The 2005 novel Slow Man makes apparent J. M. Coetzee's interest in the plight of the emigre, not only through the French-born Paul Rayment, but also through the nurse and love-interest, Marijana Jokic. After losing a limb in a bicycle accident, Paul struggles to adjust to his new life. He feels alone and is confronted with a feeling of 'not belonging.' As time passes and the Jokic family is introduced into Paul's life, this sense of displacement becomes overwhelming. The argument of this paper is that Paul's loneliness is inextricably tied to his relationship to place. Through analysing the link between self and place, exploring the notion of 'we' and understanding the concept of home, Paul Rayment's displacement and its consequences are investigated. Keywords : J. M. Coetzee, Slow Man, place


The effect of the different blank sizes and the deforming conditions on the wrinkling was studied in this experiment.The results show that the proper forming parameters and effective lubrication may reduce the tendency of wrinkling and improve the quality of stamping product.


There is described a method of operating an inverter (1), wherein the inverter (1) has a connection (2) with four lead terminals (3-6) for connection of the inverter (1) having three external conductors (L1, L2, L3) and (N) having an alternating voltage network (7), a neutral conductor. Switching elements of a bridge circuit (8) of the inverter (1) can be controlled as part of a test step for generating a zero system, said output currents (I For the further operation of the inverter (1) to a four-wire operation with connected the neutral conductor (N) adapted first management is selected, if a zero sequence current is detected during the test step that exceeds a predetermined threshold. Otherwise, a three-wire operation without a connected neutral conductor (N) adapted second, different from the first management operation guidance is selected. An arranged for performing the method inverter (1) is also described.


Article history: Received 27 January 2014 Received in revised form10 March 2014 Accepted 15 March 2014 Available online 5 April 2014


A Mixed Reality Handcrafting System Using Multiple ToolDevices Yusuke Takami, Asako Kimura, Fumihisa, Shibata, and Hideyuki Tamura Abstract We have proposed novel interaction devices; ToolDevice, which is for various operations in large electric working space. They use metaphors of real-life tools which are familiar in everyday life. Such tools have good affordance, and at the same time, every user already has a mental model for their operation. These advantages not only guide users to the correct operation, but provide an intuitive operation. They imitate not only the shapes of existing tools and their usages, but also the tactile and audio sensation to increase presences of virtual objects and improve operational feelings. We already had developed TweezersDevice for pick and move manipulations and BrushDevice for painting. In this paper, as a third device, we proposed and developed Knife/HammerDevice for handcrafting operations. Additionally, we constructed a handcrafting system as a usage example of the multiple ToolDevices including Knife/HammerDevice and TweezersDevice. The experiment of this system revealed the intuitiveness of each ToolDevice and their switching operation, but also the difficulty of precise positioning and cutting operation with them. To resolve these problems, we introduced constraints on movement of virtual objects and the devices to the system for assistance of these operations.


cussion of the body movements associated with taiko drumming is a recurrent theme in this volume. Elsewhere, Bender discusses the adaptation of an island drumming tradition, Hachijo-taiko, in standardized form for the consumption of taiko groups all over Japan. He notes that: 'the distinctive body movements of the Hachijo drummers did not travel so easily' (p. 113). Bender also rightly discusses the heightened importance that visual aspects of performance, such as the taiko uniforms, assume when folk drumming is transposed to the stage. Unfortunately, he does not provide a means for the reader to visually experience taiko. A discography including reference to DVD and web performances would be a helpful addition. However, its sociological analyses and detailed ethnography make it an excellent introductory read for students of Japanese Studies. A real strength is the author's informative yet accessible style. Bender's narrative is strewed with fascinating gems, such as the reinvention of the sumo wrestler's loincloth by the French designer Pierre Cardin, which found taiko a new audience among Paris' gay community. This academic text can certainly find a further audience in the large community of taiko aficionados.


A basic problem in economic dynamics is the choice of continuous-time or discrete-time in mathematical modeling. In this paper, we study the continuous-time Samuelson's multiplier-accelerator model and compare this continuous-time model with its classical discrete-time model. We find that time scales have an influence on the perfect symmetry of periodic motion.


The traditional demonstration of Lagrange mean value theorem is structure a supplementary function in advance,then use the conclusion of Rolle theorem to complete it.In this article,the author attempts to make a fresh start,demonstrate Lagrange mean value theorem directly by coordinate revolution transformation.


The textbook presents almost all sections of modern astronomy: a historical overview, the basics of practical astronomy, the laws of motion of celestial bodies, the structure of the Solar system, methods of astronomical research, basic information about the Sun, stars, planets, galaxies and the Universe as a whole. To work with the textbook, you need knowledge of the main sections of mathematics, physics and chemistry in the volume of the high school course. At the end of the paragraphs, there is a list of questions for better assimilation of the material, as well as tasks focused on preparing for the Unified State Exam in physics. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of the 11th grade, students of secondary special educational institutions and anyone interested in the problems of modern astronomy.


Abstract : This report compares eight theoretical pre-shot predictions with the results of two reverse ballistic tests performed by AVCO in the late summer of 1976. The test setup and the tests are described. Each of the theoretical approaches (which used many different modeling techniques, from simple wave transmission to complex finite elements) is discussed and evaluated. The report concludes that the theoretical predictions were consistent and quite accurate. The agreement with the experimental results is generally excellent whenever the latter results are sufficiently redundant and self-consistent to be credible.


Part 1 Individual bilingualism: what is a bilingual? bilingualism and the family the everday use of bilinguals bilingualism and thinking measurement of bilingualism. Part 2 Bilingualism in society: bilingualism in communities how many languages are there in the world? - languages in contact, the mapping of languages in the world, presentation of language maps language change language planning and evolution bilingualism and culture bilingualism and politics. Part 3 Bilingual education: the aims of bilingual education weak forms of bilingual education strong forms of bilingual education bilingual education and the community bilingual education in the United States bilingual eduation for students with special needs bilingual education for the deaf and hearing impaired language awareness multiculturalism in education the bilingual classroom factors affecting second languae acquistion second language learning in the classroom.


Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of child death worldwide. Viruses are the most common pathogens associated with CAP in children, but their incidence varies greatly. This study investigated the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, human rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus (HCoV‐OC43 and HCoV‐NL63), and influenza A virus (FluA) in children with CAP and the contributing risk factors. Here, children with acute respiratory infections were screened by pediatrics; and a total of 150 radiographically‐confirmed CAP patients (aged 3 months to 10 years) from two clinical centers in Sao Luis, Brazil were recruited. Patient's clinical and epidemiological data were recorded. Nasopharyngeal swab and tracheal aspirate samples were collected to extract viral nucleic acid. RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, FluA, HMPV, HCoV‐OC43, and HCoV‐NL63 were detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The severe CAP was associated with ages between 3 and 12 months. Viruses were detected in 43% of CAP patients. Rhinovirus infections were the most frequently identified (68%). RSV, adenovirus, FluA, and coinfections were identified in 14%, 14%, 5%, and 15% of children with viral infection, respectively. Rhinovirus was associated with nonsevere CAP (P = .014); RSV, FluA, and coinfections were associated with severe CAP (P < .05). New strategies for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections, mainly rhinovirus and RSV infections, are necessary.


Rolling contact fatigue tests of Si3N4 and SiC at room temperature and 773 K were carried out using the high-temperature rolling contact fatigue test machine which was previously constructed by the authors. Their wear properties were also investigated using the newly developed system for measuring the shape and volume of rolling contact wear in ceramics. On the basis of the present test results, Si3N4 seemed to be superior to SiC from the viewpoints of the rolling contact fatigue life at room temperature, the wear resistance and the tolerable load. However, the temperarure-independent properties in SiC will be beneficial to use the bearing element material at higher temperatures.


Blind source separation (BSS) and related methods, e.g., independent component analysis (ICA) are generally based on a wide class of unsupervised learning algorithms and they found potential applications in many areas from engineering to neuroscience. The recent trends in blind source separation and generalized component analysis (GCA) is to consider problems in the framework of matrix factorization or more general signals decomposition with probabilistic generative models and exploit a priori knowledge about true nature, morphology or structure of latent (hidden) variables or sources such as sparseness, spatio-temporal decorrelation, statistical independence, nonnegativity, smoothness or lowest possible complexity. The goal of BSS can be considered as estimation of true physical sources and parameters of a mixing system, while objective of GCA is finding a new reduced or hierarchical and structured representation for the observed (sensor) data that can be interpreted as physically meaningful coding or blind signal decompositions. The key issue is to find a such transformation or coding which has true physical meaning and interpretation. In this paper we discuss some promising applications of BSS/GCA for analyzing multi-modal, multi-sensory data, especially EEG/MEG data. Moreover, we propose to apply these techniques for early detection of Alzheimer disease (AD) using EEG recordings. Furthermore, we briefly review some efficient unsupervised learning algorithms for linear blind source separation, blind source extraction and generalized component analysis using various criteria, constraints and assumptions. A fairly general blind signal separation (BSS) problem often referred as blind signal decomposition or blind source extraction (BSE) can be formulated as follows (see Figure 1). We observe records of sensor signals x(t) = [x1(t), . . . , xm(t)] , where t is time and (·)T means transpose of a vector, from a MIMO (multiple-input/multiple-output) dynamical (mixing and filtering) system. These signals are usually superposition of unknown source signals and noises. The objective is to find an inverse system, sometimes termed a reconstruction system, neural network or a inverse system, if it exists and is stable, in order to estimate the all primary source signals s(t) = [s1(t), . . . , sn(t)] or only some of them with


This essay aims to analyze some aspects of Natalie Zemon Davis' history writing contained in the book Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-Century Lives. In this oeuvre, the historian deals with some questions approached by the present discussions about historiography production, such as agency, microhistory, as well as the role of narrative on the historical knowledge's production. Through a work with the text architecture, as well as an analysis of the author reflections about her theoretical and methodological paths, this essay aims to show how Davis tries to put aside interpretations which approach her work with the historical relativism (found on certain views of the post-modernism critic) and the following deflation of the concept of real caused by this posture.


