For existing path algorithms cannot achieve more continuous search, we propose the ASSA algorithms to let the travellers access to multiple points of interest in a trip. The ASSA algorithm has optimized the network structure, greatly reducing the amount of data access, and through temporal reasoning based on point of interest associated with regional to get the best travel route. The city POI data are classified based on the information and designed more than a point of interest rules under the access mechanism and its experimental verification. The results showed that: ASSA algorithm can improve computing performance by more than 16% and to avoid the emergence of non-optimal path compared to NS nearest algorithm and it can effectively meet the different points of interest rules under the access needs of travellers.


To succeed in cow reproduction activity it is necessary to have knowledge about theparticularities of the reproduction functions at this species, the succession of thephysiological processes which lead to a more precise appreciation of the optimalinsemination moment of the cow after parturition, the normal evolution of gestation,parturition and puerperal period. Vaginal mucus in cows has the capacity tocrystallize, and the ovulation moment is recognized by the quality and intensity of thefern aspect. In the ovulation moment the value of crystallization is maximaldecreasing in the following phases of the sexual cycle, until it complete disappear inthe advanced lutheal phase. There were made smears from vaginal mucus, whichafter microscope examination have been photographed. In the estrus phase thevaginal mucus crystallized with characteristic fern aspects, which disappear invaginal mucus harvested during the metestrus, diestrus and gestation.


The authors found statistically significant effects on the educational outcomes of kindergarten students enrolled in the classrooms of teachers who received a large supply of high-quality children's books and who participated in teacher development training. Kindergarten children who were taught by teachers who had a well-stocked classroom library and who had participated in a series of training sessions on the display and use of books in kindergarten classroom lessons achieved significantly higher scores on every measure of literacy development when compared with children who were taught by teachers who were provided with a well-stocked classroom library but not professional development support. Simply providing teachers with a generous supply of children's books had little effect on the educational outcomes of students.


One of the few female directors employed at DEFA Studios, Iris Gusner directed Die Taube auf dem Dach in 1972. It was banned and thought lost until rediscovered in 1990, only to be lost again and restored a second time for a premiere 37 years after completion. My essay reviews the remarkable production history of Die Taube and explores what made Gusner's work unacceptable for public consumption and debate. Attentive to discourse analysis and gender studies, I argue that Die Taube was censored largely because it assaulted the core ideal of selfless socialist construction and revealed the unsuitability of the hegemonic modes of masculinity for building successful heterosexual relations. I argue that Gusner's disparagement of outdated and progressive masculine heroic identities contributed to the film's censorship, disappearance, and near elimination from film history.


Progressive cavity pumps are part of the rotary motion volumetric pump type. They consist of a rotor, which is an internal stator element which forms the external stage of the pump. This article attempts to estimate the volume along the length. Under these conditions, it was observed that the volume varies depending on the position of the pump elements and knowing that the flow is directly proportional to the cylinder and the speed, it was concluded that it is also pulsating. This, however, can only be demonstrated on the basis of tests carried out on a stand that allow the cavity volume to be identified in different positions of the rotor in the stator. Key words: pump with progressive cavity, cavity, volume, flow, rotor, stator.


A curing speed is high, and provides good resistance to micro-bending resistance and provides a coated optical fiber. A (I) an optical fiber; (Ii) a first coating; and (iii) a second coating; In an optical fiber coated including, (A) an increase in attenuation in 1550nm of the coated optical fiber is less than 0.650dB / km, (B) said first coating, the modulus maintenance ratio of 0.5 or more and / or less than -35 ° C. after hydrolytic aging has a glass transition temperature; and (c) the first coating, the maximum achievable modulus curing dose for achieving the 95% obtained by curing a first coating composition is less than 0.65J / cm Coated optical fibers, characterized in that.


Testing the composition and the degree of crystallization using X-ray fluorescence analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis,and observing the appearance of hydration products using scanning electron microscope(SEM),researching the effect of the composition and structure of slag on its activity.The result indicated that Ca-rich phase was active under environment of alkali solution.SEM analyses of hydrating samples showed that after hydrating for 28 d,the most of fine slag particles had hydrated,while large ones had not.


A state is a political entity which survives and develops in a compound relationship in which the state interacts with the society within its territory and with other states in the international system.This thesis then attempts to analyze the structure of state capacity from the perspectives of the state-society relation and international system.On the basis of this analysis,the author penetrates the inter relations of the components of state capacity in the logic of state-society and state-state interaction,trying to overcome the limitation of the academic circle that restricts the discussion merely to either domestic politics or international politics.In accordance of this discussion,an analysis framework of integrating domestic and international politics is proposed.


Xue et al. [3] have recently studied the pharmacodynamic interaction between S-warfarin (SW) and R-warfarin (RW) in a Chinese population on anticoagulant treatment with a 1.5–2.5 international normalized ratio (INR) target. The authors used a sigmoid maximal effect (Emax) pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model to correlate SW and RW plasma concentrations with INR, and a turnover model to describe the synthesis and elimination of prothrombin complex activity (PCA) in relation to INR. They first hypothesized that RW and SW were full inhibitors of the vitamin K1 epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) at different potencies [half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s)] but were later obliged to reject this view, as this model yielded a negative estimate of the EC50 for RW. They then examined RW as a competitive antagonist of SW and calculated a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.36 mg l. The scientific debate on the contribution of the RW-toSW effect is a long and conflictual story. Some studies were unable to show any pharmacological activity of RW after administration of rac-warfarin (racW) in man [4, 5], but others demonstrated that RW, given alone or together with SW, has a definite anticoagulant effect (although lower than that of SW) [6–8] (see Table 1). In particular, a recent study by Maddison et al. [8] has shown that the pharmacodynamic response to racW 25 mg (a mixture of equal amounts of SW and RW) was nearly twice that of SW 12.5 mg given alone, thus indicating the substantial contribution of RW to the racW effect. In addition, an in silico study with computational modelling [9] showed that VKORC1 has two binding sites for SW and RW: site 1 with a higher affinity for SW compared with RW [dissociation constant (Kd) 0.44 μmol l vs. 2.36 μmol l], which is responsible for the W effect, and site 2 with similar low affinity for both enantiomers (Kd 5.62 μmol l vs. 5.50 μmol l). In view of this, the more potent SW is expected to displace the less potent RW from site 1, rather than vice versa. Other findings of the study by Xue et al. seem to be difficult to reconcile with present pharmacological knowledge. One is that plasma clearance of RW is paradoxically higher in "slow metabolizers" for cytochrome British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Br J Clin Pharmacol (2017) 83 2303–2304 2303


Animals have been friends and companions to people for at least a hundred centuries, and both people and animals have profited from this enduring relationship. In modern times, vast numbers of publications exist that are devoted to pets and human-pet interactions. A selected, annotated list of especially outstanding magazines about pets is provided.


The appearance of subthreshold sudomotor nerve impulses in human skin was demonstrated in a cool environment when generalized sweating was absent. Continuous recording of the rate of local sweating induced by intradermal injection of some sudorific agents showed small upward deflections of the sweat rate curve representing sweat expulsions which were synchronous in different skin areas. These sweat expulsions corresponded to electric potential changes of the adjacent skin area, which were also s nchronous with those of the palm. These observations clearly indicate that, evea in the absence of general sweating, a subthreshold amount of transmitter substance is being released at the neuroglandular junction for each nerve impulse and gives rise to a detectable rate of sweat discharge in the presence of an adequate effective amount of the sudorific agent. Such sweat expulsions as well as the skin potential changes became progressively less distinct with a fall in environmental temperature.


The period of greater incidencc of typhoid and para typhoid A and B fever in S. Paulo is markedly in the summer months. The meteorological data observed show that this period coincides also·with lhe rainy season. Typhoid and para-typhoid A and B bacteriophages can be A and B isolated from the rivers Tiete and Pinheiros all lhe year around but only wilh difficulty during the winter months. Although lhe investigations on lhe hacteriophage have been made with selected races some were more sensible to lysis than others while this sensibility may vary from one test to the other. Typhoid and para-typhoid A and B bacteriophages were found in greater concentrations in the Pinheiros than in lhe Tiete river. The lylic action of the waters of both rivers on lhe typhoid anrl paratyphoid bacilli dicreases during the cold and increases during thc warm months. The rainy scason in S. Paulo coincides with the warm months the typhoid and para-typhoid bacteriphages grow more numerous, from the beginning of lhe rains, in accordance with the incidence of these infections. However, exactly at lhe time of the heavicr rains -- which is the period of highest incidenee of thsese infections -- there is a sudden fall in the number of these hacteriophages, which however is relative, depending on the grater volume of the water.


Database systems are becoming increasingly multi-engine. In particular, a main-memory engine may coexist with a traditional storage-centric engine in a system to support various applications. It is desirable to allow applications to access data in both engines using cross-engine transactions. But existing systems are either only designed for singleengine accesses, or impose many restrictions by limiting crossengine transactions to certain isolation levels and operations. The result is inadequate cross-engine support in terms of correctness, performance and programmability.


