ABSTRACT According to the statistics of UN, more than 6.5 million people have been internally displaced since the Syrian crisis in 2011. There are also more than 13.1 million people in need in Syria. Approximately 5.6 million people have become refugees in various countries, mostly in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan. Among the countries welcoming displaced Syrians, Turkey is at the top, hosting over 3.5 million refugees. Governmental agencies, and I/NGOs (non-governmental organisations) are working together to meet the needs of Syrian refugees in Turkey. In this context, the social integration of refugees into the host community has become prominent. This study is focused on the positive and negative aspects of this social integration process in Turkey. By positive aspect, the positive contributions were meant, on the other hand, negative aspects are used to illustrate the shortcomings of the social integration process. In the research, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with the supervisors of refugee- oriented programmes implemented by NGOs. The focus is on the evaluation of social integration and the role of civil society organisations in this process. The main purpose is to discuss the current situation and to elicit different perspectives on the development of social integration process.


We demonstrate that long time-scale events in atomistic ion-surface bombardment simulations can be essential and need to be accounted for.


Quality of Life (QoL) is a complex, scattered and multidimensional approach that depends on an extensive set of biological to psychological indicators passing through various socio-economic interactions. It induces enormous heteroscedasticity among individuals in the way of ageing and spurs difference in each elderly from the other. Most of the researchers attempted either to identify indicators or develop indexes to channelize the multidimensionality towards measuring subjective appraisal of QoL but in depth analysis especially, regarding perception of female elderly is missing, even in the era of feminization of ageing i.e. increasing number of female elderly to old age, particularly in mostly and second mostly populated countries like China and India. This study mainly focuses on the gender dimension along with various socio-economic and health constructs in China and India. There are two objectives. Firstly, to analyze the difference across gender with respect to self-perceived Quality of Life (QoL) in different socio-economic and health related contexts. Secondly, to find out the determinants of QoL and try to find out whether sex is an important factor in this regard. The first section of the study consists of the descriptive statistics across gender in both the countries according to their subjective QoL, which is measured on a five point likert scale and further reduced in a trichotomous scale: Good, Moderate and Poor. In the second section Ordered Logit Regression Model has been adopted. Moreover, in determining the control variables three indexes (co-morbidity index, active daily work index and mood index) have been formulated. In both the countries females have a higher percentage to report about moderate, poor or very poor QoL, while men mostly reported very good or good QoL. The results show that age, active of daily work index, mood index and co-morbidity index have significant impact on QoL. Moreover, for females, the odds of poor QoL versus the combined moderate and good are 0.07597 times lower than for males, given the other variables are held constant.


The successful maintenance, for over two years, of the colony of Anopheles quadrimaculatus , whose establishment was reported in Science (1), led us to apply the same technique (2) to the rearing of other species of anophelines. We have now raised A. punctipennis under insectary conditions in a manner that convinces us that we have succeeded in establishing a colony.


Based on ministerial regulations for curriculum 13 regarding specialization majors at the high school level from of entering class X. Then MAN 1 Inhil applied departmental arrangements that begin by including several indicators that are consistent with the results of testing, interviews, and student interest. Assessing in this departmental setting is very simple by summing each indicator's values and gathering the whole to produce an average value. If the value is fulfilled then the student is grouped based on their interests. This can lead to errors in the school's decision-making because this can lead to responses to student interests. Therefore we need methods and algorithms to help make decisions well. One algorithm that can be used is C4.5 algorithm which is an extension of ID3. The C4.5 algorithm used to classify majors with three indicators namely Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Religion. The results showed that based on 360 data form the recapitulation result of student registrans, 71 data were obtained that had religious majors, 71 religious data were classified completely by C4.5. Furthermore, of the 144 data that have natural science majors, 123 data are fully classified, 20 data are approved as IPS, and 1 data is classified as religion. Of the 146 data that have majors in social studies, 120 are correct rules, 25 data are classified as natural sciences. Thus it can be concluded that the C4.5 algorithm has a success rate of 87.22% so that it can be used in decision making where most of the data is numeric.


In recent years, robotic systems combined with cloud computing capability have become an emerging topic of discussion in academic fields. The concept of cloud robotics allows the system to offload computing-intensive tasks from the robots to the cloud. An appropriate resource allocation scheme is necessary for the cloud computing service platform to efficiently allocate its computing resources, when the robots send requests asking for computing service. This paper proposes a resource allocation scheme based on reinforcement learning (RL), which can make the cloud to decide whether a request should be accepted and how many resources are supposed to be allocated. The scheme realizes an autonomous management of computing resources through online learning, reduces human participation in scheme planning, and improves the overall utility of the system in the long run. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed RL-based computing resource allocation scheme has better performances than the greedy allocation scheme.


It is known that there is the threshold current density of the electromigration damage in the via-connected line. The evaluation of the threshold current density is one of the great interests from the viewpoint of IC reliability. In this study, a metal line with two-dimensional shape, i.e. an angled metal line is treated. The evaluation method of the threshold current density is applied to the metal line. The method is based on the numerical simulation of the building-up process of the atomic density distribution in the bamboo line by using the governing parameter for electromigration damage. Comparing the evaluated results with that of straight-shaped line, the effect of line-shape on threshold current density of electromigration damage is discussed. Furthermore, the obtained difference in the threshold current density is verified experimentally.© 2005 ASME


There are many stories of little people worldwide. Recent archaeological discoveries in Flores have been combined with story to give tantalizing suggestions of pre-historic survival into modern times. A range of Western accounts is considered, from press releases to creative online response. The human need for story, and particularly for it to be local, is affirmed. Finally, local story is given voice and considered afresh.


The utility model provides metering equipment with fan stop protection circuit which include a voltage comparer, a current sampling resistance, a comparison voltage supply circuit and a signal output circuit; the current sampling resistance is connected with a fan in series; the connection point of the current sampling resistance and the fan is accessed into one input end of the voltage comparer; the comparison voltage supply circuit consists of two resistances connected in series; the connection point of the two resistances is accessed into the other input end of the voltage comparer; the series current of the current sampling resistance and the fan is connected with the comparison voltage supply circuit in parallel; the signal output circuit consists of a current-limiting resistance, a double series switch diode and a pull-down resistance; the signal output circuit is connected with the output end of the voltage comparer to process the output signal thereof; power equipment can adopt a two wire system fan to cool through using a control circuit; meanwhile, the metering equipment with fan stop protection circuit solves the hidden safety problem like stopping of fan, and reduces the design cost of the power equipment.


Taking two different Pleurotus eryngii var.tuoliensis strains as parents('Zhongnong No.1'and'Zhongnong Chibao'),the proterties of 150 cross combinations were studied by microscopy,antagonism,esterase isozyme and primordium induction.The results showed that 99 of 150hybrid strains were with clamp-connection,75 strains had obvious antagonism with two parents and had new enzyme bands and complementary enzyme bands,50 strains had primordium formation in PDA plate.


The floristic composition of communities of apple and hawthorn forests with the participation of the rare species Gymnospermium altaicum (Pall.) Spach was studied in the Trans-Ili (Zailiyskiy) Alatau . The list of higher plants includes 156 species from 121 genera and 48 families. Most of them (84%) are herbaceous plants; there are 25 tree and shrub species, nine of which are wild non-native species (Ulmus laevis, Ulmus pumila, Morus nigra, Juglans regia, Malus domestica, Acer negundo, Acer platanoidеs, Viburnum opulus and Parthenocissus quinquefolia). Representatives of ten families make up 65% of the total number of species: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. The floristic core of the surveyed communities consists of 39 species, which mainly belong to the group of forest and forest-meadow ecological elements. Also other rare species listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan, Malus sieversii, Armeniaca vulgaris and Paeonia intermedia, were found in these communities. We noticed signs of anthropogenic disturbance in the studied communities, including the presence of adventive and wild non-native species. We recommend to organize regular monitoring and strengthen the protection of the communities surveyed.


SAITO, H., SHIMAHARA, T. and FUKADA, Y. Phasic and Tonic Responses in the Cat Optic Nerve Fibers-Stimulus-response Relations. Tohoku J . exp. Med., 1971, 104 (4), 313-323 Stimulus-response relations of on-center optic nerve fibers of cat were investigated in reference to the classification of Type I (phasic, ON-I) and Type ‡U (tonic, ON-‡U) using light spot presented for 25 seconds . The average discharge rate of the transient part of responses (0-500 msec after stimulus onset) varies as a function of spot-to-background luminance ratio for both ON-I and ON-‡U. The rate of increase of the discharges for ON-‡U is about twice as much as that of ON-I (80 impulses/sec for each one log unit increase of stimulus intensity for ON-I, 150 impulses/sec for ON-‡U), and the saturation level for both ON-I and ON-‡U is about 200 impulses/sec. The average discharge rate of ON-‡U's tonic part of responses (10-20 sec after stimulus onset) increases as a function of spot-to-background luminance ratio and reaches the peak (60 impulses/sec), then, further increase in stimulus intensity causes a decrease of discharge rate. It is found that the inter-spike intervals of this tonic responses become strikingly constant after the peak is reached. The response latencies for ON-I and ON-‡U vary as a function of spot intensity and they are not largely affected by the background luminance. To the onset of a high contrast stimulus, ON-I responds with a burst discharge followed by a transient pause, while ON-‡U responds with continuously decreasing rate of discharges. cat's retina; stimulus-response relation; discharge pattern


This essay discusses the rights of intellectual property of library in the network environment.And the library is facing challenges when it wants to use the information resources rationally in the network environment.Then,from domestic legislation and the rules of the WTO two electronic copyright,this essay puts forward some strategies and countermeasures which address in the protection of rights of intellectual property in the network environment.


