The roles of two model additives, bis(3‐sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS) and Janus Green B (JGB), in the deposition of copper from an acid‐copper sulfate electrolyte containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and were studied by deposition on microprofiled electrodes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that leveling occurs only when all four additives are present, suggesting that additive‐additive interactions are important to the leveling mechanism. Moreover, an optimal flux of the active leveling agent exists, an effect that may be explained by the classical diffusion‐adsorption theory of leveling. SEM and TEM micrographs show that the additive SPS removes the columnar structure of the deposit and effects micron‐sized, unoriented grains provided PEG and are present; the subsequent addition of JGB decreases the grain size of the film significantly. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.


Two novel cyano CuII–AuI bimetallic complexes, Cu(cyclen)[Au(CN)2]21 (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) and Cu(pyz)[Au(CN)2]22 (pyz = pyrazine) were prepared; 1 has a dimeric structure arising from AuI⋯AuI interactions, while 2 consists of linear pyrazine-bridged copper chains intercalated to produce a 2-D pleated sheet structure.


1. Slit pipe (39) which at least partially consists of a polymer matrix which is reinforced by fibers, characterized in that it at least partially consists of ceramic fiber reinforced polymeric matrix. ! 2. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers are at least partially composed of silicon carbide. ! 3. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers are at least partially comprised of aluminum oxide. ! 4. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers are at least partially composed of zirconia. ! 5. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers are in the form of short fibers, in particular, with a length of between 0.1 mm and 1 mm. ! 6. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers form between them entangled compound. ! 7. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers are in the form of endless fibers, and in particular, with a length of at least 30 mm. ! 8. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers are in the form of the fiber bundle, in particular in the form of roving. ! 9. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers are in the form of a fiber mat. ! 10. Slit pipe (39) according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface of the slotted tube (39) is impregnated with ceramic particles.


Abeles, R. H., see K. Sato Absolom, D. and M. H. V. van Regenmortel, Nucleosome structure studied with purified antibodies to histones H2B, H3 and H4 Agarwal, M. K., Physical characterisation of cytoplasmic glucoand mineralosteroid receptors Alakhov, Yu. B., L. P. Motuz, 0. A. Stengrevics and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov, The primary structure of elongation factor G from Escherichia coli. Amino acid sequence of the region containing the GTP-binding center Apps, D. K. and L. A. Glover, Isolation and characterization of magnesium adenosine triphosphatase from the chromaffin granule membrane Arron, G. P., see D. A. Day Atlas, D. and A. Levitzki, Fluorescent visualization of /3-adrenergic receptors on cell surfaces 85 (1978) 73


A human eye localization method is described in this paper.It's based on twice binary images and twice vertical projection.Firstly,the original image is decomposed with 8-level of wavelet,and then the main area for eyes is gotten by vertical and horizontal projection.Secondly,the given image is decomposed with SVD again and a max singular value of 1/3.5 is set to be a new threshold and to reconstruct the original image for obtaining the quasi binary image which embodies eyes better.At last,eyes area is intercepted from less-noise quasi binary image by already known coordinates and finally,the accurate position of eyes is achieved by vertical projection once again.


 Preventable but irreversible condition  Costly to individuals and their families significant social handicap  Costly to organisations via increased employee turnover and absenteeism, lower performance and possible contribution to workplace accidents  Costly to Australian society via demand on health and social services  Total economic cost of occupational noiseinduced hearing loss (ONIHL) estimated to be AU $300 million annually


Objective To analyze the relationship between heart rate and target organs damage in essential hypertension.Methods 206 hypertensive patients were selected,According to HRV(bpm)recorded by Holter,all the patients were divided into three following groups:HR1(HRV70),HR2(70≤HRV≤80) and HR3(HRV80).Moreover,every group was divided into some subgroups according to the blood pressure,history of hypertension,diabetes,and age respectively.To analyze and compare the relationship between heart rate and target organs damage in hypertensive patients,we selected LVMI,IMT and MAU as the target index.Results(1) There was no significant difference of LVMI and IMT among HR1,HR2 and HR3;(2) The difference of MAU(mg/l) among HR1,HR2 and HR3 was significant(37.47±65.27, 56.85±79.63,93.70±102.45,P=0.002).The analysis among subgroups also showed that the MAU was higher in the patient whose heart rate was faster.Conclusions The MAU is in positive correlation with heart rate in hypertensive patients,especially in long histoy patients with higher blood pressure and diabetes mellitus.We do not find LVMI and IMT relate with heart rate because they are influenced by many other factors in hypertensive patients.


A tunable 100-fs Ti:sapphire laser is used to pump a HITCI dye laser synchronously, resulting in 140-fs pulses tunable from 840 to 900 nm with <100-fs jitter.


Increasing insight into the biosynthesis of aromatic substances has been obtained during the past few years primarily through the study of mutant strains of microorganisms,1 and by the use of isotopic carbon.2 Shikimic acid, reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids and of p-aminobenzoic acid by Neurospora3 and Escherichia coli, has been shown to be derived in E. coli from dehydroquinic acid by way of dehydroshikimic acid.5 This paper reports further genetic and biochemical studies of a mutant of Neurospora crassa which requires for growth phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and p-aminobenzoic acid (PAB). The mutant strain Y7655a (arom) was isolated following treatment of Neurospora macroconidia with methyl-bis(f3-chloroethyl)amine6 and its multiple aromatic requirements identified by S. E. Reaume. Detailed genetic analysis based on examination of 145 asci from five crosses7 has shown the arom locus to be in the right arm of linkage group II, distal to pe and proximal to ac, with an uncorrected centromere distance of 21.7. The multiple requirement was retained in all cultures isolated from these various crosses. There is some evidence, however, that the PAB requirement may be altered by modifying genes. The qualitative and quantitative growth responses reported here were obtained with the arom strain (Y7655a), and a double mutant arom, tryp-1 (Y7655, 10575), was used for the isotope experiment. The quantitative requirements of arom for PAB, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine are of the same order of magnitude as those of other mutant strains deficient only in the single syntheses. A large number of compounds have been examined auxanographically for their ability to substitute for the aromatic substances, either singly or collectively. The results, given in Table 1, show the specificity of the requirements of this mutant strain. Only one compound, shikimic acid, is by itself able to support growth in minimal medium, although rather large amounts are necessary for optimal growth (5 mg/20 ml). These results suggest that the arom locus is concerned with the production of shikimic acid, which serves as the common precursor of PAB, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. This concept is supported by the finding that, in the presence of any three of these substances, shikimic acid supports growth in quantities proportional to the amount of the omitted compound normally required. Also in accord with this interpretation are the activities of anthranilic acid and indole in replacing tryptophan. Kynurenine probably owes its activity to its conversion to anthranilic acid.8 Shikimic acid is least effective in replacing phenylalanine for the arom mutant of Neurospora, as has also been reported for E. coli.9 The comparative inefficiency of the conversion of shikimic acid to phenylalanine in Neurospora appears to be due in part to an inhibitory effect of tryptophan. Added tryptophan (but not indole) inhibits growth on shikimic acid, unless phenylalanine is present; apparently, exogeneous tryptophan inhibits the con'ersioln of shikimic acid to phenylalanine. Among the inactive compounds listed in Table 1, dehydroquinic acid (DHQ) and dehydroshikimic acid (DHS) have been shown to be precursors of shikimic acid


We apply Lanczos and Pade methods to a series of field propagation techniques and examine the relative advantages of each procedure.<<ETX>>


Prestressed concrete bridges with corrugated steel webs have emerged as a new form of steel-concrete composite bridges with remarkable advantages compared with the traditional ones. However, the assumption that plane sections remain plane may no longer be valid for such bridges due to the different behavior of the constituents. The sandwich beam theory is extended to predict the flexural vibration behavior of this type of bridges considering the presence of diaphragms, external prestressing tendons and interaction between the web shear deformation and flange local bending. To this end, a C1 beam finite element is formulated. The proposed theory and finite element model are verified both numerically and experimentally. A comparison between the analyses based on the sandwich beam model and on the classical Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko models reveals the following findings. First of all, the extended sandwich beam model is applicable to the flexural vibration analysis of the bridges considered. By letting α denote the square root of the ratio of equivalent shear rigidity to the flange local flexural rigidity, and L the span length, the combined parameter αL appears to be more suitable for considering the diaphragm effect and the interaction between the shear deformation and flange local bending. The diaphragms have significant effect on the flexural natural frequencies and mode shapes only when the αL value of the bridge falls below a certain limit. For a bridge with an αL value over a certain limit, the flexural natural frequencies and mode shapes obtained from the sandwich beam model and the classical Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko models tend to be the same. In such cases, either of the classical beam theories may be used.


A double-slip motion of a cello sound is investigated experimentally with a bowing machine and analyzed using a Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) cochlear model. A double-slip sound is investigated. Here the sawtooth motion of normal bowing is basically present, but within each period the bow hair tears off the strings once more within the period, resulting in a blurred sound. This additional intermediate slip appears around the middle of each period and drifts temporally around while the sound progresses. When the double-slip is perfectly in the middle of one period the sound is that of a regular sawtooth motion. If not, two periodicities are present around double the fundamental periodicity, making the sound arbitrary. Analyzing the sound with a Wavelet-transform, the expected double-peak of two periodicities around the second partial cannot be found. Analyzing the tone with a cochlear FDTD model including the transfer of mechanical energy into spikes, the doubling and even more complex behaviour is perfectly represented in the Interspike Interval (ISI) of two adjacent spikes. This cochlear spike representation fits perfectly to an amplitude peak detection algorithm, tracking the precise time point of the double-slip within the fundamental period. Therefore the ear is able to detect the double-slip motion right at the transition from the basilar membrane motion into electrical spikes.


