Matthew Rebhorn. Pioneer Performances: Staging the Frontier. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. x + 207 + 13 b/w illus. $65.00 casebound. A commonly held idea about theater in the United States is that it somewhat miraculously emerged fully formed in the twentieth century with the arrival of works by Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, and Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, among others. All that had come before was merely prologue. A similar idea holds in the popular imagination regarding westward expansion, that only after the frontier had ostensibly ceased to exist at the end of the nineteenth century did the United States fully emerge as a modern entity. While it may be said that each of these overgeneralizations is informed by certain elements of truth, they both have long served to obscure or render irrelevant the many complexities and complications of cultural history in what was in fact a radically transformative century. Both the history of nineteenth-century American theater and the history of nineteenth-century American expansionism are best understood as processes and events marked by often contradictory engagements with dominant ideologies. And in the contradictions, according to Matthew Rebhorn, may be found the keys to appreciating cultural history not as a single path toward inevitability but rather as a constant and vexed negotiation between differently empowered entities. Tracking the performance and reception histories of a variety of widely popular and highly influential theatrical events--including Edwin Forrest's career-defining performance as the title character in Metamora; the long-standing influence of James Kirke Paulding's The Lion of the West; the connection between blackface minstrelsy and cliches about the frontier; and frontier-themed works by Dion Boucicault, Joaquin Miller, and Augustin Daly--Rebhorn's Pioneer Performance offers a much-needed analysis of how the twin paths of frontier and theatrical history intersected over the course of the nineteenth century. Overall, this book makes it abundantly clear that far from being a mere prologue to the twentieth century, theatrical productions in the United States prior to 1900 that focused on the so-called frontier proved vital to the interrogation and articulation of ideas about identity based on race, gender, and nation. In the interest of full disclosure, I will mention that in 2006 I edited a special issue of this journal in which I included an essay by Matthew Rebhorn about the vocal innovations that defined Edwin Forrest's performances of an Indian chief in Metamora. (1) Now expanded and further developed as the opening chapter of Pioneer Performances, Rebhorn's explication of Forrest's challenge to classical, prevailing forms of vocal performance very nicely establishes the grounds upon which to read performances of the frontier as something other than mere reiterations of dominant ideology. Of particular note in this regard is the elegantly simple but frequently overlooked idea that attention to the material evidence of actual performance would almost certainly affect how one reads the extant text of a play. Responding to critics who have read the text with which Forrest worked as a fairly unambiguous endorsement of expansionist ideology, Rebhorn avers that "[b]y exploring the way Forrest constructed his 'savage' voice, we see that in performance the play had a much more qualified and resistant relationship to the juggernaut of American imperialism" (28). In short, Rebhorn argues persuasively that Forrest deserves credit for radically reconfiguring through his theatrical presentation of a Native American that which may be called a quintessentially American voice. Equally compelling is Rebhorn's argument that the foundational precepts of both frontier rhetoric and melodramatic form are subjected to scrutiny and criticism in the blackface minstrelsy of T. D. Rice's farce The Virginia Mummy. Tracing a series of comparisons between Rice's performances and those called for by the text of the widely popular Lion of the West, which tells the tale of a prototypically Davy Crockett-like frontiersman's triumphs over elite society, Rebhorn suggests a tantalizing redefinition of nineteenth-century melodrama that emphasizes the political engagement common to both racial satire and the earnest performance of frontier heroism. …


The eigenvalue equation for the current diffusive ballooning mode in tokamaks is derived taking the geometrical effects, i.e., triangularity and ellipticity into account. The stability boundary is obtained in the strong ballooning limit. It is found that the ellipticity plays an important role on the stability of the current diffusive ballooning mode. On the other hand, the effect of the stabilization by the triangularity appears indirectly through the magnetic well term. The geometrical effect on the transport coefficient is also discussed.


In this paper, we will first summarize known results concerning continued fractions. Then we will limit our consideration to continued fractions of quadratic numbers. The second author described periods and sometimes precise form of continued fractions of $\sqrt{N}$, where $N$ is a natural number. In cases where we were able to find such results in literature, we recall the original authors, however many results seem to be new.


In this paper, we develop an effective method, multicarrier parallel decision feedback decoding (MC-PDFD), to combat the residual ISI (intersymbol interference) effect in OFDM systems employing multi-dimensional trellis-coded modulation (TCM) scheme. The proposed method operates on reduced-state trellises with modified branch metric in order to accommodate OFDM and other multicarrier communications. MC-PDFD combines the tasks of trellis decoding and equalization altogether and removes the residual ISI simultaneously with decoding process. Simulation results show that MC-PDFD works well in different channel conditions with perfect channel information and degrades slightly with non-perfect channel information.


Two dimensional systems offer a unique platform to study light matter interaction at the nanoscale. In this work we report on robust quantum emitters fabricated by thermal oxidation of tungsten disulphide multilayers. The emitters show robust, optically stable, linearly polarized luminescence at room temperature, can be modeled using a three level system, and exhibit moderate bunching. Overall, our results provide important insights into understanding of defect formation and quantum emitter activation in 2D materials.


A commentary on three Symposium articles regarding how to reform the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN") and the domain name system.


THE atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons. By sharing one or more electrons, atoms can join to form molecules. In such a molecule, as a rule, every electron belongs to one or two atoms. This is our idea of a single small molecule, and this picture has hitherto unconsciously governed our thinking in biochemistry. The study of crysbals and metals, however, has revealed the existence of a different state of matter. If a great number of atoms is arranged with regularity in close proximity, as for instance, in a crystal lattice, the terms of the single valency electrons may fuse into common bands. The electrons in this band cease to belong to one or two atoms only, and belong to the whole system. These bands or energy levels are separated from possibly higher levels by forbidden zones. Under ordinary conditions all electrons are within the lowest band. If this lowest band contains the maximum number of electrons (21%, if the number of atoms is w), as is the case with insulators, the electrons will be unable to transport energy. If, however, one of these electrons is raised by the absorption of energy to a higher level, and comes to be in what we call an excited state, where it will move and transport its energy freely, it will be impossible to say which is the atom to which the excited electron belongs, and the whole system can be looked upon as activated. By falling back to the lower level the electron will give off its excess energy and perform work in a place more or less distant from that of the absorption of energy. This is t.he case with certain phosphors, as has been shown lat,ely by N. Rieh12 Here, as for instance in ZnS, the electron, raised to a higher level by a collision with an ~1 particle, can travel relatively long distances and will fall back to a lower level, giving up its energy, where it meets a Cu atom, present as an impurity. Thus the absorption and emission of energy will proceed independently at different places. The problem is whether this state of matter, i.e., common energy levels, exists also in living systems. If it does it can not fail to influence profoundly our biological thinking and open new approaches to research and understanding. Protein molecules are systems built up of a great number of atoms, closely packed with great regularity. So theoretically the possibility exists that within these molecules analogous conditions to those in crystals prevail. The first indication of the existence of such common energy levels was given by the study of photosynthesis, one of the most fundamental biological processes. Emerson and Arnold3 found that 2,500 chlorophyl molecules form one functional unit. Warburg and Negelein4 showed that four quanta are necessary for the reduction of one CO, molecule. There are observations to indicate that these four quanta must reach the CO, molecule simultaneously. Gaffron and Woh15 calculated how many chlorophyl molecules must interact to absorb four quanta simultaneously at the meakest optimal illumination. Their caIculation showed that only one thousand molecules are capable of doing this. These observations indicate that the' electrons, raised to a higher energy level by the absorbed light, can, move and transport their energy freely through the system of chlorophyl molecules. Kubowitz and Haas" have measured the inactivation-spectrum of m-ease, and P. Jordan7 has pointed out that their results are in agreement with the idea that common energy levels exist wit,hin this protein molecule. At present K. Laki and M. Gerendas are engaged in my laboratory in the study of the inactivation-spectrum of fumarase, crystallized by Laki. Their results also indicate that the energy absorbed may leave the place of its absorption and cause a break of links at a different place, thus traveling at some distance through the molecule.8


Integrated mathematical model predicts vibration-damping properties of laminated fiber/matrix composite material from micromechanical level to laminate level. Model accounts simultaneously for wider, more realistic variety of laminate configurations and physical phenomena, including asymmetrically oriented plies, anisotropic fiber damping properties, hygral and thermal effects, and coupling among hygral, thermal, and mechanical effects.


This project is the simulation of page based distributed shared memory originally called IVY proposed by Li in 1986[3] and then by Li and Hudak in 1989[4]. The 'Page Based Distributed Shared Memory System' consists of a collection of clients or workstations connected to a server by a Local Area Network. The server contains a shared memory segment within which the distributed database is located. The shared memory segment is divided in the form of pages and hence the name 'Page Based Distributed Shared Memory System' where each page represents a table within that distributed database. In the simplest variant, each page is present on exactly one machine. A reference to a local page is done at full memory speed. An attempt to reference a page on a different machine causes a page fault, which is trapped by the software. The software then sends a message to the remote machine, which finds the needed page and sends it to the requesting process. The fault is then restarted and can now complete, which is achieved with the help of Inter Process Communication (IPC) library. In essence, this design is similar to traditional virtual memory systems: when a process touches a nonresident page, a fault occurs and the operating system fetches the page and maps it in. The difference here is that instead of getting the page from the disk, the software gets it from another processor over the network.


