Transport of intensive care unit (ICU) patients within the hospital has been associated with a high rate of potentially detrimental complications. The events of adverse incidents remain high and constitute a significant risk for the transport of critically ill ICU patients20. Intrahospital transport of critically ill patients is often necessary for optimal patient care and it is a challenging task21. Protecting critically ill patients from harm by constant monitoring and prompt intervention is a primary responsibility of nurses in the intensive care unit (ICU) 12. Our study aims to design an intrahospital appurtenance using Delphi technique to prevent and manage such potential problems occurring during intrahospital transport of critically ill patients. This descriptive survey was conducted in selected 10 hospitals to check the existing practices of intrahospital transport from ICU to diagnostic departments between February 2015 & February 2016. A total of 11 Delphi experts were included in the study. The difference in CV values between two rounds of Delphi ranged between 0.02 to 0.07 indicating a strong stability for each item included to design an intrahospital transport appurtenance. Henceforth the above study showed that to provide safe transfer and continue treatment during transport, an intrahospital transport appurtenance which can be mounted on a dedicated ICU beds would be valuable during the transport. Having such an appurtenance would be useful in day to day practice. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 21-02-2019 Date of acceptance:08-03-2019 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Religious authority and its relation to the mundane, and especially to the domains of politics and the state, is a perennial issue of sociological and theological concern. Within the Islamic world, my focus here, this issue takes particular form, inflected through the powerful trope of the shari'ah (Arabic, sharī'ah), most commonly glossed in English as "Islamic law," although God's right "way" through life potentially addresses every aspect of human life. This comprehensiveness, conjoined with the "openness" that the shari'ah's nominally divine and hence, in the final analysis, inscrutable source entails, has consequences for the ways in which one might imagine a state that grounded its legitimacy in following that right path. Brinkley Messick's (1993) monograph The Calligraphic State has provided a now classic exploration of such a polity in North Yemen, and its transformations under modernization. His analysis of these processes turns on a central image: the shift from a "calligraphic," that is, personalized form of "textual domination," drawing its authority from the endlessly open and interpretable field of "shari'ah discourse" (1993: 1–3), to the rationalized, impersonal authority of modern legal texts, fixed and monopolized by state officials and symbolized, following the master metaphor, by uniform, rigid print.


Detailed examination of isolated thecal plates belonging to three discocystinid edrioasteroids, Spiraclavus nacoensis Sumrall, Hypsiclavus kinsleyi Sumrall, and Giganticlavus bennisoni Sumrall and Bowsher, reveals striking similarity in morphology among these species. Stereom observed in the ambulacral floor plates indicates that ligamentous connective tissue opened the ambulacral cover plates and muscle tissue closed them. The ambulacral floor plates are interpreted as rigid supports for the oral surface with the interambulacral areas acting as flexible integuments of plates. The aboral surface is interpreted as flexible and highly contractile. All discocystinid thecal openings are consistent in morphology with adaptations for thecal pressurization. Extension and contraction of the theca was accomplished by pumping water in and out of an inflatable sac associated with the periproctial opening. The pedunculate zone is interpreted as passively expanding and contracting by relaxing of mutable collagenous tissue and stiffening when the theca was in the desired position. All of these features illustrate that discocystinid edrioasteroids have highly–evolved morphology and function.


Conventional elements of architecture represent a step in an evolutionary shift, and contain some past meaning and new meaning in their use and altered expression. The concept of "self" in to-day's world has turned to a "reflection or speculation project" that is understandable and receiva-ble only through a deep review of the evolution concept of "subjectivism" and "objectivism". Modern consumer culture offered several possibilities to people and people can make their own identity creatively with different methods. In this research, in addition to studying the evolution from Age of Enlightenment to the modern periods, the impact of this concept on the formation of architecture has been investigated by using historical interpretation method. The results show that architecture has a significant relationship with the subject definition as creation bed of personal and social thought so that architecture acts as a full-view mirror of the subjects. Since the subject is constantly changing and modifying as primary material of philosophical thought, understand-ing the evolution of architecture can be achieved just in case of the recognition of these devel-opments and their incorporation in the design process.


Correspondence 1970-1997; correspondence with Stephen Murray- Smith 1986; correspondence regarding "Amos" and other projected novels; critique regarding "Amos" by Gwyn Dow; correspondence with Max Crawford; medical file including newspaper clippings 1997; unpublished manuscripts including "Amos Report", "Station Beach", "Bella"; notes on "The organic and inorganic"; notes regarding time, space and death; notes on "Charlie" an incomplete novel; copies of "Ernest Giles Explorer and Traveller 1835-1897", proofs, photographs for the book, reviews; correspondence with Hesperian Press; copy of "Cape Solitary", reviews; Copy of "West of Centre", reviews, photographs; coies of "Biographical Work" edited by James Walker and Raija Nugent; notes, drafts, comments on planned book "Codger and Matey"; photographs; miscellaneous notes; maps of Australia; copies of "Overland" 1976-1990; copies of "Australian Book Review" 1980-1995; contents from four pinboards including notes, drawings, photographs, newspaper clippings.


This issue is dedicated to the memory of Karl Heinz Stephan, from the small town of Red Oak in Latimer County, Oklahoma, who passed away in June 2005 of an apparent heart attack. Almost everyone active in Coleoptera taxonomy in North America and many in other parts of the world knew of Karl as an extraordinary beetle collector, naturalist, and author of a number of important beetle monographs. Karl was born 15 May 1931 in what would become East Germany. He and his family suffered through the Second World War intact and immigrated to Windsor, Ontario in 1952. Karl's early life, the family's experiences as immigrants in Canada, and much of Karl's adult biography were documented by Howard Weems (Weems 1989) in a forward to Karl's colydiid and bothriderid monograph. Suffice it to say that Karl had a keen interest in natural history and coleopterology from an early age, and he pursued the latter with unabated passion until his untimely death. Karl's career path was in engineering. His work on beetles was heavily influenced by that background and by his talents as a resourceful and practical problem solver. He was quite possibly the most skilled beetle collector of modern times. Though he Karl, November 1990, demonstrating the latest in sifter technology (photo, H. W. Robison). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 59(3):277–283. 2005.


