There are about 2500 recorded species of edible mushrooms. The most expensive and sought after of these mushrooms belong to the mycorrhizal group and include Tuber melanosporum Vitt. (Périgord black truffle), Tuber magnatum Pico & Vitt. (Italian white truffle), Tricholoma matsutake (Ito & Imai) Sing. (matsutake), Boletus edulis Bull: Fr. sensu lato (porcini) Cantharellus cibarius Fr.: Fr. (chanterelle), and Amanita caesarea (Scop.: Fr.) Pers: Schw. (Caesar's mushroom). The total market for these is measured in billions of US dollars. Over the past 100 years, harvests of many mycorrhizal mushrooms have declined dramatically, which has prompted interest in the development of methods for their cultivation. So far only a few species of truffles have been produced in commercial quantities, although methods have been developed that may see the cultivation of species such as Cantharellus cibarius, Lyophyllum shimeji (Kawam.) Hongo, and Lactarius deliciosus (L.: Fr.) Gray. Despite this, many of the most expensive mycorrhizal mushrooms, including Tuber magnatum Pico & Vitt. and Tricholoma matsutake, have defied cultivation. Our paper will attempt to highlight possible reasons why mycorrhizal mushrooms have proven to be so difficult to grow and how we might better manage mycorrhizal mushroom forests to sustain natural production.


Consideration of the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic geological, landscape and climatic history of western Cape York suggests that an environment suitable for the development of bauxite has prevailed for the past 100 Ma. Uplift of the western Cape exposed flat-lying Cretaceous Rolling Downs Group glauconitic and feldspathic sandstones to weathering under a climate that was seasonally wet, establishing a deep lateritic profile. The rising highlands along the eastern Cape allowed Lower Cretaceous sediments and Paleozoic rocks to be eroded by west-flowing rivers, moving weathered Rolling Downs Group materials westwards. Some coarser components may have been deposited on the lower-gradient coastal plains, while finer components would have moved farther seawards. By the Paleogene quartzose rocks were exposed along the highland spine. Their weathering and erosion products, together with eroded material from the already deeply weathered Rolling Downs Group rocks, were deposited as sands and clays in broad fans forming the Neogene Bulimba Formation over established lateritic profiles on the Cretaceous rocks. This continued until the Weipa Plateau was isolated by river capture and incision sometime during the Neogene. Continued weathering since the mid-Neogene saw the formation of lateritic profiles on the fan sediments inset into the weathered Cretaceous rocks. The Weipa bauxite deposit has similarities to other northern Australian bauxites, such as that at Gove, in having clear evidence for transport of the pisolithic bauxite. Formation, erosion, fragmentation and cortication of pisoliths have been ongoing over this time. In places, ironstone fragments, pisoliths and ooliths have accumulated in the lower parts of the landscape as unconformable transported bauxite over the weathering profiles. Elsewhere the lower parts of the pisolithic bauxite remain in situ over the weathering profile of either the Rolling Downs Group or the Bulimba Formation, though much bioturbated. The boundary between the upper parts of the lateritic profile (the Mottled Zone) and the pisolithic Bauxite may be erosional (physically unconformable), karstic (chemically unconformable) or conformable through a Transition Zone lying at the level of the wet season water-table demonstrating that processes that produced the lateritic profiles, the pisoliths and their redistribution are, in places, ongoing. The bauxite is at the same time and the same place some millions of years old and a few months old. Redistribution of pisoliths continues on the Weipa Plateau as they are eroded from its margins and redeposited in lower parts of the landscape.


With the analysis of documents,we find that Adolescents is the nation's main groups of Internet addicts in general.The variables of the nation's adolescent internet addicts mainly have following characteristics: the population of boys is higher than the girls,the population of high school students is higher than junior middle school students and college students,and the population of liberal arts is higher than science students.At the same time,in different environmental variables,the population of the nation's adolescent internet addicts in suburb schools is higher than in urban schools,in key schools is higher than in common schools,the population of resident students is higher than commuting student,the population of only-child is higher than non-only-child,the population of students whose parents have divorced is higher than the one lives in the whole families.


This diploma thesis consists of theoretical and practical parts. The main purpose of this work is to execute the evaluation of the certain business plan from the perspective of its successfulness using the set of already known appraisal methods along with the comparison the real implemented business with its planned version using horizontal and vertical analysis. In the first part of my diploma thesis – theoretical one – the business plan as the main document of creation new business will be observed with its functions, types, objectives and value. Among that, the whole structure with its main components of business plan will be presented, including the financial business plan with the full description of the evaluation methods that are used nowadays in the business world. Practical part will be devoted to the observation of the business plan of elite class apartment house that took place in Ukraine and its evaluation. Whole components of business plan including executive summary, marketing plan, industry overview and financial plan will be mentioned as well. Moreover, the whole set of appraisal investment methods will be used to evaluate the certain business plan to make a conclusion whether the business plan is successful or not. On the basis of obtained information from the evaluation process with the outcome of the comparison of already implemented same project with its business plan using horizontal and vertical analyses the final outcome of business plan implementation expediency will be defined.


The dependence of dislocation density on various growth conditions for Si MBE films is investigated. Dislocation density is determined by chemical etching and SEM observation. High temperature heat treatment generates dislocations in substrates, and film dislocation density increases with an increase in the substrate dislocation density. The dislocation generation in the substrate is prevented by using a substrate heater designed not to induce thermal stress. The film dislocation density decreases exponentially with an increase in the preheating time of the substrate. The density is proportional to exp (E/kBT) where T is growth temperature. The value of the activation energy is 3.5 eV. Dislocation‐free films can be grown reproducibly at 860 °C on (100)‐oriented substrates preheated to 1210 °C for 10–20 min.


Genetic diversity in chestnuts of Kashmir valley In present exploration, purification and characterization of xylanase was carried out to find its optimum conditions for maximum functionality. The xylanase (EC 184.108.40.206) synthesized by Aspergillus niger in submerged fermentation was partially purified and characterized for different parameters like temperature, pH & heat stability. The molecular mass determined through SDS-PAGE was found 30 kDa. The specific activity of the enzyme was raised from 41.85 to 613.13 with 48.63% yield just in a two step partial purification comprising ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex gel filteration column chromatography. The partially purified enzyme was found to be optimally active at 60°C and 7.5 pH. Conclusively, for the application of xylanase in food, feed or paper manufacturing processes, it is necessary to consider its optimum pH and temperature. Keywords: Xylanase, enzyme, purification, characterization, SDS-PAGE, wheat bran, Aspergillus niger . INTRODUCTION The agricultural waste materials like wheat bran, ground nut cake, rice bran, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, cotton leaf scraps, fruit and vegetable wastes if not properly handled cause environmental issues. The proper management of these wastes not only reduces their detrimental impact to environment, but also transforms them into value added products of industrial and commercial potential (Bhosale et al., 2011; Javed et al., 2011). Aspergillus niger when grown on agricultural waste materials produces sufficient activities of xylanase (Haq et al., 2002). Xylanase is an extracellular enzyme which hydrolyses β-1, 4 D-xylosidic linkages of highly polymerized and substituted β-1, 4 linked D-xylobiose, xylotriose and glucuronosyl residues. The enzyme holds potential for the degradation of plant cell wall material (Omar et al., 2008). Microbial xylanases (β-1, 4 D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 126.96.36.199) are being used in various industries including food, feed, textile and paper processing (Ahmad et al., 2012). In food and feed, they liberate nutrients by hydrolyzing the non-degradable hemicellulose fibers; thus, make the nutrients available (Leisola et al., 2002; Walk et al., 2011). On account of beneficial role of enzymes, different methodologies are being used for their maximum biosynthesis (Chithra and Muralikrishna, 2008). Sugars like xylose, xylobiose and xylo-oligomers can be prepared by the enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan. The depolymerization action of xylanase results in the conversion of polymeric substances into xylo-oligosaccharides and xylose (Omar et al., 2008). The manipulation of biotechnological techniques has played an important role in the potential utilization of agricultural waste materials (Mohammadi et al., 2006; Okafor et al., 2007). The microbial xylanase synthesis has been studied by several researchers (Suneetha et al., 2011), even then efforts are to make to screen and identify suitable xylanolytic enzymes which are well-suited for the specific purpose (Beg et. al., 2000). Therefore, the present study was designed for the purification of xylanase and its characterization to find the optimum conditions for its maximum functionality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Purification Ammonium sulphate precipitation : The crude enzyme (produced in a previous study: Ahmad et al., 2009) was partially purified from the culture supernatant using ammonium sulphate in a Na-acetate buffer of pH 6.8 (Javed et al., 2009). For the purpose, various ammonium sulphate concentrations, i.e. 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% were used for the precipitation of enzyme. The respective levels were mixed in 500 mL of crude enzyme filtrate and kept at 4°C for two hours with continuous stirring. The precipitates were collected and analyzed for xylanase activity. The optimum xylanase activity at a specific concentration of ammonium sulphate reflected the best concentration to attain maximum enzyme recovery.


In this paper the results of modeling and development of an ultrasonic oscillating system from the radiation area of the working tool increased by the area, equal 27.2 cm2 having natural rated operating frequency equal 30.2 kHz are presented. A system and apparatus that introduce ultrasonic vibrations into the technological volume with an acoustic power of at least 550 W and an intensity of more than 20 W / cm2 were developed.


