Objective to analyze the clinical effect of surgical treatment forthoracolumbar burst fracture.Methods A retrospective analysis was made for 121 cases treated with different surgical operations and followed-up by more than two years.Results That severity of injury,operational pathway,bone grafting or not,and different bone grafting was the facts that affect surgical outcome.Conclusion There are many factors that affect surgical outcome of thoracolmbar burst fracture.To get good operative effect,individualized surgical way should be applied for different cases.


BACKGROUND: Methods of platelet preparation may alter the recovery and survival characteristics of platelets following transfusion. As suggested by a recent clinical trial, platelet recovery may be better preserved with apheresis platelet preparations than with platelets prepared from whole blood by the platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) method.


The effects of admixtures and air entraining agent on mechanical property,frost resistance and resistance to chloride-ion penetration of concrete are investigated.The results show that,proper air content can improve the durability of concrete,but concrete strength decreases with increasing air content;Admixtures,including silica fume,slag and fly-ash,can improve the mechanical property,frost resistance and resistance to chloride-ion penetration;Combining admixtures with air entraining agent,the cumulative effect of materials is generated to improve the mechanical property and durability of concrete,which is a better way to be adopted in severe cold district.


In this contribution, PID controller is designed for position control of DC servo-motor using Integral-Square-Error (ISE) minimization. The ISE to be minimized is first written in terms of alpha and beta coefficients. This formulation of ISE requires only fixed numbers of alpha and beta coefficients in contrast to conventional formulation of ISE in which integration upto infinite time is needed. The ISE thus formulated is minimized using Luus-Jaakola (LJ) optimization algorithm. Further, the results of proposed method are compared with Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) settings. It is found that the proposed method is performing better when compared to ZN settings.


This study is aimed to determine effects of glass powder on fresh properties of self-compacting mortars. Self-compacting mortars incorporating glass powder (SCMGPs) were designed with a water/binder ratio of 0.40 and a total binder content of 550 kg/m3. At first, the control mixture was produced with 20% fly ash and % 80 cement of the total binder content without using the glass powder. Then, glass powder was used in the proportions 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% instead of fly ash in the mortars. Mini-slump flow and mini-v funnel tests experimentally investigated on SCMGPs to compare the effect of fly ash and glass powder. With increasing the amount of glass powder used in SCMGPs increased the amount of superplasticizer used to obtain the desired mini-slump flow diameter. So, the use of glass powder reduced the flow ability of SCMGPs in comparison to fly ash. Additionally, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the mortar mixtures were determined at the 28th day. The test results indicated that the mechanical characteristics of SCMGPs improved when the fly ash was replaced with glass powder in SCMGPs.


Both dynamic viscosity (n′) and elasticity (G′) of middle ear effusion were measured with an oscillating sphere magnetic rheometer and compared with the degree of conductive hearing loss in 65 ears of 40 children. There was a significant correlation between n′ and the magnitude of the air-bone gap at 500 and 1,000 Hz, but there was no significant correlation between G′ and the magnitude of the air-bone gap at 2,000 or 4,000 Hz. No significant correlation was noted between G′ and the magnitude of the air-bone gap at 500,1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 Hz. These results indicate that the n′ of middle ear effusion has an effect on the amount of hearing impairment at frequencies below 1,000 Hz.


The generic diagnosis of Zelandobius and the diagnosis for the Furcillatus Species Group are given. The male and nymph of Zelandobius alatus are described and the female redescribed. Z. crawfordi and Z. edwardsi new species are described. The male of Z. kuscheli is described and the female redescribed.


Investigations of wear resistance and tensile strength of steel products with diffusional zinc coating obtained in zinc powders with a nanocrystallized surface of powder particles were carried out. The effect of the structural state of the coating on the wear resistance and adhesive grasping with a steel counterbody was established. The prospects of the nanogalvanizing process to improve the strength of steel products are shown.

The development of technologies in modern machine building aims at improving the mechanical and technological properties of the materials. The present study presents an improvement in the mechanical properties of low carbon steels by thermoffusion coatings with nanofibers obtained under different heat treatment regimes. Depending on the type of heat treatment and the size of the zinc particles, different gradient layers can be obtained in depth. This of course reflects positively on the chemical resistance of the material. In addition, it positively affects the mechanical properties of the material by increasing mechanical strength and technological properties by improving the resistance to plastic deformation. With these first studies, there is an impetus for another look to improve the properties of low-carbon steels that are widely applicable in the field of machine building.


Using the water and ethylene glycol mixtures with volume fraction of 36.5%,48.7%,59.0% and 71.2% as the dielectric of the coaxial transmission line, experimental research on the breakdown of mixtures when the inner conductor was charged negative voltage in microseconds was conducted. the breakdown strength,breakdown time,relative permittivity and resistivity of the mixtures as a function of volume fraction was studied. Compared the mixture of 71.2% to the mixture of 36.5%, the results show that the breakdown strength increased 25.1% and the breakdown time delayed 10.49%,but the relative permittivity decreased 7.91%. Furthermore, the breakdown strength of mixtures increased with the decrease of the charge time..


Evaluation studies are a cornerstone of police-related research. They pave the way for 'evidence based' policing and serve to gear police organizations and the development of police law, regulations and practice towards thorough review and accountability. Evaluation studies are of particular relevance in times when financial restraints push for reforms of police and policing. All three issues – evaluation research, police reform, and fiscal crises – figure prominently in this volume of Police Practice and Research. The first paper, 'Scandinavian police reforms: can you have your cake and eat it, too?' by Lars Holmberg, demonstrates the central role of evaluation. The paper sets out a typology of police reforms and their goals and presents a framework of analysis that brings to the surface both the intended and unintended consequences of reform. Possible types of police reform are split into organizational, methodological, and cultural changes. All are directed towards evaluation, with the goal of adopting new public management methods as a leading rationale. The author then describes recent police reforms in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden and summarizes evaluation research accompanying the reforms. The analysis underlines the salience of broadly conceived, multi-method surveys as a basis for assessing the consequences of reform. Besides some similarities in the specific rationales pursued by Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish police reforms, the text also identifies differences. Certain performance indicators seem to carry the risk of manipulation. Observation of inflated clearance rates through the adoption of performance friendly rules evidently is not only a Scandinavian problem: it points to a general phenomenon which must be responded to by introducing clear standards and quality controls. The topic of evaluation is also at the center of the second paper of this issue, Brian Lockwood and Brian R. Wyant's 'Who cares who protects us? The relationship between type of police coverage and citizen satisfaction with the police.' The authors examine how municipalities should respond to police budgetary cutbacks. Possible responses include reductions in the number of local police, the consolidation of local police forces into larger units, and coverage by state police. All weaken local police structures and increase distance between the public and those delivering police services. Two American states, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, are studied in order to unveil the effects of different responses on public satisfaction with police. The study thus makes use of a natural experiment. Analysis of survey and municipal level data revealed that consolidated service delivery brings increased levels of satisfaction when compared to state police and local service delivery. The finding that consolidated service delivery may be accompanied by more satisfaction compared with locally organized services certainly deserves attention. The public might be amenable to cost saving in times of financial crisis and not only accept consolidation but even welcome it. Martin A. Andresen and Kevin C. Y. Lau contribute a paper on 'An evaluation of police foot patrol in Lower Lonsdale, British Columbia.' The study uses a time series design, which is an important tool in evaluation research and presents another


In this paper, a unified approach for developing streamline tracing method is proposed based on piecewise polynomial pressure approximation functions. It is designed for the numerical schemes that solve the pressure solution at grid blocks while the interior velocity field remains unknown. The suitable velocity approximation functions are derived through analytical differentiation of pressure functions. They better represent the relationship between velocity field and pressure distribution in reality, satisfy the Laplace equation everywhere in a grid block, and ensure local mass conservation and normal flux continuity. Based on different polynomial pressure functions, the Trilinear/Bilinear and Cubic streamline tracing methods are developed. Additionally, a piecewise parabolic velocity reconstruction method is proposed to extend the application of the Cubic method to first‐order numerical schemes. The accuracy and efficiency of the newly proposed methods are evaluated through comparing it with the Pollock and the high‐order method in terms of velocity approximations and computational cost in numerical cases. Comparison results indicate that the Cubic method delivers the most accurate results at the same computational cost.


Graduate project is an important and integrative part of undergraduate education.In this paper,the current problems existing in graduate project of military universities are analyzed,as well as the reasons.Based on those above,suggestions on improving the quality of graduate project are put forward,among which different directing methods for students of engineering technology and integrated training according to their own characteristics are emphasized.Finally,the graduate project practicing production in our laboratory validates the methods.


Abstract The effect of asphaltene contained in Maya heavy crude on the deactivation is studied. Different heavy feeds are prepared by the mixing of Maya with desulfurized diesel. A standard NiMo catalyst is used in a batch reactor to evaluate hydrodemetallation (HDM), hydrodesulphurization (HDS), and asphaltene (HDAsp) conversion. Textural properties of the spent catalysts are studied by pore size distribution and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Metals and coke deposition on the deactivated catalysts are also measured. It is found that HDM and HDAsp activities decrease with increasing concentration of asphaltene in feed, whereas the opposite trend is observed in the case of HDS. Both deposits of coke and vanadium on the catalyst's surface increase with the concentration of asphaltene in feed. The presence of asphaltene is the main reason to decrease surface area and total pore volume and hence it causes deactivation.


