The particular aspect of the fundamental problem "the formation of a national self-awareness, national and cultural identity in Russia of the second half of the XVIII th century" is studied in the article. Among the main subjects of the analysis is literary consciousness, more exactly the aggravated national-ideological and ethno-cultural self-reflection of D. I. Fonvizin, featured to the prominent writers of the epoch of Catherine II. His comedy "Brigadier" is regarded as the artistic argument in the controversy between D. I. Fonvizin and V. I. Lukin concerning the mechanisms and the methods of "alien" cultural texts reception and recording. The main fable motif of this comedy was represented the social-cultural situation in the post-Peter Russia. The relations between Brigadier and Ivan are considered as the model of the relations between the native and West cultures, based on the principle of the "alien" domination. Ivan's bookish behaviour is considered by the playwright as representative for the socio-cultural situation in Russia 60s of the XVIII th century. It's distinctive feature was not a transplantation but a mechanical shifting of "alien" cultural behavior models to the Russian soil. The concrete indication of the first primary source of Ivan's "dueler pose" identified author's critical intention in relation to the phenomenon of "book imitation", which is regulated by "Russian Parisian's" model of behavior. By the time Fonvizin created the comedy "Brigadier" he realized the historical restriction of such "a cultural internationalism" (statement by M. M. Bakhtin) from the point of which he evaluated Lukin's theory on "sclonenie na russkie nravy". The offered scheme supposed that in the paradigm "adopt understand" the second component became the overbearing.


A process for extracting alumina from powdered coal ash while generating white carbon black includes such steps as grinding powdered coal ash, activating, adding ammonium sulfate, reacting, adding water, filtering, filling ammonia gas into the filtered liquid to obtain the deposited mixture of aluminum hydroxide and iron hydroxide, adding the solution of sodium hydroxide to dissolve the aluminum hydroxide deposit, adding carbon to obtain pure aluminum hydroxide, and calcining to obtain Al2O3.


The article is a special investigation and evaluation of the miscellaneous soil-filling foundation at a proposed building site of a department in Shanghai.The purposes is to ascertain the homogeneity of miscellaneous soil-filling and to determine the miscellaneous soil-filling foundation ultimate bearing capacity.The article will evaluate the feasibility of reserving the miscellaneous soil-filling foundation,and to provide some foundation treatment plans and suggestions.


A wideband noise suppressor for the AMR (adaptive multi-rate) wideband speech codec is proposed. The wideband noise suppressor features weighted noise estimation for an accurate noise estimate, pseudo noise injection for more suitable spectral gain, and synthesis windowing for smooth transition at frame boundaries. In the subjective evaluation with the AMR wideband speech codec, the proposed noise suppressor satisfies all eighteen provisional requirements, which was originally standardized for AMR narrowband noise suppressor, in absolute category rating, ten out of twelve provisional requirements in comparison category rating (CCR), respectively. Although it does not meet two requirements in CCR, its basic performance suggests that the proposed wideband noise suppressor is most likely to meet all requirements by the evaluation with 24 listeners specified in the test plan for AMR narrowband noise suppressor.


Electron and x-ray diffraction experiments on the metlt-spun Al100-xFex (x=14, 18, 25) alloys are carried out. It is observed that all the melt-spun alloys possessing the quasi-crystalline phases have icosahedral point-group symmetry.


The invention discloses a silicon ingot and a method of manufacturing the silicon ingot. The method of Czochralski growth of a silicon ingot includes melting a mixture of silicon material and an n-type dopant material in a crucible. The silicon ingot is extracted from the molten silicon over an extraction time period. Boron is added to the molten silicon over at least part of the extraction time period.


The invention aims to provide a remote meter reading method of a public utility meter. In the method provided by the invention, an improved and encrypted M-Bus (meter bus) transmission mode is adopted, thus the transmission mode is simplified. In order to achieve the effects, in the remote meter reading method of the public utility meter provided by the invention, a host and a slave are adopted, and the host is in communication connection with the slave through a bus and provides working power for the slave. The method comprises the following steps: a communication configuration step, a encryption step and a communication step which are carried out between the host and the slave, wherein the communication configuration step comprises a bus initialization step and an equipment determination step; the communication step is carried out after the encryption step; the communication step comprises a data reading step and a transmission interruption step after the communication step; the data reading step comprises data requesting; the slave replies and reads the data; the receiving processing is carried out on the data through the slave; and the receiving processing is divided into interruption receiving processing and link layer processing. Because the technical scheme of the invention is adopted, the M-Bus can be used for conveniently and safely realizing the functions of starting the networking and remote meter reading of meters such as an electricity meter, a water meter, a heat meter and the like.


Background: Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) have been successfully used worldwide to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and implantation. These contraceptives have effects on lipid metabolism, body fat and blood pressure which are all risk factors for cardio vascular disease (CVD). Some studies have reported that prolonged use of these hormone-based contraceptives have negative effect on cardiovascular risk indices, however, few of such studies have been done in Ghana, hence this study sought to examine the effect of various forms of contraceptives on cardio vascular risk indices in the Volta Region of Ghana.Methods: Purposive random sampling was employed in selecting women on various forms of contraceptives and aged-matched controls into the study. Fasting blood sample was collected from each participant after overnight fast for 10-16 hours into plain tubes and the sera used to determine lipid profile. Socio-demographic and BMI variables were also analyzed in this case-control study.Results: Statistically significant differences were observed for Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (p=0.0153), High Density Lipoprotein levels (HDL) (p=0.001), and the atherogenic index (p=0.0101) between the cases and the controls.Conclusions: The use of HC significantly affects the DBP, HDL and atherogenic index and these could pose substantial risk for the development of CVD.


Making Clear of the investigating matters by the court power is good to ensure the equal attention of substantive justice and procedural justice so as to ensure the smooth going of this procedure,achieve economic litigation and save judicial resources.Our current civil lawsuit theory for investigating matters by the court power has just started,so there are no new theoretical results for the further study of the system.Compared with the vacancy of the theoretical study,legislation is scattered,chaotic,thus it brings difficulties to judicial practice,causes applicable confusion in judicial procedure,and is hard to ensure judicial justice and lawsuit efficiency.Through the connotation and legal analysis of the investigating matters by the court power,the article defines the scope of the investigating matters by the court power.Moreover,it puts forward the countermeasures for the improvement of the investigating procedures by the court power.To sum up,the recent research will have a great significance for the development of the theoretical study of the investigating matters by the court power and the perfection of the legislative content in China.


The article represents an analysis of the image of the United Kingdom in Chinese textbooks of the 1930–1940s on the history of China and World history. A comparison of the image of the United Kingdom in Chinese history textbooks and World history textbooks will let us identify what kind of common image of this country was created in the minds of Chinese students of the 1930–1940s. The period covered in this paper includes the Nanking decade, when the Kuomindang implemented a more nationalist educational policy, and the period preceding the foundation of the PRC. There is a duality of the image of the United Kingdom in both the Chinese history textbooks and the World history textbooks. In the Chinese history textbooks the British are portrayed as quite "tenacious" people, who harbored hatred towards the Chinese because of their refusal to cooperate, and they are also portrayed as occupiers. On the other hand, the textbooks indicate, that the Chinese diplomatic policy was not always right and there were some domestic problems that contributed to development of conflicts, diplomatic defeats and lost of the wars. In the World history textbooks the United Kingdom is an imperialistic country; however, it is considered to be "the engine of progress", the creator of constitutionalism and an advocate of human rights. While describing the United Kingdom as a distinguished Western European state, the textbooks do not create a holistic image of a concrete state, but rather an image of an "imperialistic power", denouncing imperialism as a whole. Nevertheless, the authors indicate certain features that are typical of the United Kingdom, namely, the leading role in the process of globalization, in promotion of imperialism and technological and scientific progress. Having provided an overview of the Western countries the authors of the history textbooks primarly focus on China.


Sanidine 40Ar/39Ar ages of lapilli tuffs and the mammalian fauna of Pipestone Springs strata provide a high-resolution chronostratigraphy for upper Eocene (Priabonian) rock units in southwestern Montana. Two felsic lapilli tuffs with weighted-mean 40Ar/39Ar single crystal sanidine ages of 37.50±0.02 Ma and 36.00±0.20 Ma both fall within the Priabonian, late Eocene. These tuffs occur within the basal to upper part of the 55 m of exposed Pipestone Springs strata. The uppermost 15 m yield a diverse and abundant assemblage of mostly small-bodied middle Chadronian (Priabonian, late Eocene) mammals. The older lapilli tuff is an ashfall tuff, whereas the younger lapilli tuff exhibits minor aeolian reworking. The new 40Ar/39Ar age constraints significantly increase the age range of Pipestone Springs strata to include uppermost Duchesnean–lowermost Chadronian (Priabonian, upper Eocene) deposits in addition to its well-known middle Chadronian vertebrate assemblage. These new 40Ar/39Ar ages combined with its mammalian fauna further support Pipestone Springs strata as age-correlative to the Flagstaff Rim section in central Wyoming, and provide a basis for better determining late Eocene mammalian paleogeography and regional paleolandscapes in the United States Rocky Mountain to Great Plains areas. Loessites intercalated with paleosols dominate Pipestone Springs deposits. The recognition of loessites comprising these strata is a new depositional interpretation of Pipestone Springs strata, making these loessites some of the oldest known aeolian Eocene strata in the Great Plains–Rocky Mountains region. Pipestone Springs paleosols developed on lapilli tuffs are vertisols. Alfisols and inceptisols, developed from a parent material of volcanic glass mixed with non-volcanic grains, are the remaining paleosols within the loessite strata. Additionally, a new and important discovery in this project is the recognition that all paleosols are extensively bioturbated, containing trace fossils similar to Rebuffoichnus and newly identified trace fossils resembling Feoichnus, Eatonichnus, Fictovichnus, and Coprinisphaera.