That Robert W. Cox has long been one of the intellectual treasures of the Western world is not as widely appreciated as it should be. This sophisticated series of affirming responses to Cox's work and academic contributions situated outside the box of conventional wisdom should help to establish Cox's scholarly stature with a wider audience. It also helps us understand why many revere Cox as a master mentor who over the years taught his students and readers to swim against the current by looking closely at the slime accumulating beneath the main rocks of international power and wealth. Additionally this publication is extremely timely. It has never seemed quite as crucial to reject the mainstream perceptions of how the world is organized and works, and then use this knowledge to search sympathetically for transformative projects addressing the various historical challenges that menacingly confront the peoples of the world. It is along these lines that Cox's way of interpreting the global setting has become so relevant, even though his most influential publications appeared in the last two decades of the twentieth century. I would anchor these brief reflections on Cox's importance as a radical thinker in relation to his full embrace and distinctive applications of critical theory. As Cox explains, '[i]t is critical in the sense that it stands apart from the prevailing order and asks how it came about' (1996, p. 88). In effect, the critical theorist, unlike the typical positivist, draws into question the way the institutions and social forces brought the existing world order into being, and how it is changing, with regard to an envisioned future. Cox as a critical theorist is insistent upon contextualizing the structures and forces that constitute world order as it related to time present and time future. Citing Machiavelli and Ibn Khaldun, Cox contends that '[a] critical theory is more at the service of the weak than of the strong', which is consistent with his commitment to knowledge


The codeword construction and the performance of modified prime-hop codes (MPHCs) based on the prime-hop codes (PHCs) are researched. The optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system scheme realizing the two dimension coding by MPHCs and the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) en-/de-coders is presented. The performance of bit error rate (BER) in the OCDMA system using two kinds (PHCs and MPHCs) codes is analyzed. The results show that the MPHCs accommodate more users than the PHCs while BER10~(-9) and prime number (p37.) The MPHCs owns less number of FBG than the PHCs, thus it is easy to fabricate the FBG array en-/de-coders. The proposed scheme with the MPHCs and FBG array en-/de-coders is a practical to realize more users communication in OCDMA system.


A small tree like Calotropis procera is widely available in Taif, the mild deserted climatic city in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia's Sarawat Mountains. The leaves, flowers, latex, roots, and bark of Calotropis procera which belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family (Verma et al., 2010) generally grow up to 2.5 4 meter (max. 6 meter) high. The evergreen, perennial shrub is a popular medically important plant which deals with many human and animal diseases. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 11 (2016) pp. 240-256 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Base on the virtual instrument technology, a micro signal measurement system was established and applied to the electronic teaching experiment. It is composed of PC, oscilloscope, signal generator, ac constant current source, low noise preamplifier and tested operational amplifier, etc. it can complete the measurement of uV weak voltage, uA weak current measure, wires and printing plate conductor resistance and inductance, amplifier open-loop amplitude frequency and phase frequency characteristics, and so on many aspects of modern electronic measurement experiment content. The system not only has the characteristics of functional diversity, measurement accuracy, and good graphic interface, simple operation and overcomes the shortcomings in the course of electronic technology experiment teaching, and play an important role on improving the experimental conditions,reducing the cost of experiments, raising the level of classroom teaching and practice of teaching.


A system and method for adaptive-power control of a spread-spectrum transmitter of a mobile station operating in a cellular-communications network using spread-spectrum modulation. A mobile station transmits a first spread-spectrum signal. A base station has an automatic-gain-control circuit for generating an AGC-output signal, from a received signal. The received signal includes the first spread-spectrum signal and an interfering signal. The base station also has a correlator for despreading the AGC-output signal, a power-measurement circuit responsive to processing the received signal with the despread AGC-output signal for generating a received-power level, a comparator coupled to the power-measurement circuit for generating a comparison signal by comparing the received-power level to a threshold level, a transmitter for transmitting a second spread-spectrum signal, and an antenna. The mobile station has a variable-gain device responsive to the comparison signal for adjusting a transmitter-power level of the first spread-spectrum signal.


The socio-economic state is analysed agrarian the sector of economy of the Zhytomyr area. The features of the use of resource potential of area are considered.


Artificial Pinning Center (APC) technology was developed as a means to improve the performance of NbTi conductors through control of the amount and distribution of the flux pinning phase. Unfortunately, the high field performance of APC conductors has almost invariably been inferior to that of conventionally processed conductors, at least in part due to depressed upper critical field. Supercon has investigated a method for improving high field performance in NbTi conductors through a combination of APC technology and conventional processing. A small volume percentage of Nb pinning material was artificially introduced into standard Nb47Ti * alloy. The percentage was chosen such that the average overall composition was Nb44Ti, an alloy which is known to have a higher upper critical field than Nb47Ti. The resulting composite was multiply restacked and processed to wire. Conventional precipitation heat treatments were applied during final processing. In addition to providing higher upper critical field, the added Nb was expected to contribute to pinning above and beyond that provided by the precipitated α-Ti. Improved high field critical current densities relative to a control were observed. The results of the investigation, including critical current density (J c ), upper critical field (H c2 ), and critical temperature (T c ) data, are presented.


Abstract : The reflection acoustic microscope has evolved to a stage where it can be regarded as a powerful laboratory tool for an important class of problems in non destructive examination. The report is concerned with an extension of the capability of the acoustic microscope for such applications. Acoustic microscopy involves imaging in highly attenuating media. There has for long been a controversy on whether the losses enhance or degrade the resolution of the microscope. The author has developed a novel analytical technique - an extension of Fourier optics - for analyzing this problem. Results obtained show that with losses: (i) The resolution deteriorates; (ii) The sidelobe levels at the focal plane are reduced and (iii) The depth of focus of the lens is reduced.


Suppose there are M virtual sensors that lie within P dimensional space. The m-th virtual sensor is associated with a location in P dimensional space represented as a vector vm ∈ R . The location vectors for all virtual sensors, is denoted as the set {~v1, . . . , ~vM} ∈ R . From the location of the virtual sensors, we can define the subset V = { ~v1 + span {~vi − ~vj}i 6=j } , shown geometrically in Figure 2. Now, suppose there are N target locations within P dimensional space, with location vectors { ~t1, . . . ,~tN } ∈ R . Denote W = { ~t1, . . . ,~tN } to represent the set of target location vectors.


Melastoma affine is bisexual flower and heteranthery.To explore the effect of differentiation of biological function on seedlings fitness,this paper discusses the dynamic life course of seeds and seedlings of seven kinds of pollination way of M.affine with dynamic life table method.The result showed that the emergence percentage had no close relation with 1 000-grain weight.Natural pollination yielded the highest germination rate(92.5%) and the emergence percentage(88.0%).The germination rate,emergence percentage,and emergence peak of purple anther were higher or earlier than that of yellow anther,but the rate of seedling survival of purple anther was lower than that of yellow anther.The general adaptability of seedlings followed the sequence:natural pollinationcross-pollinaton of purple anther in one plantcross-pollination of yellow anther of different plantsself-pollination of yellow anthercross-pollination of purple anther of different plantscross-pollination of yellow anther of one plantself-pollination of purple anther.In conclusion,the pollens of heteranthery of self and cross pollination had different effects on the offspring.Mixed natural pollination pollen showed strong multi paternal effect.


In this information-conscious age, it is hard to imagine something scholarly and informative vanishing into an Orwellian memory hole. That, however, seems to have been the fate of this excellent CD-ROM; it does not appear in the MLA bibliography, and only 170 (or so) copies have been sold, perhaps because the publisher is unable to mount much of an advertising campaign. The reason seems to lie in the promise to the National Endowment for the Humanities that the finished product would be sold for less than a hundred dollars a copy. The scope of the project brings together colonial newspapers—some 162 titles encompassing 50,719 issues—and selects from them "music, poetry (lyrics), dance, and theatre." Thus if the "Dead March" was played at a funeral (as it commonly was) and the performance was reported in the newspaper, it will be included here. A major objective was to collect information about poems and songs, and 12,061 are indexed. When these poems were long (as they commonly were), only the first four lines are entered, with an indication of how many more lines ensue. (Many of these newspapers are available in microform, and hence the extracts can be investigated more thoroughly without too much additional effort.) Why should readers of American Speech be interested in this resource? Consider the following from the Connecticut Gazette (New London), 8 May 1767:


These conference proceedings present research contributions to the field of information assurance and survivability from research programmes including: Composable High Assurance Trusted Systems (CHATS), Cyber Panel, Dynamic Coalitions (DC) and Fault Tolerant Networks (FTN).


The complaints about 232 food samples were sent to the complaint departments of a food supermarket chain in six prefectures of the Kanto region from February 2005 to January 2007. The food complaints underwent bacteriological and chemical analyses, acute toxicity testing with fishes,and the analysis of foreigin substances. A bacteriological examination was carried using for 156 samples. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from a raw octopus sample. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from lightly roasted and roasted and sliced bonito and cream croquette. A chemical analysis was carried on 32 samples. In one of these, the potato glycoalkaloid was detected in the potatoes. The contents of the potato glycoalkaloid in the potato was 74mg/100g. An acute toxicity test with fish was carried out using 27 samples. The results of 27 samples were negative. An analysis of foreigin substances was carried out using 48 samples. These samples were identified as the main components by various analytical methods.


Helicopter flight load test of rotor system dynamic components is the key part of flight load test of the whole aircraft,and is also the basis of helicopter life reliability calculations.This text introduces test technology solutions of Z11 flight load test of rotor system dynamic components.


The technique and practice of setting firewall with packet filtrating on Cisco's router were introduced in this paper, and the security of network would be reinforced without increasing the investment of software and hardware by access control list.