Grain size and size distribution reduction in L10 FePt granular thin film is becoming critical to increase the areal storage density and realize the full potential of heat-assisted magnetic recording media. FePt and amorphous carbon or mixture with other segregants are often deposited at elevated temperature in order to promote the L10 ordering in FePt. Due to the materials system and high temperature involved in the fabrication process, the bimodal distribution of the grains is often observed with a significant amount of small grains with diameter <3 nm. The bimodal distribution of the grains could potentially lead to a significant microstructure nonuniformity and thus grain-to-grain properties variation, such as Curie temperature (Tc), texture, ordering, and magnetic properties. In this paper, we performed a detailed analysis on microstructure evolution of FePt-C thin film during the growth process on different initial layer conditions to understand the origin of bimodal grain size distribution in the FePt-C media. Experimental modeling study of depositing FePt on continuous carbon layer at elevated temperature was conducted to understand the nucleation and growth process.


In this paper, we present a case study with a disabled physics student to draw attention to his experiences in the physics community, and the barriers and supports that he experienced as he advanced through his physics career. Using a methodology of narrative analysis, we identify themes and genres within the stories told by the participant. Narratives are often created to explain the unexpected and to solve a problem. In the physics community, disabled students find their "differences" (i.e., disability/impairments) are often positioned as unexpected and a problem to be solved. We use narrative analysis to humanize disabled physics students and to highlight their lived experiences of progressing through the physics community over their perceived deviation from the physics "norm." From this, we create resources for physics mentors to increase their knowledge of disabled physics students' experiences and how to support accessibility and inclusion in the physics community.


Nowadys, image processing plays vital role in real time application by enhancing image clarity, removes noise, compresses and decompresses it etc. Image segmentation is one of the techniques that process an image by dividing it into its component regions or objects. There are many algorithms proposed for color image segmentation. Watershed method results in over segmentation of image. Enhanced method, Marker-controlled watershed solves this problem. Mean Shift algorithm results in blurring of image. This paper proposes a hybrid approach to solve the above problems. We carried out our experiment on different colored images. Firstly, mean shift is implemented which finds density regions which are highest that represents clusters centered on modes, followed by Marker controlled watershed procedure. Results were compared against watershed and mean-shift method and conclusion was drawn that best results were obtained for hybrid approach.


Summary: Hypothermia is a nursing diagnosis defined as a body temperature below the normal range. Due to the complexity and importance of thermoregulation for the newborn stability, it is necessary that the nurse has extensive knowledge of the thermal control mechanism. Content Outline: Introduction: A. Hypothermia is defined as a body temperature below the normal range. B. Observe and evaluate the thermal instability of these patients, as well as appropriate nursing interventions to temperature disturbances, are maintained to the reversal of this situation and fundamental to the survival of the newborn. Body: A: Main point: construct and validate online course on nursing care for newborn infants with hypothermia. B: Main point: for the construction process, we used the Digital Educational Material Development Model proposed by Falkembach (2005). This consists of five phases: Planning Phase, Modeling Phase, Implementation Phase, Evaluation Phase and Distribution Phase. Supporting point: The course content has been converted into 8 HTML pages, which were divided into three classes. Conclusion: A: The course was validated content with 78% agreement among experts and final general CVI of 1.00, and was validated in appearance with 88% agreement among experts and final general CVI 1.00. B: We conclude that the course is a valuable tool for training neonatal care nurses in the care of newborn hypothermia. First Primary Presenting Author Primary Presenting Author Cristiana Brasil Rebouças, PhD Federal University of Ceará Nursing Department Associate Professor Fortaleza Brazil Professional Experience: I'm nursing since 2003 and professor since 2009. Actually, I'm develop researchs about technologies in health and health promotion in Fortaleza, Brazil. I've experience in Nursing, with emphasis in Medical-Surgical Nursing and Pediatrics, working mainly on the following topics: health technologies, communication, blindness, nursing, occupational risk assessment, pediatrics, childcare and health services management. Author Summary: Associate Professor in Nursing Department. I'm a specialist in Child Development (2004), Master Degree in Nursing (2005). PhD in Nursing from the Federal University of Ceará (2008). I've finished the postdoctoral degree in nursing in June 2011. I'm a member of the Chapter Rho Upsilon of Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI). Second Author Fernanda Braga, MSN Federal University of Ceará Nursing Department Associate Professor Fortaleza Brazil Professional Experience: Currently experience with nursing assistance. Especialist in informatics and health at Federal University of São Paulo. Master degree with Nursing Care course for newborns with hypothermia. Author Summary: Master in Nursing from the Federal University of Ceará (2016). Specialist in Informatics and Health at Unifesp and Graduated in Nursing at the Federal University of Ceará (2014).


Any X-ray detector for medical imaging needs to serve the purpose of efficiently absorbing the impinging X-ray flux and converting it into a geometryconserving digital image signal. The detector used should be optimized for each X-ray imaging modality. The aim of this work was to develop an analytical model simulating an indirect flat panel digital detector which could be later utilized in Computed Tomography Breast Imaging and to evaluate 2-dimensional images produced by irradiating a software phantom consisting of different orthogonal structures (tumor and microcalcifications). The detector was modeled within the framework of the linear cascaded systems (LCS) theory. The image unsharpness as well as the statistical noise, where post introduced in the final image, by utilizing the Transfer Function and the Noise Power Spectrum derived from the LCS model. Phantom images of various exposures conditions were derived. It was observed that the structures of the phantom were more visible as the kV and tissue thickness increased. Finally the microcalcifications were distinguished more easily than the tumors.


Background & Aim: The number of nursing researchers who use phenomenology studies and especially hermeneutics in their research is increasing. The validity of these studies has always been sought by researchers to judge the accuracy of the research, the methods of study and its findings. Therefore, in this study, the quality of Hermeneutic phenomenology studies in nursing was investigated. Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive study conducted through extensive search of Proquest, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases. In this study 220 eligible articles were reviewed. The quality of papers was reviewed based on the researcher-made checklist derived from the Guba and Linck criteria. Results: The findings show that the minimum score earned by articles was 52.33 out of 69.9 and the maximum was 135.18 out of 140. 15% of the articles were of high quality, 52% had a moderate quality and 33% had poor quality. Moreover, the findings also showed credibility at 42%, transferability at 85%, dependability at 54%, and confirmability at 59% of cases were observed. Conclusion: Most of the reviewed phenomenology articles had a moderate quality. Most of the articles were moderate in terms of transferability, dependability and confirmability and were inadequate in terms of credibility.


This research evaluates the effects of Hopeafoxworthyileaf crude extract as an antimitotic substanceusing the mitotic index and root length of Allium ceparoots. The driedleaves were extracted using 95% ethanol in rotary evaporator.Ten fold dilution factor of crude extract was done to obtainthe four different concentrations (0.25g/ml,0.1875g/ml, 0.125g/ml, and 0.0625g/ml). Sodium dodecyl sulfate as positive control and distilled water as negative control. Squash method was employed to describe the mitotic index. Concentration of 0.25g/mlleaf crude extract was found to be as effective in preventing cell division of the meristematic cells. The antimitotic activity of the extract was due to its potential property such as stilbenoids, particularly, malibatol A. These findings suggest that the promising anti-mitotic properties of the plant could be used in potential anti-cancer and anti-oxidant drug.


Focuses influence on particle temperature out the urea prilling tower with the type of tower,granulator means,and natural conditions etc.proposed to adjust the size of the air door about natural draft ventilation prilling tower according to the natural condition change through thermal balance computation,to control supply air volume to achieve particle temperature lower out the urea prilling tower theory basis.


Responses of the chorda tympani and lingual nerve to cupric solution applied to the tongue were recorded in the rat, and the taste effectiveness of this solution was evaluated. The results obtained are as follows:Integrated responses of the whole chorda tympani to cupric salts (above 10-3M) consisted of two components: an initial transient response, and a steady response each response showed different concentrationresponse magnitude curves.Obvious nerve discharges were recorded from the chorda tympani by water rinse after previous application of strong cupric solution (above 5×10-3M) and these discharges were maintained over 30min.Previous application of cupric solution (below 10-3M) enhanced or suppressed the responses of the taste nerve to four subsequently applied fundamental taste stimuli. Responses to sucrose and quinine-HCl solutions were strongly and, in many cases, irreversibly suppressed by 10-4 to 10-3M cupric solution, but these suppressed responses recovered to the control level after application of 0.05M EDTA to the tongue surface for 30sec.Single fiber analysis of taste effectiveness of cupric solution revealed that the nonspecific taste fibers of the chorda tympani, which responded to the four fundamental taste stimuli, induced marked responses to cupric solution, but no response was observed in the specific acid and salt taste fibers or in some of the quinine fibers.The mechano-and thermosensitive fibers in the lingual nerve did not respond to cupric solution applied to the tongue. The taste effectiveness of cupric salts and the concerned receptor mechanisms were discussed based on the results of the present experiments.


