molybdenum X-ray absorption spectra have been recorded for the molybdenum K-edge region of xanthine oxidase. Both the absorption edge and the extended fine structure (e.x.a.f.s.) regions were investigated. Spectra were obtained for samples of the desulpho enzyme as well as for mixtures of this with the active enzyme. The spectrum of the pure active form was then obtained by difference. The desulpho enzyme shows a pronounced step in the absorption edge, of a type previously associated with terminal oxygen ligands. In the active enzyme this step has decreased markedly. Satisfactory simulations of the e.x.a.f.s. spectrum of the desulpho enzyme could be obtained by assuming the molybdenum to be bonded to two terminal oxygen atoms (Mo=O about 0.175 nm), two sulphur atoms (presumably from cysteine residues, Mo-S about 0.250nm) and one sulphur atom (presumably from a methionine residue, Mo-S about 0.290nm). E.x.a.f.s. of the active enzyme differed appreciably from this. In keeping with earlier proposals lGutteridge, Tanner & Bray (1978) Biochem. J. 175, 887-8971, the spectrum of the active enzyme could be simulated if a sulphur atom at about 0.225nm (i.e. presumably a terminal sulphur atom)


Tactile sensors capable of quantifying mechanical stimuli through physical contact play a pivotal role in healthcare, prosthetics, and humanoid robotics. To enable conformal contact with objects of different surface morphologies, tactile sensors with high mechanical flexibility are extensively explored. Despite recent advances, most of the currently available flexible tactile sensors are based on electrical properties of functional materials, which often suffer from intrinsic limitations such as hysteresis, parasitic effects and electromagnetic interference. Herein, a flexible optical tactile sensor is presented by harnessing the unique optical properties of a soft and plasmonic optical fiber, made from composites of gold nanoparticles and elastomers. The tactile sensor is constructed by assembling the nanocomposite fiber in a sandwich structure, where sensitive and instantaneous sensing of contact force with high precision, low hysteresis, and tunable sensitivity is achieved by transducing mechanical stimuli into interpretable light signals. As demonstrations of its potential, the tactile sensor is utilized for real‐time monitoring of blood pressure, respiration, as well as providing tactile mapping of diverse hand motions. To further verify the feasibility of mimicking tactile perception of human skin, the proposed sensors integrated onto a robotic hand are demonstrated to perceive hardness, roughness, and shape of objects.


Hornblende-plagioclase andesites of the Young Shiveluch volcano erupted from 2001 to 2013 show minor variations of whole rock and matrix glass compositions but large variations of mineral phenocryst compositions. We focused this work on the composition of amphiboles in andesites from the growing Shiveluch lava dome, pumiсeous rocks from pyroclastic flows and rare mafic inclusions. We propose that the shallow magma chamber was replenished during this time that enhances magma convection and caused more frequent eruptions...


The embodiment of the invention provides a charging and discharging control method of a battery, and an electronic device. The charging and discharging control method of the battery is applied to the electronic device. The electronic device comprises the battery, a collecting module, a modeling module and a control module. The method comprises the steps that the collecting module collects historical data; the modeling module builds a model according to the historical data collected by the collecting module; and the control module carries out charging and discharging control on the battery according to the built model and scheduled rule corresponding to the model. According to the embodiment of the invention, charging and discharging control and management of the battery under different models are achieved by collecting the historical data that a user utilizes the battery, building the corresponding model according to the data and carrying out charging and discharging control on the battery according to the rule corresponding to the model; the battery capacity and the life energy falling speed are reduced; losses of the battery under different used models are effectively reduced, and the service life of the battery is prolonged.


............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. viii SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ xiii


We have shown the first experimental evidence of the alkynyl substituent effect on torquoselectivity and succeeded in effecting the highly torquoselective olefination of alkynyl ketones to provide functionalized tetrasubstituted olefins.


A new method of composition orthogonality is introduced. It is applied to generate new sequences of orthogonal polynomials and functions. In particular, classical orthogonal polynomials are interpreted in the sense of composition orthogonality. Finally, new sequences of orthogonal polynomials with respect to the weight function $x^\alpha \rho^2_\nu(x), \rho_{\nu}(x)= 2 x^{\nu/2} K_\nu(2\sqrt x),\ x >0, \nu \ge 0, \alpha > -1$, where $K_\nu(z)$ is the modified Bessel function or Macdonald function, are investigated. Differential properties, recurrence relations, explicit representations, generating functions and Rodrigues-type formulae are obtained. The corresponding multiple orthogonal polynomials are exhibited.


A review is given of the most interesting results presented at the Topical Meeting on Optical Fiber Communication, which was held in Washington, D.C., in March 1979.


In this paper,we use the method of representation of Lie group to study a class of nonhomoge-neous convolution operator on the nilpotent Lie group H^n×R^k,and give a criteerion of their hypocllipticity.


A modelisproposed forbiochemical net- workswhichtakesintoaccountsubstrate andmodifier effects onenzymeactivity andthedifferent timescales on whichtherelevant processes occur. Sources ofglobal con- straint thatcanbeutilized inmetabolic regulation are indicated, andtherelation ofthemodeltotheexperiments ofKauffmanon switching networksisanalyzed. The biological significance ofthemodelandpossible systems in whichitmightbetested arediscussed. I.INTRODUCTION Oneofthepersistent fundamental problems ofbiology is posedbythefollowing question: Whatfeatures ofa bio- chemical network arenecessary for,andresponsible for, control ofthevarious processes thatoccur inacell and/or organism? Theanswer sought isatalevel thatspecifies the dynamics ofinteraction between chemical species, notjust their identification andreaction sequence. Thebiochemical networks that makeupallliving cells aredynamic systems of avastnumberofcoordinated chemical reactions, eachcata- lyzed byanenzyme which isitself aproduct ofthesamesetof reactions. Evenrelatively static cellular functions, suchas thestorage onDNA andRNAoftheinformation determining theprimary structure oftheenzymes, aresubordinate tothe dynamic enzymatic system forpurposes ofretrieval anduse ofsaidinformation (1). Clearly, itisimmensely difficult to obtain adetailed understanding ofthebehavior ofachemical system ofthis complexity. Itisnotonlythatthenonlinear kinetic equations, ofwhich there isoneforeachspecies, are coupled, northatclassical ensemble methods areexcluded by theformsoftheequations. Itmustberecognized thatthe mostimportant limitation toourunderstanding atpresent isthattheavailable phenomenology ofmacroscopic cellular life istooprimitive topermit identification ofwhatismost important about thebiochemical network. Thispaper isdevoted toaqualitative analysis ofhowthe properties ofanetwork canberestricted soastoprovide a variety ofcontrol mechanisms. Several other investigators haveexamined this veryproblem (2-4). Their considerations, whichhavebeenbasedonthedynamicconsequences of physical constraints suchasconservation ofmassandposi- tivity ofconcentrations ofallspecies, orontheproperties of thetopological dynamics ofappropriate vector fields, have nottaken into account thepossibility ofregulation ofenzyme activity through substrate dependency andallosteric control. Inthenextsection weexamine howthese effects canbein- corporated intoanetwork ofreactions, andthenusethis result todefine amodelbiochemical network. Thenetwork is, infact, only schematically defined, butthat issufficient for ourpurposes. Ourgoal istopropose howtheconnectivity of thebiochemical network andthedependence ofenzyme activity ofsubstrate andmodifier concentrations combine to create constraints which force self-regulating behavior onthe network. 1I.THE MODEL


This paper reports the observations made while developing an electroless gold (ELG) bath using benzyl alcohol as the reducing agent. Once the substrate surface becomes covered with gold, continuation of the process relies on the gold to catalyze further deposition. Before this bath can be described as truly autocatalytic, it must be capable of depositing gold on a gold substrate


Cross-polarization (CP) OCT is a so-called functional extension of OCT that seems to have benefits in visualization of myelin. During surgery it may be quite useful receiving information concerning myelination rate in white matter surrounding tumor mass. It this study it was shown that the quantification of peritumoral white matter using pseudocolor en-face OCT maps based on three optical coefficients (the rate of attenuation in the co- and cross-channel, and the interchannel attenuation difference) correlated well with histological data. Therefore, accurate quantitative CP OCT assessment of peritumoral white matter condition supports the developing the intraoperative implementation of this method.


Night sleep duration, lights on and night light exposure can elevate blood pressure in adolescents which lead to prehypertension. Therefore this study aimed to analyse night sleep duration, lights on and night light exposure with prehypertension in adolescents. This cross sectional study recruited 160 students from 6 senior high schools in Surakarta city. Data of night sleep duration, light on and night light exposure were obtained from self-reported questionnaire while blood pressure was measured in the morning visit. Data were analysed using chi-square and logistic regression tests with p value <0.05. Prevalence of prehypertension in senior high school students was 26.3%. Selected students had average of night sleep duration 6.82 ± 1.08 hours and 47.5% students slept with lights on and the average of night light exposure among them was 98.93 ± 111.96 lux. Insufficient sleep (OR=1.048, 95% CI 0.517-2.128, p=0.896), lights on (OR=1.006, 95% CI 0.497-2.037, p=0.986), and highly night light exposure (OR=1.153, 95% CI 0.465-2.859, p=0.759) were associated with prehypertension in adolescents but it was not statistically significant. After adjusted with sex, BMI for age, and family history of hypertension, night light exposure had the strongest association with prehypertension (OR=1.640, 95%CI 0.541-4.976, p=0.382). High prevalence of prehypertension is found in adolescents of senior high schools in Surakarta city. Night light exposure is associated with prehypertension beside BMI for age, sex, and family history of hypertension. Further investigation is performed to analyze other factors which influence prehypertension in adolescents. Keywords— Prehypertension; blood pressure; adolescent; sleep duration; light condition


