameter and length are both the same, through the air inlet (51a) (51b) (51c) flows into the housing 51, the air line 52, the heat exchange amount of the refrigerant (53) in contact with the first air flow is all the same through the respective heat exchange line (52, 53) is substantially equal to one another. An air conditioner, a heat exchanger, the heat exchange line, manifold, the cross


This article seeks to show the importance of ignorance and dependence in learning. While both can be positive factors, tutors also have role to harness ignorance and dependence, and to occasionally evoke them as ways of learning. This thesis features three empirical cases to make the case.


Yield data were taken with a long -day onion variety, using different levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and at two different levels of soluble salts in the soil. Yields of the plots with additional fertilizer applied did not vary statistically from the check plot, which had 79 lbs/ac of nitrogen and 66 lbs/ac of P205. A correlation was found, however, between the electrical conductivity of a saturated paste extract from the soil and the yield of onions. A loss of 205 sacks (50 lbs /sack) of onions per acre are lost for each unit increase in soil conductivity.


We analyzed long-run adjustment process to equilibrium and short-run dynamics with WTI spot and futures prices using bivariate 3-regime TVECM. After dividing the entire sample period into 5 sub-samples, we applied this model to each sub-sample. This allows us to figure out the differentiable effects of market conditions which can vary by sub-samples and regimes, on investors' behaviors. The estimation results showed quite interesting points. First, the middle regimes of all 5 sub-samples were not targeted by investors, so we could find their activities only in lower and/or upper regimes. Second, we can make 3 different groups with 5 sub-samples. Period 1 showed brisk movements in futures markets under the price information leadership of spot markets and relatively longer adjustment time compared to the other 4 periods. Period 2, 3, and 4 showed the opposite phenomena to period 1 probably caused by sporadic big shocks on world economy. Period 5 showed mixed results in lower and upper regimes. We could analyze quite differentiable and opposite adjustments according to regimes in this period even under the dominated contango condition, which could be regarded as the precious harvest of employing a bivariate 3-regime TVECM in this paper.


The application of the active noise control method involving secondary sources in the fan cutoff is studied in the frequency region where the sound waves in the ducts connected to the fan inlet or outlet no longer propagate as plane waves vut as higher-order acoustic waves


Abstract:This article fills a scholarly lacuna in Chinese feminist and diasporic literature by revealing the long-neglected pioneer feminism of Kang Tongbi (1881–1969), especially her organization of Chinese women across Canada and the United States to promote gender equality and reformist politics from 1903 to 1905. Drawing on Kang Tongbi's unpublished autobiography and other untapped sources, this study shows that she initiated or helped found at least 11 chapters of Baohuang nühui, the Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, in 12 Canadian and American cities and mobilized its members into struggles for women's rights and the political reforms led by her famous father, Kang Youwei. The organization especially pursued female suffrage and gender equality in education. Most chapters declined after 1905 because of the organization's overreliance on Kang Tongbi's personal leadership and inconsistent endorsement from male reformers. Nonetheless, its short history reflects both the historical limitations and significance of early feminism in China and the Chinese diaspora.


We extend the analysis of the recently proposed nonlinear EIS scheme applied to the partial eigenvalue problem. We address the case where the Rayleigh quotient iteration is used as the smoother on the fine-level. Unlike in our previous theoretical results, where the smoother given by the linear inverse power method is assumed, we prove nonlinear speed-up when the approximation becomes close to the exact solution. The speed-up is cubic. Unlike existent convergence estimates for the Rayleigh quotient iteration, our estimates take advantage of the powerful effect of the coarse-space.


The development of ultra-high-strength-high-performance concrete known as the reactive powder concrete (RPC) was originated in the mid 1990's by the French and now commercialised under the trade name of DUCTAL by Lafarge-Bouygues-Rhodia, CERACEM by Eiffage and CEMTEC by LCPC. Although RPC has a decade of history with many proven projects and astonishing landmarks have been mounted at various parts of the world, the demand of RPC has yet to be established in this country. This paper shows some of the significant potential advantages of using fibre reinforced RPC in bridge engineering. Experimental results on testing of seven prototype 650 mm deep large-scale I-section girders failing in shear were reported herein. The girders were casted using 150-170 MPa steel fibre reinforced reactive powder concrete and were designed to assess the ability of steel fibre reinforced reactive powder concrete (SFR-RPC) to carry shear stresses in thin webbed prestressed beams without shear reinforcement. Experimental results showed that the quantities and types of fibres in the concrete mix do not significantly affect the initial shear cracking load but increasing the volume of fibers increased the failure load.


Tracking of ground targets presents a number of challenges. Target trajectories meet various motion constraints. Substantial non-homogenous clutter is usually present. In multitarget situations measurement assignment may be computationally challenging as the number of operations increases exponentially with number of tracks and number of measurements. LMIPDA-IMM aims to provide a solution to these issues. Use of the IMM approach allows tracking ground targets with motion constraints and/or maneuvers. LMIPDA calculates the probability of target existence for false track discrimination to enable automatic track initiation and termination. The robust data association properties of LMIPDA are further enhanced by the use of a clutter map. LMIPDA provides multi-target data association with number of operations linear in the number of tracks and the number of measurements. Simulation studies illustrate the effectiveness of this approach in an environment of heavy non-homogenous clutter.


Introduction:Lipid disorders are one of the most common modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Until now, the mainstay of dyslipidemia treatment was the use of widely available statins. These drugs, despite significantly lowering cholesterol and bringing its concentration to desired values were associated with a number of side effects. In addition, the need for daily use of statins is inconvenient for patients and leads to their irregular use and, consequently, failure to achieve the desired effect. The new drug, inclisiran, which is a PCSK9 inhibitor, represents the future in the treatment of lipid disorders. Studies conducted to date have explored the drug's mechanism of action, frequency of administration to achieve the desired effect, and side effects. The results of these studies have confirmed the significant efficacy of inclisiran,which may become a major form of treatment for dyslipidemia in the future.
Purpose of the work: This article reviews the state of knowledge based on available studies on inclisiran. The aim of the review is to present the most important information about this drug related to the mechanism of action, effects on the body or assessment of efficacy.
Materials and methods: The authors, based on databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, created a paper summarizing a review of currently available publications, concerning a new drug in the treatment of dyslipidemia- inclisiran.  The authors searched for available information , using terms under the heading "key words" contained in other scientific papers.
Summary
Inclisiran is a novel drug that represents the future in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Due to the lack of systemic effect, it has insignificant side effects, and the need for such rare administration will allow to obtain the desired lipid concentrations even in patients who do not cooperate.


P53 controls metabolic pathways and oxidative stress levels. We therefore hypothesized that p53 regulates vascular homeostasis. To test this hypothesis we evaluated the systemic and vascular effects of a 12‐week pro‐oxidative Western diet (WD) beginning at 3 months of age in control (WT) and p53+\− mice (n=6). In WT mice, pro‐atherosclerotic plasmatic keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (103±30ng/L) and LDL cholesterol (0.6±0.1mM) levels increased two folds (p<0.05) following the WD (respectively 245±44ng/L and 1.3±0.1mM), while in p53+/− mice (107±35ng/L; 0.8±0.1mM) no significant changes occurred with the WD, suggesting a better adaptation of p53+/− mice to the pro‐atherogenic environment generated by the WD. Vascular oxidative stress estimated in aortas revealed no difference between WT and p53+\‐. Interestingly, superoxide dismutase activity was higher (160%, p<0.05) following the WD only in WT. These results suggest that WT mice need to upregulate vascular antioxidant defense to prevent deleterious effects induced by the WD, while endogenous lower levels of p53 prevent the rise of circulating atherosclerosis markers in mice following a WD. Supported by CIHR (MOP14406).