Objective: This work aims to develop a human fall detection method that is trained using data of routine movement of people only collected from accelerometer sensor to stay away from irregular fall detection model. This work also aims to analyze the effect of calculated features on the fall detection model. Methodology: In the proposed method, The fall detection model is built using one-class classification. At first, data of accelerometer sensor in three directions has been used to detect the fall events. Five feature vectors i.e. resultant, variance, standard deviation, Root Mean square, and Euclidean Norm have been calculated. These four features along with one class SVM have been used to build fall detection model in ways (1) Using only resultant features only (2) Using all calculated features. This model was trained using only activities of daily living (ADL) and tested on both daily living activities and fall activities. Findings: It is found that when the model was built using all calculated features, the sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 94.92% when mobile is in the pocket and; sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 93.61% when mobile is in handbag which is better than when the model was built using resultant features only. We have also studied the effect of individual features on this fall detection model and it is found that variance played a very important role to classify fall activities and ADL activities. Novelty - The proposed fall detection method is built using one-class classification so that the proposed model will be reliable to detect falls in real life. In the proposed work, the effect of features on the fall detection model is also analyzed.
Keywords: One class classification; accelerometer; outlier detection; fall detection; Bagging classifier


This research was aimed at developing autonomous listening learning materials for TOEFL preparation for learnes at independent laguage learning center at Yoyakarta State University to help the learnes improve their listening skils.
This research was a Research and Development study wich refers to development model proposed by Tomlinson(1998) that comprises the steps of needs analysis, design of the syllabus, design of the final draft of materials. The subjects of this reserach were thiry learnes who are members of ILLC Pusat bahasa Yogyakarta State University. data collection instruments were questionnaires and open ended interviews. That data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.
This research developed six units of autonomous listening tasks for beginner ad intermediate level: they are:Everyday dialogs inU.S.A, Education, Travel & Tourism, General Daily Activties, and Education. The need of the learnes of ILLC in learning listening is to improve both listening skills and TOEFL score. The neds of the learnes of ILLC in learning listening in reference to the necessities are to improve the learnes' lacks in preparing the TOEFL listening section. The needs of the learnes of ILLC in learning listening in reference to the learig needs are(1) the input in form of printed materials, audio recording.(2) the listening skils the learnes needed are: to find main topic, to find main idea, to find impilied meaning, to make prediction, to determine the meaning of idiomatic expressions, to find details information, to draw conclusion abaout who, where, what, when to find suggestions, and to make inferences. (3) The learnes' role is as active listeners and to answer multiple choice questions;(4)the tutor's role is to give answer key and give explanatios;(5)the length of dialogs/monologs is from 2-4 minuts;(6)improve vocabulary mastery and improve grammar knowledge; (7) the learning activties should include many listening practies and clear instructions; the approriate listening learning materials for the learnes of ILLC in terms of organization are presented of stages of Unit number/title, unit indicator/setting, learning objectives, hints/tips, main activities and reflection part. The result of the research show that the ALLMTP are appropriate. The validation result from materials and audio expert and the tryout show that the product is approriate because the mean of the agreement ranging is from 2.85 to 4.00 on a 4-1 Likert scale.


The paper describes the main results of an investigation which examined the movement of septic tank effluent through soil/overburden to groundwater at three geologically and hydrogeologically differing sites using a range of chemical and biological tracers. The results of the study demonstrated that a single tracer type cannot be used to accurately monitor the movement of all effluent constituents through soils and groundwater. The results also indicated that the combined use of nitrate and/or bromide ions and endospores of Bacillus globigii would give an accurate indication of the movement of both the chemical and biological constituents of septic tank effluent.


The uniqueness and complexity of geological settings create challenges for hyperspectral sensing applications in mineral exploration. The optimization of an airborne hyperspectral survey design is a necessary step providing constraints on spectral signatures of the target, sensors used, and best flight parameters. Herein, we present a versatile software tool called HYSIMU that can be used to simulate different flight/sensor scenarios using mineral reflectance spectra from the USGS spectral library and find the most optimum survey design for a specific surface target. Random or selectable mineral reflectance spectra were assigned to synthetic random fields to create mineral distributions on synthetic digital elevation models with added spatial noise, spectral noise, and sun shadow effect. Several flights were simulated with various flight parameters such as altitude (10-200 meters), speed (1-100 m/s), and sun elevation (0, 45, 90 degrees). Several target scenarios with different levels of complexity and a 224-band hyperspectral sensor were simulated. The synthetic hyperspectral data generated from each flight and scenario were classified using ENVI. A sensitivity study was done by comparing the classification maps obtained and the ground truth using four different methods: Hausdorff Distance, Structural Similarity Index, Equal Pixel Percentage, and Correlation Coefficient. The results show a dependency of the classification maps on altitude (best for 10-50 meters) and slow flight speeds (best for 1-10 m/s) while the sun elevations did not cause any observed change in this altitude range. The results show that this toolkit can simulate any type of mineral exploration target from various airborne platforms and different flight parameters towards optimization of hyperspectral surveys.


A yurveda the science which guides about life style in terms of Ahara (Food), Vihara (Healthy regimen) and Achara (good conducts) that is healthy regimens ultimately keeps body healthy, happy and long life with free from diseases. In present era because of unwholesome food, inappropriate lifestyle, unrest etc leads to different disorders where Arditavata is one. In modern science which can be  correlated to  Bell's palsy caused by dysfunction of facial nerve. Bell's palsy equally found in both sex and prevelance of this disease is 6-7 cases per one lakh population.


We use a case study to describe an approach to ecosystem management that engages suburban residents in scientific research and management and helps them to recognize the importance of research and ecosystem management. In particular, we describe a citizen science program that integrates ecosystem monitoring and management in Ushikubo-nishi district, a suburb of Yokahama City. Citizen science activities include surveys of butterfly and dragonfly distributions, surveys of animals in private gardens, and assessments of the effects of habitat restoration on butterflies. Engagement in these citizen science programs facilitates communication among participants, scientists, and students, and improves participants' understanding of ecosystem management and its value. The citizen science programs generate valuable data, which are used to improve ongoing greening projects and plans for future ecosystem management, including guidance on techniques to promote animal biodiversity in private gardens and plans for habitat restoration to support butterflies. This case study illustrates an approach and a concrete example of using citizen science to engage residents and students in the scientific research process and the management of a suburban ecosystem, an approach that we believe can and should be replicated elsewhere.


We have shown that duct modeling using the generalized RBF neural network (DM_RBF), which has the capability of modeling the nonlinear behavior, can suppress a variable-frequency narrow band noise of a duct more efficiently than an FX-LMS algorithm. In our method (DM_RBF), at first the duct is identified using a generalized RBF network, after that stage of time delay of the input signal to the generalized RBF network is applied, then a linear combiner at their outputs makes an online identification of the nonlinear system. The weights of linear combiner are updated by the normalized LMS algorithm. We have showed that the proposed method is more than three times faster in comparison with the FX-LMS algorithm with 30% lower error. Also the DM_RBF method will converge in changing the input frequency, while it makes the FX-LMS cause divergence.


The genotype × environment interaction and stability performance of 15 rice landraces was studied using the additive mean effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis. The overall, results indicated that significant genotype × environmental interaction (GEI) influenced the relative ranking of the rice landraces across the years/seasons. It was evident from AMMI analysis that first two principal components accounted for 91.90%, which is enough to explain the variability among the landraces. The landraces, G8 (Kallurundaikar), G4 (Sivapuchithiraikar) and G5 (Kuruvaikalanjiyam) exhibited high grain yield. The AMMI 2biplot revealed that the rice landraces, G12 (Poongar), G14(Kala namak) and G15 (Kichali samba) are close to the origin indicating non sensitive nature of these genotypes with the years/seasons and highly stable genotypes across the environments with low yield potential when compared to others. According to the polygon view of GGE biplot, the genotype G8 (Kallurundaikar) was the winner in the environments E2 and E5 whereas the genotypes G5 (Kuruvaikalanjium) and G7 (Mattaikar) were the winners in the environment E1, E3 and E4. The landrace, G8 (Kallurundaikar), has high mean yield with stable performance over five environments being the overall best and it may be considered for the direct seeded rice cultivation in the rainfed ecosystem.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 469-475, 2022 (September)


The bimolecular gas phase reaction of ground-state silicon (Si; 3P) with dimethylacetylene (C4H6; X1A1g) was investigated under single collision conditions in a crossed molecular beams machine. Merged with electronic structure calculations, the data propose nonadiabatic reaction dynamics leading to the formation of singlet SiC4H4 isomer(s) and molecular hydrogen (H2) via indirect scattering dynamics along with intersystem crossing (ISC) from the triplet to the singlet surface. The reaction may lead to distinct energetically accessible singlet SiC4H4 isomers (1p8-1p24) in overall exoergic reaction(s) (-107-20+12 kJ mol-1). All feasible reaction products are either cyclic, carry carbene analogous silylene moieties, or carry C-Si-H or C-Si-C bonds that would require extensive isomerization from the initial collision complex(es) to the fragmenting singlet intermediate(s). The present study demonstrates the first successful crossed beams study of an exoergic reaction channel arising from bimolecular collisions of silicon, Si(3P), with a hydrocarbon molecule.