More than 60% of the total electricity produced in the Kingdom of Bahrain and other Arabian Gulf Countries in the summer seasons are being used to meet air conditioning demands. The process involves the extraction of heat as well as the extraction of moisture (humidity) from the air.  Those and many other countries, with hot and humid environment, usually have severe water scarcity and poor endowment of water resources. Harvesting and collecting of the by-product condensate water from air conditioning system provide a good alternative water supply, mainly for non drinking requirements. In this study, the effect of atmospheric (outside) humidity and humidity inside the buildings (indoor) on the amount of water collected from the air conditioning system, as a byproduct, have been studied experimentally. The data has been collected for two years (2017 & 2018) during the period from April to October in the Kingdom of Bahrain for different days on hourly basis from two tons of refrigeration split unit system. Atmospheric humidity, the room inside humidity, the atmospheric temperature, and the room temperature, have been recorded. Respected dew points have been calculated. The measured atmospheric relative humidity was compared to the officially recorded relative humidity at Bahrain Airport. It has been found to perfectly agree with each other with a mean deviation of 0.44% and 1.27% for the two consecutive years.  The collected average amounts of water from the air conditioning system for the two years and for each month is fully consistent and reflect the effect of humidity in form of liner relationship. Keywords: Water resource, air conditioning system, humidification-dehumidification DOI : 10.7176/JETP/9-7-05 Publication date :October 31 st 2019


Aims: To verify the screening performance of Pap smear and four modalities of visual inspection tests (VIT) in screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN of grade 2, 3 or carcinoma in situ, in a low risk population. Study Design: A transversal study validated above tests, both in separate and in combination, against colposcopic and histologic examination as gold standard. Place and Duration of Study: RFCC (Portuguese abbreviation for "Female network against cancer") in Florianopolis, southern Brazil, between June 2010 and July 2012. Methodology: Among 919 women eligible for the study, 882 completed all clinical and laboratory exams. All screen-positive and a random sample of 18.5% screen-negative specimen were submitted to colposcopy and, if necessary, histologic examination. Results: The prevalence of CIN2 + in this study was 1.7%. Pap smear as the only screening test produced about 1/3 of false negative results. Among those considered normal by Pap smear, 32.1% were diagnosed as CIN1 and 17.1% as CIN2 + by Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(14): 2783-2795, 2014 2784 histological examination. The false negative rate reduction from 6/15 for Pap smear test alone to 1/15 for its combination with VIT as a parallel test represents a 5/15 or 33.3% reduction (95% CI = 12-62%). The combination of all four VIT modalities into a parallel test also reduced the false negative fraction significantly. Conclusions: This study has shown that Pap smear alone has its sensitivity too limited to be used as the only test in screening for cervical cancer. Adding VIT as a parallel test significantly improves the screening sensitivity by reducing the false negative results to less than 7% while maintaining the false negative rate at 8%.


A communication device may be provided, The communication device may include: a requester to request information indicating communication devices that provide pre-determined data; a receiver to receive the information indicating communication devices that provide the pre-determined data; a determiner to determine a download target based on the information indicating communication devices that provide the pre-detennined data; and a transmitter to transmit information indicating the determined download target for a peer-to-peer communication of the pre-determined data from the download target.


The year 1983 saw the premiere of three Australian plays dealing with apocalyptic themes. All use extensive and deliberate intertextual allusion, gaining ironic effect by their juxtaposition of Australian history with past European consensual certainties, be they theatrical classics, high bourgeois art-forms like opera, or the Christian myth. These plays are The Kid by Michael Gow, Sunrise by Louis Nowra and The Blind Giant is Dancing by Stephen Sewell. The work of these writers, along with Dorothy Hewett's and Patrick White's drama and David Maloufs Blood Relations (1987), represent the main achievements of what can be distinguished as a major mythopoeic tradition of theatre writing which has come to prominence in the last half-decade. This serial is available in Kunapipi: http://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol9/iss3/8


Solanum capsicoides, commonly known as red soda apple, is a little-studied species with phytotherapeutic characteristics of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. However, little is known about its agronomic characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of light, different temperatures, and substrates on the germination of S. capsicoides seeds. The study consisted of two experiments: Experiment I - Germination of S. capsicoides seeds under different wavelengths. The seeds were kept on Petri dishes covered with Germitest™ paper moistened with distilled water and exposed to the monochromatic, red, far-red, and dark wavelengths. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds. Experiment II - Germination of S. capsicoides seeds on different substrates and at different temperatures. The seeds were distributed according to six substrates: paper roll, on paper, between sand, on sand, on soil + sand + manure, and between soil + sand + manure. The seeds were also subjected to the constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C and the alternate temperatures of 20-30, 20-35, 25-30, and 25-35 °C, characterizing a 6 x 8 factorial arrangement. Germination rate, germination speed index, and mean germination time were evaluated. Red soda apple seeds are classified as positive photoblastic, with the highest germination rate occurring at the temperature of 20-35 °C combined with on paper, paper roll, on sand, and between sand substrates.


Acoustic Cavitation in a Liquid Theoretical Concepts of the Mechanism of Physical and Physiochemical Effect of Cavitation Sonoluminescence and Sonochemical Reactions Energetics of Sonochemical Reactions and Physicochemical Processes Caused by Cavitation Kinetics of Sonochemical Reactions Sonochemistry of Water and Aqueous Solutions Oscillatory Reactions in an Acoustic Field Effect of Ultrasonic Waves on Chemical Reactions in Nonaqueous Systems Catalytic and Electrochemical Processes in an Ultrasonic Field Reactions of Macromolecules in an Ultrasonic Field.


Presently, steam reforming of bio-ethanol is considered as a promising route for generation of H2-rich mixtures with very low environmental concerns. However, the main challenges of such technology are related to catalyst deactivation due to carbon formation. In fact, bioethanol mixtures, besides water and ethanol, may contain several impurities, including higher alcohols, which decrease catalyst resistance towards coking.In the present work, ethanol steam reforming was investigated over bimetallic Pt-Ni based catalysts supported on ceria-zirconia. Preliminary tests were carried out under pure water/ethanol mixture and the impact of temperature (400 - 500 °C), space velocity (7,500 - 30,000 h-1) and H2O/C2H5OH molar ratio (3 - 9) on carbon formation rate was studied. Further, at chosen operative conditions, a model mixture containing 1 mol% of the main bioethanol impurities (C2H4O, C3H7OH, C4H9OH, C5H11OH) was fed to the reformer and its effect on catalyst stability was studied at 450 °C, 15,000 h-1 and r.a.=6.


There are many problems with the prosecution mode of three kinds of cases of private prosecution in the criminal procedure law of our country in practice. In order to solve these problems,it is necessary to cancel some cases of private prosecution and limit the range of private prosecution right,and construct the mode that regards private prosecution as exception and public prosecution as principle to the criminal case in our country, to comply with the prosecution mode of public prosecution as mainstream in the world.


We propose a cross-domain image-based 3D shape retrieval method, which learns a joint embedding space for natural images and 3D shapes in an end-to-end manner. The similarities between images and 3D shapes can be computed as the distances in this embedding space. To better encode a 3D shape, we propose a new feature aggregation method, Cross-View Convolution (CVC), which models a 3D shape as a sequence of rendered views. For bridging the gaps between images and 3D shapes, we propose a Cross-Domain Triplet Neural Network (CDTNN) that incorporates an adaptation layer to match the features from different domains better and can be trained end-to-end. In addition, we speed up the triplet training process by presenting a new fast cross-domain triplet neural network architecture. We evaluate our method on a new image to 3D shape dataset for category-level retrieval and ObjectNet3D for instance-level retrieval. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of retrieval performance. We also provide in-depth analysis of various design choices to further reduce the memory storage and computational cost.


We present observational results of the thermal dust continuum emission and its linear polarization in one of the nearest massive star-forming sites Orion BN/KL in Orion Molecular Cloud-1. The observations were carried out with the Submillimeter Array. With an angular resolution of 1″ (∼2 mpc; 480 AU), we have detected and resolved the densest cores near the BN/KL region. At a wavelength of ∼870 μm, the polarized dust emission can be used to trace the structure of the magnetic field in this star-forming core. The dust continuum appears to arise from a V-shaped region, with a cavity nearly coincident with the center of the explosive outflows observed on larger scales. The position angles (P.A.s) of the observed polarization vary significantly by a total of about 90° but smoothly, i.e., curl-like, across the dust ridges. Such a polarization pattern can be explained with dust grains being magnetically aligned instead of mechanically with outflows, since the latter mechanism would cause the P.A.s to be parallel to the direction of the outflow, i.e., radial-like. The magnetic field projected in the plane of sky is therefore derived by rotating the P.A.s of the polarization by 90°. We find an azimuthally symmetric structure in the overall magnetic field morphology, with the field directions pointing toward 2.″5 west to the center of the explosive outflows. We also find a preferred symmetry plane at a P.A. of 36°, which is perpendicular to the mean magnetic field direction (120°) of the 0.5 pc dust ridge. Two possible interpretations of the origin of the observed magnetic field structure are discussed.