A group of wireless devices with the ability to sense physical events (sensors) or/and to perform relatively complicated actions (actors), is referred to as Wireless Sensor and Actor Network (WSAN). In WSANs, sensors gather information about the physical events, while actors perform appropriate actions upon the environment, based on the sensed data shared by sensors. In order to provide effective sensing and acting, a distributed local coordination mechanism is necessary among sensors and actors. In this work, we focus on actor selection problem and implement a fuzzy-based system. The system decides whether the actor will be selected for the required job or not, based on data supplied by sensors and actual actor condition. We use three input parameters: Type of Required Action (TRA), Distance to Event (DE) and Remaining Power (RP). The output parameter is Actor Selection Decision (ASD). The simulation results show that the proposed system decides the actor selection in order to have short delays, low energy consumption and proper task assignment.


There is a serious soil erosion in Nayong,and it is necessary to make a multiple administration for the small valley there.The multiple administration for small valley is to realize a sustainable development of ecosystem,economy and society.In this administration,we should take consideration of human factor influencing the administration of small valley,leading in community concept and reconstructing humane ecosystem community.


U.S. Supreme Court justices typically donate their working papers to archives upon their retirement, often with lengthy embargoes. Researchers have debated whether the justices should be required to retain and disclose their papers as government records, but there has been little study of how the papers are used in scholarly and journalistic discussions of the Court. This empirical study examines how the papers of Justices William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and Harry Blackmun are used via citations in books and academic law journal articles. We find that the vast majority of citations to the papers support discussions of the justices' deliberations and negotiations when deciding cases, precisely the kinds of uses that show the value of transparency. To address constitutional objections to mandated disclosures, we propose an incentive grant program that benefits the archives that receive justices' collections. This program would encourage justices to donate their papers with relatively short embargoes, ideally 15 years after retirement from the Court.


The double-level rural business system, "the combination of unified and separated business system",built based on contracted land system of a family at the initial period of reform and opening-up of China makes thetraditional agriculture production methods of "small production" continue after the "separation", but rural propertyownership does not make basic change, which leads to the difficulty in the introduction of modern agriculturalproduction factors. Thus, the modernized reconstruction of the traditional agriculture can not be smoothlyimplemented. The practice in rural business system innovation of Sichuan Province shows that currently, the mainbody of China's agriculture production and business becomes more and more diversified, that both agriculturalspecification and diversification exist in the production and business of the households, and that rural property rightsystem is still the main barrier of the institutional innovation though the institutional evolution method from bottom-up makes rural business system innovation diversified. As a result, China's rural business system innovation shouldstick to "the separation" and innovate "the unification", the core issue of the reform lies in the level of "theunification", and the key to the problem is to overall boost rural property right system reform.


Background Anteromedialization is recommended for cartilage restoration of patellofemoral defects, with the presumption that it decreases contact pressures across the trochlea. No study has evaluated pressures on the trochlear side of the patellofemoral joint after anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle. Hypothesis Anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle decreases contact pressure across the trochlea. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten cadaveric knees were tested by placing an electroresistive pressure sensor on the femoral side of the patellofemoral joint. A validated model of nonweightbearing resisted extension was simulated by loading the extensor mechanism at 89.1 N and 178.2 N. Knees were tested 3 times per load at 30°, 60°, 90°, and 105°. The center of force and pressure across the patellofemoral articulation were compared before and after a reproducible and consistent anteromedialization. Results The mean center of force shifted medially after anteromedialization at 89.1 N and 178.2 N. At 89.1 N, the mean total contact pressure decreased significantly (P <. 05) at all angles, and at 178.2 N, it decreased significantly at 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. The mean lateral trochlear contact pressure decreased significantly (P <. 05) at all flexion angles at both 89.1 N and 178.2 N. The mean central trochlear contact pressure decreased significantly (P <. 05) at 30° with the 89.1-N and 178.2-N loads but increased significantly (P <. 05) at 90° with the 89.1-N load. The mean medial trochlear contact pressure increased significantly (P <. 05) at all flexion angles at 89.1 N and 178.2 N. Conclusion Anteromedialization shifts the contact force to the medial trochlea and decreases the mean total contact pressure. Clinical Relevance Anteromedialization decreases the mean total contact pressure while shifting contact pressure toward the medial trochlea. This study suggests that anteromedialization is appropriate for unloading the lateral trochlea. However, this procedure appears to have minimal benefit on central chondral defects, and it may actually increase the load in patients with medial defects.


Evidence is presented to document a widening gap in the relative stability of earlier and later marriages in the United States. The role of shifting patterns of childbearing including postponement of motherhood and voluntary childlessness as a factor related to this widening stability gap is also explored. Data are from the 1960 and 1970 censuses. (ANNOTATION)


The present disclosure relates to a streaming media data playback method and apparatus. The method comprising: obtaining a first terminal displays the address of the smart camera; display a list of playback apparatus, the playback apparatus comprises a listing of at least one terminal device information, which includes at least one terminal are streaming media data playback function; Upon receiving the pair the second terminal of the selection instruction, transmits the address to the second player terminal, the second terminal address based on the play of the streaming media data and acquiring the streaming data to play picture the at least one second terminal is a terminal in any terminal. The method of the present embodiment provides a disclosure is not limited by the terminal, streaming data can be played on a terminal other than the first terminal, and improving the flexibility of playing the streaming media data.