SUMMARY In Qing dynasty, Ci's theory had gone through a "Ci's Renaissance''. Theories and works in Ci were both active in Qing dynasty, which was very different from how sluggish Ci seemed to be in Ming dynasty. Studies on the composers of Ci in Qing dynasty have reached some fruitful results, yet there is still some works that remain under discussed. The work of Liu SiWan, a compeoser from Wujin country in The Qianlong Jiaqing period, was one of examples. This dissertation investigates the life and the work of Liu SiWan, examining the appendix"Zheng chuan Ci's Poetry'' of his work"Shang jiong tang Collection''. Liu SiWan's life history ,friend circles, and his style in Ci, have been closely scrutinized in order to define his role among the Ci composers in Qing dynasty. Key word:Liu SiWan, Zheng chuan Ci's Poetry, Ci in Qing dynasty, The Qing dynasty from Qianlong to Jiaqing Ci's area INTRODUCTION Liu SiWan(1762-1821), the poet in the Qianlong Jiaqing period of Qing dynasty, was a famous literary author. He came from Wujin country and grew up in a literary family. He had a poertycollection collecting 267 pieces of Ci poems, which were neither collected by the Cornplete Ci-poetry of the Qing dynasty from Yongzheng to Qianlong, nor were them being embodied by the other supplements. There are a lot of his poems were the dialogue between Liu SiWan and his friends. Some of them are the advocate of Ci' theory, including Kuo Lin, Chou ChihChi, Wu HsiLin. Some of them are the famous literary author of Qing dynasty, for example, Fa ShihShan, Tseng Yu, Yueh Chun. Liu SiWan's poems, talk about the love, iandscape, art, express the author's emotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maximum lifetime literary of Liu SiWan's achievement works is"Shang jiong tang Collection''. He had a poetrycollection collecting 267 pieces of Ci poems, which were neither collected by"Cornplete Ci''. Liu SiWan always sound scholar less, so the first step of study is to translate his poetry. It refers to need find out all of allusions in the 267 pieces of Ci poems. Second, Survey Liu SiWan's life history , friend circles , the political climate and his experience. Third, summed up the theme of the poem, find out their relationship, attributed his writing style and Special Artistic technique, the best technique of this literature is he put painting trchniques into the poem. Then, compared Liu SiWan's style to the three major branches in Ci. Finally, description the results and special note Liu SiWan's unique writing technique. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The dissertation investigates the life and the work of Liu SiWan, examining the appendix "Zheng chuan Ci's Poetry" of his work "Shang jiong tang Collection". In analyzing the text, his words can divided into five categories, love poems, narrative poems, art poetry, answering phrase, lyric poetry. In the poem, he showed artsy, erudite writer. That perhaps influenced by his family and his friend's cultural background. He is good at express the homesick and underappreciated emotion. We can see that a depressed literary author from Liu SiWan's poems. CONCLUSION Although studies on the composers of Ci in Qing dynasty have reached some fruitful results, yet there is still some works that remain under discussed. The work of Liu SiWan, a composer from Wujin country in The Qianlong Jiaqing period, was one of examples. This study can supplement the poetry of the Qing dynasty from Qianlong to Jiaqing. And define his role among, he is not belongs to the Ze Xi Sect' and Chang Chou Sect', he is a outstanding lyric poetry literati in the Qianlong Jiaqing period. All of above would help us to clear Liu SiWan's life, style and influence. Liu SiWan's other studies are considerably immeasurable. Therefore, we do not investigate other domains in this content.


The effects of output price uncertainty on a competitive firm's supply and factor demands have recently been explored under the assumption that all decisions are made before the price is observed. Agnar Sandmo has shown that a risk-averse, competitive firm with a nonrandom cost function will produce a smaller output if the price is random than it would if the price were known with certainty to equal its mean. Raveendra Batra and Aman Ullah and I have extended the analysis by considering the effects of output price uncertainty on factor demands. Among other things, Batra and Ullah show that the firm will choose its inputs to minimize the cost of producing whatever level of output is chosen. This result, combined with the Sandmo result that the presence of uncertainty reduces output, implies that the effects of uncertainty on factor demands depend on what effect the decreased output due to uncertainty has on the cost minimizing levels of inputs. Except for the rare case of inferior factors, the presence of uncertainty reduces factor demands. Finally, it is clear from these analyses that if the firm is risk neutral, the uncertainty has no effect on supply and factor demands. In this paper I relax the assumption that all inputs are chosen before the output price is observed. My conclusions show that the results noted above are really rather sensitive to that particular assumption. A simple two-input, one-output model of the firm is employed. One of the inputs, which I call capital, is quasi fixed in the sense that it must be chosen before the output price is observed. The other input, which I call labor, is variable since it is not chosen until the output price is observed. Clearly, this implies that the level of output is not determined until its price is known. Although labor may be a poor name for the variable input in view of the recent discussions of its "quasi-fixed" character, it seems apparent that in many situations there are inputs which can be varied on short notice. By allowing a variable input in this sense we considerably alter the situation facing the firm. If, after observing the output price, it turns out that the firm made a "poor" choice regarding the quasi-fixed factor, it is able to partially "adjust" by choosing an appropriate level of the variable input. This ability to make adjustments for what, ex post, appears to be a poor decision is totally lacking if all inputs must be chosen before the uncertainty is resolved. In Section I the basic model is presented. In Section II the analysis for a risk-neutral firm is carried out, and Section III contains an example. In Section IV the analysis is extended to a risk-averse firm. The final section contains some brief concluding comments.


The dentists are completely aware of the growth of ethical standards in their profession. The recent growth of ethical literature has been significant in this profession but it is far behind the medical profession in the term of ethical analysis of dental problems. Fortunately, as a consequence of increasing attention to ethical standards, the patients are paid attention better and receive better services. The profession also makes a commitment to society that its members will adhere to high ethical standards of conduct. This paper has reviewed ethical principles in dentistry in order to enlighten preferred practical values. We have reviewed the literature from the past 20 years that had been recovered through a PubMed, Embase and Cochrane search, with the keywords of "dental ethics", ("ethical principles" And "dentistry") and ("ethical principles" And "dental practice"), included in professional guidelines and ethical codes, conference proceedings and suggested by experts. Experts on dental and medical ethics were also consulted. The dentists have a duty to conduct their professional life, in accordance with the four fundamental principles of ethics, but despite their reasonability, the principles have a prima facie standing and the dentist is to decide which principles are to be applied in accordance with the cultural, social, religious and regional considerations.


Zanthoxylum bungeanum( Rutaceae) is one of the most important economic plants in some areas of China, because Z. bungeanum could be used to mitigate water and soil loss through the reforestation of barren hillsides where cultivation and tree removal has occurred. The mechanisms of insect community dynamics and pest insect outbreaks can be identified through their relationship with environmental factors such as altitude, temperature, humidity and insect community characteristics.This study investigated the relationship between the environmental variables and insect communities in Z. bungeanum gardens near the Jinshajiang River,Yongshan County,Yunnan,China. Insect communities were sampled from seven different gardens at varying altitudes( low 450—750 m; medium 750—1300 m; high 1300—1550 m) from March to September,2008. All data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance( MANOVA) and the level of correlation using the Gray—system theory. The results were: 1) Insect community structure varied with altitude,suggesting altitude is a key factor influencing insect communities in Z. bungeanum gardens; 2) Increases in altitude resulted in higher species diversity,evenness,richness,Ss/ Si( the number of species divided by the number of individuals) and Sn/ Sp( the number of natural enemy species divided by the number of phytophagous species) at lower altitudes followed by a decline at higheraltitudes. However,the species abundance and dominance indices decreased at lower altitudes then increased at higher altitudes; 3) Where Z. bungeanum gardens grew under more extreme climatic conditions,such as higher temperatures and lower humidity at lower altitudes,or lower temperatures and higher humidity at higher altitudes,there were less diverse insect communities. Thus,insect community characteristics such as species diversity,evenness,richness,Ss/ Siand Sn/ Sp indices were lower and more unstable in gardens at lower and higher altitudes. The seasonal dynamics of insect communities at lower and higher altitudes changed more quickly compared with those at medium altitudes. The climatic conditions at the gardens at medium altitudes( 750—1300 m) were more suitable for diverse insect communities with ideal temperatures and humidity. Thus,the number of insects at the individual and species level in gardens between 750 and 1300 m( medium altitude) were relatively higher compared with gardens at lower and higher altitudes. The insect communities at medium altitudes indicated better stability based on insect community diversity,evenness,richness,Ss/ Siand Sn/ Spindices,which were higher compared with the other two altitudinal groups. In comparison with the gardens at low and high altitudes,the seasonal dynamics of the insect community at medium altitudes changed slightly; 4) The dominance indices for the insect communities were higher at 450—750 m and 1300—1550 m altitude gardens,but lower in the 750—1300 m gardens. Furthermore,the dominance indices at the low and high altitude gardens showed a more significant change among seasons compared with the medium altitude gardens. Overall,insect community dynamics in Z. bungeanum gardens( Yunnan Province) may be influenced by altitudinal factors such as temperature and humidity,affecting insect species and abundance in various sub-communities. The key influencing factors were the extremes of temperature and humidity. The stability of insect communities in Z. bungeanum gardens could be improved under suitable temperature and humidity conditions similar to those found between 750 and 1300 m.


In Chile, 49.1% of the national territory is affected by soil degradation (including erosion and loss of soil organic matter), whereby of the 51.7 Mha that have been historically associated with agricultural-livestock and forestry activities, only 35.5 Mha are being used at the present. Consequently, soil degradation has resulted in the release of about 11.8 Gg yr−1 of carbon (C) equivalent (CO2eq) to the atmosphere. Silvopastoral systems (SPS), however, can increase soil organic C (SOC) through sequestration (C→SOC), improve ecosystem services, and have been internationally recommended for sustainable land use. Therefore, it was proposed to determine the effects of SPS on soils, over five years, in degraded sites that were located in the Ranchillo Alto (SPS-RA) (37°04′52″ S, 71°39′14″ W), Ñuble region. The sites were rated according to previous canopy disturbance levels (+) as follows: open (Op)+++, semi open (SOp)++, and semi closed (SC)+. The analysis was performed on different physical and chemical soil properties (0–5 and 5–20 cm depths), that were expressed as soil indicators (SIND) for chemical and physical properties, which were used to calculate a soil quality (SQ) index (SQI). The results indicated overall SQI values of 37.6 (SC) > 29.8 (Op) > 28.8 (SOp), but there were no significant variations (p < 0.05) in physical SQ, whereas chemical SQ varied in all conditions, mostly at 0–5 cm in Op and SOp. Increases of SOC were also observed (2015–2018 period) of 22.5, 14.5, and 4.8 Mg ha−1 for SOp, Op, and SC, respectively, showing that SPS promote the reclamation of Ranchillo Alto soils.