Generation of terahertz (THz) radiation under the ponderomotive action of a femtosecond laser pulse on a doped semiconductor layer deposited on a metal surface is studied. The spectral composition, radiation pattern, total energy, and shape of the generated THz radiation pulse are found. There is a peak in the emission spectrum at the electron plasma frequency in semiconductors transparent to THz radiation. The contribution to radiation from the plasma resonance region leads to a relative increase in the total energy and manifests itself in magnetic field oscillations at the stage of pulse switching off. Optimal generation conditions are realized when the focal spot size is comparable with the pulse length and skin depth. The stronger the focusing, the wider the THz radiation pattern. With weak focusing, THz radiation is mainly concentrated along the directions close to normal to the semiconductor surface. When an odd number of half-wavelengths of high-frequency radiation is stacked at twice the thickness of the semiconductor, the generation efficiency increases sharply. In particular, in GaAs and GaSb, the efficiency increases by more than two orders of magnitude.


In the United States, there are approximately 17,000 cases of primary central nervous system malignant neoplasms diagnosed per year, accounting for about 2% of cancers. Approximately 13,000 deaths occur per year in this country that are caused by primary central nervous systemic tumors. Of these primary central nervous system malignancies approximately 60% are gliomas, and the majority of these—roughly 65%—are high grade—that is, Grade III (termed Anaplastic Astrocytoma) and Grade IV (termed Glioblastoma Multiforme). These malignancies derive from neuroglial cells, the connective tissue matrix cells that provide architectural support for neurons and respond to brain injury. There are several grading systems. The most prominent is the World Health Organization Grading System, but the Kernohan and Sayre system, the Daumas-Dupont system, and the Saint Ann Mayo system are also used. These systems rely upon several factors, including tumor cellularity, numbers of mitoses, nuclear atypia, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis within the tumor; the greater the degree of any of these findings, particularly necrosis, the higher the grade of the tumor, and the worse the prognosis. Median survival has been poor for these diseases; for Glioblastoma Multiforme, despite multimodality therapy, the median survival is in the range of nine to 12 months, with two-year survival rates in the range of 8% to 12%. However, even for patients with low-grade astrocytoma managed aggressively, the survival is in the range of only 50% to 60% at five years from diagnosis. In recent years, there have been advances in the understanding of the pathobiology of gliomas, including the identification of some of the molecular changes which occur. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are frequent, with partial or complete loss of its locus on chromosome 17p, as is true of many cancers. Mutations in the Retinoblastoma gene, with abnormalities involving the Rb gene locus on chromosome 13q, and mutations in CDKn2a with deletions at chromosome 9p have also been observed. Other abnormalities have been seen in other proto-oncogene sites, including the gene coding for Platelet Derived Growth Factor, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, and CDK4. However, none of these mutations are unique to gliomas, and much remains to be understood regarding the progression of genetic lesions that give rise to gliomas. These issues have been reviewed recently. Attempts to improve survival of patients through advances in therapeutics have been equally vexing. We know that for high grade lesions, ''complete'' surgical excision is associated with improved survival, as compared to incomplete surgical excision. Radiotherapy following surgery is well accepted, and has


" sparsa colligit." But to fulfil the difficult task of " utilia selegit/' we must be allowed some discretionary power. Numerous are the articles which come abroad into the medical world, under imposing titles, and dressed in the specious garb of truth, which the eye of experience soon discovers to be spurious or counterfeit; and of which we could offer many curious but perhaps invidious specimens. We choose rather to pass them unnoticed, though at the risk of being thought negligent by some. The precept "necessaria ostendit," requires , equal care and discrimination with that of "utilia selegit."


Comment: This paper tried to propose a new C/N model that based on the carbon return with nitrogen investment. The C/N coupling is an active research area and this paper fills a nice gap by provide an advanced optimization approach that well predicted the C:N ratio. While the paper is well written, I do have a few important concerns. First, the author seems omitted an important earlier publication on this area [Fisher, J. B., S.


There is a critical need to better understand the circadian rhythms of caregivers in older adult continuing care retirement centers (CCRC). Projected demographic changes globally of persons over 65 years highlight the need of a healthy caregiver workforce to address emerging population increases of older adults (Guseh, 2016). Circadian rhythms are 24-hour body clock cycles which are important for human health and are influenced by light exposure, physical activity and other factors. Light has been demonstrated to influence human health through the periodic exposure to light sources over a 24-hour period known as the circadian rhythm cycle. Lightness and darkness influence gene expression, which in turn regulates human biological systems as part of the circadian rhythm cycle (Stevens & Rea, 2001; Davis & Mirick, 2006). Research suggests that shiftwork may be related to adverse health effects and these risks increase with the age of the worker (Akerstedt, 2003; Drake et al., 2004). There is a need to better understand how specific work environments such as CCRCs with varied exposure to natural light during work shifts, may influence these risks (Ramin et al., 2014).


Through analyzing acicular ferrite nucleating mechanism in the weld metal of the high strength low-alloy structural steel(HSLA), a submerged arc welding agglomerated flux with the CaF_2-MgO-Al_2O_3-MnO-TiO_2-B_2O_3 fluorine was developed by using alkali flux system. The results indicate that the existence of MnO in the flux benefits the transition of Mn to weld metal, and brings down the γ→α transformation temperature, thus high temperature ferrite production is held down, but the acicular ferrite increases in the weld metal. Because the Pcm of weld metal is higher, the austenite grain is thinner as-welded in air cooling condition. However, a excessive content of MnO in the flux will lead to the excessive Mn in the weld metal and a too low γ→α transform temperature. Thereby, the austenite grain boundaries cannot be decorated by allotriomorphic ferrite, thus the austenite grain boundary increases, which make more bainite nucleation site being produced. It is disadvantageous to the intragranularly nucleated acicular ferrite. In addition, the rare-earth element has some contributions to enhance the acicular ferrite content in the weld metal.


The final chapter tackles recent initiatives for a reform of the EU copyright acquis. In particular, it focuses on a number of selected areas in the proposed Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market (DSM), which require to be considered in light, not just of existing legislation, but also—and perhaps most importantly—existing case law. These areas are: the 'value gap' ('transfer of value') proposal, the press publishers' right, fair compensation for private copying, and licensing of out-of-commerce works. The chapter discusses whether and to what extent the EU copyright reform may be regarded as a 'codification' of existing CJEU case law, or rather as a departure from it. Either way, the centrality of judicial interpretation of existing legislation is apparent also in the context of policy discourse.


Magnetoelectric sensors are assumed to be capable of biomagnetic measurements like magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetocardiography (MCG). In this paper a thin film sensor with a ME coefficient of αME = 450 V/cmOe at a resonance frequency of fres = 678.5 Hz is investigated. Measurements show that this sensor reaches a noise level of 7.5 pT/√Hz at resonance and that field strengths in the picotesla range can be detected, which is well in the range of biomagnetic signals.


To explore the mechanism of myocarditis caused by Trichinella spiralis and host resistance against T.spiralis,myocardium samples from the Kunming mice infected with T.spiralis on days 5,7 and 35 post-infection,respectively and a sample from the healthy mice were collected.The total lipid were extracted from the samples by AIB method,transestered with 14% BCl3-methanol and analyzed by GC-MS.The main fatty acid contents of the infected myocardium samples were significantly different from that of the normal myocardium(P0.05).The content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and the total n-6 fatty acids of the infected myocardium samples decreased significantly because the content of linoleic acids decreased significantly from 17.23%±2.10% to 9.21%±1.25%(P0.05).The contents of saturated fatty acids of the infected myocardium were higher than that of the normal myocardium,mainly due to increase of the contents of palmitic acid and stearic acid.In the infected myocardium samples,with prolongation of the time of infection,the contents of C18:2 and C20:4 decreased first,and then returned to normal levels,and the levels of C22:5 and C22:6 increased first,and then reduced to normal levels.


Firms select different governance types (e.g. internalisation, outsourcing or collaboration) for corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. This paper examined how the choice of CSR governance type is influenced by social factors and organisational experiences and how changes in these factors affect the governance choice. These questions are especially meaningful in the context of developing countries with weak institutional environments and recent social change. With the unique phenomenon that is not readily explainable in terms of the extant theoretical groundwork on CSR governance choice, a case study of a South Korean forestry campaign by Yuhan-Kimberly was analysed. It was found that social circumstances triggered Yuhan-Kimberly's initiation of forestry projects, but the absence of social infrastructure limited the choice of governance type early on. Lack of experience also constrained the governance choice. Over time, environmental change and the accumulation of organisational knowledge caused the choice of governance to evolve. This study contributes to the CSR governance choice literature by exploring social and organisational determinants other than economic efficiency and by applying a dynamic perspective.


"The understanding of war among people who have not experienced war is now chiefly a product of the impact of […] images." Some images have marked our memories and others shape our opinions by appealing to our emotions. The impact of images can be very far-reaching. "In contrast to a written account — which, depending on its complexity of thought, reference, and vocabulary, is pitched at a larger or smaller readership a photograph has only one language and is destined potentially for all."