Maintaining macrophage (MΦ) heterogeneity is critical to ensure intestinal tissue homeostasis and host defense. The gut microbiota and host factors are thought to synergistically guide intestinal MΦ development, although the exact nature, regulation, and location of such collaboration remain unclear. Here, we report that microbial biochemical energy metabolism promotes colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) production by group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) within solitary isolated lymphoid tissues (SILTs) in a cell-extrinsic, NLRP3/P2X7R-dependent fashion in the steady state. Tissue-infiltrating monocytes accumulating around SILTs followed a spatially constrained, distinct developmental trajectory into SILT-associated MΦs (SAMs). CSF2 regulated the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production of SAMs and contributed to the antimicrobial defense against enteric bacterial infections. Collectively, these findings identify SILTs and CSF2-producing ILC3s as a microanatomic niche for intestinal MΦ development and functional programming fueled by the integration of commensal microbial energy metabolism. Description A spatial network integrates a universal microbial metabolite to shape intestinal macrophage heterogeneity for gut homeostasis. Editor's summary Intestinal macrophages are a heterogenous population that contributes to gut homeostasis and host defense, but the signals regulating their development within the gut are not fully understood. Chiaranunt et al. describe a microanatomic niche in solitary isolated lymphoid tissue (SILT) that guides the differentiation of a specialized monocyte-derived macrophage population. Colonic macrophage development in SILT required CSF2-producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells and activation of P2X7R by microbiota-derived extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. CSF2-dependent, SILT-associated macrophages highly expressed genes involved in energy metabolism and ROS production and were required for protection against Citrobacter rodentium infection. Together, these findings identify SILTs as a specialized niche for integrating microbial and host-derived signals to support immune defenses at the intestinal mucosa. —Claire Olingy


Objective To evaluate the effect and safety of endostatin combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Methods 78 patients with advanced NSCLC were treated with three different chemotherapy drugs,A group: paclitaxel + cisplatin + endostatin,B group: docetaxel+cisplatin+ endostatin,C group: vinorelbine+cisplatin+ endostatin.The treatment effect,quality of life changes and side effects were compared among three groups.Results All the patients completed 2 cycles of chemotherapy.Clinical effective rates of group A,B,C were 34.6%,21.7% and 44.8%,respectively,and there were significant difference between group B and group C;life quality significantly improved in group C;there were no statistically different of side effects in three groups.Conclusion Endostatin combined spring vinorelbine and cisplatin is effective to treat advanced NSCLC,with improving life quality and no obvious side effects.


A 24-year old woman after using birth control pills for two months began to suffer from frequent migraine-like attacks, which turned eventually into typical transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). A significant increase in spontaneous platelet aggregation was found, and combined treatment with dipridamole and aspirin was started. After two months of treatment spontaneous platelet aggregation rate fell to normal limits and TIAs disappeared. A causal relationship between increased platelet aggregability and TIAs is supposed.


BY temperament British statesmen favour a pragmatic approach to foreign policy without always recognizing how powerfully inclination is reinforced by geography. Yet it is the fact that Britain is at once an island semi-detached from Europe and the heart of an overseas Empire that has fundamentally determined, and still determines, the character of her foreign policy. The coming of the steel-clad battleship, of the dreadnought and the submarine before the First World War; of the bomber and of the atomic bomb since, have modified her strategic position though, with due respect to some recent critics, they have not transformed it fundamentally. In the twentieth century, as in earlier centuries, the twin purposes of Britain's policy remain the safeguarding of her position in Europe by ensuring that neither the Low Countries nor France are controlled by an unfriendly Power; and the safety and well-being of her overseas Empire. In theory, and sometimes in practice, these twin purposes have not always been easy to reconcile, and in the posit-war world, when the United Kingdom's margin in man-power and resources in relation to responsibilities is so tenuous, the task of reconciliation may prove more exacting than at any time in the past. But its successful achievement is the condition of Britain's survival as a Great Power, and that is why the relationship between the Commonwealth and Western Union is of cardinal importance today. The problem, however, though greater in urgency than at any earlier period in our history, is the same in essentials and demands the same pragmatic approach. It is well to remember that even in an atomic age geography allows little scope for originality in foreign policy. In recent times the aims of British foreign policy have been nowhere more cogently stated than in Sir Eyre Crowe's memorandum of January 1906.1 The general character of England's foreign policy is determined by the immutable conditions of her geographical situation on the ocean flank of Europe as an island State with vast overseas colonies and dependencies, whose existence and survival as an independent community are inseparably bound up with the possession of preponderant sea power. The tremendous influence of such preponderance has been described in the classical pages of Captain Mahan. No one now disputes it. Sea power is more potent than land power, because it is as pervading as the element in which it


There are many works about anaphora resolution based on constraints and preferences to have successful results when they are applied to non-dialogue texts. However, these works lack consistency in the treatment of dialogues. In thi s paper, a dialogue structure proposal is presented in order to obtain information that will be included as a preference. This new constraint and preference system will achieve precision rates of 73.8% and 78.9% for pronominal and adjectival anaphora resolution respectively, improving the rat es of 59.0% and 23.7% obtained without dialogue structure information.


Jin-ai University's English Education Center's staff is on hand to assist students in improving their English skills through small-group classes in English conversation and preparatory lessons for the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), and to disseminate information on various international programs, among other services. Though much is available for students' use, there are a number of students who are unable to avail themselves of 'the center' due to their busy schedules. For this reason, the instructors of 'the center' have been brainstorming ways to accommodate such students. Aside from opening the E-Lounge at lunchtime as a venue for watching DVDs or other prerecorded programs in English while eating and chatting with the instructors, or scheduling a host of activities in the evening hours and some on weekends, the instructors have been devising ways for students to improve their English with only brief visits to 'the center' at their own convenience; hence, the development of a semiautonomous English-learning activity for busy students. Much literature on the effectiveness of transcription and learner self-correction exists and this report does not purport to prove or dispel any of that research. The purpose of this report is to outline a step-by-step explanation of an activity which, when further developed, promises to allow even the busiest of students plenty of opportunities to improve their English skills at their own pace and at their own individual levels. The students won't have to attend any regularly scheduled classes and they will begin at a level of English at which they are comfortable. The only requirement will be the willingness to participate whenever time allows.


The technology of a home network system (HNS) allows integration of several kinds of home appliances to provide a user with value-added integrated services. Development of the integrated HNS services requires implementation of the appliance components (with APIs) and the services, according to each home-network environment. There are various implementation standards such as DLNA, ECHONET, OSGi and Jinifor the HNS applications. Therefore, even if a developer can choose the optimal one, it's very difficult to develop the integrated services by composing a new HNS implementation. In this paper, we propose a model-driven development of integrated HNS service applications. In our former manuscript, platform-independent design language for verifying HNS service scenarios was proposed. Our model-driven development method uses this design language as a meta-model of integrated HNS services. By model transformation to concrete implementation together with verification by SMV (symbolic model checking), productivity and quality of this kind of HNS applications are improved.


Lactobacillus acidophilus is well known because of its probiotic role hence gain importance in food and nutrition. Keeping in view the importance of Lactobacillus acidophilus there was dire need to identify the strain accurately. Phenotypically identified 27 strains were characterized by SDS-PAGE and plasmid profile. SDS-PAGE analysis had shown that most of the strains were strongly coupled with little variation. Only two strains do not belong to any cluster showing the authenticity of SDS-PAGE. Further Plasmid profile of DNA of lactobacillus acidophilus represent the characteristics pattern, and among 27 strains 15 isolates showed the presence of plasmid. Based on number and size of plasmid the strains are grouped into three distinct groups. A combination of SDS-PAGE and plasmid analysis has been shown a practical method to use for identification of Lactobacillus at species level. However the conventional method should be combined with genotypic method for a thorough analysis of strain. __________________________________________________________________________________________


ABSTRACT A molecular characterization of yolk proteins in Squilla mantis is presented and their specific features are compared with the characteristics of crustacean yolk proteins as described by other authors. Two immunologically unrelated proteins, A and B, are identified in mature animals by means of immunoelectrophoresis, both showing a different mobility (A° and B°) in early maturing animals when compared with mature forms. Correlation with maturity stages is based on morphological parameters such as total length, cement gland, and ovarian size. Shifts in electrophoretic mobility also occur when hemolymphatic (vitellogenins―VTGs) and ovarian (lipovitellins-LVs) forms are compared in the same individual. The results are compared with those obtained from other decapods and the practical application of VTG quantification techniques in aquaculture is stressed.