The field of the invention is that of electronic equipment enclosures and particularly electronic apparatus cases equipping carriers including aircraft. The electronic device housing comprises metal walls (101), (102), (103), (104), mounted on an armature, the armature comprises two frames (111), (112) and four cross members (113) , (114), (115), (116), identical in length linking the two frames (111), (112). According to the invention the frames (111), (112) are die-cast magnesium alloy and / or machined, and in that at least one of the walls (101), (102), (103), (104 ) is formed from a magnesium alloy sheet.


Studies about convergence in Brazil have concentrated in the s and (-convergence analysis. In this thesis is presented a new methodolgy to study convergence, that analyses how the income distribution among brazilian states and municipalities evolves over the time. Three kinds of estimation are done: a) kernel smoothed densities are estimated to allow the visualization of the changes occurred over the time in the distributon as a whole, while s and (-convergence estimate only one parameter of this distribution; b) estimation of stochastic kernels to analyse the movements of the economies over the income space with the aim to identify convergence clubs in specific space intervals; c) estimation of stochastic kernels conditional on geographic localization, education, openness to international trade and income inequality, with the objective to identify possible explanations to the observed pattern of convergence. The use of the methodologies above allowed to identify that, although there is a convergence trend among brazilian municipalities in the period from 1970 to 2000, coexists with this trend a divergent movement that is leading to the formation of two convergence clubs among brazilian municipalities. Geographic localization and initial level of education appeared as important conditioners of the observed growth.


The utility model relates to a liquid fuel gasification stove with automatic electronic ignition, comprising an electronic ignition system, a petroleum gas feeding mechanism, a liquid fuel feeding mechanism, a burner, and a stove body. The utility model can use alcohol, gas oil, diesel oil, and various alcohol containing liquid mixed fuel and can also use aldehyde and alcohol containing waste liquid, belonging to a domestic stove with the advantages of safety and energy conservation.


The utility model provides a current feedback and controllable excitation parallel excitation device. The device comprises a regulator and a current transformer. A secondary side winding of the current transformer is connected with a rectifier bridge. A F1 pin of the regulator is connected with a cathode of a silicon controlled rectifier and a positive end output by a direct current side of the rectifier bridge respectively. A G pin of the regulator is connected with a control electrode of the silicon controlled rectifier. An N pin of the regulator is connected with a negative end output by the direct current side of the rectifier bridge. A V pin of the regulator is connected with an anode of the silicon controlled rectifier. When the excitation device is used for generator excitation, in the condition that an output terminal of a generator is in a short circuit state or a terminal voltage drops substantially, excitation power can be rapidly compensated or increased; a short circuit current maintenance capacity is timely provided for the synchronous generator; selective protection of a power supply system is realized and dynamic stabilization of an electric power system is guaranteed. The excitation device is a novel excitation device which possesses a high excitation capability and can satisfy a requirement of the short circuit current maintenance capacity.


Silver kob Argyrosomus inodorus sampled from three regions along the South African southern and eastern seaboard during 1991–1992 were aged using frontal otolith sections. Otoliths (n = 750) were selected from fish ranging between 60 and 1 310 mm total length. Ages of 0–25 years were recorded, but fish older than 13 years were uncommon. Marginal increment analysis indicated that for fish of age 2–11 years, one opaque and one translucent zone were deposited annually. The first annulus was validated using daily rings. Observed lengths-at-age were highly variable. There was no statistical difference in growth rate between fish taken in the Southern and South-Eastern Cape. Growth rates between sexes did not differ significantly on the East Coast. Fish in the South-Western Cape initially grew faster than those in the other two regions, but the growth rate showed earlier and a smaller maximum size was attained. The growth models which best fitted the observed length-at-age data were the Richards for the East Co...


In responding to the challenge brought about by global climate change, it is acknowledged that countries have differing levels of responsibility. The majority of cumulative carbon emissions have been generated by high-income countries. These countries should, therefore, bear most of the burden of carbon emission reduction. But it is developing countries that are likely to face up to 80% of the damage brought about by climate change (World Bank, 2010). Agricultural yields, in particular, are expected to suffer, undermining food security for the poorest. Maintaining the relatively strong development progress of the first decade of this century represents, therefore, a major challenge for many developing countries, as they have to adapt their development models in the face of a changing climate. Most commentators agree that the additional funding developing countries will need to respond to climate change will require a major flow of finance from richer countries to poorer ones. The 2010 World Development Report estimated that the overall incremental cost of mitigation and adaptation in poor countries will be between $170-275 billion per year by 2030. The sourcing and spending of such a large amount of funding represents an extraordinary challenge and may require a transformation in the way global development finance is managed if climate finance is delivered in a similar way. Whatever solutions are found, these should lead to policies that are effective, efficient and equitable (Stern, 2009). These three criteria provide an overarching framework against which to monitor and judge the delivery of climate change actions. They apply as much to national delivery as to international support and capture, with actions and results measured according to: • how well actions that are funded lead to the desired result, in this case the mitigation of carbon emissions and the strengthening of adaptive capacity to climate change • how such results can be achieved with the least amount of waste, or at the least cost • the distributional impact of such actions, in particular whether they meet the needs of the most vulnerable people.


A model for treating shock compaction and subsequent chemical decomposition of porous HNS high explosive at initial density 1.6 Mg/m/sup 3/ has been tested against results from plane shock initiation experiments. Basically, the model treats the initially porous HNS as a single ''pseudothermodynamic'' phase, and the compaction process as a phase change. The kinetics that govern subsequent chemical decomposition are determined from gas-gun experiments. Computational experiments were performed using the model to determine the thin pulse threshold pressure sufficient to produce a detonation in the HNS specimen. Threshold pressure was found to depend on the input pulse duration approximately as P/sup 2.65/t = 7.5 GPa/sup 2.65/-..mu..s. This is in agreement with the one available experimental threshold datum P = 6.9 GPa, t = 0.039 ..mu..s.


OBJECTIVE
To analyse the clinical outcomes of biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam versus ribbon gauze and ear wick in the treatment of severe acute otitis externa.

METHODS
Ninety-two adults with severe acute otitis externa were randomly assigned to groups receiving ear wick (n = 28), ribbon gauze (n = 34) or biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam (n = 30). Clinical efficacy, in terms of otalgia, oedema, erythema and tenderness of the external auditory canal, was assessed before packing was applied and at follow up on the 3rd and 7th days of presentation.

RESULTS
All packing materials were associated with improved otalgia and oedema on the 3rd day; however, there were significant differences between biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam and the other packing materials, and there was no significant reduction in tenderness in the biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam group on the 3rd day. In the ribbon gauze and ear wick groups, improvements in all clinical efficacy scores were statistically significant for all pairwise comparisons.

CONCLUSION
The three packing materials were all quite effective in treating severe acute otitis externa, but ear wick and ribbon gauze were superior to biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam for relieving signs and symptoms, especially on the 3rd day.


Direction finding (DF) techniques based on a circular array of monopoles or dipoles have the advantage of being able to provide unambiguous direction of arrival (DOA) estimates over 360 degrees. Of the various implementation approaches that are possible, the Adcock direction finder (ADF) is commonly used at UHF and lower frequency ranges. One of the physical constraints is that the diameter of the antenna array must be small compared to the shortestwavelength of interest. However, the close electrical spacing of the antenna elements introduces undesirable electromagnetic coupling between the elements and adversely affects the DOA estimation accuracy. This paper explores the impact of mutual coupling on wideband ADFs based on both amplitude and phase techniques. It is observed that mutual coupling affects the DOA estimates through the reference signal and that these effects can result in substantial DOA errors for both techniques.


For twenty years, Information Systems (IS) researchers investigated privacy attitudes and disclosure outcomes, yet a full understanding of the privacy disclosure relationship has not been reached. In the current study, we argue that the lack of consensus regarding the privacy-disclosure relationship may stem, at least in part, from methodological shortcomings. We contend that variations in disclosure measurement practices may be responsible for ambiguous findings in the accumulated IS privacy research. We provide a preliminary review of the IS privacy literature from which we aim to build an initial foundation for recommendations regarding measures of disclosure outcomes. We identify four widely used measures of disclosure outcomes (i.e. intentional, breadth of, retrospective self-reports of, and actual disclosure) and discuss their methodological concerns. We conclude with a brief discussion on the methodology for the full review and recommendation for future research.


We calculate correlation functions of two local operators within the nucleon carrying momentum. We resolve their dependence on the spatial distance of the currents. This is carried out for all Wick contractions, taking into account several operator insertion types. The resulting four-point functions can be related to parton distribution functions as well as to Mellin moments of double parton distributions. For the latter, we analyze their quark spin and flavor dependency. In this first study, we employ an $N_F = 2 + 1$ CLS ensemble on a $96 \times 32^3$ lattice with lattice spacing $a = 0.0856\ \mathrm{fm}$ and the pseudoscalar masses $m_\pi = 355\ \mathrm{MeV}$ and $m_K = 441\ \mathrm{MeV}$.


OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Rougan Mixture in preventing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B in search of simple, cheap and effective prescriptions for preventing hepatic fibrosis. METHOD 120 patients with chronic hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis were randomly divided into a Rougan Mixture group of 64 patients and a Biejiajian Pill group of 56 patients, who were treated for equal duration of time. Serum hyaluronic acid (HA,China), type III procollagen (PCIII), laminin (LN) and type IV collagen (IV-C) were observed. RESULT Compared with the control group, HA, PCIII, LN and IV-C in the treatment group dropped markedly, but no significant changes were detected between the two groups (P0.05). CONCLUSION Rougan Mixture has similar effect to Biejiajian Pill in preventing hepatic fibrosis and is a simple, cheap and effective prescription for the prevention of hepatic fibrosis.