The problem of stabilization of unstable drugs in aqueous solution has long plagued pharmacists in every area of the profession. Some cases have been attempted in the control of pH, solubility, the choice of solvent system, the use of adjuvants, or in the careful control of buffer capacity and constituents.2) Another attempt, which has the possibility of the production of reasonably stable drugs, has been made in the modification of drugs by appropriate substituents, if therapeutic efficacy is not decreased. However, due to the difficulty of the quantitative prediction of the structure-reactivity relationship, much attention for drug stabilization has been paid to the pharmaceutical formulation such as the former. Numerous compounds which are important from a pharmaceutical standpoint contain an amide function. In general, hydrolysis of amide linkage at room temperature in pharmaceutically useful pH ranges proceeds extremely slow.3-5) Even in strong acidic and basic solutions, amide6-13) and anilide5) are relatively stable as compared, for example, with the structually similar esters. These kinetic studies indicate that amide linkage in pharmaceutical system is sufficiently stable in aqueous solution to be marketed. The excellently stable amide linkage, however, is rapidly hydrolyzed by the intramolecular catalysis of neighboring hydroxyl groups14-16) or carboxyl groups.17) It has been reported in the previous papers that both


This textbook presents an innovative new perspective on the economics of development, including insights from a broad range of disciplines. It starts with the current state of affairs, a discussion of data availability, reliability, and analysis, and an historic overview of the deep influence of fundamental factors on human prosperity. Next, it focuses on the role of human interaction in terms of trade, capital, and knowledge flows, as well as the associated implications for institutions, contracts, and finance. The book also highlights differences in the development paths of emerging countries in order to provide a better understanding of the concepts of development and the Millennium Development Goals. Insights from other disciplines are used help to understand human development with regard to other issues, such as inequalities, health, demography, education, and poverty. The book concludes by emphasizing the importance of connections, location, and human interaction in determining future prosperity.


First spatially resolved spectroscopic observations of the Virgo and Coma clusters made with XMM during the PV phase are presented. The implication for the dynamical state of these clusters are briefly discussed.


In the knowledge graph question answering, the graph neural network can be used to encode the subgraph nodes related to the question entity to select the correct answer node. However, existing researches mainly focus on the modalities for the node encoding with graph neural network, ignoring that different types of subgraphs have different requirements for encoding information. To overcome the problem, this paper divides the subgraph into two types: the searching graph and the extending graph. Then we propose an answer extraction method with graph attention network for the searching graph, which can weight the information of neighbor nodes with different attention instead of the average. The hierarchical attention is also introduced to integrate question information into the subgraph node embedding to obtain the node presentation with question dependency. The accuracy of 48.2% is achieved on the CommonsenseQA dataset, which is much higher than the random guess (20%). In addition, the accuracy of the simplified model with no hierarchical attention decreases by 3.5%, which indicates the hierarchical attention mechanism can improve the predictive performance of the proposed model.


have fl'It well and kept at work. The absenceof symptoms,therefore.is not proof that the infection has soundly healed. Tuberculosis, like so many chronic diseases,tendsto pursuea relapsingcourse. nurl the essenceof successfultreatmentis thorough treatmentin the early stages. Furthermore,there are patientsin whom the symptomshave improved or even disappeared,yet serial X ray films have shown a steadyprogressin the lung lesion. From time to time many criteria have been advocatedto reveal whether the lesion has healedor not. None of them can be relied on in all cases. The tempera, t nre may be normal and yet the diseasemay progress. Active diseasemay be presentand the sedimentation curve favourable. The von Pirquet and tuberculin tests may yield no reactions with a progressivelesion. The patientmay have symptoms suggestiveor almostdiagnosticof pulmonarytuberculosis and yet the lesion may not be demonstrable ]'y any methodat presentat our disposal. Tubercle hacilli may even bepresentin the sputumand X ray «xnmlnationof the chestmay revealno abnormality. In patientswith evidenceof early pulmonarytuberculosis we have no certain means of determining when the lesion is soundly healed,so that in advising treatmentwe shoulderr on the safeside. There is only one methodof treatmentwhich hasdefinitely proved its value, and that is rest, either local to the lung or generalrest. Patientswith early lesions should be made to rest for a period of at least six months. with a further period of about the same time before resuming work, irrespective of what may be the result of X ray examination,temperature record. sedimentationtest or any other test. If all casesof idiopathic pleurisyandunexplained ha-moptyseswere treated in this manner, at least some of them would be preventedfrom developing manifest tuberculosislater.


The dependence of the total magnetic moment versus lattice constant is studied. The alloy studied was a Fe/sub 3-x/Cr/sub x/Al alloy. It was found that the total magnetic moment decreases with decreasing lattice parameters. With the decrease of the unit cell's volume, the magnetic moment of chromium rapidly decreases and this affects the nearest neighborhood.


This article systematizes all the claims imposed by creditors in order to determine the occurrence of an insolvency situation. These claims are divided into two categories: monetary obligations and mandatory payments, and the debts included in them are described in detail. In highlighting the essence of the category "monetary obligations", the norms of civil law and labor law are mutually compared, and the content of the concept of "mandatory payments" in accordance with the norms of tax legislation is also revealed. As a result of the analysis, a list of clear and simple creditors' claims has been formed, which is acceptable at the bankruptcy legislation. Also the requirements that should be taken into account when initiating a bankruptcy case and the experience of a foreign state was studied in this regard, as well as problematic conditions that need to be eliminated. It was concluded that the initiation of a bankruptcy case should be based only on primary claims; secondary claims (non-payment, fines, amounts of compensation and incentives) should not be the basis for the initiation of the case. In addition, in the course of the study the question of the role of requirements arising from personal relationships and requirements related to intellectual activity, which will become the basis for initiating a rehabilitation case, which is used in the legislation of some states was also considered.


Funds for poverty reduction are limited, so allocating them effectively is important in development planning. A common way to do this is to plot the distribution of poor people on maps, and then to target poverty-alleviation efforts at areas with the largest incidences of poverty. But this is a crude approach that risks missing a large share of the poor. This issue of evidence for policy shows how careful analysis of detailed spatial information – in this case in Laos – can reveal patterns that are not immediately obvious. That can lead to better, more precise targeting well beyond a purely geographic focus on poor areas, and to more differentiated and spatially integrated development planning.


Discrimination against pregnant workers appears to be increasingly common, a new report issued by National Women's Law Center, Washington, DC, reveals. The report indicates that pregnant workers do not garner the same breaks as workers with disabilities or those who were injured on the job.


Aiming at the issue that vehicle detection accuracy is easily influenced by abnormal weather conditions such as rain, snow, and frog, et al. This paper studies the methods of expressway vehicle detection based on deep learning. First, methods for detecting expressway vehicles based on Faster-RCNN, YOLOV3, and SSD are compared and analyzed. Then, based on SEU expressway vehicle detection dataset under abnormal weather conditions, the training of the vehicle detection model and the research of compare experiments on Faster-RCNN, YOLOv3, and SSD are carried out by manually labeling and collecting specific regions of vehicles. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the YOLOv3-based detection model of expressway vehicle detection under abnormal weather conditions outperforms the other two methods, with an average accuracy of 99.2%.


.................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Foodborne Disease .................................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 Foodborne Disease in New Zealand ........................................................ 2 1.2.2 Emergence and transmission of foodborne pathogens ........................... 3 1.3 Foodborne pathogens ............................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 Listeria ..................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli .................................................... 7 1.3.3 Pathogen prevention and surveillance .................................................... 9 1.4 Characteristics of phages....................................................................................... 12 1.4.1 Bacteriophages ...................................................................................... 11 1.4.2 History of phages ................................................................................... 13 1.4.3 Phage Lifecycle ...................................................................................... 14 188.8.131.52 Lytic pathway ........................................................................ 14 220.127.116.11 Lysogenic pathway ................................................................ 15 1.4.4 Natural existence of phages .................................................................. 16 1.5 Phage as biocontrol agents ................................................................................... 18 1.5.1 Phage characteristics ............................................................................ 18 1.5.2 Advantages of phage use ...................................................................... 19 1.5.3 Limitations of phage use ....................................................................... 20 1.5.4 Future of phage biocontrol .................................................................... 21 1.6 Phage activity on food and food preparation surfaces ......................................... 21 1.7 Methods of Listeria and E. coli phage Isolation..................................................... 23 1.7.1 Listeria phage isolation ......................................................................... 23 1.7.2 E. coli phage isolation ............................................................................ 23


Understanding the flux and fate of nutrients and sediments from rivers is of global importance because of the effects of these materials on coastal ecosystems. The present study followed three flood events from upper tributaries of the Normanby River to Princess Charlotte Bay in the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon, Australia. During each event, nutrients and suspended sediment concentrations were measured along a freshwater to marine transect. The upper catchment provided the majority of suspended sediments and nutrients supplied to the river system, although concentrations of most materials decreased by 52–85% between the upper catchment and estuary. As an exception, ammonium concentrations doubled within the estuary, indicating that undisturbed coastal ecosystems can provide a significant source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to tropical river flood plumes. The dissolved nutrients in floodwaters stimulated phytoplankton blooms that inundated seagrass meadows and coral reefs. Northern GBR marine ecosystems are increasingly threatened by climate change and catchment development. The results of this study show that increased anthropogenic loads of nutrients and sediments from the upper Normanby catchment have the potential to affect the condition of marine ecosystems at Princess Charlotte Bay.


We introduce a model description of a diatomic molecule in an optical cavity, with pump and fluorescent fields, and electron and nuclear motion are treated on equal footing and exactly. The model accounts for several optical response temporal scenarios: A Mollow spectrum hindered by electron correlations, a competition of harmonic generation and molecular dissociation, a dependence of fluorescence on photon pumping rate and dissipation. It is thus a general and flexible template for insight into experiments where quantum photon confinement, leakage, nuclear motion and electronic correlations are at interplay.