This special issue of the International Journal of Production Research, focuses on the 'Carbon Neutrality' and 'SCM'. Nine articles have been selected for this special issue, and they cover various aspects to understand the manifestation of 'Carbon Neutrality' in supply chains, and to further illuminate how to achieve 'Carbon Neutrality' with supply chain innovation. This editorial provides a brief overview of the research domain, then introduces each article in the context of the state-of-the-art and highlights the contributions of selected papers to the field. Finally, the research perspectives are discussed.


Electro-optical colormation methods have been widely employed in the TV industry and remote-sensing field for visual display of image data ; however, its use in the production of color maps is relatively new, and developing rapidly. This paper examines one such system installed at Rome Air Development Center, Rome, N.Y. regarding its applicability for producing thematic maps. Using digitized image data, two analytical models were developed for producing thematic maps: Model 1 takes the z-value as scalar for producing single-subject maps, and Model 2 takes the z-values as a vector for multi-subject maps. Preliminary experiments conducted using landuse categories have produced color transparencies rated as excellent in quality. The electro-optical colormation technologies are currently available commercially, and will be cost-effective in the near future. Des methodes de coloration par electro-optique son', tres utilises par l'industrie de la television et dans le domaine de la teledetection pour la represe...


The oscillation of the first order difference equation is studied,and the oscilltion criteria of the allsolutions is established.And we extend the criteria to the more general delay difference equation with severaldelays.Our results expand the results in the literature.


Outsourcing has been on the increase over the last 30 years, driven by the difficulty of maintaining world-class standards across all aspects of business activity and a desire to reduce costs. It started with the outsourcing of support activities such as facility management and IT, and then moved on to mainstream activities such as manufacturing, distribution, sales and customer service. Non-technology companies have often outsourced product development, but for technology companies this activity has remained largely in-house. This paper is aimed at R&D decision makers, who maybe considering or actively planning the outsourcing of more of their development activities. The paper discusses some of the issues surrounding the outsourcing of R&D activities and presents some strategies and practical tips for successful implementation.


In an effort to develop materials that are sensitive to mid and far infrared radiation, we examine InAs quantum dot/GaAs matrix multilayer structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Customized electrical and optical properties result from nanoscale-level manipulation of the dots' physical dimensions. The MBE growth temperature can be set to yield dots having the desired lateral dimension; however this leads to dots of insufficient vertical height. It is therefore necessary to grow the dots in a manner that allows independent control of the lateral and vertical dimensions. In this experiment, the vertical dimension is controlled by growing the dots in a multilayer structure with GaAs matrix layers. An initial layer of InAs quantum dots was grown on top of GaAs, followed by a few seconds short growth of GaAs, and then followed by the growth of another layer of InAs dots. The GaAs laterally surrounds, but does not bury, the InAs quantum dots. When the second layer of InAs dots is grown, they tend to self-organize directly on top of the exposed first layer of dots. We then grew a third layer of dots in the same manner. This effectively results in a pseudo-single layer of dots of the desired height which is then completely buried in GaAs. The goal is to develop structures that can be integrated into high operating temperature quantum dot infrared detectors (QDIPs) that have maximum sensitivity, robustness, and portability.


Summary It has long been argued that organizations must interact with their environments in order to survive. But is the nature of this interaction invariant across environmental contexts? This paper considers the importance of communication between organizations and key environmental elements to the development of organizational strategic nor ms. Based on a grounded theory framework of analysis, it is theorized that organizational strategic norms are negotiated with the environment in an in teractive fashion, and that task environmental elements concerned with assessing organizations tend to employ evaluation processes that are broadly reflective of an organization's conitext. Views of financial analysts and individual investors, elicited in both a quantitative and a qualitative form, are suggestive of the mer its of this theor izing. Sever al inmplicationis Jf6r resear chers and strategists ar e discussed. An organization's environment has long been recognized as important in formulating strategy. Environment has been defined as those external factors which impact on the functioning of the organization as well as on which the organization has impact. Contained within this definition is the more traditional view that the organization is dependent on the environment, and hence must continually adapt its goals, action strategies, structure, etc., in response to changes in its


In 1994, the first genetically modified plant was approved for cultivation and commercialization as a foodstuff in the USA. Now. at least fifteen genetically modified plants have been approved additionally. In Canada and other countries further applications for transgenic plants are pending. Altough the regulatory frameworks concerning the commercialization of Novel Food differ within EC, foods derived from genetically modified plant varieties (i. e. rapeseed, radicchio, soybeans, tobacco) have been introduced into commerce in Europe. At present an appropriate labelling of foods developed by means of new DNA techniques is still being discussed. Consequently, approaches for detection of DNA in foods derived from genetically modified organisms are necessary to control the correct labelling of foods and for the safety of producers and consumers. For the detection of transferred DNA the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or hybridization techniques can be used. A prerequisite for detection is a minimum number of copies and the information about the sequence of the introduced genetic material. DNA sequences which are responsible for the new traits (structural genes, i. e. for herbicide or virus resistance) and which do not occur naturally in the host plant, are necessary for the specific detection. But the detection can also be performed with genes which funktion as control elements or marker genes (promotor, terminator, nptll-gene). This paper describes a screening method for the detection of six different transgenic plants by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of the transferred control elements were determined with primer pairs specific for the CaMV 35S promotor, NOS terminator (Nopalin synthethase) and the nptll gene (Neomycinphosphotransferase).


Evolutionary psychology is the study of human cognitive structures and the resultant behaviors in the light of evolutionary theory. The methodology, results and very existence of evolutionary psychology have been objected to on both ethical and scientific grounds. This essay attempts to address some of the most important objections to evolutionary psychology and show them to be either of legitimate concern or simply mistaken. No objections are found to be defeaters for evolutionary psychology.


7 Management of biosolids is primarily handled as a technical matter. Land application is a 8 cost effective and commonly used method of disposal that offers additional ecological and 9 agricultural benefits. Implementation is, however, often met by public concerns regarding 10 potential human and environmental health impacts. It is commonly agreed that the 11 effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to describe clear, attainable goals. It also 12 requires transparency in the process underlying trade-off decisions, in particular those related 13 to the distribution of risks and benefits. Consequently it is critical to not only specify what 14 the problem is but also offer an overarching hierarchy amongst stated objectives. This study 15 examines biosolids land application policies in Sweden and the Province of British 16 Columbia, Canada, focusing on the prioritization of objectives. The regulators' intention is 17 clearly spelled out in both jurisdictions: to mitigate the residual's double nature as something 18 that has both the potential to cause harm and the potential to be a great resource. 19 The study shows that sub-objectives are not explicitly spelled out and the objectives 20 hierarchy is consequently concealed, as is the process underlying trade-off decisions. Not 21 least important: predicted outcomes are also not explicitly spelled out, including how risks 22 and benefits are distributed. Neither jurisdiction pays any attention to social implications of 23 land-application, such as unequal distribution of risks and benefits. We propose that the 24 conflicts so often seen in relation to the implementation of biosolids management policies in 25 part result from approaching the problem as if it were a 'tame' one, even though it represents 26 a classic 'wicked problem', requiring trade-offs among conflicting objectives. We forward 27 that an objectives hierarchy must be transparently developed where ethical aspects of 28 biosolids management are clearly identified to avoid increased polarization and thus 29 hardened conflicts. 30


This paper reports an application to educational intervention of Principal Stratification, a statistical method for estimating the effect of a treatment even when there are different rates of dropout in experimental and control conditions. We consider the potential value for using principal stratification to identify "Tough Love Interventions" – interventions that have a large effect but also increase the propensity of students to drop out. This method allowed us to generate an estimate of the treatment effect in an RCT without the selection bias induced by differential attrition by restricting analysis to just the inferred "stratum" of students who would not drop out in either condition. This paper provides a case study of how to appropriate the method of principal stratification from statistics and medical research fields to educational data mining, where it has been largely absent despite increasing relevance to online learning.


The technique of laser magnetic resonance was used to investigate the 3(rho) 1- 3(rho) 0 transition within the 6s6p 3(Rho) excited states of atomic mercury. The isotope shifts of Hg in the 3(rho) 1-3(rho) 0 transition were directly determined. The results are: (Delta) (nu) IS198,200 equals -26.2 +/- 3.0 MHz, (Delta) (nu) IS198,202 equals -55.8 +/- 3.0 MHz, (Delta) (nu) IS198,204 equals -82.6 +/- 3.0 MHz. Their results are more accurate than those of previous studies.