ABSTRACT
 Building performance simulation (BPS) applied at earlier stages of design has the potential to assist design parameter decisions that significantly impact a building's life cycle. Since at such early stages, numerous design variables are still undetermined (e.g. window type, insulations, etc.) the scenarios to be simulated through BPS will be vast and will require extensive time and computational power. Previous studies have tested the sensitivity of a building's energy consumption during its operation, to design parameters. Most of those studies, however, have used a single case study in their analysis. Thus, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the dependency of results of such sensitivity analyses, on the case study being used. To accomplish that, a hybrid method combining one-parameter-at-a-time (OAT) and global samplings was used. Within the cold climate scope of Québec, Canada, multiple buildings were used to investigate the sensitivity of energy and economy performance to design parameters (architectural, electrical, and mechanical systems); as well as the sensitivity of parameters' impact on building models. Results indicate that architectural and electrical parameters are sensitive to the model. To expand on the understanding of the root cause of this sensitive behaviour, hypotheses were developed and evaluated through global sampling.


For S any commutative ring, let D(S, n, s) (s > 2 always) be the ring of generic n x n matrices in s variables over S (e.g. [J, p. 89]). Set R to be the commutative polynomial ring S (x Jl < i,j < n, 1 < k < s}J. D(S, n, s) can be described as the ring generated over S by the "generic matrices" Xk = (fk), 1 < i, j < n, considered as elements of M"(R). When S is a domain, D(S, n, s) is a domain. When S = F is an infinite field, D(S, n, s) has a central localization UD(F, n, s), a division ring, called the generic division algebra of degree n over F. Let p be a prime. We say z E R is p-power central in a ring R if zP is central but z is not. It is well known that UD(F, p, s) is a crossed product (necessarily a cyclic crossed product) if and only if there is a p-power central z in UD(F, p, s). Furthermore by, e.g., [J, p. 93], UD(F, p, s) is a crossed product if and only if all simple F algebras of degree p over their centers (just degree p for short) are crossed products. Finally, it is clear that a p-power central z exists if and only if such a z exists in D(F, p, s). Let Z be the ordinary integers. Using a result [AS] of Amitsur and this author, we will show that D(Z, n, s) has no p-power central elements when p21n. We state this as our main theorem.


The invention discloses a method, a device and a system for controlling network congestion, and solves the problem that network congestion cannot be prevented according to real-time changes of network bandwidth. The technical scheme of the method, the device and the system for controlling network congestion is as follows: when a first timer meets a preset interval sent by detection, a first detection message is sent to an objective terminal; a first response message corresponding to the first detection message returned by the objective terminal is received; receiving time of the first response message is acquired; when a second timer meets a preset monitoring interval, current time is acquired; a time difference between the current time and the time when the receiving time of the first response message is finally received by the current time is taken as a corresponding response time; and according to the relation of the corresponding response time and a preset response time difference value, the sending rate of data is adjusted. The method, the device and the system for controlling network congestion are applied to the communication field.


This paper introduced one method,which simplified the CPU dataprocessing by using the drive circuit on LED display board and by means of the length alterational parallel serial conversion.Because the method omitted thedata circular shift borne by CPU and completed data output and parallel serialconversion in one read cycle by means of hardware logic,it reduced the time ofCPU and increased remarably data output speed.


This study investigated the extent to which knowledge management (KM) and innovation management (IM) practices differ across the manufacturing and services sectors. An extensive review of the literature was conducted, followed by the application of a theoretical model and quantitative analysis of a comprehensive survey of 1141 Australian managers. Results yielded both similarities and differences between innovation practices across the two sectors. In terms of KM and IM practices across the areas of a) customer focus, b) knowledge and technology, and c) management of innovation processes, significant predictors of IP were similar for knowledge and technology across the two sectors. However, differences were noted with regard to customer focus and open innovation, where a broader range of significant predictors of IP were found in the services sector.


Using polarimetric radio echoes measured from meteor trails in the 1950s, the authors analyze the time-dependent scattering contributions from the specular as well as the plasma resonance effects in the radar-target scattering matrix representation. It is found that the radio echoes from the underdense meteor bursts are stronger in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal during the first half of the burst lifetime due to the plasma resonance effect. Using the S matrix method, the backscattering contribution was separated into three parts, namely, the specular, the resonance, and the LOS (line of sight) orientation. Normalized coefficients are plotted to illustrate the temporal behaviors of the specular and the resonance contributions. The present result may be useful for an improved modeling of vector scattering from meteor bursts.<<ETX>>


In cropping systems, the choices adopted for the tillage system used and plants cultivated can strongly influence the soil microbial population and its functional profile. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an important component of soil microbiome and their mutualistic symbiosis with the majority of higher plants grant the latter a wide range of benefits. The extraradical mycelium developed by these fungi expands the volume of soil influenced and harbours a diversity of microbes establishing a distinct environment of complementary interactions. We assessed how growing plants with different levels of mycotrophy modifies the biological activity profile in the soil under Mn toxicity and whether this is modified by soil disturbance. Following mycotrophic plants, soil contained a more active microbiome than after the non‐mycotrophic plants, as expressed by higher values of soil basal respiration or dehydrogenase activity. Additionally, the count of phosphorus solubilizes and activity of phosphatase were greater after mycotrophic plants. Even among mycotrophic plants, different profiles of biological activity can be distinguished after growing a legume or grass. ERM disruption by soil disturbance decreased most of the parameters studied and for phosphatase activity and P solubilizers in a more significant way. These results indicate that even under Mn toxicity, the microbiome associated with AMF symbiosis following mycotrophic plants growth presented a higher biological activity and had a differential biological response towards the stress imposed by soil disturbance, when compared with the microbiome associated with non‐mycotrophic roots.


The big reluctance to give prophylactic folic acid during pregnancy is probably, to some extent, due to the possible risk of masking a developing vitamin B12 deficiency and to the fact that pernicious anemia of pregnancy is a very unusual complication (Lowenstein, Pick and Philpott, 1955). Nevertheless, the recent years investigations on folic acid metabolism during pregnancy have shown that a clinical latent folic acid deficiency is common at the end of pregnancy. Thus, Chanarin, MacGibbon, OSulIivan and Mollin (1959) found that 213 of women in the childbearing age group. A high frequency of injected folic acid in late pregnancy. Among others, Hansen and v . KZewesahl (1963) found that at the end of pregnancy almost half of healthy non anaemic pregnant women had serum folic acid values which were below the normal limits for non pregnant women in the childbearing age group. A high frequency of pathological FIGLU tests have also been described (Luhby 1963), and furthermore it has been shown that giant and hypersegmented granulocytes are a very common occurrence in peripheral blood at the end of pregnancy (Hansen 1964, Chanarin, Rothman and Berry 1965, Giles 1966). The relationship between obstetrical complications and a defective folic acid metabolism has also been shown by Hibbard (1964). These new experiences have more or less resulted in a changed attitude to prophylactic folic acid administration and this is also today recommended by many authors.


Using classical and non split modular curves we improve many lower bounds for the maximum number of points in a curve over finite fields.


Topological materials have great potential in lossless electronic transportation. Bi2Te3 as three‐dimensional (3D) topological insulator is predicted to exhibit many amazing electromagnetic characteristics, which are widely studied all over the world. However, current research available on Bi2Te3 materials is not adequate, and a comprehensive understanding of its properties is necessary. In this work, near‐field plasmon imaging based on Bi2Te3 nanostructures and the kinetic energy spectra of emitted electrons from Bi2Te3 film by using photoemission electron microscope instruments is studied. Under UV laser excitation of 273 nm, the electrons can be excited from the trap states in bandgap, which provides a feasible idea for observing the trap energy levels of Bi2Te3 materials. Moreover, the imaging applications of nanostructures in Bi2Te3 film based on their polarization‐dependence and wavelength‐dependence properties are also demonstrated, providing a more degrees of freedom for imaging, and can realize multidimensional and multi‐multiplexing imaging technology of topological materials. This work provides a novel method to enrich the Bi2Te3 film properties from the view of near‐field plasmon imaging and kinetic energy distribution, paving the way for realizing practical applications of topological materials.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variation in caesarean delivery rates across counties in Georgia and to determine whether county‐level characteristics were associated with clusters.


Summary

This paper reports four types of data which are relevant to the study of the effects of the increase in the drinking age. The data are from: (1) surveys of drinking and drinking problems among high school students; (2) a study of perceptions of vice-principals; (3) a trend analysis of young drinking offender charges; and (4) trend analyses of drinking-driving statistics. The results suggest a minimal effect for the changes in the legal drinking age.


The purpose of the article. By comparing the elements of phonetic systems of the modern Kalmyk language and the Oirat language of West Mongolia, the authors aim to identify in these languages the pan-Oirat areal features, the specific phonetic characteristics that were formed during the hundreds of years of independent development in the Kalmyk language and the Oirat language of West Mongolia and preserved through the historical development. The solution to this task may provide the research basis for the future development of issues of historical grammar.
Scientific novelty. The comparison of language contacts of Oirats in West Mongolia and Kalmyks living in Russia. The expansion of Oirats over large areas and continuous language contacts must have led to the development of differences in the languages of Oirats in West Mongolia and Kalmyks in Kalmykia. There are new opportunities to compare the identical variants in different contact situations, which allows one to assess the importance of such factors as the structural similarity on the phonetic level of the contacting languages. As a result, the prerequisites will be formed for the creation of historical grammar of the Mongolian protolanguage. This research topic is unique in global Mongolian studies.
Results. The study of the Kalmyk language and the Oirat language of West Mongolia has indicated that during the four centuries of independent development, the Kalmyk language has remained practically unchanged within one of its main levels – phonetic and is almost similar to the Oirat language area formed in the ancient times.
Conclusions. The phonetic structure of the modern Kalmyk language has remained practically unchanged and retains the features of the Oirat language area.