An iterative algorithm for blind channel identification (no training symbols necessary) based on the super-exponential algorithm is shown. On the assumption of independent identically distributed (IID) data the algorithm has fast convergence properties. It is robust with respect to system overfit (supernumerarily assumed channel coefficients converge to zero) and influence of modest additive white Gaussian noise even in mixed-phase moving average channels. Despite of the use of fourth order cumulants the complexity of the algorithm is rather low compared with alternative blind methods. So the implementation on a signal processor (TMS320C40) is possible assuming GSM-like conditions.


Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays an important role in energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, aging, and cell death. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is one of the key precursors of NAD+. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the oxidative stress effects of NMN on rat tenocytes in-vitro.Methods Tenocytes from normal Sprague–Dawley rats were cultured in regular glucose (RG) and high-glucose (HG) conditions with or without NMN, and were divided into four groups: RG NMN−, RG NMN+, HG NMN−, and HG NMN+. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1, NOX4, interleukin (IL)-6, SIRT1, and SIRT6, were determined in-vitro.Results The NMN groups led to significantly higher cell viabilities compared with the other groups. The mRNA expressions of NOX1, NOX4, and IL6, in the HG NMN+ group were significantly lower compared with those of the HG NMN− group. Conversely, the corresponding expressions of the SIRT1 and SIRT6 levels in the HG NMN+ group were significantly higher compared with those of the HG NMN−group. Both the accumulation of ROS and apoptosis in the HG NMN− group were significantly higher compared with those in the RG NMN− group at 48 h.Conclusion The expression levels of NOX1, NOX4, IL6, and ROS were significantly reduced by NMN. These results suggest that NMN could effectively reduce the oxidative stress by activating SIRT1 and SIRT6, and by inhibiting the activity of NOX and apoptosis in the tenocytes.


In a double-blind trial two groups of 20 infants and young children suffering from diarrhoeal dehydration and acidosis were successfully treated with an acetate and a bicarbonate containing oral rehydration solution. The former was found to be as effective as the latter and was equally acceptable to the patient.


The principal food of the Liberian natives consists of all kinds of vegetable produce, which is partly harvested from the rich array of wild-growing plants, but for the larger part from cultivated plants. This chapter focuses on the preparation of various vegetable foods and drinks. When it comes to meat, the native is usually in no way choosy. The chapter talks about what can be obtained from domestic animals. It further discusses the use of various products from the animal world. Among the Vey, domestic cats and dogs are the favourite food of the country's nobility. By the standards of indigenous peoples, the manufacturing industry of the natives is very diverse and outstanding. All kinds of skins are used for the production of these items, especially those of carnivores, monkeys and a large variety of antelope, as well as goats and sheep. Keywords:Liberian natives; meat; principal food; skins; vegetable; Vey


The article explores the development of youth communities in the ecosystem of the Orenburg State University. The modern university is designed to create new conditions for the development of youth communities. The study of students' creative challenges demonstrates a wide range of aspirations and needs, their uncertainty and spontaneity. The answer to creative challenges is timely competent navigation and organizational and pedagogical support of young people for integration into socially positive communities. A regional university can become a center, space and mobilizer for the development of youth communities. Youth communities are dynamically changing, their reality goes beyond educational and scientific activities. In this regard, the traditional scientist-oriented model of the university is being transformed into an ecosystem model, which equally reveals the areas of training, development and education. Modern education at the empirical level masters the ecosystem approach. The article aims at revealing resources, projects, and risks of youth communities development in the conditions of the formation of a regional university ecosystem. The subject of study is the structure, axiological, organizational and procedural foundations of the university ecosystem. The resources, methods and risks of developing modern youth communities also represent the perspective of the study of the humanities. Ecosystem resources of the Orenburg State University are presented in many aspects: axiology and pedagogical technologies, projects of the Priority 2030 program, integration with the Orenburg University (Educational) District Association, international educational cooperation with universities in Kazakhstan. The article identifies external and internal risks specific to the development of youth communities in the logic of "potential applicants – university ecosystem – potential employers" based on the study of accelerator programs, streams, online surveys.


The Autonomic Pervasive Computing can simplify the complexity of the configuration, maintenance and management of pervasive environments such as smart spaces. The Pervasive Computing is a paradigm where the information processes are distributed in the environment components, bringing processes more closer to the information context. On the other hand, the Autonomic Computing allows to simplify the complexity caused by the heterogeneity of the space components, there large number, the dynamic relations between them, etc.
 Thereby, the Autonomic Pervasive Computing, combinaison of Autonomic Computing and Pervasive Computing, can be used to simplify the complexity, reduce the cost of management and maintenance of the smart spaces. In this paper, we present our vision of the Autonomic Pervasive Computing approach and our attempt to built an autonomic pervasive space at DOMUS Laboratory.


In this paper, we present a performance analysis of a smart antenna system operating in a wide-band CDMA wireless-local-loop channel using a beam-forming module (BFM) that has been implemented on a digital signal processor (TMS320C6701) board. We first show the results of computer simulations obtained from the modeled received (RX) signals through a test-bed system consisting solely of baseband signal processing parts, i.e., modeled RX data-generating PC, BFM for computing the optimal weight vector and interfacing module. A test-bed system of the entire base station is then implemented to evaluate the adaptive beam-forming function with the actual wireless signals. This test-bed system includes several subscribers, as well as the array antenna, RF modules, and other receiving parts required at the cell site.


Summary We generated genome sequence data from 293 Enterococcus faecium isolates from patients with bacteremia spanning 7 years in one hospital. Cases were connected to numerous transmission routes, the complexity of which placed them beyond detection by conventional infection control methods.


Background: A key current issue in studies of global CO2 is the cause of the recent pronounced changes in the timing (phase) and amplitude of its annual cycle. Aim: To use a sensitivity analysis in order to identify the most influential parameters in a new four-box diffusion model of global CO2 transport. Methods: A new diffusion model of global atmospheric transport is developed, implemented by optimisation and used to assess the effects of oceanic, terrestrial and anthropogenic CO2 fluxes on the annual CO2 cycle. As the terrestrial phenology of living organisms in the temperate zones is identified as the central process of concern an improved phenological model for the temperate zones is proposed and used in up-scaling from plant to planet. Results: The diffusion model is found to be able to mimic many of the features observed by the GLOBALVIEW-CO2 network, including the global trend, latitudinal gradient, and annual waveform. Conclusions: It is concluded that, out of five rival hypotheses considered at the outset, the springtime phenology of terrestrial biomes is the dominant controller of recent changes to the annual CO2 cycle.


The invention discloses an anti-static ultraviolet-resistant polyurethane packaging material. The anti-static ultraviolet-resistant polyurethane packaging material is prepared from the following materials in parts by weight: 100-120 parts of isocyanate, 90 parts of polyether polyol, 10-15 parts of polyester polyol, 1.1-2 parts of foam stabilizer, 0.7-0.9 part of silicon oil, 1-2.5 parts of water, 4-8 parts of cyclopentane, 2-6 parts of ultraviolet absorbent, 0.5-2 parts of antioxidant, 1-5 parts of conductive fiber, 0.08-0.15 part of triethylene diamine (33% aqueous solution) and 0.1-0.4 part of stannous octoate. The anti-static ultraviolet-resistant polyurethane packaging material disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the ultraviolet absorbent UVP-327 is added, and can absorb ultraviolet rays strongly with the absorption wavelength being 270-380, the chemical stability is good, the volatility is extremely low, the thermal-sublimation resistance, the washing resistance, the gas-fading resistance and the mechanical-performance retentivity are excellent, meanwhile the synergistic effect is obvious when the anti-static ultraviolet-resistant polyurethane packaging material and the antioxidant are used together, and the thermal-oxidation stability of the packaging material can be obviously improved; the added amount of the used carbon fiber is less, and permanent anti-static performance is achieved; the production and the manufacture are convenient, the traditional polyurethane foaming production process can be used for production and processing of the packaging material without improvement, the mechanization degree is higher, the needed labor is less and the production cost is low.


Trichloro-substituted 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ones 6 and 7 are solvolysed by methanolic sodium methoxide to form the bicyclo[3.2.1] α,α-dimethoxy ketones 13 and 14, with preservation of one chloro substituent. In the case of 6a, prolonged reaction time with an excess of methanolic sodium methoxide provides a trimethoxy-substituted oxanorbornene aldehyde 19 through ring contraction. Treatment of the mixture of 13 and 14 with zinc and aqueous acetic acid affords dechlorinated α-oxo acetals 15 and 16. Starting with the [4+3] cycloadducts derived from 2-methylfuran and tetrachloroacetones (6b and 7b), the same procedure, but with use of ethanol or trifluoroethanol, results in the corresponding ethoxy- and trifluoroethoxy acetals. These compounds can be converted into the oxabicyclic compounds 15, which undergo cleavage of the ether bridge on heating with KOH in methanol, thus providing 2-alkoxy-3-hydroxytropones 20, which can be dealkylated to give the 2,7-dihydroxytropones (7-hydroxytropolones) 29. The lithium enolate generated from the α-oxo acetal 15a can be exo-alkylated with methyl iodide. Michael addition with 2-nitro-1-butene followed by a Nef reaction furnishes the bicyclic dioxo acetal 5. Treatment of 5 with basic methanol results in an epoxyazulenone derivative 26, and a hydroxytropone 20f, which is in equilibrium with the cyclic hemiacetal form 28. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)


This paper describes the design and the experimental testing of a knee exoskeleton with variable non-active interval (NAI) specifically designed to fit the human gait. This exoskeleton is designed to provide support at the knee joint by supplying assistive torque around the knee in order to reduce the maximum muscular effort required to perform daily activities such as walking and squat lifting, thus, enabling users like elderly people to continue those activities longer. The main mechanism of the exoskeleton behaves like a torsion spring with a variable NAI. The torque provided by the mechanism outside the NAI is quasi-linear with respect to the angle variation. The position of this NAI can be modified to disable the mechanism. Moreover, the angular stiffness of the mechanism can be modified to adapt the magnitude of the support to the user. Experimental evaluation was conducted in two phases: during the first one, the NAI was tested for following the walking pattern of the user, in order to avoid disturbing the user's gait. During the second one, the performance of the support provided by the device was measured by the muscle activity during squatting series. The results show the ability to modify the position of the NAI and a decrease of the maximum muscle activity during squatting while wearing the device, concluding that the exoskeleton could assist the knee joint although further evaluation is required to establish the whole support in the gait cycle.