This article discusses how the Federal Communications Commission has approved a measure which will establish 511 as the telephone number to dial to receive current travel-related information including road construction and traffic congestion.


The supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics approach is applied to embed bound states in the energy gaps of periodic potentials. The mechanism to generate periodicity defects in the first Lame potential is analyzed. The related bound states are explicitly derived


Practice at sea is the main practical teaching for the nautical students and is currently not suffi-ciently available for every maritime education and training institutions. On the other hand,marine simulators with very high emulation level have been widely used in maritime education and training.With the consideration of the aim and requirement of the practice at sea and of the function and limitation of the simulators etc.,this paper makes a probe into the model of practice on the marine simulators.theory with practice


• To control diabetes, use the total carbohydrate grams and not sugar grams. • Fiber is the only carbohydrate that does not raise the blood glucose or provide calories. • The sugar grams listed includes both added and natural sugar.


In this study, we tried to see and characterize potential threats to digital activism in the internet-active nation of Indonesia by doing network analysis on a recent digital activism event on Twitter, which protested against a recent law related to alcoholic beverage investment. We hoped insights from the study can help the nation moving forward as public discourses are likely to stay online post-COVID. From this study, we found that threats in form of hashtag hijackings happen often in digital activism, and there were traces of a systematic information campaign in our observed case. We also found that the usage of bots is prevalent in and they showed significant activity, although the extent to which they influenced the conversation needs to be followed through more. These threats are something to think about as activism goes increasingly digital after COVID-19 as it can imbue unwanted messages, sow polarization, and distract the conversation from the real issue.


In the last 15 years, some studies have shown the potential improvement in engineering properties and performances of fiber reinforced polymer matrix materials in which nano and micro-scale foreign particles (clay, silica, rubber, etc.) were incorporated. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of adding different percentages of nanoclays to modify a commercially available polyester resin used in engineering applications, and to enhance the mechanical properties of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) composites.


The legends for Figures 2 and 3 are incorrect. The authors have provided corrected versions here. Copyright: ß 2014 The PLOS ONE Staff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Device for fastening an accessory to a measuring tube (4) of a Coriolis flowmeter comprising a onto the measuring tube (4) can be slid clamping part (1; 1 ') which is pressed via tensioning means to the measuring tube (4), wherein the clamping part (1 ) is in the form of a slotted conical hollow screw which cooperates with a corresponding conical nut (5) as the tensioning means such that upon turning up the cone nut (5) on the clamping part (1) the thereby generated inwardly directed radial force, the tension member (1) against the measuring tube (4) presses.


Flow cytometry is a versatile technique for analyzing stroke-induced changes in the immune system. Unlike other methods of cell identification such as immunohistochemistry, the technique is rapid, highly sensitive, and capable of quantifying multiple markers in cell suspensions. Utilizing cell sorters, flow cytometers can also produce highly enriched populations of viable cells for functional studies. The aim of this perspective is to appraise current flow cytometry methods in the field of stroke, provide guidance on best practices, and outline some of the future applications of the technique in pre-clinical and clinical stroke research.


The chemistry of calixarenes has recently become a very active area of endeavor. Of the numerous stimulating findings to appear thus far in the literature, one of the most intriguing concerns the discovery of certain uranophiles by Shinkai. It was reported that calix[5]arene sulfonate, calix[6]arene sulfonate, and the two corresponding derivatives substituted at the base by carboxymethoxy groups, 1 with R{prime} = CH{sub 2}COOH, exhibited stability constants for the uranyl ion of K = 10{sup 18.4-19.2}. Indeed, in competition experiments these calixarenes showed selectivity factors of 10{sup 12-17} for uranyl over the Ni{sup 2+}, Zn{sup 2+}, and Cu{sup 2+} ions. This selectivity was attributed to a moderately rigid calix[6]arene structure which was preorganized to match the rather unusual pseudoplanar hexacoordination needs of the UO{sub 2}{sup 2+} ion. However, on the basis of this study this premise appears untenable. Considering the importance of the above mentioned findings, the structural chemistry of derivatives of calix[6]arene has been slow to develop. In the available selection it is difficult to find general conformational features, apart from the elliptical cone conformation exhibited by the parent p-tert-butycalix[6]arene. Since our group has found a rich and often surprising inclusion chemistry for calix[4]arene sulfonates, we decided to investigatemore » the structure of calix[6]arene sulfonate and its alkali metal salts. 28 refs., 1 fig.« less


Based on the experience of commissioning and operation of TNPS Phase I,this paper present three issues related to application and maintenance of measuring instruments in the primary loop of WWER-1000 reactors:the principle and performance of rapid response temperature gauges,the high line pressure correction of ROSEMOUNT capacitance differential pressure transmitters and the boric water technical parameter measurement,as well as the experience and effect evaluation of dealing with the measuring problems using the real time indication,data recording and circuit diagnosis function provided by the digital control systems.


A TiO2 nanoparticles layer combined with CdS, CdSe and ZnS as a sensitizer for quantum dots solar cells (QDSSCs) applications. In this work, the QDSSCs based on the TiO2/CdS/CdSe/ZnS photoanodes were prepared by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and Colloidal methods. We focus on the effect of the CdS thickness on the recombination resistance, the chemical capacitance of the performance QDSSCs. The results show that the efficiency of the QDSSCs increased (reduced the recombination resistance) when the CdS thickness were 3 layers.


Knowledge of the spatiotemporal variations of terrestrial water storage (TWS) is critical for the sustainable management of water resources in China. However, this knowledge has not been quantified and compared for the different climate types and underlying surface characteristics. Here, we present observational evidence for the spatiotemporal dynamics of water storage based on the products from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) in China over 2003–2016. Our results were the following: (1) gravity satellite dataset showed divergent trends of TWS across distinct areas due to human factors and climate factors. The overall changing trend of water storage is that the north experiences a loss of water and the south gains in water, which aggravates the uneven spatial distribution of water resources in China. (2) In the eastern monsoon area, the depletion of water storage in North China (NC) was found to be mostly due to anthropogenic disturbance through groundwater pumping in plain areas. However, precipitation was shown to be a key driver for the increase of water storage in South China (SC). Increasing precipitation in SC was linked to atmospheric circulation enhancement and Pacific Ocean warming, meaning an unrecognized teleconnection between circulation anomalies and water storage. (3) At high altitudes in the west, the change of water storage was affected by the melting of ice and snow due to the rising temperatures, yet the topography determines the trend of water storage. We found that the mountainous terrain led to the loss of water storage in Tianshan Mountain (TSM), while the closed basin topography gathered the melted water in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau (ITP). This study highlights the impacts of the local climate and topography on terrestrial water storage, and has reference value for the government and the public to address the crisis of water resources in China.


Image fusion is one of the most important image processing methods in the field of remote sensing. Multispectral (MS) or hyperspectral (HS) images are often fused with panchromatic (PAN) images to enhance their spatial resolution while preserving the spectral information, which will lead to a better interpretation in subsequent applications. In order to achieve this goal, an improved method of image fusion, which is based on the amélioration de la résolution spatiale par injection de structures (ARSIS) Concept, is proposed in this paper. In the new method, the degree of diversity between each pixel and its surroundings is measured utilizing Center-Surround Spectral Angle (CSSA) model, and the more different a pixel is, the more detailed information is injected into the MS image. In order to verify the advantages of our proposed fusion method, experiments are processed on two data sets. Several assessment criteria are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm. Moreover, from the view of application, accuracy of classification on fused images is also evaluated to further show the superiority of our method.


st , 2012; revised: Dec. 9 th , 2012; accepted: Dec. 21 st , 2012 Abstract: Based on the 1951-2010 observed precipitation datas of annual maximum daily precipitation in 24 meteorological stations of Guangdong province, the regional frequency of extreme rainfall was analyzed us- ing L-moments approaches. According to the main factors of rainfall formation, the whole Guangdong was divided into six subregions, which located in the Pearl River Delta, Beijiang River basin, Dongjiang River basin, Xijiang River basin, Hanjiang River basin and eastern coastal region, and western coastal region, re- spectively. Except the Beijiang River basin with the Kappa distribution, other five subregions all select the GLO distribution for their regional frequency distributions. The growth curve show a high reliability in quan- tiles of 500 return years in the Pearl River Delta, Beijiang River basin, Hanjiang River basin and eastern coastal region, and western coastal region, and 100 return years in the Dongjiang River basin and Xijiang River basin, which can be used for the engineering design standard.


In recent years, many cases of suffocation in school buses among pupils and students have been reported due to poor safety measures. To overcome this critical issue, this project aims to provide a well-designed, safety system for school buses. This system is designed to monitor inside the vehicle and provide feedback if a passenger is left behind or tapped inside the bus. The baseline design was selected over other designs as it is more efficient and satisfies most of the customer's needs. The system design is divided into two subsystems: one of which uses RFID technology to sense the passenger's movement and perform alerting responses if required. The second subsystem is responsible for detecting the carbon dioxide levels and opening the bus windows accordingly, to prevent suffocation and breathing issues. This project can further be improved to be bench marketed for commercial use in personal and private vehicles. In addition to that, the idea also could be extended to any public transport system, class rooms in the schools, office buildings, public prayer halls, kids play area, etc.