In a recent issue of Molecular Ecology, Uller & Olsson (2008) published a review entitled 'Multiple paternity in reptiles: patterns and processes'. In this review, the authors state that since the studies by Madsen et al. (1992) and Olsson et al. (1994, 1996), 'there has been very little further evidence to suggest that multiple mating or multiple paternity has a positive fitness consequences in reptiles', whereafter they refer to three studies that indeed have shown such effects (Blouin-Demers et al. 2005; Madsen et al. 2005; Eizaguirre et al. 2007). Concerning the two taxa studied by Madsen et al. (1992; adders, Vipera berus) and by Olsson et al. (1994, 1996; sand lizards, Lacerta agilis), Uller & Olsson (2008) state 'that a general tendency towards female promiscuity in these species have evolved in the absence of indirect female benefits via strong selection on males'. They then continue by suggesting 'that benefits only arise secondarily due to population-specific characters, such as low genetic variation and high degree of inbreeding depression'. I would like to stress that I do not share the conclusions reached by the authors concerning the evolutionary background of reptilian polyandry. I agree that, so far, only a few studies have shown benefits to female multiple matings in reptiles, but I do think that the authors make a mistake by basing their conclusions solely on this taxonomic group. A brief literature search reveals that multiple matings have been shown to enhance female fitness in diverse groups of animals (that like reptiles, lack paternal care), such as sea urchins (Evans & Marshall 2005), pseudoscorpions (Newcomer et al. 1999), spiders (Watson 1998), crickets (Tregenza & Wedell 1998), fish (Evans & Magurran 2000), frogs (Dziminski et al. 2008), as well as mammals, such as prairie dogs (Hoogland 1998) and carnivorous marsupials (Kraaijeveld-Smit et al. 2002). I find it highly unlikely that the benefits of female polyandry documented in these studies have evolved 'in the absence of indirect female benefits via strong selection on males' or that it could be 'due to population-specific characters, such as low genetic diversity and high degree of inbreeding depression'. In contrast to the authors, I suggest the female benefits observed in the studies by Madsen et al. (1992) and Olsson et al. (1994, 1996) did not 'arise secondarily due to population-specific characters', but that the low genetic variation in these two populations facilitated the detection of such benefits. In order to detect such benefits in populations exhibiting higher genetic diversity, much larger samples sizes are required (see for example Madsen & Shine 1998).


The waste of valuable raw material due to kerf-loss during manufacturing of wafers is an important problem not only in photovoltaics but also in the semiconductor industry in general. Although a number of kerf-free wafering methods have been developed over the past decades they have not found significant use outside of the PV industry, due to some inherent shortcomings of those methods. Recently, we have been able to achieve a major step forward in this regard. In this paper we present a novel kerf-free technology that is able to overcome the main limitations of existing kerf-less wafering methods that have prevented them from being adopted in semiconductor applications outside of the PV sector. In particular, we demonstrate that the Siltectra-Method (i) can produce wafers from a range of materials commonly used in semiconductor applications, such as Si, Ge, GaAs, SiC, etc, at the required diameters (currently up to 300mm wafers have been successfully manufactured), with the appropriate crystal orientations, (ii) that it can also produce wafers with thicknesses in the range required by semiconductor applications (which are generally thicker than in PV), and (iii) that it can potentially even be used as a material-saving alternative to many wafer thinning applications. As a proof-of-concept example we use our method for manufacturing full size solar cells and panels having the same performance as reference cells but requiring 25% less feedstock material. Furthermore, our cells show an average conversion efficiency of 17.4%, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest efficiency reported for any solar cell produced by kerf-less wafering methods so far.


Students almost exclusively sit while studying, which translates to large amounts of forced sedentary behaviour and this in turn may have negative health consequences. The perceptions university students have of using alternative postures while studying remains unknown. This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative perceptions of university students in using alternative workstations (standing, sit-stand, and dynamic sitting) while studying. University students (N=1005) completed a mixed-method online survey assessing their perceptions of using alternative workstations while studying. A large portion of students believed standing, sit-stand, dynamic sitting options should be available for students while studying. A majority of the students also stated that they would use these options if they were available for studying. Qualitative themes included overall perception (supportive, undecided, and opposed), personal factors (performance and health/ injury) that acted as facilitators and barriers, and environmental factors (depends on the day, depends on the location/ availability, depends on the social norm, depends on the time/ task). These factors must be considered when designing interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour or when implementing alternative workstations. Hence, at this early stage of inquiry there is no evidence to recommend against providing dynamic sitting, sit-stand and standing options in university libraries.


The promoter of somatostatin (SST), a primary inhibitor of gastrin‐stimulated gastric acid secretion, is hypermethylated in 80% of human colon cancers. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether and at what stage promoter hypermethylation of SST is involved in human esophageal carcinogenesis.


In this report, the design and results of the poultry meat program in the Dutch Indonesian Food Safety Program (DIFSlive) are presented. The program consisted of a consumer campaign to promote trade in and consumption of chilled poultry meat, scenario studies into the development of poultry meat production, improvements in small-scale slaughtering and cooling of poultry and improvements in broiler farming.


Ion exchange tests have been completed at the Savannah River Technology Center for British Nuclear Fuels Limited, Inc. as part of the Hanford River Protection Project. Radioactive cesium and technetium (pertechnetate form only) were removed by ion exchange from a sample of Envelope C salt solution from Hanford Tank 241-AN-102 (sample volume: approximately 17 L at 4.8 M Na plus). The original sample was diluted and subjected to strontium/transuranics (Sr/TRU) precipitation and filtration processes before ion exchange processing was performed. Batch contact and column tests for the ion exchange removal of cesium and technetium were then completed on the Sr/TRU-decontaminated product. Previous ion exchange tests were conducted on a smaller portion (0.5 L) of the Tank 241-AN-102 supernate sample, which had been similarly pretreated, and the results were reported in a separate document.


An aspiring young pop singer who gained fame as a contestant on China's TV equivalent to "American Idol" died last month during a facial plastic surgery procedure, news agency AFP reports.


In June 2001,we issued the degree of Reduction of holding of state owned shares regulation,and suspended the regulation in June 23,2002.There have been twists and turns during the one year period.Although economists all had good prospect of the reduction,the result was unbelievable.Beginning with theoretical bases,the paper analyses the consequences of the reduction and points out the future development orientation of Chinas stock market.


Graduation thesis called " Evaluation of Accounting Data in Business Management" is focused on the characteristics of information system of accounting data that is the basic resource of the information needed for management, planning and deciding of business company operation. The aim of graduation thesis is to describe accounting outputs that are the resource of the information for internal and external users. The first chapter includes the history and general accounting characteristics. It describes the legislative regulation of accounting, accounting procedures and European accounting standards that lead to procedures implementation to harmonise Slovak accounting with EU law. The second chapter deals with the importance of accounting information, describes single parts of the company information system and provides the starting point for their processing. It consists of the characteristics of balance sheet, profit or loss and notes to financial statements. It compares financial and managerial accounting and characterizes their different usage. The third part is the analysed financial and property situation of the chosen company based on theoretical information and analysis of accounting outputs and statements for given period. Possibilities and resources of further information that are not offered in current accounts are described .


Industrial processes such as glass melting, aluminum remelt, and steel soaking produce high temperature corrosive/fouling exhaust gases. Recovering the thermal energy contained in these exhaust gases presents a technical challenge. One way is through the use of a particle spout heat exchanger. The particles are spouted in a cylindrical vessel that transports the hot exhaust gas and are heated as they flow through the gas. The particles are then transported and spouted in a second vessel that transports combustion air. The combustion air is then heated as the particles flow through the vessel. The particles are then recirculated to the exhaust gas vessel. This report summarizes the work conducted to determine if the particle spout heat exchanger concept is feasible. The results of this study show the concept is both technically and economically feasible. A summary of the required development work is also given.


Inclusions and crystal fo rms of calcite crystals f r om a cave in the Korsnäs leadlanthanide mine in western Finland have been studied. The p r imary fluid inclusions in the scalenohedral yellowish calcite show homogenization t empera tu res of 79° to 103°C and salinities of 3.6 to 4.9 eq. wt. °/o NaCl. The prevail ing crystal fo rm is scalenohedron. In some specimens it reveals a rhombohedra l phantom. Four mineralization stages are proposed on the basis of correlat ion between inclusion zones in mult iple-zoned calcite crystals.