The invention discloses a device for detecting a concave/convex defect on the surface of a battery laminate. The device comprises a detecting platform, a left support block, a slide rod, a dial indicator, a movable dial frame, a right support block, a limiting sheet, a fastening screw and a battery laminate to be detected, wherein the left support block, the right support block and the battery laminate to be detected are arranged on the verifying platform; the movable dial frame is sleeved on the slide rod; two ends of the slide rod are supported by the left support block and the right support block and are limited from rotating by the limiting piece; the dial indicator is arranged on the movable dial frame; and the lower end gauge head of the dial indicator is contacted with the upper end face of the battery laminate to be detected. During detection, defect positions on the battery laminate to be detected are found by visual inspection, the left support block and the right support block are moved to ensure that the lower end gauge head of the measurement dial indicator is contacted with the recess and bump defects on the upper end face of the battery laminate to be detected, so that practical values of the recess and bump defects can be obtained intuitively, defects to be detected can be shown quantitatively, and the judgment basis is more objective and real.


The mushroom research group at MIGAL is the only unit in Israel that deals with applied research on mushroom cultivation and mushroom products. Research efforts of our group include a wide range of topics, addressing the needs of mushroom growers in Israel, particularly those in the northern part of the country. Research is partially performed in cooperation with scientists from other institutions, especially the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University. Because of the group's research efforts, mushroom production and consumption in Israel has expanded considerably including the amount of production and number of species cultivated. Here we report the development of a new technology that has potential to improve mushroom production, not only in Israel but worldwide.


The goal of the present investigation is to perform a preregistered replication of Jones and Macken's (1995b) study, which showed that the segregation of a sequence of sounds to distinct spatial locations reduced the detrimental effects of irrelevant speech on short-term memory. Thereby, it postulated an intriguing connection between the psycho-acoustical concept of spatial auditory stream segregation and the cognitive mechanism underlying the irrelevant speech effect. Specifically, it was found that spoken utterances (e.g., "V-J-X") were less disruptive in a "stereo" condition in which each auditory event (each letter) could be allocated to a separate location (right ear, left ear, center), compared to when the sounds were played in "mono", which does not allow for such streaming-by-location. It is important to replicate this influential study with enhanced statistical power, due to its relevance for probing the classic as well as more recent accounts of the irrelevant speech effect, but also since the results were somewhat equivocal, in that the stereo condition produced slightly more disruption compared to silence and compared to the respective steady-state conditions with a single repeated letter ("J-J-J"). Jones and Macken's study, which has never been replicated by a different laboratory, to our knowledge, is significant both theoretically, and from an applied perspective, since it postulates a role for the spatial distribution of sound to modulate auditory distraction with relevance, for example, for the acoustic design of the workplace.


Replacement of prosthetic heart valves is generally associated with a higher surgical risk than primary valve implantation and is usually limited to


Chlorine-induced corrosion of reinforcing bars has been a primary cause of premature deterioration of many concrete bridges. This study discusses results from a comparison study of 5 new bars that could replace the current epoxy-coated carbon steel bars. The five bars studied included a positive machined stainless steel bar, a stainless steel-clad carbon steel bar, a microcomposite steel bar, a lean duplex stainless steel bar and a carbon steel bar coated with a 2 mil layer of arc-sprayed zinc and an epoxy coating. The resistance to corrosion of these five bars in heavily salted concrete blocks was compared with that of conventional carbon steel bars and austenitic stainless steel bars. Results indicate that the positive machined stainless steel bars showed the same resistance to high concentration of chloride in concrete as the austenitic stainless steel bars. Defect-free stainless steel-clad carbon steel bars also showed excellent corrosion resistance. The other bars also appeared to have better corrosion resistance than the carbon steel bars.


Abstract In my research, I replicate two fundamental hypotheses established by Jakob et al. (2011): 1) Persons with aphasia (PWA) produce more gestures than healthy control persons (HCP) during interpretation of texts; 2) The more speech-restricted a person with aphasia is, the more gestures he/she produces during the interpretation of a text. I work with 6 persons with diagnosed aphasia and 10 healthy control persons (or persons with no evident speech deficiency). From a methodological point of view, I point out the necessity to include a description of non-verbal elements in language description and, at the same time, to describe the data of the damage in persons with aphasia. I also introduce some possible perspectives for exploring the categories and the extent of speech damage in persons with aphasia and various ways in which they compensate for verbal deficiency with the aid of gestures. From the viewpoint of data processing methods, on the one hand, I explore the speech parameters: among others, quantity of words, and, on the other hand, the gesture parameters: quantity of gestures, diversity of gestures, etc. I find that Czech aphasic persons do use gestures to support their restricted verbal production and to substitute for verbal production where they do not have access to any given lexical items. My data also correlate with the general assumptions on speech production when considering different types of aphasia.


This paper studies the construction of golf curriculum group for applied undergraduates and believes that current application of golf courses should be optimized in the training objectives,the proportion of curriculum setting,teachers and teaching facilities,teaching materials and students and their admissions.It also makes some proposals in the hope of providing theoretical basis for the construction of the curriculum and offering reference for other colleges.


Bipolar disorder is a chronic affective disorder affecting 1 to 3% of the adult population worldwide and has a high level of comorbidity with suicide rates, substance abuse and other harmful conditions. The disorder has possible ties to schizophrenia and has been observed to have a strong genetic component. The exact biological underpinnings have not been firmly established, however abnormalities in limbic subcortical and prefrontal areas have been observed.Ever since its discovery more than half a century ago, a daily intake of Lithium salts has arguably become the most reliable treatment of the disorder, despite us possessing little to no understanding of its biochemical action. In order to shed some light on the effect of Lithium in the brain, we have developed Lithium-7 MR imaging at 7 and 17 Tesla in order to assess its cerebral concentration and distribution. Specifically, I worked on developing and validating several acquisition, reconstruction and quantification methods dedicated to 7Li MRI and MRS. Those methods were first applied to study ex vivo the cerebral distribution of lithium in rats. These rats were pretreated for 28 days with Li2CO3, sacrificed and their head fixated with PFA. Using a home-made 1H/7Li radiofrequency surface coil and a 7Li Turbo Spin echo acquisition and a modified phantom replacement method for quantification, we were able to measure Li concentration maps. Regional Li concentration values were then compared with those obtained with mass spectrometry.After this preclinical proof-of-concept study, an in vivo 7Li MRI protocol was designed to map the cerebral Li concentration in euthymic bipolar subjects at 7T. These individuals all followed a regular lithium treatment. For this study, we chose to use an ultra-short echo-time Steady State Free Precession sequence with non-Cartesian k-space sampling. A quantification and analysis pipeline similar to the one used for our preclinical study was applied for this study, with the addition of a correction step for B0 inhomogeneities. After conducting a statistical analysis at the cohort level, it was assessed that the left hippocampus, a major part of the limbic system that has been associated with BD on multiple occasions, exhibited systematically a high level of lithium. Finally, I developed a quantification method accounting for the different relaxation times of 7Li in the CSF and in the brain parenchyma. This method was applied to image lithium at 7T in a subset of bipolar patients reducing drastically the differences initially observed between the SSFP and bSSFP sequences.


Carbon nanofibers are synthesised by pyrolysis of camphor vapor in nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 650°C to 750°C. Thickness of carbon fibers increases from 30 nm to 250 nm with an increase of pyrolysis temperature. Characterizations of these fibers were done by SEM and TEM. A novel growth of carbon nanofibers of octopus type has been seen on the electrochemically nickel-plated copper sheet. At higher magnification of TEM studies, carbon nanofibers are found to made up of many thin cotton threads like structures.


Fungal communities are species rich and can be grouped into several main functional types. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots, providing water and nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates.


Diagnostic procedures used in Nuclear Medicine are designed to provide information about the static and/or dynamic distribution of some particular stable or radioactive material within the patient, as well as the quantity of the material present. Thus, the static distribution of 131I in the thyroid indicates the structure of the gland, whereas changes in the distribution or in the quantity present indicate its rate of functioning. A remarkable variety of techniques, based on emission, transmission, fluorescence, and incoherent holographic imaging principles, have been developed. Both moving and fixed radiation detectors are used, and these produce planar and 3-D projections and transverse sections of the object of interest. In general, the image quality is determined by detector characteristics such as sensitivity, spatial resolution, and depth of field, as well as by the examination time, object contrast, and object intensity, which is always severely limited in the interest of a low radiation dose to the patient. Image processing techniques can be used to improve image quality by removing certain artifacts and by producing a degree of sharpening that is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. Incoherent holography and optimum-weighted multichannel imaging are presented as two approaches to increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Alternative criteria for the evaluation of imaging procedures are presented, with an emphasis on the use of ROC curves to describe observer performance.