A modified power law derived with "angle of deviation flow was used to determine the, rheological properties of corn syrup (CS), honey (H), emulsion salad dressing cream (SC) and mixture of SC and H: CS. The model proved useful in calculating the flow behaviour index (n) and estimating the, critical shear rate ( ). Results on n using the modified formula agreed with those obtained through the conventional power law.


The invention relates to a method for reducing the content of poly-chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCCD/F) in the effluent gas from high temperature chemical processes. The aim of the invention is to create a method for significantly reducing the content of poly-chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCCD/F) in the effluent gas from high temperature chemical processes, by the addition of agents which are hardly changed during the process. The aim of the invention is achieved, whereby amides of inorganic acids are present during the process, at least when the conditions exist for production of dibenzo-dioxins and -furans.


The three Australasian statutory human rights charters have proved surprisingly unstable in their interpretation and application. In the New Zealand context, a reason that has been suggested for this is that there are two competing explanatory narratives underlying the instrument, neither of which has been able to achieve ascendency. This article adopts that account and suggests that it also has explanatory power in the Australian context. The article then uses this "two stories" analysis to explore similarities and differences between the two jurisdictions and, in particular, to reflect on the broader constitutional cultures in which the Australasian statutory human rights charters must operate.


Abstract Redox behaviour of Pu(IV)/Pu(III) couple in 1 M H2SO4 was investigated on platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs)-modified glassy carbon (GC) and Pt electrodes. PtNPs-modified electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition of Pt from 10 mM K2PtCl4+0.1 M H2SO4 solution. Redox kinetics were observed to improve in both the oxidation and reduction processes after electrodeposition of PtNPs in contrast to bare electrodes. However, significant improvement was seen for the reduction of Pu(IV) to Pu(III) in PtNPs coated GC electrode compared to bare GC electrode. These studies are of great relevance to develop electroanalytical methodologies for Pu determination using nanoparticles modified electrodes.


This paper presents a new bilateral database documenting international migration stocks by gender, education level, origin and destination. We build on existing databases of OECD host countries in 1990 and 2000 and expand their coverage by collecting or estimating migration to all non-OECD destinations. The end result is comprised of comprehensive 195x195 matrices of international migration for 1990 and 2000, distinguishing migrants by gender and education (college educated and the less educated). This unique database allows us to characterize the origin, destination and education levels of about 100 million adult migrants in 2000, and 80 million in 1990. We identify the main sending and receiving countries and the largest migration corridors. South-North corridors are dominant in 2000, exhibiting the largest growth rates and skill intensity. Accounting for migration to high-income non-OECD countries and numerous developing countries drastically improves our understanding of global migration patterns.


Have you ever wondered how we can reduce food waste and at the same time provide a more sustainable and eco-friendly environment to all of us? One of the United Nations goals is to bring by 2030 more responsible consumption and production to the environment. Industries are paying annually for solid waste disposal up to 16,000€ and at the same time, the most preferred way to dispose it is through landfill and composting. The purpose of this project is to sustainably upcycle the industrial by-product by incorporating it as a complimentary snack for canine consumption. The main goal is to become familiar with the left-over material as an ingredient in order to incorporate it in a recipe. Possible recipes were created in order to incorporate the by-product and having as a guide the new food product development process. The baked biscuits were studied for colour and texture. Audio-visual material was given from the dog owners in order to study the reactions of the dogs but also the perspective of the dog owners. The results showed that some of the formulations were in close range from the commercial dog treats. There was positive environmental feedback from the dog owners' perspective regarding the sustainable way of utilising the industrial by-product. Moreover, further improvement needs to be conducted to gain more engagement from the perspective of the dogs. The outcome of this project was significant because through this action the circularity of the economy has a way to be improved. Also, the industrial by-product is upcycled into a pet snack and it enhances the overall improvement of food waste. (Less)


This paper reports the results of a detailed investigation of the kink‐related excess low‐frequency noise in partially‐depleted Silicon‐on‐Insulator MOST's. As is shown, the noise overshoot amplitude is proportional to the density of active generation‐recombination centers in the depletion region of the transistor. Furthermore, the amplitude is inversely proportional to the measurement frequency f and to the device effective length. From the study of a large number of devices fabricated in different SOI technologies, at different temperatures, a general model is derived, which takes into account the close relationship with the multiplication current.


The control of water pollution has become of increasing interests because it is associated with the life of human beings, animals and the land which is irrigated with it. Water pollution has many dimensions and types but pollution due to industrial wastes is commonly metal pollution and chemical pollution.The present study emphasizes the water pollution and composites present in waste water like dyes and surfactants. Dyes are the main component of the dyeing industries so the effluent carrying high content of dyes along with other composites.It is quite difficult to remove dyes from effluents since most of them are stable to light, heat and oxidizing agents and they are biologically non-degradable also. Whereas the surfactants are the major part of every washing and cleaning agents like soaps, washing powder, dish washing bars, toothpastes and widely used in textile industry as softener. So both dyes and surfactants are the major constituent of domestic and industrial waste water. he treatment of contaminated waste water is necessary before it enter into the stream, lake, river or sea.The disposal of wastes containing dyes and surfactants into receiving water bodies effects on the values of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which resulted toxicity of aquatic life. In the current study by employing physical and chemical treatment methods utilization and removal of surfactant and dyes were carried out. The physical treatment method like adsorption technique was adopted by using natural materials and their modified surfaces for the removal of dyes and surfactant. The physical treatment method is beneficial for the removal and the regeneration of adsorbed substances.It is also economical and low cost method and can be employed on industrial scale before the disposal of waste into the stream and other reservoirs.The efforts were done by developing a model system for the removal of surfactant Cetylpyridinum Chloride (CPYCl) and dyes Malachite Green (MG), Methylene blue (MB), Fast Green (FG) from aqueous solution by adopting batch adsorption method. The Cetylpyridinum Chloride (CPYCl) is the main constituent of daily washing powder and the dyes Malachite Green (MG) and Methylene blue (MB) are used in textile and paper industries and Fast Green (FG) dye widely used in food industries.The adsorbents were used for the removal of surfactant and dyes are raw Charcoal (RC), marine Algea like Ulva Lactuca (UL) and Sargassum Muticum (SM), Used Black tea (UBT), and impregnated used black tea (IM-UBT). Raw Charcoal was prepared from coconut dry shells, the algae Ulva Lactuca (UL) and Sargassum Muticum (SM) were collected from sea shore near the Clifton beach of Arabian Sea while Used Black tea (UBT) were collected from tea canteens as it is waste material after making tea and used for adsorption purposes. The modified surface of UBT were prepared by impregnation technique and their nano composites were prepared by impregnation with lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2. The batch adsorption experiments were run and effect of amount of adsorbents, concentration of adsorbate, contact time and temperature were investigated. Spectrophotometric technique was adopted for the measurement of concentration of dyes before and after adsorption. The adsorption data were fitted in the adsorption models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin- Radushkevich adsorption isotherm equations and the values of their respective constants were evaluated. Thermodynamic parameters such as (AG) free energy, (AH) enthalpy, and (AS) entropy of the system were calculated. Mean free energy of sorption (Es) was also estimated in order to get the clear picture of energy exchange between the adsorbate and adsorbent using D-R adsorption isotherm equation. The values of % removal show that adsorption of surfactant (CPYCl) and dyes (MG), (MB) and (FG) on the natural and modified adsorbents show about 70% - 80% removal tendency.The chemical treatment method was adopted for the decoloration of dye effluent by the photoreduction method. The reduction kinetic was studied for all the dye systems but fast green (FG) show dominating results. It is evenly widely used for domestic and industrial purposes and also it is a representative of its acidic group dyes. The rate of the reaction was determined by varying concentration and temperatures of dye, surfactant and base (NaOH) at 303K to 323 K at the step of ± 5 °C. It was observed that the reduction followed pseudo first-order kinetics with respect to dye, surfactant, and OH– ion concentration .The mechanism for the photo bleaching of the dye has been proposed and well confirmed by the data simulation procedure. The activation parameters of the reaction like entropy of activation (AS) and free energy of activation (AG) showed the extremely solvated states of transient complex which was less disorderly arranged than the oxidized form of dye, whereas energy of activation Ea values reflects a high amount of energy required for the reduction of dye with surfactant cetylpyridinum chloride. The % decolorations of dyes were obtained about 70 to 80%.It was concluded that if the effluent contains acidic dyes and the cationic surfactant simultaneously, the dye will reduced by the surfactant and in this manner that surfactant in waste will also be utilized to reduce the harmful effects of dyes. It is an economical and cost effective method to utilize waste material for the purification of effluent also we can regenerate these adsorbents for the further treatment process. By employing impregnation technique nano composites were prepared from waste material and they show better adsorption tendency as compared to commercial adsorbents. The purification of waste water was carried out by employing physical method like adsorption and chemical method by reduction kinetics technique so we can simulate the model for the recycling of solid -liquid waste and we save the environment with harmful pollutants.


of them received payment. Nor was the choice of the Museo Naval edition of Malaspina's journal, edited by Ricardo Cerezo and published in 1990, influenced by the grant received from the Museum, but was in accordance with the usual Society policy of publishing the earliest complete version of a journal. In this connection the journal being published by the Society contains much more hydrographic detail than the version published in 1885 and again in 1984. Two other points need comment. We do not follow Dr Zulueta's statement that 'The expedition's losses given by Malaspina appear in the final paragraph of his journal which is suppressed in Ricardo Cerezo's text and is replaced by the word 'tachado', that is, crossed out, without any mention of what was crossed out .. .'. The last footnote in the text annotated tachado is footnote 456 on p.316, 20 pages before the end of the printed text, whose final paragraph is the same as in the manuscript text. The editors are aware of the discrepancies between the figures on deaths and desertions during the voyages given by Malaspina and those from other sources, particularly the records of the chaplains on board the two corvettes as published by Pablo Anton Sole. Volume II, which is at present in press, also shows the internal differences between the casualty figures on the voyage noted by Malaspina in his journal during his stay in Acapulco in April1791 and those given in a document signed by him during the same stay. We hope to return to this puzzling subject in Volume III. As far as Dr Zulueta's point about Malaspina's involvement in the attempt to remove Godoy is concerned, Professor Cutter writes that he would not change anything in his interpretation of that episode, adding that his 'role was to comment principally on the expedition and Malaspina's role in it'. He notes that we still await a full, objective biography of Malaspina. Department of History Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London El 4NS