1. BACKGROUND 1.1 Hippi Care Hospital Hippi Country was a 700 square kilometer island with a population of five million people. It was a developed city with strong socio-economic growth. The city had well-developed roads and rail systems. HCH, founded in 1988, was a government funded public hospital run by an establishment that had managed a chain of hospitals on Hippi Island for several decades. The hospital had recently set up a PIC lead by a newly appointed Chief Innovation Officer, Major Viz. His aim was to ensure that high service quality was provided to patients. Moreover, the centre had already seen success in its dynamic adoption of innovations in emerging decision-support technologies that helped better serve its patients. 1.2 The Emergency Department As it was the only public hospital on the northeastern part of the island, home to some 600,000 residents, the hospital faced high demand in its ED. An ED typically served as an entry point for critically ill and major trauma patients, but also to patients with a wide range of non-traumatic conditions. It was a medical treatment facility specialising in acute care of patients who presented themselves without a prior appointment, either by their own means or by ambulance. The ED had to provide initial treatment for a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some of which were life-threatening and required immediate attention. The ED operated 24 hours a day, although staffing levels could vary within that time. Patients in the ED were classified into four levels of acuity, A1 to A4 (refer to Table 1 for detailed definitions of the levels of acuity). A1 and A2 patients were emergency patients while A3 and A4 patients are non-emergencies with moderate to mild symptoms respectively. The management had placed an emphasis on providing high service quality to all ED patients. Patient care work was segregated into two areas: the critical care area managing critically ill patients with acuity levels A1 and A2 and the ambulatory area managing non-emergency patients with acuity levels A3 and A4 (refer to Figure 1 for how the patients were segregated according to acuity levels). Although A3 and A4 patients in the ambulatory area were considered lesser emergencies in comparison to A1 and A2 patients, the demand at the ambulatory area represented 70% of the workload in the hospital's ED. This presented a pressing challenge for HCH to meet its service level targets for A3 and A4 patients within a 90 minute length-of-stay. The length-of-stay for a patient was defined from the time-of-arrival to departure from the ED. Departing from the ED could either mean being discharged from the hospital or being admitted as an inpatient. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] 2. EVOLUTION OF PROCESS AUTOMATION 2.1 Manual Processes to Proactive Processes When HCH first started operations, many of its processes were paper-based and manual. Only a single Patient Care System was used to keep patient information and dates and times of visits to the ED. Before automation, business processes were mostly manual and included multiple paper documents pushed across various departments in the hospital (refer to Figure 2 for process improvement progression). With the emergence of workflow and business process management systems, the focus was on executing specific business processes by using technology to integrate various information systems with very little human intervention. Early approaches focused on analysing existing business processes, identifying bottlenecks, and improving these processes. The emphasis was on one-off efforts to improve processes by removing manual tasks, automating decisions and eliminating error-prone re-entry of information. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and integration technologies helped to achieve information integration and business process automation. For example, workflow in a health care organisation such as that involving nurses' leave applications, procuring medical supplies, and bed management, were conducted using the integrated information systems (Shankararaman et al. …


Payment of loans that experience difficulties in repayment or often called bad credit is a very detrimental thing for the bank, with the occurrence of bad credit the bank does not have the maximum ability to make money for investment. Choosing the right customer must go through the right analysis because the decision to approve or disagree with the loan is the main point that determines the possibility of bad credit. This study aims to classify eligible customers to obtain loans by taking into account existing parameters such as age, total income, number of families, monthly expenditure average, education level and others. This study uses a data mining classification method with a neural network model, to assess the accuracy of data processing using rapid miners then proceed with measurements using confusion matrix, ROC curve. The results of the neural network algorithm after going through confusion matrix testing, the ROC curve shows a very high accuracy value, and the dominant value of AUC and algorithm. The accuracy value is 98.24% with AUC of 0.979


PT Kereta Api Indonesia has been applied technology as electronic transaction tools to sell train tickets which called as online reservation. Online reservation itself became PT Kereta Api Indonesia realization to increase public service quality. The practice of innovation had been expected to be able gave positive improvement and also come purchased train tickets problems. Because of that, conventional train tickets selling service considered less effective and less efficient because gave some chances to brokers sold tickets illegally. At the same time, Gubeng Train Station Surabaya was a station with highest arrive and departure volume in Surabaya city. So that, this research purposed to describe online reservation service innovation which had been used by passengers in Gubeng Train Station Surabaya.The research's result showed that online reservation innovation was innovation applied by PT Kereta Api Indonesia in order to give more easy facility to purchase train ticket. Online reservation was included Sustaining Innovation, radical innovation and product innovation typology, process innovation, and service method typology.


This study examined career maturity of primary and middle school students who were interested in teaching job and compared to those who were interested in being a doctor. Using the data from the Korean Education Longitudinal Study 2013, we examined changes in the number of students (primary 5 through middle 2) who were interested in teaching as a job as well as in being a doctor. In addition, the participants' career maturity such as self-understanding, career planing, and attitudes towards job were examined and independent sample t-tests were conducted to compare two groups of students. Overall, the students who were interested in teaching showed lower level of career maturity compared to those who expected to be a doctor. Additionally, as students advanced to higher grades, the points of career maturity had been decreased regardless of which job they were interested in. Based on the findings, suggestions will be made to broaden the pool for future teachers.


Chinese classical gardens have become a place of "obscurities",and a place for romantic amativeness.The reason behind this phenomenon is that Chinese classical gardens try to create an obscure amatory atmosphere in their own structural design,which is a particularly suitable place for lovers to indulge in love affections and amorous pleasure and to have tryst and carry on a clandestine love affair with each other.Represented in literary works,these gardens become a strong symbol of inducing amorous affection and arousing erotic feelings.The reactionary side of Chinese classical gardens depicted in literary works has close connections with the suppression of human nature advocated by China's Confucianism.


Objective:To compare the clinical effects of three different internal fixation instruments in the treatment of traumatic flail chest.Methods:Data of 36 cases of traumatic flail chest,which were treated with steel-wire and Kirschner wire,Ti-Ni shape memory alloy embracing fixator or poly-L-lactic acid screws(PLLAs),in our hospital from January 2005 to March 2008 was retrospectively analyzed.Results:There was comparability among different groups(P0.05).Excepting 2 dead cases,others were cured.Hospital stay,operating time,time of chest pain,chest wall deformity and respiratory complication were significantly shorter in treatment group with Ti-Ni shape memory alloy embracing fixator or PLLAs than those with steel-wire and Kirschner wire(P0.05).Conclusion:Gross collapsed chest wall caused by multiple fractured ribs should be internally fixed.Internal fixation of some fractured ribs with steel-wire and Kirschner wire is simple,economic and effective,but Ti-Ni shape memory alloy embracing fixator or PLLAs are more effective,reliable for orthopedic.Three different choices have different advantages and disadvantages.


The history of hydraulic simulation software is reviewed.Some kinds of hydraulic system simulation were introduced: AMESIM,Hops an,EASY5,SIMUL—ZD.The character and future developments are predicted.


BMPs(Best Management Practices) for agricultural non-point sources pollution control is the technology and experience summary of agricultural non-point sources pollution control for several dozens of years in American and European countries.It is an effective measure for agricultural non-point sources pollution control and is widely used in above mentioned countries,and the valuable experiences in engineering measures and management measures are accumulated.Through analyzing the theory,technology and practical experience of developed countries in the field of agricultural non-point source pollution control,we review the work for the research on BMPs for agricultural non-point sources pollution control at home and abroad,construct BMPs system and put forward correlative suggestions for implement of BMPs system for agricultural non-point sources pollution control.