Multi-scalar archaeological exploration offers new insights for understanding Jesuit estate systems and the slavery they depended on for agroindustrial production. Since 2009, ethnohistorical and archaeological research on two haciendas, San Joseph and San Francisco Xavier de la Nasca, in south coastal Peru's Ingenio Valley, has illuminated the Jesuit institutions of slavery and the hacienda in colonial Peru. Belonging to two distinct Jesuit institutions, the estates supported schools in Cuzco and Lima, respectively. Since acquiring their first properties in Nasca in 1619, both colleges grew their haciendas by absorbing neighboring fields and noncontiguous lands throughout the region, becoming the largest, most profitable vineyards in the viceroyalty by the time of the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the Spanish empire in 1767. Both hacienda administrations took similar approaches to property management and the large enslaved population that worked them, negotiating the cosmopolitanism of the communities and balancing obligations for evangelization and Christian discipline with the demands for agroindustrial production.


________________Schoepke__________ Bonnie___________P.________________ (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Initial) The Role of Parents, Educators, and Counselors in Supporting Bereaved Preschoolers _ (Title) and Elementary School Children___________________________________________ M.S. Guidance and Counseling ________Dr. Jan Hare May 2003_____ 73_____ (Graduate Major) (Research Advisor) (Month/Year)(No. of Pages) American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual____________________ (Name of Style Manual Used in this Study) This critical analysis reviewed the young child's cognitive understanding of death and the young child's expression of grief as a foundation for parent, teacher and counselor understanding of children's needs. The supportive role of the elementary school teacher and counselor was investigated to include a review of post intervention strategies and proactive death education programs. Through post interventions and death education programs children can be assisted in developing the verbal-conceptual skills necessary to understand death concepts. The importance of validating a child's grief responses and facilitating the child's own way of expressing grief was emphasized. Supportive parents, teachers, and counselors can help children to develop coping strategies for past and future losses.


[EMBARGOED UNTIL 8/1/2023] The purpose of this study is to explore and understand how social justice leaders develop. This study reports the findings of social justice leaders who experienced childhood poverty and currently work as principal in Title I schools. This study utilized qualitative research methodology, specifically narrative inquiry, to answer the research question. To collect data, I utilized narrative interviews to allow the principals to tell their stories. Participants met three criteria to be a part of this study: principal of Title I school, identifies as social justice leader, and experienced poverty during childhood. The analysis of the data revealed that all principals in this study displayed characteristics associated with authentic leadership, including experiencing critical life events and moral reasoning. This study finds that the path to social justice leadership emergence is consistent with the development of authentic leadership. This places high importance on authentic leadership framework, as it determined to be a useful theory to understand the emergence of social justice leadership. The implications of this study is to create workshops/trainings to influence the following three areas of education related to principal training and development: colleges, schools, and school board associations.


Polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]-modified SiO2-TiO2, glasses have been prepared via the sol-gel route. Polymer compositions varied between 17 and 67 wt% PDMS, using PDMS of molecular weights 1,700 and 36,000. Also varied was the Si/Ti ratio for a given polymer content and the nature of the Ti alkoxide.A general synthetic procedure was found which made optically clear samples. Dense monolithic structures were obtained at room temperature for all compositions. The room temperature densification is attributed to relaxation and flow in the sample due to the presence of the polymer. The effects on properties of the overall composition and molecular weight of the polymer are reported, and implications in terms of structural models are considered.


A device for mixing a pulverulent medium with a liquid having a fillable with the fluid mixing vessel (1) having an inlet (2) for the liquid, an inlet (5) for the powdery medium and at least one Mischsieb (4), characterized that a drain (3) for the powdery medium mixed liquid is present, wherein the Mischsieb (4) is cylindrical or conical and the mixing container (1) into a first, inlet (2) comprising part and a second, inlet (5) comprising part divided, and the apparatus has a conveying means, with which the powdery medium from the second part by the Mischsieb (4) is pressed into the first part, wherein the Mischsieb (4) is wetted in the first part with the liquid and the are inlet (2) in the region of one end of Mischsiebs (4) and the outlet (3) in the region of the second end of the Mischsiebs (4) integrated into the mixing vessel.


The radial topology of Nigeria Grid makes various part of the network prone to blackout and even system collapse on occurrences of line outage, hence the need for transmission network performance evaluation. Available Transfer Capability (ATC) is an index for transmission network performance. This paper presents a hybridized Continuation-Repeated power flow structure for ATC computation that provides a good approximate alternative to determine the maximum loadability. Single line outage (N – 1) criterion is used to simulate the effect of line outages on ATC values thereby identifying overloaded transmission facility.


The effect of the nominal Mg content and the milling time on the microstructure and the
hardness of mechanically alloyed Al (Mg) solid solutions is studied. The crystallite size
distribution and the dislocation structure are determined by X-ray diffraction peak
profile analysis and the hardness is obtained from depth sensing indentation test.
Magnesium gradually goes into solid solution during ball milling and after about 3 h
almost complete solid solution state is attained up to the nominal Mg content of the
alloys. With increasing milling time the dislocation density, the hardness and the Mg
content in solid solution are increasing, whereas the crystallite size is decreasing. A
similar tendency of these parameters is observed at a particular duration of ball milling
with increasing of the nominal Mg content. At the same time for long milling period the
dislocation density slightly decreases together with a slight reduction of the hardness.


Background: Fracture is the breakdown of bone on tissue continuity either partial or total. In these conditions, changes in the tissue surrounding the bone fragments into the shift resulting in impaired function of the muscles and joint so that it appears the bottleneck problem of physical mobility. One of the measures for dealing with the condition that the exercise ROM.
Objective: To provide an overview of nursing care of fulfillment mobilization problems in clients with physical mobility problems barriers, especially in patients with post ORIF femur fractures.
Nursing Care: Current assessment say the authors obtain client data left thigh cramp difficulty in moving the client, it appears the operation wound dressing 40 cm on the left thigh. The results of the examination of the upper limb muscle strength of the right and left 5, right lower limb muscle strength left 5 and 2. Problems of nursing physical mobility constraints associated with musculoskeletal disorders and to plan nursing assess muscle strength, train ROM, ADL compliance aids, educating families about mobilization. Implementation is done for 3x24 hours with the results of the evaluation of physical mobility barriers problems associated with musculoskeletal disorders partially resolved.
Analysis Actions: Actions of nursing recommended to overcome the barriers of physical mobility is a ROM exercises.


139. Demonstrates how ab initio calculations using Gaussian basis sets and the GAUSSIAN program can be used to make historical calculations on molecular hydrogen come alive.


Contextual information has been recognized as an important factor to consider in user-aware Recommendation Systems. Since contextual information can be used as a significant factor in modeling user behavior, various context-aware recommendation methods are proposed. However, the state-of-the-art context modeling methods treat contexts as other dimensions similar to the dimensions of users and items, and cannot extract the special semantic operation of contexts. On the other hand, some works on multi-domain relation prediction can be used for the context-aware recommendation, but they have problems in generating recommendation under a large amount of contextual information. In this paper, we propose the 4-way Tensor, a parallel tensor factorization algorithm, to accelerate the tensor factorization of large datasets to support efficient context-aware recommendations. The basic idea of this algorithm is to partition a tensor into partition and then exploit the inherent parallelism to perform tensor related operations in parallel.


In this paper a method is presented for calculating the limits of self-excitation in capacitor induction motors when the motors are disconnected from the power source and operating at constant speed. Practical means are suggested for the suppression of self-excitation and test data are given which confirm the soundness of the conclusions.


Discussions on gender issues often tend to focus on the roles and power relations between women and men. This dichotomy has, from time immemorial, been replicated in almost every sphere of private and public life beginning with the construction of gender identities. In the context of conflict, particularly armed and violent conflict, the casualties are often scores of women and children. Humanitarian, peace and reconstruction efforts often lump this category as one, under 'victim'. However, it is emerging that there is need for more gendered analyses of conflict situations in order to avoid oversimplification and flawed approaches in redressing the problem. Scholars are questioning previous assumptions that have taken gender relations for granted without factoring in the wider socio-cultural, political and economic contexts. It is clear that these factors need to be scrutinised further in order to adequately answer to the baffling and chronic complexities of war.