The present study was designed to investigate power of E.Q and demographics in predicting of academic achievement in gifted student. The basic assumption was to examine whether E.Q, its different components, and demographics could predict academic achievement. The sample group was 60 gifted girls selected randomly from tow secondary centers. The instruments used were Bar- On and demographic questionnaires. Pearson coefficient and backward multiple regression were used for analyzing of data. Result revealed that there is not significant relation between total E.Q and academic achievement, while significant relation were found between one category of E.Q (adjustment) and two components of this category (problem solving and reality testing) with academic achievement. Result on multiple regression analysis showed that, three components of E.Q (problem solving, reality testing and stress tolerance) and one demographic variable (birth order) were the most important for prediction of academic achievement (r=0.59, r2=0.35, p<0.01). Birth order and family size were also positive correlated with academic achievement. Result and implications are discussed.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, academic achievement, giftedness, demographics


The automotive Stirling engine development program is reviewed. Reference engine, component and subsystem development, engine testing, and computer models are summarized.


Foamed stimulation has been broadened to include the use of high- and low-quality (30 to 75% nitrogen) foams for acidizing soluble formations. To insure correct placement of foamed acidizing systems, foamed diverting techniques using high-quality (80 to 90% nitrogen) foamed water systems currently are being employed in several W. Texas and SE. New Mexico areas. Application of these techniques has been successful in both producing and injection wells. The mechanics of these systems is discussed along with comparative results and current cost economics. (20 refs.)


An exhibition of American folk painting: selections from the collection of Mr. &Mrs. William E. Wiltshire III, was shown at THE VIRGINIA MUSEUM RICHMOND, Virginia (29 November 1977-8 January 1978). The 110p. catalogue is notable for the fact that all 51 exhibits are illustrated in colour, and provided with notes, provenances, list of places exhibited, and bibliographic references if appropriate. An exhibition of European landscape painting, mainly from Western museums, was held at THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WESTERN ART, TOKYO (14 September - 26 October 1978), accompanied by a 220p. catalogue, with Japanese text. However the catalogue contains 120 illustrations of which 24 are in colour, which may make its acquisition worthwhile. The MINNEAPOLIS INSTITUTE OF ARTS exhibition of James Tissot prints (25 May — 16 July 1978) was accompanied by a publication declared to be 'the first complete catalogue raisonné of Tissot's prints' as well as catalogue of the exhibition. 88 credited works are documented in the 356p. catalogue, with 200 illustrations. The author is Michael Justin Wentworth.


The growth of interest in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and the greater availability of language learning software have been accompanied by a proliferation of CALL centers, computer-based facilities designed to provide learners with access to this software. In recent years, the emergence of computer-mediated communications (CMC) technologies and their ever-increasing use in language teaching and learning (Paramskas, 1999; Peterson, 1997), together with an increasing number of users, has placed new demands on CALL labs and lab managers. A common response to these circumstances has been the implementation of lab management software tools. These tools provide management features such as remote control, network security, data collection, and troubleshooting. This review will provide an overview of some of the major software management applications compatible with the Mac OS operating system; lab management software available for the PC will not be discussed. The software discussed here is not unique to CALL labs. Nonetheless, it is hoped that the discussion of this software will prove valuable for CALL lab managers and administrators. LAB MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE: FACTORS TO CONSIDER Although the institutional environment faced by the individual lab administrator varies, a number of factors should be borne in mind by practitioners considering the implementation of lab management software applications. Institutional requirements and resources will be a primary concern of lab managers. Thus, the individual lab manager must consider whether the purchase of software management tools is justified, given the size of the lab and usage requirements. Because funding is often an issue for language programs, the cost of software management applications may also be a decisive factor in the selection of tools: Using commercial software in large labs often requires expensive site license agreements, the cost of which may be prohibitive for some institutions. This problem may be overcome to some degree by the use of shareware or freeware programs. The level of computer knowledge required to install and operate a management system may also be a major concern for administrators as well as potential managers. Many of the advanced features included in some lab software require extensive knowledge of computer systems and networks. As a result, the implementation and operation of advanced management tools often requires the presence of trained support staff (Smith, 1993). Thus, the decision to implement such tools may have long-term budgetary implications. Regardless of the software chosen, the need for trained personnel also highlights the importance of planning and maintaining good relationships between managers, faculty and administrators (McVicker, 1997). In the author's experience (Peterson, 1999), relations between network managers, administrators, and academic faculty should be fostered in order for a CALL center to operate efficiently. In addition, managers should consider the functionality and mix of software applications required by their environment. Small labs with limited usage may require relatively few management tools while large open-access labs may require more powerful tools with extensive features such as remote control and monitoring. However, it is important to remember that simplicity is an important goal, as simple systems are often more robust. Thus, programs with numerous advanced features are not always preferable to simple applications. Software compatibility is also a major issue to consider. For example, practitioners should be aware that some of the newer software management packages are not compatible with older versions of the Mac OS. This is frequently the case with older shareware applications, many of which have not been updated to take account for upgrades of the Mac OS. Security considerations are another crucial factor in the choice of management tools (Stevens, 1996). …


Nigeria is a country blessed with abundant sources of energy. The choice of energy for electricity generation in an area has always been influenced by political motives that the proper choice of energy type and the economic advantages are not considered. Due to these wrong foundations the stable power supply has been seen in Nigeria as an impossible target. The paper therefore is aimed at considering the available sources of energy in Nigeria and to suggest the best energy mix that will make this dream a reality. For this reason studies were carried out in some parts of the world as regards to: (i) The sources of energy available, (ii) The energy mix, (iii) The generating sources and the available energy. From the study it was seen that Nigeria primary energy resources are in excess of its domestic electric energy requirements that it should not experience electricity supply inadequacies. One of the solutions to adequate and stable power supply is to have a proper energy mix with proper load projection and good management system. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n13p93


This paper presents practical examples of where problem-specific compartment models have been developed and implemented in AMBER to aid environmental decision making. • An assessment of the disposal of organic pesticides by land spreading to evaluate the protection of surface and groundwater resources. Following a literature review and workshop of experts, a model was developed to provide a scoping assessment and to identify key processes and parameters. • A contaminated land safety assessment integrating 37 areas of contaminated ground into a 3-D site-wide model that included adjacent farmland and marine environments. The assessment demonstrated the safety of the current management and provided input into remediation decisions. • The potential for contaminants released as part of routine effluent discharges to be taken up into the foodchain following the use of contaminated sludge from a sewage treatment plant was addressed with a model of the treatment process and subsequent use of the sludge as a soil improver. • A model of the possible future use of irrigation water potentially contaminated with arsenic, lead and cadmium leached from a proposed hazardous waste disposal facility, and their subsequent uptake in the foodchain was developed as part of the facility's successful submission for regulatory authorisation. These studies illustrate how, by giving the user the power to create compartment models from basics, AMBER has been successfully applied to a wide range of contaminant modelling situations, from generic, research level studies for regulators to detailed site-wide models for site operators.


The feasibility of measuring pesticides by fluorescence method is analyzed on the foundational principle that molecules of organic substance can emit fluorescence when excited by rays.A fiber-optic fluorescent measuring system,which can be used for detecting the organic pesticides' concentration in soil,is put forward based on the technique of fiber-optic sensing and fluorescence analysis.In the system,a pulsed xenon lamp is used as an excitation lamp source,a self-made cone-shape fiber-optic probe for detecting the fluorescence,a small-sized flat field grating spectrometer for dispersing fluorescence,a high-speed data-gathering module for gathering and converting the fluorescent signals.The fluorescence's spectrum of the pesticide is obtained with only one exposure of the system.In this way,the fluorescence experiments on carbaryl of different concentration in soil were done and the working curve and the minimum detecting limit of the system were examined.The results show the system can get high-resolution fluorescence spectra,and has a linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration in the range of 0.005 mg/kg~0.1 mg/kg.and the minimum detecting density(LOD) is 0.005 mg/kg,the relative standard deviation(RSD) is ≤3 %.Consequently,the system can surely meet the need of detecting pesticides' concentration in soil.


The employment status of home-going peasant-workers was analyzed.Aiming at the employment demand in new rural low carbon construction,refer to research achievements and practical experiences of promoting peasant-workers employment at home and abroad,a sound model and implementation countermeasure idea was put forward.


LOPES is a digitally read out antenna array consisting of 30 calibrated dipole antennas. It is located at the site of the KASCADE-Grande experiment at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and measures the radio emission of cosmic ray air showers in the frequency band from 40 to 80 MHz. LOPES is triggered by KASCADE and uses the KASCADE reconstruction of the shower axis as an input for the analysis of the radio pulses. Thereby LOPES works as an interferometer when the signal of all antennas is digitally merged to form a beam into the shower direction. To be sensitive to the coherence of the radio signal, a precise time calibration with an accuracy in the order of 1 ns is required. Thus, it is necessary to know the delay of each antenna which is time and frequency dependent. Several calibration measurements are performed to correct for this delay in the analysis: The group delay of every antenna is measured regularly (roughly once per year) by recording a test pulse which is emitted at a known time. Furthermore, the delay is monitored continuously by the so called phase calibration method: A beacon (a dipole antenna) emits continuously two sine waves at 63.5 MHz and 68.1 MHz. By that a variation of the delay can be detected in a subsequent analysis of the radio events as a change of the phase at these frequencies. Finally, the dispersion of the analog electronics has been measured to account for the frequency dependence of the delay.