Interoperable information exchange between computer-aided design (CAD) systems is one of the major problems to enable information integration in a collaborative engineering environment. Although a significant amount of work has been done on the extension and standardization of CAD data formats as well as the cooperation of CAD systems in both academy and industry, these approaches are generally low-level and narrowly targeted. Lack of fundamental study of interoperability and generic solution to this problem is the major issue. Our intention of this research is to design a solution of CAD feature interoperability as generic as possible based on a theoretical foundation of language types. In this paper, we present a fundamental model of semantic features and feature mapping process based on the type theory. We implement and demonstrate our approach for automated feature exchange between commercial CAD systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Abstract : Transport aircraft crash scenarios were analyzed with Program KRASH. Aircraft floor pulses and seat occupant responses are presented. The study included 1) an evaluation of L1649 measured floor pulses during a six-degree slope impact test, (2) an assessment of mass and size effects on the peak responses, (3) analyses to determine responses to wide-body aircraft candidate crash scenarios, (4) an evalaution of FAA-CAMI passenger seat test results and, (5) an assessment of seat performance during potential crash environments. A procedure by which crash environment dynamic pulses can be related to equivalent step pulses and to static loads is demonstrated. Results of the study lead to the following conclusions: Longitudinal-only pulses can be represented by equivalent step inputs and/or static requirements. Equivalences for vertical-only and combined loading need to be determined. A prime occurrence of failure for seats subjected to lateral loads is at the seat leg attachment to the seat track. The L1649 crash test floor longitudinal pulse for the aft direction (forward inertia) is less than 9g static or an equivalent 5g step pulse. The larger widebody floor pulse magnitudes are expected to be lower than for the corresponding smaller narrow-body aircraft. A viable procedure to relate crash scenario floor pulses to standard laboratory test data using current state-of-the-art analysis and test procedures has been demonstrated. Recommendations are presented with regard to extending current analysis capability and performing additional tests to support and verify analytical methodology.


To assess the efficacy and value of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines for digital photographic screening for diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy using photographic review clinics.


Abstract In the mixed model, it is well known that balanced data are a sufficient condition for an ANOVA with terms that are independent multiples of chi-squared variables (called a proper ANOVA). In this article a weaker condition, which is both necessary and sufficient, is determined and shown to be equivalent to what is defined here as sub-balanced random effects, a condition easily checked in practice. The usual method of generating an ANOVA by fitting sums of squares for a given ordering of the effects in the model is sometimes inadequate with sub-balanced data, requiring instead a spectral decomposition of the covariance matrix. An example is given.


During the past 10 years, it has been speculated that the international  differences or "pay gap" between the compensation of chief executive officers (CEOs) in the U.S. and that of their foreign counterparts has significantly decreased. The growing similarity has been a result of widespread internationalization (international diversity of the board and foreign institutional ownership, investor demand, and sales) and Americanization of non-U.S. firms (directors with U.S. board experience and U.S. institutional ownership, cross-listings, and acquisitions) (Fernandes et al., 2012, p.348). This paper will examine the growing similarity in CEO compensation across countries. Various determinants of CEO compensation will be examined, including: governmental regulations, shareholder interest in light of the board of directors and an executive's institutional ownership, stock options, the size of a firm in light of sales revenue and profit and the number of employees in a firm, and bonus plans. The research will look at the parallel in compensation of CEOs in the U.S. with those in the UK, Germany, and Japan and its adaptation throughout the years.


The random number generator has abroad application at information security field.The paper introduces the truly random number and the pseudo random number which have greatness meaning at information security field briefly.The paper puts forward how to design the sample random number generate and plan,and particularly explains which mostly design random source meaning and notion.It also provides a random number ration detect method.


In this work, non-volatile memory thin-film transistor (NVM-TFT) was fabricated by nickel silicide-induced laterally crystallized (SILC) polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) as the active layer. The nickel seed silicide-induced crystallized (SIC) poly-Si was used as storage layer which is embedded in the gate insulator. The novel unit pixel of active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) using NVM-TFT is proposed and investigated the electrical and optical performance. The threshold voltage shift showed 17.2 V and the high reliability of retention characteristic was demonstrated until 10 years. The retention time can modulate the recharge refresh time of the unit pixel of AMOLED up to 5000 sec.


This paper introduces a new method for small diameter directional gyro inclinometer calibration with continuous measurement mode. The mathematical models referring to the relationship between the input and output of the accelerometers and the gyro are established. Experiment has been conducted for different angular speed and different positions on a three-axis turntable. We totally obtained 36 groups of experiment data of different angular speed regarding to different positions. Through the application of the established mathematical models and by means of computer aided data procession, the scale factors, installation error and static drift for the gyro inclinometer are calculated. Thus, the inclinometer calibration is implemented. It has been verified that this new calibration method enables us to quickly and effectively calibrate gyro inclinometer. The established mathematical model has been proved to be exact and effective. The whole operation is simple, quick and reliable.


Abstract : This report summarizes the work accomplished on the feasibility of extending the materials and design restrictions of current finned tube heat transfer elements to provide lighter weight, high performance liquid metal regenerator systems. Under this program the following items were investigated: (a) Fin Design, (b) Fin Material, (c) Fin Protection, and (d) Fin Thickness. Metallurgical, analytical, and fabrication studies performed show that significant improvements in heat exchanger weight can be achieved by the use of finned tubes made with extended surfaces of aluminum bronze.


Around the globe, human-caused climate change has affected farming, water supplies, and ecosystems on land and in water, says a new United Nations report. Compiled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the report says melting of permafrost and many glaciers as well as a shift in many species' geographic ranges is a result of global warming. Climate change thus far has caused more harm than good to crops, it concludes. And the current rate of ocean acidification, caused by uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, is unprecedented in the past 65 million years. The report, released last week, examines the impacts of global warming and societies' vulnerability to those effects. The document also assesses how societies are adapting to climate change. "With high levels of warming that result from continued growth in greenhouse gas emissions, risks will be challenging to manage," says Christopher Field, who cochaired the IPCC working ...


ABSTRACT PROFIT ANALYSIS OF BEEF FARMING AROUND SULUUN TARERAN DISTRICT IN SOUTH MINAHASA REGENCY. Generally, communities of Suluun Tareran district were household farmers. Beef cattle populations in this area were about 308 head spreading at eight villages. The problem was how much the production cost (feeding, labor, and other feed supplement) do affect the profit of beef farming around this area. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of production cost on income and profit of beef farming system in Suluun Tareran district of South Minahasa regency. Research was conducted using survey method. Data were found from two sources including primer and secondary data sources. Samples of respondence were determined by purposive sampling method. The total of 30 household farmers were used in this study. Results showed that grass feeding of the animals was not bought by farmers, except in dry season. Average production cost of beef cattle at research location were Rp. 6,756,215,67 per year of 3-4 animals consisted of feed cost (50,20%), labor cost (46,36%) and feed supplement (1,44%). Production cost affected significantly (t calc. = 0.0003) profit level of beef cattle farming in Suluun Tareran district. Key word: Production cost, profit level, beef cattle farming, Suluun Tareran district.


We extend some results on even sets of nodes which have been proved for surfaces up to degree 6 to surfaces up to degree 10. In particular, we give a formula for the minimal cardinality of a nonempty even set of nodes.


Background: The purpose of this study was to statistically analyze the treatment effect and patient satisfaction of traditional Korean medicine, including acupotomy treatment of cervical herniated intervertebral disc. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 22 patients who received traditional Korean medicine including acupotomy treatment amongst all patients diagnosed with cervical herniated intervertebral discs at the Korean Medicine hospital in Daejeon, Korean, from January 01, 2020 to April 30, 2021. The clinical data from patient medical records were statistically analyzed. Results: The Numeric Rating Scale, the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions, and the European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale questionnaire scores were each compared before and after traditional Korean medicine treatment, including acupotomy, showed significantly improved scores after treatment (p < 0.001). Out of a total of 22 patients, 11 rated the treatment "very satisfactory" (50%), 5 "satisfactory" (22.7%), 5 "indifferent" (22.7%), 1 "unsatisfactory" (4.5%), and 0 "very unsatisfactory" (0%). Of the total 22 patients, 17 patients (77.3%) were willing to have further treatment, and 5 patients (22.7%) were not willing. Conclusion: Traditional Korean medicine treatment including acupotomy was an effective treatment for cervical herniated intervertebral discs. To determine the effect of an individual application (e.g., acupotomy) of traditional Korean medicine treatment for cervical herniated intervertebral disc, a prospective, controlled study is needed.


With the rapid development of domestic nuclear power,a large quantity of warm water discharged from nuclear power plants have brought about the " thermal pollution " to the surrounding aquatic environment.This has become the focus which people pay attention to gradually and also has become the important item to be reviewed in nuclear power projects,To reassure the public and meet the review requirements,nuclear power plants usually may choose appropriate methods to monitor and evaluate the discharged warm water.According to the legal requirements and the engineering experience, the remote sensing technologies are used to monitor the spreading and distribution of the warm water discharged from a nuclear power plant and good effectiveness is obtained.


Using non-contact torsional vibration testing system,the torsional vibration characteristics of the shafting of 57000t bulk carrier were measured and analyzed.The results showed that the torsional vibration characteristics did not meet the predetermined requirements,and the critical section of shafting for torsional vibration was located in the intermediate shaft.Then,two different modification schemes,one by changing the length of intermediate shaft and propeller shaft and the other by increasing the diameter of the intermediate shaft,were proposed.The two modified shafting were tested respectively.The mutual comparison between the two results shows that each scheme has different effects on critical speed,torsional vibration stress,torsional vibration stress allowance and restricted speed zone.It is concluded that the scheme of increasing intermediate shaft diameter is better.This conclusion has reference values for the shafting design and follow-up building of 57000t bulk carrier.