A visual poem is the poem in which the normal arrangement of poetic lines have been changed and the normal order of sentence has been reversed with separated images stressed by pictures created with words. English and Chinese visual poems are similar in symbolization of feeling and imagery of words. They can produce aesthetic perception in several aspects such as variation of word order and cohesion of text.


During the period 1907–1930, the American pictorialist Edward S. Curtis photographed some eighty American Indigenous peoples for the 2,200-plus photogravures published in his twenty-volume encyclopedia The North American Indian. From the appearance of the first volumes until the 1990s, the Curtis oeuvre experienced a scientific, artistic, academic, and popular reception that was polarized by a true/false dichotomy concerning the nature of its content. Inevitably the issue of veracity also permeated the various discourses on the corpus, which oscillated between sometimes abysmal credulity (the idolatrous stance) and a near-paranoid obsession with tracking down the false (the revisionist approach and the iconophobic stance). But why has a so blatantly falsified body of photographs so often been assessed in terms of its reality quotient? After proposing a panorama of the critical trajectory of The North American Indian followed by a historiographic overview, this article sets out to break free of the true/false straitjacket by suggesting a new heuristics bearing on the hitherto unexplored aspects of the Curtis oeuvre.


This paper suggests that a global dimension provided by a comparative assessment of world cities brings home very strongly that London's prospects will be intimately bound up with its ability (as people, city, economic sectors, environment etc.) to cope with a rapidly changing world characterised by increasing competition from new sources and more complex trading relationships. For a mature city like London, its experience in international markets and trading relationships will stand in good stead. In the long term, however, London will need to be vigilant, flexible, and have forward-looking (planning) strategy if it is to face successfully a harsh competitive environment provided by the new global melting pot in which Europe is evolving as principal bloc. The paper presents the main findings of a study by the London Planning Advisory Committee (LPAC) entitled "London: World City" (published by HMSO, 1991). For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 859357.


Many devices of today's information technology like personal computers and personal digital assistants require a memory with fast readand write-times and a low cost per bit. State of the art DRAMs are the only mature circuits fulfilling these requirements. Continuous shrinking of device dimensions is necessary to improve the productivity and hence to reduce the price per bit even further. At the same time, the storage capacitance of a DRAM cell remains the same for every generation which leads to three dimensional capacitors with very high aspect ratios and therefore to high series resistances. According to the ITRS roadmap, the commonly used poly-crystalline silicon will have to replaced by a higher conductive material from the 70 nm generation onwards. In this work, a stack of poly-crystalline silicon and thin metal is proposed as a suitable replacement for pure silicon. A full analysis procedure for metal-gate MOS-structures is developed that allows to identify problems during processing and to extract physical parameters of metal electrodes. Quantities gained from device simulations of MOS-capacitors enable an automatic extraction of flatband potential and physical oxide thickness within an accuracy of 1-2 Å as compared to ellipsometric measurements and IV-analysis. An improved model for the gate-leakage current is presented that describes the measurement data accurately for all voltages and for all gate oxide thicknesses under study. To apply the analysis procedure, a new test chip and pertinent process technology is developed which enables the fabrication of metal-gate MOS-structures on short loops as well as on fullyintegrated wafers. TiN-gate structures are successfully used to characterize a TiN-atomic layer deposition process, to identify process problems and to eliminate them. The thermal stability of pure metal gate-electrodes is found to be insufficient for deeptrench DRAM applications. A stack of 25 nm poly-crystalline silicon and 20 nm TiN is identified as a suitable low-resistance deep trench fill that is thermally stable up to 1050 ◦C. To integrate this stack into DRAMs, the metal has to be deposited into deep trenches with a good step coverage. A tungsten silicide chemical vapor deposition process is investigated with the result that the major challenge is identified as the simultaneous reaching of good step-coverage and a thermally stable composition. A regime for such a deposition process is proposed which, however, lies beyond the parameter space available with the tool employed in this study. On the other hand, a TiN atomic layer deposition process is successfully modified to give 70% step coverage in trenches with an aspect ratio of 40:1. Using this process, deep trench short loops are fabricated that withstand a 60 s anneal at 1050 ◦C while reaching the target values for the maximum allowed leakage current and the minimum capacitance. In summary, results presented in this thesis enable the fabrication of low-resistance deep trench fills for deep trench DRAM-capacitors.


This paper describes how the recent bombings of public transit systems in London, Madrid and Mumbai have emphasized transit's open and accessible nature. Coupled with large numbers of riders, transit can be a vulnerable and enticing terrorist target. However, transit leaders continue to assess threats to their systems and manage the risks by taking steps to improve security. Only by identifying security risks and threats can the many security vulnerabilities be mitigated and eliminated. Today, security measures are at the top of transit's capital spending priorities. Every transit property around the world has renewed its commitment to security by accepting the challenge to develop the myriad of solutions necessary to counter threats to both new and existing systems. This paper provides a basic understanding of how effective security measures can be quietly integrated into existing infrastructure, and how new designs and construction can reduce terrorist targets without exposing the project's threats and vulnerabilities to the general public. Many of this paper's recommendations are based on the authors experience managing security on a myriad of large transit projects around the world.


The article discusses ways of improving the system of state financial support for innovation. The purpose of the article is to study the state financial support for innovation activities, as well as analysis of reforming public financial support for the implementation of innovative projects. When writing the article were used such methods: statistical, comparison method and generalization, the dialectical method of deduction and ekonometrichny methods. The results can be used by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.


The role of cardiac computed tomography (CT) in clinical practice is constantly evolving. Early machines were only capable of measuring coronary calcification. Advances in temporal and spatial resolution, especially the introduction of 64-detector rows, now mean that high-quality non-invasive angiograms are possible in most patients. This review will outline the capabilities and limitations of coronary artery imaging with CT, and also highlight areas that differentiate CT from X-ray angiography, including direct plaque visualisation and potential vulnerable plaque identification.


Lahuradewa lake deposits, adjacent to the Lahuradewa archaeological site were rich in diatoms, going back to about 10 kyrs. The diatoms are grouped into four categories, namely, planktic, benthic, paddy field and anthropogenic-influenced. The variation in planktic and benthic forms reflects changes in the water budget of the lake in response to the change in rainfall, viz. more planktic in humid phases and less planktic in dry phases. These changes correspond to the changes identified by other proxies, namely phytolith. Paddy field diatoms are present in good numbers since about 8 ka along with anthropogenic diatoms; their numbers increase during dry phases and decrease in humid phases. This supports the contention that humans were living in this area since early Holocene and agriculture activity started around 8 ka. Presence of paddy field diatoms in lake sediments is rather unique. It is argued that the lake margin was used for paddy cultivation. Intermittently, sediment and organic remains namely paddy field diatoms, rice phytoliths and grass microcharcoal were washed from lake margin agricultural fields into deeper parts of the lake to be preserved in lake sediments.


Low-carbon non-quenched-tempered martensitic steel was prepared by adding low carbon and suitable alloyingelements such as Mn, Si and Cr. The results indicated that the low-carbon lath martensites together with retained-austenitefilms, which stably existed between the martensitic laths, could be obtained by normalization at 1 000 ℃ after forging. Thesteel with the above-mentioned microstructure showed very high strengths of s = 1 620 MPa, b = 1 704 MPa and goodplasticity of 5 = 12.12% in the condition of omitting tempering.


Structured mode of professional writing is a strategy used by many a teacher of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to help ESP learners to become familiar with the skill of writing. One of the disciplines where such structures become critical is the legal profession, and specifically, Letters of Demand, whose confidential nature has discouraged its study in academic contexts. The study titled Move Analysis of Sri Lankan Legal Letters of Demand for Teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP), analyzed 30 authentic legal Letters of Demand to identify patterns of organization. The Constructivist Grounded Theory methods were intersected with the move analysis to analyze emergent moves and steps of the letters. The results yielded four obligatory moves and an optional move used in such letters. The results of this study would contribute to the body of knowledge of ESP genre analysis and move analysis and to the field of teaching English for Legal Purposes.


Channel spacing halving and multi-channel apodisation of sampling fiber Bragg grating (SFBG) based on moire effect are demonstrated, which are realized by stretching and double exposure in fabrication of the SFBG. The experiment and theoretical analysis showed that the channel spacing could be halved when the period of moire grating was four times of the period of sampling and the initial phase difference of two exposures was even times of ?. The multi-channel apodisation could be realized when the period of moire fringe was twice the length of SFBG and the initial phase difference of two exposures was odd times of ?. A novel method to control the initial phase difference of two exposures is presented in this paper. Usingthis technique, we fabricated two SFBGs with channel spacing of 50 and 100 G by a same phase mask and an apodized SFBG with channel spacing of 100 G.


Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is demonstrated for the Mn and Re tricarbonyl complexes, [M(Me2OQN)(CO)3(CH3CN)] (M = Mn or Re) containing the 5,7-dimethyl-8-oxyquinolate (Me2OQN–) ligand. In comparison to the related 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) reference complexes, [M(bpy)(CO)3(CH3CN)]+ (M = Mn or Re), the Me2OQN–-based precatalysts exhibit an onset of catalytic current with the input of one less equivalent of electrons. This behavior is attributed to the formal Me2OQN(•/−) redox couple which contributes toward each catalytic cycle in tandem with the formal Mn(I/0) and Re(I/0) redox couples. In addition to computational support for synergistic metal–ligand redox cooperativity, electrochemistry (cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis), spectroelectrochemistry (FTIR and EPR), and pulse radiolysis coupled with time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (PR-TRIR) provide structural insight into the electronic properties of the one-electron- and two-electron-reduced species..


This thesis uses panel data for the years 2005-2013 for 290 Swedish municipalities toinvestigate the impact of refugee immigration on unemployment levels with a specificfocus on local market charac ...


The background of this research is the difficulty of students in writing anecdotal texts. Writing is one aspect of language skills. Students are not optimal in writing anecdotal texts. Did the mind mapping method succeed in improving the skills of writing anecdotal texts? To find out the results of applying mind mapping methods to learning to write anecdotal texts. Researchers use the method of pre-experimental designs (One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design) as a research design that applies the initial test and final test. The results of this study compare before and after being given treatment to students with the results of the assessment of learning implementation Students who are better able to write anecdotal texts using the mind mapping method in the learning process. This is evident from the results of the average pre-test score of 63.65 and the average post-test score of 78.84. Paired T-test sample test through SPSS shows that the value of sig.0,000 <0.05 means that there are differences in the results of the pre-test and post-test values after being treated. This means that mind mapping is good for writing anecdotal texts. Writing anecdotal text using the mind mapping method was successfully implemented.


The study on the wooden structure of the roof of the former Salt Warehouse in vico Malatti 13, in ancient Genoa port area, presented here, is part of a broader research plan including PRA (university research project) 2016 "The archeology of architecture in the restoration site" of DAD – Dipartimento Architettura e Design of Genoa (Italy) with Universidad del Pais Vasco - Facultad de Letras, Departamento de Geografia, Prehistoria y Arquelogia (Spain), PRA 2018 "Conservation and restoration: methods of analysis and strategies of monitoring" of DAD (Genoa-Italy) with CISAPSI - Coordinamento Intercomunale Studi e Analisi del Patrimonio Storico della Svizzera Italiana (Fado-Switzerland) and PRA 2019 "Conservation and restoration: methods of analysis and strategies for the maintenance of the material and restoration: strategies for a quality project" of DAD (Genoa-Italy). The roof under study has a special structure: the trestle structure. This building tehnique was very common in Genoese context between the 15th and 18th century. Nevertheless this technique had not yet been widely studied. Another very special feature, the roof remained almost intact since 17th century, when it was built. The difficulty of access and direct inspection of the roof structure, combined with the need for constant monitoring for its conservation, required a particular methodological effort, and an analysis procedure was identified making use of several sources and multiple tools. Beside the characterization and technological specificity of this roof, the methodological aspect is a very interesting one, as it could be adopted also in other similar contexts.


E VOKED trigeminal nerve potentials in normal cats and monkeys have been reported2 Alterations of trigeminal nerve potentials associated with chronic overreaction to tactile facial st imulation in cats have also been described. 4 However , these chronic animals took 3 to 4 months to prepare and large numbers of animals were required in order to obtain a significant number of good preparations for subsequent recordings. A new preparat ion therefore seemed desirable in which during the course of an acute experiment overreaction to tactile facial st imulation could be produced and simultaneous records could be obtained of evoked trigeminal nerve potentials. This report describes electrophysiologic recordings of trigeminal nerve potentials from 60 cats in which overreaction to tactile facial s t imulat ion was produced during the course of acute experiments.


The unknown functions u ^ u2 denote concentrations of two components in the three component metal system and <pa, a = 1,2, are connected with the thermal treatment, d . are the J coefficients of diffusion. The system (*) was deduced by Kirkaldy in [3],[4]. In general case d . depend on (x,t) and on the unknown concentrations In this paper we admit coefficients d . constant and so obtain rather explicit a] results. The unknown functions (p , a = 1,2 to be determined from the overspecified data, and either <pu = <pa{t) , or (Pa(x) • Problem I: Determine the pairs of functions (ua'*>a)' ua = uo ( x , t )' i>a = i>a(t) satisfying the following initial-boundary value problem: (1) Pa(u1,u2) =<pa(t), a=l,2 inn, 32u. 3u a = 1,2,


We consider the high-dimensional linear regression problem, where the algorithmic goal is to efficiently infer an unknown feature vector <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta ^{*}\in \mathbb {R}^{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from its linear measurements, using a small number <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of samples. Unlike most of the literature, we make no sparsity assumption on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta ^{*}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, but instead adopt a different regularization: In the noiseless setting, we assume <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta ^{*}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> consists of entries, which are either rational numbers with a common denominator <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q\in \mathbb {Z}^{+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (referred to as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q-$ </tex-math></inline-formula>rationality); or irrational numbers taking values in a rationally independent set of bounded cardinality, known to learner; collectively called as the mixed-range assumption. Using a novel combination of the Partial Sum of Least Squares (PSLQ) integer relation detection, and the Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovász (LLL) lattice basis reduction algorithms, we propose a polynomial-time algorithm which provably recovers a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta ^{*}\in \mathbb {R}^{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> enjoying the mixed-range assumption, from its linear measurements <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Y=X\beta ^{*}\in \mathbb {R}^{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for a large class of distributions for the random entries of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, even with one measurement (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n=1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). In the noisy setting, we propose a polynomial-time, lattice-based algorithm, which recovers a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta ^{*}\in \mathbb {R}^{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> enjoying the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q-$ </tex-math></inline-formula>rationality property, from its noisy measurements <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Y=X\beta ^{*}+W\in \mathbb {R}^{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, even from a single sample (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n=1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). We further establish that for large <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and normal noise, this algorithm tolerates information-theoretically optimal level of noise. We then apply these ideas to develop a polynomial-time, single-sample algorithm for the phase retrieval problem. Our methods address the single-sample (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n=1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) regime, where the sparsity-based methods such as the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and the Basis Pursuit are known to fail. Furthermore, our results also reveal algorithmic connections between the high-dimensional linear regression problem, and the integer relation detection, randomized subset-sum, and shortest vector problems.


The article discusses the problems, challenges and approaches to the social reality modeling. Reflective–measuring and imitative-prognostic models are considered in detail. It provides insights into a range of social and humanitarian challenges which may be solved by qualitative and antitative models.


Quantum dynamics of in-plane Josephson junctions between two d-wave superconducting films is described by the anisotropic XY-model, where both quasiparticle and Cooper pair tunnelling terms appear to be equally non-local. Applying a combination of the weak and strong coupling analyses to this model, we find compelling evidence of a dissipative phase transition. The corresponding critical behaviour is studied and contrasted with that found previously in the conventional (s-wave) Josephson junctions.


This study explores the relationship between performance pay and stress. Stress is conceptualized, according to the transactional theory of stress, in challenge and hindrance stress. The main research topic concerns whether performance pay is a stressor that could be appraised as challenging and hindering, and to what extent individual risk preferences play a role in this appraisal. Furthermore, the effects of challenge and hindrance stress on effort are examined. An experimental design (N=35) is used to address the research questions. Even though the research question remains unanswered, this study offers practical guidelines for future research. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 4 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Performance pay and stress ........................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Individual risk preferences and the appraisal of stress under performance pay ............................ 8 2.3 Challenge and hindrance stress and effort ..................................................................................... 9 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Research design ........................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Sample ......................................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Procedure ..................................................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Measurement instruments ............................................................................................................ 14 3.5 Data analysis strategy .................................................................................................................. 15 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................. 18 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................... 23 5.1 The design of the experiment ...................................................................................................... 24 5.2 Measurement constructs .............................................................................................................. 25 5.3 Practical implications and directions for future research ............................................................ 26 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix 1: Questionnaires .................................................................................................................. 31 Questionnaire Risk Aversion ............................................................................................................. 31 Questionnaire for measuring challenge and hindrance stress ............................................................ 32 Appendix 2: Instructions experiment .................................................................................................... 34 General instructions: .......................................................................................................................... 34 Instructions before the different rounds ............................................................................................ 35 Appendix 3: experimental design .......................................................................................................... 36