New Zealand is a firm supporter of the removal of trade barriers - an approach that is strongly endorsed by those who run our export companies. This is reflected in a survey of these enter-prises conducted in 2009 to assess the impact on them of free trade agreements. The removal of barriers helps these companies to acquire new knowledge and technology. We are making progress in this direction. Nearly 50 per cent of New Zealand exports are now covered by free trade agreements. The Trans-Pacific Partnership is the centre-piece in our current efforts to push forward the process of trade liberalisation.


Authentication and roaming are critical issues for wireless data applications. Due to the strong points of mobile cellular network - large subscriber base, secure authentication mechanism, well established roaming agreements and well defined service entries, - it is favorable to integrate the authentication mechanism of WLAN into that of mobile cellular network. For GSM/GPRS cellular systems, the subscriber identity module (SIM) card is used for user identification, authentication and message encryption. Thus, it is feasible to authenticate the subscribers in WLAN via exchanging the authentication information between mobile cellular network and subscribers' SIM cards. The issue of SIM-based subscriber authentication for WLAN is investigated. By utilizing the GSM authentication information, an authentication mechanism is proposed and an experimental system is implemented.


A compact optical polarizer based on a directional coupler incorporating layered waveguide core structures is studied in detail in this paper. Important waveguide design parameters such as the guide width, guide separation, guide height, refractive index contrast, and wavelength dependence have been analyzed by using the vectorial H-field finite-element method. The optical power transfer characteristics have been calculated by using the least squares boundary residual methods.


Conventional methods to solve inverse problems face with some difficulties, including ill-posedness, nonlinearity, and high computational cost. To overcome the above drawbacks, a new approach is proposed which unifies the Iterative Born Method (BIM) with a quadratic programming procedure based on the adoption of Convolutional Neural Networks. BIM is used to obtain an initial estimate of the dielectric profile, which is processed by the convolutional neural network to improve the reconstruction. The dielectric profiles obtained with the proposed scheme show that the network is able to provide images with greater precision as compared to the case of single BIM technique, thus opening new interesting scenarios for quantitative microwave imaging in real time and with low computational cost.


A problem that is simple to state in the context of spherical geometry, and that seems rather interesting, appears to have been unexamined to date in the mathematical literature. The problem can also be recast as a problem in the real projective plane. The problem on the sphere involves four great circles and their intersections. A substantial claim is made concerning this problem, and subsequently proved by relating the spherical problem to a compelling problem in solid geometry. This latter problem essentially concerns relationships between the angles of a tetrahedron, and has practical applications, particularly in connection with the Perspective 3-Point (Pose) Problem.


We are delighted to present the Handbook of Research on Customer Engagement to you, which offers a selection of contemporary readings in this rapidly developing research area. Since its initial inclusion on the Marketing Science Institute's 2010 Research Priorities, the topic area has grown intensely with important advances being made with respect to customer engagement (CE) conceptualization, measurement, as well as studies conducted in particular areas of CE application (see e.g. Kumar et al. 2019; Kumar and Pansari 2016; Hollebeek, Srivastava, and Chen 2019). For the period 2018‒2020, the MSI has maintained the CE on centrality by inviting future research on the question What are the most effective strategies to drive deeper and lasting customer engagement with the firm? (MSI 2018, p. 3). In parallel, researchers' growing interest in CE is evident in a significant number of journal Special Issues (e.g. 2017 Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2010 Journal of Service Research, 2018 Journal of Services Marketing), conference Special Sessions, roundtables and other events being organized to foster enhanced understanding of the concept (Brodie et al. 2011). Based on the rapidly advancing state of CE research, we proudly present you a set of collected readings on contemporary CE topics in this title, which – with authors from more than 12 countries – represents a truly international contribution. The title is divided into four main sections, including CE and Marketing Practice, CE and Conceptual Relationships, CE and Organizational Performance, and CE in Networked Environments. Each of these sections is headed up by an introduction and overview by a senior marketing scholar, as detailed below, and comprises a number of chapters within the respective broad topic. First, our opening section Customer Engagement and Marketing Practice addresses CE's practitionerbased roots, thereby aiming to shed light on the concept's managerial applications. We are delighted to have renowned marketing scholar and worldleading CE expert, Professor V. Kumar introducing this section in an introductory chapter and laying out key CE observations to practising managers. The first of this section's five chap ters is by Keeling et al., who explore the notion of engagementtovalue


In this paper we analyze cost efficiency of Uzbek banks between 2013 and 2018 by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) under the constant-return-to-scale and variable-return-to-scale assumptions. We find that cost efficiency of Uzbek banks on average is increasing. We also find that banks that directly or indirectly state-owned are on average most efficient and private banks are least efficient. Keywords: cost efficiency, constant-return-to-scale, variable-return-to-scale, ownership structure, data envelopment analysis DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-9-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2020


This study aims at analyzing Instructors Professionalism, Instructors Trust, and Athlete Satisfaction according to demographics. Using a purposive sampling of non probability sampling, 260 Korean disabled athletes participated in 2014 and collected 234 surveys. Only 208 were used in this research, excluding 26 who did not respond faithfully or answers that had no values. Results of this study were given as it applied data process, frequency analysis, factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis. First, significant differences were shown on Instructors Professionalism, Instructors Trust and Athlete Satisfaction in age, types of disorders, participation frequency and time. Second, recording to effects of Instructors Professionalism on Instructors Trust, guidance technique, management influenced the openness. Personality, guidance and practical technique, management influenced the ability. Personality, guidance technique, influenced on the belief and personality influenced on the sincerity. Personality, basic principle influenced on the consistency. Personality, guidance technique, management influenced on the altruism.Third, recording to effects of instructors professionalism on athlete satisfaction, personality, guidance technique, management influenced on the coach's leadership. Guidance technique, management influenced on the social interaction. Guidance technique influenced the task performance. Fourth, the effects of trust on athlete satisfaction, ability, belief, consistency influenced coach's leadership. Ability, consistency influenced on the social interaction. Belief influenced the task performance.


Abstract This paper addresses iterative learning control (ILC) for periodic systems using model predictive and optimization methods to redesign trajectories and reject periodic disturbances. Stability and optimality of these optimization methods is analysed and illustrated on simulations. The additional prospects of the optimization formulation (e.g. including energy costs, system identification) referred to the trajectory planning are accentuated. To reduce the calculation effort of the optimization algorithm a variable and adaptive sampling period is introduced. The advantages compared to classical ILC methods especially in consideration of constraints are presented.


The shell model of Dick and Overhauser as developed by Cochran and Woods el al. has been applied to study theoretically the lattice dynamics of a cesium chloride crystal. The polarizabilities of bo...


The results of analyzing opening types in the rear elevations of ninety-six buddhist temples which would be existence can be summarized as follows ; 1) Opening types in the rear elevations of buddhist temples in the Koryo Dynasty were various as the type of doors and windows, and the type of combining with walls. but the fact had something in common that whole door was the swinging pannel one, and the type of the whole window was the lattice and the mullioned casement one. 2) The type of the lattice windows were disappered and the only type of the mullioned casement windows were put in an apperance in the early period of Cho-sun Dynasty. 3) The type of doors + walls and the type of doors + windows in the rear elevations of buddhist temples of the seventeenth century were absolute. Especially the mullioned casement windows were used mainly in buddhist temple of the type of doors + windows. 4) The type of doors + windows in the rear elevations of buddhist temples of the eighteenth century did not be seen, but types of doors + walls and walls + walls which were much enclosed, were mainly put to use in those.


Correction for 'APTES assisted surface heparinization of polylactide porous membranes for improved hemocompatibility' by Jinglong Li et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 42684–42692.


Abundance observations indicate the presence of rapid-neutron capture (i.e., r-process) elements in old Galactic halo and globular cluster stars. These observations demonstrate that the earliest generations of stars in the Galaxy, responsible for neutron-capture synthesis and the progenitors of the halo stars, were rapidly evolving. Abundance comparisons among large numbers of stars provide clues about the nature of neutron-capture element synthesis both during the earliest times and throughout the history of the Galaxy. In particular, these comparisons suggest differences in the way the heavier (including Ba and above) and lighter neutron capture elements are synthesized in nature. Understanding these differences will help to identify the astrophysical site (or sites) of and conditions in the r-process. The abundance comparisons also demonstrate a large star-to-star scatter in the neutron-capture/iron ratios at low metallicities- which disappears with increasing [Fe/H]- and suggests an early, chemically unmixed and inhomogeneous Galaxy. The very recent neutron-capture element observations indicate that the early phases of Galactic nucleosynthesis, and the associated chemical evolution, are quite complex, with the yields from different (progenitor) mass-range stars contributing to different chemical mixes. Stellar abundance comparisons suggest a change from the r-process to the slow neutron capture (i.e., s-) process at higher metallicities (and later times) in the Galaxy. Finally, the detection of thorium and uranium in halo and globular cluster stars offers a promising, independent age-dating technique that can put lower limits on the age of the Galaxy and thus the Universe.


This article focuses on the new tendencies regarding the study-learning processes carried out from year 2012 at the Engineering and Agronomy Institute of the UNAJ. The knowledge building process in a collaborative way around the entrepreneur eco-system generated interesting possibilities for them and for the academy. Based on the formulation of a social extension project, entrepreneurship constitutes itself as a viable alternative for the community in general and students in particular.


Retroperitoneal schwannomas represent 0.5%–3% of all retroperitoneal tumors. Complete surgical removal is the treatment of choice because it permits a correct histological diagnosis and prevents eventual degeneration. Laparoscopic surgery has been reported as safe and effective by several authors. We present a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the role of laparoscopy in surgical resection of retroperitoneal schwannomas, and we present a case showing the technique (with video). Laparoscopic resection in experienced hands is safe and effective, and guarantees excellent postoperative results in terms of patient recovery.