A novel adaptive genetic algorithm based on Euclidean distance (EAGA) is presented. This algorithm can strengthen and preserve the diversity of population. Meanwhile some improvements are implemented to prevent degeneration during the optimization process by introducing new individuals generated by certain rules into the group. Compared with the other three algorithms, EAGA shows an effective global search capacity. (4 pages)


Human culture has profound generality. Russian people uphold nature and its love. This kind of love is often provided with two basic characteristics in aesthetics: The first is intuitive thinking in images, romantics of wild nature; The second is winding beauty in the rational faculty, connected with natural law. It shows subtlety and conciseness, and powerful and free style, the combination of realistic and romantic spirit. Especially their poetic quality of taking things philosophically calls for deep thought.


A fatigue testing method of actual car body structures under concentrated load instead of uniformly distributed load is studied. (1) The test under a concentrated load is able to simulate a state of uniformly distributed load by applying a four-point bending moment to a car body. (2) The stresses of side plates and carrying loads of spot welds near the supporting part of a car body are in fair accordance with those under uniformly distributed load. Judging from the above results, fatigue test of a car body can be carried out by making use of the concentrated load.


Salivary duct carcinomas are uncommon tumors which were first described by Kleinsasser et al. in 1968. They pointed out the histologic resemblance of this tumor to ductual carcinomas of the breast, and termed it salivary duct carcinoma. Recently, we treated a 67-year-old male with a salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland. He complained of left facial palsy at first, which we identified as a left Bell's palsy. However, his facial palsy did not improve. His parotid region and inferior external ear canal wall also grew larger. We therefore diagnosed a malignant parotid tumor. An en block resection including the nerve of the parotid gland was performed, and a final pathological diagnosis of a salivary duct carcinoma was confirmed. Thereafter, we treated him with postoperative radiation and chemotherapy. The patient is still alive without any evidence of recurrence at 16 months postoperatively.


This article discusses the principle,characteristics and practical customs of seismic imaging prospecting method and transient electromagnetic prospecting method(TEM);a case study is also introduced to examine the field practice for which seismic imaging method and transient electromagnetic method are combined to determine the shapes,dimensions,and spatial distributions of cavities, holes and fracture developing zones of a cavity detection project for a mining area.


The ITRS Technology Roadmap recent revision has shown again an acceleration of the Very Deep Submicron process availability with design capabilities forecasted in hundred millions of gates per square centimeter in 2010. This will again raise the question on how to cope with such complexities and functionalities (A-D,HWSW, MEMS... ) in EDA solutions. In this panel will be discussed what are the main priorities in EDA as seen through the applications specificities in USA (ITRS-2001 DESIGN ITWG) and in Europe (The MEDEA EDA Roadmap). The panelists will present the strategies in their respective fields of interest, resulting from their working groups conclusions. They will underline the breakthroughs and potential developments of solutions and the milestones to reduce design times and increase design quality. The focus will be on application driven solutions, mostly in the SoC domains (covering both hardware, embedded and application software).


In light of worldwide tendency to extension of service life of operating nuclear power plants - VVER-type in the first place - recently a special attention is concentrated on phenomena taking place in reactor pressure vessel materials that are able to lead to increased level of mechanical characteristics degradation (resistibility to brittle fracture) during long term of operation. Formerly the hardening mechanism of degradation (increase in the yield strength under influence of irradiation) mainly had been taken into consideration to assess pressure vessel service life limitations, but when extending the service life up to 60 years and more the non-hardening mechanism (intergranular embrittlement of the steels) must be taken into account as well. In this connection NRC "Kurchatov Institute" has initiated a number of works on investigations of this mechanism contribution to the total embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel steels. The main results of these investigations are described in this article. Results of grain boundary phosphorus concentration measurements in specimens made of first generation of VVER-type pressure vessels materials as well as VVER-1000 surveillance specimens are presented. An assessment of non-hardening mechanism contribution to the total ductile-to- brittle transition temperature shift is given.


This paper describes a simple and compact dual-rail static edge-triggered latch (DSETL) with reduced latency over conventional static flip-flops. Power consumption of the DSETL is observed to be the lowest among high performance flip-flops. It consumes up to 51% less power than dual-rail hybrid latch-flip-flop and up to 25% less than conditional-capture flip-flop in practical circuits.


Earlier studies demonstrated that blood 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) is elevated in patients with COVID‐19‐associated diarrhea with higher severity of symptoms. We hypothesize that disruption of vectorial Cl transport by 5‐HT may be critical in determining the alveolar flooding and abnormalities in intestinal Cl secretion through stimulation of anoctamin 1(ANO1) Cl channel. Using western blot, immunostaining, and electrophysiology, we characterized the localization of human ANO1 and its stimulation by 5‐HT on Cl secretion in lung and intestinal epithelium. Because calcium‐activated chloride current in human intestinal epithelia remains controversial, we examined the localization of ANO1 in the human terminal ileum and colonic tissue using confocal microscopy. Our results indicated that ANO1 was localized predominantly at the brush‐border membrane and co‐localized with the brush‐border membrane marker villin. ANO1 is not present in goblet cells. The anti‐ANO1 antibody recognized a protein of appropriate size in human colonic tissue. The specificity of the ANO1 antibody was tested by immunoblot analysis of lysates from human colorectal cancer tissues, where it displayed amplified ANO1 protein expression. We next confirmed ANO1‐currents activated by 5‐HT in the Caco‐2 cells by patch‐clamp measurements of whole‐cell current. The application of 100 nM 5‐HT produced a typical outward rectification. CaCCinh‐A01, a specific ANO1 blocker, inhibited the currents. The half‐maximal effective concentration value for the effects of 5‐HT was estimated at 21.8 ± 13.7 nM with a Hill coefficient of 0.89 ± 0.16. These results indicated that 5‐HT evoked calcium‐activated Cl currents through ANO1 channels. ANO1 is expressed in Calu 3 cells. We next confirmed the presence of ANO1 currents activated by 5‐HT in Calu‐3 cells by the Ussing chamber experiments. Serosal addition of 5‐HT produced an immediate and significant increase in Isc in Calu‐3 cells that was inhibited by the ANO1 selective inhibitor T16Ainh‐A01. Finally, we demonstrate that SARS‐CoV2 infection led to enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia in the intestinal epithelium of Syrian Hamster with a possible elevation of 5‐HT, which could explain the severity of symptoms in COVID‐19 associated diarrheal patients.


Vigenère Score for Malware Detection by Suchita Deshmukh Previous research has applied classic cryptanalytic techniques to the malware detection problem. Specifically, scores based on simple substitution cipher cryptanalysis and various generalizations have been considered. In this research, we analyze two new malware scoring techniques based on classic cryptanalysis. Our first approach relies on the Index of Coincidence, which is used, for example, to determine the length of the keyword in a Vigenère ciphertext. We also consider a score based on a more complete cryptanalysis of a Vigenère cipher. We find that the Vigenère score is competitive with previous statistical-based malware scores.


SUMMARY Estimation of a receiver operating characteristic, ROC, curve is usually based either on a fully parametric model such as a normal model or on a fully nonparametric model. In this paper, we explore a semiparametric approach by assuming a density ratio model for disease and disease-free densities. This model has a natural connection with the logistic regression model. The proposed semiparametric approach is more robust than a fully parametric approach and is more efficient than a fully nonparametric approach. Two real examples demonstrate that the ROC curve estimated by our semiparametric method is much smoother than that estimated by the nonparametric method.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are network of low size and less complex devices denoted as sensor nodes that can sense the environment and communicate the recorded parameters like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, speed, pressure etc. Localization is one of the fundamental requirements of WSNs. The estimation of localization error for either a stationary or mobile sensor node can be done with the help of beacons and in a two dimensional network an unknown sensor node can estimate its location if there are three or more beacon nodes in its range. If the percentage of beacons is high, it is easier to perform localization, but, the cost and energy consumption of the network also increases. To estimate the localization error of the mobile node the Gauss Newton method is implemented in this paper. The implemented method is based on a procedure in which repetition of a sequence of operations yields results successively closer to a desired result for estimation of localization error. The proposed method is based on an iterative process and thus depends on the number of rounds. For simulations, the beacon nodes are placed on the vertices of a two dimensional square field along with a random mobile node placed inside the field. The implemented method estimates localization error only for a single mobile node with respect to four beacon nodes and computes its position through multilateration by means of information transmitted from the beacon nodes. The simulations are performed on a two dimensional square field using MATLAB 7.1 and the results of the proposed method are compared with existing method to see the effectiveness.


With the example of YR-3 well,the paper discussed the multilevel well completion structure and cementing technology of drilling for geothermal water in underlying limestone-dolomite complete formation of Niutuozhen geothermal field.With this technology,borehole collapsing caused by circulation loss and cementing difficulties due to low equipment capacity can be effectively solved.Construction of several wells proved that it is a successful and effective method for Niutuozhen geothermal field and the similar ones.