In this study, we established and devised optical design goals for the ' LED roadway lighting with low-level mounting', which analyzes problems with existing streetlights and existing low-lightness problems. Further, the analysis of various types of light emitted and the suitability of road illumination performance indicators through the field survey process and the feasibility of evaluating the characteristics of various aspects, including maintainability, design, and standardization, were proposed.


Abstract Several sponges with a thin encrusting form and of fragile construction have been collected in the Indo‐Pacific, and have proved difficult to differentiate, let alone identify, without recourse to electron microscopy. Here we re‐describe Halisarca melana de Laubenfels, 1954 from Palau, and H. metabola de Laubenfels, 1954 from Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands from new material, emphasising field characters such as coloration in life, surface features, and histological details accessible by light microscopy. Using similar characters two new species of Halisarca, H.ferreus sp. nov., from Zanzibar, Tanzania, and H. cerebrum sp. nov., from Palau, are recognised and described. Another genus belonging to a different subclass of Demospongiae also has fragile construction and encrusting growth form; this is Oscarella, and two new species of this genus are also described, O. stillans sp. nov. from the Philippines, and O. nigraviolacea sp. nov., from Pemba Island, Tanzania.


Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the degree of ethnic identity and demographic characteristics (the length of residency in the USA, education, income, age, and origin of ethnicity) in relation to brand purchases for status.Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a survey of 324 retail customers of Hispanics (n=173) and Asians (n=151) with analysis performed using regression analysis, t‐tests, and ANCOVA.Findings – The stronger an immigrant identifies with his/her ethnic culture, the more likely he/she is to purchase high‐priced branded products for status purposes. Immigrants with higher incomes are more likely to purchase high‐ priced prestige brands. Younger immigrants report a greater propensity to purchase high‐priced prestige brands. No relationship with the dependent variable was found with length of time in the USA, education, and origin of ethnicities of immigrants.Originality/value – The major contribution of this research is to demonstrate the importance of ethnic...


We tackle the problem of having multiple transmitters cooperating to be desynchronized using a distributed algorithm. Although this problem can also be found in surveillance, it has the most impact in achieving a fair access to a wireless shared communication medium at the medium access control layer in the context of wireless sensor networks. In this article, we first theoretically investigate the convergence rate of various optimization algorithms, giving closed-form expressions for the parameters achieving the best worst-case convergence rate. We then show that a recently proposed time-varying parameters Nesterov algorithm applied to this problem has worse performance assuming one can determine the number of sensors in the network. In order to remove such an assumption, the problem is seen as the solution of a linear equation corresponding to the first optimality condition. Both theoretically and in simulation, we show that using the Gauss–Seidel method improves the speed of convergence, although its performance degrades for large network sizes. In simulations, it is shown the behavior for various number of wireless devices, emphasizing how the algorithms actually perform in comparison with their worst-case theoretical rates for different network sizes.


This article presents an extension of the branch Eigenmodes reduction method (BERM) to substructuring models. One of the method's interests lies in its capacity to build a reduced modal model for complex geometries which are characterized by very large matrix sizes. This article treats a 3-D nonlinear application. Such a substructuring reduced model permits us to obtain precise results over the whole domain, with an important gain of CPU time. In the case considered, a global reduced branch model can also be built. A comparison between the two reduced models shows the interest of the substructuring technique.


Mesoporous TiO2 was attracted many attentions due to its particular structure and excellent performance. But there were difficulties in the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2,such as high cost of titanium source,poor effect of simplex template removal method and poor framework crystalline,etc.In this dissertation,the hydrolysis of industrial titanyl sulfate(TiOSO4)from sulfate process of ilmenite,was induced by a supramolecular template of surfactants self-assembly,which acted as the structure directing agent of mesoporous TiO2 precursor.And mesoporous titania with anatase-phase,high specific surface area(SBET)and steady structure was obtained after template removal by the combination of oxidation,extraction and calcinations.Studies were emphasized on the following problems: (1)The synthesis conditions of mesoporous titania precursors had very important effect on the formation of mesostructure and crystal phase,especially for surfactants,reacting pH value and temperature.On the basis of these factors,mesoporous TiO2 precursor was prepared via hydrolysis route from industrial TiOSO4 solution,directed by composite template(CTAB/P123),and mesoporous anatase TiO2 was obtained after step-by-step calcinations template removal,with narrow pore size distribution,stable mesostructure,average pore size of 3.0 nm and SBET of 132.6 m 2 /g. (2)By introducing external fields into the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 precursor could obviously promote the crystal structure and the pore formation,improving the specific surface area and stability.Ultrasonic and microwave irradiations were helpful to form higher pore order,and with SBET of 146.6 m 2 /g under microwave irradiation.While hydrothermal synthesis strengthened the interaction between the inorganic source and surfactants,condensed and crystallized the pore wall,resulting in higher structural stability. (3)Novel compositive template removal method(ozone oxidizing first,then multistage extracting,and step-by-step calcining at last)entirely removed CTAB/P—123,with anatase phase,high specific area(SBET=133m 2 /g) and larger average pore size(DBJH=4.65 nm).Template was oxidized to short-chain and small molecule by ozone, decreasing the resistance of template removal following.The multistage extraction using ethanol/hydrochloride acid reduced the surface activity of surfactants,weakened its action with the framework,and effectively reduced intensity of the following heat-treatment.Adopting step-by-step calcinations thoroughly removed the template,avoiding side effect of structure destroying and collapsing due to inorganic network shrinkage and breakage of electric charge equilibrium by long time and high temperature calcinations. (4)The catalytic activities of mesoporous TiO2 were primarily increased by its anatase phase,high(SBET,small particle size and a little SO4 2– adsorpted or bonded on the surface.Mesoporous TiO2 had higher performance in the photocatalytic oxidation of methylene blue and esterification reaction of acetic acid and ethanol.The degredative rate and esterifying rate are 98.4%and 91%,respectively.It also shows some catalytic performance for preesterification reaction of jatropha curcas seed oil in high acid value with methanol. (5)Mesoporous anatase TiO2 with planar hexagonal pore and SBET of 205.7 m 2 /g was prepared by using composite surfactants template(CTAB/P123)under high acidic aqueous solution.The cooperative formation mechanism could be summarized as follows:Cooperative action via static action(S + I – )and hydrogen bond action(N 0 I 0 ) on the interface was greatly effected by pH value;controlling pH not only made titanium ion hydrolysis and condensation rate and surfactants self-assembling rate matching,but also avoided impurities separating out,raising synthesis temperature properly,increasing hydrophobic chain length of surfactant and adding inorganic cationic and anionic strong electrolytes to the synthesis system were helpful to synthesize larger mesopore size TiO2,the larger ratio of(Ti/H2O)/(H +/Ti)led increasing hydrolysis rate,diminishing micelle size,resulting in smaller mesopore size. (6)The changes of interface action during template removal affected the crystal structure,lattice strain and produced atomic occupancy lacking.Template removal by extraction had weaker effect on crystal structure than calcination's,and increasing it could effectively reduce calcinations intensity,improve stability of mesoporous TiO2.


Introduction: Patients with malignant pleural effusions (MPE) have a poor life expectancy and a high symptom burden. Definitive management strategies include chest drain and pleurodesis or placement of an indwelling pleural catheter. A meta analysis showed that 76% - 82% of patients had a successful pleurodesis with sterile talc. It has been postulated that patients who experience a greater inflammatory response or experience more pain are more likely to have a successful pleurodesis. Trapped lung is associated with a lower rate of pleurodesis success and it is thought that the number of previous interventions may be related to the development of trapped lung. Methods: A post hoc analysis from the TIME 1 trial was undertaken to establish the accuracy of these hypotheses. 320 patients were included who had a diagnosis of MPE. Results: There was a correlation between the number of previous ipsilateral aspirations and the incidence of trapped lung (p=0.015). Conclusion: Inflammation may play a factor in pleurodesis success as patients with a greater rise in CRP were more likely to have a successful pleurodesis. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that patients who have more pain are more likely to have a successful pleurodesis. The correlation between the incidence of trapped lung and previous pleural interventions needs further study into whether or not there is a causal relationship.


Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows:
Biological control of the olive scale—Parlatoria oleae (Colvee)—by a parasitic wasp imported to California, showed marked improvement in 1960 over 1956, when a previous survey was made.


A simulation model under IPSEpro simulation conditions has been built for hybrid cycles,with micro gas turbines and molten carbonate fuel cells,in bottoming as well as in topping arrangement.The steady state performance of these two different types of hybrid cycles,under rated,as well as off-design conditions,have been studied with the help of this model and their characteristic parameters analyzed by comparison.Study results indicate that hybrid cycles with micro gas turbine-molten carbonate fuel cells have a higher power generating efficiency in the topping arrangement,while the bottoming arrangement exhibits good off-design behavior.