A distributed system or network can be modeled as a graph representing the "who knows who" relationship. The conductance of a graph expresses the quality of the connectivity. In a network composed of large dense clusters, connected through only a few links, the risk of partitioning is high; this is typically reflected by a low conductance of the graph. Computing the conductance of a graph is a complex and cumbersome task. Basically, it requires the full knowledge of the graph and is prohibitively expensive computation-wise. Beyond the information carried by the conductance of a graph, what really matters is to identify critical nodes from the topology point of view. In this paper we propose a fully decentralized algorithm to provide each node with a value reflecting its connectivity quality. Comparing these values between nodes, enables to have a local approximation of a global characteristic of the graph. Our algorithm relies on an anonymous probe visiting the network in a unbiased random fashion. Each node records the time elapsed between visits of the probe (called return time in the sequel). Computing the standard deviation of such return times enables to give an information to all system nodes, information that may be used by those nodes to assess their relative position, and therefore the fact that they are critical, in a graph exhibiting low conductance. Based on this information, graph improvement algorithms may be triggered. Moments of order 1 and 2 of the return times are evaluated analytically using a Markov chain model, showing that standard deviation of return time is related to the position of nodes in the graph. We evaluated our algorithm through simulations. Results show that our algorithm is able give informations that are correlated to the conductance of the graph. For example we were able to precisely detect bridges in a network composed of two dense clusters connected through a single link.


Human genetics has grown principally in the United States and England from the early 20th century. The causes for that are scientific, ideological and cultural. Firstly, Mendelism is well established in Anglo-Saxon geneticists' community, reinforcing hereditarianism. In comparison, in most countries of continental Europe, biological tradition is Lamarckian, thus the belief in heredity of acquired traits still dominates. Moreover, human genetics in the early 20th is deeply related to the eugenic movement. Eugenics, although different in U.S.A. and England, was in both countries an important financial and ideological support for genetics. Germany, notably under the Nazi regime, has been a major research center too. On the contrary, in France - and Belgium -, eugenics was related to the social hygiene movement, so it has mostly stimulated the development of social reforms in public health domain. For these reasons, and others linked to the specific philosophical and sociological contexts of that time, human genetics has developed only lately in most of continental Europe and may be seen as a typical product of Anglo-Saxon culture.


Oxidative cleavage of the phosphinoalkyne Ph2PCCBut by Ru3(CO)12 gives good yields of a carbonyl cluster [Ru3(CO)6(µ2-C2But)(µ2–η2-C2But)(PPh2)2(Ph2PC2But)].(C7H8) which is shown by X-ray crystallography to contain both symmetrical (µ2) and unsymmetrical (µ2–η2) edge bridging –CCBut groups.


Not available – first paragraph follows:
The objective of the breeder of milk goats should be, not to produce better animals than we have to Jay, but to reproduce the most useful that we have—uniformly and at will.


Pipeline integrity is one of the most important concerns in petrochemical industry. Fast, effective and trenchless online inspection technique is highly desired. Non-contact Metal Magnetic Memory (MMM) Method can satisfy our need by detecting the abnormal magnetic signals in the stress concentration zone and is a new way for long-distance oil and gas pipeline detection. In this paper, the features of MMM detection for buried pipelines were summarized, some sections of pipelines in service were detected using this method, and the detection data were analyzed with differential and wavelet signal processing for noise analysis and useful signal extraction. We also summarized the relationship between the acquired signals and different types of stress concentration zones by means of pattern recognition, and performed qualitative analysis of different defect types. Excavations for verifications were conducted in the possible defects areas located by the data analysis to ensure the overall accuracy rate satisfactory. Some kinds of defects such as metal loss or corrosion were found in such magnetism abnormal areas. The results showed that MMM technique is a reasonable and feasible option for trenchless pipeline defect inspections.


İletişim adresi: Mine Ün. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 34295 Sefaköy, Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, Türkiye. e-posta: email@example.com ABSTRACT Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. These patients become dependent on external insulin because they cannot produce insulin. However, in the long-term, exogenous insulin treatment does not prevent diabetic complications. In order to find an alternative diabetic treatment, clinical studies have demonstrated that pancreas transplantation or purified pancreatic islet transplantation could maintain control over blood sugar levels in Type 1 diabetes patients and were more effective treatment methods for these patients. Pancreatic islet transplantation is carried out with a smaller transplantation mass compared to complete pancreas transplantation. This also allows a more minor operation and transplantation of less immunologic tissue. Therefore, new methods aim to improve pancreatic islet transplantation.


Paper The energy shortage in today's world has shifted the view of researchers to the optimal use of available energy, and experts from energy research centers have always taken steps to achieve this important issue. In the present study, the focus is on the simulation of a mixed system which, in addition to generating power, uses the heat dissipated from its chimney to produce cooling using an absorption chiller. This mixed system is simulated in EES software. The performance of the mixed system is examined in three different views, and in each view, the values of cold loads are obtained from the absorption chiller.


Signal reinforcements and cancellations due to standing waves may distort constant bandwidth combustion spectra. Cepstral techniques previously applied to the ground reflection echo problem are used to obtain smooth broadband data and information on combustion noise propagation. Internal fluctuating pressure measurements made using a J47 combustor attached to a 6.44 m long duct are analyzed. Measurements made with Jet A and hydrogen fuels are compared. The acoustic power levels inferred from the measurements are presented for a range of low heat release rate operating conditions near atmospheric pressure. For these cases, the variation with operating condition of the overall acoustic broadband power level for both hydrogen and Jet A fuels is consistent with previous results showing it was proportional to the square of the heat release rate. However, the overall acoustic broadband power level generally is greater for hydrogen than for Jet A.


In this study, the nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of n-pentane and CuO-pentane nanofluids are experimentally investigated on a smooth and a micro-structured circular brass surface of 38 mm diameter. The experiments are carried out at saturated conditions and under atmospheric pressure. In this experimental study, an enhanced surface is prepared by using wire erosion technique and the obtained heat transfer coefficients from this surface are compared with those of the smooth surface. The experimental results showed that the presence of nanoparticles in the base fluid influences the heat transfer coefficient and the enhancement due to its presence is seen to be higher for higher mass fraction nanofluid.


The dissipation of turbulent magnetic fields is an appealing scenario to explain the origin of non-thermal particles in high-energy astrophysical sources. However, it has been suggested that the particle distribution may effectively thermalize when the radiative (synchrotron and/or Inverse Compton) losses are severe. Inspired by recent particle-in-cell simulations of relativistic turbulence, which show that electrons are impulsively heated in intermittent current sheets by a strong electric field aligned with the local magnetic field, we instead argue that in plasmas where the particle number density is dominated by the pairs (electron–positron and electron–positron–ion plasmas): (i) as an effect of fast cooling and of different injection times, the electron energy distribution is dne/dγ ∝ γ−2 for γ ≲ γheat (the Lorentz factor γheat being close to the equipartition value), while the distribution steepens at higher energies; (ii) since the time-scales for the turbulent fields to decay and for the photons to escape are of the same order, the magnetic and the radiation energy densities in the dissipation region are comparable; (iii) if the mass energy of the plasma is dominated by the ion component, the pairs with a Lorentz factor smaller than a critical one (of the order of the proton-to-electron mass ratio) become isotropic, while the pitch angle remains small otherwise. The outlined scenario is consistent with the typical conditions required to reproduce the spectral energy distribution of blazars, and allows one to estimate the magnetization of the emission site. Finally, we show that turbulence within the Crab Nebula may power the observed gamma-ray flares if the pulsar wind is nearly charge separated at high latitudes.


The concentration profile of secreted molecules is studied to understand characteristic properties of the intercellular signaling. Diffusion equations are solved for the concentration by assuming the rectangular, triangular and oscillatory time-dependence of the flux at the cell surface. The concentration is examined as a function of time and distance from a secreting cell by varying both the strength of an enhanced secretion rate and a secretion time. The time-dependence of the secretion rate is found to be inevitable for the concept of communication distance and characteristic time. Realistic estimations of these quantities are given for human cytokines.


A study among almost 2000 female sterilization patients in England, El Salvador, and the Philippines showed that their reasons for electing sterilization were similar; the people involved in the decision varied with the position of the women on the education/development continuum. Sociodemographic information and information regarding the decision for sterilization was gathered and graphed. The majority of women in all 3 countries chose sterilization over other, nonpermanent methods of birth control out of fear of side effects with the other methods. This concern increased with duration of marriage and increasing age of the youngest child. The concern was greatest among users of IUDs or oral contraceptives. Unreliability and inconvenience of other methods were secondary concerns. Women at the lower end of the education/development continuum relied on peers for information and support concerning family planning; those at the upper end of this continuum relied on themselves and the medical establishment.