The following article illustrates how social change for individuals with disabilities can be made through the legislative process. It first identifies a critical social and educational need for children with disabilities, specifically preschool programming for three- and four-year-olds, and then details how the author, special education professionals, and parents addressed this need. The author recounts a four-year process that concluded with the passage of legislation for a preschool program supported by an appropriation of one million dollars.


The invention relates to a video detection system and a data processing device and a video detection method thereof, wherein the video detection method comprises the following steps: the traffic video flow is acquired, and the acquired video flow is transmitted to the processing device; the processing device extracts recognition ancillary information from each frame of image; and if a car head isdetected in the image according to the recognition ancillary information, the follow-up images are detected and a road traffic information parameter is generated. The invention can achieve full videodetection to the road traffic information parameter, avoid false detection and miss detection caused by vehicle driving over lines, vehicle shadow, outside light change and the like, and increase thedetection efficiency and accuracy. In addition, the invention can also achieve the real-time display of a dynamic image, and the monitoring of road traffic condition.


1. Effect of equivalent sites on the dynamics of bimetallic nanoparticles 2. Synthesis and characterization of alloys and bimetallic nanoparticles of CuNi prepared by sol-gel method 3. Stability, electronic properties, and structural isomerism in small copper clusters 4. Ultrasonic milling and dispersing technology for nano-particles 5. A portable setup for molecular detection by transmission LSPR 6. Preparation and characterization of 1-3 BaTiO3 -PVDF hybrid nanocomposites 7. Effect of ligands on the dispersion of Ni nanoparticles in Ni/SBA-15 hydrogenation catalysts 8. Porphyrin dendrimers 9. Protein adsorption on detonation nanodiamond/polymer composite layers 10. Preparation of polymer nanocomposites with enhanced antimicrobial properties 11. Evaluation of the capacity of granulation in surgical wounds with condensed tannins in matrices of TiO2 12. Cyclotriveratrylene dendrimers 13. Nanostructured SBA-15 materials as appropriate supports for active hydrodesulfurization catalysts prepared from HSiW heteropolyacid 14. The effect of anodization time on the properties of TiO2 nanotube humidity sensors 15. Adhesive energy of zinc oxide and graphite, molecular dynamics and atomic force microscopy study 16. Effect of the nucleation layer on TiO2 nanoflowers growth via solvothermal synthesis 17. Thermal conductivity of composites with carbon nanotubes: theory and experiment 18. Experimental and theoretical studies of boron nitride nanotubes: electric arc discharge and DFT calculations 19. Computational fluid dynamics in the carbon nanotubes synthesis by chemical vapor deposition 20. Conductance properties of multilayered silver-mean and period-doubling graphene structures 21. Nonlinear absorption coefficient and relative refraction index change for an asymmetrical double delta-doped quantum well in GaAs with a Schottky barrier potential 22. Nonlinear optical properties related to intersubband transitions in asymmetrical double d-doped GaAs effects of an applied electric field 23. Hydrostatic pressure effects onto the electronic structure and differential capacitance profile for a metal/d-doped-GaAs.


Abstract Wars have been fought ever since there were human beings around who did not agree with one another. These conflicts continue to this day, with no end in sight. The use of information in warfare is nothing new. Those who had swift access to the best information and were able to act on it the earliest were usually the victors in battle.


This paper investigates Lotka-Volterra system under a small perturbation , . By the Fourier series expansion technique method, the fixed point theorem, the perturbation theorem, and the reversibility, we prove that near the system has a generalized homoclinic solution exponentially approaching a periodic solution.


Based on the requirement of the state's laws and rules on bid evaluation,integrating with the practical experience,the paper illuminates and analyzes several common methods of judgment of bid and it's scope of application.Simultaneously,the paper proposes a new method on judgment of bid with combining quantity and quality,which is called comprehensive judgment method.


To describe the physical, social, educational and employment status and clinical outcomes of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) from multiplex families.


Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels are attractive biomaterials for stem cell culture due to their tunable material properties and mechanical strength. However, the lack of cell adhesion sites has been one of the major obstacles in generating functional tissue constructs using PEG-based hydrogels. To overcome this limitation, we designed graphene oxide (GO)-functionalized polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels to assign cell adhesion-dependent biofunctionality. The incorporation of GO into three-dimensional PEGDA networks improved cell attachment, engaged focal adhesion, and activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling of hydrogel-encapsulated human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs). Compared to the control PEGDA hydrogel, GO functionalized PEGDA hydrogel (PEGDA-GO) resulted in enhanced cell viability and survival. When subsequently cultured under osteoinductive condition, PEGDA-GO enhanced osteogenic differentiation and stimulated osteogenic phenotypes compared to those in its PEGDA counterpart. Taken together, GO could serve as an effective biofunctionalizing moiety to modulate stem cell adhesion and differentiation.


Smut, caused by Sporisorium scitaminea Sydow , is one of the main destructive diseases in sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.). To assess the re sistance of sugarcane to smut , two different i solate s of S. scitaminea were inoculat ed to sugarcane plants by means of pin - prick dipping in nodal buds. Data on the disease latent period and disease incidents per population were recorded and analy z ed. Results showed the inoculum used in the present study was the S . scitaminea race 2 according to the resistance levels of standard control varieties F134 and NCo310. While the variety NCo376 used to be immune to smut became susceptible, inferring the pathogenicity of S. scitaminea in our study was stronger than that reported previously, or it had generated virulence mutations. The "+" and " - " mating type sporidia mixture (1:1) as inoculum gave better results than teliospores suspension inoculation, indicating the sporidia suspension by pin - prick dipping inoculation is more app ropriate for identifying primary sources of resistance. Six sugarcane clone s (GT36, GT37, YT93 - 159, GXS85 - 30, GXS145 and GXS222) were found to have higher levels of resistance to smut than others , so they could be useful resources to improve smut resistanc e in sugarcane breeding.


This paper focuses on examining the impacts of social order on financial development in the context of political and institutional influence in developing and least developed countries for a period of 1985-2011. Empirical results suggest that social order affects the depth of the financial sector whereas political and institutional determinants influence the efficiency of financial institutions.


Objective - This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of platelet indices, namely mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit and platelet count for prediction of microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods - A hospital-based, single-centre, observational, matched case-control study was conducted. A total of 120 diabetic cases and 120 non-diabetic controls were recruited and various biochemical parameters (fasting and post-prandial blood glucose, HbA1c, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit, platelet count and others) were measured. All diabetic cases were subjected for diagnosis of retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired t-test and Pearson's correlation test.
Results - The mean (±SD) age of the diabetic cases and controls were 59.8 (±11.2) years and 53.61 (±10.66) years, respectively. The overall male:female distribution was 64.2%:35.8% and 55.8%:44.2% in diabetic cases and controls, respectively. Platelet count and plateletcrit were found to be significantly higher in diabetic cases than controls (288741 (±97447)/µL vs. 255041 (±63883)/µL, p-value = 0.002; 0.234±0.072% vs. 0.201±0.043%, p-value = 0.0002). However, mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in diabetic cases were not found to be significantly changed when compared to controls. Plateletcrit showed positive correlation with HbA1c with Pearson's correlation coefficient of r=0.19 (p-value <0.05). Mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width were found to be not-significantly correlated with HbA1c. Among diabetics, only plateletcrit was found to be significantly raised in cases with all complications compared to cases with no complication (p-value <0.05).
Conclusion - Plateletcrit and platelet count were found to be efficacious in forecasting the microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.


State of charge (SOC) is one of the most important parameters in battery management system (BMS). There are numerous algorithms for SOC estimation, mostly of model-based observer/filter types such as Kalman filters, closed-loop observers, and robust observers. Modeling errors and measurement noises have critical impact on accuracy of SOC estimation in these algorithms. This paper is a comparative study of robustness of SOC estimation algorithms against modeling errors and measurement noises. By using a typical battery platform for vehicle applications with sensor noise and battery aging characterization, three popular and representative SOC estimation methods (extended Kalman filter, PI-controlled observer, and observer) are compared on such robustness. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that deterioration of SOC estimation accuracy under modeling errors resulted from aging and larger measurement noise, which is quantitatively characterized. The findings of this paper provide useful information on the following aspects: (1) how SOC estimation accuracy depends on modeling reliability and voltage measurement accuracy; (2) pros and cons of typical SOC estimators in their robustness and reliability; (3) guidelines for requirements on battery system identification and sensor selections.


This master's thesis has career as its main topic, with an aim to answer the following research question: How do students studying at NTNU experience the act of taking career choices?On the basis of my main research question, this thesis also has a secondary research question based on my findings and relevant literature on the subject: What potential implications might these results present for career counselors?This study was conducted using the Q-method as the research method. 18 students from NTNU participated in this study. Based on my main research question, I formulated 36 statements. The participants was given instructions to sort these statements ranging from "strongly disagree" (-5) to "strongly agree" (+5) in a quasi-normal distributing pattern. The statements were formulated based on three theoretical inputs; decision making style, motivation and the subject's views on their future. These sorting's were then subject to a factor analysis.I used the program PQ-method for the factor analysis, which gave me both statistic and theoretical arguments for me to pursue a five factor solution. These five factors represent five different views on taking career decisions amongst students at NTNU. Factor 1 finds both reason and emotion important in decision making. Furthermore, this factor looks to other people for inspiration and support. Factor 2 is more self-directed in the making of his or hers career, where meaning and interests play a big role in making career choices. Factor 3 has a preference for living in the here-and-now, where other people can help by giving direct advice. Factor 4 relies mostly on emotions when it comes to career decisions, where other people can both function as an inspiration and by giving advice. Factor 5 uses career as an arena for self-actualization, where the meaning of life together with rationality provides guidance.With these factors in mind, I discussed three themes that emerged from these factors, which is independency versus dependency, emotions versus reason and the degree of meaning related to career.