citation ID: bvad114.226 Adrenal (Excluding Mineralocorticoids) FRI231 Pheochromocytoma A Silent Killer Kelly Le, MD, Hira Shakeel, MD, Mary Theresa Sheehan, MD, Sabyasachi Sen, MD, FRCP, FACP, FACE, and Edina Paal George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University Endocrine Fellowship Program, Magnolia, DE, USA; VA Medical Center, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, Bethesda, MD, USA; Veteran Affair Medical Center, Washington DC, DC, USA Disclosure: K. Le: None. H. Shakeel: None. M.T. Sheehan: None. S. Sen: None. E. Paal: None. Background: Pheochromocytoma, a neuroendocrine tumor that develops in the adrenalmedulla, can be fatal to patients who have to undergo surgery if left undiagnosed. It often presents with episodic headache, palpitations, sweating and paroxysmal hypertension (HTN). However, some patients can be asymptomatic, making the diagnosis challenging in an acute setting. Clinical Case: A 59-year-old male with a past medical history of previously well-controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, HTN, and hyperlipidemia was referred to the emergency department by his primary care physician due to an elevated blood glucose level associated with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and increased fatigue. Upon arrival, blood glucose level was 603 mg/dl with an elevated beta-hydroxybutyrate (a ketone body) of 1.35 mmol/L (reference 0.00-0.24), but a normal anion gap and acidic pH.Hewas admitted for further glycemic control with IV fluids and subcutaneous insulin. Hemoglobin A1C was 15.5% on admission, which had markedly increased from 6.9% six months prior when patient was onmetformin alone. The patient attributed his worsening glycemic control to dietary indiscretion. Given the rapid increase in A1C and uncontrolled glucose level, a CT abdomen/pelvis was done to rule out a pancreatic tumor. No pancreatic tumor noted, but a 4.7 x 5.2 x 5.3 cm right adrenal mass was seen (CT abdomen showed a large right adrenal mass with peripheral enhancement and necrotic center characteristics). Further testing revealed markedly elevated normetanephrine levels of 2583 pg/ml (normal < 148) with a slight increase in metanephrines 73 pg/mL (normal <57). Levels of aldosterone, plasma renin activity, DHEAS and midnight cortisol were within normal limits. Interestingly, prior to admission, patient's BP was not controlled (ranges 140s-170s/60s-90s) even on three antihypertensives (Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), Valsartan, & Amlodipine). HCTZ was discontinued and Prazosin was initiated prior to surgery to control intra-operative hypertension. The patient underwent right adrenalectomy without complications. On discharge he was maintained on Prazosin, valsartan, and amlodipine for hypertension and Lantus 28-unit qAM alongwith Aspart 4-unit premeal for diabetes. Four months post-operatively, normetanephrine (121 pg/ ml) andmetanephrine (25 pg/ml) levels were within normal limits. In addition, A1c went down to 6.2% on amuch lesser regimen of hypoglycemic agents (Lantus 15 units qAM & Metformin only) and antihypertensive regimen went down to amlodipine with BP well controlled, ranging from 130s-140s/60s-80s. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of familiarity with the different presentations of pheochromocytoma (i.e. uncontrolled and challenging hyperglycemia, persistent uncontrolled hypertension, without any obvious physical signs) to healthcare providers as it can be mistreated if left undiagnosed. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023 Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Franklin, MA, USA; Rhode Island Hospital, North Kingstown, RI, USA A124 | Journal of the Endocrine Society | https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvad114 J Endocrine Soc, Volume 7, Issue Supplement_1, October–November 2023 A124


A bstract This article describes the recent population development in Nepal and projects alternative popu lation development trends to the year 2010 using the cohort component model. Projections are based on the assumptions of future fertility, mortality and migration which have been derived from assumed socioeconomic and environmental development and population policy development. The relatively rapid population growth will continue mostly because of high natural increase. Population growth can be delayed most efficiently by decreasing fertility to the replacement level and by decreasing mortality further.


In response to persistent and growing health disparities among racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, health care institutions have started to enhance cultural competency education and training in both health care organizations and medical education. This effort to integrate culture into professional guidelines and training curricula has been consistent among the psychiatric workforce over the last few decades. While these efforts to address mental health disparities among racial and ethnic minority groups are welcomed, much more work is needed to integrate sociocultural education into medical training. This chapter describes the evolution of sociocultural medical education from teaching cultural competence to cultural humility, with its opportunities and challenges. Using a case-based approach, the authors propose general principles from existing curricula that can help psychiatric faculty design and teach sociocultural curricula for psychiatry trainees in diverse settings.


The parametric interaction of three waves, one of which travel in direction opposite to other, is associated with a number of unusual phenomena that find their applications. One of such phenomena is an extremely long transient process of amplitude changing of the output signal. In this paper, the impact of pump-wave absorption and the phase mismatch magnitude on the course of the process is investigated. It is shown that the absorption lead to significant changes in the process time, and the phase causes changes in dynamics but not in duration of the process.


Group meetings and other non-desk situations require that people be able to interact at a distance from a display surface. This paper describes a technique using a laser pointer and a camera to accomplish just such interactions. Calibration techniques are given to synchronize the display and camera coordinates. A series of interactive techniques are described for navigation and entry of numbers, times, dates, text, enumerations and lists of items. The issues of hand jitter, detection error, slow sampling and latency are discussed in each of the interactive techniques.


Presents a methodology for autonomous navigation in weakly structured outdoor environments such as dirt roads or mountain ways. The main problem to solve is the detection of an ill-defined structure-the way-and the obstacles in the scene, when working in variable lighting conditions. First, we discuss the road description requirements to perform autonomous navigation in this kind of environment and propose a simple sensors configuration based on vision. A simplified road description is generated from the analysis of a sequence of color images, considering the constraints imposed by the model of ill-structured roads. This environment description is done in three steps: region segmentation, obstacle detection and coherence evaluation.


This paper explores a number of regularities in religious behaviour, among subjects and their personal features. We use the 1998 wave of the International Social Survey Program dataset. Through principal components analysis we obtain two indexes (practise and religious beliefs) that are used as dependent variables in several estimations with socio-demographics as exogenous determinants. Our main results are: 1) practise and religious beliefs are positively correlated; 2) childhood religious experiences (attendance and parental practise) are positive determinants of current religious practise; 3) women, married and older people are more prone to be religious; 3) education is negatively correlated with religiosity; 4) there is no correlation among fertility and current religious activity.


Because of the higher proportion of cations to anions (other than hydroxyl) found in the primary coolant of pressurized water systems the possibility of reducing the amount of anion resin in mixed bed resin demineralizers was considered. A significant reduction in the volumc of anion resin would permit the use of smaller demineralizers or, alternatively, might increase the life of a resin charge for the same sized demineralizer. In order to determine the feasibility of reducing the anion resin volume, a series of tests were run in which a mixed bed resin consisting of 10 parts by volume of cation resin to 1 part of anion resin (instead of the 1 part by volume of cation resin to 2 parts of anion resin currently used) was used as the demineralizer in out-of-pile, pressurized water loops. Results from the tests indicated that performance of the 10/1 ratio mixed bed resins did not meet conductivity specifications for existing pressurized water reactor systems. Furthermore, the 10/1 ratio resin exhibited poor breakthrough performance as indicated by acid leakage from the bed. In addition, resin breakthrough appeared to occur with only a small fraction of the residual capacity of the resin exhausted. It was concluded,more » therefore, that a 10/1 resin ratio was not adequate for use in pressurized water reactor systems, and the program has been concluded. It is possible that some other resin ratio less than 10/1 would be satisfactory for the proposed application. (auth)« less


For spectroscopy of the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2 /-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition of Yb/sup +/, we are developing a laser-diode spectrometer composed of a master laser locked to a high-finesse cavity, a phase-locked offset laser for frequency scanning, and a frequency doubler. We detected the 6S-8S two-photon absorption of Cs to improve a long-term stability of the spectrometer.


Interest in tax regulation increased in Russia in connection with the developed adverse economic situation, sanctions of the countries of the West and need of raising of a domestic production. The Russian tax system developed according to the purposes of a budgetary tax policy, but the priority was always given to monetary and credit, but not tax regulation of economy. It resulted in absence of the uniform concept of budgetary and tax regulation and forecasting of consequences of the decisions and changes made in this sphere for today. The measures of tax regulation offered by the Government of the Russian Federation pursue usually good aims, but carry fragmentary, and sometimes and contradictory character as have no system approach, and methodology of an assessment of their efficiency demands improvement. In article the author's view of economic essence of tax regulation, its role is reflected in modern economy and a place in structure of the tax relations. The specified concepts of the purpose, tasks, methods and instruments of tax regulation are presented. The directions of further researches in the field of increase of efficiency of the taxation are considered.


In this paper, we establish the global existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behavior of spherically symmetric solutions for the multi-dimensional infrarelativistic model in \begin{document}$ H^i\times H^i\times H^i\times H^{i+1}\;(i = 1,2,4) $\end{document} .


Significant progress was obtained on the installation and commissioning of the Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc). On the injector experiment, the emittance of 0.2 πmm·mrad has been demonstrated, which is well smaller than that of required value (0.3 πmm·mrad). Eight sets of RF modules (175 MHz, 200 kW for each) were connected to the RFQ with 8 coaxial waveguides, and RF conditioning has been started. With a simultaneous power injection from 8 RF modules into the RFQ and careful conditioning, a required RF filed for the 5 MeV D+ beam acceleration was obtained at short pulse. The pulse extension is underway toward the CW operation. The first H+ beam acceleration will be started in June 2018. After the H+ beam commissioning, D+ beam acceleration will be implemented aiming at 5 MeV 125 mA, 0.1% duty. In parallel, the preparation of SRF (superconducting Radio-Frequency linac), which accelerates the D+ beam up to 9 MeV, has proceeded.


This research has been motivated by our belief that ergonomic aspects of proper posture and efficient movement patterns should be acquired as an integral part of the Physical Education (PE) curriculum in the school system. We explored the attitudes of teacher's college students towards the incorporation of ergonomic programs into the school's PE curriculum. In order to clarify the parameters that affect these attitudes we also studied the relation of these attitudes to the participants' knowledge-level in ergonomic-related subjects, and whether these attributes can be improved via ergonomic intervention programs. Two different ergonomic intervention programs were constructed and administered to the experimental populations: A major program for PE majors, who are expected to teach the proposed ergonomic curriculum in the school system, and a minor program for students of other disciplines who are expected, as future teachers to support and promote proper ergonomic behavior in the school. The overall research population was 328. The results fully confirmed the main research hypotheses, that the participants' attitudes toward the incorporation of ergonomic educational programs into the school curriculum are positive and are highly correlated with the participants' knowledge-level in ergonomic-related subjects, and hence can be improved following intervention programs.