Introduction:
 Inflammation contributes to progression of both atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have imaging and therapeutic properties, as they can ablate cells through optical excitation. We have shown that GNPs are taken up by vascular macrophages and can be used to detect murine carotid atherosclerosis and AAA with computed tomography (CT). In this study, we evaluated GNPs for optical ablation of macrophages in vitro and ex vivo.

 Methods:
 Mouse macrophage cells were incubated with or without 100 or 200 μg/ml of GNPs (15 nm) for 24 hours. Ten million cells with or without GNPs were exposed to near-infrared (NIR) laser light (830 nm, pulse width 200 femtosecond) for 10-20 minutes at 400-437 mW. After optical excitation, cells were incubated for 24 hours, and the viability was measured by MTT assay. Male apoE-deficient mice were subject to continuous angiotensin II infusion via subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini-pumps (N=4). After 2 weeks, mice were injected with GNPs (10 mg/mouse) via tail vein. At 48 hours post-injection, aortas were excised. Excised aortas were scanned with micro-CT imaging system and exposed to the laser for 20 minutes at 364 mW. After optical ablation, the sections of aortas were stained with anti-caspase-3 antibody.

 Results:
 With the higher dose of GNPs (200 μg/ml), cell viability was significantly reduced by in vitro optical excitation for 10 minutes (Figure 1, left; p<0.05). With the lower dose of GNPs (100 μg/ml), cell viability was significantly reduced by 20-minutes excitation, although 10-minutes excitation was not sufficient to reduce cell viability (Figure 1, right; p<0.003). Ex vivo CT imaging showed the accumulation of GNPs in adventitia of aorta (Figure 2). Ex vivo optical excitation showed minimal apoptosis induction of macrophages in adventitia.

 Conclusion:
 Optical excitation of GNPs causes macrophage ablation and has potential for targeted nanotherapy of vascular inflammation.


Reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays an important role in the development of diabetic complications.In diabetes patients,oxidative stress increases,and,hyperglycemia in diabetes patients can directly lead to the overproduction of ROS.As we know,various types of vascular cells including renal cells are able to produce ROS under hyperglycemic condition.In addition to its ability to damage macromolecule directly,ROS can act as signaling molecules.ROS mediates signal transduction cascades induced by hyperglycemia and can activate transcription factors,thus can influence transcriptional activity of brotic genes in the kidney.In addition,ROS activates signaling molecules,and signaling molecules can also activate ROS-pathway,thus ROS acts as a signal ampli er.Antioxidants may be helpful in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.


It is pointed out that the mechanism of operation of the multiple circuit magnetron oscillator in the region of minimum magnetic field and voltage, where the efficiency is commonly assumed to approach zero, should approach that of an oscillator of the travelling wave tube type, providing that a cathode of suitable size is used. Useful efficiencies should thus be obtainable under these conditions. Details of experiments are given in which an electronic efficiency of 12% was obtained at a wavelength of 3 cm. at values of magnetic field and voltage several times lower than those used for high efficiency operation. The mode of operation was determined by the value of the magnetic field, a given mode being maintained over a range of magnetic field of the order of 8% The anode voltage was about 70% of the critical value. The experimental results generally support the hypothesis and suggest that the minimum voltage regime should be of extreme importance for work at the highest radio frequencies.


Stent thrombosis (ST) is a life-threatening, although quite rare, complication of percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. According to the Academic Research Consortium, it may be defined as definite, probable, or possible. Moreover, its occurrence after index procedure differentiates between early, late and very late. This complication is associated with high morbidity and mortality and has a very high impact on global health of patients with cardiovascular disorders, therefore a multifactorial approach seems a useful tool for understanding its causes and improving its outcome. In this review we analyze all the most important issues of this disorder beginning from its classification, then we overview the pathophysiological mechanisms and factors implicated and, lastly, we give a glimpse to the future perspective on prevention strategies.


Purpose
The objective of this study is to examine the perceived usefulness of accrual accounting-based financial information for accountability and for supporting decision-making in public sector organisations.

Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire survey adapted from Kober et al. (2010) was used to survey Malaysian Federal Government accountants to ascertain their views on the usefulness of accrual accounting information across 12 situations regarding accountability and decision-making. Mean scores and mean score ranking were computed on a total of 165 usable responses received. The independent t-test was conducted to investigate the differences in the perception between "accountants with" and the "accountants without" prior work experience in the private sector.

Findings
The study provides evidence that Malaysian Federal Government accountants consider accrual accounting information as very useful for decision-making. The three most important decision-usefulness indicators in the survey are "To assist in managing the department's assets and liabilities", "To assess cash flow needs of a department" and "For departmental resource allocation decisions". The least useful accrual accounting information as perceived by the Malaysian public sector accountants is "To assist in discharging the department's accountability obligations".

Originality/value
The study provides valuable insights into the extent to which accrual accounting information is considered useful for accountability and decision-making, lending support to the Malaysian Government's reform agenda of moving towards using accrual accounting in public sector organisations at the federal level.


The World Health Organization (WHO) has dedicated World Health Day on April 7, 2001, to mental health. Two themes that are important aspects of mental health and specific to mental illness form the basis of the WHO mental health campaign: "Stop exclusion — Dare to care." The first element of


Alert correlation is a system that receives alerts from heterogeneous Intrusion Detection Systems and reduces false alerts, detects high-level patterns of attacks, increases the meaning of occurred incidents, predicts the future states of attacks, and detects root cause of attacks. This paper presents self-organizing maps and the k-means machine learning algorithms to reduce the number of alerts by clustering them.


This article examines ways to improve the functioning of an in-patient psychiatric ward. Included in the study is a review of psychology and design, an overview of the physical setting and existing services on the ward, as well as feedback from patients and staff regarding potential solutions on how to redesign the interior spaces so as to promote staff-patient community practices and to adhere to their needs. The findings suggest that the interior environments in psychiatric wards affect the functioning and well-being of those who reside or work in the setting and that input from patients and staff can add valuable information on how the spaces might be reconfigured.


The present article tackles interactions in a CLIL classroom from a conversational perspective. We pretend to examine a particular type of a relation, called a didactic contract, established between students while they carry out in-class communicative activities. In concrete, we are interested in observing two aspects of the contract that can take place between pupils who perform pair tasks. First, it is its characterization (appearing, establishing and functioning conditions). Second, it is its role in students' foreign language learning. The analyzed interactions were recorded in a public educational centre situated in Barcelona Metropolitan (Spain). The analysis shows the didactic contract between peers to be a flexible and temporary phenomenon that can favor target language learning.


This paper covered the dimensioning and planning of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks. The main emphasis is to enlarge the coverage area of base station in terms of reduction of interference. Cluster order has extended and cluster orders twelve and nineteen are compared based on interference correction. Interference correction (intcor) for cluster order nineteen is calculated by assuming that BS is at centre of hexagonal cell but it is not a good assumption. So, interference correction is used to correct this wrong assumption. Basic calculus (Double Integration) has been used for calculation of interference correction (intcor) using Suburban C1 Metropol Pathloss model. With cluster order nineteen intcor is approaching near to one whereas in lower cluster orders this value is not as close to one. Achievable UL and DL Carrier to Interference Ratio (CINR) are observed.


if conflictual, pluralism? Or is the carefully engineered 'peace process' to be understood as the 'peace of the theme park' where 'wonderful, genuine and warm-hearted people' finally recognise the marketability of their own green island and its terrible history as a location for film-makers, artists, musicians, dancers, tourists, American presidents and foreign investors? Has the romantic Ireland ofthe cultural nationalists finally triumphed albeit in a globalized and commodified form? And what ofthe Paisleyites, diehard republicans, travellers, drug-addicts, immigrants, and poor people who threaten to spoil the image? I look forward eagerly to volume two for some suggested answers to these and other questions.