Imminent water crisis, labour scarcity and climate change threaten the sustainability and profitability of traditional transplanted rice. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) technology has been proposed to reduce water requirement, save labour demand, mitigate greenhouse gas emission and improve environmental sustainability. It involves three principal methods viz., dry seeding, wet seeding, and water seeding, among which dry DSR is gaining momentum due to relatively high grain yield, less water consumption, reduced labour intensity, facilitating to mechanization during crop establishment, and less greenhouse gases emission. In China, DSR is mainly planted in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Yunnan, Hubei, and Xinjiang provinces. Based on the existing evidence, here we review the progress and constraints of dry direct-seeded rice in China. The major challenges confronting the development of dry DSR in China are poor crop establishment, weed infestation, lodging susceptibility, N 2 O emission, weedy rice, yield decline under continuous cropping, and variety breeding; and the strategies which may help in mitigating the constraints to dry DSR. In spite of these constraints, we believe that it is a promising strategy to maintain the sustainability of rice production under future water shortage caused by global climate changes. Nonetheless, before the wide adoption of this technology, all the above constraints should be resolved.


Features of emotional sphere of 40 men in the age from 30 till 40 years of alcogolic patients are investigated. Presence of a low level of display emotionality, the expressed uneasiness and aggression, prevalence of intellectual emotions in the form of interest and surprise, propensity to a manipulation is established.


The N-protected 1,10-diaza[2.2]metacyclo- and 1,10-diaza-[2]metacyclo[2](2,6)-pyridinophanes 4 and 5 have been synthesized for the first time using high dilution conditions. The free secondary diamine 7 was obtained from 4 by alkaline hydrolysis. – Quantum chemical calculations support the hypothesis that 7 is one of the most strained anti-hetera[2.2]metacyclophanes known. This is also evident from the 1H-NMR spectrum of 7, which shows one of the strongest high field shifts for the intraannular protons in comparison to other anti-[2.2]metacyclophanes.


Abstract The recent discovery of several late Linearbandkeramik (LBK) sites in Central Europe, including Vráble in south-west Slovakia, has revealed evidence for increasing diversity in Neolithic mortuary practices, which may reflect inter-community war and socio-political crisis at the end of the LBK. Here, the authors combine osteological and radiocarbon analyses of inhumations from Vráble. Rather than a straightforward sign of inter-community conflict and war, this development reflects a culmination of internal conflict and a diversification in the ritual treatment of human bodies. The emerging variability in LBK methods of manipulating and depositing dead bodies can be interpreted as an experimental approach in how to negotiate social conflicts and community boundaries.


Checker is a zero sum game which means if one player is declared win then the other player is declared lose, if one player gets 1 point then the other player gets -1 point. In this type of game every player have full knowledge of other player condition, like every move the other player has, what kind of pawn and the position of other player's pawn. This game will be implemented with Negascout and compared to Alpha-Beta to see wether it offer better or worse performance than Alpha-Beta. Both algorithm will be given 5 identical board condition to solve and the search depth will be limited to 4, 6 and 8 level. The result showed Negascout outperformed Alpha-Beta on 86% of the test performed. It searched less node than Alpha-Beta especially with depth 8. The result also showed Negascout found one difference node solution compared to Alpha-Beta with identical heuristic score. Negascout returned identical heuristic score with Alpha-Beta on all test. Kata Kunci : Negascout, Permainan, Checkers, Kecerdasan Buatan


Byline: B. Chavan, Abhijit. Rozatkar According to the Census 2001, [sup][1] there are 21 million people with disabilities in India who constitute 2.13% of the total population. In contrast, the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) estimated that the number of persons with disabilities in India is 1.8% of the Indian population; [sup][2] of which 75% of persons with disabilities live in rural areas, 49% of them are literate and only 34% are employed. Both the surveys included the persons with visual, hearing, speech, locomotor, and mental disabilities, but the distribution in each category according to the two surveys differs drastically. However, experts working in the field of developmental disabilities feel that prevalence of mental disability is much higher. [sup][3] Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant impairment in cognitive and adaptive behavior. The term used to describe this condition has gone under constant change over the years due to social and political compulsions. The main reason to search for a new term is to find a least stigmatizing terminology. Thus, mental retardation, which was in use world over till late 20 [sup]th century, has now been replaced with ID in most English speaking countries. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 [sup]th Revision (DSM-V) has replaced it with ID and the much anticipated 11 [sup]th revision of International Classification of Disease is likely to do so. [sup][4],[5] The history of ID has passed through a very turbulent phase and can be briefly summarized under: i) Pre-industrialization phase: From the dawn of civilization to the beginning of industrialization period, people born with "abnormal" physiognomy were treated with fear or ridicule (and perhaps continue to do so in many societies). ii) Industrialization phase: Although industrial revolution is associated with increasing wealth and productivity, it also brought in many ill effects. Migration to bigger cities led to development of slums, poverty, diseases, and crimes. Families started valuing those with vocational ability and started neglecting members who were not able to work. The individual who had low intelligence were left out and were labeled as feeble-minded, degrading, and stigmatizing. iii) Humanitarian approach: In 1846, Dr Samuel Gridley Howe from Boston persuaded Massachusetts Legislature to appoint a commission to inquire into the condition of 'idiots'. After survey and close study, he for the first time observed, "These are the proper subjects of education, they can be taught to do some kind of labor and they can be made self-sufficient". [sup][6] It led to many state run schools for these persons. However, these schools were a failure because Howe and his fellows (Sequin and Wilbur) were too optimistic, unrealistic in expectations as they expected to restore all 'idiots' to normal functioning. iv) Demonology of the defectives: The scientific developments of Darwinism, sociological approach, Mendelian theory of genetics, and Binet psychometric tests advocated, directly or indirectly that feeble minded individuals, who could be easily identified and quantified, are risk to the society. Thus, the society started thinking ways to prevent feeble mindedness from occurring and working on ways how to control those in whom it did occur. The segregation seemed to be the best method where feeble minded could be cheaply and wisely cared for along with prevention and societal protection. v) Period of John F Kennedy: In 1963, based on recommendations of President's Panel on Mental Retardation, JF Kennedy made a speech to the Congress of United States and asked for new resources to address the needs for people with mental retardation. Soon, virtually every state launched special educational programs for these persons. [sup][6] Currently, the term ID is being used instead of mental retardation. This transition in terminology is supported by organization like the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities (IASSID), and President's Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities. …


Objective To investigate the relationship between MMP-1,MMP-2,UPA's expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma invasion and metastasis,to provide experimental evidence for tumor treatment and prognosis.Methods 60 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in our hospitalwere for the study,immunohistochemical detection of adjacent normal tissue and cancer tissue in MMP-1,the MM P-2,UPA's content.Results Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor cavity adjacent normal tissue MMP-1,MMP-2,the UPA's content difference were significant(P 0.05).Conclusion Oral squamous cell carcinoma of MMP-1,MMP-2,UPA's expression in tumor invasion and metastasis are closely related,it is possible to become the evaluation of invasion,metastasis indicators.


THE ERA from roughly 1880 to 1920 was one of extraordinary economic, cultural, and sodal transformation in the United States. Given the tide of change flowing about them, it is hardly surprising that it was also an age of corisiderable uncertainty and am^bivalence on the part of the American people. They generally welcomed and were proud of the unprecedented material progress resulting from the enormous expansion that had transformed their nation's economy since the Civil War. Yet they were often wary of the kaleidoscopic cultural shifts that seemed to threaten conventional pattems of life. Many longed for familiarity and certainty, but few actually wished for a genuine return to an idealized bygone era. Rather, most preferred a new order in which change would be tempered by tradition and progress informed by the past. For a time, the popular image of the Middle West seemed to offer a viable model of such a society, and William Ashley "Billy" Simday, one of the region's most famous native sons, exemplified for a substantial number of people the kind of vigorous, successful, righteous, modem American it could produce. Sunday's appeal as a revivalist was subtly linked to his audiences' perceptions of the "heartland" from which he sprang. There is an intriguing and illuminating congruity between the course of the evangelist's singular career and his native region's shifting fortimes as national sjmibol. In many respects, his popularity as preacher and public figure waxed and waned with the ebb and flow of the potency of the Middle West's cultural mystique. The region and the man emerged slowly into the national consciousness in the late nineteenth and early twen-


The invention provides a communication apparatus and method for transmitting urgent information. The device mainly includes: key press sequence triggering module, for inputting predetermined key press sequence in the communication device, and triggering transmission process for urgent information; information content acquiring module for automatically acquiring content of the urgent information, which includes current location information of the communication device; contact information acquiring module, for automatically acquiring contact information of the receiver of the urgent information; urgent information transmitting module, for transmitting information content acquired by the information content acquiring module according to contact information acquired by contact information acquiring module. With this invention, user can transmit information such as current location without need to make a call in urgent condition, thus lower risk of user in urgent condition.