The first total synthesis of the novel marine natural product, bengamide A 1 is described, revealing the absolute configuration of this compound.


Electricity today plays a prominent role in many diverse processes in manufacturing and other industries. Understanding the fundamental principles behind a host of electrically driven processes is the remit of electroheat as an academic discipline. Centres of electricity utilisation at Universities, funded by the electricity utilities, should be encouraged and supported at the embryonic stage of development in order to facilitate the transfer of the electroheat technology between industry and academe.


Abstract Biotransformation of isoniazid produced isonicotinic acid (1), isonicotinic acid N-oxide (2), and isonicotinamide (3) which were isolated by column chromatography using silica gel and Sephadex LH 20 and elucidated using various spectroscopies. This is the first report for isolation of 2 . Antituberculosis activity was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains: drug sensitive (DS), multiple drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR). 1-3 and isoniazid showed MICs of 63.49, 0.22, 15.98 and 0.88 µM, respectively, against the DS strain. For the MDR strain, 2 and 3 exhibited MICs of 28.06 and > 1000 µM, respectively, while 1 was inactive. Moreover, 2 had an MIC of 56.19 µM against XDR strain, while 1 and 3 were inactive. Docking simulation using enoyl ACP reductase (InhA) revealed favorable protein-ligand interactions. In silico study of pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity predicted 1-3 to have good oral bioavailability and 2 to have a lower hepatoxicity probability than isoniazid. Graphical Abstract


Growing energy demand has exacerbated the issue of energy security and causes us to necessitate the utilization of renewable resources. The best alternative for promoting electricity generation in Bangladesh with renewable energy is solar photovoltaic technology and grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly being popular considering solar potential and the recent cost of PV modules. This study proposes a grid-connected system using solar PV with a net metering strategy using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables model. Outcomes reveal combining 420 kW PV with a 405-kW converter and connecting to the utility grid is the least cost and ecologically healthy configuration of the system. Electricity generation cost is estimated to be 0.0725 dollars per kilowatt-hour with a payback period of 6.4 years based on the system's 20-year lifespan. Also, compared to the existing grid and the electricity generation of diesel, the optimized system with a renewable fraction of 31.10%, provides a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions respectively of 191 tons and 1,028 tons each year.


Flavonols are a group of naturally occurring polyphenols in plants and exhibit a broad variety of biological effects that have potential applications in foods. With some biochemical assays, the cytoprotective effects of three flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin) on human hepatocytes (HL-7702 cell line) oxidative injury induced by H2O2 or CCl4 were evaluated in vitro. The relationship between chemical structure of three flavonols and cytoprotective effect was investigated. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with three flavonols at concentrations of 20, 40, 60 μmol/L for 30 min could improve cell viability or the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in cells, and reduce the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage into culture medium or the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cells. Cytoprotective effect of three flavonols was in the order of quercetin myricetin kaempferol, which didn't show a clear structure-activity relationship between the numbers of hydroxyl group in ring B of flavonols and their cytoprotective effect.


Ledger from Cooke County, Texas containing criminal docket information for the county court. Recorded information includes the names of parties involved, attorneys, offenses, date of filing, names of witnesses, and orders of the court.


The packing problem of unit equilateral triangles not only has the theoretical significance but also offers broad prospects in material processing and network resource optimization. Because this problem is nondeterministic polynomial (NP) hard and has the feature of continuity, it is necessary to limit the placements of unit equilateral triangles before optimizing and obtaining approximate solution (e.g., the unit equilateral triangles are not allowed to be rotated). This paper adopts a new quasi-human strategy to study the packing problem of unit equilateral triangles. Some new concepts are put forward such as side-clinging action, and an approximation algorithm for solving the addressed problem is designed. Time complexity analysis and the calculation results indicate that the proposed method is a polynomial time algorithm, which provides the possibility to solve the packing problem of arbitrary triangles.


Background and Aims: YG1699, a dual inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2, recently showed greater glucose reduction than dapagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes. This study examined whether YG1699 provides gastrointestinal SGLT1 inhibition.
 Materials and Methods: Male BALB/c mice (n=105) were randomly divided into five groups: vehicle, YG1699 at low (1mg/kg), medium (3mg/kg), and high doses (10mg/kg), and LX4211 (sotagliflozin) 10mg/kg by oral gavage. Animals received a 5g/kg glucose challenge 15 minutes after study drug. Animals were euthanized at various times to examine intestinal plasma GLP-1 and glucose content in small intestine, cecum, and colon. Differences between groups were evaluated by ANOVA.
 Results (See Table 1): Small intestinal glucose content 1 hour after glucose challenge increased in a dose-related fashion with YG1699 compared to vehicle (p<0.001 for each YG1699 group vs. vehicle). Similar results were found in cecum (p<0.05 for each YG1699 group vs. vehicle). Plasma GLP-1 and PYY concentrations at 1 hour were higher on YG1699 vs. vehicle. Intestinal glucose content in the sotagliflozin group was similar to vehicle and the plasma GLP-1 were only numerically increased in this group.
 Conclusion: YG1699 delays intestinal glucose absorption and induces an incretin response in BALB/c mice, indicating significant gastrointestinal SGLT1 inhibition.

 J.Li: None. R.W.Xu: Consultant; Youngene Therapeutics. J.He: None. P.Lapuerta: Board Member; 4M Therapeutics, Consultant; Youngene Therapeutics, ViaCyte, Inc., Encuragen, Capsida, Provention Bio, Inc., Decibel Therapeutics, Crinetics, Next Phase Therapeutics.


This special issue of Practicing Anthropology includes seven papers which cover a broad spectrum of anthropological practice in Alaska, but share a common orientation toward public policy. We have chosen to focus on anthropology and public policy in Alaska for several reasons. First, there appears to be a high level of anthropological involvement in and impact on Alaskan public policy compared to other regions of the United States. Second, that involvement and influence is not limited to one or two topics but ranges over a variety of issues. Finally, we feel that because of the nature of contemporary Alaska—its size, small population, ethnic diversity, present economy, and youth as a state—public directions taken at this time will be crucial to the future of the people who are presently residents of Alaska. A sense of that urgency as well as of the powerful forces at work comes through in a number of the articles.


The existence of polycrystalline shells has been widely reported in the synthesis of hollow nanoparticles; however, the exact role displayed by the grain boundaries on the stability has been scarce...


With so many private travel bureaus that appear in our country is making the competition to win consumers, many people who want practical things included in bus ticket reservation without having to come and queue up to counters in the terminal bus which tends to heat and time-consuming, and therefore people want to see informa- tion about ordering tickets through the website. In making this website the author using Macromedia Dreamweaver 8 application program that has been known as an applica- tion program in the creation of websites, MySql and PHP, Javascript as a program maker in order to website more dynamic animation


Effluent of municipal secondary treatment was chosen as raw water to re-start up the O/A biological sand filters which stopped running nearly five months,in the way of increasing hydraulic load gradually.The secondary start-up speed,the removal effect of nitrogen and carbon,the influence of C/N ratio on removal effect of nitrogen and carbon were mainly studied.The results showed that the membrane attached on the surface of quartz sand is not dead,the O/A biological sand filters can back to normal run in a very short time.During stable operation,the average removal of CODCr and NH4+-N were 45.53% and 65.50% respectively,and the average concentration of CODCr and NH4+-N in effluent were 48.50mg/L and 4.12mg/L respectively.The removal efficiency of O/A biological sand filters is high for total nitrogen when the C/N ratio is 5.0;the removal rate of total nitrogen reaches above 30%,the average concentration of TN in effluent is lower than 15 mg/L.The effluent quality met the first A class standard of "urban sewage treatment plant pollutant discharge standard"(GB18918-2002).


Biological knowledge discovery is a tedious task which relies on computationally intensive analyses to process huge volumes of data and metadata. This task can be facilitated by a well-designed workflow management system, capable of deploying and efficiently orchestrating the scientific analysis. However choosing the right workflow management system remains a critical challenge. In this study, we propose ten metrics for evaluating the efficiency of workflow management systems, and show how the Pegasus-mpi-cluster and Snakemake workflow management systems gave the best overall performance, closely followed by Nextflow.


Delayed central venous perforation is an uncommon but serious complication of central venous catheter insertion. An increase in catheter stiffness may have been responsible for our association of venous perforation with use of a guidewire insertion technique. A bench model was used to investigate the stiffness characteristics of thirty-four different types of catheters. The initial stiffness is poorly described by material or catheter gauge. A large range of values is seen between apparently similar catheters — the 16 gauge polyethylene catheter associated with two perforations at our institution had an initial stiffness value 7.5 Nm 2 X 10 -5 at 37°C in comparison with our previous standard—the 16 gauge Deseret Intracath with an initial stiffness of 2 Nm2 X 10 -5 . Multilumen catheters had a similar range of stiffness to single lumen catheters, while paediatric catheters in general were less stiff. Dialysis catheters were up to five times as stiff as the stiffest central venous catheter. Stiffness decayed at a rate and to an extent which differed from catheter to catheter. Absorption of water by the catheter appears to be one factor involved in stress relaxation.


Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used as potent gastric acid secretion antagonists for gastro‐esophageal disorders and their overall safety in patients with gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is considered to be good and they are well‐tolerated. However, recent studies have suggested that PPIs may be a potential independent risk factor for cardiovascular adverse events. The aim of our meta‐analysis was to examine the association between PPI monotherapy and cardiovascular events in patients with GERD.


Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a non-invasive optical measurement technique which has been used for many decades to measure fluid velocity. Conventionally, PIV systems are equipped with a laser system for illuminating the flow field. However, laser systems are expensive, and their usage usually creates specific safety precautions. In this work, we used a low cost LED based illumination system in conjunction with the refractive-index matching method to measure flow velocities in porous media. Hydro jelly beads were used as a transparent porous medium which have the same refractive index as water. The movement of tracer particles which were illuminated by the LED pulse was captured by a high-speed double pulsed camera and the resulting images were processed for receiving the pore-scale fluid velocity. Interstitial velocity vectors averaged over a specified region were presented and compared with the vertical velocity component calculated from the volumetric flow rate. In general, our results demonstrated the usability of LED based PIV system for investigating flow conditions in porous media. The future aim of this study is the investigation of micro-scale seepage induced internal erosion of granular structures.


The physical synthesis concept for quantum circuits, the interaction between synthesis and physical design processes, was first introduced in our previous work. This concept inspires us to propose some techniques that can minimize the number of extra inserted SWAP operations required to run a circuit on a nearest-neighbor architecture. Minimizing the number of SWAP operations potentially decreases the latency and error probability of a quantum circuit. Focusing on this concept, we present a physical synthesis technique based on transformation rules to decrease the number of SWAP operations in nearest-neighbor architectures. After the qubits of a circuit are mapped onto the physical qubits provided by the target architecture, our procedure is fed by this mapping information. Our method uses the obtained placement and scheduling information to apply some transformation rules to the original netlist to decrease the number of extra SWAP gates required for running the circuit on the architecture. We follow two policies in applying a transformation rule, greedy and simulated-annealing-based policies. Simulation results show that the proposed technique decreases the average number of extra SWAP operations by about 20.6% and 24.1% based on greedy and simulated-annealing-based policies, respectively, compared with the best in the literature.


Some digital signature schemes used today are based on public key systems, and the public key is saved in the key directory of a third trusting party, so activity attacks and collusion attacks take place easily. Aiming at these drawbacks, the digital multisignature algorithm based on self\|certified public key system is proposed in this paper. The idea and application of the self\|certified public key system is introduced first. Secondly this new digital scheme is discussed from system initialization, user logining, signature formation, and signature verification in detail. The security performance of these digital signature schemes is analyzed in theory. Lastly, theory study indicates that the security performance of new signature schemes proposed in this paper is based on hypotheses of discrete logarithm, gene analysis, and hash functions. These new signature schemes are provided with preferable security and study significance.


Soybean is a source of vegetable protein that is rich in nutrients and a source of producing anticancer bioactive peptides. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for hydrolysis of soybean protein with papain enzyme and their cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cells. Soybean protein was isolated using an acid precipitation technique. Then, the protein isolate was hydrolyzed using papain enzyme with variations of papain concentration 0,5; 1; and 5% (v/v) and variations of incubation time 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours at 50 °C. The hydrolysates were tested for their degree of hydrolysis (%DH), molecular weight profile using SDS-PAGE, and cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cells through an in-vitro assay. The most active hydrolysate was fractionated using Sephadex G-15 and characterized by the molecular weight by LCMS/MS. The result showed that the optimum condition for hydrolysis was 1% (v/v) of enzyme concentration and 3 hours of incubation time with a %DH value of 3.01%. Based on the SDS-PAGE result, the hydrolysate had protein bands in a lower range (<25 kDa). That hydrolysate has cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 1.87 mg/mL, and the molecular weight of its bioactive peptide is 7.70 kDa.


According to the characteristics of the instrument system for a certain type flight simulator,the oil pressure indicator was used as an example to research electric current ratio instrument emluator.The implementation plan used synchronizer instead of original sensor was present and the design method based on CAN-bus was described.The practice indicates that the proposed methods can achieve high precision,better real-time and extensibility.These methods gain favorable effects in the exploitation of practical projects.


Indonesia, as a developing country, still faces a never-ending problem of poverty. The effects of various development programs aimed at reducing poverty levels of Indonesia are only temporary. The number of poor in Indonesia has been fluctuating from year to year. It suggests that a new approach to overcoming poverty, especially in rural areas that estimated 67 percent of the poor in Indonesia, is required. The Government of Indonesia pays special attention to villages with high poverty levels or Highly Poor Villages. Reducing poverty in Highly Poor Villages requires different approaches because the population of each highly poor village is economically fragile and only depend on the government's assistance. This study seeks to examine how a communication model for community empowerment is more suitable for residents in Highly Poor Villages. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze how the communication model for community empowerment is more ideal for residents in the Highly Poor Villages, particularly in Pangandaran Regency. This study employed a descriptive qualitative method. The data collection techniques of this study were in-depth interviews and literature studies. Meanwhile, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was used to validate the findings in the field. The informants of this study were all stakeholders, village government officials, and the poor affected by the community empowerment policy. To analyze the data, this study employed three steps: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. This study concludes that the empowerment of the highly poor people can be conducted independently by several existing community groups, such as majelis taklim, PKK cadres, Posyandu cadres, etc. in various training and skills activities such as cooking class, craft production, sewing, and micro-businesses management initiated from the training results.


The Australian Class B and C war crimes prosecutions in April 1951. For the Australian and japanese governments, however, issues associated with war criminals were far from resolved...


Objectives: To observe the AM CD14 mRNA and mCD14 protein expression and the cytokine(TNF α?IL 6) concentration of severely burned rat in early stage. Methods: SD rat were burned 20% TBSA Ⅲ injury . The AM isolated at 1,2,3,4,6,8,12 h after burn. The obtained AM to assay CD14 mRNA and mCD14 protein expression by RT PCR and immunohistochemical method after 30% burn serum effected. TNF αand IL 6 concentration of the culture liquid assay at the same time. Results: CD14 mRNA and mCD14 expression was found to increase significantly in alveolus Macrophages. These effects peaked at 2 h and lasted to 12 h.At the same time,the TNF α,IL 6 concentration of culture liquid elevated correspondingly.When CD14 antibody used,the expression of CD14 mRNA and mCD14 decreased significantly.The TNF α,IL 6 concentration decreased at the same time. Conclusions: AM CD14 mRNA and mCD14 expression was upregulated after burn. Perhaps this change related with the increased concentration of LPS after severely burn. Such Regulation may be blocked by the CD14 antibody and decrease the TNF αand IL 6 concentration.


ZnO nano structure arrays on silicon substrate using chemical treatment have been developed. The morphology of nanostructures formulated thereafter was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy (EDAX). These structures are envisioned for Hydrogen sensing. High reconditionability with moderate sensitivity has been achieved with the developed nanostructures.


Sediment incipient motion is the first stage of the whole process of local scour around a marine infrastructure. Most previous investigations ignored seepage flow on the mobility of bed particles except a recent study including the effects of vertical seepage flow in the prediction of sediment motion. In this paper, a new model further combing the vertical and horizontal seepage force is proposed. The modified Shields parameter by considering two-dimensional seepage is derived. Then, the effects of wave and soil parameters on sediment incipient motion are analyzed. It was found that lower water depth and saturation, higher wave height, shear modulus and permeability, will remarkably increase both modified Shields parameters and the gaps of the results considering vertical and two-dimensional seepage forces. Therefore, the horizontal seepage can not be ignored.


Ship navigation performance more and more attention in real sea conditions.To study the properties of ship motion in waves, Applling hydrodynamics calculation software for AQWA-line and AQWA-AGS modules and taking into account the role of random wave load, 2450DWT a small oil tanker in simulation and analysis of a campaign response under sea conditions, Calculate shipping in several waves under the angle of vertical and horizontal swing, heave, pitch, roll and the first rolling response amplitude operators of RAOs, additional parameters such as quality and radiation damping. Application of spectrum analysis method, ITTC wave with two parameters, which strike the spectral density of ship motion, and finally using Excel to calculate sprawling forecast prediction of ship under irregular wave.


A 4-year-old female Labrador retriever that had been receiving prednisolone for over 8 months because of severe pruritus developed iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome and was referred to our hospital. After complete withdrawal of prednisolone, atopic dermatitis was diagnosed, based on clinical signs, history, an elimination diet test and an intradermal test. Immunotherapy was started, but it was discontinued 3 months later due to lack of improvement. Several drugs, including prednisolone and cyclosporine, were used in an attempt to control the pruritus, and amitriptyline was added for psychogenic treatment. When the dog was 5.5 years old, dome-shaped and nonpainful nodules were detected on the digits, neck and shoulder. Three months after the first nodule was detected, nodules had developed all over the body, and most were ulcerated. The nodules were examined histopathologically and the diagnosis was disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. As disseminated histiocytic sarcoma has a reportedly poor prognosis, only antibiotic therapy in addition to continuous amitriptyline and prednisolone administration was pursued. The dog died 6 months after the first nodule was detected. The dog received immunosuppressive agents long-term to control severe pruritus due to atopic dermatitis. There is a possibility that a long-term immunocompromised state may lead to the development of neoplasms, such as disseminated histiocytic sarcoma.

Funding: Self-funded.


Cushing response is the reaction of blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory pattern to increased intracranial pressure. We try to recognize this well-known phenomenon in a patient with head injury, using wavelet transform to abolish noises and preserve the true signals.


The purpose of this procedure is to provide a documented means of verifying that all of the functional components of the 241-AZ- 101 Waste Tank Video Camera System operate properly before and after installation.