Based on the material of the Schrenk's spruce (Picea schrenkiana F. et. M.) from the MSU Botanical Garden, time series of radial growth and dated chronologies of this spruce species were obtained for the first time. A previously developed specific method of cross-dating of tree-ring chronologies has been tested, which is suitable for obtaining dendrochronological information in species growing at the extreme limits of introduction. Fallen annual rings were found in a number of trees in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010. The main adverse effect on the growth of the Schrenk's spruce took place in 2007, after which each tree had a different number of annual rings (depending on the strength of the damage). By the method of climagrams, it was found that the main adverse effect in 2007 was caused by increased temperatures in January, frosts in February and the subsequent drought at the beginning of the growing season.


We compare the performance of a ultrawideband implantable antenna when immersed in a liquid homogeneous phantom and in a multilayer phantom. The goal is to assess how good the simple liquid phantom is to represent the real body over a broad bandwidth. We evaluate not only the frequency-domain parameters - input reflection (s11) and transmission coefficients (s21) - but also the performance of the antenna in the time domain - pulse fidelity and window containing 90% of the pulse energy. The results show a good resemblance between both phantom results, suggesting that liquid homogeneous phantoms may be enough to test the performance of this type of antennas and potentially simplify the measurement setup.


Amplify-and-Forward (AF) is a simple but effective relaying concept for multihop networks that combines transparency regarding modulation format and coding scheme with ease of implementation. Recently, a spatial filter design for MIMO AF relays was proposed that allows for capacity gains when having i.i.d. Rayleigh fading channels and full channel knowledge available at the relay station. In this paper, correlated MIMO channels are considered and spatial filter designs for partial channel knowledge at the relay station are considered. It appears that for correlated MIMO channels, it becomes essential to spatially filter the signal at the relay station in order to avoid implicit beamforming into wrong directions


To solve the problems of poor quality of service and low energy efficiency of nodes in underwater multinode communication networks, a distributed power allocation algorithm based on reinforcement learning is proposed. The transmitter with reinforcement learning capability can select the power level autonomously to achieve the goal of getting higher user experience quality with lower power consumption. Firstly, we propose a distributed power optimization model based on the Markov decision process. Secondly, we further give a reward function suitable for multiobjective optimization. Finally, we present a distributed power allocation algorithm based on Q-learning and use it as an adaptive mechanism to enable each transmitter in the network to adjust the transmit power according to its own environment. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm not only increases the total channel capacity of the system but also improves the energy efficiency of each transmitter.


On Orson Welles's 1952 film adaptation of Shakespeare's Othello, the New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther wrote, "We wish that Mr. Welles ... could recognize that people, not walking shadows, populate Shakespeare's plays" (qtd. in Anderegg 113). Considering the dramatic chiaroscuro effect ana sustained Modernist aesthetic that permeate the cinematic style of Welles's Othello, as well as the aura of "high" culture shadowing Shakespeare, it is hardly surprising that Crowther made such a defensive observation. This reveals an argument, however, which functions at a deeper level than mere personal taste; here is an implication that "people" and "shadows" are essentially at odds in this adaptation. In other words, the assumption appears to be that the elements of the film's diegesis (the characters, in this case) are somehow struggling for visual dominance over cinematic form (Welles's abstract and symbolic use of shadow), which is constantly drawing attention to itself. Adapting Shakespeare's Othello for film unearths many anxieties as to balancing the supremacy of "the text"-still marketed as a badge of respectability, as the DVD cover of Oliver Parker's Othello (1995) proudly boasts-with the signifying powers of a visual medium that acts as mediator between the narrative and the audience. Yet upon examining the symbolic weight of shadow, darkness, black pigment, and other such "black" spaces where meaning is generated in Welles's Othello, there begins to emerge organic connections between the systems of signification used by text and film, by narrative and cinematic form.Othello's racial and cultural otherness, as it is negotiated in Shakespeare's text and manifest in its complex treatment of the protagonist, has become a discourse translated into cinematic form, reconfigured rather than lost, through a visual code. Lighting choices create a particular visual configuration in relation to character. What Christian Metz refers to as the kind of filmic articulation where it is "the denotation itself that is being constructed, organized, and to a certain extent codified" ("Some Points" 68) offers a method of working through Othello's blackness in film adaptation, just as the text does so through its identity discourse. Blackness ana darkness, shadows and silhouettes in film set up a visual system of signifying Othello's otherness in two ways: black as difference, and Hack as absence or lack, as a space open to mimicry and normalization. It is this marginal yet fatally assimilable position that Welles rearticulates through Othello's shadowed, displaced, and "empty" spaces. The play's racial discourse is thus not so much minimized as an issue, but reconfigured into film syntax: the constituents of a film's mechanism that generate supra-textual meaning, such as lighting, shot type, and montage. Rick Altman helpfully coins tne phrase "meaning-bearing structures" (557) in defining filmic syntax; Metz refers to them as "cinematographic signifying figures that constitute specialized codes" ("Problems" 73). Even prior to the Modernist and film noir traditions that Welles's style stems from, this correlation between the mechanism behind the image and the diegesis was strong. Andre Bazin identifies this interdependence from the onset of German Expressionist Cinema. Though critical of Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) for its over-fondness for the baroaue, Bazin links its cinematic language to Weimar filmmakers Fritz Lang and Robert Weine-to when, in the absence of sound, the "expressionism of montage and image constituted the essence of cinema" (44). Composition carried the burden of narrative to a great extent, with light ana darkness operating simultaneously as signifier as well as the signified. In the expressionist cinema, the chosen language was visual, and Welles's Othello is no exception to the many manifestations of this organic link between the visual and the narrative in filmmaking. The use of black as a visual code shows the issue of race can be abstracted in adaptations of Othello, for this allows its treatment in the play to continue through filmic signification. …


We present a theoretical study of server-side optimization in federated learning. Our results are the first to show that the widely popular heuristic of scaling the client updates with an extra parameter is extremely useful in the context of Federated Averaging (FedAvg) with local passes over the client data. In particular, we prove that whenever the local stepsizes are small and the update direction is given by FedAvg over all clients, one can take a big leap in the obtained direction and improve rates for convex, strongly convex, and non-convex objectives. Especially, we get enhancement in non-convex rate of convergence fromO(ε−3) toO(ε−2). In contrast, if the local stepsizes are large, we prove that the noise of client sampling can be controlled by using a small server-side stepsize. Together, our results on the advantage of large and small server-side stepsizes give a formal justification for the practice of adaptive server-side optimization in federated learning. Moreover, we consider a variant of algorithm that supports partial client participation where only a subset of devices communicates in each round, which makes the method more practical.


New stratigraphic data, collected in the last few years in the post-Variscan/pre-Norian successions of the Northern Apennines and their regional and ultra-regional correlations, give a more detailed reconstruction of the sedimentary-tectonic evolution of the Tuscan Domain during the Late "Autunian"-Carnian time interval. Four mainly siliciclastic sedimentary sequences with basal unconformities were defined: a) Asciano sequence (late "Autunian"-"Saxonian" pp.) represented mainly by purple continental fanglomerates, rhyolitic volcanics and related exhalative products (tourmalinite Auctt.); b) Fregione-Castelnuovo sequence (Late Permian) characterized by volcanic-rich fluvial red beds; c) Punta Bianca sequence (Late Scythian/Early Anisian to Ladinian pp.) consisting in a continental to marine cycle with WPB effusions and volcanoclastics; d) Mts. Pisani sequence (Late Ladinian-Carnian) represented by basal alluvial units grading upward into coastal-deltaic sediments which are followed by those the Late Triassic-Liassic carbonate platforms. Moreover, Late Permian marine environments were of recognised in southeastern and southern Tuscany. The unconformities between the sedimentary sequences have been related to tectonic events (the Saalian, Palatine, Late Scythian/Early Anisian and Late Ladinian events) which testify repeated strong extensional or trans-tensional-pressional activity within the Tuscan mobile belt from Late "Autunian" to Late Ladinian, when the Alpidic regional rifting began to develop.


 Dapoxetine is the first oral treatment for premature ejaculation (PE) to be licensed in the UK.  It is a short-acting SSRI which can be taken when required up to 1-3 hours prior to anticipated sexual intercourse, no more than once a day. It is not intended for continuous daily dosing and should only be used by men who meet specific criteria. Use of dapoxetine is contra-indicated in a number of medical conditions (such as cardiovascular) and with certain medications (such as those affecting serotonin release or CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitors).  Efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in five phase 3 placebo-controlled studies. The primary endpoint, intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT), was increased from a baseline mean of 0.9 minutes to 3.5-4.2 minutes with dapoxetine. A change of at least 1 minute in IELT was perceived by the men to be clinically meaningful to them.  Significant improvements in PE with dapoxetine were also evidenced by the more subjective secondary endpoints of patient-reported outcomes. These included control of PE, satisfaction with sexual intercourse, personal distress relating to ejaculation and interpersonal difficulties relating to ejaculation, as well as how the patient perceived improvements in PE.  The main adverse events seen in the trials were nausea, dizziness and headache.  The cost of dapoxetine, used 3-6 times a month, is significantly higher than that of other SSRIs used off-label.