After an analyzing of the fragile ecological environment in Mongolia grassland, the paper puts forward some measures to protect vegetation and restore ecological environment in the light of the natural and human factors on vegetation degeneration.


Anticonvulsants are pharmaceuticals used for epilepsy treatment, pain syndromes therapy and for various psychiatric indications. They enter the aquatic environment mainly through wastewater and were found to cause both biochemical and behavioral changes in aquatic biota. Because the consumption of anticonvulsive drugs is quite high, their monitoring in the aquatic environment is needed. The Elbe River basin is the fourth largest in Europe; the Elbe flows into the North Sea and therefore its contamination is of international importance. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence and concentrations of anticonvulsant pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, lamotrigine and gabapentin) and their analogues (gabapentin-lactam) in water samples obtained from the Elbe River and its tributaries located in the Czech Republic, as well as to evaluate their correlations with flow rates. The results of this study show that the selected drugs are present in the surface water of the Elbe River in tens to hundreds of ng/L, with the highest measured concentrations for gabapentin. Our results also indicate that the further the sampling point from the Elbe spring is, the higher the concentrations of monitored pharmaceuticals are. Moreover, small tributaries are significantly more contaminated due to their low flow rates with the exceptions of streams flowing from preserved natural sites. The results of the monitoring highlight the importance of building wastewater treatment plants at the municipalities where they are still not present with focus on technology that would be able to decompose substances with negative removal efficiency.


In the Fall of 2005, a team of five engineering seniors was assigned a multidisciplinary senior project in which they were to design and build a power generation system for a small village on Ometepe Island in Lake Nicaragua. The power generated was to be used for lights in a small clinic and a classroom, a refrigerator for vaccines, and an emergency radio. In light of tight budgetary constraints, students decided to augment their budget through fund-raising and expand the scope of the project to a fully-installed, on-site, working prototype, which would require all five students to travel to the village in Nicaragua. This aggressive plan of work was instituted by the students themselves. As instructors for this course, we were charged with two important tasks: to guide the students towards the learning objectives set forth for the course and to help the students fulfill their goal of providing power to a village in need. In previous implementations of projects for this course, the small scale of former projects allowed the course to set the schedule for assignments, reports, and prototype progress. However, the real-world nature of the Nicaragua project sought to drive the schedule of the course, these two needs at times appearing to conflict with each other. This paper discusses these apparent conflicts, the decisions made by the adviser and other faculty members in the course to resolve these conflicts, and the reasoning that drove these decisions. The successes of the project will also be discussed. Two of these successes are that four of the five team members were able to travel to Nicaragua to install the wind generator and that it has been operating continually since March 2006. Outline


Latitudinal changes in topography, climate, and thrust belt geometry in the central Andes have led to conflicting hypotheses that climate or tectonics exert a first‐order control on orogen evolution. The relative roles of climate and tectonics in the evolution of the Andean orogen are difficult to quantify because of a lack of detailed observations for both the long‐term deformation and erosion history of the Andean fold‐thrust belt. We contribute to the resolution of this problem by presenting a sequentially restored, balanced cross section based on new mapping across the northern Bolivia portion of the thrust belt (15–17°S). The timing and magnitude of exhumation across the cross section are determined by synthesizing 10 new and ∼70 previously published mineral cooling ages. Once balanced and restored, the section was sequentially forward modeled using stratigraphic and cooling age constraints. Results indicate the Eastern Cordillera (EC) records the highest magnitudes of shortening (123 km or 55%). The Interandean zone (IA) has shortened 48 km or 30%. In both the EC and IA individual thrust sheets are tightly folded and have minor offsets of 1–5 km. The Subandes (SA) has multiple levels of detachments allowing for thrust sheets with relatively large offsets (6–17 km). Total shortening in the SA is 66 km or 40%. Total magnitude of shortening for the entire fold‐thrust belt in this region is 276 km (40%). New apatite and zircon fission track cooling ages in conjunction with published ages indicate two phases of rapid exhumation; an earlier phase from ∼40 to 25 Ma in the EC and one prior to ∼25 Ma in the IA, followed by distributed exhumation of the entire fold‐thrust belt from ∼15–0 Ma. Combined exhumation estimates from the balanced cross section and thermochronology suggest ∼9–11 km of exhumation in the EC, ∼5–9 km in the IA, and ∼3–4 km in the SA. Long‐term shortening rates are 7 mm/a for the EC and IA and 4–8 mm/a for the SA. The SA shortening rates are based on a ∼15–0 Ma or 8–0 Ma deformation window. By linking cooling ages to location and magnitude of shortening, we suggest an ∼10–17 Ma pause or a dramatic deceleration in the rate of deformation and propagation of the fold‐thrust belt between 25 and ∼15 or 8 Ma.


Apatitic layered octacalcium phosphate (Ca8(HPO4)2 (PO4)4⋅5H2O; OCP) was intercalated with β-dihydromuconate ions (-OOC(R)COO-, R; CH2-CH=CH-CH2). The basal spacing of the OCP structure was expanded to 23.7A by the intercalation (OCP: 18.7A). The spacing was contracted by heating (dehydration), and reverted by exposure to H2O vapor (rehydration). Such zeolite-like behavior toward H2O was observed below 350°C. A remarkable contraction in the basal spacing by dehydration suggested the bending of zig-zag R chains supporting the layer structure. Improvement of the thermal stability of the OCP layer structure was judged from increases in starting temperatures for the following processes: 2HPO42-→P2O74-, formation of apatitic OH-, disappearance of OCP phase and appearance of apatitic phase. No significant differences were observed in thermal behavior between the intercalates of the doubly unsaturated R and saturated R, i.e., CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2, were a little. The intercalation decreased the catalytic activity for the dehydration of 2-propanol.


The present invention discloses a gel electrolyte, a gel electrolyte comprising a polymer, the polymer is polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyethylene oxide (the PEO); lithium salt; and a solvent, said solvent is a carbonate solvent, a lactone solvent, or a mixture thereof.


This article is to understand the critical values of $L$-functions $L(s,\Pi\otimes \chi)$ and to establish the relation of the relevant global periods at the critical places. Here $\Pi$ is an irreducible regular algebraic cuspidal automorphic representation of $\mathrm{GL}_{2n}(\mathbb A)$ of symplectic type and $\chi$ is a finite order automorphic character of $\mathrm{GL}_1(\mathbb A)$, with $\mathbb A$ is the ring of adeles of a number field $\mathrm k$.


The automotive industry is fast evolving to Li-ion chemistries, which have more favorable power, energy density, and efficiency. To meet the demands of greater electric ranges, parallel strings of batteries are required to increase the overall system capacity. Differences in chemical characteristics, internal resistance, and operating conditions can cause variations in remaining cell capacity, decreasing the total battery storage capacity over time, shortening the battery lifetime and eventually damaging the cells. Cell equalization tries to restore all the cells in the pack to an equal state of charge in order to prolong the battery lifetime and to ensure safe battery operations. This work presents an active charge equalization scheme with a flying capacitor to shuttle charge between the unbalanced cells in a parallel battery pack. The theoretical framework is accompanied by MATLAB simulations on a twelve cell pack in series/parallel configuration supporting the validity of the chosen approach.


The liquid crystal display device is provided with a forward path circuit is disclosed. The liquid crystal display device is a color bleeding is prevented from interference generated by each line of the liquid crystal display panel by being provided with a forward path circuit, the image quality and life of the liquid crystal display panel is improved. Forward path circuit, the compensation data, the correction factor


Using the model of Becker, Lindquist, and Alder for the equilibria in a solution of sodium in liquid ammonia, the authors have assumed an additional equilibrium between sodium and chloride ions and dissociated sodium chloride to compute the concentrations of ionic species, atoms and dimers when the common‐ion electrolyte sodium chloride is added. Estimates of the ionic activity coefficients are included in the calculation. The calculated concentrations of conducting species are employed in the Onsager‐Kim theory for the conductance at low fields of a mixture of ions. Values of [Na]total ranging from 5×10—4 to 6×10—2 and of the ratio of sodium chloride to [Na]total ranging from zero to 28.5 are included in the calculations. All data are for —33°. The computed conductances are compared with some newly‐reported experimental measurements. The calculations are described and the results analyzed and criticized in light of values of the equilibrium constants for the sodium‐ammonia system available from a variety...


The production of academic knowledge in the subject-object relationship entails understanding not only the role of the educator and students, but also the dimensions that cross the teaching-learning process. This can come through learning materials and other knowledge from the media where the subject shall draw up their knowledge. This work can be characterized as a preliminary dialogue with some authors, which offer subsidies on our object of study, which is the observation of viewpoints and clues to understand a review a textbook. The methodology used in this study was an exploratory qualitative research, because it captures multiple views of selected referentials of History textbooks, refering to the relevant troublesome areas, questions and referrals resulting from procedural dimension itself to this approach.