Visual resolution of juvenile sunfish (Lepomis spp.) (8–33 mm standard length (SL)), although extremely poor in comparison with the larger individuals (38–160 mm SL) used in previous studies, improves rapidly as they grow. Histologically and behaviorally determined (mean reaction angle) visual angles of fish between 10 and 33 mm SL decrease by approximately 50 and 100 minutes of arc, respectively, and decline non-linearly with increasing fish size. Behaviorally determined visual resolution of juvenile sunfish based on maximum location distance (MLD) is equivalent to that calculated from intercone spacing. The mean reaction angle used in previous studies may have underestimated behavioral visual resolution of larger (> 38 mm SL) sunfish by approximately 30%. Visual volume and search volume increase by nearly three orders of magnitude in sunfish between 8 and 50 mm SL. After sunfish exceed 50 mm SL (when they can safely return to the pelagic zone), visual resolution increases comparatively slowly as body si...


Hydrogen has a great potential as an alternative energy and produces zero emissions, but most of hydrogen is produced from non-renewable fossil fuels via reforming. Thus, biomass is a promising replacement to fossil fuels where hydrogen can be sourced from. In this project, sago waste is chosen as raw material in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) to produce hydrogen fuel. A mathematical model with the integration of MEC with photo-fermentation has been developed and modified by using sago effluent as a substrate in a batch process. The main parameter such as concentration of microbial community has been observed in this project as it gives a huge influence on the gas product of MEC. In conclusion, the develop model was to observe the behavior of the microbial electrolysis cell where a maximum of 3.8 L/day (t = 4 days) of hydrogen production and 0.38A of MEC current were obtained.


A liquid deuterium target was irradiated with x-rays from the University of Illinois 300-Mev betatron. Exposures were made at maximum bremsstrahlung energies of 165 Mev, 280 Mev, and 300 Mev. The photoprotons produced were detected with Ilford $G\ensuremath{-}5$ nuclear emulsions. The distributions of protons as functions of energy were determined for laboratory angles of 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. In the energy region from 60 Mev to 250 Mev the angular distributions are relatively flat but have considerable fore and aft asymmetries. The total cross section, which was found not to vary greatly over this entire energy region, has a broad minimum of about 55 microbarns in the region of 150 Mev.


AbstractThis paper presents the data collected from the inspection of 105 Portuguese flat roofs. The inspections were based on a system of inspection, diagnosis, and rehabilitation created and vali...


Using ultraviolet (UV) obseervations at λ∼2000 A, we have obtained the Ultraviolet Luminosity Function (ULF) and surface distribution for galaxies in a circular field of 2.18 square degrees (50' radius) centered on the Coma cluster. We found that in the UV-band, the bright end of the ULF is highly dominated by Irr-Sp types galaxies, and the surface distribution shows low central concentration. Therefore, the Coma cluster, often taken as the archetype of the elliptical-rich and concentrated cluster, has the appearance of a spiral-rich and low concentration cluster in the UV-band


The large-scale distribution of neutral hydrogen in the Universe will be luminous through its 21 cm emission. Here, for the first time, we use the auto-power spectrum of 21 cm intensity fluctuations to constrain neutral hydrogen fluctuations at z~0.8. Our data were acquired with the Green Bank Telescope and span the redshift range 0.6 < z < 1 over two fields totalling ~41 deg. sq. and 190 h of radio integration time. The dominant synchrotron foregrounds exceed the signal by ~10^3, but have fewer degrees of freedom and can be removed efficiently. Even in the presence of residual foregrounds, the auto-power can still be interpreted as an upper bound on the 21 cm signal. Our previous measurements of the cross-correlation of 21 cm intensity and the WiggleZ galaxy survey provide a lower bound. Through a Bayesian treatment of signal and foregrounds, we can combine both fields in auto- and cross-power into a measurement of Omega_HI b_HI = [0.62^{+0.23}_{-0.15}] * 10^{-3} at 68% confidence with 9% systematic calibration uncertainty, where Omega_HI is the neutral hydrogen (HI) fraction and b_HI is the HI bias parameter. We describe observational challenges with the present data set and plans to overcome them.


The incorporation of porous low-k (k = 2.0) interlayer dielectrics (ILD) in BEOL (back-end-of-line) interconnects to reduce RC time delays continues to pose major integration challenges. Typically, low dielectric constants are achieved by replacing Si‐O bonds with Si‐C bonds to create nanoscale porosity in the silicon oxide dielectric matrix. 1 Porosity induced lowering of mechanical strength in carbondoped silicon oxide (CDO) makes them more susceptible to damage caused by common patterning processes such as fluorocarbon-based reactive ion etching (RIE). 1 Characterization of the post-RIE etch fluorocarbon polymer residues is essential because incomplete removal can cause problems with subsequent layers such as poor adhesion and coverage, fluoride contamination and poor electrical contact. 2 Electron and optical spectroscopy, electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy and other probing tools have been used to identify and characterize model post-etch residues deposited on blanket Si substratesorcheckerboardpatternedwafersoflargedimensions. 3‐7 However, an improved understanding of chemical bonding structure of these fluoropolymer coatings is needed to facilitate more efficient process integration between trench etch and post-etch clean for small patterned features. In this study, the chemical bonding structure of model fluorocarbon polymer (MFP) residues deposited on a patterned CDO trench nanostructurewasdeterminedusingFouriertransforminfrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MFP residues (6‐28 nm) were deposited on 90 nm low-k dielectric lines using fabrication processes closely mimicking actual manufacturing conditions. Enabled by precise background cancellation, FTIR revealed detailed chemical bondingcompositionoftheMFPresidues.Functionalgroupspecificchemistry in conjunction with IR and XPS analyses showed that MFP residue consisted of amorphous fluorinated polymers with significant branching, C=C bonds and C=O functional groups. The chemical bonding composition of deposited fluorocarbon layers can be modified by altering the plasma chemistry which can potentially lead to a more clean-efficient plasma etching process.


Technologies for determining the beginning time of rice panicle initiation were discussed,which include conducting by the projected number of days before heading and remaining leaf primordium number,judging from the leaf age index,accumulated temperature index,jointing stage,double zero leaves,speed of leaf emergence and direct microscopic examination.It would be helpful for forecasting rice growth,field management and regulation of flowering in hybrid rice seed production.


Binary Sidel'nikov-Lempel-Cohn-Eastman sequences (or SLCE sequences) over F 2 have even period and almost perfect autocorrelation. However, the evaluation of the linear complexity of these sequences is really difficult. In this paper, we continue the study of [1]. We first express the multiple roots of character polynomials of SLCE sequences into certain kinds of Jacobi sums. Then by making use of Gauss sums and Jacobi sums in the "semiprimitive" case, we derive new divisibility results for SLCE sequences.


Globally, over $100 billion are spent annually on space goods and services. These include space shuttles, space stations ('factories'), transportation into space and materials processing in space (MPS). Many countries are involved, such as the USA, USSR, Japan and China. A current, fascinating area of space commerce — albeit in its infancy — is the production in space of vital pharmaceuticals such as urokinase, interferon and Factor VIII. This article discusses space-based pharmaceutical production, marketing-related obstacles and other concerns in the USA.


Since 1998 Indonesia has undergone extensive political and social reforms, in many ways becoming a more open and democratic society. Although this has undoubtedly been a positive development for Indonesia, this article will discuss some recent developments that have led some to question whether the country has indeed become a mature democracy. Intercommunal violence in several urban areas around Jakarta has sparked controversy over how the government is responding to the criminal actions of hardliner groups, such as the Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Front, FPI). As pressure is mounting on the President, the police and the local authorities to take firm action against perpetrators of any violence, mistrust and mob-justice are threatening Indonesia's emerging democracy.


Through the study of concrete models we establish a strong tie between topological superconductivity and ferromagnetic spin correlations. Our result can be used as a guideline for the search for topological superconductors whose pairing symmetry is invariant under time reversal. The results are obtained by the functional renormalization group method.


Chinese Language Program Professional Chinese teachers will train the students in listening, speaking, reading and writing. In order to guarantee the quality, we will divide the students into 9 levels according to their real Chinese language ability. Each class will have 15 to 20 students. Period:Half a year to two years. Spring semester: from February to July. Fall semester: from September to the following January. Application fee:400 RMB Tuition: 21000 RMB/Year,10500 RMB/Semester Qualification:18--60 years old, healthy foreigners Application period:Fall semester: March 1-June 10 Spring semester: October 8-December 10 Documents: 1. Application Form for International Students; 2. Valid passport copy. How to apply: 1. Please go to http://iso.fudan.edu.cn, fill out the Application Form through E-Application, pay the application fee online. (Notes: In Study Plan, please choose Non-degree programs, Chinese language student, in Chinese,International Cultural Exchange School, Chinese Language .) 2. Please print the Application Form, sign it, and send us the application documents by post


Electromagnetic launch (EML) system needs pulse power supply (PPS) as the energy source for discharging in EML experiments. The EML system's work effectiveness is decided by the PPS's parameters, such as the charging precision of the voltage, the energy density of the energy storage module, and the charging rate. As the development of EML technology, the experiment needs more and more energy and the number of energy storage module is increasing rapidly. However, the output power of the charging power supply cannot hold up the requirement energy at the same time. So, how to charge the numerous modules rapidly and accurately becomes a key problem to be solved. In this paper, the load is divided to several groups and a controller to manage the multigroups of load is designed, with the function of voltage feedback and isolation driving. The design of the isolation drive technology is introduced, which include the design of the pulse signal amplification and shaping circuit, the isolation pulse transformer, the drive circuit, and the optical fiber communication circuit. The voltage feedback system is also introduced and the control strategy of the multigroup loads' switchover and voltage measuring method is designed. The digital signal process controller that used to achieve these functions is introduced and the controller is applied in the charging experiment for multigroups of load and the results prove that the controller can be used effectively.