Among the pulses, green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important and extensively cultivated crops in India. It contains about 25% protein, 1.3% fat, 3.5% mineral, 4.1% fiber and 56.7% carbohydrate. Inspite of the importance of this crop in our daily diet, average productivity of this crop is very low in India. The low production of this crop is mainly due to lack of ideal plant geometry, crop-weed competition and other reasons. Plant geometry plays an important role in the dominance and suppression of weeds during the process of competition. Ideal plant geometry is precious and A field experiment was carried out during summer season of 2017 at research farm of TCA Dholi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar) to study the "Effect of plant geometry and weed management on nutrient uptake and economics of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)" The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatment comprised of three plant geometry i.e., 20 cm x 10 cm, 25 cm x 10 cm and 30 cmx 10 cm and five weed management practices i.e., weedy check, hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS, Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha (pre-emergence), Quizalofop-ethyl @ 60 g/ha at 15 DAS and Imazethapyr @ 60 g/ha at 15 DAS. Significantly higher NPK-uptake by the crop was recorded under closer row spacing of 20 cm × 10 cm than wider row spacings. Similarly, hand weeding twice recorded significantly higher NPK uptake by crop and lowered NPK-depletion by weeds than chemical weeding except Kuptake. Closer row spacing of 20 cm× 10 cm recorded significantly higher gross returns, net returns and B: C ratio than wider row spacing of 25 cm × 10 cm and 30 cm × 10 cm. Among the weed management practices, hand weeding twice recorded significantly higher gross returns while the highest net return and B: C ratio were associated with Imazethapyr. K e y w o r d s


Diabetes mellitus affects millions of people worldwide. At present, the technology used by diabetics for determining blood glucose concentration is invasive which requires a blood sample and is thus painful. Bloodless and painless technology to monitor blood glycaemic levels could improve the life of diabetes patients. This paper presents the design of microstrip sensor modeled in the form of microstrip antenna, which can be used for non invasive blood glucose monitoring. The approach followed is based on the notion that, variation in concentration of glucose in blood results in the variation in properties (dielectric) of blood which in turn results in the change in near field coupling and electromagnetic transmission of antenna. This will affect the input impedance of antenna and which in turn will affect its resonant frequency. This frequency shift can be used to observe the change in blood's permittivity and conductivity, which will be used to estimate the concentration of glucose in blood. The proposed electromagnetic sensor can be located close to the human skin at a fixed distance in order to avoid perspiration. The microstrip antennas with microstrip feed line and coaxial feed are initially designed using transmission line model and thereafter optimized and validated with simulations using CST microwave suite.


Although the oncological impact of lateral lymph node dissection on enlarged lateral lymph nodes has been gradually accepted over the last decade, that on lateral lymph nodes without swelling remains doubtful. This study aimed to develop a prediction model for the future risk of lateral local recurrence and to clarify the value of adding lateral lymph node dissection in locally advanced rectal cancer without enlarged lateral lymph nodes.This retrospective, multi‐institutional study recruited 812 patients with cStage II/III low rectal cancer without enlarged lateral lymph nodes <7 mm. Total lateral local recurrence was a hypothetical value of future risk of lateral local recurrence when lateral lymph node dissection was never performed.Overall, total lateral local recurrences were observed in 67 patients (8.3%). In the multivariate analyses, the strongest risk factor for total local recurrences was no preoperative chemoradiotherapy (odds ratio [OR][95%Cl]: 33.2 [4.56–241.7], P < 0.001), followed by tumor distance ≤40 mm (OR [95%Cl]: 2.71 [1.51–4.86], P < 0.001) and lateral lymph node 5–7 mm (OR[95%Cl]: 2.38 [1.26–4.48], P = 0.007). In patients with lateral lymph nodes of 5–7 mm, the total lateral recurrence rate was 4.8% after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Lateral lymph node dissection could reduce from a total lateral local recurrence of 21.6% to an actual lateral local recurrence of 8.0% in patients without preoperative treatment.We introduce a novel prediction model of future risk of lateral local recurrences, which has the potential to enable us to indicate lateral lymph node dissection selectively according to the patients' risks.


The U.S. Army Infantry School Task Force Soldier, in 2003, adopted four Tenets of Warrior Ethos: Mission First, Never Quit, Never Accept Defeat, Never Leave a Fallen Comrade. The research described in this report was conducted for the U.S. Army Research Institute's Infantry Forces Research Unit at Fort Benning. The purpose of the research was to refine and operationalize the 2003 definition of Warrior Ethos and to examine means for its inculcation into the Army. Warrior Ethos was translated into seven values-based attributes exemplified by behavior which could be identified in combat and non-combat situations. The attributes thus make it easier to examine and develop the underpinnings of Warrior Ethos early in a Soldier's training. Hence, trainers can be provided with ways of looking at Soldier behavior within a framework for Warrior Ethos that can be applied consistently throughout training.


The study titled 'Migration from Travancore to Malabar: A Historical Analysis of Kuttiady Region' is intended to examine the overall profile of migration from Travancore to Malabar especially to Kuttiady Region and its socio economic impact and return migration trends. Migration is an important phenomenon that contributed to the process of urbanisation industrialisation, population distribution, economic developments, cultural differences and social integration. Contemporary migrations around the world involve short term sojourns where as earlier generations of migrants left their home lands to settle down permanently in the destination of their choice. Kerala state has witnessed several streams of migration. The two important streams of migration that the 20th century Kerala witnessed are 1) migration of farmers from Travancore to the highlands of Malabar and 2) migration of semiskilled and unskilled labourers to the Gulf and Arabian countries. Existing literature indicate that both these migration streams have initiated profound socio-economic changes in Kerala Society.


Innovation education aims at cultivating innovative talents. The police school, which is specialized at cultivating talents with resolute political consciousness, excellent profession and capability of adapting to police work, should also emphasize innovation education. The teaching in police school must press close to actual combat, face the future, strengthen cultivation on professional ability and quality education. A large number of outstanding specialized public security talents who adapt to social need of 21st century could be produced only in this way.


This paper is an expanded version of a talk given at the XIX International Colloquium on Group Theoretical Methods in Physics, Salamanca, July, 1992.
We discuss the geometry of topological terms in classical actions, which by themselves form the actions of topological field theories. We first treat the Chern-Simons action directly. Then we explain how the geometry is best understood via integration of smooth Deligne cocycles. We conclude with some remarks about the corresponding quantum theories in 3 and 4 dimensions.
This paper is written using AMSTeX 2.1, which can be obtained via ftp from the American Mathematical Society (instructions included).


New thiourea derivatives, 3-diphenylphosphinothioyl-1 -phenylthiourea (PTTU-A), 3-diphenylphosphinothioyl-1,1-diethyl thiourea (PTTU-B), and 3-diphenylphosphinothioyl-1,1-dimethylthiourea (PTTU-C) were found to behave as bidentate ligands with transition metal ions such as Ni(II), Pd(II), Co(II), and Cu(II) to give a series of novel metal chelates. The structures of these complexes are discussed on the basis of magnetic susceptibilities, infrared spectra, electronic spectra, powder X-ray diffraction patterns and elemental analyses. Tentative assignments of two metal-sulfur stretching vibrations in the far infrared spectra were made for Ni-PTTU and Pd-PTTU, which have square-planar configurations. However, the structures of the Cu-PTTU complexes could not be determined by these methods because of the instability of the complexes. They were confirmed by electronic and ESR spectroscopies.


This study was conducted to study the storage quality of supplemented bread with different levels of anise powder (5%, 10% and 15%) at room temperature and at the refrigerator. The control and supplemented bread were stored at the room temperature and in the refrigerator at 4 C. The mold has grown after two days at room temperature on the control bread sample, while the mold appeared on the supplemented bread with 5% anise powder after three days and the mold appeared on the supplemented bread with 10% and 15% anise powder after six and eight days of production respectively. The storage results in the refrigerator at 4 C showed that the mold grown on control bread after ten days of production, while the supplemented bread samples with 5% anise powder showed the growth of the mold and appearance of green mold in large quantities after 2 weeks, in contrast the supplemented bread samples with 10% anise powder showed the growth of the white mold in little quantities after three weeks, but the supplemented bread samples with 15% anise powder showed also the growth of white bread mold in very little quantities after 1 month of production. The results of chemical analysis showed that anise contains high protein, fat, carbohydrate ,fiber, moisture and ash content (14.075±0.13, 14.325± 0.02, 38.32±0.03 ,16.53±0.01, 9.88 ±0.05 and 6.87±0.1), respectively, also it contains vitamin B complex ( B1, B2, B5, B6), A and C vitamin, (0.332±0.01, 0.340±0.04, 2.789±0.5, 0.58±0.02, 15.56±0.75 and 19.89±0.12), respectively and minerals Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Na and Mn (42.171±0.002, 2.453 ±0.003, 53.432±0.001, 0.385±0.001, 536.312±0.672, 11.155±0.085 and 8.981±0.005), the fats content (total saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and cholesterol) in anise are (0.578±0.1, 8.985±0.58, 3.071±0.1 and 0.00±0.001), also anise contains essential oil such as transanethole and oleoresins, it is considered the major component in anise oil while oleic acid is considered the major compound in all the oleoresins, so anise has antioxidants properties and can be utilized for protecting fat-containing foods because of volatile oils.