The production of fuel ethanol from corn grain is widely carried out in the US, with total current production at 7 billion gallons. This may soon reach 10 billion gallons or more. This chapter addresses the potential of fuel ethanol as an additional source of product based on utilization of the cellulosic (non-food) portions of maize, and in particular the pericarp, cobs, stalks and leaves of the corn plant. An analysis of the composition of corn, and possible processing schemes that transform the cellulosic portions to ethanol are addressed. Technologies for the bioprocessing of cellulose to ethanol, as well as the impact of cellulose utilization on supplementing corn ethanol, are presented. Stefan Schwietzke Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, Potter Engineering Center, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Youngmi Kim, Eduardo Ximenes Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Nathan Mosier Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, Potter Engineering Center, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Michael Ladisch Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, Potter Engineering Center, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Intramural Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA e-mail: email@example.com A.L. Kriz, B.A. Larkins (eds.), Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement 347 Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 63 c © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 348 Stefan Schwietzke et al.


* Associate Professor of Law, The American University, Washington College of Law. B.A. 1978, Carleton; J.D. 1983, University of Chicago. Ed. I thank Robert Dinerstein, David Chavkin, Stephen Ellmann, and Nancy Polikoff for thoughtful responses to earlier drafts of this article, David Marin and Sara Shepard for helpful research assistance, and the participants in the Mid-Atlantic Clinical Theory and Practice Workshop and the New York Law School Clinical Theory Workshop for valuable comments. I am especially indebted to Miriam Ruttenberg for wide-ranging research support and astute feedback about the ideas in this article, Liz Seaton for incisive editing and farseeing conversations about the politics of sexual orientation and case theory, and my colleagues in the clinical program at The American University, Washington College of Law, whose insights about lawyering have shaped my work as a clinical teacher and scholar. I also thank my partner Ruth Eisenberg and my friend Michele Wolin for their generous personal support. Because all writing builds on lessons from the past, I dedicate this article to the memory of my mother, who loved unstintingly through pain and adversity, and who taught me the significance of perspective and the value of empathy. 1. See Symposium, Lawyers As Storytellers & Storytellers As Lawyers: An Interdisciplinary Symposium Exploring the Use of Storytelling in the Practice of Law, 18 VT. L. REV. 565 (1994); Symposium, Legal Storytelling, 87 MICH. L. REV. 2073 (1989); Symposium, Speeches from the Emperor's Old Prose: Reexamining the Language of Law, 77 CORNELL L. REV. 1233 (1992). 2. See, e.g., Clark D. Cunningham, A Tale of Two Clients: Thinking About Law as Language, 87 MICH. L. REV. 2459, 2463 (1989); Steven Lubet, The Trial as a Persuasive Story, 14 AM. J. TRIAL ADVOC. 77, 77 (1990); Sharon Creeden, Telling Your Client's Story to the Jury, TENN. B.J. May-June 1991, at 10, 10. 3. See, e.g., Charles R. Lawrence, III, The Word and the River: Pedagogy as Scholarship as Struggle, 65 S. CAL. L. REV. 2231, 2278 (1992); Kim Lane Scheppele, Foreword: Telling Stories, 87 MICH. L. REV. 2073, 2073 (1989). The relationship between law, storytelling, and progressive lawyering is brilliantly portrayed by Gerald L6pez, perhaps the foremost proponent of this genre, in his path-breaking work Rebellious Lawyering. See GERALD P. LOPEZ, REBELLIOUS LAWYERING: ONE CHICANO'S VISION OF PROGRESSIVE LAW PRACTICE (1992). For a thoughtful analysis of L6pez's ideas, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Practicing Community, 107 HARV. L. REV. 1747 (1994) (book review). The idea of voice and narrative is also the focus of much academic literature from other disciplines, including literature, anthropology, political science, and history. See, e.g., JAMES MCPHERSON, BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM: THE CIVIL WAR ERA at ix-x (1988). For a critique of the legal narrative movement, see Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry, Telling Stories Out of School: An Essay on Legal Narratives, 45 STAN. L. REV. 807, 840-54 (1993) (arguing that objective standards should be used to evaluate narratives and that much narrative scholarship falls short of these standards).


Life history of Leptocoris abdominalis (F.) was investigated by feeding bugs with seeds of Taiwan golden rain tree (Koelreuteria formosana Hayayta) under different temperatures, namely 15, 17, 20, 25, 28 and 30 oC, and room temperature (24 ± 4oC). The results showed that it takes 51.7 ± 5.7 days for eggs developing to adults and sex ratio of female:male was 1:1.45. Developmental duration for each stage was about 6~8 days with eggs duration being longer (11 days) at room temperature. The body color of new hatched nymph was bright red, and black wing-buds appeared on the back of third instar nymph. The genitalia of adults can only be observed after their emergence. The longest egg duration was 18.7 ± 1.6 days at 15oC while the shortest was 5.2 ± 0.8 days at 30oC. However, there was no individual can survival to adult at both 15 and 30oC. For other 4 tested temperatures, the longest time needed to develop from eggs to adults was at 17oC (109.4 ± 44.3 days) and the shortest one was at 28oC (34.9 ± 13.9 days). Thus, the most suitable temperature for rearing L. abdominalis is 20 to 28oC and the higher the temperature is, the shorter generation time they have. The longevity of female is longer than that of male. The sex ratio of female and male ranged from 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 1.5 at temperatures of 17, 20, 25, and 28oC. The critical developmental temperature (development zero) was estimated as 13.6 ± 2.2oC and the Degree-Day accumulations for this bug was 420.3 ± 92.3 DD. Mating tests showed the highest mating frequency occurring when put 1 female and 2 males together. Female seems play the leading role and decide whom it wants to mate. Oviposition tests showed that females prefer laying eggs on gauze, following on capsule leaves in laboratory test. It coincided with the observation of bugs prefer ovipositing on coarse walls, tree bulk, and capsule leaves in the field. The comparison of eggs produced between single pair and cluster treatments showed cluster treatments have more eggs produced (23.9 ± 5.6 eggs/♀) than that of single pair. Although number of eggs produced by single pair can be as high as 60 eggs/♀ while some of them did not lay any eggs. Hatching rate of eggs was highest (93.0 ± 0.8%) at 28oC and which almost the same as that at room temperature (88.5 ± 5.4%). The lowest egg hatching rate was 45.0 ± 1.3% at 15oC. The higher the temperature is, the higher the hatching rate is. However, the hatching rate decreased when temperature higher than 30oC. L. abdominalis uses the seeds of Koelreuteria formosana as its major food and its population is changing through the seasonal phenology of this tree. The population peak of L. abdominalis is reaching at the time of fruits dropping in each year. When new buds germination during March and April, the bugs always leave the trees and alternatively feed on the fruits of balloon vines (Cardospermum halicacabum L.). The population of L. abdominalis dramatically decreased during this period. Clustering behavior observation showed that the first to forth instar bugs are significantly clustering together in the field. The fifth instar and adult bugs always act independently. Young nymphs prefer to cluster at the basis of trees while aged nymphs and adults prefer stay on trunk and leaves of tree. Population of bugs was found positively correlation to seed number. Moreover, piercing and sucking of L. abdominalis on K. formosana did not cause the death of tree, on which new buds still can germinate at March and April for each year.


A case of filtering 1-D signals corrupted by Poisson fluctuative and impulse noise is considered. Statistical characteristics of output signals for several conventional nonlinear filters are analyzed. It is shown that output bias can be present and it depends upon filter scanning window size and an information content of a processed signal. Residual noise variance is also studied. A locally adaptive filter that takes into account the observed statistics is proposed and tested.


Dementia Care Mapping is an internationally applied method for enhancing person-centred care for people with dementia in nursing homes. Recent studies indicate that leadership is crucial for the successful implementation of Dementia Care Mapping; however, research on this topic is rare. This case study aimed to explore the influence of leadership on Dementia Care Mapping implementation in four nursing homes. Twenty-eight interviews with project coordinators, head nurses and staff nurses were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Nursing homes that failed to implement Dementia Care Mapping were characterised by a lack of leadership. The leaders of successful nursing homes promoted person-centred care and were actively involved in implementation. While overall leadership performance was positive in one of the successful nursing homes, conflicts related to leadership style occurred in the other successful nursing homes. Thus, it is important that leaders promote person-centred care in general and Dementia Care Mapping in particular. Furthermore, different types of leadership can promote successful implementation. Trial registration of the primary study: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN43916381.


The PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) control of PV inverter system is implemented,which uses the 2-way CAP unit of TMS320F2812's event management module EVA to capture the square-wave signals of conditioned grid voltage and grid current,calculates the frequency and phase difference between them to adjust the step width and phase pointer. The algorithm takes a 16-bit unsigned integer variable "Index" as the phase pointer,which steps forward and overflows periodically to produce iso-frequency sinusoidal modulating signal to control the output of inverter. It improves the accuracy and rapidity of phase tracking, resulting in same phase and frequency of grid current and grid voltage,and ensures the feeding power factor of grid-connected PV system nearly one. Test results of prototype show that, the software PLL is easy to implement, with high accuracy, stability and rapidity.


The Bevirimat ® 1 is a betulinic acid derivative (Figure 1) used in treatment of HIV, and melanoma 1 , isthe first drugin the class of anti retrovirals that hampers the maturation of AIDS 2 . This being derived from a pentacyclic triterpene type lupine other triterpene derivatives have been synthesized with the similarity of this intuition to increase lipophilicity and improve the biological activity of these compounds.