...................................................................................................... 6 Declaration ................................................................................................... 7 Copyright Statement ..................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 8 Introduction .................................................................................................. 9 Tracing social change through the socio-educational lens ........................................ 13 Multiculturalist policies .............................................................................................. 16 The Politics of Recognition ...................................................................................... 18 Multicultural Education .............................................................................................. 21 Decolonial Education ............................................................................................... 25 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 27 A brief discussion of 'racial' categories and terminology .......................................... 31 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................. 34 1. Education for a better life – social and racial dimensions of Brazilian education .............................................................................................. 36 Dreaming up the 'Brazilian race' ................................................................................ 37 Law 11.645: from 'diversity' to the recognition of Afro-Brazilian and indigenous actors .......................................................................................................................... 43 The state of the implementation of Law 11.645/08 ............................................... 50 Education system........................................................................................................ 53


Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a newly identified neurotrophic factor. In this study, we examined the CDNF rs11259365 polymorphism in 53 Greek patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and 52 control subjects, using a PCR-RFLP method. No association was found between this polymorphism and PD, in the Greek population.


In the United States, the United Kingdom, and many other places around the world, but particularly in Europe, the second decade of the twenty-first century has seen an unprecedented rise in right-wing populism. This nativist, nationalist, and exclusionary politics is not new; however, its widespread success is. It spread across the Atlantic Ocean in 2016 from Brexit to the election of Donald Trump. The new US president added authoritarianism to the already tumultuous brew of nativism, nationalism, and exclusion. While this mix of qualities had never previously defined the American presidency, it is not a recent construction. It was seen, of course, in Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, and it is on display today around the world in many places, including Australia, Hungary, Turkey, and the Philippines. Defining populism is tricky. For one thing, it comes in left-wing as well as right-wing configurations and has taken many different outward forms across the centuries, although its fundamentals remain eerily consistent. These fundamental attributes include opposition and resistance to elites by common citizens based on feelings of being shortchanged materially and disdained psychologically, as well as a sense of powerlessness. When supporters of populist politics gain power, thereby becoming the establishment themselves, using the term populists to describe them doesn't quite work anymore. However, whether populists are in power looking out or out of power looking in, whether they represent the right or the left, we can note several qualities that consistently define them. One is a tendency to view the world in us versus them, in-group versus out-group, dichotomies. It is not an inclusive outlook. Closely related to that view of the world is significant hostility toward outsiders. Some, but not all, of this reflects the feeling that members of the out-group look down on them. Even when they hold and exercise political power, populists often feel that cultural elites disdain them, and thereby earn their hostility. Yet whether or not they feel looked down on by the out-group, they gain self-esteem through positive in-group social identity and out-group derogation. Those who adhere to populist exclusionism make specific claims of types of national identity predicated on specific understandings of nativism or


Arraiza DonSzar, Javier, Ederra Indurain, Alicia & de Miguel Velasco, Ana. Bryoflora of the supraforestal level of Penas de Aya (Navarra, Spain). Pub. Biol. Univ. Navarra, S. Bot., 6:2128. (1986). Bryoflora of the supraforesta 1 level of Pefias de Aya (30TWN99) is studied. 67 taxa have been determined, 3 of them are new re cords for Navarra. The presence of the different chorologic elements are analised, being the most important the atlantic group, which dominates in the area. The influence of the altitude on the bryoflora of Penas de Aya is discussed.


The utility model discloses a solenoid valve is organized for centrifugal fan, including first valve body, second valve body, third valve body, first guide's solenoid valve, second guide solenoid valve, third guide solenoid valve, settings of establishing ties in proper order of first valve body, second valve body and third valve body, first guide's solenoid valve, second guide solenoid valve and third guide solenoid valve correspond the connection respectively on first valve body, second valve body and third valve body to correspond control first valve body, second valve body and third valve body break-make respectively. The utility model discloses the series connection of solenoid valve is organized for centrifugal fan through the low discharge valve body realizes the unloading of different flows, need not to design the solenoid valve of multiple different models, adopts a plurality of diaphragm parallel control to correspond the valve body switching, even one of them diaphragm assembly damages, other valve bodies also can continue work, avoids the harm that the air-blower received because of surging.


The ferromagnetic resonance in nanostructured Ni81Fe19 films comprising flim parts and wire parts covered with Pt has been investigated. In contrast to the systematic variation of the FMR linewidth for the film parts, the linewidth for the nanostructured wire parts shows an irregular change with changing the thickness of Pt. This irregular change indicates that the spin current absorption in the Pt layer cannot fully account for the linewidth change in the wire parts. This FMR‐linewidth variation can be argued in terms of the competition between the spin pumping and the roughness effect. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


A metal uniform droplet stream generator was set up with a PZT-transducer as the vibration exciter.The breakup of the metal circular jet was simulated numerically by solving the time-dependent equations of motion and continuity.An experimental investigation was set up to explore the breakup process of metal jet in atmosphere and inert gas.The results proved that the metal jet was broken up to form uniform droplet stream under periodic longitudinal vibration in inert gas,and the sphere uniform tin powders was collected.


In order to achieve the goal of development of College Physical Education,based on the detailed analysis of the multi-dimensional index,the present study sets out to explore the factors of each index.The mathematical statistical method has been adopted to make the evaluation system more detailed,quantitative and practical.The implementation reflects the level of current college students sports development,and it is beneficial in guiding college students' sports activities and its methods.


The article analyses the origins of the idea of the Swedish government in 1997 to initiate a project, Living History, to inform the Swedish people about the Holocaust.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject composition capable of conferring a flame- retardant and fabric-softening properties on woven fabric material by including a reaction product obtained by reacting a specific compound with an aqueous mixture of THP + [tetrakis(hydroxyorgano)phosphonium] salt and an organic nitrogen compound. SOLUTION: This composition includes a reaction product of (A) a THP + salt, (B) an organic nitrogen compound (urea, etc.), and (C) a ≥12C aliphatic hydroxyl-reactive compound (ndodecylamine, etc.). The composition is preferably applied to a woven fabric material including cellulose fiber. COPYRIGHT: (C)1996,JPO


To characterize apoptosis in keloids and the mechanisms responsible for this process, the expression of activated caspase‐9 and ‐3 in fibroblasts obtained from keloids was analyzed. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of fibroblasts positive for terminal deoxynucleotide transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) or activated caspase‐9 or ‐3 was low but was significantly higher in keloid tissues than in normal scar tissues. Significant relationships between the number of caspase‐positive fibroblasts and TUNEL‐positive fibroblasts suggested that the activation of caspase‐9 and ‐3 induces apoptosis in a subpopulation of keloid fibroblasts. All keloid fibroblast cell lines established in this study showed activation of caspase‐9 and ‐3 after serum deprivation for 3 or 4 hours, as shown using Western blotting. Furthermore, serum deprivation‐induced apoptosis in a keloid fibroblast line was blocked by a caspase‐9 inhibitor (acetyl‐Leu‐Glu‐His‐Asp‐al), indicating that activation of caspase‐9 was necessary for the process of apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts. Although serum deprivation did not significantly change the level of apoptosis protease activating factor‐1 in any of the lines, cytochrome c release was detected in cytosolic fractions of the lines after serum deprivation for 3 or 4 hours. These results strongly suggest that keloid fibroblasts are predisposed to apoptosis and cytochrome c release and that caspase‐9 activation may underlie regulation of apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts in vivo.


Article History: Received 5, May, 2015 Received in revised form 12, May, 2015 Accepted 6, June, 2015 Published online 28, June, 2015 VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) is an advanced technology that has a great potential to develop new telecommunication with much lower cost and better QoS. VoIP, a new technology has been increasingly popular in recent times due to its affordability and reduced cost in making calls over broadband Internet. In this Paper, we shall analyze the performance of VoIP over digital communication on popular application such as Skype and MSN. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a rapidly growing technology that enables transport of voice over data networks such as Ethernet local area networks (LANs). This growth is due to the integration of voice and data traffic (telecommunication convergence) over the existing networking infrastructure, low cost, and improved network management offered by the technology. In the investigation, the impact of increasing the number of VoIP clients, voice codec schemes, and traffic distribution on system performance is considered. This study provides an insight into the VoIP performance over Ethernet LANs.


Elementary education is a starting point in the teaching and learning process, this school initiation must have practices and resources that dynamize the assimilation of knowledge in the classroom. So, this research is born from the perspective that the use of mathematical games in the teaching of mathematics has gained emphasis in the school environment as a result of the contribution to the student's cognitive development. The present research sought to present a methodological proposal based on mathematical games in order to create dynamic strategies for the teaching and learning process related to the teaching of mathematics. To support this bibliographic research, we relied on works dealing with mathematics and mathematical games. It is expected to present the importance of bringing games to the classroom, not as a proposal just to amuse students, but to make them acquire the mathematical knowledge presented under a new approach. Therefore, games show good results in terms of expanding student learning through alternative problem-solving methods, encouraging the ability to create and participate more actively in math classes.