Consumer buying behavior is an in-depth study and understanding consumer decision making process. It studies the factors and traits of individual consumer such as demographic and behavioral variable and to understand the need, wants and desire of the consumers. The two wheeler industry in India has shown a steady growth over the past decade. Any organization needs to know the motives and reasons why the consumer differs in choice from each other in buying products and services. This research paper aims to identify various factors that influence the


Claisen rearrangements of the 3-methylbut-2-enyl(prenyl) ethers 3 and 9 of 2-acetyl-1-hydroxyand 1-acetyl-2-hydroxynaphthalenes 1 and 2 and the bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl) ethers 12 and 18 of 2,4-and 4,6-diacetylresorcinols 11 and 17 have been studied under a variety of thermal and catalytic conditions. 2-Acetyl-4-(3- methylbut-2-enyl) naphthalene-1-ol 4 was the sole product on rearrangement of compound 3, in DMA or neat. Under catalytic conditions 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran 7 was obtained in poor yield. An isomeric pyran, 1,2-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran 10(25–43%) was obtained under both thermal and catalytic conditions from 9. The rearrangement of 12 under thermal conditions (DMA and neat) furnished 3-acetyl-2,4-dihydroxy5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)acetophenone 13 and 3,8-diisopropylbenzo[1,2-b: 3,4-b′]difuran 14. PdII mediated rearrangement of 12 gave only the partially deprenylated ether, 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)acetophenone 15(29%). While the isomeric ether 18 gave the monoprenyl ether, 5-acetyl-4-hydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)acetophenone 19 in quantitative yield (95%). The rearrangement products were characterised and their formation rationalised in terms of allowed sigmatropic shifts ([3,3] prenyl and [1,5] H) followed by loss of prenyl or acetyl groups. The reactions of prenyl ethers are both comparable to those of the corresponding allyl ethers and consistent with the greater fixed double-bond character of the naphthalene system compared to that of benzene. Prenyl derivatives of benzene and naphthalene containing ortho-hydroxyacetophenone units were formed which have potential in synthesis.


Due to high penetration of renewable energy systems in the distribution grid, it has become an extreme challenge to maintain synchronous stability of the grid. During asymmetrical faults the major challenge is to limit the inverter current and keep it within limits so that the inverter relay does not trip. Such a control methodology ensures seamless power to the consumers without damaging the inverter. In this paper a second order generalized integrator based inverter control operating like a virtual synchronous machine is proposed. The calculations for the inverter control states are performed on a per phase basis and the control algorithm is developed. The dynamic equations describing the proposed control algorithm with its analyses is presented in this paper. Numerical simulations based on MATLAB/Simulink are performed to verify the efficacy of the proposed control technique on a three phase grid connected inverter.


The continued globalisation of world economies and related developments in information and communications technologies has brought into sharper focus the question of whether maintaining existing international tax principles provides an effective way of taxing international transactions. Since most countries assert their jurisdiction to tax based on the dual taxing principles of residence and source, it is likely that attempts to resolve any problems will be made within the context of these principles. While traditionally most countries define their jurisdiction to tax by reference to both of these principles, this Paper explores whether in an increasingly globalised world, it is more appropriate that one principle yields completely to the other. That is, this Paper explores whether either an exclusive residence or sourcebased taxation system will provide a viable (and perhaps simpler) solution to accommodate international transactions, many of which now occur electronically.


Drilling and Blasting is a common technique of tunnel driving, either for mining or civil purposes, at least for lengths shorter than 3 - 4 km. The technology is surely "mature", hence it offers a huge variety of cases to be analyzed. The report deals with the subject of the compliance of the actual blasting results with the design requirements (contour and pull). Three factors are obviously involved: explosive, rock and drilling; the main objective of the report is to asses in some simple cases the relative importance of each of them, and to describe a simple methodology to do that. A number of rounds in mine drifting operations, covering a variety of rock-drilling system-explosive assortments have been carefully surveyed; rock shows important differences from one site to another with respect to the quality class; drilling is performed with manually steered jumbo in some drifts, with computerized jumbo in other drifts; the general blasting pattern is not different from one site to another, but at places pipe charges are used in contour holes, at places fully coupled charges. The evaluation of the influence of the rock on the excavation difficulty is another objective of the study. Difficulty can be inferred from specific drilling work consumption, specific explosive consumption or from both. Drilling consumption, which means the relative fineness of explosive distribution in the rock-mass required in order to obtain a satisfactory blast, has been assumed to be a reliable criterion on the basis of the narrower dispersion of the data, with respect to explosive consumption. Being the study aimed to classify by relative difficulty the rock types, rather than the operations, the effect of the cross section (whose influence on specific consumption by far exceeds the one of rock type) has to be accounted for by normalizing consumptions, i.e. by defining a normal cross section v/ specific consumption correlation, to be used as a reference line. Rock classes are related to difficulty classes; a wide dispersion is still observable, which indicates that the rock designation criterion based on lithological type should be improved by adding at least a second descriptive element. Anyhow, the simple lithological designation provides a first approximation ranking of the rocks to the intended purpose. The sensitivity of the pattern performances to drilling precision is analyzed in the same way. Tolerance standards for drilling machinery related to drilling pattern features are proposed. Data collected to establish the quality of the results of the blasts are: the overbreak value, the efficiency (actual pull/design pull ratio), the half cast factor of the contour holes. The relationships linking these indicators of quality to the features of the rock, of the drilling system and of the charging are analyzed and discussed. The statistical basis of the study is provided by data collected from a large number of cases, obtained from technical literature and from on site inspections. Analysis has been carried out on rounds of variable cross sections (from few to 160 m3), with either parallel or inclined hole cuts, blasted using a wide range of explosives and ignition systems. A general methodology to establish the main reasons of observed inaccuracies and to foresee the consequences of changes in the drilling and blasting practice is presented in the conclusions


We report a 67 years old diabetic female that received ciprofloxacin for an acute pyelonephritis. Twelve days after starting this treatment, a hand and forearm tenosynovitis appeared, that subsided after the discontinuation of ciprofloxacin. Literature review disclosed other reports of tenosynovitis associated with the use of this antimicrobial.


Rule 97 UPCAROP is a special rule governing the entire process for bringing an action against a very specific administrative decision of the EPO: the denial of the unitary effect of an EP. In practice, actions contesting such an EPO decision are likely to be of particular importance compared to actions brought against the EPO's other administrative decisions pursuant to Art 9(1) EPUE Reg. Nevertheless, according to the classification set out in the Rules of Procedure, actions pursuant to Rules 85 ff are treated as the normal scenario to which Rule 97 refers in some cases.


Objective To establish a colorectal cancer(CRC) cell line with stable over-expression of has-miR-27 andexplore the roles of miR-27 b on CRC cells. Methods The DNA fragment of hsa-pre-miR-27 b that was amplified fromhuman genome by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was digested and cloned into the p LVTHM vector. The recombinantplasmid p LVTHM – miR- 27 b was comfirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing. 293 T cells werecotransfected with p LVTHM –miR-27 b, ps PAX2 and Pmd2.G. After up-regulated miR-27 b expression, cell growth ability invitro was determined by dimethyl thiazolyl diphenyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay and Transwell analysis were performed. Results The confirmed recombinant plasmid p LVTHM/miR- 27 b by sequencing was transfected into 239 T cells to product thelentivirus p LVTHM/miR-27 b. Human CRC cells, SW480, were infected with the lentivirus p LVTHM/miR-27 b to product acell line SW480/miR- 27 b with stable over- expression of miR- 27 b. Ectopic over- expression of miR- 27 b promoted cellproliferation and invasiveness of SW480 cells. Conclusions The recombinant lentivirus vector p LVTHM/miR-27 b results inthe stable over-expression of miR-27 b in infected SW480 cells, which provides a useful cell model for further studies of theeffect of miR-27 b in CRC.


Abstract Buffaloes in Iraq represent the most productive animal since its domestication in Mesopotamia about 1 pre-historic era recently, domesticated buffaloes all over country go through drastic factors from (1980_2006), such as (gulf wars, marsh drainage, rinder pest plaque, economic blockade ) which are attributed to widely changes in animal environment ,geographical sites, and dangerous decline in buffalo population accompanied by reduced fertility and feed shortage, resulted in switch of buffalo raising and started to work on another easy jobs .lastly American war in 2003 lead to marsh return and finally ethnic-fighting release, so thousands of buffalo breeders (Madan) started a big mass moving from hot-spot area around Baghdad countryside villages nearer to conflicting sectors in Anbar and sallah aldin provinces towards southern marshes (natural habitats before along time). This new theater encouraged Iraqi government represented by Ministry of agriculture through three involved companies to put strategic plane for buffalo development in future.


Adriamycin was given by arterial infusion to 32 patients with different types of advanced cancer. The drug was used for inducing the first remission. In responsive cases maintenance treatment was given with conventional agents. Twenty‐six patients were adequately evaluable. Seventeen patients adequately treated showed objective improvement and 7/17 regression >50%. Head and neck cancer was the disease most sensitive to adriamycin by arterial infusion. Of 32 patients receiving adriamycin, 23 had one or more side effects, 14 had morbidity, and 2 patients died. In comparison with other conventional drugs, adriamycin by prolonged arterial infusion produces a higher percentage of side effects and not a higher percentage of therapeutic response.


This article examines interorganizational variation in determinants of police arrest decisions. Drawing on Wilson, we identify four types of police agencies by cross-classifying levels of bureaucratization with professionalism. Evidence from the analysis indicates that factors influencing arrest decisions are conditional on the organizational contexts in which such decisions occur. In different types of police agencies, officers respond to similar situations differently. Hence, "global" decision-making models are we incomplete than incorrect. We argue that consideration of the contexts within which discretion is exercised is necessary for advancing our understanding of decision-making in justice system agencies.


Lithium indium diselenide (LISe) is a semiconductor that holds promise for neutron imaging sensor technologies because of its high neutron absorption efficiency and its corresponding ability to discriminate between gamma rays and neutrons. However, being a semiconductor, LISe may not be sufficiently radiation hard for practical application in radiation hard environments. Therefore, a systematic evaluation of the changes in material and electronic properties of LISe after high neutron fluence exposures is investigated. Herein, the characterization methods are utilized which included UV–vis, X‐ray diffraction, radioluminescence, Raman, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), current–voltage, and neutron sensing. Characteristics of LISe material that appeared in the literature are identified herein along with several that are expected to appear based on theoretical analyses. The results obtained show clear changes in the material properties of LISe after neutron exposure up to a fluence of 1016 n cm−2. However, LISe is still able to sense neutrons above the background at 1016 n cm−2, suggesting that LISe may be suitable for use in neutron imaging sensors at neutron imaging facilities.