Cogeneration Partners of America (CPA) has recently started construction of a 117 MW QF which serves Atlantic Electric and BF Goodrich on a dispatchable basis. This paper discusses the technical, economic and legal hurdles that had to be overcome by CPA in order to supply its product to Atlantic Electric only when needed while meeting FB Goodrich's continuous thermal needs. The normal cogeneration facility (a qualified facility QF) is usually a baseload or must run facility dedicated to providing its thermal customer with an uninterrupted supply of steam at an economical price. The electrical utility is then expected to accept the energy almost as a byproduct without regard to the electric utility's load profits or needs. This arrangement of priorities is the opposite of the distribution of revenues. In most cases, the electrical revenues are significantly greater than the thermal revenues.


In Kenya, as in other urban cities in sub-Saharan Africa, urbanization is characterised by increasing number of people who are food insecure, unemployed and poor. They live in unplanned, overcrowded structures in slum areas, which are unrecognised by city planners and lack adequate potable water, sewerage, drainage, garbage collection, roads, schools and health services, and have high crime rate. Poverty and waste management are therefore the two main problems common to most cities of developing countries. Food insecurity and lack of basic needs prompt some low-income households to embarking on farming using their family labour and minimal capital inputs. They combine them with seemingly idle, vacant, public or private urban land that they do not own to generate food and income. However, the activity is not recognized and city authorities view it as nuisance and a public health risk getting in the way o f other urban activities. UA is unique because it can contribute to solving the problems of poverty and waste management. However, for the contribution to be realised, UA by low-income households has to be transformed into an efficient activity that is integrated into the entire economy. The factors constraining the possible transformation and integration are not clear, and facilitating policies and programs are lacking. 1 herefore the objectives of the study were to characterise urban farming households, determine the profit level and factors influencing it. and compare allocative, technical, and economic efficiency among different socio-economic groups of households. A random sample of 92 UF households, stratified by gender, was selected in Korogocho, one of the low-income areas in Nairobi, in 1998. Cross tabulation facilitated descriptive analysis, while the profit, function model was used to determine factors explaining variation in profit. Joint


Author(s): Miller, Harvey J.; Han, Jiawei | Abstract: The goal of this NCGIA-Varenius workshop and research initiative was to find new automated methods for filtering large amounts of raw geographic data into more user-consumable forms of knowledge. This includes: i) spatial data mining; ii) content-based and knowledge-based retrieval; iii) development of multi-media spatial data types; iv) on-line analytic processing; v) refinement of non-parametric statistics; vi) incorporation of computational intelligence techniques (such as neural networks and AI expert systems) into spatial data analysis. A key objective of the "geographic knowledge discovery" (GKD) workshop was to bring together the diverse stakeholders in GKD and spatial data mining. This report provides an overview of the workshop, lists the workshop participants, and provides the position papers submitted in response to the open Call for Participation. The final section summarizes workshop presentations and discussion.


The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instruments have two orders of magnitude more channels that the current operational infrared sounder (High Resolution Infra-Red Sounder (HIRS)). This data volume presents a technological challenge for using the data in a data assimilation system. Data reduction will be a necessary for assimilation. It is important to understand the information content of the radiance measurements for data reduction purposes. In this talk, I will discuss issues relating to information content and quality control for assimilation of the AIRS and IASI data.


polarization and persistent migration. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:1351– 63. 6 Tran M, Rousselle P, Nokelainen P et al. Targeting a tumor-specific laminin domain critical for human carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2885–94. 7 Seny€ urek I, Kempf WE, Klein G et al. Processing of laminin a chains generates peptides involved in wound healing and host defense. J Innate Immun 2014; (in press). 8 Momota Y, Suzuki N, Kasuya Y et al. Laminin a3 LG4 module induces keratinocyte migration: involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2005; 25:1–17. 9 Di Zenzo G, El Hachem M, Diociaiuti A et al. A truncating mutation in the laminin-332 a chain highlights the role of the LG45 proteolytic domain in regulating keratinocyte adhesion and migration. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:1056–64.


Abstract : Acoustical scattering from atmospheric turbulence is of interest to the Army because it has been identified as a candidate cause of higher than expected sound levels in shadow zones. Shadow zones are those regions where ray theory indicates no sound penetrates. Scattering into these zones may give non- line-of-sight detection through acoustic detection. This report documents the creation of a computer code for acoustic scattering from a collection of turbules or eddies. The picture is a collection of turbules of different sizes with a specified number density in each size increment. In this aspect, the picture is similar to that of optical scattering from atmospheric aerosols where there is a collection of particles of different sizes with a specified size distribution. The optical scattering code AGAUS is the starting point for creation of the Acoustic SCattering from Turbules code, ASCT, which will for acoustic scattering accomplish what AGAUS accomplishes for optical scattering. The similarities and differences between the two types of scattering are pointed out as they influence the computational algorithm.


"French-English Translation in Canada" is the transcript of a talk given by Montreal publisher Maynard Gertler to an unidentified audience in 1976. When Gertler founded Harvest House in 1959, his aim was to issue the first English-language translations of the works of Quebecois writers in inexpensive, accessible editions. The talk is a document of enduring value that provides incisive analysis of contemporary Canadian publishing and presents the challenges facing a domestic publisher who was committed to issuing French works in English translation.


PROPRE is a generic and cortically inspired framework that provides online input/output relationship learning. The input data flow is projected on a self-organizing map that provides an internal representation of the current stimulus. From this representation, the system predicts the value of the output target. A predictability measure, based on the monitoring of the prediction quality, modulates the projection learning so that to favor learning of representations that are helpful to predict the output. In this article, we study PROPRE when the input/output relationship is only defined in a small subspace of the input space, that we define as a partially learnable environment. This problem, which is not typical of the machine learning field, is however crucial for the robotic developmental field. Indeed, robots face high dimensional sensory-motor environments where large areas of these sensory-motor spaces are not learnable since a motor action cannot have a consequence on every perception each time. We show that the use of the predictability measure in PROPRE leads to an autonomous gathering of local representations where the input data are related to the output value, thus providing good classification performance as the system will learn the input/output function only where it is defined.


In this letter, we propose a distributed jamming strategy to maximize the achievable ergodic secrecy rate (ESR) of a single-input multi-output (SIMO) transmission with a multiple-antenna eavesdropper based on only the statistical channel state information (CSI). In the scheme, exploring the heterogeneous large-scale fading effects, multiple geographically distributed single-antenna jammers transmit independent and uncoordinated jamming signals to confound the eavesdropper. We derive a large-scale asymptotic approximation of the achievable ESR, and optimize the transmit power of each jammer for maximizing the asymptotic ESR by geometric programming (GP). The proposed scheme does not require signal coordination among jammers and greatly reduces the training/synchronization overhead, which is applicable when the receiver has a large number of antennas, i.e., massive MIMO system.


The presence of microorganisms could alter the porous medium permeability, which is vital for several applications, including aquifer storage and recovery (ASR), enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and underground hydrogen storage.


The vibration model of gear lapping system for spiral bevel gears with two degrees of freedom is established,in which backlash between gear pair and gear transmission are considered.By means of numeric calculation,the dynamic response of gear lapping system is obtained under different retarding torques.According to time-displacement history and phase plane plots,under lower retarding torque,meshing,impacting and separating between gear pair occurred alternatively.With the increasing of retarding torque,gear backside impacting disappeared.In the end,the gear lapping system changes into the state of teeth surface meshing completely.


A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor has been successfully fabricated using nickel nanoparticles as catalyst. Nickel nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited on a glassy carbon electrode surface by amperometric technique. Nickel nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited high catalytic activity for oxidation of glucose. The morphology of nickel nanoparticles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical behaviors of glucose were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in alkaline aqueous solution. At the optimum conditions, the calibration curve for glucose determination was linear in the range of 0.05 – 5.00 mM and 5.00 – 17.5 mM and a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of 36 µM . Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to analyze glucose level in human urine samples when compared with clinical laboratory measurements. The glucose sensor showed a strong potential as a sensitive non-enzymatic and may be used in the future for the clinical diagnostic tool.


In the 18th century, prosperous commercial development and national infrastructure projects contributed to an unprecedented travel boom in Japan [1]. As demonstrated by previous research, since travel nurtured an inclusive environment in which people of all social ranks were meeting each other, it helped loosen the status system established by the shogunate. Nonetheless, travel also took a negative yet often neglected role in reinforcing the female hierarchy that divided virtuous "wives" and promiscuous "prostitutes." This paper will argue that, as a form of social activity that allowed men and women alike to cross many social parameters and to therefore recreate their perception of the world, travel successfully reinforced the wife-prostitute hierarchy, or dichotomy, in Tokugawa Japan, which can also be seen as an embodiment of Sigmund Freud's Madonna-whore complex theory. The paper will start by introducing the origins of this hierarchy and will then employ published works of the 18 century to discuss how tourism encouraged men to embrace the concept. It will then use ukiyo-e paintings and women's travel diaries to analyse how voyaging on the road helped elite women accept the female hierarchy and finally put themselves into the higher rank by taking a condescending standpoint.


A shrimp trawl designed to selectively capture shrimp and eliminate the incidental capture of bottomfish and other marine organisms is described. The purpose of this trawl is to conserve the fish presently lost during shrimp trawling. Normal shrimp trawl bycatch is eliminated by completely closing the entrance to the net with a webbing panel. Shrimp pass into the trawl through the bottom ofthe net which is constructed of large mesh webbing. Effective control and separation of shrimp and fish utilizes the behavioral difference of the animals when exposed to an electrical field. Shrimp are forced up through the bottom mesh of the net by the electrical field located under the net, while the fish are frightened away from the path of the net by the electricity.