Although much attention has been given to the importance of choice and decision making in the rehabilitation counseling literature, there is a gap in the area of identification of the decision making style of consumers in the counseling relationship. This analysis is critical for clinical use and encouraging personal growth. One of the most important human skills is our ability to use judgment and make choices, in other words, to make decisions. Both at personal and interpersonal levels, decisionmaking skill strongly affects quality of life. For this reason, collaborative decision making has been addressed within literature related to disability and rehabilitation counseling, which promotes empowerment, advocacy, quality of life and a revised perspective of the rehabilitation professional's role in the counselor and client relationship (e.g., Bolton & Brookings, 1996; Donnell, Lustig, & Strauser, 2004; Koseiulek, 1999, 2004; Livneh, 2005; Roessler & Livneh, 1999; Smart, 2001; Schriner, 1995; Scotch & Schriner, 1997). The rehabilitation literature encourages assessment of problem solving skills as part of the vocational planning process for those individuals who are felt to be experiencing difficulties in making choices (Syzmanski & Parker, 1996, Rubin & Roessler, 2001, Zunker, 2002). To promote effective decision making in the counseling process, rehabilitation professionals may benefit from understanding the basics of the neuro-cognitive mechanics of decision making. The focus of this paper is on the interrelationship between cognitive psychology decision making theories and their application to rehabilitation process. Cognitive psychology's classical decision making theories offer empirical support for individual decision making strategies. Related processes include rationalization, maximization, decision avoidance, and omission. It had been demonstrated that these and other cognitive processes, used alone or in tandem, can advance or contribute to circumvention in decision making. Theoretically, these strategies suggest considerable intelligence and economy rather than failure of a decider to act in an intelligent way (Hartung & Bluestein, 2002). It can therefore be argued that a fair perspective must be given to any individual's decision making processes. Rehabilitation counselors must ask the appropriate questions of their clientele to determine how individuals go about making decisions. Once a decision making style has been identified, the counselor can then present information and frame choices in a complementary rather than conflicting manner. Decision Making in Rehabilitation Literature Decisions Empower Consumers If a person is to experience personal satisfaction, quality of life and empowerment, they must have the ability to make choices and decisions regarding his or her own life (Kosciulek, 1999). Rehabilitation professionals are prepared to provide an individual with disability assistance in achieving their goals. As described by Banja (1990), rehabilitation is a holistic and integrated program of medical, physical, psychological and vocational interventions that empower a person with a disability to achieve a personally fulfilling, socially meaningful and functionally effective interaction with the world. Rehabilitation counselors believe that there are multiple ways for individuals with disabilities to move from one point to another in order to reach their goals. Rehabilitation counselors also know the importance and the difficulty of plotting this course in time. Decisions have been described as changing an ongoing state or process into a new state or process, in other words as crossing points in time (Malle, 2001). At points of decisions, the automatic flow of past into future is interrupted and the individual takes control. Therefore every decision which a person makes creates a new future and a set of virtually infinite consequences. …


The breast tumor cystosarcoma phyllodes probably does not Rpresent an entity, but rather a spectrum of disease including a benign form, a histologically malignant form, and a metastatic form. In an attempt to better understand the metastatic variant, all 66 cases which could be found in the english literature and an additional case from this institution were reviewed.


The paper is concerned with the problem of identification of the innovations model of a class of non-stationary stochastic processes. It is proposed that the time varying state transition matrix in the companion form be estimated first from the equivalent ARMA model. The result may then be used for estimating the time varying gain matrix and the innovations variance. The results of application of the proposed algorithm to a segment of a real speech signal are presented in order to illustrate the results.


The characteristics of fluorinated silicon oxide films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition are discussed. The deposition of these films was carried out in the temperature range of 80–220 °C in a conventional parallel plate plasma reactor with <±3% uniformity across 4 in. wafer by flowing 2 sccm of disilane, 100 sccm of nitrous oxide and 20 sccm of tetrafluoromethane. As the deposition temperature increased from 80 to 220 °C, the deposition rate of the films increased from 16.7 to 18.4 nm/min; meanwhile, the etch rate decreased from 2.69 to 1.48 nm/s. The refractive index was 1.46 regardless of the deposition temperature. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the films showed a decreasing Si–O stretching wave number with an increasing full width at half maximum as the deposition temperature increased. The high frequency capacitance–voltage measurements of the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated using the films showed increasing effective oxide charge density and decr...


We consider a one-dimensional infinite lattice where at each site there sits an agent carrying a velocity, which is drawn initially for each agent independently from a common distribution. This system evolves as a Markov process where a pair of agents at adjacent sites exchange their positions with a specified rate, while retaining their respective velocities, only if the velocity of the agent on the left site is higher. We study the statistics of the net displacement of a tagged agent $m(t)$ on the lattice, in a given duration $t$, for two different kinds of rates: one in which a pair of agents at sites $i$ and $i+1$ exchange their sites with rate $1$, independent of the velocity difference between the neighbors, and another in which a pair exchange their sites with a rate equal to their relative speed. In both cases, we find $m(t)\sim t$ for large $t$. In the first case, for a randomly picked agent, $m/t$, in the limit $t\to \infty$, is distributed uniformly on $[-1,1]$ for all continuous distributions of velocities. In the second case, the distribution is given by the distribution of the velocities itself, with a Galilean shift by the mean velocity. We also find the large time approach to the limiting forms and compare the results with numerical simulations. In contrast, if the exchange of velocities occurs at unit rate, independent of their values, and irrespective of which is faster, $m(t)/t$ for large $t$ is has a gaussian distribution, whose width varies as $t^{-1/2}$.


The crystal structure of hexacaesium heptacosamolybdenum hentriacontasulfide, Cs(6)Mo(27)S(31), consists of a mixture of Mo(9)S(11)S(6) and Mo(18)S(20)S(6) cluster units in a 1:1 ratio. The units are connected through Mo-S bonds. Cs(+) cations occupy large voids between the different cluster units.


Involving end users in requirements elicitation helps to generate applications with a positive usage experience. However, in the current context of software development, having users involved in the requirements elicitation is difficult due to factors such as: lack of paying customers; users' unavailability for validations; and budget and time restrictions for applying traditional techniques, such as interviews and questionnaires. Therefore, using alternative techniques to understand and gather users' needs is indicated. Persona is a technique that was created to help understanding users, their characteristics and what they expect from an application. The technique allows describing users' profile and understanding their characteristics, attitudes and behaviors. However, the description of a persona may have many irrelevant information not generating requirements for the development of the application. Therefore, we proposed the PATHY technique to support the creation of personas and to generate more focused descriptions regarding specific requirements identification for a particular application. This paper presents a study using the PATHY technique (version 2.0). This empirical study aims to evaluate the quality of the possible software requirements the technique helps identifying, while gathering the participants' feedback on using the PATHY technique. The results show that PATHY supports creating personas' descriptions that lead to the identification of requirements to help in application design according to target users' characteristics and


This paper discusses poverty lines in Indonesia. Firstly, the various poverty lines in Indonesia is discussed. The differences in methodologies and assumptions had created the central controversies in determining the poverty lines: kinds and quantities of goods. Secondly, an alternative poverty line measurement is the theoretically derived under Linear Expenditure System (LES). This poverty line might overcome the controversies. Thirdly, the poverty line measurement is then applied in case of Indonesia. This paper consludes that the economic crisis in 1997 had led to the increase of poverty lines in urban areas higher than in rural area.


This work provides a systematic and useable framework for understanding what diversity means and for problem solving in different corporate settings. It combines text material, readings, and both long and short Harvard cases. There is also information on how to develop a diversity course.


The energy-momentum tensor for a chiral-invariant theory of massless pseudoscalar mesons is 'improved' by the methods of Callan, Coleman and Jackiw. The improved tensor has a simple relation to the dilation current and nonvanishing triple-derivative terms in the equal-time commutators of its components.


Joy Armson received a master's degree from the University of Wisconsin and a doctoral degree from Temple University. Early in her career, she worked as a speech-language pathologist with a special interest in stuttering, and has maintained involvement in clinical practice throughout her career. She joined the faculty at the School of Human Communication Disorders in 1989, and has served as Director since 1997. She teaches and conducts research in the area of fluency disorders.


A control system for a machine (102) of a vehicle, comprising: a module (230) for the requested torque determined based on an accelerator pedal position and an actual engine torque output capacity, a first requested torque; and a power increase module (PE module, 115), which enables a PE mode, to provide a richer than stoichiometric fuel equivalence ratio, marked by a module (232) for the effective accelerator pedal position, which is determined on the basis of a signal of the resulting Fahrerachsdrehmomentanforderung an effective accelerator pedal position, wherein the power increase module (115) releases the PE mode on the basis of the first requested torque and the actual accelerator pedal position.


Summary form only given. Corona arrays for electroporation were developed by electrode discharge machining (EDM) of stainless steel sheets, to create an electrode area of ~5 cm2 with 475 to 2448 tips depending on their spacing. There is also a gas inlet and mixing area in between each sheet to allow gas to flow between them. Initial testing was done using a fast ionization dynistor (FID) power supply, which showed good uniformity across the tips for a variety of gas flows (air, N2, Ar, and He) and substrates (glass, metal, and porcine skin). Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) of the plasma showed OH formation with argon gas flows, NO formation with N2 gas flows, and OH, NO, O, H, and N2+ formation with helium gas flow. Air had the highest vibrational temperature, suggesting the highest E/n of the gasses tested, thus it is the most desirable for the electroporation application. A nanosecond pulsing circuit, capable of delivering 2-40 kV pulses with FWHM of >20 ns by using two spark gaps as switches, was developed as a simpler and more controllable system to compare to the FID power supply. Overall both power supplies created corona discharges fairly uniform across all of the tips. The plasma generated using the nanosecond pulsing circuit was non-equilibrium for all substrates (glass, metal, and porcine skin) with average temperatures Trot=318±38 K and Tvib=4101±755 K. The corona discharge from the nanosecond pulsing circuit was imaged using an ICCD camera, and noted to travel at ~3×106 m/s, indicating a fast ionization wave.