A vertically-faced 90 degree wedge-shaped pier on the Rideau river in Ottawa has been instrumented to measure ice impact forces. The pier is fitted with a frame which allows various sensors to be used to measure ice impact loads. The pier is located on a reach of the river in which ice cover removal is managed in the late winter. This facilitates determining the size, velocity and properties of ice floes impacting the pier. Measurements have been made for three winters with two different types of ice sensors. A Maximum impact force of 50 kN was obtained from direct measurements and a maximum local impact pressure of 6 MPa over an area of 0.01m2 was indirectly estimated.


A self-propelled vehicle with telescopic loading arm 30 includes a rigid frame 32 carried by two front axles 1 and backsheets 2, a cabin 33 and a driving support 31 of articulation of the telescopic loader arm 30 disposed in front of the cab 33 . The chassis 32 carries a first compartment 34 containing a motor 21, internal combustion engine and a radiator 23, a second compartment 35 containing two fluid reservoirs board and fastening means (36) adapted to receive an agricultural tractor equipment.


This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of the application of accounting information systems, financial accounting standards and partial use of information technology on the quality of financial reports and to test and analyze the application of accounting information systems, financial accounting standards and the simultaneous use of information technology on the quality of financial reports. The variables of this study consist of independent and dependent variables. The independent variable of this research is the application of accounting information systems, financial accounting standards and the use of information technology, the dependent variable is the quality of financial statements. The population in this study is the corporate taxpayers in the city of Yogyakarta with a sample size of 100 respondents. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. The data collection method used a questionnaire. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the application of accounting information systems, financial accounting standards and the use of information technology partially had a significant effect on the quality of financial reports. Simultaneously the application of accounting information systems, financial accounting standards and the use of information technology have a significant effect on the quality of financial reports. The effect of understanding the application of accounting information systems, financial accounting standards and the use of information technology on the quality of financial reports is 23.8%. The rest is influenced by other factors, namely 76.2%, which were not included in this study.


After 6 months of fantastic experiences as a houseman at a London teaching hospital, I was thrust into the new foundation year two (FY2) job application process. While struggling through the application form I decided it was time for a change. The North West Thames Foundation School offered their FY1 trainees the opportunity to train abroad for FY2. They stipulated that the year abroad should be structured in a similar way to UK-based FY2 jobs and include completion of all necessary assessments such as mini-clinical evaluation exercises and directly observed procedural skills.


Predictive models are required to provide the bending set point for bending for the flatness control devices at rolling stands of finishing mill of Hot Strip Mill (HSM). A simple model for roll stack deflection at the finishing mill has been illustrated where a modified Misaka's equation has been used to obtain mean flow-stress. Investigation has been performed to understand the effect of width of roll on roll stack deflection. The bending on the deflection has been found to have a positive effect to reduce the amount of the stack deflection. The results from the sensitivity analysis of the roll width on roll deflection are also described. Keywords: hot strip mill (HSM), finishing stands, mean flow stress (MFS), continuously variable crown (CVC), shear stress, bending.


There is a growing interest in the relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth. It resulted mainly from the development of endogenous growth models. Well developed financial intermediation can promote economic growth through increase of capital productivity and efficiency of transformation of saving into investment. While many empirical studies have investigated the hypothesis, they mainly cover the relationship between banking development and economic growth. Although other financial intermediaries are growing in importance and among them insurance companies too, there are a few empirical researches on their contribution to economic growth. The aim of this work is to examine if the insurance sector plays a growth-supporting role while controlling for other influences on economic growth. In order to provide the empirical evidence we are going to specify simultaneous system of equations and apply a cross-country data analysis using data from European countries.


In this discussion of the need for tribal participation in transportation policy, the following subjects are examined: the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) authorization of four regional tribal centers; the establishing of state/tribal ties; the historical contacts between Indians and Non-Indians; land use planning; jurisdiction; what the tribes want; and the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21).


We have shown earlier the F-box protein, OsFBK1, mediating turn-over of a cinnamoyl CoA-reductase, OsCCR14, to regulate rice anther and root lignification. Currently, we have identified OsATL53, a member of ATL family of RING-H2 proteins interacting with OsCCR14 in cytoplasm. OsATL53 was identified in the same Y2H library screening as reported before for OsCCR14. OsATL53 has been found to have a cytoplasmic localization and has E3 ligase ubiquitination properties. SCF OsFBK1 mediates turn-over of OsATL53 in cytoplasm and nucleus, while of OsCCR14 in the nucleus as validated by cell-free degradation assays. In presence of jasmonic acid (JA), which plays a role in anther dehiscence, confocal FLIM analyses demonstrate OsATL53-OsCCR14 undergoing conformational changes that trigger the complex to accumulate around the nuclear periphery and signals OsFBK1 to initiate degradation of the proteins in respective cellular compartments. Biochemically, OsATL53 decreases enzymatic activity of OsCCR14 and sequesters it in the cytoplasm thereby regulating the lignification process. Knock-down rice transgenics of OsATL53 display increased lignin deposition in the anthers and roots vis-a-vis wild-type, while those of OsCCR14 have decreased lignin content. These data show OsATL53 affects activity of OsCCR14, and their JA induced degradation by SCF OsFBK1 regulates lignification of rice anthers and roots.


This paper presents a comparison among the bee colony optimization (BCO), differential evolution (DE), and harmony search (HS) algorithms. In addition, for each algorithm, a type-1 fuzzy logic system (T1FLS) for the dynamic modification of the main parameters is presented. The dynamic adjustment in the main parameters for each algorithm with the implementation of fuzzy systems aims at enhancing the performance of the corresponding algorithms. Each algorithm (modified and original versions) is analyzed and compared based on the optimal design of fuzzy systems for benchmark control problems, especially in fuzzy controller design. Simulation results provide evidence that the FDE algorithm outperforms the results of the FBCO and FHS algorithms in the optimization of fuzzy controllers. Statistically is demonstrated that the better errors are found with the implementation of the fuzzy systems to enhance each proposed algorithm.


The algorithm of check gates operation for different schemes of water demand of offtakes as well as the hydraulic performances of the conveyance main canal under the condition of constant downstream depth operation was studied by means of numerical simulation. The operation schemes of the check gates includes: the gates opened in sequence,synchronously opened and reversely opened in sequence. The hydraulic characteristics to be studied are water level deviation upstream of the check gates,hydraulic transient duration and check gate operation duration. The results show that the shortest check gate operation duration can be attained if the gates are to be opened in sequence and the longest is happened to the scheme of check gates opened reversely in sequence. The shortest hydraulic transient duration happened to the scheme of synchronously opened and longest duration is corresponding to the scheme of opened in sequence reversely. As for the water level deviation upstream of the check gates,it exhibits nearly the same for three modes of operation.


This study proposes a step-down converter based on the non-synchronous series-capacitor buck converter. Instead of the regular capacitor of the series topology, the Valley-Fill
 capacitor-diode structure is inserted in order to extend the step-down conversion ratio of the converter from D
/2 to D
/3, which leads to a gain ranging from 0 to 1/6, since the maximum allowed duty cycle is D
 = 0.5. The power stage employs only two active switches, five diodes, two capacitors and two inductors. The study investigates the mechanism of the Valley-Fill
 structure, analyses the pulse width modulation stages during a switching period, theoretically derives the gain considering ideal and non-ideal components, characterises the current distribution for the inductors and the voltage and current stresses among the power semiconductors and capacitors of the power stage. The proposed topology will be qualitatively and quantitatively compared to state-of-the-art step-down converters with similar gain. The study includes simulation and experimental results for a 300 V/12 V prototype up to 100 W of power and operating at 100 kHz switching frequency.


Purpose: The aim of the work was to determine the effectiveness of the modification of the epoxy resin strength and elasticity by Wood's alloy particles addition. Design/methodology/approach: Manufacture method of thermosetting polymer matrix composite materials reinforced with the Wood's alloy particles was searched. First of all mixing conditions were differentiated to obtained good dispersion of reinforcement in polymeric matrix. Microscopic examination of samples cross-sections was performed in order to search the structure of prepared composite materials. The strength and elasticity of composites were investigated using compression test. Findings: The results of the compression tests and their analysis are presented. The paper also presents microscopic images of structure of prepared composites. Research limitations/implications: Presented research was limited to composites in the form of small samples. The developed technology of this type of composites preparation is limited to small volumes because of sedimentation process action. Practical implications: Materials with low melting point alloy content show many possible applications. First of all they are materials with higher thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity than standard polymeric materials. Conducted research programme showed that these materials exhibit also good mechanical properties. Originality/value: Preparation method of thermosetting polymer matrix composite materials reinforced with the Wood's alloy particles fabricating method was developed. Composites with good mechanical properties were obtained. Microscopic examination of samples cross-sections in order to search the structure of prepared composite materials was performed. Composites with small particles evenly dispersed in epoxy matrix were achieved.


Based on what is currently known about BVD, the author recommends BVD vaccine as a regular part of the preventive medical program for cattle.


Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Physics & Engineering at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2009.