(57) Abstract: sustained intravascular delivery method by electroporation method is provided. This method is useful for delivery of therapeutic compositions such as antithrombotic and anticoagulant agents. The present invention also provides a catheter apparatus for introducing a composition into at least one cell within a vessel of the subject.


by ARUNDHATI UNDURTI High levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The atheroprotective function of HDL has been attributed to its key role in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway. However, recent evidence suggests that HDL can be rendered "dysfunctional", impairing its ability to promote RCT. The work described here suggests two mechanisms that can render HDL "dysfunctional." The first mechanism involves oxidation of HDL by the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO). Recent studies demonstrate that MPO binds to HDL in vivo, selectively targeting HDL for oxidative modification. We now show that (patho) physiologically relevant levels of MPO-catalyzed oxidation result in loss of non cholesterol efflux activities of HDL including anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory functions. One mechanism responsible is shown to involve loss of oxidized HDL binding to the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor B1, and concurrent acquisition of binding to a novel unknown receptor independent of scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-A1. HDL modification by MPO is further shown to confer pro-inflammatory gain of function activities as monitored by NFactivation and surface vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) levels on aortic endothelial cells. Multiple site-directed mutagenesis studies of HDL suggest that the pro-inflammatory activity does not involve methionine, tyrosine,


Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for heart failure and antihypertensives such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and β-blockers are considered as its first-line treatment. Drug response prediction models designed to determine the most effective antihypertensive drug for a patient are hindered by the interpatient response variability. Although typically pharmacogenetic data have been used to investigate the association of genetic variants with the antihypertensive response, genome-wide association studies are currently expensive and the translation of genotype guided antihypertensive therapy to clinical practice is challenging. With the generation of electronic health records (EHR) data summarized over the patient's disease prognosis and interventions, it is still an underused resource for antihypertensive effectiveness studies in heart failure management. In this study, we first use the clinical events in the EHR related to the patient's hard clinical endpoints and biomarkers associated with the heart failure condition to design selection strategies that determine the antihypertensive effectiveness, then develop annotated corpora using the strategies and eventually evaluate supervised deep learning classifiers on the annotated data. We annotated the EHR sequences of approximately 9500 patients with binary labels corresponding to the drug effectiveness across two different antihypertensive classes and our trained classifier was able to obtain the best F1 performance of 0.97.


This is a nicely produced large format softcover book in which 32 papers are presented in honor of Jim Allen, Australian archaeologist. The Introduction section and first paper of the following Perspectives section consist of four papers with informal reminiscences and biographical accounts of the honoree mixed with a good measure of the history of Australian archaeology. They provide the context for the papers that follow. Not knowing Allen, I found these papers especially interesting for their recounting of how the career of a noted professional unfolded. While it is to be expected that the writings in this section would be complimentary and e¤usive, I did not anticipate that such homage would be so explicit in many of the more formal papers of the rest of the volume. In reading these papers one soon begins to appreciate just what an enormous influence Jim Allen has had (and obviously continues to have) on not just Australian archaeology, but Pacific archaeology and beyond. His work, always setting a high standard for excellence and innovative thinking, has encompassed the topics of V. Gordon Childe's career, historical archaeology in Australia, extensive work on the archaeology of Papua New Guinea, Melanesian trade, organizer of the famous Lapita Homeland Project, and organizer of Southern Forests Archaeological Project in Tasmania. His contributions were wide ranging (temporally from late Pleistocene to historic times, and spatially from Tasmania to Melanesia), and the breath of subject matter in his many publications is astonishing (a bibliography of Allen's is provided in the first paper of the Introduction by the volume editors). Besides the Introduction, the volume has three other sections, including one titled Perspectives, another Issues and Evidence: Australia and Papua New Guinea, and a final one, Issues and Evidence: Into Remote Oceania. As would be expected, the authors are a veritable who's who of Pacific archaeology, though with a significant number of surprises in the roster and topics of the Perspectives section. A few examples here will have to su‰ce. W. L. Rathje presents his concept of Lapita as the first Holiday Inn, a metaphor he uses to make the point that the famous pottery provided a symbol system shared over a very broad geographical region. This facilitated traveling, trading, and exchanging resources in distant regions or islands by providing a sense of reassurance and trust among strangers much as the familiar logo and surroundings of Holiday Inns reassure weary travelers the world over. There is also a rather abstract treatise by S. E. van der Leeuw, who initially poses


Managing a software engineering project has traditionally been a challenging task due to ambiguous specifications, unpredictable implementation times, and last-minute bugs. For even the best project managers, there is no exact science to keeping a project on time and within budget. In the future, the task of managing a successful project becomes even more challenging as the complexity of software products increase. This document will address issues involved in managing a geographically distributed software team, an important area of complexity being introduced into software teams today. Key factors, such as team integration and resolution of cultural differences will be explored and methods of bridging these gaps will be discussed. It will be shown that explicit statements of expectations, similar to a list of rules for engagement are necessary for efficient communication. Building a level of trust and friendship between the distributed teams through working closely and communicating frequently is vital in the early phases of the process. The investigation will also show that assigning each team member a rigid role and a rigid set of responsibilities is not the best way to organize the team, but that each team member should feel responsible for contributing to all phases of the project. Thesis Supervisor: Feniosky Pena-Mora Title: Assistant Professor


Objective: To characterize the profile of users and the reasons for searching for an urgent and emergency fixed non-hospital services in a city in Sao Paulo' state. Methods: Study with a quantitative, transversal, and descriptive approach. 410,977 service records for the year 2017 were analysed and collected from the records of the Electronic Health Record System, using the R Core Team software. Results: Young women are the majority in the profile of users that was found, aged 20 to 29 years, which search for care mainly during the days of the week between morning and afternoon periods. The most prevalent reasons for searching were acute complaints related to the respiratory system and reassessment with examinations. 95.71% of the cases were classified as having a low risk of seriousness. Conclusion: This study, it was presented that the profile of users in the non-hospital SUE investigated, is predominantly female and young adults, with the greatest demand for care at the beginning of the week, for respiratory complaints and reassessment of exams. The high prevalence of low complexity care is highlighted demonstrating the challenges in relation to the proposed role and in fact played by the SUE in the RAU, as well as the difficulties of articulation between the components.


Three-dimensional biomedical data obtained through tomography provide exceptional views of biological anatomy. While visualization is one of the primary purposes for obtaining these data, other more quantitative and analytic uses are possible. These include modeling of tissue properties and interrelationships, simulation of physical processes, interactive surgical investigation, and analysis of kinematics and dynamics. As an application of our research in modeling tissue structure and function, we have been working to develop interactive and automated tools for studying joint geometry and kinematics. We focus here on discrimination of morphological variations in the foot and determining the implications of these on both hominid bipedal evolution and physical therapy treatment for foot disorders.