The paper considers the macro parameters of innovation activity in the BRICS countries. The article determines the strategy of transnational corporation's behavior in the field of creation and a transfer of new knowledge. It means that the drivers of these processes are the companies of the developed countries (the USA, Europe and Japan). The reason for this is that knowledge "is in a special way coded" that is the participants of its exchange have to be in similar intellectual space; therefore, there is a transfer of the intellectual capital, which created and has been saved up in the home countries of transnational corporations, to their divisions in developing countries. Nevertheless, the market-leading Brazilian corporations take part in the world knowledge-creation chains, build own networks, satisfy the branches needs in regard to technological decisions and personnel training.


Colorectal cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal, invasive cell growth beginning in the colon or rectum. The third most common type of cancer worldwide, approximately one million new cases of the disease are diagnosed across the globe annually, resulting in an estimated 700,000+ deaths. One major risk factor associated with development of colorectal cancer is the presence of chronic inflammation in the large intestine, also known as colitis. Inflammation is a complex immune response against harmful stimuli, characterized by symptoms including heat, redness, swelling and pain. One important molecular mediator of this process is interleukin 17 (IL-17), a proinflammatory cytokine. While acute inflammation is a useful defensive response against invading pathogens, the presence of chronic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of tumorigenesis. Colorectal cancer is frequently observed to metastasize from the colon to the liver, the body's largest storage site of copper, after which it becomes significantly more difficult to treat effectively. Copper is a trace nutrient required by all living systems, due to its ability to participate in one-electron exchange reactions, a vital mechanism of ubiquitous biological processes. STEAP4, a cell membrane protein, is a copper reductase. In this thesis, data are presented that show that colon cancer cells in which STEAP4 is overexpressed take up more copper from their environment than colon cancer


Hypersonic flow over a three-dimensional 30–55 deg double wedge is investigated for three different conditions of varying enthalpy and Reynolds number with nitrogen as the test gas. Streamwise and ...


FAround the world employment of women on an equal bases allows companies, industries and countries to make better use of the available talent pool, generally with potential growth implication. In Japan, since 2013, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has been a ceaseless advocate for the increase in the number of female employees for the revival of the economy, and many governmental programs in support of working women have been put in place. However, the traditional Japanese management systems of lifetime employment, enterprise unions, seniority systems, together with a group-oriented and risk-adverse orientation make things change slowly. In Romania, the second country analyzed in this article, women entrepreneurs also face professional stereotypes, difficulties in getting specific jobs, traditional prejudices and a collective mentality related to women's place in society. This article explores and compares how Romanian and Japanese cultures, societies, and economies have either encouraged, or discouraged, the growth of female entrepreneurship on their own territories, and analyzes how the best emerging female executives can be supported in the future in order to maximize their potential. The analysis is based on the data provided by OECD, the World Bank, the Global entrepreneurship monitor, Japan statistics, the legislations of the two countries and the literature related to the two social environments. The findings indicate that although there are many similarities between the two countries, the percentage of female executives in Japan is much smaller than the one in Romania. This is due to the fact that Japan, with all the governmental programs in action, for the moment, still has a stricter social and work environment, a weaker maternity and childcare legislation and a higher gender gap.


This paper describes a query-based composition algorithm that can integrate an ARPA format language model in the unified WFST framework, which avoids the memory and time cost of converting the language models to WFST and optimizing the WFST of language models. The proposed algorithm is applied to on-the-fly one-pass decoder and rescoring decoder. Both modified decoder require less memory during decoding on different scale of language models. What's more, query-based on-the-fly one-pass decoder nearly has the same decoding speed as standard one and query-based rescoring decoder even use less time to rescore the lattice. Because of these advantages, large-scale language models can be applied by query-based composition algorithm to improve the performance of large vocabulary continuous speech recognition.


Corona Virus Disease-2019 or COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by a variant of the Coronavirus family. This disease has surfaced from Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has spread to more than two hundred countries and territories in World infecting millions of people around the globe. Pakistan is among top 30 countries, which are severely hit by this pandemic. The numbers of infected cases are increasing at rapid pace. To counteract the rapid spread of this contagion, Government of Pakistan has imposed a partial lockdown in the country since 23rd March 2020. Healthcare services are one of the essential services, which are working at its plausible capacity even under these restrictions. Nuclear medicine being a part of healthcare services has to rapidly embrace the shifting paradigms of patient care. New guidelines and standard operating procedures need to be developed to continue essential nuclear medicine services to prevent spread of this highly transmittable infection among staff and patients. These recommendations and guidelines should be safe, reasonably practical, and in line with the international, national, and hospital policies to combat COVID-19. This article offers a few suggestions and recommendations for efficient and safe delivery of nuclear medicine services. Received: 20 April 2020 Accepted: 21 April 2020 Type of Article: SHORT COMMUNICATION https://doi.org/10.24911/PJNMed.175-1587355781 Correspondence to: Shazia Fatima *Consultant Nuclear Physician and Head of Department of Nuclear Medicine & Pathology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine, Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute (NORI), Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: email@example.com Full list of author information is available at the end of the article. Introduction Coronavirus was discovered in 1960 by a group of virologists lead by Tyrrell et al. [1]. Corona viruses comprise of a diverse family of enveloped RNA viruses [2]. It has the potential to infect a broad range of hosts and causes serious health problems related to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems in animals and humans. Since the identification of Coronavirus, almost seven decades back, many subtypes of this virus have been identified. The initial association of coronavirus with the human respiratory tract pathology was reported in late 1960s [3]. In December 2019, China reported a series of cases with respiratory symptoms and atypical pneumonias in Wuhan. Upon further investigation, the causative organism was found to be a variant of Coronavirus family [4]. This virus was named as SARS-CoV2 by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [5]. World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th February 2020 named the disease caused by this virus as Corona Virus disease-2019 with an acronym of COVID-19 [6]. It causes acute febrile illness with respiratory distress syndrome. WHO has declared it as pandemic. So far this, pandemic has spread in more than 200 countries and territories of the world and has infected 2,314,621 people and resulted in 157,847 deaths according to the daily situation report issued by WHO on 20th April 2020 [7]. COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease and spread is postulated to be through respiratory droplets or fomites. The published data showed that this virus has an incubation period of 0–14 days (mean of 5.1 days) with symptoms usually appearing between days 5 and 10. An alarming aspect about this infection is that the patient is shedding viruses in initial asymptomatic phase and is highly infective [8]. Throughout the world, healthcare workers are exposed to this highly contagious pandemic. Steps like personal hygiene and social distancing of one meter have been recommended to reduce the spread of this contagion. To counteract the extensive spread of this infection, almost all the countries and regions of the world have imposed partial or full lockdowns. However, these lockdown policies are not imposed on many of the essential services like healthcare facilities. Healthcare workers have an increased risk of exposure since they are; most exposed to confirmed cases, need to be in proximity to treat, and perform procedures that might be associated with aerosolization from the patient. Nuclear medicine, being a part of the imaging services of many healthcare facilities, is also facing a number of challenges due to prevailing uncertainties. Although these challenges are similar to general radiology, yet they are different in many ways. These differences are related to relative non-urgency of the nuclear medicine scanning, nonavailability of portable equipment, injected patient's OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS


Objectives. To study sensitivity, accuracy and specificity of preand intraoperative cytological examination of the nodular goiter, and also the reasons of false positive and false negative results of the cytological examination. Methods. The results analysis of surgical treatment of 933 patients with different forms of nodular goiter for a 3-year period (2007-2009) was carried out. Data of the fine needle aspiration biopsies (Fnab) and intraoperative cytological examination were compared with the results of histological examination of the operative material. Results. Preoperative cytological examination appeared to be informative in 915 cases out of 933 or in 98, 1%. The application of the preoperative complex as well as intraoperative cytological examination permitted to determine correctly the character of the thyroid gland lesion, its morphological form and on the basis of these data to choose an adequate volume of the operation in 94, 6% of observations. False positive results of the cytological conclusions on the thyroid gland cancer were in 22 patients (2, 3%), false negative results were in 29 patients (3,1%).Intraoperative cytological examination of the touch smears permitted to improve diagnostics results and to verify the malignant tumor in 16 more patients with the thyroid gland cancer. Coincidence of the data of preand intraoperative diagnostics with postoperative planned histological examination composed 91, 1% at the thyroid gland cancer, 86, 8% at the nodular colloid goiter, 54, 2% at autoimmune thyroiditis. Conclusions. The performed research certified that up to present one has faced difficulties in the preoperative verification of the nodular growths of the thyroid gland. There are no special techniques permitting to exclude the malignant nodular tumor growth before the operation absolutely certainly. Complex application of the preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy with the consequent obligatory intraoperative cytological examination contributed to the improvement of diagnostics quality of the nodular goiter and permitted to choose an optimal type and volume of the operation.


Teaching supervision is an important part of the management in most colleges and universities.In this article, we analysis the needs of system, and then present the B/S design and implement of the teaching supervision management information system, and at last discuss the key technology about importing the EXCEL data into SQL Server database in C#.NET.


For over a generation now (in Protestant circles) natural theology has fallen on evil days. Barth has stamped ruthlessly on every attempt to ground the Christian faith in any form of general knowledge. 'Back to the biblical faith' became his watchword. Bultmann likewise scorned Weltanschauung as the importation of Stoicism into the non-philosophical Christian faith. Between Barth's biblical theology and Bultmann's existentialism there was such a strong bond of common hostility to general revelation that natural theology was rejected outright—for natural theology is most properly defined as any knowledge of God, His will and His ways, based on man's general experience, knowledge, and reason. Lately, however, for good or ill, there are some signs of return. The thrust of Kierkegaard's anti-rational and antiempirical polemic is being broken both as its newness wears off and as its negativity stands naked before us. The anti-theological as well as the an ti-metaphysical drive of linguistic philosophy is slowing down, and there is even evident most recently a somewhat more constructive mood and method within this philosophical position. The power of Tillich's position, in sharp contrast, has been partly due to a bold system holding that, while recognising the truths inherent in both Barth's anti-liberal stand and Bultmann's existential interpretation of the Christian faith, nevertheless dares to base itself on the fulness of the facts of experience and of human history. Tillich's positive and inclusive approach is commending itself to a fast expanding circle of thinkers.