Research on theme-types (periods, sentences, hybrids, etc.) has dealt primarily with instrumental music. This article focuses on sentence form in vocal music, using Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin as a case study. Analysis reveals that Schubert's sentences often go hand in hand with poems that begin with rhyming couplets, that the type of sentence he uses depends upon the sense and structure of the text associated with it, and that he favors sentences with oddly repetitive presentation sections — " manic " versions of the form that emphasize the repetitiveness of Müller's verses and the obses-siveness of his lovesick hero. I magine that you are a composer, sitting down to write the main theme of a piano sonata and contemplating what form your theme will take. The number of possible forms available to you would be almost limitless. I say almost because that number might be limited to some extent by the conventions of the style in which you are writing or perhaps the character of the piece, but essentially your options would know no end. Now imagine that you are sitting down to write the main theme of a song, with some lines of poetry in front of you. In this case the very presence of a text would seem to reduce your choices considerably, since some poetic lines will sound more natural with some phrase structures than with others. Poetic meter and rhythm; rhyme scheme; line length; patterns of repetition , alliteration, and assonance; subtleties of tone and meaning—each of these would undoubtedly influence your decisions about the shape of your thematic material. Each would provide a creative constraint. My article focuses on these constraints and the ways that poetry and phrase structure interact. How do words influence compositional decisions about thematic design? Why might a composer set some poetic lines as a period, others as a sentence, others as a hybrid, and still others as a deviation from a recognized phrase-structural norm? Are there meaningful correlations between certain patterns of poetic rhythm, meter, and rhyme and certain theme-types? What makes some lines of poetry sound better with some theme-types than with others? For all the recent resurgence of interest in Formenlehre, scholarship on theme-types has tended not to address these questions, the main reason being that it has dealt primarily with instrumental music. 1 Though plenty has been written on the relationship between text and rhythm, text and …


Superconducting circuits with Josephson tunnel junctions are interesting systems for research on quantum-mechanical behavior of macroscopic degrees of freedom. A particular realization is a small superconducting loop containing three Josephson junctions. Close to magnetic frustration 1/2, the physics of this system corresponds to a double well, whose minima correspond to persistent currents of opposite sign. We present DC measurements of the flux indicating a smooth transition close to the degeneracy point even at very low temperatures. Furthermore, microwave-spectroscopy experiments allow for the excitation to the next excited state. The dependence of the energy of the resonance on the applied flux clearly indicates the nature of these states as tunneling-splitted superpositions of flux states. We theoretically analyze the system using a generalized master-equation formulation of the spin-boson model. We address the nature of the measuring process by a switching DC SQUID and the possible interpretation of the spectroscopy data in terms of quantum coherence. We discuss these aspects in the context of further applications as a quantum bit.


A study of the effects in immature Cryptolestes turcicus of density and food quantity upon the rate of development, survival and the weight of newly-formed adults has allowed the following conclusions:—

(a)
 rate of development, survival and adult weight are highly correlated;

(b)
 as food quantities per larva become smaller, so these values are reduced;

(c)
 three intermediate density factors are recognised, one attributed to cannibalism, one to changes in the food medium brought about by the larvae themselves and a third which may be called disturbance. It is postulated that at least these three, acting independently or interdependently produce the response which is recognised as being due to density.

Comparison with C. ferrugineus and C. ugandae shows that the former species is more susceptible than C. turcicus in response to high densities, whereas the latter is rather similar.


Hypothesis / Aims of study Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and urinary incontinence are common and distressing problem that can affect patients quality of life. It has been estimated that women have a lifetime risk of 11% of undergoing surgery for urinary incontinence or prolapse and 7% for prolapse alone 1 . For women who have had surgery they will have a 30% chance of needing repeat surgery for their prolapse at a later date 1 . As surgery remains the definitive treatment for a large percentage of women there is a need for good quality long-term prospective studies looking into post operative outcomes. However, one of the common problems that research units encounter is patients withdrawing from the trial or not attending appointments. If these rates are high the outcomes of research may not be valid. The primary aim of this study was to assess the number of patients who failed to attend or withdrew from the trial and examine contributing factors. The secondary aim was to identify any key changes in our practice to improve patient persistence in clinical trials.


Abstract Appropriate museology is an approach to museum development and training that adapts museum practices and strategies for cultural heritage preservation to local cultural contexts and socioeconomic conditions. It is a bottom-up, community-based approach that combines local knowledge and resources with those of professional museum work to better meet the needs and interests of a particular museum and its community. Appropriate museology advocates the exploration and use of indigenous museological traditions where suitable. Using the Museum Pusaka Nias in Genung Sitoli, North Sumatra, Indonesia, as a case study, this article examines the theoretical foundations and practical applications of appropriate museology. The aim is to stimulate critical thinking on the transfer and cross-cultural application of standard, professional museum models and methods.


Based on the shaking table experiments conducted on two different structural forms (Symmetric and Asymmetric form), the damage pattern of the traditional Dieh-Dou timber structure was studied. Using the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake time history (TCU 084), roof loads of 17, 26 and 35kN were applied to the specimens under uni-directional excitation mode. Results shown that structural damage for both structural forms generally occur from 336 gal onwards. When friction between the mortise-tenon connections could no longer withstand the large seismic force, amplified rocking and torsion intensity lead to inelastic deformation. Damage pattern all begins from the bottom Dou members, spreading from the front and subsequently moving upwards to the upper Dou, horizontal Gong and traverse Shu members. More structural strengthening is recommended on the bottom Dou and front section members for future post-seismic repair.


AIM:To investigat over-activated endothelin(ET)signaling and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure(CHF)rats and dexamethasone intervention.METHODS:Rats were performed left coronary artery ligation for 6 weeks to develop CHF and treated with dexamethasone.Masson's trichrome was used to measure myocardial fibrosis.mRNA expression of endothelin A receptor(ETAR),NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)in myocardium were performed.RESULTS:Myocardial fibrosis was more obvious in CHF group than that in sham operation group.Dexamethasone treatment ameliorated interstitial fibrosis in myocardium of CHF rats.mRNA expression of ETAR,NF-κB and iNOS in myocardium of CHF rats was significantly upregulated compared with sham operation group,and dexamethasone down-regulated the mRNA expression of ETAR,NF-κB and iNOS.CONCLUSION:Dexamethasone inhibits over-activated ET signaling and oxidative stress in CHF myocardium through the down-regulated ETAR,which attenuate myocardial fibrosis.


Power electronic devices are finding increasing applications in the control, instrumentation, and switching in electric power distribution systems. Applications include solid state transformers and solid state fault interruption devices. Some of these devices may be connected directly to the distribution primaries (typically in the 15 kV class). This paper addresses the concerns related to the direct galvanic (ohmic) connection of solid state components directly to the distribution primaries. The focus of the paper is on the basic impulse insulation level (also known as the lightning impulse withstand level). The application of the International Electrotechnical Commission standard 60071 is discussed. Some results of impulse testing of distribution system components, based on applications in the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management Engineering Research Center (FREEDM), are reported.


In order to enhance the understanding and theoretic research on the scientific development view posed by our party,the philosophical connotation of scientific development view is analyzed through the application the Principle of Marxist Philosophy.The scientific development view profoundly reveals the law in the construction of the Government, the laws of socialism construction and the laws of the development of socialism and human society,and deepens understanding to general rule of the economic society development.It is the directive for impelling the economic construction,political construction,cultural construction and social construction.It has also much experience for world socialist movement and development of the human society.


Childhood obesity is becoming a significant health concern in the United States, and the prevalence of excess weight increases continuously throughout the growing years. It has been proposed that genetic variation partly contributes to the susceptibility of obesity and its development during the early onset. Thus, this study focuses on the determination of the genome-wide signatures (GWAS) and epigenomic signatures (EWAS) of divergent weight for length z scores (WFLZ) in the first year of life. In addition, it attempts to relate the molecular findings to body composition, BMI, adipose tissue deposition, in the first 5 years of life. Our objective is to generate novel preliminary data on the contributions to child health outcomes. Our approach involves integrating genetic and epigenetic variations with factors such as diet and growth.

 Initially, saliva samples of 426 children from SKP cohort were collected. Next, height and weight measurements were collected at intervals of 6 weeks, 3, 12, and 18 months, and 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. Measures such as maternal height and weight were also collected at the time points mentioned above. Furthermore, children were separated into three groups based on their WFLZ score trajectories (low-slow raising growth, mid stable growth and low-high rising growth) and it was demonstrated that there was a biological variation within the groups to investigate the genetic regulation of development in early life. For genomic analysis, DNA was extracted from infant saliva samples, fixed and quantified to used for genomic analysis.

 After statistical analysis 96 samples were chosen and genotyping were carried out using Illimuna Systems. Further results will be discussed at Nutrition 2021 Online. For the epigenetic analysis, EWAS analysis will be conducted and 850,000 methylation sites further will be investigated. We hypothesize that divergent growth factors in the first year of life will represent a unique epigenomic pattern and reveal new genetic targets modified by environmental variables.

 This cohort study will provide valuable information about growth trajectories and genome and epigenome in the first 5 y of life.

 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, FIRE Grant


Reaction of [{CrCp(CO)2}2(μ-η2-P2)] 1 with PCl5 or ECl3 (E = P, As or Sb) led to cyclo-P2E ligand complexes [CrCp(CO)2(η3-P3)] 2 and [CrCp(CO)2(η3-P2As)] 4. The eliminated [CpCr(CO)2] fragment of 1 is converted into [CrCp(μ-Cl)Cl]23. Co-crystals of 4 and 2 were characterised by Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Analysis and by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing the tetrahedral CrP2As core.


The theoretical, regulatory and practical aspects of improving the efficiency of the pre-trial stages of the criminal procedure through differentiation of the forms of the investigative and procedural actions and optimization of their procedures are analyzed in the article. Their simplification and expediting, reducing material and labor costs should take place not only within the framework of the differentiation of the pre-trial forms (preliminary investigation, general and summary procedure of the inquiry, proceedings on criminal cases involving minors, application of compulsory medical measures, etc.), but also within the general and special proceedings by abandoning obsolete institutions and modernization of procedural procedures. The author refers to the advanced legislative and practical experience both domestic and of the CIS member states. The proposals aimed at reducing material and labor costs connected with the pre-trial proceedings are formulated.