The size of the nondominated set of a vector set is greatly dependent on the size of the original vector set N and the dimension of the vector M . Theoretical analysis shows that when M = O(log N) the original set has big nondominated set which may be the original set itself, and in the case M = O(log N), a classical algorithm (KLP) for finding nondominated set has complexity of KLP higher than N. Experiment verifies the analysis result as well. Therefore, we should avoid employing KLP when M = O(log N).


To evaluate, describe and compare the pharmacological treatments available for heart failure (HF). This is a literature review about the pharmacological treatment of HF based on articles selected from the PubMed database, as well as relevant guidelines, using pertinent keywords and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Chronic heart failure is a common condition that, if untreated, harms quality of life and is associated with a high risk of mortality, morbidity, and recurrent hospitalization. However, the prognosis of patients with this condition has been improved with knowledge of the pathophysiology of HF and, therefore, assertive application of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment recommendations. Pharmacotherapy is based on neurohormoral inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system to improve the health status and survival of these patients. Currently, the recommendation for the treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) includes 4 drug classes: an angiotensin/neprilysin receptor inhibitor (ANRi), beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2ii). Mortality-reducing pharmacotherapy in HF currently includes ANRi, beta-blockers, MRA and SGLT2. Therefore, the challenge is to transform the results achieved in clinical studies into reality for the majority of patients with HF. This path must be promoted through multidisciplinary care with improved access to recommended drugs, close monitoring of patients, healthy habits, control of comorbidities and therapeutic adherence.


With regard to MacPherson type suspension assembly,digitalized design method was put forward.Firstly,mechanical model of its guidance four-bar linkage was built.Then,suspension's structure design was carried out on the basis of strength theory of material mechanics.Furthermore,three-dimensional digitalized model was built on the platform of computer software.Based on finite element theory,finite element analysis and research on the assembly body of MacPherson type suspension was conducted and some key technologies,such as selection of unit type,were discussed.Evaluating method of satisfaction degree required by the assembly's structural strength in engineering was given under three working conditions:braking,driving and steering.Therefore,the design method presented in this paper was good for shortening suspension's developing cycle and enhancing its market competitiveness.


This paper aims to discuss methodologies of regional economic development that depends upon the sustainable growth of the manufacturing sector in the region. It has been thought that manufacturing sector in Japan has no longer keeps international competitiveness but according to the current performance it still holds capacity to take important role in economic development. This study defines the ability of Japanese manufacturing system as "Monotsukuri Capability" figures and components of the capability are explained. In addition to that "Cluster Management" which is an essential tool to manage "Monotsukuri Capability" in regional level is also introduced monitoring method is demonstrated at the end. As a result of this study development of "Monotsukuri Capability" in the regional level is filled with feasibility cluster management can contribute framework to develop regions.


A new epoxy resins modified with azo-carbazole chromophores were obtained. The nonlinear optical properties of these new polymers were investigated.


The first transition-metal-free catalytic protocol for controlled reduction of amide functions using cheap and bench-stable hydrosilanes as reducing agents has been established. By altering the hydrosilane and solvent, the new method enables the selective cleavage of unactivated C-O bonds in amides, and allows the C-N bonds selectively breaking via deacylated cleavage. Overall, this novel process may offer a versatile alternative to current methodologies employing stoichiometric metal systems for the controlled reduction of carboxamides.


The invention discloses an adaptive control method for a current loop of a magnetic levitation system. The method comprises the following steps of: 1) judging whether the magnetic levitation system levitates stably after the magnetic levitation system levitates; 2) if the magnetic levitation system levitates stably, collecting the levitation stable current and levitation stable voltage of a coil of the magnetic levitation system, and obtaining a levitation stable resistor R of the coil; 3) superposing high-frequency current to the coil, collecting the current and voltage of the coil multiple times in the current change process of the coil, obtaining multiple inductance values in the current change process of the coil, and averaging the multiple inductance values to obtain a stable-state average inductance value L; and 4) obtaining a feedback gain Kb and a forward gain Kf of the coil, and applying the feedback gain Kb and forward gain Kf to the current loop as current loop control parameters. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that: the current rise time in the coil and the gain of the current loop are always kept unchanged, the levitation performance is not influenced by the change of the resistance and inductance of the coil, and the levitation performance is stable and reliable.


Abstract: Objectives: The persistence of clonal cells after chemotherapy, or a re‐emerging of clonal cells in remission (CR) or at relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was studied to assess the prognostic significance of the amount of clonal DNA in predicting the clinical outcome. Methods: Clonal rearrangements in the gene sequences of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α, major breakpoint cluster region (M‐bcr), immunoglobulin (Ig)‐JH, T‐cell receptor (TcR) β, myeloid lymphoid leukemia or cytokines (GM‐CSF, G‐CSF, IL‐3) detected in bone marrow samples from 37 patients with primary AML (pAML) or secondary AML (sAML) were investigated. A relative increase or decrease of clonal DNA in the course of AML was evaluated by comparing the optical densities of DNA bands of the rearranged genes and the total amount of DNA. Results: High amounts of clonal DNA were detectable at diagnosis, during persisting disease and at relapse (Ø 39%, 35%, or 38% of total DNA, respectively), compared to 20% in complete remission (CR). Amounts of clonal DNA (except for Ig‐JH gene rearrangements) were of prognostic significance at diagnosis, patients with less than 33% clonal DNA were characterized by significantly longer relapse‐free survival times (all cases: p = 0.01; pAML: p = 0.002). Patients in CR exhibiting less than 5% (all cases) or 15% (pAML) clonal DNA showed longer relapse‐free survival times (p = 0.08 or p = 0.03, respectively). Vice versa, significantly higher amounts of clonal DNA (all cases 51% vs. pAML 54%) could be detected in cases studied at diagnosis who relapsed in the following 5 months (all cases p = 0.01) or 14 months (pAML p = 0.007). Significantly higher amounts of clonal DNA (33%) could be detected in cases studied in CR who relapsed in the following 4 months (all cases p = 0.002 or pAML p = 0.006, respectively). Moreover, we could prove disease progression on a cellular level months before the clinical onset of sAML after a period of MDS. Conclusions: Clonal, gene‐rearranged DNA is regularly detectable at diagnosis and during persisting AML, in CR and at relapse. However, the presence, rather than the amount of clonal DNA detectable in CR is predictive for relapse. These data might indicate the significance of gene rearrangement analyses in the course of AML to identify cases with a high risk of relapse, independently from the karyotype.