3 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 INTRODUCTION 4 MUSIC INDUSTRY BACKGROUND 6 THE PROBLEM 8 THE MUSIC INDUSTRY 9 THE CHANGING MUSIC MARKET 10 HOW CAN MUSIC BE FREE? 11 MORE OR LESS MUSIC? 12 THE IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLING 14 THE NETWORK EFFECTS 16 WHY STREAMING AND DIGITAL MUSIC STORES 18 DIFFERENT STREAMING MODELS 19 HYPOTHESES 20 METHODOLOGY 25 SURVEY DESIGN 25 SURVEY ADMINISTRATION 25 THE MODELS 26 RESULTS 34 DISCUSSION OF RESTULTS 38 IMPLICATIONS 41 LIMITATIONS 41 FURTHER RESEARCH 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX A: SURVEY 47 APPENDIX B: CORRELATIONS 54 Who Pays For Music Senior Capstone Project for Meg Aman 3 Abstract The purpose of this capstone project was to determine the attributes of consumers that pay for music, specifically music streaming services. The recent decline in current individual track sales and the increase in the number of streamed songs, highlights the relevance of this topic. The increasing popularity in music streaming has caused much contreversy in the music industry. Many artists are unhappy with the low revenue they receive from songwriting royalties from these streaming services that offer a free platform. Artists are not the only ones who need consumers to pay for music, the music streaming sites that provide free tiers also need their consumers to pay for premium content if they evenutaully want to earn a profit. To research this topic a survey was created and results were collected about consumers' listening and purchasing habits. Once survey results were collected, regression analysis was conducted in order to determine correlations between the traits of consumers and whether or not they pay for streaming services, individual songs, and digital albums. Who Pays For Music Senior Capstone Project for Meg Aman


A mechanism for managing transformation programs for the rescue of distressed companies is suggested and based on the adaptation of the project management algorithm, including: 1) formation of a list of projects in the areas of market development, business process improvement, resource optimization; 2) establishment of interconnection and mutual influence of projects based on a network approach; 3) prioritization of projects by assigning network ranks. In contrast to the traditional approach to understanding the crisis management program as a linear set of projects, the author uses a network approach that allows us to consider the projects included in the program as its interrelated components. Taking into account the mutual influence of each project on others makes it possible to take a systematic look at the implementation of the crisis management program, increases the chances of not missing important elements and predicting the consequences of applying not only individual measures, but also their complex (for example, to see that the failure of one project will lead to the inability to complete others), unwinding the tangle of relationships taking into account the priority of projects, their ranking. The proposed methodological approach is tested on an illustrative example of engineering enterprise.


The objective of this trial was to test the efficacy of two Sivanto (flupyradifurone) insecticides on grape mealybug ( Pseudococcus maritimus ) infestations. The trial was conducted during 2020 at a commercial 'Chardonnay' vineyard ( Vitis vinifera sp. vinifera ) in Central New York (42°41 ′ 5.45 ″ N, 76°44 ′ 38.14 ″ W) with a known history of moderate levels of grape mealybug. We applied three treatments: an untreated check (water), Sivanto Prime at label rate of 14 fl oz/A, and Sivanto HL at label rate of 7 fl oz/A + 0.125% v/v Induce (Table 1). A complete randomized block design was used with treatment randomly assigned to a single row (block) with three panels of grapes per replicate (12–16 vines) and a single panel buffer between replicates. There were a total of five replicates per treatment (five single row blocks). Treatments were applied on 7 Jul 2020 using a Solo model 451 air-assisted backpack sprayer


Given the importance of cash flow, being in determining the investment performance of firms, we have presented an overview of purely practical studies that analyze this relationship. The majority of these studies have proven the existence of such relationship, both significant and positive, between investment and the CF, but the unanimity has not explained this positive relationship. We are interested only in analyzing the effect of the debt, liquidity and firm size on the investment-cash flow sensitivity on a sample of 82 French firms that compose the SBF 250 index, from 1999 to 2005. Thus, we have noticed that the debt has a negative effect on the investment-cash flow sensitivity and the firm size has a positive effect on this relationship.


In this work we present the work on the equalization algorithms to be used in future orthogonally multiplexed wavelets based multi signaling communication systems. The performance of ZF and MMSE algorithms has been analyzed using SISO and MIMO communication models. The transmitted electromagnetic waves were subjected through Rayleigh multipath fading channel with AWGN. The results showed that the performance of both of the above mentioned algorithms is the same in SISO channel but in MIMO environment MMSE has better performance.


Kokura No, 2 B.F. is equipped with many kinds of newly developed instruments and they are practically used in order to detect the inner states, of the furnace, It is also equipped with a most advanced computer system, and many kinds of process control and monitor subsystems have been developed in addition to the ordinary functions of data logging and minor loop controls, The main subsystems arc as follows:(1) Automatic controi system of blast furnace heat conditions,(2) Automatic control system of hot stove heat condition,(3) Monitoring system of permeability and burden descent,(4) Monitoring system of brick temperature and cooling water temperature,(5) Mathematical models for inner states estimation,(6) Decision support system for operating planning,The system has been applied to contribute to the reduction of labor and energy and to stable operations of the blast furnace and hot stoves.


Acknowledgments. Authors' Foreword. 1 INTRODUCTION: THE EINSTEIN LEGACY. Intangibles in the Einstein Context. What Are Intangibles? How Intangibles Differ from Tangibles. Perspectives on Intangibles. The Impact of Intangibles on Organizations. Some Outcomes of the Rising Importance of Intangibles. Why Manage the Organization's Intangibles? Einstein in the Boardroom. 2 THE EINSTEIN VALUE CONTINUUM. The Difference between I-Stuff and IP. I-Stuff Management Thought Leaders. I-Stuff Management Activities. The Einstein Value Continuum. 3 BUILDING THE PORTFOLIO OF I-STUFF. What Building Path Companies Are Trying to Accomplish. Best Practices for the Building Path. Conclusions: Beyond Building. 4 LEVERAGING THE PORTFOLIO OF I-STUFF. What Companies on the Leveraging Path Are Trying to Accomplish. How Companies Leverage Their I-Stuff. Best Practices for the Leveraging Path. Developing a Brand Management Capability. Developing a Corporate Brand. Extracting Value from the Brand. Conclusions: Beyond Leveraging. 5 INTEGRATING THE PORTFOLIO OF I-STUFF. What Integrating Path Companies Are Trying to Accomplish. I-Stuff Strategies. Managing across Organizational Boundaries. Measuring the Value of Intangibles. Best Practices for the Integrating Path. Conclusions: Beyond Integrating. 6 SUSTAINING THE CORPORATION THROUGH I-STUFF. What Is Sustainability? The Characteristics of Sustainable Corporations. Why Are Stakeholders Important? Sustainability and I-Stuff Reporting. What Sustaining Path Companies Are Trying to Accomplish. Best Practices for the Sustaining Path. Conclusions: Beyond Sustainability. 7 PROCTER & GAMBLE: PROGRESSING BEYOND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. Changing a Corporate Culture. The Promise of Intellectual Assets. How They Did It. Moving the Technology Forward. "Connect + Develop". Accelovation. Mining Know-How. Reliability Engineering. The Value of Employees. APPENDICES. A HOW COUNTRIES AND REGIONS ARE HELPING THEIR COMPANIES CREATE VALUE FROM INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL. Introduction. Consequences of the Knowledge-Based Economy. The Role for Regions and Countries. Snapshots of Some Countries that Have Invested in ICM. Future Roles for Governments. B THE I-STUFF VALUE MATRIX. Defensive Value. Offensive Value. Revenue-Generating Value. Cost-Avoidance Value. Strategic Positioning Value. C UPDATING THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEMENTARY BUSINESS ASSETS. A Decade of Working with CBAs. Ideas Alone Are Not Enough. Conclusions. D UPDATING THE CONCEPT OF A BUSINESS MODEL. Introduction. The Academic Literature. The Business Literature. The ICM Gathering View. Business Models: A Working Definition. A Business Model Engine. Creating a Business Model. Business Model Implications for I-Stuff. E NEW CONCEPTS IN MEASURING VALUE. The Inherent Limitations of Traditional Accounting Measurement. Innovations in Value and Performance Measurement. Measurement Concepts. Measurement Criteria. Technical Appendix E.1 Value and Performance Measurement Innovations. Technical Appendix E.2 Resources. F CREATING AN I-STUFF STRATEGY. Step One: Create a Statement of Mission. Step Two:What Is a Strategic Vision? Step Three: Outline the Corporate Business Strategy. Step Four: Identify the Kinds of Value the Organization's I-Stuff Can Provide. Step Five: Outline, Discuss, and Finalize the Organization's I-Stuff Strategy. Index.


In this study,the follow-up was done among 296 terminal lung cancer patients and their families for obtaining informationin their survival period,particularly for details about the condition changes and exact death time.Comparatively speaking,follow-uprequired profound experience and it was easier for nurses to conduct follow-up than for doctors.In general,the key to the success of follow-up was finding out the person who was familiar with the patient.


Heat stress (HS) causes oxidative stress, which compromises broiler performance and meat quality. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary antioxidants could be used as an amelioration strategy. Seventy-two day-old-male Ross-308 chicks were exposed to either thermoneutral or cyclical heat stress conditions. Diets were either control commercial diet (CON), CON plus betaine (BET), or with a combination of betaine, selenized yeast, and vitamin E (BET + AOX). Heat stress increased the rectal temperature (p < 0.001), respiration rate (p < 0.001), decreased blood pCO2 (p = 0.002), and increased blood pH (p = 0.02), which indicated the HS broilers had respiratory alkalosis. Final body weight was decreased by HS (p < 0.001), whereas it was improved with BET (p = 0.05). Heat stress reduced cooking loss (p = 0.007) and no effect on drip loss, while BET decreased the drip loss (p = 0.01). Heat stress reduced the myofibril fragmentation index (p < 0.001) and increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (p < 0.001), while these were improved with the combination of BET + AOX (p = 0.003). In conclusion, BET overall improved growth rates and product quality in this small university study, whereas some additional benefits were provided by AOX on product quality in both TN and HS broilers.