The Women in Engineering (WIE) DREAM Conference at the University of Maryland is six years running and history in the making. An unprecedented 29 percent of the Clark School's fall 2013 first-year students are women thanks to efforts like this signature event. Get tips for DREAMing in your local area!


This chapter will discuss the training of the mental health workforce in developing countries and make comparison with the developed world from where many of the systems and practices originate. All countries are different in the various factors that affect mental health care, mental health promotion, and mental health personnel training. But there are common themes. The relevancy of mental health workforce training is affected by treatment theory, the prevalence and burden of disorders in the country, the types of personnel available and involved in caring for the disabled, and the environments and resources available at country level. The realities and limitations of each country influences the types of people available for workforce training, the training approaches that are practical and can be sustained, the type of educational technologies available, and the retention of personnel once trained. These are the major themes addressed in this chapter with particular reference to the least developed countries.


The age at which flowering began and the stem diameter at various ages were recorded for more than 9,000 pear seedlings planted in orchards at Beltsville. The juvenile period for individual seedlings varied from 2 to 10 years, with a number of seedlings still not flowering after 8 to 10 years. An overall negative correlation of stem diameter with length of the juvenile period was found. Within planting years, this relation was significant only in certain years; within progenies, the relation was significant less than half the time; within a specific cross repeated in different years, the relation varied considerably from year to year. Stem diameter can be successfully used as a preselection criterion for early flowering (short juvenile period) only when these two characteristics are significantly correlated. Since this condition does not exist in most crosses under the growing conditions at Beltsville, stem diameter is not a valid predictor of early flowering.


According to the crack appearing in the web of box girders of the pre-stressed concrete continuous bridge,it analyses its reasons from design,the limited value of concrete main pulling stress,temperature,slow concrete shrinking and construction,of which it makes a stress on the limited value of concrete stress,so as to guarantee the construction quality of the web of box girders.


The utility model provides a film solar battery module which comprises a battery plate and a junction box, wherein the battery plate comprises a battery slice layer and two bus bars, the battery slice layer is formed by a plurality of battery slices which longitudinally extend and are transversely connected with one another in series, and the two bus bars extend along the two longitudinal extending edges of the battery plate; and the junction box is arranged along one transverse extending edge of the battery plate and comprises a box body and a connecting circuit. In the connecting circuit, a conducting wire extends along the transverse extending edge and partially extends to penetrate through the box body; a bypass diode is connected with the conducting wire in the box body to avoid open-circuit or reverse current in the battery plate, and the two bus bars are connected to the conducting wire at the two sides of the diode; and a male connector and a female connector are connected to the conducting wire at the two sides of the diode so as to realize external wiring. The two bus bars are directly connected to the two ends of the connecting circuit at the two ends of the transverse extending edge. The film solar battery module is attractive in appearance, is easy to install and maintain, reduces the using, fixing and protecting of a cable and cannot be easily damaged.


SDS-PAGE and differential solubility were used to demonstrate similarities between maize zein and sorghum kafirins. Polypeptides with similar apparent molecular weights were found in the zein and sorghum karafin fractions. To identify structural similarities among the karafin polypeptides and the zein polypeptides, Western blot was carried out by using α-, β-, and γ-zein antisera. A nomenclature for sorghum karafins is proposed based on similarities in molecular weight, solubility, and structure to zeins.


©1999–2005 CHOICES. All rights reserved. Articles may be reproduced or electronically distributed as long as attribution to Choices and the American Agricultural Economics Association is maintained. Choices subscriptions are free and can be obtained through http://www.choicesmagazine.org. Consumer Willingness to Pay for GM Food Benefits: Pay-off or Empty Promise? Implications for the Food Industry


The solution properties and phase behavior of ammonium hexylene octyl succinate (HOS) was investigated in water and water-oil system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of HOS is lower than that of anionic surfactants having same carbon number in the lipophilic part. The phase diagrams of a water/ HOS system and water/ HOS/ C10EO8/ dodecane system were also constructed. Above critical micelle concentration, the surfactant forms a normal micellar solution (Wm) at a low surfactant concentration whereas a lamellar liquid crystalline phase (La) dominates over a wide region through the formation of a two-phase region (La+W) in the binary system. The lamellar phase is arranged in the form of a biocompatible vesicle which is very significant for the drug delivery system. The surfactant tends to be hydrophilic when it is mixed with C10EO8 and a middle-phase microemulsion (D) is appeared in the water-surfactant-dodecane system where both the water and oil soluble drug ingredient can be incorporated in the form of a dispersion. Hence, mixing can tune the hydrophile-lipophile properties of the surfactant.

 Key words: Ammonium hexylene octyl succinate, mixed surfactant, lamellar liquid crystal, middle-phase microemulsion.

Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. Vol.3(1-2) 2004

The full text is of this article is available at the Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. website


Objective Objective To study the expression of several bone markers in osteocytes (MLO-Y4) and osteoblast (MOB) also the effect from fluid shear stress in osteocytes. Methods Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicate the expression differences between MLO-Y4 cells and MOB cells also before and after fluid shear stress in MLO-Y4 cells. Results MLO-Y4 cells appear to express relatively greater amounts of mRNA for osteocalsin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) but less amounts for osteoprotegerin (OPG) than MOB cells. Although the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression is more in MOB, the ratio of RANKL to OPG mRNA is greater in the MLO-Y4 cells. Fluid shear stress up regulates the expression of RANKL and OPN mRNA but down regulates ALP and OCN mRNA expression significantly in MLO-Y4 cells and also make some changes in OPG. Conclusions The properties of MLO-Y4 cell's are more like osteocytes than osteobiast. The expression of ALP,OCN,OPN and the ratio of RANKL/OPG in MLO-Y4 ceils changed when exposed to fluid shear stress, which suggest osteocytes play a very important role in bone remodlling.


A computer program has been written in Fortran IV to calculate probability distributions of present worths of investments in timber production. Inputs can include both point and probabilistic estimates of future costs, prices, and yields. Distributions of rates of return can also be constructed.


Some patients with refractory epilepsy can benefit from surgical removal of the brain region responsible for causing the epileptic seizures, i.e. the epileptogenic focus. In several cases the patient is admitted for Invasive Video Electroencephalography Monitoring (IVEM) to delineate the ictal onset zone based on intracranial electroencephalographic (IEEG) signals. However, in clinical practice this delineation is based on a visual identification strategy out of the IEEG signals. The purpose of this study is to identify the epileptogenic focus based on the concept of functional brain connectivity. The full frequency Adapted Directed Transfer Function (ffADTF) values were calculated for each seizure of the 2 investigated patients. The mean out-degree, i.e. the sum of outgoing connections, over all seizures for each patient was calculated out of the ffADTF-values. The epileptogenic focus was identified based on the mean out-degree. The localization of the hypothesized epileptogenic focus in the 2 patients was concordant with post-operative findings. We showed that connectivity patterns derived out of the ffADTF analysis can provide useful information about seizure propagation and may improve the accuracy of the presurgical evaluation in patients affected by refractory epilepsy.


Waterborne threats to commercial and Navy ports have been recognized as a significant issue confronting maritime homeland security. This paper describes the CENTURION Harbor Surveillance Test Bed (CHSTB), sponsored by Littoral and Mine Warfare (L&MW) PMS-485, which has placed both undersea and surface sensors in a combined commercial and Navy port - Port Hueneme, California. The underwater sensor suite being evaluated includes multiple aperture fiber optic bottom arrays, and high frequency active and passive arrays deployed in the water column. The surface sensors include radar, an Automatic Identification System (AIS), and both visible and Electro-Optic Infrared (EOIR) cameras. Sensor contact fusion and correlation is presently accomplished by a customized Electronic Chart Data Information System (ECDIS), which takes acoustic and radar contacts together with received AIS signals, correlates, and plots the correlated and uncorrelated contacts onto the local Port Hueneme nautical chart. Visible cameras are used for unexpected daytime surface craft about the Port exclusion zone. The IR camera has proven invaluable for nighttime surveillance of suspicious surface contacts. The radar and cameras are integrated such that the camera will pan, tilt, and follow the radar contact The scenarios currently being evaluated by the CHSTB for timely threat alert and action include: 1) an unidentified, unplanned surface contact: which enters the exclusion zone; and 2) an acoustic contact (e.g., swimmer, swimmer-delivery, mini-sub) which will not correlate with a surface contact. Valuable operational experience is currently being realized for this test bed, as the Port Hueneme Port Security, Force Protection staff currently use the CHSTB system as an aid to their daily watches. The CHSTB was rapidly fielded and operational within 4 months of contract award. This was realized by a maximum use of available hardware and software, combined with an effective Integrated Product Team (LPT). The major subsystems consist of GFE fiber optic acoustic array systems, and Northrop Grumman/Sperry Marine shipboard sensors customized for land-based and multiple sensor integration use. Present and continuing work this year is focused on evaluating complementary acoustic sensors and processing for the diver threat, and evaluating operational effectiveness for a notional sensor suite and integration concept


Alasdair Coles is an academic neurologist in Cambridge, mainly working on experimental therapies in multiple sclerosis. He is also an Anglican priest. Funded by the Templeton Foundation, he has led two studies of the effect of neurological diseases on spirituality: Parkinson's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy. He has edited 'Neurology and Religion', to be published by CUP in 2019. Since Dostoyevsky's seminal descriptions of mystical seizures in The Idiot, based on his own epilepsy, there has been considerable lay interest in the significance of these seizures. But, they have been little studied. We have conducted a prevalence study of seizures with spiritual content at epilepsy centres in UCL and Cambridge and asked whether their phenomenology is homogeneous and comparable with mystical experiences outside of neurological disease. We have explored their meaning for the individual affected and their families.