The influence of phosphate solubilizing bacterium ( Bacillus polymyxa ) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( Rhizophagus fasciculatus ) on growth and phosphorus uptake in Cajanus cajana were studied, in green house conditions. Experiments were carried out by using both sterilized and unsterilized garden soil (sandy loam). Mycorrhiza with P-solubilizing bacteria inoculated with sterilized soil produced significantly higher growth, dry matter and increase in nodule number and P uptake in shoot. Moderate or lower growth response was observed among the plants grown in unsterilized soil either PSB or AMF inoculation. On the contrary non-inoculated plants in sterilized garden soil did not showed meager growth and higher total P uptake. A synergistic effect was recorded with increased plant dry matter, nodule number and P uptake in the plants treated with both the inoculum and in sterilized soil.


This paper introduces a control algorithm for soft-switching series LC converters. The conventional voltage-to-voltage controller is split into a master and a slave controller. The master controller implements constant current, constant voltage (CCCV) control, required for demanding applications, for example, lithium battery charging or laboratory power supplies. It defines the set-current for the open-loop current slave controller, which generates the pulse width modulation (PWM) parameters. The power supply achieves fast large-signal responses, e.g., from 5 V to 24 V , where 95% of the target value is reached in less than 400 s . The design is evaluated extensively in simulation and on a prototype. A match between simulation and measurement is achieved.


SUMMARY. The paper traces the development of Operational Research in industry and university in the period since 1945. It shows the relation between the problem areas of interest, year by year, and current economic and social needs. The paper also shows how the technical methodology developed in a similar manner. A final section discusses current national problems and the extent to which Operational Research is trying to tackle these. 1. Perspective This is the second of a pair of papers reviewing the developments which have taken place under the generic heading of operational research. The first paper, by Dr. Stratton, places Operational Research within the historical framework of its conception before the second world war and traces its growth in defence and government in the years since that war. This study will have its beginning in 1946 and will be concerned with industry, commerce, banking and the academic sectors. It is a truism that O.R. as a discipline has been created out of urgent need and has grown by a combination of scientific methodology, and demonstrated usefulness. We shall at a later stage of this paper place its methodology within a contextual framework of contiguous disciplines, but this will be better demonstrated when the history is developed. The United Kingdom was impoverished. Capital equipment was run down, goods for civilian use were in short supply. The abrupt termination of lend lease left the country with the sudden cessation of a supply of vital imports. But the country was in a good state of morale, and confidence that science and technology could save us in peace time as it had in war was widely shared, almost M a universal faith. But the scientists, who had been associated with the war time use of O.R., largely went back to their universities and research establishments, a transition from which O.R. suffered for many subsequent years, for there was the serious loss of the first rate brains and of the men whose achievement and maturity would have commanded attention. The act nationalising the coal industry put on the Board, as of right, a scientist. Sir Charles Ellis the physicist moved from the Army Council to be scientific member of the National Coal Board. Sir Charles Goodeve, mctallurgist, moved from the Admiralty to be director of B.I.S.R.A. Prom these two appointments all else flowed on the industrial front. Ellis created the National Coal Board's scientific department and within it, an O.R. unit. Goodeve not only created an O.R. service within B.I.S.R.A. but since then has remained a dominant figure to whom the O.R. profes$on owes an incalculable debt. The urgent need in 1946 was clear.


The qualitative exploration of near‐wall hemodynamics in cerebral aneurysms provides important insights for risk assessment. For instance, a direct relation between complex flow patterns and aneurysm formation could be observed. Due to the high complexity of the underlying time‐dependent flow data, the exploration is challenging, in particular for medical researchers not familiar with such data. We present the AmniVis‐Explorer, a system that is designed for the preparation of a qualitative medical study. The provided features were developed in close collaboration with medical researchers involved in the study. This comprises methods for a purposeful selection of surface regions of interest and a novel approach to provide a 2D overview of flow patterns that are represented by streamlines at these regions. Furthermore, we present a specialized interface that supports binary classification of patterns and temporal exploration as well as methods for selection, highlighting and automatic 3D navigation to particular patterns. Based on eight representative datasets, we conducted informal interviews with two bord‐certified radiologists and a flow expert to evaluate the system. It was confirmed that the AmniVis‐Explorer allows for an easy selection, qualitative exploration and classification of near‐wall flow patterns that are represented by streamlines.


Our previous study showed that , one of prilous pollutant, was emitted during the oxidative regeneration of sorbents sulfided by . In order to prevent emissions, the oxidative regeneration was carried out by mixing the sulfided sorbents with CaO which has been reported as excellent sorbent for and the effects of particle size, packing type, mixing ratio and calcination temperature of CaO on the reactivity of CaO with were investigated. CaO which has similar particle size with that of fresh sorbent has poor reactivity because agglomeration of CaO increased intraparticle transport resistance and SEM photographs confirmed this phenomenon. For smaller CaO particle, the emitted was little. Double bed packing type was better than random mixing type for the removal of and on was emitted when the mixing ratio of ZnS to CaO was above 1:3. Higher calcination temperature of CaO was more favorable for removal.


project and the lack of any formal evaluation strategy. Unexplored themes include asking whether the research style presented here offers a model for best practice and whether the therapeutic value of collaborative heritage projects is sustainable. The projects presented are ground-breaking for public, collaborative and applied heritage, and there is clearly scope for further research by the author on the social and political impact of collaborative heritage projects in general.


Abstract S5.5 Genomic Epidemiology of Fungal Infections, September 22, 2022, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Objectives With the advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing, the public health landscape for genomic epidemiology and surveillance has transformed for a variety of pathogens. For fungal diseases, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is working with global partners to stand up FungiNet, a network that aims to equip scientists with laboratory, bioinformatics, and informatics resources to harness genomic data. FungiNet partners will use genomic and epidemiologic data to detect outbreaks, identify introductions, and characterize transmission of fungal infections. In 2022, FungiNet aims to onboard nine state and local health departments in the United States and two global partners, the Instituto Nacional de Salud in Colombia and the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in South Africa, with a focus on Candida auris. Methods To streamline the onboarding process, CDC generated standardized operating procedures (SOPs) specific to C. auris. For DNA extraction, SOPs were created for workflows using the Zymo Research Quick-DNA™ (ZR) Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep, Qiagen Dneasy Blood and Tissue, and Epicentre (Illumina) MasterPure Yeast DNA Purification kits. For library preparation and Illumina sequencing, PulseNet methods used for foodborne pathogens were validated for C. auris. For NCBI data submissions, required data elements were defined. For SNP and phylogenetic analyses, the bioinformatics workflow MycoSNP was adapted to use Nextflow software and the Terra platform. For visualization with epidemiologic data, guidance documents and tutorials for Microreact were created. Finally, for data reporting, processes are being designed in REDCap and in laboratory information management systems to rapidly share genomic-related data. Results To date, 11 partners have committed to building capacity for C. auris genomic sequencing and analysis as a FungiNet partner. Of these, seven have validated methods for DNA extraction, and nine have generated high-quality sequencing data. Only one partner has installed and locally run MycoSNP, and none have submitted raw sequence data to NCBI. Conclusions Currently, 11 FungiNet partners are working to onboard C. auris genomic sequencing and bioinformatics analysis in 2022. This process is complex, requiring several laboratories, bioinformatics, and informatics workflows. For many partners, bioinformatics analysis and NCBI submission are the most challenging activities with the installation of MycoSNP and the ability to batch upload data to NCBI as the main barriers. Next steps will focus on the validation of informatics methods to link genomic and epidemiologic data.


The dc magnetic susceptibilities of the orthorhombic DyF3 single crystals have been measured in the temperature range between 1.8 and 300 K. The susceptibility along the b-axis does not depend on temperature below TC = 2.55 K and is equal to the demagnetizing factor of the sample, that gives evidence for the ferromagnetic phase induced by the magnetic dipole–dipole interactions between the Dy3+ ions. The saturation moment of 8.5 μB/Dy3+ along the b-axis was determined from magnetization measurements. The observed strong anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility at low temperatures agrees with the measured anisotropic g-tensor of the ground state of impurity Dy3+ ions in YF3 single crystals. The results of measurements are interpreted in the frameworks of the crystal field theory and the mean magnetic field approximation.


Compliant offshore structures, by yielding to wave and current actions, avoid unacceptably high hydrodynamic loads leading to economic designs and thus have always been favored for deep sea water operations. As these structures have large displacements with inherent non-linearities, so prediction of behavior of these structures in oceanic environment along with earthquake loads is difficult and is always met with many challenges. Oceanic waves are better modeled as stochastic process, so there is a need to investigate the stochastic stability of flexible offshore structures as well. The presence of strong geometric non-linearity and non-linearity arising due to fluid structure interaction leads to the possibility of dynamic instability of the systems. Efforts have been made to use simplified realistic mathematical models to determine dynamic stability and chaotic behavior of compliant offshore structures. A comprehensive review of literature available on the subject matter was made and relevant portions have been presented in the paper along with a case study of Dynamic Stability analysis of Single Hinged Articulated Tower [SHAT] using two dimensional Phase Plots.


Higher vocational education in order to develop steadily,while strengthening its own characteristics,we must continue to deepen the reform of practice teaching.In this paper,practical teaching mechatronics features were introduced,while establishing a progressive phase of work and study practice teaching mode,teaching the theory constructed independently of the practice teaching system,strengthen the practice teaching,strengthening teacher team building,promoting practice course construction materials and direction of reform.


Guided by the schema theory, the authors first explore the characteristics of ESP learning and analyse the schemata available to ESP learners, and then point out the point of view that those schemata are useful resources for ESP teaching. Thereafter a variety of classroom activities for activating the ESP learners' schemata for the purpose of smoothing away their difficulties and developing their ESP competence are discussed. Under the guidance of schema theory and by way of teaching practice, the auhtors formulate in the end a workable ESP teaching pattern.