Recently, advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have provided opportunities for governments to deploy e-participation to actively engage citizens in public policymaking processes. As often noted, the development towards e-participation not only transforms the nature of government interactions with citizens but also affects the efficiency and effectiveness of public services and thus fosters competitiveness. Crowdsourcing is one mechanism of undertaking e-participation. It is a method for harnessing the collective intelligence of online communities to solve specific problems or produce goods, which has proved to be a successful supplemental public participation tool for city governance, as a way to engage citizens in the process of urban planning. This paper highlights how crowdsourcing can overcome the limitations in a traditional urban planning process. Using Ostrava, Czech Republic as a case study, this paper explores how city government engages citizens in creating the strategic urban development plan. The results show how crowdsourcing contributes to better civic engagement, improves citizens' perceptions of their city, and thus helps to find ways to encourage the competitiveness of the city of Ostrava, which is facing the problem of depopulation.


Considerable work has recently been published concerning the blood supply to the mandibular area,1 and the dental pulp has received particular attention.2 3 These studies have dealt largely with anatomical relationships. Recently, this laboratory has reported the effects of sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic drugs on blood flow, blood pressure, and peripheral resistance in the mandibular vascular bed. The application of local blocking agents to the mandibular nerve has been reported to increase blood flow to that area. This increased blood flow may result from release of postganglionic sympathetic tone to the arterioles.4 Chronic stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion leads to a gradual decrease in systemic blood pressure and loss of activity in the carotid sinus hypertensive reflex.5 This investigation was undertaken to study the immediate effects of functional alterations of the superior cervical ganglion and to correlate these with other specific physiologic procedures upon perfusion pressure in the mandibular artery.


The paper provides an overview of the international knowledge flows in Europe particularly looking at the drivers and consequences of such flows as well as the general trend. It distinguishes between different types of mechanisms for the acquisition and transfer of knowledge from trade to research and technological collaboration, mobility of human capital and FDI. The paper is empirical in nature and targeted to a wider audience. The analysis reveals that proximity matters significantly for the mobility of human capital as well as for the establishment of collaborative networks. In both cases, intra-Europe knowledge flows are more important that extra-Europe knowledge flows, thus pointing to the role of the European market facilitating these forms of exchange. The patterns of offshoring of R&D as well as trade networks are rather different- more global than intra-European. In other words, trade and investment networks are more dispersed globally than mobility of human capital and research and technological networks.


Media literacy is often described as an approach that can be used to address pressing public concerns ranging from combating misinformation to supporting citizens' full participation in society. What is little understood, however, is the importance people give to the role of media literacy in their own lives. Drawing on data from a representative survey of Australian adults, this article examines the importance given to 14 media literacy abilities that are often the focus of media literacy programs. Incorporating Schwartz's framework of motivational values into our analysis, we find that the specific media literacy abilities people identify as important are generally closely aligned with the underlying values they prioritize in their lives. Furthermore, people's values offer more predictive power than sociodemographic characteristics when it comes to understanding the importance people place on specific media literacy outcomes. The article argues that by understanding how and why people respond differently to the goals of media literacy, educators can design more appealing and effective media literacy interventions. all overall to literacy this sociodemographic description typical understandings to place more importance on a higher level of media literacy abilities Ofcom, it overlooks the variation that is observed in the importance people give to specific media literacy outcomes. Motivational values have been shown to offer a useful lens from which to understand this variation. Not only can media literacy outcomes embed and express different underlying values, but by doing so they also provide a means for increasing the relevance of media literacy initiatives to different audiences.


The water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) study is intended to assess the scale of economy and population that local water resources can sustain in a certain region. The fundamental purposes of the WRCC study are to forecast the basic development path and direction of the water-ecoenvironment-socioeconomic system and to identify the key factors to promote its healthy development. Taking Zhangye district in northwest China as a case, an integrated dynamic WRCC assessment model is established based on the core model of multicriteria decision analysis and other sectoral models, including extended input-output model, land resources spatial distribution model, virtual water assessment model, WRCC comprehensive evaluation modle etc. This model provides an integrated framework for the comprehensive study of such issues as water resources development, land use, virtual water trade and socioeconomic development. Different scenarios established by different policy elements, including industrial structure adjustment, water- saving technology improvement, implementation of a "water reallocation" scheme, and virtual water trade strategy, are applied to analyse the WRCC of Zhangye.The study indicates that provided the "water reallocation" scheme and the necessary environment protection measures are implemented, the WRCC of Zhangye can support continuing economic development with an annual average GDP growth rate around 7%, and at same time, its population can continue to enjoy a "fairly comfortable" living standard according to agricultural products consumption criteria during 2000-2020 if the industrial structure adjustment and water-saving technology improvements could be achieved. The study not only assess the scale of population and economic development, but also adopts a new perspective of virtual water trade to examine WRCC in an open system. In addition, it provides corresponding socioeconomic distribution and spatial land use patterns and makes WRCC assessment results more practical.


The purpose and objectives of the joint Apollo/Soyuz experimental test flight, the technical requirements and anticipated solutions necessary to meet the objectives, the mission plan, the flight vehicles, the schedule, and the expected results of successfully completing such a project are discussed. The androgynous feature of the docking system is provided by a symmetrical distribution of all elements which are directly connected during docking, relative to the axis of reverse symmetry. Both the American and Russian systems are designed to serve as either the active or passive system for docking and undocking.


The validity of modeling curved shell panels using flat-plate finite strips has been demonstrated in the past by comparing finite strip numerical results with analytical solutions of a few benchmark problems; to date, no mathematical exact solutions of the method or its explicit forms of error terms have been rigorously derived to demonstrate analytically its validity. Using a unitary transformation approach (abbreviated as the U-transformation herein), an attempt is made in this paper to derive mathematical exact solutions of flat-plate finite strips in cylindrical shell vibration analysis. Unlike the conventional finite strip method which involves assembly of the global system of matrix equation and its numerical solution, the U-transformation method makes use of the inherent cyclic symmetry of cylindrical shells to decouple the global matrix equation into one involving only a few unknowns, thus rendering explicit form of solutions for the flat-shell finite strip to be derived. Such explicit solutions can be subsequently expanded into Taylor's series whose results reveal directly their convergence to the exact solutions and the corresponding rate of convergence.


Objective To assess the clinic effects of big ovarian follocles puncture on synchronize the follicular development in control ovarian stimulation.Methods Fifty-nine patients follicular development asynchronization were randomized divided into test group,who punctured the big ovarian follocles during the IVF cycle(n=28),and control group,who did not receive that treatment(n=31).A retrospective analysis of the anamnestic data of the patients was carried out for the assessment of the ovulation promoting effect of the big ovarian follocles puncture and the outcome of the IVF-ET operation.Results Compared with the control group,the days were increased and gonadotropin were more consumed in test group(P0.05).The number of cumulus-oocyte complexes(COCs),the ratio of ovium and the clinical pregnancy rates were increased in test group(P0.05),but no significant differences were observed regarding the ratio of cleavage and abortion rates.Conclusion The patients follicular development asynchronization may receive the big ovarian follocles puncture in control ovarian stimulation to synchronize the follicular development,and gain a good pregnancy outcome.


The article reviews the book "Spanish as an International Language: Implications for Teachers and Learners," by Deborah Arteaga and Lucia Llorente.


Approximately three quarters of east African children In randomised controlled trial (n=328) in anaemic, asymptomatic children aged 2-36 mo, the effect on change in haemoglobin concentration in the group receiving iron plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine relative to the placebo group, adjusted for prognostic factors at baseline, was 12.5 g/L (95% CI: 8.5 to 16.4 g/L). In the former group, the estimated prevalence of anaemia reduced from 100% at baseline to 36% at 12 w, and prevalence of iron deficiency reduced correspondingly from 66% to 8%. Administration of SP in addition to iron supplementation gave no haemoglobin response. Survival analysis indicated no evidence of increased risk of malaria following iron supplementation. Iron supplementation over a 12-week period resulted in a marked improvement of haemoglobin concentrations. Analysis of haematological indicators from both the trial and a cross-sectional study (n=318) suggested that malaria-induced haemolysis is accompanied by increased erythropoiesis, which seemed adequate for the resulting degree of anaemia. Serum transferrin receptor concentration is not useful to detect iron deficiency in individuals with malaria. Inflammation probably plays no or a minor role in the pathogenesis of anaemia associated with asymptomatic malaria. A new and inexpensive colour scale to facilitate anaemia diagnosis in developing countries performed satisfactory and was for many purposes superior to all other methods for detection of anaemia at primary care level. The methodology presented may facilitate development of strategies for its use in various target groups. A large proportion of unnecessary treatments for febrile diseases can be avoided by teaching mothers to palpate their child's forehead, and by confirming the presence of fever by thermometer.


Backgroud: Kidney injury of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contributes to major mortality of SLE. To explore biomarkers is necessary for diagnosing and supervising SLE-related kidney injury. However, few effective biomarkers can be used for it.

Methods: Apriori algorithm of association rules was employed to identify laboratory biomarkers related to SLE-related kidney injury. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify its risk factors, and spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between biomarkers and disease activity of SLE-related kidney injury.