This paper presents the antenna footprint measurements of a stepped frequency continuous wave radar. To image a subsurface, a knowledge of the wave fields radiated by the radar below the surface is necessary. Due to the complexity of the system it is hard to compute the emitted wave fields accurately in the ground. A remedy for this problem could be measurement of the antenna footprints on the air/ground interface and then apply synthetic propagation of the wave fields into the subsurface by using the Huygens principle. The footprint of a spiral antenna has been measured by using a 1 cm shielded loop antenna as a probe antenna positioned on the air/ground interface. Subsequently, the same measurement is repeated by positioning the probe in free space at the same elevation as the air/ground interface in order to analyse the correspondence between the measurements. The footprint patterns obtained after performing calibrations were comparable for both measurements.


Objective To assess the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) i-gel in patients required insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic surgery. Methods Fifty-five ASA Ⅰ - Ⅲ patients ( Mallampati Ⅰ -Ⅲ ), aged 26-64 yr, weighing 54-73 kg, scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery were randomly divided into 2 groups: group Ⅰ ( n= 28) and group Ⅱ ( n = 27). The size of i-gel LMA was chosen based on the patient' s weight, and i-gel LMA was inserted after induction of anesthesia with TCI of propofol and remifentanil, and iv injection of rocuronium. In group Ⅰ , the nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of i-gel LMA. In group Ⅱ , the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before operation. The hemodynamic parameters, SpO2 ,PETCO2 and peak airway pressure were monitored during operation. The fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores were assessed and nasogastrice tube displacement was recorled after successful LMA placement. The LMA placement time, success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt, airway sealing pressure, the occurrence of air leakage of LMA, and nasogastric tube drainage were recorded. The problems after removal of the LMA were observed and the adverse reactions within 24 h after operation were recorded. Results The hemodynamics was stable and the SpO2,peak airway pressure were within the normal range during operation in both groups. There was no significant difference in the LMA placement time, success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt, nasogastric tube drainage rate, airway sealing pressure, incidence of air leakage, fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores, problems after removal of the LMA and adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0. 05). Conclusion i-gel LMA can provide adequate ventilation and does not interfere with the nasogastric tube drainage during laparoscopic surgery and can be used effectively for the patients required insertion of nasogastric tube before operation.

Key words:
Laryngeal mask;  Respiration, artificial;  Intubation, gastrointestinal;  Laparoscopy


'War has long exerted a powerful fascination over the human imagination.'1 Right from the days when 'primitive* warrior cultures flourished and the pretechnological peoples indulged in human killing with ease and pleasure to the present times, war has generally been glorified, romanticised and fantasised. While so much has changed so fast during the last couple of centuries, war to a warrior remains' the highest adventure, the surest antidote to malaise, the endlessly repeated theme of legend, song, religious myth and personal quest for meaning. It is how men die and what they find to live for.'2


In connection with the problem of submarine signalling the question arose as to the pitch of the fundamental note of a thin circular plate or diaphragm of given material and dimensions, filling an aperture in a plane wall which is in contact on one side with an otherwise unlimited mass of water. The following investigation, which includes some extensions, is now published by permission. To simplify the theoretical treatment, the wall is supposed to be rigid, and the plate to be firmly clamped to it along the circumference, although these conditions are only imperfectly fulfilled in practice. Even with these limitations an exact solution is out of the question, but a sufficient approximation can be obtained by Rayleigh's method of an assumed type, which gives good results if the type be suitably chosen. It is known that the frequency estimated in this way will be somewhat too high.


are two types of web projects first one is static web application. In static web application all the pages are linked together there is no connection from database. And other one is dynamic webapplication, for this type of application database is maintained and person can change according to their needs if he has an authentication. In both cases a large amount of data required to add over the pages that are visualized by any internet browser. Dynamic web applications become so popular that the increasing traffic volume threatens to overwhelm the networking capacity in place within corporate Intranets and on the Internet. Due to these increased traffic there is much need to improve the performance of web cache server using more flexible and effective manner. In this paper we propose, design and implement a new approach by which the performances of dynamic web applications are improved. Moreover it we compare the performance of our approach using performance evaluation of our implemented model.


The automatic analysis of images of terrain is urgent for several decades. On the one hand, such analysis is a base of automatic navigation of unmanned vehicles. On the other hand, the amount of information transferred to the Earth by modern video-sensors increases, thus a preliminary classification of such data by onboard computer becomes urgent. We developed an object-independent approach to structural analysis of images. While creating the methods of image structural description, we did our best to abstract away from the partial peculiarities of scenes. Only the most general limitations were taken into account, that were derived from the laws of organization of observable environment and from the properties of image formation systems. The practical application of this theoretic approach enables reliable matching the aerospace photographs acquired from differing aspect angles, in different day-time and seasons by sensors of differing types. The aerospace photographs can be matched even with the geographic maps. The developed approach enabled solving the tasks of automatic navigation of unmanned vehicles. The signs of changes and catastrophes can be detected by means of matching and comparison of aerospace photographs acquired at different time. We present the theoretical proofs of chosen strategy of structural description and matching of images. Several examples of matching of acquired images with template pictures and maps of terrain are shown within the frameworks of navigation of unmanned vehicles or detection of signs of disasters.


The invention relates to a method for operating a control device (12) with a hardware module (4) comprising a number of surface elements (5, 7, 9, 11), wherein at least one function of the control device (12) is to be executed, for performing a reconfigurable surface (3) is associated, comprising at least one surface element (5, 7, 9, 11) of the hardware module (4). The invention also relates to a circuit arrangement (1) for a control unit (12) and a controller (12).


Since IP Prefix Hijacking is a major threat for every Autonomous System in the Internet, this paper tries to give an understanding of IP prefix hijacking and some of their detection methods. This may rise attention and awareness for that topic among the readers. If a malicious attacker would hijack an IP and use it for committing serious crimes, the original owner of the IP address would eventually be punished for that. Since with the given structure of routing IP Prefix Hijacks cannot be avoided, everybody should know what the potential problems are, so that they may be avoided in future designs.


The improvement of product and service quality has been widely discussed in the literature as an appropriate competitive strategy for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. However, neither the linkage between competitive strategy and quality, nor the role of marketing in the implementation of quality-based competitive strategy, has received detailed attention in the marketing and strategy literatures. This paper explores the interface between marketing and quality management in seller organizations, by developing a contingency model of quality strategy. This model is grounded in the literatures of marketing, strategy and quality management, and the perceptions of managers uncovered in exploratory interviews.


During the past decade considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kallikrein pathways are regulated, and in defining their relationship to the generation of serine protease enzymes and low molecular weight peptides with bioregulatory functions. TABLE 1 shows the role of various serine proteases in the regulation of blood coagulation, fibrinolytic, kallikrein, and complementmediated pathways. The coagulation cascade is now known to be a complex network of serine protease zymogens and their activators and inhibitors. In this network the clotting, fibrinolytic, kallikrein, and complement enzymes interact to regulate such crucial functions as hemodynamics, hemostasis, and immune responses.'-5 FIGURE 1 illustrates the interaction of the coagulation and fibrinolytic enzymes with the kallikrein and complement systems. Most of the active enzymes involved in this cascade mimic trypsin in their ability to cleave certain amide bonds and are classified as serine proteases. Certain basic amino acid esters and amides are therefore used as substrates to determine their activities.s-lo The application of synthetic peptide substrates to coagulation testing is discussed extensively elsewhere in this volume. While working on the determination of plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein, employing the synthetic peptide substrates chromozym PK ( Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA) and S-2302 (H-DPro-Phe-Arg-pNA), we found that these substrates strongly antagonized the bradykinin-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus.11 We therefore modified the amino and carboxy terminals of these peptides in order to study the structure-activity relationship. A detailed account of the synthesis of low molecular weight peptide analogs of bradykinin was reported earlier.12 While developing various chromogenic peptide derivatives, the Scandinavian groups have synthesized many structural variant forms of peptide substrates for numerous serine proteases. Some of these peptides and their derivatives are listed in TABLE 2. We screened the antiserine protease actions of these peptides on clotting and amidolytic assays and found that some of these peptides are relatively specific inhibitors of thrombin, factor Xa, and glandular kallikrein.l3-l6 These studies prompted us to evaluate the naturally occurring low molecular weight peptides with arginine and lysine at the carboxyl terminal and their derivatives for any modulating effects on serine protease


Ensemble learning has succeeded in the growth of stability and clustering accuracy, but their runtime prohibits them from scaling up to real-world applications. This study deals the problem of selecting a subset of the most pertinent features for every cluster from a dataset. The proposed method is another extension of the Random Forests approach using self-organizing maps (SOM) variants to unlabeled data that estimates the out-of-bag feature importance from a set of partitions. Every partition is created using a various bootstrap sample and a random subset of the features. Then, we show that the process internal estimates are used to measure variable pertinence in Random Forests are also applicable to feature selection in unsupervised learning. This approach aims to the dimensionality reduction, visualization and cluster characterization at the same time. Hence, we provide empirical results on nineteen benchmark data sets indicating that RFS can lead to significant improvement in terms of clustering accuracy, over several state-of-the-art unsupervised methods, with a very limited subset of features. The approach proves promise to treat with very broad domains.