Objective:To study the pharmacokinetics of salidroside liposomes in rats.Method:SD rats were divided into control group with salidroside solution and experimental group with liposomes.Plasma concentrations of salidroside in rats after intragastric administration were determined by HPLC.The pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated by DAS2.0.Result: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of liposomes and solution of salidroside were as the followings:t1/2β were(13.19 ± 0.60),(5.16 ± 0.19)h;AUC0-12were(4.75 ± 0.69) and(2.68 ± 0.74) μg.mL-1.h-1.Conclusion: Salidroside liposomes could release the drug slowly.


A mammogram classification method based on adaptive contrast enhancement combined with residual network is proposed to address the problem that the image features of architectural distortion on mammography images are not obvious and easily overlap with breast glandular tissue and background structures. Firstly, the dataset samples are increased by data augmentation to avoid the overfitting problem caused by insufficient samples in deep learning. Secondly, the adaptive contrast enhancement algorithm is used to improve the image contrast and enhance the image defects. Finally, the residual network model is used for training, testing and validation. The experimental results show that the method has good classification effect, with accuracy and sensitivity reaching 0.8704 and 0.8782, respectively.


Social entrepreneurship represents a new organizational form reflecting a time of societal change. The concept of social entrepreneurship has in recent years received an increased academic interest ...


Background: Despite national guidelines recommending CBT for psychosis (CBTp) as standard of care for individuals with psychotic disorders (Dixon et al, 2009), CBTp remains under-implemented in the United States, as fewer than 0.1% of mental health care workers in the United States are competent in the intervention (Mueser and Noordsy, 2005; Mueser, 2015). Since 2014, investigators at the University of Washington have implemented a CBTp workforce development initiative, which has led to the certification of 60 clinicians in CBTp.

Methods: This presentation will describe 2 implementation model enhancements designed to improve uptake and sustainment of CBTp at community mental health agencies: (1) a stepped care approach to CBTp implementation and service delivery and (2) adaptation of a biomedical telehealth consultation platform.

Results: Stepped care approaches have been appropriated for psychological therapies as a way of bridging the significant gap between the demand for evidence-based care and the available supply (Bower and Gilbody, 2005). As applied to CBTp, the stepped care model engages mental health providers with a spectrum of skills and abilities in varying levels of CBTp interventions, which are then administered based on clients' needs and preferences. To accomplish the goal of broadening the reach of CBTp implementation while simultaneously enhancing engagement and learning strategies, a platform called Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) was adopted to connect Washington State mental health clinicians—particularly those in rural areas—with expertise in evidence-based care for individuals with psychosis. Project ECHO is a service delivery and outcomes research collaboration aimed at building professional capacity to improve health care for underserved populations with the most challenging health problems (Arora et al, 2011). Video interface facilitates iterative guided practice and regular didactics, enabling clinicians to build proficiency in CBTp more quickly, resulting in both enhanced clinical outcomes and localized and self-sustaining expertise.

Conclusion: The empirical rationale for each of these enhancements will be provided, and preliminary implementation data will be reported on 2 large, multisite community mental health agencies in Washington State.


Abstract Activity measurements of selected soil enzymes (cellulase, glucosidase, amidohydrolase, phosphatase, arylsuIfatase) involved in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and suIfur cycling in the biosphere, hold potential as early and sensitive indicators of soil ecological stress and restoration, These measurements are advantageous, because the procedures are simple, rapid, and reproducible over time. Enzyme activities are also sensitive to short-term changes in soil and kind-use management. Enzyme activities have also been observed to be closely related to soil organic matter proposed as an index of soil quality.


We investigate the combinatorics of real double Hurwitz numbers with real positive branch points using the symmetric group. Our main focus is twofold. First, we prove correspondence theorems relating these numbers to counts of tropical real covers and study the structure of real double Hurwitz numbers with the help of the tropical count. Second, we express the numbers as counts of paths in a subgraph of the Cayley graph of the symmetric group. By restricting to real double Hurwitz numbers with real positive branch points, we obtain a concise translation of the counting problem in terms of tuples of elements of the symmetric group that enables us to uncover the beautiful combinatorics of these numbers both in tropical geometry and in the Cayley graph.


Lytic Lesion of the Clivus Following Intranasal Narcotic Abuse: First Case Report and Review of the Literature
Intranasal narcotic delivery is increasingly frequent due to avoidance of intravenous injection from fear of HIV and because of availability of prescription drugs to treat chronic pain syndromes. Extensive destruction of the midfacial structures has been reported for over a decade.This is the first reported case of clival erosion related to intranasal narcotic abuse. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware of this potential complication because delayed detection and ongoing abuse can result in progressive damage and diminished success of attempted surgical repair.


Layer upon layer: Solar-to-fuel conversion through water splitting is among the most challenging and growing fields in present day science. Herein, a report is highlighted that successfully demonstrates an efficient photoanodic system utilizing simple and low-cost tungsten-doped bismuth vanadate on single- or double-junction amorphous silicon photovoltaic in a tandem configuration.


This project in data base management and design has two purposes. The first, and most important purpose, is to learn the fundamentals of data base development from the standpoint of the Data Base Administrator and those of data base usage from the programmer's viewpoint by using the COBOL language and the COBOL Data Base Management System. The second purpose is to develop a system to be used by the Computer Science Department of The University of Mississippi for computer-aided instruction.


The article is the first in a series on asphalt concrete pavement compaction techniques and equipment. It lays some groundwork for the series by defining basic terms, by discussing the general reasons that proper compaction can help extend the life of asphalt pavements, and by touching on ways in which proper compaction can troubleshoot specific pavement problems such as cracking, rutting, oxidation, stripping and deformation.


At statistically authentic level of supervision to involvement of physical natural medical factors of Anapa (aero-, andheliotherapy, sea procedures, landscape therapy, dosed out swimming, mineral water «Anapskaya», etc.) for compensation of bronchospasmodic syndrome and normalization of external breath function, mucociliary clearance at children with mucopurulent bronchitis the modelling innovative approaches was carried out at children during their rehabilitation in Sanatorium «Bimlyuk» (Anapa). Decreaset of inflammatory process in bronchial tubes was potentialized by means of information and wave influence of the device of «Khrono» by V.B.Simonenko's technique (2001) and intramuscular of ozone and oxygen injections -О3/О2 mixes at concentration of 10-40 mg / l in the volume of 10-20 ml by F.G.Barantseva's technique (2002).


The main goal of this paper is the study of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in multimode fibers, at 1550 nm wavelength, cw operation, in order to build high power IR fiber lasers. Two theoretical models are considered, the usual plane wave model and a modal model, developed in this paper. The theoretical results for SBS threshold and SBS reflectivity are compared with the experimentally determined values. Good agreement was obtained when using the mode structure analysis.


Optical three dimensional imaging method to measure oxygen tension in the retina is described in this paper. Oxygen tension maps were generated from phosphorescence lifetime images using a frequency domain technique in which the phase relation between the modulated excitation laser light and sensitivity of the imaging camera was varied. A series of two-dimensional phosphorescence section images were acquired and used to reconstruct depth-displaced en-face images of the retina. These images were then used to create three dimensional oxygen tension maps of the retina. This phosphorescence image technique is non-invasive, and information for all pixels is obtained at the same time, so no pixel to pixel scanning is required. The method was tested in four rats while those rats breathe 10 %, 21 %, and 50 % oxygen. A noticeable variation (27 ± 4 mmHg for10 %, 53 ± 7 mmHg for 21 %, and 139 ± 34 mmHg for50 %) in oxygen tension in retinal artery was observed under different breathing conditions. This technique may potentially [1, 5] aid in the understanding of retinal oxygen dynamics under different physiologic states and in health and disease.


Document library has become a historical miniature. Now the modern library has become a combination of socialized cooperation and information service.The modern library is one which has digital resource of information and network to pass information.The change of the library from the traditional to the modern one expresses how the liberary develops and changes.


Our knowledge of the sponges of the Indian region is still in its infancy. The only area which has been studied somewhat extensively is the Gulf of Mannar by various
spongologists like Carter (1880, 1881), Dendy (1905), Burton (1930, 1937) and Rao (1941). Besides these, some occasional reports are there about the sponges of
Madras or of Gulf of Kutch ; but such infoirmation often is too fragmentary when the vast shore line of about 4800 km of India is taken into consideration. With the idea of studying the Indian sponges in a comprehensive manner, the
present author took up this work in 1964. Collections from various parts of India by the author himself over the years have been supplemented by those forwarded by many other scientists from different parts of the country including Andamans and Laccadive Islands. The Mandapam region, however, has been surveyed in greater detail, with particular stress given to the Palk Bay, since the sponges of Palk Bay is poorly known.


Concerning the limited capacity of working memory and drawing on Skehan's (1198) Limited Attentional Capacity Model, this paper explored the effect of planning time on Iranian EFL writers' performance in the different contexts of elicitation. Forty-one Iranian EFL learners in two contexts (university and institute) were asked to write in an argumentative genre under different planning time conditions (pre-task planning and online planning). The results from evaluating the participants' textual outputs in terms of three language production aspects, namely complexity, accuracy, and fluency, revealed a significant effect of planning time on the learners' written performance. The pre-task planning, by reducing the cognitive loads on working memory, helped the learners to have better performance in terms of fluency during the task completion. However, the planning process did not exert statistically significant differences on the complexity and accuracy of the written productions. Given the context of elicitation, the results indicated a significant effect on the participants' written performance in terms of complexity and accuracy. Moreover, significant interaction effects were found between planning time and context. The findings of this article shed more light on understanding the effect of the planning process as a major cognitive component of the writing process in second/foreign language learning. Furthermore, the results of the study have pedagogical implications for utilizing planning process to improve writing performance of the language learners.