This paper considers the restoration problem for images degraded by superposition of normalized white noise, under the assumption that the discrete sampled signal of the image is a two-dimensional stationary stochastic process, and discusses a new method of restoring images obtained by extending the maximum a posteriori estimation to the two-dimensional case.

The image signal has essentially a two-dimensional nature and in that sense a comprehensive approach based on a two-dimensional image model is more suited to the image restoration than recursive processing based on a one-dimensional image model. From such a viewpoint, this paper first extends the maximum a posteriori estimation to the two-dimensional case based on the two-dimensional image model for the purpose of image smoothing. Then, it is shown that the system of equations for the estimation obtained by the proposed estimation method can be represented by a matrix equation, regarding the image as a matrix. It is also shown that the smoothing estimation for the image is obtained as a solution matrix by a simultaneous processing by matrix manipulation. Lastly, computer simulation is presented, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Abstract By the middle of the sixth century, in Byzantine perspective, Britain had so long since ceased to be part of the empire of the Romans as to have become a kind of never-land, some part of the known world, but also the sort of place of which it was possible to credit the fabulous. Information was scarce. Nevertheless, the chief source for the sixth-century east-Roman regime in Constantinople, Procopius (c. 500 -565 CE), met a group of Anglo-Saxons c. 540, who were contemporaries of Beowulf's king Hygelac; and Procopius may have learned from hoi Angiloi something about the Old English poetry, at a particularly important point in its formation, before the beginning of the conversion of the English to Christianity in 597 CE. Procopius's English informants told him a tale (of the vengeful Anglo-Saxon bride of a Frisian basileos named Radigis) of a type consonant with later examples of Old English poetry; also, with an historical basis that coincides with the historical milieu to which the earliest Old English heroic poetry also refers, including Beowulf.


The invention discloses a corrugated web steel column with a cross-shaped section. The corrugated web steel column comprises corrugated steel webs and plain plate flanges and is formed by welding an H-shaped corrugated web steel and two T-shaped corrugated web steel or welding four T-shaped corrugated web steel or welding three corrugated steel webs and four plain plate flanges, wherein the connection points of the corrugated steel webs and the plain plate flanges are in the middle of the width of the plain plate flanges, and the corrugated steel webs are curved, folded or trapezoidal. The steel column is reasonable in section composition, has good mechanical properties, high bearing capacity, good ductility, excellent anti-seismic property and simple structure, is convenient and fast to produce and process, saves steel and is low in cost.


We calculate distributions for ττγ production at LEP 1 taking into account a potentially existing anomalous magnetic moment aτ of the τ lepton. The existing upper limits for |aτ | are known from the dependence of the decay Z → ττγ on a2τ and are of the order of (1− 5)%. We show that such limits are also sensitive to linear terms in aτ , which are of equal importance at |aτ | ∼ (1− 2)% and dominate below this value. Contributions from an electric dipole moment dτ do not interfere with the electromagnetic vertex or with the anomalous magnetic moment. Appropriate formulae are derived.


VII: A. Haidacher, 'Uber den Zeitpunkt der Exkommunikation Ottos IV. durch Papst Innozenz III: Eine historisch-kanonistische Untersuchung, ibid. 132-85. With extensive use of canonistic writings from MS sources; on the concept of excommunicatio lata sub conditione see 156ff. Argues new dates for Po. 4213 (before Nov. 1210, perhaps Feb.) and Po. app. 4031a, 5278a (1210). O. Hageneder, 'Quellenkritisches zu den Originalregistern Innozenz' I I I. ' MIOG 68 (1960) 128-39. W. Trusen, Sptitmittelalterliche Jurisprudetiz und Wirtschaftethik, dargestellt an Wiener Gutachten des 14. Jahrhunderts (Vierteljahrschrift fur Sozialund Wirstschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 43; Wiesbaden 1961). W. Ullmann, 'The Significance of the Epistola Clementis in the Pseudo-Clementines,' Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 11 (1960) 295-317. With observations on the medieval transmission of the apocryphal letter. A. Vetulani and S. Kuttner, 'Un fragment d'une collection systematique de decretales anterieure a la "Compilatio prima",' this Bulletin for 1960, Trad. 16.534-40. A. Vetulani, 'Stephanus Polonus, un canoniste du xrrrs slecle," Etudes Didier 341-58. Biographical data for the two Polish masters of that name, with convincing reasons for attributing the two known questiones to the older Stephanus Polonus, who was in the papal service and died between 1273 and 1278. Attention is called to R. Elze's discovery of the text of the first questio (thus far known only from quotation by Johannes Andreae) in Vat. MS Bergh. 260, fo!. 172 (p. 345 n. 3). J. Watt, 'The Development of the Theory of the Temporal Authority of the Papacy by the Thirteenth Century Canonists,' Historical Studies ed. M. Roberts (Proceedings of the Irish Conference of Historians, n.d.) 17-28. R. Weigand, 'Mitteilungen aus Handschriften,' this Bulletin for 1960, Trad. 16.556-64. M. J. Wilks, 'The Idea of the Church as "Unus homo perfectus" and its Bearing on the Medieval Theory of Sovereignty,' Miscellanea historiae ecclesiasticae Stockholm 1960 (Louvain 1961) 32-49.


The present study aims to show that in order to improve the status of women entrepreneurship in all spheres of Indian life, the government will need to take an initiative in providing an increased pace of awareness and become meaningful providers of needed training programs especially aimed at strengthening rural women entrepreneurs. It also aims at exploring the present status of women entrepreneurs regarding their socio economic backgrounds, problems faced by them in seeking to create new ventures, motivational factors and the availability of finance for them in Vempalli Mandal, YSR District.