Understanding the structure and conductance of the molecular junction between benzene dithiolates (BDT) and gold electrodes has posed a classic unsolved problem for high-level theoretical work for over a decade. Recent breakthroughs for the gold−thiolate interface in thiolate-passivated gold clusters and in Au(111)/self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) motivated us to reanalyze the properties of Au−BDT−Au junctions. We show that distinct molecular Au(SR)2 and Au2(SR)3 units, which are known to exist at the nanoparticle−thiolate and Au−SAM interfaces, define the properties of the electrode−molecule junction. These units can form multiple contacts. The junction can be stretched by more than 1 nm whereby alternating gold−thiolate chains are spontaneously formed in ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated conductance values for the BDT junctions agree with a wide range of reported experimental data. Our results give a solid ground for further theoretical studies of molecular junctions between gold ...


Summary Simultaneous records of orbital velocity and pressure disturbance in wind generated waves have been analysed by power spectral methods, to obtain the first five angular harmonics of the directional spectrum. The observations were made at a coastal site, offshore from a gently sloping beach, where the bottom topography was sufficiently simple to permit corrections for the effects of refraction. The orbital velocities were measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter and the pressure disturbance by an N.I.O. pressure recorder. A capacitance probe was also available for recording the surface elevation. A computer program has been developed which computes the auto and cross-spectra of the pressure and velocity components, the angular harmonics and a smoothed estimate of the directional spectrum directly from data which were recorded digitally on punched paper tape. Estimates of the mean direction and the width of the directional spectrum and its skewness, have been obtained for a wide range of frequencies and related to wind conditions in the generating area. After correction for refraction, the mean direction of the waves was found to correspond well to the mean wind direction. For waves generated by a reasonably constant wind field, the spectrum width exhibits a general tendency to increase with frequency. At low frequencies the spectrum width corrected for refraction is not inconsistent with the resonance angle given by Phillips' theory, while at frequencies just above the transition frequency defined by the combined Miles-Phillips theory, the spectrum is appreciably narrower than the resonance angle. The smoothed directional spectrum estimate based on five harmonics gives no indication of bimodality in the spectrum. A method of obtaining improved angular resolution using an array of three flowmeters to obtain four additional harmonics was only partially successful on account of turbulent interference generated by the pier structure to which the sea units were attached. The surface power spectrum was found to fit the equilibrium power law at high frequencies under saturation conditions. A spectrum obtained under conditions very similar to those in the SWOP project has been compared with the SWOP spectrum. Marked differences between the two suggest that bottom friction is a major influence on waves in coastal waters. The attenuation of the waves in depth was determined from the ratios of the surface elevation and pressure spectra. No significant departure


The Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands) are oceanic islands located ca. 1,000 km south of Tokyo. The Islands are separated by large distances from other land masses, have never been connected to major continents, and are known to harbour numerous endemic organisms, especially plants and animals. Based on the analyses of identifying the biodiversity "hotspots" in Japan defined by the number of endemic plant taxa, Chichijima and Hahajima Islands of the Bonin Islands are ranked first and third, respectively. It is estimated that more than 100 plant species are endemic to the Bonin Islands, which represent ca. 40% of all plant species known from the area. The high percentage of endemic taxa is comparable to the other well-known oceanic islands, such as the Galapagos Islands. Mycologically, it is also intriguing that the islands have no known ectomycorrhizal plants as native taxa.


Additional in-situ measurements during piezocone penetration tests can provide important information at a low cost due to recent advances in measurement technology. Resistivity measurements, commonly used in geophysical measurements, can be adapted to a standard piezocone penetration test (CPTU) to supply data about the in-situ properties of the soil. Change in soil density in extensive sand layers can therefore be determined. A series of laboratory multi-frequency AC resistivity tests with a novel electrode configuration have been performed with a model probe to investigate possibilities of in-situ measurement of volumetric properties of sand in a controlled saturated sand sample. The results show that soil density change of saturated sand can be measured efficiently and with relative accuracy with resistivity measurements at multiple frequencies. A measurement frequency spectrum of 100 Hz to 100 kHz is recommended for in-situ tests.


When Augustus reigned in Rome, official correspondence could be carried by horse or carriage, via public post, at the rate of one hundred miles per day. In the summer of 1969, President Richard Nixon made a telephone call to the moon. In 54 B. C. a letter from Caesar in Britain required 29 days to reach Cicero in Rome. But in A. D. 1969 an electronic signal traveled from earth to moon and back in 2.6 seconds.


Discusses about privilege and resistance as white women come of age. Scarlett's "Sisters" explores the meaning of nineteenth-century southern womanhood from the vantage point of the celebrated fictional character's flesh-and-blood counterparts: young, elite, white women. Anya Jabour demonstrates that southern girls and young women faced a major turning point when the Civil War forced them to assume new roles and responsibilities as independent women. Examining the lives of more than 300 girls and women between ages fifteen and twenty-five, Jabour traces the socialization of southern white ladies from early adolescence through young adulthood. By tracing the lives of these young women in a society in flux, Jabour reveals how the South's old social order was maintained and a new one created as southern girls and young women learned, questioned, and ultimately changed what it meant to be a southern lady.


A full six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) flight dynamics model is proposed for the accurate prediction of short and long-range trajectories of high spin and fin-stabilized projectiles via atmospheric flight to final impact point. The projectiles is assumed to be both rigid (non-flexible), and rotationally symmetric about its spin axis launched at low and high pitch angles. The mathematical model is based on the full equations of motion set up in the no-roll body reference frame and is integrated numerically from given initial conditions at the firing site. The projectiles maneuvering motion depends on the most significant force and moment variations, in addition to wind and gravity. The computational flight analysis takes into consideration the Mach number and total angle of attack effects by means of the variable aerodynamic coefficients. For the purposes of the present work, linear interpolation has been applied from the tabulated database of McCoy's book. The developed computational method gives satisfactory agreement with published data of verified experiments and computational codes on atmospheric projectile trajectory analysis for various initial firing flight conditions. Keywords—Constant-Variable aerodynamic coefficients, low and high pitch angles, wind.


Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the pregnancy complications which cause an increase in fetal and maternal complications which are mainly caused by placental damage due to chronic inflammation and apoptosis. The rate of apoptosis can be assessed by the high expression of caspase-3 which is the majorexecutioner caspases of apoptosis. The use of Mesenchymal Secretome Stem Cell for SLE therapy has an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic role. This study aimed to examine the effect of mesenchymal secretome stem cell therapy toward caspase-3 expression in pregnant mice with pristan-induced lupus model. Subjects and Method: This study was a randomized controlled trial. This study was conducted at the Prodia ProStem Laboratory, Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Airlangga University, and Anatomical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University. A total of 14 healthy BALB/C female mice strain aged 6-8 weeks, with a bodyweight of 20-30 grams, were divided into two groups, (1) 7 pregnant mice who received pristan therapy only, and (2) 7 pregnant mice who received pristan therapy and mesenchymal secretome stem cell. The dependent variable was the caspase-3 expression. The independent variable was the administration of mesenchymal secretome stem cell therapy. The caspase-3 expression was measured by an immunoreactive score. The data were analyzed using independent t-test. Results: After giving mesenchymal secretome stem cell therapy, the mean of the caspase-3 expression in the treatment group (Mean=1.86; SD=0.66) was lower than the control group (Mean=3.30; SD = 1.42), with p=0.031. Conclusion: Mesenchymal secretome stem cell therapy is effective for reducing caspase-3 expression in the placenta of pregnant mice with pristan-induced lupus model. Keyword s : Caspase-3 expression, lupus, placenta Correspondence:  Febrian Andhika Adiyana. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Univesitas Sebelas Maret/Moewardi Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: email@example.com. Mobile: 081215897960. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2020), 05(03): 224-229 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2020.05.03.07


An implicit algorithm is presented for the unsteady three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations including the thermal energy equation, formulated in a strongly coupled manner. Thermal buoyancy is addressed using the Boussinesq approximation. The method of artificial compressibility is introduced to cast the resulting equations into a time marching form. A finite volume discretization is applied for general unstructured grids with nonsimplical elements. Numerical flux formulations are presented for both Roe's approximate Riemann solver and an HLLC approach. A backward Euler scheme is utilized for temporal discretization. The resulting implicit nonlinear equation is solved at each time step using an approximate Newton iteration algorithm. All boundary conditions are applied implicitly. The resulting algorithm has been implemented in Tenasi, an in-house developed flow solver, and validated for canonical test cases from the three regimes (forced, natural, and mixed) of laminar heat transfer and one regime (mixed) of turbulent heat transfer. A final application of the current algorithm is the prediction of forced turbulent heat transfer in a two-pass ribbed turbulator. All computed solutions are in close agreement with analytical solutions, other benchmark simulations, or experimental data.


Scully's introduction references the sense of duality in Jackson's works combining photographs of the Grand Canyon and text. Brief artist's statement.