We examine human psychological development from an evolutionary perspective and propose that some aspects of developmental immaturity have been selected for their adaptive value either for individuals at a specific time in development (ontogenetic adaptations) or as preparation for adulthood (deferred adaptations). We review research and theory on the possible adaptive role of immaturity in human development, focusing on play, neural plasticity, and cognitive limitations that may foster the development of sensory systems, learning/education, and caretaking by adults. We argue that considering the possible adaptive features of immaturity, along with the obvious maladaptive ones, provides a more accurate picture of ontogeny and ways to foster healthy psychological development.


The tofu industry's existence is quite potential in recruiting labors, which can improve the economy of the surrounding community. On the other hand, it can also have a negative impact due to the wastewater produced from the tofu making process, which can damage the environment. Water is widely used as material for washing and boiling soybeans; due to the large use of water in making tofu and tempeh, fermented soybeans. The resulting waste is also quite large. This research presents a literature review with primary data on articles, magazines, reports, and theories. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of the water quality parameters of tofu waste. The liquid waste produced by the tofu-making industry is a thick liquid that is separated from the clumps of tofu, which is called whey. This liquid contains high levels of protein and can quickly break down. This waste is often disposed of directly without prior treatment, resulting in a bad smell and polluting the environment. There are several parameters used to measure water quality, including physical, chemical, and biological properties.


Baimanazhen's novels Human Society in Lhasa and The Resurrection of Tara show the achievement of Tibetan female literature.From the theme of modernity and modern life of women on the emotional world,Human Society in Lhasa and The Resurrection of Tara exploit the realistic life space of contemporary women for Tibetan women's novel.Prosaic and lyric depiction,bold and enthusiastic expression of feminine consciousness,heavenly-minded religious sentiment and mystical religious culture,these factors make the two novels bear distinct ethnic culture,and also the achievements of the author's romantic fiction style.


This article proposes to explore the myth of Exu and the Brazilian anthropophagous imaginary in its indigenous conceptions in order to extract an epistemological proposal for the communication that starts from an Afro - Brazilian cannibal metaphysics. After studying the myth of "Exu eats everything" and the indigenous interpretation of the phenomenon of anthropophagy, we re-read the Modernist Anthropophagic Manifesto and, by approximation, we update it in Afro-Brazilian mythology. In approaching this reality through the bias of myth and imaginary, we propose to overcome the barriers of the western representations around the anthropophagy and to contribute to an understanding of this notion as of a digestive path that allows to be constructed through the other. In this way, we conclude that the myth of Exu, as androgynous cannibal, can allow to express the bases of a communicational episteme , Brazilian and contemporary.


The invention provides a system and a method for sensing management control conflicts in the network. Within a system comprising management control conflicts, a control conflict detector determines a time window for a new control according to the type of a sensor and the type of an actuator acquired from the new control. When the above actuator is identical to at least one target actuator in at least one original control and the above time window is overlapped with at least one time window in the above at least one original control, the new control is judged as one control conflict. A control conflict handling module then generates the control contribute of the new control, and compares the control contribute of the new control with the contribute of the at least one original control, so as to figure out whether the new control or the original control is the winner.


Background and Aims: Serum ferritin measurements are known as useful prognostic marker in rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) with dermatomyositis; however, little is known about the ferritin levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and their clinical significance from patients with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodypositive ILD (ARS-ILD). The aim of this study was to examine the ferritin levels in serum and BALF in relation to clinical manifestations in patients with ARS-ILD. Methods: This retrospective study included ARS-ILD patients admitted to our hospital from April 2005 to March 2018. The patients were divided into refractory group and non-refractory group. The refractory cases were defined as those who underwent recurrence or acute exacerbation under corticosteroid therapy. Serum and BALF ferritin concentrations were measured at the initial admission and were compared between two groups. We also examined the relationship between ferritin measurements and clinical manifestations or laboratory data which were obtained from medical records. Results: A total of 29 patients with ARS-ILD were enrolled in this study. Sixteen out of 29 cases (55.1 %) were divided into refractory group. There was no significant difference in serum ferritin levels between two groups (median; refractory, 202 ng/mL, and non-refractory, 123.0 ng/mL: P = 0.309). The BALF ferritin levels in refractory group were significantly higher than those of non-refractory group (median: 154.7 ng/mL and 108 ng/mL, respectively: P = 0.004). The values of %DLco in refractory group were statistically lower than those of non-refractory group (median; 75.3% and 64.7%, respectively; P = 0.023). In the refractory group, the ferritin levels in BALF significantly correlated with PaO2 (r = −0.596, P = 0.049) and %DLco (r = −0.607, P = 0.036), respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that BALF ferritin levels could predict the therapeutic responsiveness in ARS-ILD. Moreover, BALF ferritin levels could reflect disease severity in refractory cases.


The nucleotrde sequence of the Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 nlfA locus was determined and the deduced NifA amino acid sequence compared with that of NifA from other nitrogen‐fixing species. Highly conserved domains, including helix‐turn‐helix and ATP‐binding motifs, and specific conserved residues, such as a cluster of cysteines, were identified. The nifA 5'upstream region was found to contain DNA sequence motifs highly homologous to promoter elements involved in nifAlntr‐mediated control and a consensus element found in the 5'upstream region of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 5‐aminolevulinic acid synthase (hemA) gene and of Escherichia coli genes activated during anaerobiosis via the fnr (fumarate nitrate reduction) control system. A nifA‐lac fusion was constructed using miniMu‐lac and its activity measured in different genetic backgrounds and under various physiological conditions (in culture and in planta.) NifA expression was found to be negatively autoregulated, repressed by rich nitrogen sources and high oxygen concentrations, and controlled (partially) by the ntrC gene, both in culture and in planta. DNA supercoiling was also implicated in nifA regulation, since DNA gyrase inhibitors severely repressed nifA‐lac expression.


We are very pleased that the explorationsoftheethical issues raised by our research practice (McCambridge et al. 2013a) have stimulated such thoughtful and diverse responses. Almost all indicate concern that it may be wrong to accept the moral hazards we are prepared to face, and we agree there are many reasons to take very seriously these issues, hence our attempts to do so. Most appear to accept that our research practices are of low risk and not likely to cause harm to participants, and the key issues center on informed consent. It is interesting that there are such differences in the particular concerns identified by the commentators, and we are struck by the breadth of their concerns.


Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques were used to simulate one of the branches of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. This project is prepared to run CFD simulation using FLUENT 6.1.22 software on existing direct fuel injector using Compress Natural Gas (CNG) and the designed is based on 2D axisymmetric. The medium used during this simulation is considered as methane, CH4 since CNG consist more than 90% mol of the methane gas. The gas penetration result from simulation will be compared with the actual value of experiment. The results for early readings give the validation data but in the middle till final, there are not very accurate. This is due to the setting during simulation which can give some effect to the result obtained.


The Manhattan Prong, which trends northeastward across southeastern New York comprises an area of Proterozoic to Paleozoic metamorphic rocks that have been repeatedly metamorphosed at grades that range from greenschist to granulite facies. Early highpressure granulite mineral assemblages and later extreme high temperature (~900oC) and pressure (~9 kilobars) assemblages are recorded in the Taconian metamorphism of the rocks of the northeastern Manhattan Prong by Brock (1993). However, the extent of the early high-pressure granulite metamorphism is poorly constrained because the evidence is obliterated by later phases of Taconian metamorphism and by younger, post-Taconian deformation, granite intrusion, and remetamorphism. Mineral assemblages in the central and eastern portions of the Prong now reflect upperand middle-amphibolite facies grade but the age of this metamorphism is not always clear. Post-Taconian, two-mica granites are associated with D6 deformation throughout the Manhattan Prong (Brock, 1993). They occur as small dikes (six inches to six feet wide) or as irregular shaped bodies up to a few tens of feet in diameter. Contacts between the two-mica granites and host rocks are generally sharp, and in places are pneumatolytic (Coarse grains grow inward from the contacts). Host rocks near the granites are retrograded from granulite and sillimanite+ k-feldspar grade or higher to staurolite+kyanite+muscovite grade and this retrogression was evidently largely controlled by granite-derived fluids (Brock, 1993).


A one-dimensional, continuous, regular, and strong Markov process $X$ with state space $E$ hits any point $z \in E$ fast with positive probability. To wit, if $\tau_z = \inf \{t \geq 0:X_{t} = z\}$, then $P_\xi({ \tau}_z 0$ for all $\xi \in E$ and $\varepsilon>0$.


We present the first self-referenced fCEO-stabilization based on Si3N4-waveguides, using only 36 pJ of coupled pulse energy. In addition, pump wavelength stabilization leads to record low noise performance of our 1-GHz diode-pumped solid-state laser.


1Department of Dermatology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; 2Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Abstract: Erythrodermic psoriasis (EP) is a rare variant of psoriasis, which is potentially life threatening and often resistant to conventional therapy. Biologics have revolutionized the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis, and shown promise in EP. However, due to the lack of head-to-head studies and the rarity of EP, no high level evidence-based treatment guidelines for EP have been established, and the evidence of treatment of EP is limited to case reports or small case series. Here, we present a narrative review focusing on the up-to-date information for the treatment of EP.


The computational model of the sun tracking system and the mechanical structure of tracking devices are constructed based on the operating law between sun and moon is introduced.An altitude-azimuth sun tracking system was designed by Verilog and using FPGA as microprocessor,the step motor as the executing agency.The timing module,solar altitude and azimuth calculation module,sunrise and sunset time calculation module and step motor pulse control module were built according to the requirement of the system.Experiments show that the sun tracking system can achieve the expected performance index,and has a great practical value for improving the utilization of solar energy.