Graphical modeling languages allow to specify structure and behavior of mixed hardware-and software-systems on high abstraction level and can be automatically rendered into deployable implementations. In this paper we extend a model-based development process by means to debug functionality specified using Matlab Stateflow models in its hardware-and software-implementation on the target system. The user can control and view the system state graphically from the model's level. We introduce an Eclipse based software-tool based on our approach and apply it to a dynamically reconfigurable slot-based FPGA runtime environment.


We have investigated the multilamentary Bi-2223 tape, a wide-spread type of superconductive wire, for some important aspects of its properties. We have attempted to determine its conversion temperature (Tc) empirically. Aided by some numerical methods, we have tried to estimate its critical current density and observe some changes in thermal properties and transport phenomenon. General analysis and specic discussion are also presented.


The Tibetan Plateau is situated in one of Earth's extreme continental climate settings and is influenced by numerous climatic regimes such as the East Asian and Indian monsoons and westerlies. It is the largest region of the world where permafrost is present at mid-latitudes and its relative warmth and shallow thickness makes it more sensitive to climatic warming than the arctic region. Changes in permafrost temperature, extent and active layer thickness have been observed for decades. In this paper we review these changes in this dynamic permafrost region, especially noting the changes in permafrost distribution and area loss of about 99,000 km per decade, increases in active layer thickness of 4-8 cm/year, and increases in thawing days of about 10-16 days/decade. As soil temperature and soil water content have changed, river run-off has decreased over most of the year. Warmer temperatures may have transformed the Tibetan Plateau from a net carbon source in the 20th century to a net sink as the increase rate of net primary production is faster than that of soil respiration.


PhotoelasticTouch is a tabletop system designed to intuitively facilitate touch-based interaction via real objects made from transparent elastic material. The transparent elastic material (transparent rubber) provides a realistic haptic interface, which when combined with the visual content displayed on the LCD tabletop, enables a balanced coupling of the physical world and digital content. The system utilizes the photo-elastic properties of the transparent rubber to recognize when a user pushes, pulls or pinches the object, while the LCD provides the appropriate visual feedback in accordance to the stress applied to the elastic material.


This book gives a comprehensive introduction of the concepts and practices of e-partnering and discusses the application of e-partnership in e-commerce, e-business, the supply chain and e-supply chains.


This issue of the Journal of Perinatal Medicine has a number of articles providing important insights into the causes, diagnosis and management of preterm birth (PTB). Szymusik and colleagues report on their case control study comparing PTB rates amongst patients complaining of first trimester vaginal bleeding (FTB) vs. controls without first or second trimester bleeding [1]. As others have found, FTB was associated with higher rates of subsequent PTB with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43–3.10). However, the authors also evaluated this association in the various categories of PTB severity. Thus, they noted that the link between FTB and PTB was strongest amongst those with moderate (32–33 weeks), very (28–31 weeks) and extremely ( < 28 weeks) preterm births compared with those having late (34–37 weeks) PTBs. These findings are consistent with those of Lykke et al., who interrogated a large Danish pregnancy registry and observed that FTB was most strongly associated with PTB at 28–31 weeks' gestation (OR 2.98; 95% CI: 2.50–3.54) [2]. While the study by Szymusik et al. was underpowered to ascertain whether FTB was more strongly associated with spontaneous PTB vs. indicated PTB, the study by Lykke and colleagues noted that the occurrence of FTB also increased the risk of subsequent preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) (OR 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01–1.37), placental abruption (OR 1.48; 95% CI: 1.30–1.68), and severe preeclampsia (OR 1.25; 95%CI: 1.09–1.43), suggesting that FTB is a marker for a primary defect in placentation linked to both spontaneous and indicated prematurity [2]. In support of this contention, Salafia and colleagues demonstrated that decidual hemosiderin was far more commonly present amongst patients with PTB at < 32 weeks (196/462; 43%) compared to term birth (1/108; 0.8%) (P < 0.00001) and that amongst the former patients, decidual hemosiderin was found in 60% of patients with preterm preeclampsia (45/76), 38% with PPROM (72/192) and 36% with preterm labor and intact membranes (58/161) (P < 0.003) (3). Since clinically evident FTB was commonly associated with decidual hemosiderin, decidual hemorrhage (i.e. abruption) is likely the most common cause of FTB. While the precise etiology of the aberrant placentation associated with these abnormal pregnancy outcomes remains a mystery, decidual hemorrhage (abruption) can trigger substantial local thrombin generation due to the presence of abundant decidual cell tissue factor, the primary initiator of clotting [4]. In the first trimester, deciudal thrombin production has been associated with increased expression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and monocyte-recruiting chemokines, factors known to contribute to the shallow extravillous trophoblast invasion and impaired spiral artery remodeling linked to preeclampsia, abruption, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction and many cases of spontaneous PTB [4]. Later in pregnancy decidual cell-derived thrombin can bind to its receptor to inhibit decidual cell progesterone receptor expression and increased production of matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines strongly linked to PTB [5–7]. Thus, while FTB may be a marker for abnormal placentation and a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, it may also play a direct role in the genesis of such adverse outcomes. Interestingly, obesity has also been linked to these adverse pregnancy outcomes and Szymusik and colleagues found that the combination of obesity and FTB was associated with an extraordinary 7-fold increased risk of PTB (OR 7.47; 95% CI: 1.18–59.8). Smoking has long been associated with PTB and other adverse pregnancy outcomes, but there is little information available about discrete risks conferred by the level of maternal smoking. In this issue of the Journal, Mei-Dan and associates report the results of a population-based cohort study of over 20,000 women delivering between 2001 and 2007 in Montreal, Canada, in which they compare pregnancy outcomes in active smokers vs. non-smokers and then assess the dose-response relationship between selfreported smoking levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes [8]. As expected, smokers had a substantially greater prevalence of PTB than non-smokers (22.2% vs. 12.4%, OR 2.0; 95%CI: 1.8–2.3). Moreover, the risk of PTB increased with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (19.8% for those smoking < 5/day, 22.3% for those smoking 5–10/day, and 24.6% for those smoking > 10/day). Not surprisingly, birth


The latest in a series of Landsat terrestrial observatories was launched April 15 and for the first time the mission configuration captures the dream envisioned by Earth scientists more than a quarter century ago. Landsat 7 now has the capability and the operations strategy to dynamically monitor all of the Earth's land areas annually paving the way toward a better understanding of the terrestrial dynamics that result from natural stresses and human activities. Landsat's long term acquisition plan (LTAP) is an ambitious step forward for the satellite, which has been tracking the Earth's land areas since 1972 [Short et al., 1976]. NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey are jointly operating the mission.


There are many studies on the impacts of entrepreneurship education in higher education, but few studies have assessed how secondary schools can contribute to create a more dynamic enterprise culture. This paper assesses whether a European entrepreneurship programme directed at upper secondary school promote positive attitudes towards entrepreneurs. The programme investigated is called the company programme (CP), and the study is done in Norway where the programme CP reaches approximately 15% of all pupils. There is a particular focus on girls within entrepreneurship education in Norway, and we will present our results on the impact of CP for girls and boys separately. Results from multilevel models indicate that both boy and girl participants in CP are more likely than non-participants to think that an entrepreneur is "someone who wants to use his/her creativity" and less likely to think that an entrepreneur "is someone who cannot find another job". However, attitudes about entrepreneurs also vary among boy and girl CP-participants. Girls participating in CP are less likely to think that an entrepreneur is someone who wants to be his/her own boss. Boys in the CP programme are more likely to think that an entrepreneur "is someone who wants recognition by society" and less likely to perceive an entrepreneur as "someone who is not well educated".


Abstract 4,5-Diaryl-3-.styryl-4,5-dihydro[l,2,4] oxadiazoles have been synthesized through a faoile, 1,3-dipolar oyclo-addition of azomethines and phenylaorylonitrile oxide generated in situ, in a single step process.


The extraction and purification technology of the water-soluble polysaccharide from Fructus Corni was studied in this paper. Several factors of affecting extraction rate such as extraction temperature, extraction times and the ratio of sample to water (W:V) were studied. The results showed that the extraction temperature is the major factor to affect the polysaccharide extraction rate. By uniform design test the optimum extraction conditions are as follows: extraction temperature 100 ℃, extraction time 180 min and the ratio of sample to water 1:36. The extraction rate reaches 199.36 mg/g under the optimal extraction conditions. The crude polysaccharide was purified by ethanol sedimentation, dialysis, DE-52 chromatography. The purified Fructus Corni polysaccharide was examined with ultraviolet spectral analysis without any protein, nuclear acid. It showed that size is obtained homogeneous single composition polysaccharide of molecule by agarose gel electrophoresis shown in the single area.


Field desorption (FD) mass spectrometry was applied to the determination of the molecular masses of carotenoids, natural carotenoid derivatives and their chemical derivatives. All the carotenoids examined gave the molecular ion as the base peak with negligible fragment ions. Carotenoid glucoside and its fatty acid monoester were successfully determined without acetylation, whereas carotenoic acids (carboxylate and sulphate) needed to be converted into methyl esters prior to analysis. The applicable ranges of molecular masses and polarity were very wide. In addition, carotenoid glycoside gave only [M]+˙ without [M + H]+˙ and [M + cation]+˙. The numbers of carbonyl groups, primary and/or secondary hydroxyl groups and total hydroxyl groups could be directly determined according to the increase in mass units of the carotenoids after chemical reduction, acetylation and trimethylsilylation, respectively. Owing to the negligible fragment ions, FD analysis was also suitable for carotenoids containing small amounts of impurities or other carotenoids. Hence this technique is useful for determining the molecular masses of carotenoids and the number of modifiable groups in carotenoids.