The tunnelling transmission probability through a thin (100) GaAs/AlAs/GaAs heterostructure is determined within a many-band pseudopotential model. Elastic inter-valley transfer between the Gamma 1 and X1 valleys, without the emission of phonons, is shown to be a consequence of the model. It is demonstrated that a one-band effective-mass description of the tunnel junction is inadequate due to a significant role played by the X1 minimum of the AlAs.


Simple Summary Date palm pollen (DPP) is a natural product produced from male palm flowers and is used to improve ovulation and fertility in both women and men because it contains amino acids, fatty acids, flavonoids, saponins and sterols. Thus, this experiment investigated the effect of DPP supplementation on the oviposition rate, egg quality, ovarian follicle development, hematological variables and hormonal profile of laying hens. The findings indicated that the egg weight (EW), egg mass, albumen quality and laying rate of laying hens treated with DPP levels were significantly increased compared to those of the hens in the control group. The increased DPP levels significantly (p < 0.05) increased white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), while H/L ratio significantly decreased. The increased DPP level significantly (p < 0.05) increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration, ovary and oviduct weights compared to those of the control group. Abstract This experiment studied the effect of DPP supplementation in the laying hens' diet on the ovarian follicle development, hematological variables and hormonal profile of laying hens. Eighty-four, 78-week-old, Lohman LSL hybrids layers were equally divided into four groups (4 groups × 7 replicates × 3 hens); hens in the 1st group were fed a basal diet (control), while those in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups, were fed on the same diet and supplemented with 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 g DPP/kg diet. The results showed that the egg weight, egg mass and laying rate of laying hens treated with DPP levels were significantly increased compared to those of the hens in the control group. Egg weight, egg surface area, albumen quality and percentage of the yolk in treated hens significantly increased compared with controls. The increased DPP levels in laying hens' diet significantly (p < 0.05) increased WBC, Hb and TAC, while heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L ratio) significantly decreased. Additionally, the concentrations of FSH and LH and the weights of ovary and oviduct in the treated hens significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared with the control. In conclusion, the DPP supplementation in the hen diet significantly improved egg production, EW, H/L ratio, ovarian follicles, FSH and LH hormones concentrations.


aiices and staining characters, but also to serological and sugar fermentation reactions. In previous papers I have slhowin that different phases of my organism differ from one another widely, not only in morphology, but also in staining alnd sugar reactions. This aspect of the question, however, is in the meantime relatively unimportant, and is of little lhelp so long as morphology is in its present unsatisfactory state. It cannot do more than multiply distinctions which are non-essential if the new lines of research are well founded. CONCLUSIONS. 1. There are two completely indqpendent factors underlying the change of a normal cell into a cancer cell. The first is an antecedent cell susceptibility. The other is the iimmediate cancerogenic factor. Analysis shows the antecedent oell susceptibility to be the capacity for continued plroliferation in the body, and, when possessed naturally by the cells (" embryonic "), allows of a development of cancer when the immediate canoerogenic factor is added. In the case of a mature epithelium this cell susceptibility is acquired often as the result of chronic irritation. When thle canoerogenic factor is now added cancer is possible. 2. In plant tumours this dual phenomenon-cell susceptibility and immediate agent (parasite)-is well seen. It exl)lains why in warty disease of potatoes, crown gall, etc., inifection by the parasite produces neoplasia in the healthy plant only when cells of a primitive kind are affected. iriitation of a mature surface of the plant may, however, mi.ake it susceptible to neoplasia after infection. 3. An organism with a complex life story has been obtained almost constantly from cancer. It possesses yeast, (occal, bacillary, and amiiorphous phases, and eaclh of these can grow true to type and live a wholly independent life. E]vidence has been given that the parasite lives in synmbiosis with the cancer oell in the amorphous phase, and it is from this that all the other phases are derived during incubation oi' a cancerous growth. The discovery of this phase, it is claimed, provides the key to the cancer plhenomena, as also the key to the morphological variants. 4. The morphological features of this parasite resemble tlhe life story described by many writers for other classes of pathogenic organisms. There is now stronig evidence to suipport the view that a similar morphological variability is common to all bacteria anid that bacterial classification is in need of revision. 5. The parasite belongs to familiar bacteria which are w-idespread in nature, and the ease with whiclh cancer can be induced experimentally in animals by chlronic irritation suggests that tissuae suseeptibility wherever found implies the immediate, risk of infection by a ubiquitous organism. The free and universal exposure of milan anid animials to inifection, combined with the (relatively) smiiall proportion of the total which develop cancer, suggests the all-importance of cell susceptibility, and corresponds to the laboratory difficulties attendanit on an attempt to produce cancer experimentally by the injection of the organism. In previous papers I have shown that a nmarked proliferation of primitive tissues can sometimes be induced in animals by the experimental injection of the cancer organiism. This proliferation may resemble an ordinary infective process, whlilst in an advanced case it simulates a progressive lyiiiphoma or pseudo-leukaemia.


Now a day the entire world faces the crisis on the healthcare industry. Especially in concerning about our country – India, most of the people prefers the private healthcare sector rather than the public healthcare sectors even though with the spending of lots and lots of money by the government of India still there is always an inhabitation of diversification exhibits in-between the private and public healthcare industries which leads towards the conflict among the healthcare professional working in the enormous fields of healthcare industries in our country. This creates the distinctive variation and diversification of remuneration, moral and employment and so on. This paper gives study about the various viewpoints of the multiple issues regarding the Human Resource Management of healthcare professionals in the healthcare industry and illustrated the detailed result in concern towards it.


Nephrotic syndrome is one of the common manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Usually SLE patients with nephrotic range of proteinuria show diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis and membranous lupus nephritis, ISN RPS (International society of nephrology Renal pathological society) classes IV and V, respectively on histopathological examination . Here we are reporting a case of SLE presented with nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy showed mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis(class II) with MCD(Minimal change disease) like diffuse effacement of foot processes of podocytes in the absence of glomerular capillary wall immune deposits on electron microscopy. Patient had a complete remission with short course of high dose oral prednisolone therapy. The association of podocytopathy and SLE may not be a coincidence and this should be considered as one of the manifestations of lupus nephropathy.