This article discusses the design and implementation of web portals Indonesia United as the exchange of information on the conservation of flora and fauna Indonesia by implementing the concept of crowdsourcing. The entire community of users can access the web portal Indonesia United can be complementary, adding, correcting, and oversees the information on the web portal. Thus, Indonesia United's web portal can be used as media scrutiny for the ongoing process of preservation and violations in the field of flora and fauna, especially in the process of policy formation. Besides Indonesia United's web portal to apply gamification is a concept that adopts elements of the games into an activity or process that is not a game to improve retention, attention and interaction between users and systems.


The intention of this work is diagnose the geographic distribution of the certified organic farmers on the scope of CVT- MG / Guayi Project. We used the database provided by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) through the National Registrer of Organic Producers, updated in March 2015. For this purpose we elaborated a map using the cartographic base of Minas Gerais provided by IBGE (2010) and the open source software Quantum GIS. It was noticed that only five municipalities, from 33 that comprise the area of the project operation, presented farmers that had been certified, representing only 18%. Also, it was observed that, in terms of organic farmers that obtained certification, the participation is small. To compensate this deficit, several strategies should be adopted in the actions performed by the researchers and extensionist of the CVT / MG-Guayi Project to promote the expansion of organic agriculture and agroecology in the focus region, such as courses, meetings, lectures, such as the 8th Week of Technological Integration (SIT).


The editors of the European Bulletin of Himalayan Research have kindly offered me the chance to respond to Kamal Malla's review of my History of Nepal. I have known Professor Malla since 1972 when he attended a VSO briefing session in London for my batch of Nepal-bound volunteers, thus becoming the first Nepalese I ever met. Over the intervening years he has been a source of friendly advice and assistance whenever we have met and I have read with both pleasure and profit his published work on Nepalese history. His review is written in his usual forthright manner but I think the overall balance of praise and blame of my book is fair enough so I am not writing in any spirit of complaint. However, I still want to take the opportunity to reply in order to acknowledge some criticism which is fully justified, to point out one or two places where I think he misunderstood what I was trying to say and also to take up some important issues that he raises and which are well worth further discussion. First, the book's most obvious failings. It is indeed "punctuated with a number of factual errors, particularly in dates and names". Although the main chapters were seen in draft by at least one prominent Nepalese or foreign scholar, these academics naturally focussed just on questions of general interpretation while, because of pressure of time, I did not have the biographical notes at the end checked by anyone. I was not sufficiently aware of how easily errors could creep in and should have had the whole book vetted carefully again just for accuracy of detail. I can only apologise and refer readers to the errata list to be published in a forthcoming issue of Himalaya (the former Himalayan Research Bulletin) and also to the reprinting of the South Asian edition, now in progress, which will incorporate all the corrections. Another misjudgement was over the title: the focus is so much on the post-1743 (and particularly post-1950) period that "History of Modern Nepal" might have been more appropriate. In fact, the publisher had originally wanted me to write just on the most recent decades whilst I wanted to cover earlier times also. The resulting compromise was the rather truncated account of the ancient and medieval periods, which other reviewers have also found unsatisfactory. I also resisted the publisher's suggestion to include "Modern" in the title because I thought it would invite confusion with Rishikesh Shaha's Modern Nepal: a Political History. Again with hindsight, I should probably have risked the confusion!


Participatory action research was used as theoretical and methodological reference that allowed the qualifications of teachers of the General Physics subject for transforming their teaching practice in "Dr. Juan Manuel Paez Inchausti" Faculty of Health Technology of Santiago de Cuba during 2011-2012. The alternative proposed were divided into 3 main phases that coincide with the stages of study. The sample was formed by 10 teachers and 100 students of the specialties of Comprehensive Rehabilitation in Health, Nutrition and Imaging and Medical Radiophysics. The deepening and systematizating the biomedical and physical contents, respectively, as well as their updating and technological implementation from the scientific, technological and societal approach, were viable options for a better development of the teaching - learning process of this subject.


This paper presents a design optimization of a thermal nano-imprinting machine structure using a genetic algorithm with variable penalty function. Design problem, in this study, is to find out structural member sizes to minimize weight and complianc of the machine structure simultaneously subject to some design constraints. After design optimization, the static compliance of the machine structure was reduced by 30% with reduce of weight by 7.2% than before. The measured compliance of the thermal nano-imprinting machine showed good agreement with the theoretically optimized value.


This paper discusses the inner connection between "Three Represents" and the Marxism innovation. It points out that Marxism innovation is the guarantee of carrying out "Three Represents"and adhering to "Three Represents" is the starting point and the goal of Marxism innovation. It also points out that it is necessary to abolish the barriers of dogmatism, formalism and empiricism, and stick to implement the innovation of Marxism during the practice of "Three Represents".


Thank you very much for reading quantum hall effects field theoretical approach and related topics. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this quantum hall effects field theoretical approach and related topics, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their computer.


Background: This study investigates access to gardens for children in Norway, India and the
United Kingdom and their respective potentials for sustainability learning. The focus is set upon
the significant variations concerning garden access within these three countries, within the specific
context of urban gardening at a city scale. The article explores three case study cities: Stavanger,
Norway; Mumbai, India; and Cardiff, UK. Previous research has shown that nature and garden
experiences can provide play opportunities, skills and sensuous perceptions that may lead to the
permanent retention of knowledge, and may awaken and unfold the child's interests.
Material and methods: Conceptualized in theories of situated learning and place-based learning,
each researcher - native and/or living in Norway, UK and India, respectively - has gathered
qualitative data and focused on the phenomena she found to be appropriate for the study of each
respective city. The findings, based on literature studies and the author's own experiences and
observations, are presented in form of narratives. A phenomenological and hermeneutical
framework and critical inquiry is used to give relevance to the complex interrelations between the
three researcher's different backgrounds and perspectives.
Results: The narratives elucidate rather different characteristics, practices, activities and values
related to gardens in the three cities, where children interact in multiple ways with various kinds
of garden spaces. Children are typically close to nature in Stavanger, while very small 'windowsills'
characterize the many childhood interactions with gardens in Mumbai and in Cardiff, children may
have access to both private and public gardens, depending upon their circumstances.
Conclusions: The three perspectives give inspirations for promoting children's ecology,
sustainability, and intergenerational learning in urban garden spaces.


Measurements with rocket-borne Geiger counters have been carried out at altitudes up to 250 km at Fort Churchill, Manitoba. The total primary cosmic ray intensity at a time near a solar maximum has been determined and compared with other measurements taken at times of high solar activity and also with other Geiger counter measurements obtained near a solar minimum. A low-energy radiation was observed whose intensity increased with altitude up to about 25% of the primary intensity at 250 km.


The article examines Marshall Rosenberg's nonviolent communication and conflict mediation with the aim to situate Rosenberg's approach within conflict transformation approaches and how his strategy offers practical tools for mediating diverse forms of conflictual moral questions in the ecclesial context. The study engaged in a descriptive and critical analysis of the literature relevant to dealing with conflict in general and Rosenberg's approach specifically. The results show that Rosenberg's nonviolent communication and conflict mediation could contribute to transform the Catholic Church's diverse moral conflictual questions in a synodal manner. The article recommends trainings on peacebuilding through peace education generally and specifically, nonviolent communication and conflict mediation. It also suggests further research on empathy, which focuses on listening, dialogue, and conflict transformation. This has the potential to enrich synodality and conflict mediation in the Catholic church.


A dual-blue light-emitting diode(LED) with asymmetric AlGaN composition-graded barriers but without an AlGaN electron blocking layer(EBL) is analyzed numerically. Its spectral stability and efficiency droop are improved compared with those of the conventional InGaN/GaN quantum well(QW) dual-blue LEDs based on stacking structure of two In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN QWs and two In0.12Ga0.88N/GaN QWs on the same sapphire substrate. The improvement can be attributed to the markedly enhanced injection of holes into the dual-blue active regions and effective reduction of leakage current.


Research Summary We consider the role of individual‐level diversification as a mechanism through which skilled researchers engage in successful exploration—recognizing and integrating new knowledge external to one's domains of expertise. To approach an ideal experiment, we (a) employ a matching procedure and (b) exploit the unexpected adoption of Microsoft Kinect as a motion‐sensing technology in research. We evaluate the impact of Kinect and its embodiment of new knowledge on a set of ability‐matched, diversity‐varying researchers without prior experience in motion‐sensing and find that diversified researchers explore more successfully than their more specialized peers. We also examine the role of personal preferences and professional incentives as antecedents of diversification and find that culture, age and intellectual freedom are positively associated with the propensity to diversify successfully. Managerial Summary Organizations where R&D is core to driving competitive advantage face important tradeoffs when hiring researchers. Specifically, diverse combinations of knowledge generate the most impactful discoveries. Yet, coordinating such combinations increasingly requires larger teams as knowledge accumulation causes researchers to specialize in narrower areas. How should organizations achieve the best balance? We argue and show evidence that diversified researchers, individuals routinely criticized for their lack of knowledge depth, are more likely than specialized researchers of similar ability to integrate new knowledge from beyond their domains of expertise to create impactful innovations. Therefore, organizations aiming to create competitive advantage by pushing the boundaries of knowledge should carefully consider the nuanced tradeoffs between specialized and diversified researchers when strategizing about hiring the optimal types of expertise.