Trade Liberalisation and Tuberculosis - A longitudinal multi-level analysis on tuberculosis incidence in 22 high burden countries between 1990 & 2010


In today's world, millions of people use social networking and microblogging sites every day to share their views, opinions, and emotions in their daily lives. These sites can become an invaluable source for data mining and can be used effectively to evaluate people's opinion on a product, an entity or perhaps topics of interest. Sentiment Analysis, as it is called, allows us to determine whether the opinions, mood, views, or attitude in a text is either "positive", "negative", or "neutral". The focus of this study was to analyze the tweets of the top ten English-speaking Caribbean Prime Ministers on Twitter to determine how effective they were in reducing the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak in their territories. The research results provided clear evidence that the negative sentiment towards the virus by the Caribbean leaders was a contributing factor in reducing the number of cases and deaths during the first five months of COVID-19 in the region. The results also found that a correlation exists between the prime ministers' social network and their effectiveness in managing the virus. In addition, the words expressed by the prime ministers in reference to COVID-19 were clear and practical therefore making it easier for the prime ministers to implement strict measures to control the spread of the virus in the region.


The objective of this research is to find out how the energy performance of buildings can be improved effectively by exploiting available data in the operations and maintenance phase. In this research building automation systems, open data and Internet of Things are studied as value generating technological solutions. The research process is based on reviewing research literature, conducting interviews and analyzing measurement data recorded by the building automation system of a case office building. The study identified 11 initiatives to close existing energy performance gaps. These initiatives belonged to categories of developing building services equipment control, increasing the extent of available data, observing the state of user experience and facilitating maintenance processes. Then the three most effective were chosen for a feasibility study. This effectiveness of an initiative was judged by evaluating it in the dimensions of expected benefits and challenge to implement in an indicative manner by 13 interviewees in four stakeholder groups. This simple evaluation method turned out to serve its purpose well: Vague evaluation dimensions covered both quantitative and qualitative aspects, while stakeholder groups had different perspectives on the initiatives. Thus the method is recommended for similar problems, as long as only indicative results are pursued. Out of the 11 initiatives, the most effective ones were considered to be those that are simple and do not require any installation work, or at the most the installation of transmitters or sensors: 1) adaptive heating control, 2) user satisfaction measurement systems, 3) energy performance monitoring systems and 4) selected equipment group control interfaces. Feasibility studies suggested that adaptive heating control has the potential to increase energy performance with negligible installation work, user satisfaction measurement system would be sensible to pilot as a service, energy efficiency monitoring in small-scale would be convenient to purchase as a service and selected group control interfaces enable large savings with small trouble. The least effective initiatives were considered to be the ones that are complex, risk user satisfaction or require the integration of numerous systems.


Inland waterway transport (IWT) is transportation by means of inland waterways. It is one of the cheapest and most environmentally friendly types of transport available. The European Union Commission has recognized its untapped potential and has actively encouraged many initiatives to promote it as an important source of cargo transportation. In spite of those initiatives, however, not much is known about the general living and working conditions of IWT workers, actually. Especially, the fact that vessels cross borders on a daily basis in the most major rivers in the various regions means that the crews of these vessels are subject to different countries' laws and regulations all the time, and that they sometimes even fall through the gaps in the laws and regulations, which must have serious impact on their living and working conditions.

This report attempts to fill those gaps by providing an detailed overview and analysis of such conditions in the IWT sector, and the rules that govern them. Its final aim is to analyse fragmented and overlapping regulatory framework and institutions involved in this sector in the European region, and propose ways to fill the gaps among the various regulatory frameworks. For that purpose, it covers not only the general overview in this sector, such as technological developments, personnel, social dialogue and the hierarchy of the various regulatory frameworks, but also various chronic and emerging issues including minimum requirements for qualification, training and certification, conditions of service like employment agreement and working time, occupational safety and health, social security and enforcement issues. It also tries to analyze the impact of the current global economic and financial crisis which necessitates special consideration of the working and living conditions of the crews in this sector.


In this study, micro-particles with several tens μm in diameter were investigated as a reasonable grouting material for liquefaction countermeasures. It was presumed that sand's liquefaction resistance in loose sand or gravel ground was able to be reinforced when being improved by injecting micro-particles without breaking the soil skeleton. Whereas, the mechanism of improved effect by permeating microparticles is still unclear. Therefore, in order to confirm the improved effect of micro-particles, the static and dynamic triaxial tests of the improved specimens were carried out in this report. From the results of these tests, it was suggested that the factors of improved effect by microparticle were both increase of apparent cohesion and improvement of characteristics of dilatancy.


Introduction: Recent reports of potential harmful effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have provoked great concern. Therefore, the safety of NSAIDs is still questioned. Methods: We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases from December 2019 to January 2021 to examine use prevalence for NSAIDs in general, as well as associated COVID-19 risk and outcomes. This study has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019132063) Results: We included 25 studies with a total of 101,215 COVID-19 patients. The use of NSAIDs in COVID-19 patients reached 19%. Exposure to NSAIDs was not associated with significantly increased risk of developing COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR]=0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78-1.24; I2=82%), hospitalization (OR=1.06, 95%CI: 0.76-1.48; I2=81%), mechanical ventilation (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.47-1.06; I2=38%), and length of hospital stay. Moreover, use of NSAIDs was significantly associated with better outcomes, including severity of COVID-19 (OR=0.79, 95%CI: 71-0.89; I2=0%) and death (OR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.52-0.89; I2=85%) in patients with COVID-19. Regarding safety outcomes, exposure to NSAIDs was associated with increased risk of stroke (OR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.04-5.2; I2=0%), but not with myocardial infraction (OR=1.49; p=0.66; I2=0%), overt thrombosis (OR=0.76, p=0.50; I2=28%) and major bleeding (p=0.61). Conclusion: Based on current evidence, exposure to NSAIDs is not linked to increased odds or exacerbation of COVID-19 in the general COVID-19 population. Furthermore, administration of NSAIDs might have better outcomes and survival benefits in the general COVID-19 population, although potentially increasing the risk of stroke. Use of NSAIDs might be safe and beneficial in COVID-19. Future observational and randomized control trials are needed for further confirmation.


The performance of the third phase of the inverter was measured using the MATLAB / Simulink software. To measure, pulses of inverter gates are made. A three-phase inverter device was implemented and test results were shown to be similar to those for measurement. Among all electric engines, import engines are the most widely used due to their reliability, low cost and power. Among the many import speed control methods, the V / f speed control method is widely used due to its simplicity. In this method, a continuous V / f ratio is maintained which maintains a constant magnetizing flux so that the maximum torque remains constant.


The paper concerns simulation of photovoltaic systems. First, the characteristics of a real photovoltaic module, based on real life measurements, are presented. The peculiar behavior that is due to partial shading and bypass diodes is pointed out. Then a PSpice computer model is outlined, and the computer simulations serve to understand the observed behavior. On this background, the paper presents a simple hardware-based photovoltaic simulator that is able to qualitatively behave like a real photovoltaic module. Novel developments on the signal side are introduced: a modification of the signal side load compared to previous systems is presented, but more importantly, a signal side circuit that can be controlled from a computer to emulate all kinds of irradiance conditions, including partial shading, is also devised and proven to work. Experiments show that the proof-of-concept prototypes function as expected, although there is certainly room for improvements in further work. Such simulators could, and probably should, be used for testing of power electronics based interfaces to photovoltaic systems, as they can provide repeatable laboratory conditions.


With the increasing use of antibiotics, multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria has grown to become a medical crisis to public health. Multidrug efflux pumps play an important role in conferring drug resistance, as they are capable of expelling a variety of toxic substrates from the cell. Targeting assembly of efflux pumps is a promising strategy to overcoming antibiotic resistance [1]. In Gramnegative bacteria, these pumps form tripartite assemblies that span both the inner and outer membranes making them difficult for traditional structural studies [2].


Spigelian hernia is an uncommon type of abdominal wall hernia whereby a defect in the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle lateral to the rectus sheath permits protrusion of abdominal contents through the linea semilunaris of the abdominal wall. The neck of the Spigelian hernias may occur anywhere along the lateral border of the rectus abdominis, but most occur at the widest, hence weakest, part of the aponeurosis, usually slightly below the umbilicus.' Richter's hernia is an uncommon condition in which only a portion of the antimesenteric bowel wall is incarcerated within the hernia sac.2 This hernia may occur in various locations but is most common in the femoral r e g i ~ n . ~ The diagnosis of both Spigelian and Richter's hernia presents great difficulties because the clinical presentation varies, depending on the contents of the hernial sac, and the degree and type of herniation. In this very rare case of Richter's hernia in a Spigelian hernia, the sonographic demonstration of a portion of bowel extending superficially allowed correct diagnosis preoperatively .


A two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model of quadratically distorted (QD) grating is established with the principles of Fraunhofer diffraction and Fourier optics. Discrete sampling and bisection algorithm are applied for finding numerical solution of the diffraction pattern of QD grating. This 2D mathematical model allows the precise design of QD grating and improves the optical performance of simultaneous multiplane imaging system.