While some M&A transactions create tremendous value, others do not. We evaluate which strategies work best for banks and insurers facing today's complex and rapidly converging financial services environment. * The Six Dominant M&A Strategies * Do Serial Acquirers Create Shareholder Wealth? * Reading the Tea Leaves of Successful Deals * Building a Future M&A Strategy * How M&A Will Reshape Financial Services


In this paper, the author describes some of the tripartite constellations occurring in the material of children on the autistic spectrum. These could be thought of as constituting a primitive, 'autistic' level of the Oedipus complex where the fundamental anxieties are existential ones. It is suggested that these fears of annihilation are experienced on a bodily level, and that this physical aspect appears to be a distinguishing feature of the experience of the Oedipal constellation in children with autism. The clinical illustrations concern the experience of bodily mutilation within the feeding relationship; Oedipal aspects of sense perception; the nature of the link between masculine and feminine elements making up the psychic skin; and the balance between the child, the mother, and the mother' internal figures. Some implications for cognitive development are discussed.


The minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) linear detector has been used for demodulation of the direct-sequence code-division multiple access signals. The blind MMSE linear detector can be implemented by the Griffiths' adaptation algorithm. However, its convergence speed is limited by the wide eigenvalue spread of the correlation matrix associated with the received signal vectors. In this paper, the transform domain Griffiths' adaptation algorithm is proposed to improve the convergence properties. Computer simulations show that, by using orthonormal transforms, the adaptation speed can be improved, especially in the presence of strong interference.


In this brief, we present a high gain sub-harmonic mixer using PMOS cross couple pair (<italic>CCP</italic>) to implement the <italic>negative impedance</italic> and current-bleeding technique at 60 GHz. In order to increase conversion gain, we adopt the PMOS <italic>CCP</italic> for the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$g_{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-boost technique to raise the overall transconductance between <italic>RF</italic> and <italic>LO</italic> stages. We also use it for current bleeding to reduce the loss of <italic>LO</italic> switches. Thus, the overall conversion gain can be improved by PMOS <italic>CCP</italic>. At IF stage, the differential signal is converted to single-ended signal by an active balun. The active balun not only can offer gain, but also can cancel out common-mode noise to improve noise figure. The measured peak gain is 6.95 dB at 61 GHz under <italic>LO</italic> power of 1 dBm at 30 GHz. Under the different four channels at 60 GHz, the measured <italic>IP1dB</italic> is better than −9.4 dBm. The measured 3-dB <italic>RF</italic> bandwidth is from 57–67 GHz and 3-dB <italic>IF</italic> bandwidth is 1.1 GHz. Total <italic>dc</italic> power consumption is only 16 mW at 1 dBm <italic>LO</italic> power for 1.2 V supplied voltage. To our best knowledge, this subharmonic mixer has the highest gain and better <italic>FoM</italic> among active mixers at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band.


Distress migration is a socio-economic issue which has perennially attracted the attention of policy makers, planners, researchers and the media all along. Besides some other anomalies, the most backward KBK region of Odisha has been witnessing the problem of distress/forced migration for quite a long time now. The standard socio-economic theorizing has pinned on the dominant presence and applicability of the traditional push-pull hypothesis in explaining the very nucleus of the problem. But of late, the behavioural dimensions of migration decision making has started staring at the archaic push-factor dominated hypothetical undertone. Moving deep into the core of the monster brings forth the inherent presence of behavioural factors like emotions, cognitive biases, perception-based exclusions and own identity in the overall societal structure of the probable migrants. This study has adopted a direct interview method of collection of primary data from the Balangir district and has used various statistical methods like descriptive statistics, info-graphic analysis of the problem, rank analysis, emotional intelligence scale of measurement, logistic regression and so on to disentangle the behavioural factors influencing the decision to migrate. The study also includes one section on the quantitative beneficial impacts of distress migration in the same study area i.e. the KBK region of Odisha.


finding what you want in it because of the large number of adverts interspersed with the text. In this special issue, the problem does not arise because, in a sense, it is all one big advert. It is billed as a 'one-source reference of individuals and American and international companies in the mapping sciences', and is composed principally of a list of names and addresses of individual members of the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (45 pages) and then half-page descriptions of companies in alphabetical order (68 pages), backed up by three different indexes. The companies listed have either paid $300 for the privilege or (the vast majority of them) are sustaining members of the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, in which case they have presumably paid quite enough into the Society's coffers already. To be fair, financial contributions of this sort are what enables the Society to keep its membership and subscription rates so low. I can imagine this special issue would be a useful reference source in two circumstances. First, anyone having to compile a mailing list to individuals could take the details from the members list, helped by the flagging of names according to four major interest groups. Second, it is a good place to search for products and services. For example, if, like me, you are trying to track down suppliers of a new image processing system you will find 30 entries listed under ' Image Processing Systems' in the products index. Similarly, if you were in search of a group of people claiming to be geological remote sensing specialists, you would find about 20 entries under 'Geology' in the services index. A useful extra at the back is the list of vendors by country, which includes local addresses of representatives of multinational companies.