Clopidogrel is used to achieve sustained platelet inhibition in ischemic stroke patients (1). 3-Hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors also reduce the stroke events (2). We hypothesized that an interaction between clopidogrel and 3-Hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors would decrease P2Y12 receptor and inhibit platelet activation by acting on lipid rafts (3,4). To test this idea, we evaluated the effect of coadministration of atorvastatin on the inhibition of platelet activation in ischemic stroke patients receiving clopidogrel. Twenty ischemic stroke patients (13 atherothrombotic, 7 lacunar; mean age 68 ± 12, 65% male) receiving clopidogrel with dyslipidemia were recruited. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, and the study was approved by Tokai University Ethics Committee. Blood samples were taken before, and at twoweeks and two-months after the administration of 10-mg/day atorvastatin. PAC1, CD62P, and WBC-platelet complex were quantified by means of three-color flow cytometry, according to our previous reports (5–8). Coadministration of atorvastatin for two-months significantly reduced LDLcholesterol from 143 ± 26 to 92 ± 20 mg/dl (P < 0·01). No significant difference in PAC-1-positive platelets beyond the cutoff value was observed (Fig. 1a). However, the percentage of CD62Ppositive platelets beyond the cutoff value was significantly reduced by coadministration of atorvastatin for two-months, compared with clopidogrel alone (Fig. 1b, P < 0·05). The percentage of WBCplatelet complex beyond the cutoff value was also significantly reduced by coadministration of atorvastatin for twoweeks and two-months, compared with clopidogrel alone (Fig. 1c, P < 0·05). The suppression of CD62P may suggest that the translocation of P2Y12 receptors away from lipid rafts, due to reduction of lipid rafts by atorvastatin (4), inhibits platelet activation by suppressing adenylate cyclase activation via Gi (9). Further, WBC-platelet complex is associated with expression of P-selectin (CD62P), which mediates adhesion of platelets to leukocytes (10). Our results indicate that coadministration of atorvastatin in ischemic stroke patients receiving clopidogrel further enhances the inhibition of platelet activation.


Abstract Noise measurements have been performed on a-Si: H Schottky diodes with Au and Pt metal contacts. The noise was found to exhibit 1/f n behaviour with 0.7 < n < 1.3. The theory of flicker noise in intrinsic a-Si:H is further developed for Schottky diodes. The dependence of the noise on temperature and mean d.c. current is explained on the basis of this theory. It is shown that the measurements provide a means of calculating the density and distribution of the gap states. The results are found to be in good agreement with other techniques. They also suggest the presence of a peak in the gap-state density. around 0·4 eV below Ec .


The common properties of risk in long tunnel fires are high temperature, extreme difficulty of evacuation, rescue urgency and obstacle to rescue operation. Therefore, a complete ventilation design is an indispensable safety measure. Hsueh-Shan Tunnel is the longest in Taiwan, the fifth longest in the world. On May 7, 2012, a serious tunnel fire caused two deaths and numerous victims suffered from smoke inhalation injury. Apart from this, there was smoking entering the cross-passages and shafts which were important for evacuation. In this research, the current ventilation system in Hsueh-Shan Tunnel was simulated with FDS (fire dynamics simulator) software, and the statistics of smoke, visibility and temperature profile were analyzed. The results of this research showed that, with the current ventilation system, the time was shorter and the distance was longer for the smoke spreading windward than in other models. Furthermore, the visibility of windward victims was more affected and the temperature above the fire source was higher than those in other systems. When the wind speed in tunnel is within 2.0~4.0 m/s, the condition for turning off the ventilation fan within 250 m upwind from the fire source can be prominently reduced to 50 m upwind from the fire source. This not only could avoid plume disturbance but also could be maintained. If victims' evacuation should be given the highest priority, it is recommended to straightly activate the maximum power of the fan. Language: en


The invention relates to an intramode insert injection molding method. The method comprises the following steps of: selecting materials and machining processes of an intramode insert according to the complexity of an internal structure of a shell; preparing a plastic product mold; performing injection molding on the selected materials in the plastic product mold; and performing surface treatment on the appearance of a molded product according to the appearance requirements of the product. By the method, the technical problems that the product produced by the conventional injection molding method is heavy, has high molding difficulty, low efficiency, high reject ratios and low appearance treatment performance and cannot be produced in batches are solved. The intramode insert molded by the method can adapt to a complicated internal structure of the shell, larger space is provided for an appearance design while the structural intensity is improved, and production efficiency is improved simultaneously.


Significance
 This relates to its declining efficiency, increasing tensions among its members and pressures from the political parties to influence high-profile judicial investigations involving former Presidents Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner (CFK, now vice-president) and Mauricio Macri. The recent election of Horacio Rosatti as its president has been welcomed by the judiciary as a positive move that could improve the Court's functioning.

 Impacts
 Changes in the Supreme Court will exacerbate the lack of dialogue with the executive branch.
 Judicial decisions with significant political implications cannot be ruled out before the next presidential election in 2023.
 The government's confrontational approach towards opposition parties will make it difficult to select a replacement for Highton.


The increasing development of oligonucleotide (ON) based pharmaceuticals necessitates the design of new separation protocols allowing impurity determinations next to the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Because of the rapidly increasing number of structural and chemical variations in ONs up to 30 bases long, conventional 1-D based separations are insufficient for adequate impurity mapping. Capillary gel electrophoresis (CE) has demonstrated to be a reproducible technique capable to separate (n-1) ONs fragments involving predominately a separation by size mechanism. Alternatively HPLC allows the separation of ONs not only based on their size but also on their nucleotide composition. Ion-paring reverse phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) and ion exchange liquid chromatography (IEX-LC) have been widely used for the analysis of ONs<20 mer. Nevertheless, a general limitation in both LC techniques is the loss in resolution as the ONs length increments. By the combination of LC and CE an orthogonal methodology capable to differentiate ONs fragments by size and by nucleotide composition can be obtained.


One case of malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with internal malignancy has been presented and the suhject of malignant acanthosis nigricans has been revieived. The patient who was 50 year old man had been affected generalized hyperpigmentation with pnpillomatosis especially on forehead, neck, axilla, umbilical area, anogenital area, palm and soles and associated with highly malignant adenocarcinoma of stomach. Diagnosis was confirmed by characteristic clinical appearance, explorative laparatomy and histopathologically


Adolescent clinic clients who were given packs of emergency contraceptive pills to have on hand had a higher rate of use of the method during a six-month follow-up period than did their counterparts who had to go to a clinic to obtain it (44% vs. 29%) but the groups did not differ in their routine use of contraceptives or levels of risky sexual behavior. These patterns did not differ from those observed among young adult women and patterns of use among adolescents younger than age 16 were similar to those among older adolescents. Researchers studied participants in a 2001-2003 trial among young women using clinics in the San Francisco Bay area who were not pregnant did not wish to become pregnant and were using oral contraceptives barrier methods or no method of contraception. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a pharmacy group who were given instructions on how to get emergency contraceptive pills directly from a pharmacy without a prescription and free of charge; an advance provision group who were given three packs of the pills in advance; and a clinic access group who were told to return to the clinic if they needed emergency contraception and who served as controls. At baseline and again six months later participants were questioned about their contraceptive use and sexual behavior and were tested for pregnancy and for chlamydia and herpes simplex virus type 2. (excerpt)


The present invention discloses a multiphase flow pattern identification method. Method of identifying Multiphase Flow pipe of the present invention, comprising the steps of: detecting a sound signal generated in the test pipeline multiphase flow stream, if the sound signal is stationary, then the multiphase flow is the flow pattern stratified flow pattern, if the sound signal is volatile, then the multiphase flow through a batch-type flow pattern. Lack of prior art non-visible oil duct - Multiphase Flow of gas multiphase identification method, the detection result of only one of the two methods are not very accurate. The method of the present invention, accurate detection results, and easy to operate.


This study specifically examines wall see-through visualization for drivers at blind corners to prevent crossing collisions. We believe that realizing the desired effect with the simplest visualization is a key to building practical systems, although previous studies mainly targeted rich visualization as if the wall were actually transparent. We compared several visualization levels using qualitative and quantitative measures based on performance of the driver's collision estimation and the meaning assignment to visual stimuli. The results revealed that displaying only the direction of the obscured vehicle by a small circle is sufficient for collision estimation, although it was perceived as less informative. We also obtained a preliminary result indicating that the meaning assignment performance is significantly lower in a peripheral region of the driver's view. Although both collision estimation and meaning assignment performance are necessary for building an effective system, these results clarify that future studies must specifically examine the meaning assignment performance of the stimuli.


We present a k-partite graph learning algorithm for ontology extraction from unstructured text. The algorithm divides the initial set of terms into different partitions based on information content of the terms and then constructs ontology by detecting subsumption relation between terms in different partitions. This approach not only reduces the amount of computation required for ontology construction but also provides an additional level of term filtering. The experiments are conducted for Hindi and English and the performance is evaluated by comparing resulting ontology with manually constructed ontology for Health domain. We observe that our approach significantly improves the precision. The proposed approach does not require sophisticated NLP tools such as NER and parser and can be easily adopted for any language.


A research is made on the electromagnetic field intensity in the work environment and electrical equipment based on the field test results of power-frequency electromagnetic field intensity in 500 kV substations.And the distributing law and characteristics are found.Protection and management measures against electromagnetic fields are also provided with a view to ensuring employees' and public health as well as promoting the safe and economic operation of enterprises.


Closed-loop control of an integrated dual-inverter to drive two permanent magnet motors independently is presented and evaluated experimentally. By utilizing the neutral point of the three-phase main motor, only two inverter legs are needed for the two-phase auxiliary motor. A modified field oriented control scheme for this integrated inverter was introduced and employed in real-time control. Experimental results show that the inverter is able to control two drives independently. An integrated, component-count-reduced drive is achieved.