The variety comparison were studied with seven varieties of processing tomato.The results showed that the growth stages of Q020,Kangfan 37,Shifan 31,Kangfan 48,Shihong 201 and 198 were prolonged 5~7 d with Riegel 87-5.The plant height,fruit number per plant and weight of simple fruit of Shifan 31 increased 1.9 cm,1.7 N,6.4 g respectively,yield of Shifan 31 increased 10.0%,the fruit shape of Shifan 31 was the ellipses.The results showed Shifan 31 could introduce and plant in Zhangye.


This paper analyzes the trends in financing and investing activities of companies in India in the recent past. While looking at the available trends, we have also tried to give a broad outlook for these in the near future. The first part deals with the financing options available to Indian companies. In the banking field, there has been an unprecedented growth and diversification of banking industry has been so tupendous that it has no parallel in the annals of banking anywhere in the world.The banking industry has experienced a series of significant transformations in the last few decades. Among the most important of them is the change in the type of organizations that dominate the landscape. Since the eighties, banks have increased the scope and scale of their activities and several banks have become very large institutions with a presence in multiple regions of the country.' The paper examines the new trends in commercial banking. We believe that loans from banks and related financial institutions will continue to be used by companies to raise capital. Therefore we have focused on other emerging alternatives for companies to finance their investment needs. Some of these are private equity, ECBs and alternative investment markets. Private Equity in India has been growing at a rapid pace mainly due to the booming Indian economy and the Bull Run.


Variations in winds between altitudes of 180 and 275 kilofeet are shown over a 1-year period as a result of 38 observations made at the Tonopah test range in Nevada. These observations were made by radar tracking of chaff ejected from small two-stage rockets above 300 kilofeet. Two to four measurements were made one day each month throughout the year except during February and October. Measurement accuracy, fall behavior from free fall to terminal velocity, seasonal distributions, annual variations, and vertical wind shear statistics are discussed. Negative results were obtained in efforts to correlate periodicities with tidal motions and in attempts to quantify turbulence directly. However, the vertical scale of turbulence from correlation curves is found to vary from about 25 kilofeet in winter to 45 kilofeet in summer. The decay of correlation curves are compared with those from other altitude zones. Root mean square variations of turbulence estimated from the radar track are approximately 21 knots.


OBJECTIVE: To investigate the suitability of collagen matrix as a dural graft in the repair of experimental posterior fossa dura mater defects. METHODS: Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were deployed in the study and randomly divided into two groups. In both groups, a 1 cm_ piece of dura mater was excised. The dura mater defect was covered by collagen matrix in the study group and the excised dura mater was sutured up to yield the pre-craniectomy condition in control group. After a follow-up period, the control dura mater and graft zone were excised together with the adjacent cerebellar cortex. Recovery and meningocerebellar adhesions were examined macroscopically and stained sections underwent light microscopy for detection of cellular inflammatory response, fibroblastic proliferation, foreign body reaction and capsule formation. RESULTS: In the study group, a fibrous membrane indistinguishable from normal dura was observed macroscopically. There was significantly more fibroblastic proliferation in the study group compared to the control group in the first and second months. Foreign body reactions persisted in the control group whereas no reaction was detected in the study group in the third month and this difference was statistically significant. No capsule formation was observed in either group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest suitability of collagen matrix for duraplasty in the posterior fossa.


ABSTRACT There is a growing body of literature documenting the positive effects of both religiousness and spirituality on human health, particularly among those who are ageing or diagnosed with a life-limiting illness. These positive effects provide buffers to life's stressors such as those associated with mental illness, care-giver burden, substance abuse and social disruption resulting from war. An important aspect of health care for individuals of all ages involves completion of a spiritual assessment. This paper explores the concept of spirituality and spiritual assessment, which has many definitions in the literature, and also provides examples of assessment tools from theology, nursing, social work and medicine.


The introduction of private competition and choice in the Swedish welfare sector has attracted widespread attention in recent years. This paper sets out the factors that helped make this development possible, and explains why the influence of the organisational theory of New Public Management (NPM) has ensured that while market economy elements have increased in welfare services, the scope of the state and the public sector has continued to grow. The result is the emergence of welfare quasi-markets, which are increasingly subject to input-related regulation and control.


Abstract Clinical studies of children in international adoption reveal unique patterns of psychological adjustment to permanent family care. Pre‐adoption history often includes early object loss, medical and nutritional deprivation, multiple care‐giving disruptions, and the lack of primary care‐giving relationships. These factors and the age at the time of adoption are risks to positive emotional and cognitive development. Adoptive parents may be unprepared for the resulting developmental problems. Most significantly, parents and children are often at different points in readiness to establish an attachment relationship. The parents are eager to claim their child, but the child is unready to respond because of emotional fragility and lack of previous attachment experiences. Two clinical vignettes illustrate the importance of a developmental and medical framework in assessing the unique needs of these survivor children, as well as the necessity of an empathic therapeutic holding environment that can sustain the emerging family attachments under stress. The psychological impact of cross‐cultural adoption and traumatic early beginnings reverberates across time but with empathic parental care and treatment recovery can be significant.


In an earlier report (Volloch, V., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 83:1208-1212) we had presented evidence for the occurrence of the cytoplasmic synthesis of globin mRNA and of RNA complementary to globin mRNA which differed from DNA-dependent transcription by its insensitivity to actinomycin D. In this paper, we describe the use of enucleated differentiating mouse erythroleukemia cells to demonstrate directly the occurrence of cytoplasmic synthesis of both positiveand negative-strand globin RNA. For this purpose, we developed an enucleation procedure which yielded pure cytoplasts from differentiated mouse erythroleukemia cells in the absence of cytochalasin B and selectively permeabilized the cytoplasts to small molecules by treatment with dextran sulfate and saponin. The permeabilized cytoplasts incorporated [3H]dUTP into positiveand negativestrand globin RNA and experiments with mercurated nucleotide substrate suggested that this process involved de novo RNA synthesis rather than limited terminal nucleotide addition. Globin RNA synthesis required Mg +÷, was inhibited by Mn ÷+, and was unaffected by the addition of Zn +÷. Studies of its response to inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis showed that it differed from that process in its insensitivity to actinomycin D and a-amanitin, but that like many other macromolecular biosynthetic reactions it was inhibited by rifamycin AF/ABDP and aurintricarboxylic acid. These observations provide additional evidence for the occurrence of cytoplasmic RNAdependent RNA synthesis in differentiated ceils and show permeabilized enucleated cells to be a useful experimental system for further studies of the characteristics of that process. M URINE hematopoietic precursor cells can be transformed by Friend virus to yield erythroid cell lines, murine erythroleukemia (MEL) j cells, which are blocked at a relatively advanced stage in their differentiation pathway (18). This block in erythroid differentiation is phenotypically reversible in vitro. When cultured in the presence of an inducer such as hexamethylenebisacetamide or DMSO, these cells become committed to a terminal differentiation program (13) and undergo a number of changes which culminate in the loss of the nucleus (31, 32) and include loss of the capacity for cell division (10), accumulation of the heme synthetic enzymes (33), alterations in membrane proteins composition (22), and most characteristically, massive synthesis and accumulation of globin mRNA and hemoglobin. A major factor responsible for the increase in hemoglobin synthesis may be the increase in the rate of transcription of the corresponding globin gene (25). However, the involvement of a second mechanism is suggested by the recent report (30) that RNA-dependent RNA synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of MEL cells using globin mRNA as a template and markedly increases during induction. This mechanism is differentiation specific and may be an important deter1. Abbreviation used in this paper: MEL, murine erythroleukemia. minant of globin mRNA levels, as indicated by observations regarding the kinetics of globin RNA synthesis, localization of newly synthesized globin RNA, its size and distribution among different RNA fractions, distribution of radioactive nucleotides along the globin RNA molecule, drug sensitivity of synthesis, and presence of negative-strand globin RNA. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered and additional evidence must be sought. Accordingly, we resorted to the use of enucleated cells or cytoplasts, which allows the separation of nuclear and cytoplasmic processes and avoids the need to use drugs such as actinomycin D, which may give rise to artifacts. A further refinement of this approach involved selective permeabilization of enucleated cells to allow manipulation by the introduction of molecules of interest such as nucleotide substrates and inhibitors. As described in this paper, the use of enucleated cells and their permeabilization allowed more detailed characterization of cytoplasmic RNA-dependent synthesis of globin mRNA. Materials and Methods


Abstract Aging results in the accumulation of senescent cells which can cause dysfunction in many contexts but the effects on immune responses remain unclear. Here, we aimed to probe the effects of clearing senescent cells in aged mice on the immune response to influenza infection. We utilized a powerful p16 trimodality reporter mouse model (p16-3MR): under the control of the p16 promoter, these mice express cassettes encoding luciferase, RFP, and herpesvirus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). p16 is commonly upregulated in senescent cells so this model allows us to selectively delete those cells by treating with ganciclovir (GCV), which will induce apoptosis in cells expressing HSV-TK. We hypothesized that while p16-expressing senescent cells may exacerbate dysfunctional responses to a primary infection, they may play a protective role in resolving inflammation and fostering memory cell generation. We found that deletion of p16-expressing cells enhanced viral clearance and decreased infiltration of pro-inflammatory flu-specific CD8 T cells during the primary response to infection. Conversely, at 30 days post infection, there were fewer flu-specific CD8 memory T cells and lower amounts of anti-viral antibodies in the lungs of GCV treated mice. We also observed perturbations in memory T cell trafficking in GCV treated mice. Furthermore, GCV treated mice were unable to mount an effective memory response and were unable to control viral load following a heterosubtypic challenge. This suggests that targeting senescent cells may potentiate primary responses while limiting the ability to form durable and protective immune memory with age.