With the presidential campaign and election now behind us, and with last June's Supreme Court ruling validating the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), supporters of health reform can take solace in the fact that the ACA is here to stay. However, if the vitriol of the campaign is any indication of the continuing opposition to the ACA, there likely will be future political skirmishes over funding for its specific provisions, as well as additional challenges to the constitutionality of reform. As of this December writing, House Speaker John A. Boehner has asserted that all ACA provisions are "on the table" in discussions of spending cuts to avoid the fiscal cliff, and the Supreme Court has already agreed to hear a challenge by Liberty University regarding the constitutionality of employer requirements to provide coverage. If such actions presage the legislative and judicial challenges to come as full implementation of the ACA progresses, we may be in store for a repeat of the distortions, baseless claims, and hyperbole by the ACA's opponents that marred reform during its congressional hearings and public debates. Thus, providing factual information and rigorous analyses of the reform's impact--both its accomplishments and shortcomings--will prove essential to set the record straight, and remains the best way to counter false and exaggerated claims designed to weaken public support for reform. More generally, the grueling Republican primaries and the intense presidential campaign provide a sobering indication of the challenges to be confronted in assuring that impartial and objective research are available for informed public policy deliberations. One of the more disquieting aspects of a presidential campaign based largely on negative attacks, lack of substantive policy details, and "gotcha" sound bites was the disdain and low regard held for facts and impartial research. While both political parties have been guilty of such infractions, those on the right have rather flagrantly ignored or discarded unwelcome research findings and sought to influence the policy debate with factual inaccuracies. Such behavior has resulted in the rising prominence of fact checkers within the media in this year's congressional and presidential elections. In this regard, the arrogant pronouncement by a Mitt Romney pollster that "we're not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact checkers" speaks legions of this prevailing attitude, as do attempts by others to accuse government analysts of political motives as Election Day neared and official government estimates concerning the economy favored the president. Such partisan behavior brings to mind the observation by the late Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan that individuals are certainly entitled to their own opinions, but not their own facts. Unfortunately, such disregard for objective research findings, while far more apparent in the present era of nonstop Internet postings, blogging, and electronic news, is not unique to this period. Instead, it represents continuation of a long-standing and pernicious pattern of deliberate distortion, especially by those who seek to disparage research findings that conflict with their strongly held ideological beliefs, and to question the motives of analysts responsible for such research. Three Recent Examples In the waning days of the presidential campaign, with polls showing tight and teetering races both nationally and in the swing states, reports of three disturbing efforts to discredit unwelcome research findings for political gain came to light. In the first instance, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) released its September labor market report that revealed a decline in the unemployment rate to 7.9%, the first drop below 8% since 2009. This was a particularly bitter pill for those on the right since one of the Romney campaign's signature messages was the inability of the Obama administration to reduce unemployment below 8%. …


We prove that a contractive positive linear map which is approx- imately multiplicative and approximately injective from C(X) into certain unital simple C -algebras of real rank zero and stable rank one is close to a homomorphism (with finite dimensional range) if a necessary K-theoretical obstruction vanishes and dimension of X is no more than two. We also show that the above is false it the dimension of X is greater than 2, in general.


1 Rizgary Teaching Hospital, Erbil, Iraq. * Correspondence: email@example.com Introduction Tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure -especially in childrenassociated with significant post-operative pain that is a challenge to treat. Tonsillar fossa is very sensitive. It is well innervated by tonsillar branches of the maxillary and glossopharyngeal nerves. A moderate -severe persistent pain develops in the tonsillar bed, and surrounding tissues following tonsillectomy. The advantages of decreasing the pain are shorter recovery period, lower risk of post-operative bleeding, shorter hospitalization stay, and returning to a normal dietary regimen and a status of activity which is appropriate for the patient and parents. Although analgesic drugs are used orally or parenterally to manage post-tonsillectomy pain, this pain is still considered one of the important complications, especially in adults. Various research and many efforts have been made regarding reducing the post-tonsil lectomy pain such as administration of improved analgesic drugs during anesthesia, use of corticosteroids, improvements in surgical procedures, e.g., local use of analgesics. Although adequate pain relief is achieved using narcotic analgesics, their use is fraught with adverse side effects. This obviates the need to achieve adequate pain control Background and objective: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries, and post-operative pain is one of the most common inevitable sequel. Although various post-operative analgesia are used, pain is still an issue needed to be handled more thoroughly to gain early oral intake, less hospital stay, and early return to normal life. Thus, efforts are made to employ pre-emptive analgesia and achieve more relief. This study evaluated the effectiveness of pre-incisional peri-tonsillar (subcapsular) infiltration of bupivacaine in decreasing the post-tonsillectomy pain. Methods: The study design is a prospective single-blinded controlled intra-individual study wielding a convenience sample of 45 patients of both genders, aged 14-40 years underwent tonsillectomy. Under general anesthesia, left tonsillar fossa infiltrated with 3cc of bupivacaine 0.5, leaving the other side free as a control side. After a wait time of 10 minutes while operating right side, left tonsillectomy done. post-operative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) on 1⁄2, 2, 4 and 6 hours pos-operatively. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 24.44±6.959, and they included 29 (64.4) females and 16 (35.6) males. Seven patients (15.6%) showed no pain difference between left (test) side and right (control) side while 38 patients (84.4%) had a significant difference. The test side mean pain score was 1.01±0.64, and the control side mean pain score was 2.24±1.18 (P <0.001). Conclusion: Infiltration of 3cc bupivacaine with a latent period of 10 minutes reduces the post-tonsillectomy pain by around two folds without any additional analgesia in the initial six hours.


Abstract New Zealand ranks 33rd out of 35 developed countries for rate of immunizations. The low rate of immunizations in New Zealand could be attributed to many factors, however, the information in available and accessible media must also be considered as a potential barrier to vaccination. This study examines the mediated discourse in a sample of New Zealand's alternative and mainstream online media within the framework of Marxist ideology. The praxis and theory of Marxism within the production of alternative media, much like vaccination campaigns, depends upon egalitarian, community-minded ideals. One might expect to find a Marxist ideology throughout pro-vaccination discourse and within alternative media, which have been found to depend upon these same egalitarian ideologies. While Marxist thought depends heavily on communal belief systems, it also serves as a framework to denounce corporate power. This research will examine whether the organizational norms and practices of an institution might be circumvented when the possibility of denouncing a core oppositional ideology, such as anti-corporatism, arises. In doing so, this research will explore the occasional conflicting nexus between the ideology of an issue and the ideology of a medium.


The use of stationary-action formulations for dynamical systems allows one to generate fundamental solutions for classes of two-point boundary-value problems (TPBVPs). One solves for stationary points of the payoff as a function of inputs, a task which is significantly different from that in optimal control problems. Both a dynamic programming principle (DPP) and a Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equation (HJ PDE) are obtained for a class of problems subsuming the stationary-action formulation. Although convexity (or concavity) of the payoff may be lost as one propagates forward, stationary points continue to exist, and one must be able to use the DPP and/or HJ PDE to solve forward to such time horizons. In linear/quadratic models, this leads to a requirement for propagation of solutions of differential Riccati equations past finite escape times. Such propagation is also required in (nonlinear) n-body problem formulations where the potential is represented via semiconvex duality.


We present a novel algorithm for the synthesis of planar (2-D) arrays subject to arbitrary pattern masks and excitation constraints (e.g., dynamic range). The algorithm is simple and deterministic, and considers the radiating element pattern. The procedure starts with a conventional constrained fixed-grid synthesis on a regular lattice, yielding a goal radiated field. Next, element locations are selected sequentially by maximizing projection on field difference to goal, while excitation amplitudes are computed using fixed-grid constrained synthesis for irregular lattices. The final result is the sparse layout and constrained excitation coefficients. The proposed method is validated against literature results; application examples are given for circular flat-top, isoflux and triangular flat-top shaped beam patterns, with constraints on excitation coefficients dynamic range, both for isotropic and patch-type element patterns.


The field of the digital humanities has broadened substantially in the last few years, and this expansion has, in its turn, intensified debates about digital diversity and accessibility. These debates have emerged from the realization that, in spite of the euphoria created by visions of a "flat" digital landscape with access for all, the results to date do not measure up to such expectations. New associations with languages and academic methodologies that differ from those of the global North are promoting initiatives to investigate questions of access to technologies associated with the digital humanities. Despite these contributions by organizations such as the Post Colonial Digital Humanities (DHPoCo), FemTech.Net, Transform DH, GO:DH, Associaçao das Humanidades Digitais, etc., the issue of making the digital humanities more diverse and more accessible remains a problem of concern. Questions about race and ethnicity, and about the very material foundations —people, geographies, and tools— that make the digital possible are sometimes lost in discussions about how the digital domain is constituted and distributed across the globe. Therefore, the possibilities, or lack thereof, for taking advantage of digital resources and digital connectivity by people who have been, and continue to be, under-represented in the digital humanities remains to be a topic of some urgency. More conversations are needed across the digital humanities to address and bridge this gap, and to propose more productive ways of thinking about the impact, benefits, and drawbacks of the digital domain as it becomes an increasingly important layer of our cultural and social lives. It is in the spirit of examining what we have been alluding to as a digital gap that our panel brings together specialists and practitioners of the digital humanities to discuss specific issues in countries and communities that have traditionally been at the periphery of normative cultural representations in various parts of the southern Americas. How are AfroLatin American and Afrolatin@ communities using methodologies associated with the digital humanities to advance their own goals? How do current digital tools as applied to curatorial projects, archives, and the dissemination of information allow these same communities to explore hidden histories and propose new images and (self-) representations? What kind of digital resources —whether in terms of big-data or minimal computing— are these communities using to intervene in debates about the current state, and the future, of the digital domain? These are some of the fundamental questions inextricably tied to problems of accessibility that our panel will address by means of specific case studies. The diversity of methodologies we will bring to the conversation becomes a strength that productively challenges rigid limits on how the digital humanities are to be defined, which is particularly important when inclusion is at stake. The session itself will consist of a brief introduction by the panel organizers explaining the rationale for the choice of papers and how these shed light on issues of accessibility in the digital humanities. This will be followed by three presentations, two of which will be in English and one in Spanish (María Cecilia Martino):


In this paper the performance and the persistence in performance of Finnish equity and balanced funds is evaluated using a sample consisting of both surviving and non-surviving funds during 2000-2009. The performance is evaluated using the conditional alpha-beta model by Christopherson, Ferson and Glassman (1998). Fund alphas and betas are conditioned on a number of macroeconomic and fund-specific variables. Persistence in performance is first evaluated by studying the predictive power of past performance measures and second by investigating the performance of recursively formed portfolios based on former top and bottom performing portfolios. The overall results suggest that the average equity fund has been able to generate significant and positive abnormal returns during 2000-2005. The conditional abnormal returns are furthermore significantly different from the unconditional abnormal returns during 2000-2002. This is mostly found to be caused by time-variation in betas. Significant negative autocorrelation in the ranks of mutual funds is found on the aggregate fund level. When the performance of recursively formed portfolios is evaluated both portfolios are found to exhibit significant and positive abnormal returns before expenses. This is in contradiction to many others studies on developed fund markets.