ABSTRACT In 1968–1969, A. V. Jategaonkar published his famous constructions of left but not right noetherian rings that provided counterexamples to several important conjectures of that era. These examples, and others like them, seemed to indicate that, in general, the task of completely understanding the structure of indecomposable injective modules over one-sided noetherian rings was hopeless. In this paper I show how to deduce by natural methods, directly from the known description of these rings and their properties, explicit computational descriptions of the indecomposable injective left modules over Jategaonkar's rings. I use these explicit descriptions to answer some simple structural questions about the indecomposables. The structure of indecomposable injective modules over a commutative noetherian ring has been well understood since the work of Matlis[10] in the 1950's. There is a natural correspondence between the indecomposable injectives and the localizations of the ring, and the structure of the indecomposables is preserved by the localizations. An indecomposable injective is the union of an ascending chain (of order type at most ) of extensions by finite dimensional vector spaces. In the case of non-commutative (one- or two-sided) noetherian rings, the connection between the structure of injective modules and the behaviour–-even the possibility–-of localization remains (see, e.g., Jategaonkar[4] for an extended argument as to why this is so), but very little is understood about how the indecomposable injectives are put together in general. Indeed, the book of Jategaonkar just cited provides ample evidence that indecomposable injectives over one-sided noetherian rings can have wildly varying kinds of structure, and that some examples may be, in some sense, inaccessible to our understanding. In remarking about the difficulties associated with one-sided noetherian rings, Jategaonkar[[4], p. 91] says "Our decision to work with Noetherian rings rather than right Noetherian ones is often dictated by the exigencies of the situation under consideration. We note though that, after Jategaonkar (69) [that is[3], of the current bibliography], an attempt to stay with right Noetherian rings at all costs is generally regarded as futile." The family of examples developed in the paper cited are important and fascinating: they simultaneously provide counter-examples to a handful of different conjectures of the time, and they illustrate how strongly the left ideal structure of a ring can be disconnected from the right ideal structure of the ring. Nonetheless, they do not provide examples of indecomposable injectives that are difficult to understand or impossible to describe. It is the purpose of this paper not only to describe the indecomposable injectives over these badly behaved rings, but to convince the reader that the structure of the indecomposables is easily and naturally deduced from elementary facts about injective modules combined with the description of the rings themselves. In actual fact, this latter task would take up far too much paper for the family of rings in[3]. Instead, I start with a much simplified version of these rings, the ring treated in Example 3.3.8 of Jategaonkar's book.[4] This ring is just a homomorphic image of the first member of the more general family. After describing the ring, in Sec. 2 I take the reader step-by-step through a natural process (complete with one intentional mistaken initial guess!) that leads to explicit descriptions of the two indecomposable injectives over the ring . The description is sufficiently explicit to make it routine to check, after the fact, that the structures that we have deduced actually are the indecomposable injectives for which we were looking. This is followed in Sec. 3 by showing how this explicit description can be used to solve certain kinds of problems related to the indecomposables. The process of showing how to deduce from elementary facts what the indecomposable injectives look like in the general version of the examples is not any more instructive than the shorter exposition presented for the simple version of the example. As a result, in the final section I content myself with describing the examples and verifying their correctness. This is in fact in itself a fairly lengthy task. I conclude the section by applying the explicit descriptions to analyze some of the internal structure of these indecomposable injectives. The idea that such constructions might be possible was inspired in part by my work on some explicit descriptions of complicated indecomposable injective modules over certain commutative noetherian rings[6] and by example 9.3.7 in Jategaonkar's book,[4] where the same sort of construction is used to build an explicit description in a non-commutative noetherian case. The opportunity to read an early version of Musson's paper[11] also helped. The approach taken here to injective modules is to view them as structures in which we can solve systems of linear equations. For more details on this approach and its history, and in particular on the equivalency with the usual definition, see my earlier paper.[6] Here I just repeat enough to ensure readability of this paper. A linear equation (in variables ) (over a right -module ) is just an -linear combination of the variables in set equal to some constant from . A system of linear equations in possibly infinitely many variables over is a set (again possibly infinite) of linear equations over , each in finitely many variables from . A solution to such a system in some is just an assignment of values in to each of the variables of that makes each of the equations true in . Note that of course a finite system of equations can be presented in matrix form as , where is a matrix over and is a tuple in the right -module . Such a finite system of equations is consistent if for every matrix over (of the right shape) such that , we also have . An infinite system of linear equations is consistent if every finite subset of it is consistent. It is straightforward to see that a system of equations over is consistent if and only if it has a solution in some extension of . A right -module is injective if every consistent system of linear equations over (possibly infinite, with infinitely many variables) has a solution in itself. Baer's criterion for injectivity in this formulation reads: is injective if every (possibly infinite) system of linear equations over in one variable has a solution in itself. I remind the reader that the injective envelope of the right -module is characterized variously as a maximal essential extension of , as a minimal injective extension of , or as an injective essential extension of . (In the language of linear equations, a module is an essential extension of its submodule if and only if every non-zero element of satisfies a non-trivial linear equation over .) The injective envelope of always exists. An injective module is (direct sum) indecomposable if and only if it is the injective envelope of for some meet-irreducible right ideal . Much of the work here has been motivated by my work in the model theory of modules. The main body of the material presented here requires no knowledge of mathematical logic or the model theory of modules, but some of the applications of these results are to problems in the model theory of modules (Sec. 3.1, 3.3). Notation. The symbol is used to denote the submodule ideal, etc generated by " ". Scalar multiplications are indicated by a large dot: . Ordered pairs are enclosed in angle brackets: .


A significant amount of work has been done on corporate law choice and firm value (in terms of share prices, Tobin's Q, or variants), particularly in recent years. These empirical studies of the effect of corporate law on firm value have invariably used econometric methods that treat the decision to incorporate as a random event. Recent research from the U.S. and abroad has recently shown that this decision is far from random. It is quite possible that the magnitude, sign, and statistical significance of the effect of reincorporation on firm value are quite different when the selection effects are considered. Using a prior dataset that enables selection effects to be considered, I show that the accounting for selection effects using Heckman (1976, 1979) corrections is both economically and statistically significant in ascertaining the impact of corporate law on firm value.


Objective To investigate and compare the effects of 17 beta-estradiol or genistein on the deposition of Aβ in the blood capillaries of the estrogen-deficient rat brain.Methods Long-term endogenous-estrogen-deficiency models of SD rat were established by bilateral ovariectomy.Fiftly healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:normal control group(Baseline),sham-operated group(Sham),ovariectomized group(Ovx),Ovx with genistein intervention group(Gen)and Ovx with 17beta-estradiol intervention group(Est).The rats of the 5 groups were sacrified at the 15th week after operation.The expressions of Aβ were showed by the application of the immunohistochemical technique,and investigated by the cell counting and imaging system analysis.Results The numbers and gray scale of the deposition of Aβ-positive cells in the blood capillaries of the hippocampuses in the Ovx group were higher than those in the other four groups,i.e.Baseline,Sham,Gen and Est groups(P0.01).But the numbers and gray scale of Est group,Gen group,Sham group and Baseline group showed no statistical difference(P0.05).Conclusions A long-term deficiency of the endogenous estrogen can lead to a significant increase of Aβ deposition in brain blood capillary,whereas both the 17beta-estradiol intervention and the genistein intervention can prevent it,and the effects of the two interventions are similar.


Various network topologies can be used for deploying High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters. The network topology, which connects switches In cabinets on a machine room floor, is typically defined once and for all at system deployment time. For a diverse application workload, there are downsides to having a single wired topology. In this work, we propose using free-space optics (FSO) in large-scale systems so that a diverse application workload can be better supported. A high-density layout of FSO terminals on top of the cabinets is determined that allows line-of-sight communication between arbitrary cabinet pairs. We first show that our proposal reduces both end-to-end network latency and total cable length when compared to a wired topology. We then demonstrate that the use of FSO links improves the embedding/partitioning capabilities of a wired topology. More specifically, we show that a recently proposed random low-latency topology can be augmented with a reasonable number of FSO links to support multiple k-ary n-cube and fat tree embedded topologies. Finally, we investigate power-aware on/off link regulation techniques and show how adding/reconfiguring FSO links leads to both performance and power efficiency improvements.


In each chapter, after presenting the Philadelphia statistics, the author briefly summarizes the findings of similar studies elsewhere. The book therefore is a valuable guide to all studies made on all the topics covered. The thesis of the book is indicated in its title-that criminal homicide manifests certain regularities or patterns. The last chapter suggests topics for fizrther research, especially to find whether there are other thrcads making up the pattern. HENRY WEIHOFEN Professor, College of Law, University of New Mexico


Innovation clusters represent a concerted effort to bring together research, industry and government in line with the triple-helix framework. Clusters affect and are affected by their regional context where they are located. From this perspective, clusters are regarded as an integral part of regional innovation systems. A regional renewal based on innovation clusters may end up into incremental change, diversification or radical change and may involve the regional government, regional clusters association and cluster organisations. Nevertheless, little is known about how regions drive the implementation of renewal policies based on innovation clusters, differentiating among regional development paths and levels of regional governance. Hence, we collected data according to an embedded comparative case study research design on Lombardy region, where the regional government promoted a triple-helix inspired policy of implementing nine innovation clusters. Findings have both conceptual and policy implications with regard to triple-helix, clusters and regional innovation systems.