This talk outlines the current state, promise and some safety concerns of direct imaging of tissue morphology and disease using nonlinear excitation of tissue fluorescence, chemotherapy agents and SHG signals as diagnostic clinical signals.


Modern changes in society affect various areas of human activity. The education process is also included in the process of active transformation and is aimed at training a competent specialist in all areas of their activity. Today, it is not enough for an artist-designer to simply be able to portray, it is necessary to possess information and computer technologies at a sufficiently high level, to be able to navigate in a safe information field and protect their information. This article is devoted to this. The article presents the works of students.


This paper introduces the research of biodegradable plastics,especially totally biodegradable starch plastics including thermoplastic starch plastics,starch/biodegradable polymer blends,and starch/natural polymer blends.It focused on the principle and advantage of thermoplastic starch plastics as well as the selection and matching of plasticizer,the properties of the starch based blends with PBS,PVA,PCL,PLA,cellulose,lignin,and protein.The current challenge of total biodegradable starch plastics was analyzed.The prospect of total biodegradable starch plastics was given.


The article examines the significance of the relationship between the Rainbow Serpent and fire in the rituals of the Warramunga (Warumungu) devoted to the Serpent Wollunqua. The myth of the passage of the Wollunqua is closely related to that of the first lighting of fire. The ritual cycle observed by B. Spencer and F. J. Gillen encodes the exchangeability of the two halves (moieties): Kingilli and Uluuru in the organisation of rituals, associating them with the transition from the domination of the symbolism of water (Wollunqua) to that of fire (Mountain Devil). The symbols of the transition are characteristic paraphernalia: the Mini-imburu mound and the Kingilli Miniurka, made from wands. The wintari pole, buried in the land by representatives of the eastern quoll clan, is associated in myth with the Wollunqua's rearing into a vertical position, between walking on the surface of the land and digging into it. According to the myth, the Wollunqua, raised into the sky, saw a great fire and had to escape to its home. As a result, the rituals of the Wollunqua designate a fundamental cyclical change: rainy season ↔ dry season.


Despite intensive prophylactic and pre-emptive measures, infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Disruption of the gut microbiota has been linked to clinical outcomes after adult allo-HCT. The objective was to evaluate whether these or differing microbiota disruptions or signatures were associated with risk of infection in pediatric allo-HCT. In a prospective observational study, fecal samples from 74 children were collected prior to conditioning and at the time of neutrophil recovery and profiled by means of 16S ribosomal rRNA sequencing. The associations between microbiome signatures and infections or acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) were examined using Cox proportional-hazards analysis. Previously associated indices of microbiome disruption in adults, including diversity and butyrate producer frequency, did not predict infection risk in pediatric allo-HCT. Unique microbiota signatures were associated with different infections or aGVHD. A ratio of strict and facultative anaerobes (e.g. Lachnoclostridium, Parabacteroides, Clostridium spp.) prior to conditioning predicted likelihood of bacteremia (cox hazards ratio 3.89) in first year post HCT. A distinct ratio of oral (e.g. Rothia, Veillonella spp.) to colonic anaerobes (e.g. Anaerobutyricum, Dorea, Romboutsia spp.) at neutrophil recovery predicted likelihood of bacterial infections (cox hazards ratio 1.81) and viral enterocolitis (cox hazards ratio 1.96) through first year post transplant. Interactions between medical interventions, pediatric hosts and microbial communities may be responsible for these consistent microbiota signatures that predict infections. A future multi-center investigation will be needed to demonstrate whether these ratios can be generalized to other pediatric cohorts.


Motivated by commercial interests, huge amounts of large billboards were standing up along the city streets, which has becoming a serious security risk for the urban residents. Because of this, the real time monitoring for these billboards has been paid more attention by the department of municipal management. As traditional supervisory methods tend to give priority to artificial inspections, which was time-consuming and labor intensive. For resolving this kind of problem, a monitoring and early warning method for large billboards based on tilt sensors was proposed in this paper, and monitoring and early warning system were developed as well, which can be used to collect, query the real-time monitoring information of inclined angle of large billboards and make an early alerts when the inclined angle exceeds a certain value. As such, this system can provide a service of broadcasting the real time early warning information to the city managers or public.


The quadhelix and transpalatal arch (TPA) have some similar functions including anchorage reinforcement, molar rotation/torque/intrusion/expansion/contraction and digit dissuasion. Additional functions of the quadhelix include total arch expansion, unilateral expansion, selective canine/premolar/incisor expansion. Numerous makes of removable preformed quadhelices/TPA's are now available, aimed at reducing laboratory costs, simplifying clinical adjustment and improving orthodontic mechanics due to altered design or metallurgy.


Conventional methods of preparation and thin and disbundling were studied anatomy and topography of bronchial branches of the vagus nerve in some species of fur-bearing animals (rabbit, nutria, mink, sable, arctic fox, fox). The species characteristics of topography and branching of the bronchial branches of the vagus nerve, as well as the structure of the pulmonary nerve plexus were established.


ABSTRACT:This article explores the subjectivity of two Francophone black African women's in/visibility. Through Ousmane Sembène's film La noire de … and Henriette Akofa's novel Une esclave moderne, I pivot the ways the two works mirror the protagonists' isolating experience emblematized by the in/visibility that many migratory black women live across transnational spaces on both sides of the Atlantic, a crisis that takes its most palpable and sometimes deadly turn through a socially and ethically oppressive in/visibility. Inspired in part by the work of Renée Larrier (2000) and Françoise Lionnet (1995) in postcolonial Francophone contexts and theoretical works in Anglophone spaces like Samantha Pinto's Difficult Diasporas: The Transnational Feminist Aesthetic of the Black Atlantic (2013). I examine how laboring black women's oppression born of transnational migration informs the states and spaces of in/visibility. Ultimately, this article interweaves, in the transnational context across Francophone and sometimes Anglophone spaces, the fictional accounts of perpetual servitude of black women.


We investigate the possibility of frequency chirping of single mode diode laser selfinjection locked to WGMR via driving current modulation. Maximum frequency deviation of LD locked to WGMR is measured as well as backward wave phase impact on LD linewidth.


Effects on Oxygen Consumption and Metabolic Gene Expression when Determining Experimental Exercise Intensity Based on Exercise Capacity Tests Conducted in Hypoxic and Normoxic Environments
Exercise intensities utilized in experimental designs are usually determined relative to maximal aerobic capacity (i.e. 65% VO2 max). This becomes a challenge when studying the effects of hypoxia and altitude versus normoxic control conditions since acute hypoxia decreases VO2 max when compared to normoxic conditions. Endurance trained individuals with an average sea level VO2 max of 65.5 ml x kg-1 min-1 would be projected to have an average VO2 max at 2500 m of 57.7 ml x kg-1 min-1, or a 7.8% decrease.


Objective: To describe a well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma (WDPM) detected incidentally at laparoscopic myomectomy.Design: Case seriesPatient: A 36-year-old asymptomatic female with uterine myomas and WDPM of the peritoneum, but no history of asbestos exposure.Intervention: Laparoscopic diagnosis, excision, and treatment of WDPM and uterine myomas.Result: During laparoscopic surgery for uterine myomas, we discovered a scattering of papillary nodules, 2.0 cm or less in size, studding the abdominal cavity serosa. The ovary was of normal size. Laparoscopic myomectomy and cytoreduction were executed to the extent possible. Histopathology confirmed our gross diagnosis of leiomyoma and WDPM. WDPM is rare subtype of peritoneal mesothelioma, marked by indolent behavior and a potential for malignant transformation. We thus referred the patient for specialty evaluation. Conclusion: Presurgical radiography of this WDPM was not helpful. Its presence was an unexpected finding during laparoscopic surgery, for which immediate cytoreduction was performed. Because WDPM usually carries a favorable prognosis after cytoreduction, without need of adjuvant therapy, distinguishing it from malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is critical.


Ethanolic plant extracts of Citrullus colocynthis (Tumba), Tephrosia purpurea (Sarpfonk) and Balanites aegypticaa (Hingotaa) were tested for their repellent effect against stored grain pest Triboilum castaneum (red flour beetle) under the laboratory conditions. Area preference method (Obeng-Ofori et al., 1998) was adopted to test the efficacy of plant extracts. The results revealed that all the tested plant materials had repellent effects at different concentrations against the test insect. Ethanolic extract of Citrullus showed maximum repellency (0) @ 5% concentration for 90 minutes followed by Citrullus+Balanites (0.06), Tephrosia (0.12), Tephrosia+Balanites (0.32), Balanites (0.46) and Tephrosia+ Citrullus (0.46).