15 p. transcript of an interview with Frances Miskokomon conducted by Gladys Tooshkenig and Burton Jacobs on December 7, 1978. Tape number IH-OA.006, transcript disc 125.


JPEG based image compression technique to achieve color scalability with Go levels of color resolutions namely 24-bit and 8-bit. This algorithm generates one full color (24-bit) compressed image bitstream with a subset of the bitstream corresponding to an 8-bit color approximation of the same image. This technique provides the capability to decode a compressed color image into 24 bits or 8 bits color device at a reduced computational and storage costs.


The sources of DNA evidence are many and varied. It is now well recognized that DNA profiles can be obtained from samples that are too small to be seen and sometimes difficult or impossible to attribute to a particular cell type. Thus, the ability to obtain a DNA profile is limited more by the ability to locate and identify potential evidence than it is by the evidence itself. dna can be obtained from traces of sweat left on touched items, from saliva deposited on the backs of stamps, and from pollen transferred from one location to another, as well as from blood splashed and smeared at a crime scene. In this article, by reference to case reports and articles published over the last 20 years and by drawing on this author's personal experiences and those of others as practicing forensic scientists, attempts have been made to convey the huge variety of sources of DNA evidence that can be encountered, recognizing the infinite variety of samples, substrates, and case circumstances that exist.

Keywords:

blood;
semen;
saliva;
hair;
bone;
teeth;
epithelial cells;
plant material


The purpose of this study is to provide a description of how the notion of "topic" is represented in the Spanish language. Starting from a formal point of view, the author treats the question by using as a criterion the intuition of a Japanese native speaker. In this way, she will consider Topic in Spanish to be the syntagmata that require the use of the thematic particle wa when they are translated into Japanese. This criterion is useful since wa is a particle that is used exclusively to represent the Topic. If this criterion were adopted, the possible controversies about whether a syntagma is topical or not that arise when no objective criterion is used, would be avoided. After carrying out a long series of contrastive analyses, the author concludes that there exist in Spanish certain ways to express the notion of Topic. The most important of those is the placement of what the speaker wishes to transmit as the Topic at the beginning of a sentence, even when the beginning position does not always guarantee the expression of the Topic.


works in new ways. Certainly with a project this large there are omissions, which the editors acknowledge. While CHAAL mentions black science fiction (see Harris and C. L. Jackson), it would have been wonderful to see a more extensive treatment of black fantasy, comics, and science fiction, areas that are receiving more scholarly and popular treatment. In its reframing of black discourse, introduction of new paradigms, and charting of new geographies, this collection represents an important and necessary addition to any collection of African American and American literature. University of South Carolina Folashade Alao


In general, the blast treatment has become an important process in the manufacturing of steel structures in Korea, its purpose is to remove the impurities on the surface of steel material and to enhance the adhesiveness of coating. In this study, it is analyzed that blast treatment has effect on the fatigue strength on welded joints by conducting bending fatigue test for one side out-of-plane gusset specimen. Also, it has proposed the data base which is necessary for fatigue design standard of steel structures, that is compared and analyzed with tension fatigue test result of one side out-of-plane gusset specimen which is conducted as the precedence study. The fatigue test was carried out 4-point bending fatigue test targeting each of 3 one side out-of-plane gusset specimen, which were performed BT(blast treated) with AW(as-welded). As a result of fatigue test, it could be known that the lower stress range leads to the bigger effect of enhancing fatigue strength.


Editors' Note: In reference to "Practice variability in brain death determination: A call to action," Drs. Rady and Verheijde and author Frank further discuss the need to decouple brain death determination from organ procurement. Dr. Gilbert questions the timing of the development of NMDA receptor limbic encephalitis in the case presented in "Herpes simplex virus–1 encephalitis can trigger anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: Case report." Authors Leypoldt and Dalmau respond. —Megan Alcauskas, MD, and Robert C. Griggs, MD

Shappell et al.1 described practice variability in brain death determination (BDD) in heart-beating organ donors. We would like to raise 3 concerns.

First, the criterion of unresponsiveness to external stimuli does not necessarily prove the lack of either internal or external …


Aim To study clinical features of primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) and clues of diagnosis.Methods This paper reports 8 cases of patients with PSC diagnosed at AnHui medical college accessory hospital between 1987~2000,which have been confirmed by cholangiography.The 8 patients included 4 men and 4 women.The median age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 46 years.The median history from the time of presentation to diagnosis was 3.7 years.In this present report,the clinical presentation and biochemical data in patients with PSC are analyzed.Results Major symptoms at diagnosis include obstructive jaundice,weight loss,and pruritus;one or more of the symptoms occur in most of our patients.Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity is the most effective and sensitive biochemical data available.Conclusions Our findings suggest that PSC appears to vary considerably from patient to patient.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) should be screened in all patients whose signs and symptoms warrant PSC.


Complement (C) 3d is a product of the complement system that is generated by proteolytic cleav- age of activated C3.It is reported that C3d had potent adjuvant activity in mice when three copies were linked to a model antigen in a fusion protein.Effects of C3d include lowenng activation thresholds,enhan- cing antigen processing and presentation,and promoting antibody production and affinity maturation.Ad- ditionally,C3d causes the immune response pattern by Thl to the Th2 transformation and boosts humoral immune reaction.This article reviewed its characteristics of molecular biology,effects on immunogenicity, molecular mechanisms and perspective as molecular adjuvant.


The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis of the contemporary foreign and domestic literature on the concept of the cognitive reserve, which is currently extremely urgent. The problems and the specificity of the cognitive impairments in patients with cardiovascular pathology, in particular, with coronary heart disease, as well as the main concepts and methodological problems of the concept of cognitive reserve are discussed in detail. The problem of the operationalization of this concept and the difficulties associated with it in determining the potential mechanisms of the cognitive reserve implementation are considered. The reciprocal influence of cognitive impairments on the course and prognosis of the coronary heart disease, in particular, on the level of compliance of the cardiac patients and subsequent psychological rehabilitation has been considered. In this regard, the paper discusses the potential directions for further research on the concept of cognitive reserve in relation to coronary heart disease, namely, the prospects of the study of the relationship between cognitive impairment and affective pathology and, in particular, alexithymia, which can significantly optimize the existing rehabilitation schemes for patients with ischemic heart disease.


Objectives: Family carers of people with dementia often experience difficulty in accessing information, services and adequate support. Admiral Nurses, registered nurses specialising in dementia, provide holistic and person-centred support to families living with dementia. This study assessed the effectiveness of the Admiral Nurses' approach from the perspective of family carers who had accessed their service. Method: A questionnaire was developed with input from family carers and Admiral Nurses and questions were based around the Admiral Nursing Standards. 685 questionnaires were sent out in total to carers in receipt of care from three different regions in England. Results: 207 questionnaires (30.2% response rate) were analysed. Admiral Nurses' knowledge and skills and their interventions were found helpful by 81.5% and 82.6% of respondents, respectively (mean values). Respondents also rated them effective in developing rapport (96.5%, mean value) and recognising and supporting the needs of the dyad (85.8%, mean value). More varied views were expressed in relation to activities and stimulation for the person with dementia, and to advice around medications and their effects, with around a third (n = 57, 31% and n = 63, 33.9%, respectively) of respondents finding Admiral Nurses not helpful, whilst 24.6% (n = 46) thought so in relation to care coordination. A higher number of contacts with Admiral Nurses (5+) and carer gender (female) were significant predictors of carers' satisfaction. Conclusion: Whilst some aspects of supporting carers are performed less well from the carers' perspective, overall family carers in receipt of Admiral Nursing support perceived their family-centred approach as helpful/effective.


The trampoline is a popular source of recreational and competitive sport. However, little is documented about the dangers associated with its use particularly in the paediatric population.

We reviewed paediatric patients referred to our service from April to September 2005 inclusively, having been injured on a trampoline. This unit services a catchment area of approximately 400,000 patients.

Eighty-eight patients were assessed (mean age: 8 years 6 months). There were 33 males and 55 females. Most injuries (53/88) occurred while bouncing on the trampoline, while 34 were secondary to falls off the trampoline. The injured child was supervised in only 40% cases. In 31 cases, the injury was attributable to the presence of others on the trampoline. Thirty-six children required surgery. Fracturesof the upper extremities occurred in 70% of cases.