It has been pointed out by Professors Matsutaki and Shiga that in my paper "Simultaneous uniformisation" I was subject to the belief that is a Fuchsian group of the first kind (acting on the unit disk D = [\z\ < 1}) is equivalent to the Riemann surface R = / having no "homotopy equivalent extensions". Consequently the preliminary result Theorem 4 is false äs stated. However if one makes the Substitution "... of the first kind ..." = "no homotopy equivalent extension" and of course "... of the second kind ..." = "homotopy equivalent extension" then the reasoning of the paper is valid. This actually yields a stronger Version of Theorem 3 (which also remains true in the stated form, äs does Theorem 2). Consequently Theorem l is proved äs restated with the above Substitution.


One new aspect, introduced in this paper, is the modeling of the human lumbar — a spring is added to the robot to imitate lumbar flexibility and curvature. The Bolzmann machine is used to control robot's posture based on study, and the flexible robot realizes posture control in the self-organizing capacity. The reasonable energy function is defined for the non-linear and strong coupling robot system, then designing the Bolzmann machine controller. The validity of the system modeling and controller design is verified through simulation, experimental results. The flexible robot likes the human being not only structure, but also physiological intelligence.


When violent storms swept through Melbourne in March 2010, hail and torrential rain caused the roof of Melbourne's Etihad Stadium to collapse. Considerable damage was caused to a number of venues within the stadium, most significantly affected was an exclusive dining precinct called the Medallion Club.


Background Impaction grafting can be achieved inside the spinal fusion cages, but its effect on bone graft incorporation and spinal fusion has not been studied. Animals and methods We investigated the effect of impaction grafting on the bone graft healing and fusion potential of ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) inside the carbon fiber reinforced spinal fusion device (Brantigan cage) in 10 Danish landrace pigs. Lumbar spine interbody fusion of L2/3, L4/5 and L6/7 using carbon fiber cages was performed on each pig. Cages filled with either loosely-packed autologous iliac bone graft, rod-impacted autologous bone graft or ß-TCP were randomly distributed to the three fusion levels. Half of the animals were followed for 8 weeks, and the other half for 16 weeks. Results Radiographs and CT evaluations showed that autograft levels had significantly better results than ß-TCP levels (p<0.001 Fisher's Exact Test). However, the difference between impacted and loosely-packed levels was not significant. Histomorphometric analysis showed no difference between the loosely-packed and impacted cages with regard to bone volume, bone marrow volume, cartilage and fibrous tissue volume, while both of the autograft levels differed from the ß-TCP levels in all of the aforementioned parameters. Fluorochrome studies demonstrated that bone mineral apposition rate was significantly higher in the impacted cages than in the loosely-packed cages at 16 weeks. Interpretation Manual impaction of autologous bone graft into the carbon fiber cages resulted in a faster mineral apposition rate by 16 weeks. Bone ingrowth and spinal fusion were not influenced by impaction grafting.


-once and subsequently twice daily. If this were to be done at first with a strong ointment considerable irritationi might ensue, but by beginning with a weak ointment and gradually increasing the strength, little or no irritation is experienced. The treatment conducted in this way may be continued for a considerable time with little or no dliscomfort to tlle patient, and with a very decided effect in clearing up the corneal opacities, more especially if these are of recent origin. As an agent for the relief of pain in diseases of the eye, -as a soothing application in hypersensitive and irritable eyes, and, above all, as the most powerful means at our disposal for the clearing up of corneal opacities, dionine is destined to occupy an i.mportant place in ocular therapeutics. REFERENCES. lDarier, Lepons de Thdrapeutique Oculaire. 2 BRITISH MEDICAt -JOURNAL, 1898. 3 Ophthalmic Review, 1900.


The enhanced ability to detect accurate location and measure the depth of a   metal inside a biological tissue is very useful in the assessment of medical condition and treatment. This manuscript proposed a solution via the measurement of the tissue properties using magnetic induction spectroscopy (MIS) method to describe the characterization of biological soft tissue. The objective of this study is to explore the viability of locating embedded metal inside a biological tissue by measuring the differences the biological tissue electrical properties using principle of Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy (MIS). Simulation is done using COMSOL Multiphysics software for accurate information on the involved parameters for both metal and biological tissues. Simulation has confirmed that MIS capable of detecting and locate embedded metal inside a biological tissue.


Yesternight when I was about to go to bed, an Amanuensis of mine, accustom'd to make Observations, informed me, that one of the Servants of the house, going upon some occasion into the Larder, was frighted by something of Luminous that she saw (notwithstanding the darkness of the place,) where the meat had been hung up before: Whereupon suspending for a while my going to rest, I presently sent for the meat into my Chamber, and caused it to be placed in a corner of the room capable of being made considerably dark, and then I plainly saw, both with wonder and delight, that the joint of meat did in divers places shine like rotten Wood or stinking Fish [...].1


Purpose
This paper posits, develops and tests the effects of general environmental awareness factors on consumers' intentions in the Environmental Awareness Purchasing Intention Model. Environmental awareness is tested within the context of purchasing vehicles and, thus, vehicle relevant factors (perceived quality and self-image) are also included. Further, the purpose of this paper is to explain the relative contribution of general environmental awareness factors on purchasing intentions compared to quality and self-image.

Design/methodology/approach
The main thrust of the research involved a survey of 248 young automobile buyers from a large public university in Texas, USA. The data were analyzed using both multiple regression and partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).

Findings
Environmental attitude has a positive impact on purchasing intention, while perceived control toward environmentally responsible behavior has a negative impact. Results also show a positive impact of quality and self-image on intention to purchase environmentally friendly cars. Furthermore, the results reveal that environmental awareness factors explain less variance than perceived quality. At the same time, the results show that environmental factors, relatively, explain more variance in the decision-making process than self-image.

Originality/value
This is the first study to examine the relationship between general environmental awareness and the intention to purchase an environmentally friendly car. This study contributes to sustainable consumption literature in operations management. The paper also provides insights for developing managerial guidelines for car manufacturers based on the understanding of factors influencing environmentally friendly car purchasing intentions.


As of today, modern software is already provided as-a-service and no longer sold as monolithic application. Tomorrow, with visions as on-the-fly computing, these services will be created automatically, composed from existing services according to the request of a user, based in an actual business domain. Therefore, correctness of such a composition has to be guaranteed on the fly, as well. Verifying software in an on-the-fly context leads to a major challenge: It can only yield results if it is rooted in formal specification. At the same time, verification meets the domains of service description, composition, and knowledge modeling, all using different formalisms with different semantics. Therefore, we need a framework which enables domain knowledge modeling as well as service and composition specification, while at the same time using a shared theoretical foundation to enable formal verification. This thesis provides such a framework. It uses predicate logic as a common ground to build an integrated framework to model knowledge, use this knowledge to create service descriptions, and to define a workflow, or composition, language. Additionally, it lifts compositions to templates, and provides a semantics which is parameterized not only in the logical structures, but also in the possible instantiations of templates in arbitrary business domains. It also provides a sound and complete proof calculus to show correctness of templates. Additionally, it leverages the use of the framework in an on-the-fly context by replacing the need of composition verification with a check of side conditions of a template during instantiation, and by providing an encoding of correctness checks to make use of automatic verification using satisfiability solvers.


This paper considers a single server queue that handles arrivals from N classes of customers on a non-preemptive priority basis. Each of the N classes of customers features arrivals from a Poisson process at rate λ i and class-dependent phase type service. To analyze the queue length and waiting time processes of this queue, we derive a matrix geometric solution for the stationary distribution of the underlying Markov chain. A defining characteristic of the paper is the fact that the number of distinct states represented within the sub-level is countably infinite, rather than finite as is usually assumed. Among the results we obtain in the two-priority case are tractable algorithms for the computation of both the joint distribution for the number of customers present and the marginal distribution of low-priority customers, and an explicit solution for the marginal distribution of the number of high-priority customers. This explicit solution can be expressed completely in terms of the arrival rates and parameters of the two service time distributions. These results are followed by algorithms for the stationary waiting time distributions for high- and low-priority customers. We then address the case of an arbitrary number of priority classes, which we solve by relating it to an equivalent three-priority queue. Numerical examples are also presented.


Dyre, Warren, and Garness (1996) found that heading performance during active control differed qualitatively from heading performance during passive viewing, though it was unclear exactly why. Our study examined the relationships between field of view, mental workload, and heading perception. We assessed heading performance during active control and passive viewing with a 30° field of view (Dyre et al. used 90°). Subjective mental workload ratings were collected to assess its relationship to active and passive perception of heading. We found results contrary to those of Dyre et al. (1996): heading perception was less accurate during active control than passive viewing and the relationship between simulated velocity and heading performance was reversed. Further, subjective mental workload was higher during active control than during passive viewing. These results suggest that field of view is an important optical variable mediating heading perception during active control.