The invention discloses a vehicle plate type braking force measuring device driven by a motor, which mainly comprises a front cover plate, an antiskid plate, a transmission chain fixing supporting frame, an antiskid plate guide bearing, a driven chain wheel transmission shaft, a transmission chain, a chain wheel transmission shaft bearing and a bearing seat, a driving chain wheel transmission shaft, a driving chain wheel, a channel steel-shaped guide rail, a back cover plate, a motor, a gear box, a force measuring sensor, a force measuring rod, a first connecting flange, a second connecting flange, a force measuring point supporting frame, a power unit base plate, a driven chain wheel, a first limit switch, a second limit switch and an antiskid plate loading bearing. The device has wide applicability, and can detect the braking performance of wheel type or crawler type vehicles and the detecting state corresponds with the actuality more. The device has the characteristics of reliable work, good data stability, high measuring accuracy, and the like.


An artificial neural network (ANN) method for the modeling of global topside ionospheric vertical scale height (VSH) using electron density profiles retrieved from Global Navigation Satellite Systems radio occultation (RO) data is proposed in this study. The data for this study are 80,124 VSHs derived from the events randomly selected from 9 years of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate RO measurements and 144,530 VSHs derived from the events randomly selected from 16 years of topside sounder measurements of both Aluoette‐1/2 and ISIS‐1/2 satellites during 1962–1978 are used for comparison. VSHs from the International Reference Ionosphere are also used for the comparison. Results showed that: (1) the median of the relative residuals of the new ANN regression approach/model (which was based on RO measurements) was 8.5% less than that of the traditional approach/model (which was based on the topside sounder data); (2) the median of the relative residuals of the ANN model when longitude was used as a variable was 1.1% less than the one without longitude; and substantial error in the polar region was shown to be mitigated by taking the variable longitude into consideration; (3) compared to International Reference Ionosphere, the accuracy of the new ANN model was improved by around 14%; (4) the new ANN model outperforms the traditional base vector‐based least squares model by around 10% when incoherent scatter radar measurements are used as a reference; and (5) the characteristics of global VSHs generated from the new model during geomagnetic storms better agree with measurements than that of the base vector‐based least squares.


In this paper, we propose a new face recognition system based on the ordinal correlation principle. First, we will explain the ordinal similarity measure for any two images and then propose a systematic approach for face recognition based on this ordinal measure. In addition, we will design an algorithm for selecting a suitable classification threshold via using the information obtained from the training database. Finally, experimentation is conducted on the Yale datasets and the results show that the proposed face recognition approach outperforms the Eigenface and 2DPCA approaches significantly and also the threshold selection algorithm works effectively.


Fresh excreta of a swine (40-60 kg in body weight, which was bred with arranged feed) was analysed for physical and chemical nature. Analytical data were as follows : in the fresh feces, BOD value, 61800 ppm ; COD value, 63200 ppm ; albumin-N, 6320 ppm ; kjeldahl-N, 11400 ppm. In the freshurine, BOD value, 4790 ppm ; COD value, 3640 ppm ; albuminoid-N, 775 ppm ; Kjeldahl-N, 4510 ppm. By the activated sludge treatment of high-concentration swine waste, stable treated effluent was obtained after 3 days. Aeration of high-concentration swine waste gave activated sludge after 6 days, and it had good purification ability. The more activated sludge was added, the quicker the waste was purified. By aeration, BOD substances were almost removed, but about 30-40% of COD remained in the supernatant. When BOD load was 5 kg/m3·d, the treatment results were not good. With low aeration (325 m3 air/m3·d), effluent water was not good, while with high aeration (650 m3 air/m3·d), SV value was not good. When BOD load was 2.5 kg/m3·d and aeration volume was 650 m3 air/m3·d, the treatment result was good. The quality of effluent water showed the following mean value : BOD value, 66 ppm ; SS value, 12 ppm. Their removal rate was both over 99%. Air temperature of injecter was higher than that around the plants, and this might be one cause for the rise of liquor temperature.


In this paper we propose a new view to the city and the urban cultural sphere, geographies to create places of learning from a teachers perspective. We discover unusual spaces linked to the cultural urban geographies suitable to create learning scenarios and reviewing a particular teachers' seeing to the urban space. Educators are a powerful cultural reference to articulate the complex human endeavor that defines the city. We use the contributions from visual culture and visual arts education. Our work uses a case study analysis based on survey results from Santiago and Montevideo teachers. We used direct observation of several shared activities with Uruguayan and Chilean teachers.


The female share of chief executives in public firms has been persistently low, and as a result empirical studies of firms with female CEOs are rare. This paper examines a large sample of U.S. non-profit hospitals in which women make up 19% of CEOs. Contrary to prior literature, it finds no evidence that gender differences in preferences for risk, competition, or altruism affect firm-CEO match, or affect corporate decisions of female CEOs. Female and male CEOs responded similarly to the financial shock of 2008, including by cutting employment and salary growth. Women in CEO positions earn 22% lower salaries than men, largely explained by the smaller size of the hospitals they manage, suggesting that labor markets value female leadership skills at a significant discount relative to those of men. The gender pay gap shrinks to a significant 8% after differences between hospitals and CEOs are accounted for.


Design and method: The IBERICAN Study is a longitudinal, observational, and multicentric study with subjects between 18 to 85 years of age, recruited in Primary Care (PC) and who will be follow up at least 5 years. The fi nal sample size is estimated in 7.000 patients. We show the baseline characteristics of the patients in the fi rst visit (n = 7,121). To defi ne the TOD, we consider the ESH 2013 Guide criteria: pressure pulse in aged >60 mmHg, ankle/brachial index <0.9, microalbuminuria: albumin/creatinine ratio (between 30 299 mg/g), glomerular fi ltration (CDK-EPI < 60 ml/min), left ventricular hypertrophy (electrocardiogram or ECHO).


Star complexes are the largest globular regions of star form ation in galaxies. If there is a spiral density wave, nuclear ring, tidal ar m, or other welldefined stellar structure, then gravitational instabiliti es in the gaseous component produce giant cloud complexes with a spacing of about three t im s the width. These gas complexes form star complexes, giving the familia r be ds on a string of star formation along spiral arms, or nuclear hotspots in t he case of a ring. Turbulence compression, supernovae, and self-gravitatio nal contraction inside the giant clouds produce a nearly scale-free structure, inc luding giant molecular clouds that form OB associations and molecular cloud cores t hat form clusters. Without stellar density waves or similar structures, rando m gravitational instabilities form flocculent spirals and these fragment into sta r complexes, OB associations and star clusters in the same way. In this case, all o f the structure originates with gravitational instabilities and turbulence co mpression, but the usual concept of a star complex applies only to the largest globula r object in the hierarchy, which has a size defined by the flocculent arm width or ga laxy thickness. The largest coherent star-forming regions are the flocculen t arms themselves. At the core of the hierarchy are the very dense clumps in which individual and binary stars form. The overall star formation rate in a galax y ppears to be regulated by gravitational collapse on large scales, giving th e Kennicutt/Schmidt law scaling with density, but the efficiency factor in front o f this scaling law depends on the fraction of the gas that is in a dense form. Turbul ence compression probably contributes to this fraction, producing a univers al efficiency on galactic scales and the observed star formation rate in disk syste ms. The CO version of the Schmidt law, recently derived by Heyer et al. (2004), f ollows from the turbulent hierarchy as well, as do the local efficiencies of s tar formation in OB associations and clusters. The efficiency of star formation increases with cloud density, and this is why most stars form in clusters that are i nitially self-bound. To be published in "The many scales in the Universe JENAM 200 4 Astrophysics Reviews," from the Joint European and National Astr onomical Meeting in Granada, Spain, September 13-17, 2004. Kluwer Academ ic Publishers, edited by Jose Carlos del Toro Iniesta, et al.


Due to the increased penetration of wind energy into the electrical power systems in recent years, the turbine controls are actively occupied in the research. This paper presents a nonlinear backstepping strategy to control the generators and the grid sides of a Wind Farm System (WFS) based Direct Drive Synchronous Generator (DDSG). The control objectives such as Tracking the Maximum Power (TMP) from the WFS, pitch control, regulation of dc-link voltage, and reactive and active power generation at varying wind velocity are included. To validate the proposed control strategy, simulation results for 6-MW-DDSG based Wind Farm System are carried out by MATLAB-Simulink. Performance comparison and evaluation with Vector Oriented Control (VOC) are provided under a wide range of functioning conditions, three-phase voltage dips, and the probable occurrence of uncertainties. The proposed control strategy offers remarkable characteristics such as excellent dynamic and steady state performance under varying wind speed and robustness to parametric variations in the WFS and under severe faults of grid voltage.