The depth of anesthetic is always an important thing that doctors concerned.This paper tell the recognize of depth in anesthetic in recent years and the advances in anesthetic depth monitoring.The concept of ideal state of anesthetic is also mentioned.


The comprehensive benefits of DSM(Demand Side Management) project are reviewed and its private goods investment property and public goods nature are summarized,according to which proper planning frames are given for different projects,including the potential assessment model,selection model and planning model. The potential risk of different phases from capital investment,project implementation to benefit analysis is analyzed for power companies,electricity customers and energy service companies. It is pointed out that measures should be taken by government to avoid risk. The implementation mechanism combining government promotion and market competition is designed for domestic DSM projects.


Objective To explore the relationship between expressions of CD28 and CD152(CTLA-4)on T lymphocytic subpopulations and cellular immune in patients with uremia.Methods Flow cytometory was applied to determine the expression of costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD152(CTLA-4) on T lymphocytic subpopulations.Results In comparison of uremic group with control group, the proportion of CD4+T cells and the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+T cells increased significantly, expressions of CD28 and CD152(CTLA-4) on CD4+ and CD8+T cells were enhanced strikingly,P0.05. The expression of CD28 on CD4+T was higher than that on CD8+T cell in patients with uremia, and The difference on CD4+ and CD8+T cells between control and uremic groups was significant,P0.05.However there were less CD4+CD152+T cells than CD8+CD152+T cells in patients with uremia.Conclusion Cellular immune in patients with uremia is disturbing, accompanied by the imbalance of the proportion of T lymphocytic subpopulations. The abnormal expression of CD28 and CD152 indicates that coordination between activating and suppressing signals is destroyed.


Wales, in common with many locations in the British Isles, had a mixed career during the economic and demographic upheavals of the late eighteenth century. Rural west Wales was especially prominent in the emigration account; it also vividly manifested some of the classic conditions making for mobility. Increased mobility in rural Wales was marked also by particular episodes of emigration which entered the folk memory. The demographic and economic career of the upland Swaledale region in the North Yorkshire Pennines demonstrates with unusual clarity several typical sequences within the long-term decline of its rural population. The Swaledale economy remained dominated by agriculture, and productivity increases were impressive, especially in dairying. Swaledale was a classic case of rural change associated with migratory adjustments to demographic and economic pressures, and was a regional variant of the common experience in rural Britain.


Crop classification using high-dimensional and high-resolution data is a challenging task. Though a large number of classes can be obtained from the hyperspectral data, the "curse of dimensionality" causes the classification accuracy to be less than the expected value. A minimum noise transform has been applied to the data in this work, to reduce dimensionality and improve classification accuracy. This paper compares the different methods of supervised and unsupervised classification for the identification of different crops in a field. The results showed that it is better to use supervised methods over unsupervised as they yield better classification accuracy and kappa coefficient.


A representative sample of 305 four-year postsecondary schools, ranging from regional colleges to national universities, was surveyed to determine the extent of assessment of the psychology major. We found that only a minority of psychology departments are doing such assessment. Regional schools seem more often engaged in assessment than national schools. Assessment strategies usually mean exit exam scores and sometimes exit interviews or senior theses. References are provided to assist departments planning assessment programs.


AIM:To establish the method for determining oridonin and rosemarinic acid in Donglingcao Tablets(Rabdosia rubescens(Hemsl.) Hara). METHODS:Oridonin and rosemarinic acid were determined by HPLC simultaneously with changing ultraviolet-visible wavelength.Chromatographic condition was composed of ODS-C_(18) column,methanol-03.% phosphoric acid (40∶60),UV detection wavelength of oridonin at 238 nm and of rosemarinic acid at 329 nm. RESULTS:The average recoveries were 97.8% and 96.7% and related standard deviations(RSD) were 1.9% and 2.3%. CONCLUSION:This method can be used to determine simultaneousely oridonin and rosemarinic acid in Donglingcao Tablets.


In this paper we study the post-processing pipeline to recover the views (light-field) from the raw data of a plenoptic camera such as Lytro. First, the microlens centers are estimated and then the raw image is demultiplexed without demosaicing it beforehand. This avoids image artifacts due to view cross-talk. Furthermore, we present a new blockmatching algorithm to estimate disparities for plenoptic views that have not been demosaiced. Our algorithm enforces the coherence through the views thanks to the view configuration given by the plenoptic camera: (i) the views are horizontally and vertically rectified and have the same baseline, and therefore (ii) at each point, the vertical and horizontal disparities are the same. Finally, we show that disparity estimation is more accurate when the raw image is demultiplexed without demosaicing the raw image. In particular, we show that our algorithm outperforms the disparity estimation method in [17].


Atopic keratoconjunctivitis is a rare and chronic allergic disease of the cornea and conjunctiva occurring in all age groups characterized by severe itching and burning sensation, conjunctival injection, photophobia and edema with serious cases leading to ulceration of the cornea which can result in blindness. It is often associated with atopic dermatitis.


IN THE UNITED STATES, HEALTH CARE COMPETES FOR CONsumers with other items in the marketplace. Individual resources and choices determine the distribution of health care, with little sense of collective obligation or a role for government. Known as market justice, this approach derives from principles of individualism, selfinterest, personal effort, and voluntary behavior. The contrasting approach, social justice, allocates goods and services according to the individual's needs. It stems from principles of shared responsibility and concern for the communal well-being, with government as the vehicle for ensuring equity. Social justice in health care requires universal coverage and ensured access to care, whether through social insurance, private insurance, or some combination. Market justice runs deeply in health care in the United States. Well into the 20th century, both buyers and sellers participated in a fully functioning market. Patients predominantly used personal funds to purchase health care until the rise of employment-linked health insurance. Allopathic physicians competed openly with other healing arts practitioners before state licensure laws erected barriers to market entry and limited the scope of practice of nonphysician practitioners beginning in the late 19th century. What dominated health care from the late 20th century to the present was not some sudden introduction of market principles and forces but tension among the differing perspectives of key medical care stakeholders on the appropriate role and strength of market forces. This Commentary traces 4 developments during that period: the rise and fall of health care coverage; the commoditization of medical care; the transformation of the medical profession; and the medicalization of health—discussing these developments in the context of the diverse and conflicting perspectives on market justice of consumers, employers, physicians, hospitals, suppliers, insurers, public officials, and theoreticians.


We calculate the exciton ground state energy in a spherical quantum dot using a trial function taken as the product the exact ground state wave function of the uncoupled electron and hole with an unknown function that describes the confinement of the relative electron-hole separation. The one-dimensional Schrödinger-type equation is deduced by using variational principle. The results of calculation of the exciton ground state energy in a spherical quantum dot as functions of the dot radius for rectangular and parabolic confinement potential shapes are presented. INTRODUCTION Recent progress [1] in nanometer technology has made possible the fabrication of new types semiconductor structures, such as quantum wells (QW), well wires (QWW) and dots (QD), whose characteristic dimensions become comparable to the de Broglie wavelengths of free carriers. The theoretical analysis of the electronic properties these systems in the past decade have attracted a great deal of attention [2-4]. It has been found that the electron and hole mobility in these structures can be restricted in varies directions and the space dimensionality can be reduced from three up to zero in QD. A strong quantum-confinement effect produced in these structures increases highly electron-hole Coulomb interaction, the excitons, confined in QD becomes more stable and can be present at room temperature in both absorption and emission spectra. There fore, many novel devices using excitonic transitions in QD can be proposed. Although many theoretical studies have been devoted to excitonic states in QW [2], QWW [3] and quantum disk [4], up to we know only one paper [5,6] in spherical QD, considering the infinite barrier model. In this paper, we present the general method to calculate the ground state energy of an exciton in QD, suitable for models both with infinite and finite electron and hole barriers. THEORETICAL MODEL Within the framework of the effective-mass approximation the dimensionless Hamiltonian of exciton in a spherical GaAs-(Ga, Al)As QD can be written as [2]: 178 ) r ( V h h + ) r ( H ); r ( V ) r ( H ; r / 2 ) r ( H ) r ( H H h h h h e e e e e e eh h h e e − = + − = − + = ∆ η ∆ η [1] where and ( ) e V r , ( ) e e r e H h H are one-particle Hamiltonians and confining potentials for uncoupled electron and hole respectively. In this work we ( ) ( ) h h h r V r , 1 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE FISICA, VOL. 33, No. 2, 2001 179 ( ) 0 = i i r r ( ) i i r i > consider two different models of the isotropic confinement: 1) rectangular:V for and V for r , and 2) 0 R i < ) ( 0 i V = 0 R ( ) 2 0 R e i = e 2 5 0 r . i i = r i V , where . The dimensionless parameters h , η and h η are related in (1) with the electron , hole and reduced e m h m μ masses by means of relations: ; h m h ; e m e μ η μ η = = ( ) h e h e m m m m + = μ . The effective Bohr radius 2 2 0 e a μ εh = ∗ as the unit of length and the effective Rydberg ε ∗ ∗ 0 2 2a Ry = e as the energy unit are used in (1). The Schrödinger equation for coupled electron-hole pair with the Hamiltonian (1) cannot be solved exactly and therefore we propose for a ground exciton state a trial function as a product of the oneparticle electron and hole ground state wave functions with unknown function , that depends only on the hole-electron separation reh: ( ) ( ) ( ) h h r f e e r f eh h r r e r Φ = , , ψ ( ) e r ( h h r f e f ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ); i h , e i r fi i r f r V i i i i i i = = + − ε ∆ η


Background: Serious complications of blood donation are rare. Reported here is a significant vascular event that resulted from whole‐blood phlebotomy and required surgical repair.


First, it is introduced that the BIM technology in the paper in order to solve the problem of built drawings and the completion of settlement in the completion phase. Then, verifying the feasibility of BIM technology in the completion phase through judging whether that matches two conditions. The first condition is whether the completion model with BIM is integrity or not. The second is the BIM technology has applied to the design and construction phases. Last, the paper proposed a strategy for the built drawing and the completion of settlement in traditional completion phase, based on creating the completion model with BIM and designing the process to the completion of settlement with BIM technology.