We introduce a specific kind of equivalence relation ${xi^*}_n^{alpha}$ on a fuzzy hypergroup S such that the quotient $S/ {xi^*}_n^{alpha}$, the set of all equivalence classes, is an $alpha$-solvable group. This helps us to introduce the $alpha$-solvable fundamental relation $xi^{*alpha}$. In particular, we obtain an equivalent condition with transitivity of $xi^alpha$.


The present invention relates to a system for evaluating the soundness of a structure based on measured displacement, which comprises a measuring unit which measures the behavior of a structure; a data processing unit which has a data based processing unit, determining the existence of abnormal conditions in a measurement data through trend learning of the measurement data measured by the measuring unit, and a structure interpretation based processing unit, evaluating the soundness of the structure through structure interpretation on measured displacement based on the measured data; and a main control unit which controls that the structure interpretation based processing unit evaluates the soundness of the structure when an abnormal condition in the measured data is determined by the data based processing unit. Therefore, for a structure in operation, when evaluating the soundness of the structure by utilizing various measuring sensors, the system prepared by the present invention can calibrate or verify the measured displacement of other measured data based on measured displacement. [Reference numerals] (100) Measurement unit;(210) Data-based processing unit;(230) Structure interpretation-based processing unit;(300) Main control part


A side wall (105) of a transistor (TrA) is made thinner than a side wall (105) of a transistor (TrB). In the transistor (TrA), a surface of a high concentration impurity diffusion layer (106) and a bottom part of the side wall (105) are at overlapping positions when viewed from a direction of a main plane of a board. A silicide layer (108) is formed only in the high concentration impurity diffusion layer (106). Such limited formation can be realized by forming the high concentration impurity diffusion layer (106) on the transistor (TrA) after forming a CVD oxide film (111) for covering the transistor (TrB) and prior to forming the silicide layer (108). In such manner, off leak characteristics can be improved by the simple configuration, and further, the transistor having the silicide layer and the transistor not having the silicide layer can be formed on the same board at the same time.


Association rule mining is one of the most popular data mining techniques to find associations among items in a set by mining necessary patterns in a large database. However, not all of the generated rules are interesting, and some unapparent rules may be ignored. Efficient discovery of such rules has been a major focus in the data mining research. In this paper, we analyze the measure of support and confidence for mining association rules, from which we find many redundant or unrelated rules besides the interesting ones. We introduce a new proposed framework in order to obtain misleading rules, improving the manageability and quality of the results.


nterval arithmetic versions of cyclic reduction algorithms are introduced for tridiagonal systems of equations with interval coefficients on vector computers. Similarly to the solution of noninterval problems, cyclic reduction is used to replace the recursive Gauss algorithm by a method with some parallelism. Interval arithmetic methods require the discussion of properties which are unknown or irrelevant for the usual real floating-point methods. In addition, the vectorization and the numerical behaviour of interval cyclic reduction differ from those of corresponding noninterval methods. Results of numerical experiments on a CRAY X-MP/24 are included.


Purpose

This study aims to examine the relationship between authentic leadership (AL), affective commitment and individual performance. More specifically, this study aims to understand how AL influences employees' affective commitment, how AL influences individual performance, how affective commitment influences individual performance and how affective commitment mediates the relationship between AL and individual performance.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 212 Portuguese employees participated in this study. A quantitative methodology was used. Baron and Kenny's linear regression method and Sobel test were used to test the mediation relationship.

Findings

The results reveal that affective commitment mediates the relationship between AL and employees' performance. In others words, leaders' authenticity promotes employees' affective commitment, which, in turn, increases their individual performance.

Practical implications

This research has practical implications for human resource management in organizations, particularly in selection processes and training of leaders and managers. Practitioners looking to increase employee commitment and performance can do so by augmenting the AL.

Originality/value

This study enriches the knowledge about the relevance of emerging areas such as AL theory and responds to the need to understand underlying mechanisms linking AL with workers' commitment and performance (i.e. testing the construct's nomological network).


The invention belongs to the field of low-cost coated fertilizers and in particular relates to a slow-release fertilizer prepared by using a hollow ceramic micro-bead coating method and a preparation method thereof. In the preparation method, coal gangue hollow ceramic micro-beads or coal ash hollow ceramic micro-beads, a fertilizer and a binder are used as raw materials in a certain ratio. The preparation method comprises the steps of: soaking the fertilizer in the prepared binder; draining the excessive binder; then uniformly rolling the coal gangue hollow ceramic micro-beads or the coal ash hollow ceramic micro-beads in the fertilizer so that the fertilizer is uniformly adhered to the micro-beads; solidifying to obtain a coal gangue hollow ball coated fertilizer; repeating the steps to realize multi-layer coating. The slow-release fertilizer prepared by using the method is of a multi-layer coating structure and has both slow-release effects and social environment-friendly effects, and is low in cost and wide in application; the preparation method is simple and effective; and the slow-release performance reaches a standard.


Abstract : This is a working paper for IFIP Working Group 2.5 (Numerical Software) to stimulate discussion of a possible group project. The project is to describe the facilities in a programming language that make it useful for numerical computation. The facilities are classified and their importance measured. This paper presents a framework for this project and is an initial draft of the facility descriptions. The opinions and ratings contained here are those of the author and do not reflect a consensus of IFIP WG 2.5. (Author)


Introduction: Trauma is one of the most common causes of death in the world. E-Fast ultrasound can detect the haemoperitoneum, intravenous pneumothorax, and hemothorax. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of E-FAST focused ultrasound in blunt trauma patients referred to the Emergency Department. Methods: In this study 167 blunt trauma patients were included. E-FAST is performed from four standard spaces in terms of free fluid, chest in terms of hemothorax, and pneumothorax. Ultrasound is performed on the trauma patient and the obtained results were compared with the result of the standard gold CT scan test. All patient information including age, sex, mechanism of trauma, patient ISS, E-FAST result, and CT scan result were registered. Results: Overall, 174 patients were included that 45 (25.9%) of them were females. The mean age of the patients was 38.39±12.31 years. E-FAST had a sensitivity of 66.7 and a specificity of 100% in the diagnosis of hemothorax. Also, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 99.4% were detected for 120 people in both normal tests. Conclusion: The results show E-FAST is a suitable alternative to CT scan in the diagnosis of hemothorax, pneumothorax, and free fluid in the abdomen, vulva, and pericardial cavity. Due to portability, safe body, no need for contrast, fast performance, as well as cheapness, and reproducibility, it will be a great help in diagnosing trauma-related lesions and prompt and timely treatment. CT scan should be used only in limited cases and special indications.


Thin film CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells have achieved > 22 % record efficiency and generated solar electricity at a cost as low as 3 US cents per kW.hr in large scale utilities. In this work, the use of ZnO based n-type emitters is considered with the aim of improving the thin film CdSeTe/CdTe photovoltaic device efficiency still further. The measured conduction band offsets (CBOs) between ZnO and CdSeTe are determined to be in the "cliff" conformation. These CBOs will be optimized to achieve a "spike" conformation by incorporating suitable dopants to achieve high device efficiency. This work identifies new pathways to highly efficient ZnO based n-type emitters for arsenic doped CdTe solar cells. In particular, we have identified Sn, Ce and Cs as suitable dopants to generate the preferred 'spike' in the band alignment between the emitter layer and the CdSeTe absorber. Suitably doped emitter layers will be used in device research to reduce the deficit in open circuit voltage.


Aim. To study predictors of coronary arteries (CA) restenosis after stenting in women with coronary heart disease (CHD) and obesity. Material and methods. Totally 57 women included (57,1±7,8 y.o.) with CHD: stable angina II-IV functional class and general obesity I-III grade (body mass index — BMI>30 kg/m 2 ) (33,61±2,81 kg/m 2 ), admitted for planned percutaneous intervention (PCI) with CA stenting. Prospective follow-up performed during 1 year after PCI. As resthenosis of CA we mentioned significant (>50%) narrowing of vessel lumen in the area of intervention. All patients underwent laboratory study with assessment of the main and additional metabolic risk factors and EchoCG with measurement of epicardial fat tissue (EFT) thickness. Results. In 35% (n=19) patients the restenosis of CA revealed. The equation of logictic regression was formulated with the most important complex of predictors for resthenosis: the age (standardized regression coefficient SRC=0,7360), insulin  (SRC=0,4821), and EFT (SRC=0,4224). The proportion of veritable prediction was 86,6%. The square under ROC-curve was 0,865. Conclusion. The model had been developed may be useful in clinical practice to stratify the risk of complications before planned stenting of CA to improve secondary prevention of CHD.