This field report summarises the experience and lessons learnt by the author, who was deployed as an International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies psychosocial delegate to Liberia for the Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in July and August 2014. Psychosocial issues encountered in the


The article examines the main factors and assumptions of modernization ukrainian economy and social sphere in conditions of intensification of cooperation with Russia. The main obstacles and ways of Ukraine's transition to innovation model of development are defined.


A comparative study, on 500 samples, of the toluidine red antigen, one of the low-cost, color-coded antigens for the Automated Reagin Test, shows a greater sensitivity than the rapid plasma reagin card antigen.


The first two choices allow the user to create a game. Exact matches have the same content , while paired matches differ but have a common element, such as synonyms, math problems and answers, or foreign language translations. The third option enables the user to save games for later play. If one of the math options is selected, players can choose to have easy or difficult problems. After selecting a game, one determines the size of the board ranging from four boxes (two matches) to twenty boxes (ten matches). Next, the program requests the number of players (from one to four). Players can also choose to compete with the computer. Shortly thereafter, the gameboard appears on the screen. One each turn, a player types in the number of the first box to be uncovMATCH GAME


A multicast MAC protocol based on CDMA codes is proposed in this paper to provide highly reliable multicast. Different multicast data are transmitted with different CDMA codes in our protocol. RTS control frame, CTS control frame and ACK control frame are modified to provide reliable mechanism for the multicast data. The simulation results show that our protocol is able to improve the network performances in terms of throughput and delay in comparison with the original IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol.


Abstract A new approach for direct synthesis of formanilides starting from structurally varied arylboronic acids is reported. The protocol involves a copper-catalyzed Chan–Lam coupling reaction between arylboronic acids and formamide in the presence of a base at room temperature. The strategy offers a valid and practical alternative to existing transformations of amino, nitro, and azido arenes to formanilides, especially in terms of executing arylboronic acids as easily accessible, stable, and diversified substrates, under mild reaction conditions, and in a simple operation with high efficiency.


This paper presents a cognitive (belief-desire-intention based) agent that can self-explain its behaviour based on its goals and emotions. We implement a cognitive agent, embodied by a nao-robot or virtual avatar thereof, to play a quiz with its user. During the interaction the agent intelligently selects questions to optimally educate the user. We show how the simulation of emotions can be used to generate end-user explanations of the agent's behaviour. With this we provide a first proof of concept showing the value of using simulated emotions in addition to goals for generating agent behaviour explanations.


The purpose of this study was to identify the angiogenesis effect by transplantion of the autologous whole bone marrow stem cells(BMSCs) and bone marrow derived mononuclear cells(BM-MNCs). A chronic ischemic hind limb model was created by placing an ameroid constrictor around a femoral artery with in a dog model. Animals were divided into two groups. In the BMSC group, about 20 ml of BMSCs were aspirated from the femur and then injected into the medial side of the affected thigh muscle, and in the BM-MNC group, 5x106 BM-MNCs were similarly injected. Contralateral limbs were injected with 20 ml of normal saline as controls. To assess angiogenic effects, angiography and histologic evaluations were performed at 8 weeks after stem cell transplantation. Imaging analysis showed that newly developed capillaries were significantly more plentiful in the BMSC group. Mean capillary densities were higher in treated limbs than in control limbs (BMSC group: 148±12.7 vs 79±8.0 cap/mm2, P< 0.05, BM-MNC group : 79±8.0 vs 52±10.9 cap/mm2, P<0.05). The numbers of larger diameter newly developed capillaries were significantly higher in treated limbs than in control limbs in both groups. In conclusion, autologous whole BMSCs produced a more potent angiogenic effect than BM-MNCs. These results suggest that the transplantation of autologous whole BMSCs could be applied in the clinical field.


01 ur critic is vague about the sins f of his enemy. His indiscrimi nate volleys suggest that Milton Friedman conspires with Christopher Jencks, and the epithet "voucher" tells us nothing ? except the critic's bias. The California Initiative for Family Choice is left undescribed, while missile after verbal missile is aimed at. . .what? As Tom Lehrer said, "Once the rockets are up, who knows where they come down ? that's not my department." So it is with Professor Butts. A description of the elementary facts must, therefore, be my principal object. First, however, I will dispatch missiles of my own. They will be mercifully few, as the initiative largely speaks for itself. The setting is this: In the last five years private school enrollment in California has risen from 6% to about 12% and is expected to go higher. Historically, private schools have typically been sectarian institutions populated principally by working-class and lower-income people; Catholic schools, the most common example, still enroll a higher percentage of racial minorities statewide (42%) than do the public schools (36%). However, the re cent migration to private education is drawing more affluent families. The few established high-cost academies have huge waiting lists, and hundreds of new private schools are forming each year. The middle class appears to be leaving the public schools. I say leaving the "public" schools, but there is a more precise description: Af fluent families are leaving the schools that have been their exclusive enclaves. They are called Palo Alto, Beverly Hills, and Hillsborough. These schools have been es sentially private except for the form of their financial support ? property taxes deductible on the federal return. Parents chose them because they wanted a "light house" district; the deed to an expensive home was their ticket of entry ? the "voucher" of the upper class. Meanwhile, other parents and children took what the system decided was good for them. They took it in San Francisco or in Watts; they liked it or they didn't ? but they took it. They had no choice. And that is what Professor Butts calls "public" education. It is a play on words, a corruption of our language; for public is the one thing such a system is not. It was and remains a profoundly elitist, exclu sive, and undemocratic structure of privi lege paid for by taxation ? one in which the rich get choice and deductions, and the poor get sent. That the name of Thomas Jefferson should be invoked to justify this servile order is a historical gaffe. The fact that excellent scholars such as Butts perpetuate the old mytholo gy only magnifies the temptation to despair. Butts is correct to this extent: After a century of class segregation in education, we desperately need a public school sys tem. And we can have it once we are will


Intentional, systemic philosophical change on an educational program level and on an individual level is often a slow and cyclic process. In this article, we reflect on the journey of philosophical change and growth from a traditional philosophy to an inquiry-based, Reggio-inspired one that occurred on both levels in an early childhood teacher education program and laboratory school over a period of 7 years. As an inquiry group, we reflected on the change we experienced in our own teaching methods, our interactions with staff members and each other, and our perceptions of change in interaction with our students. After carefully and systematically reviewing our reflections, five trends in change were identified. They were (a) recasting the image of the teacher and reevaluating the process of teaching and learning, (b) valuing dialogue, (c) cultivating a reflective mindset, (d) valuing outside perspectives, and (e) building meaningful relationships. The process of reflecting on and documenting our journey has improved our ability to articulate the change we made and to see our growth. Further it has illuminated future teaching and learning directions and aims that we intend to pursue. Finally, we hope that sharing this process will encourage others to examine what, how, and why of their teaching and learning in order to enhance their own professional development journey.


Given a profinite group G and a closed subgroup H, we show there exist continuous sections s: (G/H), -* G and SI: (G/H)r -* G of the projections G -* (G/H)1 and G -(G/H)r onto the left and right coset spaces, respectively, such that im(s) = im(s'). 1. Coincident pairs of sections. Given a group G and a subgroup H, let (G/H)1 and (G/H)r denote, respectively, the left and right coset spaces of H in G. A pair of sections (G/H)1 -4-L G A (G/H)r will be called coincident if im(s) = im(s'). Having a coincident pair of sections is equivalent to having a subset S of G such that G = .I xH = 11 Hx (disjoint union) xeS xES (S = im(s) = im(s')) or to having a 1-1 correspondence aH *-* Hb between (G/H)1 and (G/H), such that aH n Hb # 0. The following criterion is easy to establish (see [1]). LEMMA 1. There exists a coincident pair of sections for G mod H if and only if for every a in G, (H: H n aHa -) = (H: H n a-'Ha) where, in general, (G : H) denotes the cardinality of G/H (left or right coset space). Not every G D H will admit a coincident pair of sections. We thank our colleague Peter Stebe for the following example. Let G = be the free group on two generators a, b and H the subgroup generated by anba-n for all n > 0. Then aHa-1 1 but (H: H n aHa 1) = 1. When (G : H) 0, then there exists a coincident pair of sections. This can be seen using the following criterion. Given an inner automorphismf: GG let Ho = H, H, = f -(H) n H,-1 for n > 0. If for Received by the editors December 30, 1974. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 20F20. a American Mathematical Society 1977


Abstract The ecologically and economically important honeybee species are susceptible to infections by various pathogens. This study was investigated to detect infectious pathogens in honeybee colonies reared in eastern Gyeongbuk province by PCR in 2010∼2011. A total of 11 infectious pathogens, including 6 viruses, 2 bacteria, 2 fungi, and 1 parasite, were investigated in honeybee colonies suffering from symp-toms of sudden collapse, depopulation, or paralysis. The infectious pathogens and infection rates among 24 honeybee colonies detected were as follows: sacbrood virus (66.7%), deformed wing virus (4.2%), black queen cell virus (12.5%), Kashmir bee virus (29.2%), American foulbrood (41.7%), European foulbrood (12.5%), stonebrood (45.8%), chalkbrood (4.2%), and Nosema (33.3%), respectively. Since the coinfection rates of multiple pathogens were detected high in honeybee colonies reared in eastern Gyeongbuk province, large-scale investigation and appropriate control programs need to be established in this region.