Finding: Ten biomarkers were identified by association rule mining. Among them, triglyceride, lactic dehydrogenase and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were significantly higher, and hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lower in the patients of SLE with kidney injury compared to that without kidney injury. Furthermore, triglyceride was an independent risk factor for SLE-related kidney injury. Triglyceride level was positively correlated with urine protein and P-CAST and it was negatively correlated with albumin and IgG. The area under the receiver operating characteristic analysis for triglyceride was 0.72 in SLE-related kidney injury. The cutoff value of triglyceride for diagnosing SLE-related kidney injury was 1.84mmol/L. In addition, higher levels of triglyceride were found at the time of onset of renal disease (p=0.048).

Conclusion: Triglyceride may be a biomarker for diagnosing SLE-related kidney injury.

Funding Statement: This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundations of China (grant number 81960388), Longyuan Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talents (grant number No. 9, 2020, Organization Department of Gansu Province).

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics Approval Statement: The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University (No. LDYYLL201731).


In ridit analysis scale values are assigned to the categories of an ordinal response variable, the ridits. Ridit analysis is described as a technique to compare groups of observations and to measure the association between ordinal and nominal variables by mean ridits. By their definition mean ridits are closely related to distribution-free methods. Mean ridits are also used as a tool to test the main and/or interaction effects of factors on an ordinal response variable.


Application and progress of long wave IR laser are introduced.An OPO pumped by Tm∶YAP laser is presented.The output power of long wave IR laser is 0.8 W.The peak wavelength is 8.1 μm.The optical-optical efficiency of OPO is 6% and the slop efficiency is 6.9%.


The capacity expansion of Guanlingshan Coal Mine requires that the roadway section must be enlarged consequently.In the light of the characteristics of overlying rock strata on 15# coal seam,this paper puts forward a reasonable supporting scheme for ensuring the supporting safety of the roadway with large section and satisfying the needs of mine production.


Christian leaders are more likely to have had an affair than members of their congregation, and many face struggles with online pornography which threaten to harm their marriages.


Little attention has been paid to understanding how engaging in cancer‐related interpersonal exchanges via varying modes of communication influences psychological well‐being among young adults with cancer. This study explored the moderating role of communication mode on the relationship of relational processes of disclosure and responsiveness with psychological well‐being.


Formal systems of non-union employee representation are receiving increasing attention in the Anglo-American world. Drawing on the New Zealand Worker Representation and Participation Survey 2003, this study finds joint consultation and certain forms of non-union employee voice to be more prevalent and effective in New Zealand workplaces than previous accounts have allowed. New Zealand workers report having greater influence over many areas of workplace decision-making than their US and UK counterparts. The rolling back of unionism under the Employment Contracts Act 1991 seems not to have been accompanied by a decline in management– employee consultation.The findings of high levels of workplace influence and consultation in New Zealand contradict the 'cycles of control' thesis and challenge the assumptions of radical labour process theory. While further research is needed, they may suggest that a shift has been occurring in employee relations style.


The 13th World Congress on Menopause held in Rome in June saw publication of yet another International Menopause Society (IMS) statement on postmenopausal hormone therapy (HRT), this latest version at a time 'when the atmosphere around the issue of postmenopausal HRT is much more rational'. The recommendations note that 'the pendulum has swung back from its peak negative sentiment' following publication of detailed data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) showing the importance of age at the start of therapy and the 'good safety profile' of HRT in women younger than 60 years. Indeed, the recommendations state categorically that the 'safety of HRT largely depends on age', adding that healthy women under 60 years 'should not be unduly concerned about the safety profile of HRT'. New data and re-analyses of older studies according to age show that, for most women, the potential benefits of HRT given for a clear indication are many and the risks are few when treatment is initiated within a few years of menopause. Thus, the benefits of HRT are most likely to be the relief of vasomotor symptoms and urogenital atrophy. Other menopause-related complaints, such as joint and muscle pains, mood swings, sleep disturbances and sexual dysfunction (including reduced libido) 'may improve' with HRT. On the contentious question of breast cancer risk, the report emphasizes the contributing role of progestogen; thus, say the recommendations, 'it seems prudent to minimize progestogen use where safely possible'. And on cardiovascular risk, the recommendation is that in women under 60 years, or in those recently menopausal and without evidence of cardiovascular disease, 'the initiation of HRT does not cause early harm and may reduce morbidity and mortality'. Continuation of HRT beyond the age of 60 should be decided as part of the overall risk– benefit analysis. The fall-out from the first WHI publication in 2002 was a massive swing away from HRT, as regulatory agencies sought cover under the protection of 'shortest duration' and 'lowest effective dose'. Yet, within the 19-page detail of the IMS recommendations, many of these hyper-precautions are formally rejected, or at least rationally modified. Thus, as a 'governing principle', the IMS reports that 'there are no reasons to place mandatory limitations on the duration of HRT.' Continuation of therapy should be decided 'at the discretion of the well-informed woman and her health professional', dependent upon the specific goals and an objective estimation of ongoing benefits and risks. The IMS thus makes it clear that HRT cannot be prescribed according to an all-embracing formula; necessary for its prescription is a clear indication for use, which remains vasomotor symptoms or 'the physical effects of estrogen deficiency'. Otherwise, HRT should be 'individualized and tailored according to symptoms and the need for prevention, as well as personal and family history, results of relevant investigations, the woman's preferences and expectations'. This same conclusion on the timing of HRT was also made in a report in April in the American Journal of Medicine from several leading US figures reviewing data on HRT and cardiovascular risk. They concluded: 'The current analysis and data reviewed do not support any specific limit on the duration of menopausal hormone treatment'. Emerging data suggest that the decision to prescribe menopausal hormone treatment and how long to continue should be flexible, based on patient characteristics (e.g. age and time since menopause) and the balance of benefits (symptom relief, coronary heart disease and bone fractures) and risks (breast cancer, thromboembolic disease and stroke). We believe that guidelines from the Food and Drug Administration and other official sources should be reconsidered and revised to reflect this personalized approach to the patient.


Supratentorial cavernomas account for 75% of all cavernous malformations. These lesions become symptomatic as a result of hemorrhage, seizures, or mass effect. Patients with symptomatic supratentorial cavernomas are candidates for surgical resection. In recent years, resecting cavernous malformations has become safer. The procedure is straightforward utilizing neuronavigation and, when necessary, skull base techniques. This article reviews the basic surgical management of supratentorial cavernous malformations, reflecting the treatment strategies used at our institution.


Pump Station 64 has experienced a number of sewage overflows into Penasquitos Lagoon since 1979 (57 in total). The California Regional Water Quality Control Board (CRWQCB) issued a Cease and Desist Order. The compliance schedule included planning, design and construction of major permanent improvements including a parallel force main, pumping capacity expansion and alternate power source. Reconstruction work at the existing pump station was to proceed concurrently with the station expansion project.


As a maintainer of an open source software project, you are usually happy about contributions in the form of pull requests that bring the project a step forward. Past studies have shown that when reviewing a pull request, not only its content is taken into account, but also, for example, the social characteristics of the contributor. Whether a contribution is accepted and how long this takes therefore depends not only on the content of the contribution. What we only have indications for so far, however, is that pull requests from bots may be prioritized lower, even if the bots are explicitly deployed by the development team and are considered useful. One goal of the bot research and development community is to design helpful bots to effectively support software development in a variety of ways. To get closer to this goal, in this GitHub mining study, we examine the measurable differences in how maintainers interact with manually created pull requests from humans compared to those created automatically by bots. About one third of all pull requests on GitHub currently come from bots. While pull requests from humans are accepted and merged in 72.53% of all cases, this applies to only 37.38% of bot pull requests. Furthermore, it takes significantly longer for a bot pull request to be interacted with and for it to be merged, even though they contain fewer changes on average than human pull requests. These results suggest that bots have yet to realize their full potential.


The objective of this study is to compare the measured absorbed dose to water (D) between various protocols, such as IAEA TRS 398, TRS 381 and AAPM TG 51, for the clinical electron energies of 6,9, 12r15 and 18 MeV. Two cylindrical chambers, PTW 30001and NE 2571, and two plane parallel chambers, PTW Roos and PTW Markus chambers, were used. All chambers have been calibrated for 60Co quality, in terms of both absorbed dose (NDx) and air kerma (Nk), traceable to Secondary Standards Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL), BARC, India. Absorbed dose- to- water ratios TRS 398/TG 51 and TRS 398/TRS 381 are graphically represented as a function of R 50. To study the difference in the absorbed dose to water, basic data from all the protocols are analyzed. In case of cylindrical chambers and plane parallel Roos chamber, maximum deviations of 0.7% between TRS 398 and TG 51 and 2% between TRS 398 and TRS 381 are observed. In the case of Markus chamber, maximum deviations of 1.8% between TRS 398 and TG 51 and 0.5% between TRS 398 and TRS 381 are obtained. Between TRS 398 and TRS 381, sources of variation are calibration factors such as & Ndx and Swak data. Though the difference between the protocols is not very significant, the change could be justified for the homogeneity in dosimetry.


for an Invited Paper for the MAR09 Meeting of The American Physical Society The Anti-Pfaffian and anti-Read-Rezayi States CHETAN NAYAK, Microsoft Station Q/UCSB No abstract available.