An extensive study was conducted at the Lewis Research Center {o evaluate an isotope Brayton electric power system for use in the 500 to 2500 W power range. " The study cmphnsi/.cd ovcrnll system simplicity In order lo reduce pnrnHltlc power Ion HUH und improve system reliability. The study included detailed parametric cycle analysis, conceptual component designs, and evaluation of system packaging. The study has resulted in the selection of a single-loop system (gas) with six major components including one rotating unit. Calculated net system efficiency varies from 23 to 28 percent over the power range. The use of the Pu-238 heat source being developed for the Multi-Hundred-Watt Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator program was assumed. This heat source is currently under development by the Atomic Energy Commission and is scheduled to fly on a Department of Defense mission In 1974. THE NASA-LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER has been actively engaged in Brayton cycle power system technology since 1963. To'date this technology program has focused on a 2 to 15 kilowatt-electric Brayton system using an isotope heat source (1)*. The goals of llitB program hnvo boon high system efficiency, the (li 'nioMBlnition of long-llfo potential (0 to 10 yr), uiul the establishment of user confidence in Brayton cycle power systems. • Because of the good performance achieved in this program (1), a study of the applicability of Brayton technology to even lower power levels (500 to 2500 W) has recently been conducted at Lewis. Use of the Pu-238 heat source being developed for the MultiHundred Watt Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MHW-RTG) program was assumed (2)**. The study used the 2 to 15 kilowatt-electric Brayton system as a point of departure and strove for system simplicity, high efficiency, and low parasitic losses as design goals. As a result of this study, a power system was selected that has six major components including one dynamic component (a turboalternator compressor). The system consists of .a single loop, no valves, and a simple control and electrical subsystem. The study was approximately a two-man year effort and included a system parametric analysis, a conceptual design of all system components, an evaluation of a simplified control system and rotating unit speed control, an evaluation of system packaging concepts, and estimates of Brayton system cost in the 500 to 2500 watt power range. SYSTEM PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS The Brayton system selected for study is shown schematically in figure 1. This system differs from the 2 to 15 kilowatt-electric Brayton system (B engine) in that the'alternator is either gas or radiantly cooled and cycle waste heat is rejected directly to space through a gas radiator. In the B engine concept, an oil system was used to accomplish the same tasks. Three alternator cooling schemes were employed over ^Numbers in parentheses designate References at end of paper. **The MHW-RTG is committed for use on a Department of Defense mission scheduled to fly in 1974. The MHW heat source is currently under development by the Atomic Energy Commission. the power range studied. At low power, alternator heat was radiated directly to space by means of conducting fins attached to the alternator. Compressor discharge gas was used for cooling at middle power levels, and radiator outlet gas was used at the high power levels. A pnrumotrlc imnlyslH of tho |x>wor system won conducted for a thermal input power range of 2400 to 9600 watts. The ranges of the major system parameters investigated are presented in table 1. The thermal input levels studied were based on the use of from 1 to 4 multi-hundred-watt (MHW) isotope heat sources. Conceptual component designs were obtained so that component weights, pressure drop, and performance could be factored into the systems analysis. The same rotating unit design was used over the entire power range with the simple exception of the method of cooling the alternator. Other component designs varied with the power range. The parametric analysis resulted in the selection of the system design conditions presented in table 2. The 1600° F turbine Inlet temperature was selected early in the study to ensure hardware similar to that which has been successfully operated in the B engine program. The compressor inlet temperature, systeih loss pressure ratio, and recuperator effectiveness were selected on the basis of near-minimum system specific weight... Turbine and compressor efficiencies were based on results from testing of small radial. flow turbomachinery at low Reynolds numbers (3). The base efficiencies of 0.75 and 0.85 for the compressor and turbine were adjusted slightly to take into account the change in Reynolds number with power level. Compressor pressure ratio, workingfluid molecular weight, and turbomachinery rotational speed were selected to achieve good efficiency, reasonably sized turbomachinery, and high system pressure level. A high system pressure level was Important to ensure good gas-bearing performance and to minimize heat-exchanger size and weight. The lower rotational speed of 48,000 rpm was favored as a conservative selection. A system heat loss of 10 percent was estimated for a multifoll vacuum type of Insulation system, similar to that discussed in reference (4). Radiators were designed with a 0.98 probability of no puncture in 10 years. Heat-sink temperature for the radiator was -10° F, which is representative of near-Earth orbit. For high Earth orbit or deep space missions, the radiator sink temperature would be lower, resulting in lower radiator sizes and weights. After the system design conditions were chosen, components were configured and packaged for each of the four gross thermal input powers listed in table 1.


As suggested by the book's title, and the series in which it was published, Guantanamo and Other Cases of Enforced Medical Treatment—A Biopolitical Analysis is a collection of self-standing chapters that focus on a number of controversial cases in which the notions of competence and autonomy have been used to justify enforced medical treatment (or its absence) of individuals in relatively similar circumstances in the US, the UK and Italy. Some of the content of the book was previously published as individual articles, 3 but juxtaposing the cases in the structure of the book affords the possibility of understanding the similarities and the differences between those cases through common biopolitical lenses and why that is so. In the first chapter, I take into account standard versions of the notion of autonomy, stressing their interconnection with other relevant notions such as competence and biopolitics. After a brief historical analysis of autonomy within the Western tradition, I present a number of cases pertaining to the field of biomedicine that are charged with political issues. By stressing on the inconsistency in the application of the notion of autonomy to cases of enforced (or refused) medical treatment depending on specific circumstances, I suggest a possible solution to improve this situation might come from a full-scale understanding and acknowledgement of the political dimension of the individual choices made by authorities, including medical ones. In order to strengthen my critique with more specific references, the next three chapters bring into the picture four scenarios in which the concept of autonomy, and the derived concept of competence, has been applied in a manner open to criticisms due to its inconsistency. In the second chapter, I start with an analysis of the controversial cases that were the initiators of this project: the debate surrounding the acceptability of enforced medical treatment on patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. The unique status of mental illness of anorexia nervosa—where competence is only deemed impaired in special circumstances —led to an assessment of the boundaries of autonomy that Western society consider acceptable. The third chapter follows this track, putting in sharp contrast the way in which the principle of individual autonomy was applied in the Singleton case. Here, Charles Laverne Singleton—a convicted murderer who developed schizophrenia while on death row—was forced to take drugs that would make him sane enough to be executed. In order to make clear how this case begins to connect the political and bioethical areas of investigation, in concluding the chapter, I raise the provocative claim that, if a similar case occurs in the future, our society ought not to be concerned with medicating the mentally ill prisoner on death row. I argue that we should instead just continue with the execution, as this would be the only way to consistently uphold the principles of autonomy and competence we often claim to be defending. The fourth chapter brings in two additional examples of controversial applications of the notion of autonomy. The first example is the Dax Case. Although an old case by the standards of bioethics literature, in this dramatic story Donald 'Dax' Cowart who suffered a terrible accident that left him blind, badly disfigured and maimed was forced to endure a decade of medical treatments that he clearly—and competently—refused, as he did not want to go on with his life. This prioritisation of sanctity of life over the autonomous choice of an individual (and the fact that he retrospectively maintained his initial choice even after returning to a relatively normal life), provide important points for discussion that connect directly with the case of Sami Mbarka Ben Garci, the second example of the chapter. After being charged with rape, Ben Garci—an illegal Tunisian immigrant in Italy— decided to begin hunger striking as a form of protest against what he considered to be a shame he could not tolerate to live with. After a turbulent assessment of his competence by the Italian authorities, his self-inflicted starvation eventually resulted in death. This case opens questions as to why this was tolerated in a country where sanctity of life has historically been given the priority. I put these two cases in the same chapter since, in contrast with the cases considered in the second and third chapters, here there is no reference to any kind of mental illness. Yet the key element that allows for a different interpretation of what was claimed to be the best way to respect the autonomy of the subjects in question, was related to their 'temporary competence'. Once more, the objective of the chapter (and the book) is to shed light over the disparities of treatment between the two cases. The fifth and final chapter continues to analyse the controversial cases of hunger strike, dealing specifically with possibly the most known example in the postmodern world: Guantánamo Bay, connecting even more directly bioethics, politics, (and international law). Guantanamo deserves the final chapter, and specific relevance in the title, for several reasons: its symbolic power, the unique legal status that Guantanamo has within the US law and its direct connection with the world of geopolitics. This last point reinforces the mission of this book: stressing the presence of biopolitical dynamics in cases of enforced medical treatment. Through a close look at this particular case, this final chapter encompasses the goal of the book, which is to use an inelastic juxtaposition of the principle of individual autonomy and sanctity of life to expose how Western liberal societies fail to grasp the profound asymmetry of power relations present in cases of enforced medical treatment.


The demand for qualified teachers with sufficient pedagogical knowledge and skills is high. However, existing teacher education programs do not provide adequate experiences through which to develop pre-service teachers' professional foundations. This study recognized Open Educational Resources (OER) as a means by which to address the issue of enhancing teacher education. The purpose of this study was to propose a framework to be used to integrate OER into lesson design activities for pre-service teachers. In this study, a focused literature review investigated the frameworks of distributed cognition and example-based learning. This review process resulted in a unified framework that provides a description of how pre-service teachers learn with OER at both the individual and cognitive system levels. Four principles and 10 guidelines are provided to guide the implementation of OER-based lesson design activities in real settings. The new framework has the potential to enhance pre-service teachers' Web resource-based professional development.