Injuries related to the recreational use of trampolines are an important and significant cause of paediatric injury. These results strongly suggest that there is a clear need for guidelines.


The majority of weather station records indicate that surface air temperatures have been warming in California between 1950 and 2005. Temperature data from the mid-1990s to the present were analyzed for stations on California Central Coast near Big Sur (Monterey County) to better understand potential for climate change in this biologically unique region. Results showed that daily temperatures in both the winter and summer seasons have cooled the Big Sur coast, particularly after 2003. A current hypothesis is that observed coastal California cooling derives from greenhouse gas-induced regional warming of the inland Central Valley and Sierra Nevada foothill areas, resulting in stronger sustained on-shore sea-breeze flow. Closer examination of daily temperature records at a station location near the Big Sur coast revealed that, even as average monthly maximum temperatures (Tmax) have decreased gradually, the number of extreme warm summer days (Tmax > 37 °C) has also increased by several fold in frequency. Overall patterns in the station records since the mid-1990s indicated that diurnal temperature ranges are widening on the Big Sur coast, with markedly cooler nighttime temperatures (frequently in the wet winter season) followed by slightly higher-than-average daytime temperatures, especially during the warm, dry summer season.


Research indicates that the financial literacy of U.S. teens is low, yet they have access to and spend a great deal of money each year. Teens were surveyed in 1998 (N = 323) and again in 2008 (N = 558) to determine what teens wanted to know about money and how they wanted to learn. Data were collected regarding teens' sources of income, why money was important, the types of financial information they would like to learn, and how they would like to learn from seven counties in California—Alameda, Kern, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara. The findings indicate that teens are still interested in learning about many of the same financial topics identified in 1998, but their desire for web education has increased. These data can be used to develop programs that will interest teens.


The main objective of this study is to provide local colleges and universities with theoretical and methodological references to improve their competitive advantages comprehensively and make the most of their unique advantages in relation to talent training, scientific research, social service, and culture inheritance. Using various research methods, such as a literature survey and data reference, this study draws the following conclusions. Local colleges and universities are open to society, seek to deepen their relationship with society, make full use of social resources, and share educational resources widely with society. The self-oriented, inclusive, and two-way communication in cooperation with schools and communities fosters an adequate educational ecology that results in a mutually beneficial situation.


The research projects in this dissertation lie under the umbrella theme of gender interactions in classroom environment and the impact on student achievement, with implication for the optimal allocation of educational resources in order to improve students' performance and promote educational equality. - The first project (chapter 2) investigates the causal impact of participation in single-sex rather than coeducational classrooms on student performance at higher educational level, using a natural experiment setting in a country where single-sex schooling is highly prevalent. - The second project (chapter 3) examines the association between the classroom gender composition and the student math achievement via a cross-country analysis of TIMSS data. - The third project (chapter 4) looks into the student-teacher gender interaction, providing evidence for the causal impact of teacher gender on student performance in the previously-unexamined contexts of Muslim-majority countries.  My research findings provide important implications for the policy-making not only in Muslim countries but also for western societies with large inflows from the middle-eastern countries. Destination countries mostly face serious challenges of integrating their new members into the mainstream society. Despite their well-designed policies to address these challenges, they sometimes end up with unintended negative outcomes or simply do not reach their integration goals. In fact, certain distinct aspects of Muslim culture that naturally induced contradictory mechanisms had been initially overlooked by the policymakers. Similarly, the so-called cultural ignorance might cause policymakers to pass over some of the potentially strong and effective policy levers to address integration issues. A closer look on the gender dynamics in classroom could provide insights for accelerating the reforms with integration goals and promoting educational equality in destination countries.


The present invention provides a VOD service method for improving the reliability, comprising: A) a first VOD server for the user terminal to provide video on demand service; B) If the user terminal detects a first VOD server to the user terminal can not continue to provide services, video on demand service terminal to re-initiate a request to the global load balancer; C) global load balancer according to the video-on-demand servers currently running situation and strategy, re-select a video-on-demand server to continue to provide video on demand service for the user terminal. The present invention avoids the video on demand service switching blindness, can significantly improve the success rate of handover, quality VOD service user may be effectively guaranteed.


Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by lack of hormone receptor expression and is known for high rates of recurrence, distant metastases, and poor clinical outcomes. TNBC cells lack targetable receptors; hence, there is an urgent need for targetable markers for the disease. Breast cancer stem‐like cells (BCSCs) are a fraction of cells in primary tumors that are associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Targeting BCSCs is thus an effective strategy for preventing cancer metastatic spread and sensitizing tumors to chemotherapy. The CD44hiCD24lo phenotype is a well‐established phenotype for identification of BCSCs, but CD44 and CD24 are not targetable markers owing to their expression in normal tissues. The ganglioside GD2 has been shown to be upregulated in primary TNBC tumors compared with normal breast tissue and has been shown to identify BCSCs. In this review, we discuss GD2 as a BCSC‐ and tumor‐specific marker in TNBC; epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and the signaling pathways that are upstream and downstream of GD2 and the role of these pathways in tumorigenesis and metastasis in TNBC; direct and indirect approaches for targeting GD2; and ongoing clinical trials and treatments directed against GD2 as well as future directions for these strategies.


I. Introduction"[A]ll men are created equal"1 are the enduring words of the Declaration of Independence that have echoed throughout the history of the United States and have remained the foundation of American society. Unfortunately for women, at the time of the writing of the Declaration, the words "all men" were narrowly construed by lawmakers, as women were denied legal, political, and economic rights and had little independence.2 This discrimination was evident within all the American colonies, including Georgia.3During the eighteenth century, in Georgia as well as throughout the rest of the country, women occupied the most humble position in society.4 Their work was considered menial and less important than that of the men who braved the frontier.5 Married women in particular were afforded very few property rights and were forced to follow the practice of coverture, which allowed for all of a woman's property prior to marriage to be under the control of her husband following marriage.6By the mid-nineteenth century, as married women in America entered the public workforce, they became cognizant of their lack of property and earnings rights.7 Women began to publicly debate legal rules and issues, including coverture, and to voice their displeasure about their lack of property and other rights.8 As the women's movement expanded and the desire for social and political change grew, state legislators throughout the country began listening to their female constituents and enacted married women's property acts. Specifically, the Georgia legislature passed the Georgia Married Women's Property Act of 1866, which, unlike legislation in other states at that time, challenged the principles of coverture.This article will examine the factors surrounding the enactment of Georgia's Married Women's Property Act of 1866 (hereinafter the "Act of 1866") and the ways in which it commenced the destruction of the idea of coverture. Part II provides a historical framework of the rights of married women in Georgia as compared to rights afforded women in other jurisdictions, discussing generally the status of women in the colonies and the states as a result of the common law that was in place at the time. A specific analysis of the status of women in Georgia during that time period follows. Part III discusses the enactment of Georgia's Act of 1866 as well as various other acts that were legislated across the United States. This section will consider the development of Georgia's Act of 1866 and how it was influenced by developments in other states. More specifically, the social and political impetus for Georgia's Act of 1866 will be considered in light of the economic hardship, public opinion, and the Northern influence in Georgia. Finally, Part IV will discuss the positive effects of Georgia's Act of 1866 on married women and how criticisms of this Act, at least as offered by historians, are invalid.II. Historical Framework of Married Women's Property Rights in Georgia as Compared to Those Across the United StatesA. Legal Status of Women Across the Country Prior to Married Women's Property ActsMost rights, including property rights, afforded to women in the American colonies only applied to single women.9 Single women (including widows) could own property, collect rent, manage a shop, and had standing to sue in court, whereas married women did not have any of these rights.10Married women were exposed to specific common law disabilities. Married women could not initiate lawsuits, execute valid contracts, or convey property they brought to the marriage or earned while married.11 They also were not permitted to act as executors of estates, administrators, or legal guardians.12 A married woman's personal property was under her husband's exclusive control, and she could only devise the property with the consent of her husband.13 Furthermore, a man had almost as much control of his wife's real property, as he was responsible for all managerial decisions concerning tenements, lands, rent, and profits. …


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