The median filter performs well as long as the spatial density of the impulse noise is not large. However the adaptive switching median filtering can handle impulse noise with probabilities even larger than these. An additional benefit of the adaptive switching median filter is that it seeks to preserve edges while smoothing nonimpulse noise. Considering the high level of noise, the adaptive algorithm performs quite well. The choice of maximum allowed window size depends on the application. In which it compares each pixel with surrounding neighbour pixels. If a pixel is different from neighbourhood is labelled as impulse noise. those noise pixels are replaced by median pixel value. Such that edges are preserved and it smoothens the other noises also. Keywords— median filter; impulse noise; adaptive switching; median pixel; window level.


This paper presents the research work addressing optimal secure and protected Multicasting in wired and wireless Hierarchical Sensor Networks (HSN). The multicast nodes in a hierarchical set up are associated with†Importance values†that are normalized into probabilities. The security constraint imposed is associated with the concept of "Prefix-free paths†in the associated graph. The optimality constraint is to minimize the average path length based on hop count from root node to multicast nodes. The paper also discusses doubly optimal secure multicasting. A practical Hierarchical Sensor Network is described. Some conditions for satisfying the Kraft inequality are also discussed.


When Francis Collins enrolled at Yale University to earn a doctorate in physical chemistry, he considered the field of biology to be "chaotic and unpredictable." However, a biochemistry course unexpectedly sparked his interest and led him to develop the positional cloning technique that he subsequently used to identify the disease-causing mutations for cystic fibrosis, neurofibromatosis, and Huntington disease. The JBC Classic reprinted here follows up on some of Collins' initial cystic fibrosis research, investigating the regulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.


The growth in the commercial use of the Internet and the proliferation of new Web information services has led to a number of problems - overloaded servers, traffic congestion and increasing client latencies. Dynamic replication of information among geographically distributed Web servers is commonly used to address such problems of scale. A key challenge for such systems is to maintain an efficient and scalable redirection service that tracks the servers where documents are replicated and assigns each client request to a server that can offer the "best" service. We propose a new scheme for maintaining redirection services in Web-based information systems. The proposed scheme is based on adaptive replication of the entries of the location directory that provides the redirection service. Network-level support enables client requests to be redirected to appropriate servers in a quick and efficient manner. We integrate our scheme with a dynamic object replication protocol proposed in the literature. Simulations based on synthetic workloads and the Internet backbone map of CRL Network Services demonstrate that the replicated redirection service delivers significant improvements in terms of client response time, while successfully eliminating hot spots in the network and imposing minimal traffic overhead.


This third article to appear in "Electrical Engineering" on the problem of producing engineers in wartime nominates the Engineering, Science, and Management War Training Program as a workable plan for securing leaders for the production line. Articles describing the Army Specialized Training Program and the Navy College Training Program which have already been put into operation appeared in the March issue.


The population dynamics of sapota chiku moth, Nephopteryx eugraphella Rogonot (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) infesting in relation to weather parameters was carried out on sapota variety viz., Kalipatti, at Horticultural Instructional Farm, Department of Horticulture, MPKV, Rahuri, during 2016-17 and 2017-18. The incidence of chiku moth, N. eugraphella recorded higher in rainy season from June to September (5.0 to 16.5 larvae /50 twig) than remaining months with highest population during 28th MW. The leaf damage also observed higher (17.64 to 43.29 %) during the period from June to October than remaining months with maximum leaf infestation during 27th MW. The correlation between incidence of chiku moth and weather parameters indicated that the relationship was positively correlated with minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, wind velocity and rainfall. Whereas, maximum temperature and sunshine hours found negatively correlated with the larval population as well as per cent leaf damage.


Objective:To explore the method of establishment of the abdominal cavity metastasis model of cisplatin-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells in nude mice.Methods:Human ovarian carcinous cell strain 3AO cells and cisplatin-resistant cell strain 3AO/cDDP cells were cultured in vitro. Nude mice were planted with 3AO and 3AO/cDDP cells 4×10 6 in abdominal cavity respectively, then were divided into 2 groups at random in 96 h, treated with intraperitoneal injection of normal saline and cDDP. The rate of tumor formation, survival period,survival prolong rate of tumor-bearing nude mice were evaluated. LRP and MRP gene expression were estimated by flow cytometry (FCM). Tumor was examined with pathological diagnosis.Results:The tumor formation rates of 3AO and 3AO/cDDP cells in nude mice were equal, P0.05. Compared with 3AO/cDDP, cDDP could prolong the survival period and enhance the survival prolong rate of 3AO tumor-bearing nude mice, P0.05. LRP and MRP gene expression level in 3AO/cDDP metastasis tumor were significantly higher than that in 3AO metastasis tumor,P 0.05.Pathological morphological observation indicated metastasis tumor with malignant phenotype.Conclusions:The abdominnal cavity metastasis nude mice model of human ovarian carcinoma cells could maintained cisplatin-resistant quality.


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Problem wastes are defined as those wastes which are solidified with difficulty, have poor volumetric efficiencies or produce an unsatisfactory product, demands much of radiation safety of technological process. These wastes are organic liquid (oil, solvents, extractants, scintillation cocktail and others), high containing surface-active substances, subacid aqueous saline and high containing alpha nuclides LRW. The technology consists in as follows. First of all, porous concrete is prepared by a special mixer and placed into a container. The container is the standard drum 100 or 200 l. At the age-hardening of concrete not less than 28 days, when main hydration processes are finished, problem LRW is pumped into the pore space of the porous concrete matrix through previously positioned the special feed tube. The hardened porous concrete matrix is impregnated with problem liquid radioactive wastes which penetrate into the pore space. Depending on kind of LRW contents of waste in the final product has made 50–65% vol. The final conditioning product has meet requirements. LRW is fixed very reliable inside pores of the cement matrix.© 2009 ASME


Vasculitis is characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessels. Small vessel vasculitis may be limited just to the eye. Retinal vasculitis may be found with or as the direct consequence of a large number of other diseases ranging from systemic lupus erythematosis to multiple sclerosis. Often no association is found. In ophthalmology, a positive ANCA test is found most commonly when the ocular syndrome is part of a systemic Wegener's granulomatosis. The presence of specific serological markers such as the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) can help to determine the cause of a retinal vasculitis (van der Woude et al. 1985). In 1982, Davies et al. first described antibodies of predominantly I g G class specific to neutrophil cytoplasm (ANCA) in 8 patients with segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis associated with a systemic vasculitis. van der Woude et al. (1985) 3 years later showed the high sensitivity (78-100%) and high specificity of the ANCA in the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis and also its correlation with disease activity. The ANCA was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence method, but an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified primary granules of myeloperoxidase as antigens, is also used (Savage et al. 1987). Immunofluorescence results in three different staining patterns, c, p or diffuse, depending on which component of the neutrophil cytoplasm reacts with the antibody. The classical or c-ANCA pattern is normally due to the c-ANCA antibody binding with the proteinase 3 contained in the neutrophils' primary granules (Luderman et al. 1990). A multiplicity of antigenic targets (myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsin, lactofen-in) is responsible for the p-ANCA pattern and this occurs when antigen reacts with antibodies during the ethanol fixing stage (Falk & Jenette 1988). The diffuse pattern is a non-specific reaction and is due to an excess of different antibodies. Only the c-ANCA and p-ANCA patterns are positives. A positive ANCA test with the immunofluorescence method should be followed by antigen-specific assays, in particular for antibodies to proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase. The diagnostic value of antibodies to proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase has been well established. However, many sera are positive for c-ANCA by immunofluerence but negative for anti-proteinase 3 including from those from mycobacterial infections and HIV infections (Davenport 1992; Davenport & Grant 1991) and infective endocarditis (Wagner et al. 1991). Similarly, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, auto-immune liver disease and juvenile chronic arthritis may give a positive p-ANCA pattern on immunoflourescence, but is negative when using myeloperoxidase as the specific antigen in solid-phase assays. These observations are still to be fully explained. At present, the clinical implications of a positive p-ANCA are uncertain. The p-ANCA is positive sometimes in disease l i i t e d to the eye. Young (1991) identified 14 such patients when he studied 98 patients with various types of uveitis. It was noted that a positive ANCA test was associated with acute or recurrent rather than chronic uveitis. The prime use of the ANCA test in ophthalmology is in the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. In patients with the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis (disease found only at one site), only 60% may have a positive c-ANCA test. The c-ANCA may also occur in microscopic polyarteritis nodosa and in Kawasaki's vasculitis. Granulomas give relatively non-specific histological findings. Occasionally it is difficult to distinguish sarcoidosis from Wegener's granulomatosis, especially if the granuloma is the only finding. Here the ANCA test will indicate whether Wegener's granuloma is possible. For patients with an anterior scleritis or an undiagnosed vasculitis in or around the eye a positive test might suggest a systemic vasculitis. Episcleritis was found in 24% of patients with microscopic polyarteritis. Occasionally it is the presenting disorder. Whilst microscopic polyarteritis invariably has systemic features the diagnosis is worth considering in an ill patient with episcleritis. The ANCA test may help here. There are some patients with just a uveitis who have positive ANCAs. Usually this finding does not specify a cause, but raises the suspicion of a vasculitis, requiring the search for other features of Wegener's granulomatosis or microscopic polyarteritis. In summary, the ANCA test should be requested in any obscure inflammatory condition in or around the eye, i.e. granuloma, scleritis, uveitis or vasculitis. The final role of the ANCA test in immunology is not yet determined. In ophthalmology it may occasionally be useful in suggesting a diagnosis in patients with one of the above problems. Given the paucity of useful immunological tests in these situations this represents a small but real gain.


Abstract An overview of the way in which computers and computing came to be applied in a legal context, and the ways in which they developed.