I. Introduction On March 23, 2005, U.S. President George Bush, former Mexican President Vicente Fox, and former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin jointly announced the establishment of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP). (1) The SPP is a framework for trilateral and bilateral cooperation in North America. While not a formal international treaty, nor an overarching binding legal agreement, it does contain two important agendas relevant for the post-September 11 era: one revolving around national security and the other around economic prosperity. Three key principles support these two agendas: improved security from external threats to North America; strengthened internal security measures; and bolstered economic growth for the region as a whole, particularly in the face of growing global competition. Negotiators made reports to each state's leaders on the initial SPP-related international collaboration in late June 2005. Officials are currently developing additional agendas for future work and pursuing limited implementation of some policy objectives. The SPP's security track includes three main priority areas: 1) securing North America from external threats through traveler and cargo security and bioprotection; 2) preventing and responding to threats within North America by developing common approaches to critical infrastructure protection, port security, intelligence sharing, and transnational threats; and 3) streamlining low-risk travelers and cargo across borders. (2) On the prosperity front, the SPP's major initiatives involve 1) measures to improve productivity through regulatory cooperation and business collaboration; 2) efforts to reduce the costs of trade by more efficiently moving goods and people across borders; and 3) policies related to quality of life, such as environmental, disease, and food safety management. (3) Movement on both the security and prosperity agendas occurs through a number of inter-agency and bi- or tri-national working groups. Work thus occurs on multiple levels, across inter-governmental lines, and across the U.S.-Canada international border with the goal of harmonizing some regulatory regimes. We argue the SPP is important and interesting in terms of both policy formulation and the wider U.S.-Canada bilateral relationship. This is the case for a variety of reasons. First, it represents a modest reinvigoration of the North American integration project, pursuant to the new security conditions of the post-September 11, 2001 period. In some ways it signals the next step in advancing historical trade and security relationships, many of which were last articulated significantly through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Smart Border Accords. Like some scholars have viewed NAFTA itself, many policy-makers see the SPP as a way to "lock-in" integration gains achieved through NAFTA and then "deepen" some economic and security arrangements among the three partners. Second, the SPP operates under the assumption that security and trade are compatible, explicitly detailing goals in both areas. Third, the SPP integrates unique degrees of bilateral and trilateral flexibility to accommodate the differing political and economic conditions of the three NAFTA countries. Finally, the SPP's objectives are largely being negotiated and pursued through executive-to-executive branch arrangements and multi-agency working groups that solicit some stakeholder input from a limited set of groups. The negotiation process proceeds in an incremental manner, backed, at least at the moment, by high-level political will in Ottawa, Washington, D.C., and Mexico City. This paper addresses the following broad research questions. First, what is the historical lineage the SPP draws upon in regards to the wider U.S.-Canada relationship? In other words, are there lessons from history that can inform the SPP process as it proceeds? Second, what theoretical insights from the field of International Political Economy (IPE) and political science more generally can be used to understand the SPP and the process of policy-making and negotiating it entails? …


This paper makes use of quantitative methods of standard deviation,coefficient of variation and Theil index which appear in economics frequently to analyze the regional differences of the inbound tourists and foreign currency receipts among north,east,south,west and middle areas in Guangxi province from 2003 to 2010.The results are as following: intra-group differences are larger than interblock differences in inbound tourist;Inbound tourist economic is effected by international environment,tourism marketing measures,attentions of tourism development,upgrade of tourism product and cooperation with the main passenger origin country.On the base of analysis,this article is to table proposals of structuring "Twinning Principle" economic development space corridor between Nanning and Beihai,establishment of a modern international tourism marketing system,increasing the degree of attentions on tourism,grasping the opportunities of government policy to progress tourist economic.


Excerpt] Possibly no union was better poised to meet the challenge of sexual harassment after Anita Hill's testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee than the United Auto Workers. For half a century the UAW has addressed sexual discrimination on the job. This commitment, though wavering at times was sustained by the determined women who worked on the international staff, the strong women on the shop floor who battled second class citizenship, and the civil rights and women's movements that both pressured and supported the union's efforts. Thus, when the nation turned its attention to sexual harassment in 1991, the UAW was ready.


The invention relates to a limited distribution integral inversion algorithm for grain diameter measurement. The invention is characterized in that the algorithm comprises the following steps: (1) obtaining the light distribution I (theta) of diffraction light of a grain group the grain size parameter distribution of which is fab (x) in the limited grain size interval [a,b] by measuring; (2) obtaining an inversion expression by Hankel conversion and the analytic solution of a Scholmilch equation; (3) carrying out discretization treatment on the equation obtained in step (2) by utilizing the Gaussian interpolation method; and (4) substituting Gaussian interpolation coefficients and interpolation nodes into the formula after by discretization treatment in step (3), thereby obtaining the grain diameter distribution fab (x). Since the integral inversion algorithm with a limited grain diameter distribution range is adopted, the invention is suitable for the condition that in actual measurement, the grain diameters are distributed in a limited interval. In the formula (2) of the claims, spline function derivative is directly adopted instead of difference, thereby decreasing theoretical errors. The algorithm only contains a Bessel function, thereby remarkably decreasing inversion result oscillation.


We study theoretical and computational aspects of the least squares fit (LSF) of circles and circular arcs. First we discuss the existence and uniqueness of LSF and various parametrization schemes. Then we evaluate several popular circle fitting algorithms and propose a new one that surpasses the existing methods in reliability. We also discuss and compare direct (algebraic) circle fits.


Protoplasts isolated from protonemata of Funaria hygrometrica wild type and developmentally abnormal mutants were individually selected and cultured in microdroplets of defined, unconditioned culture medium. Up to 60 % of the microcultured wild type protoplasts regenerated whole plants after 4 weeks. Electrofusion in different combinations of defined protoplast pairs of wild type and mutated forms was performed. The products derived from one-to-one electric field induced fusion were efficiently microcultured and somatic hybrids were regenerated.


CURRENT STATUS OF ON-LINE POINT POSITIONING IN COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS Egon Dorrer Institute for Photogrammetry and Cartography Munich Bundeswehr University Federal Republic of Germany ISPRS, Commission III Modern photogrammetric restitution and mensuration systems are inherently fully computer-controlled. One essential advantage is automatic slewing to positions on the photo stages defined by computed image coordinates. Common to all conventional and video-assisted analytical instruments, this feature has been incorporated in the software of virtually all available systems. The paper attempts to review the present state of on-line point positioning of a few typical commercial systems. Although utilized also in DTM data collection, in teracti ve graphics data editing and other tasks, compu tercontrolled positioning plays {l major role in on -line phototriangula tion, e.g. driving the stages during model orientation to the location of common tie and pass points, to known control and check points and to predefined grid points.


Species' biological traits and ecological preferences are important components to better understand distribution patterns, to help assessing and evaluating the status of freshwater ecosystems and to support biodiversity conservation. In Europe, the Water Framework Directive has been the main driver for the development of ecological assessment systems in recent years, which often use biological traits and ecological preferences of species as source for bioindication. Comprehensive databases compiling such species traits have a longer tradition in the terrestrial realm, but for freshwater organisms, such a database was missing until the establishment of freshwaterecology.info (Schmidt-Kloiber and Hering 2015).
 The freshwaterecology.info online tool integrates various data sources into a comprehensive database of large-scale distribution patterns, biological traits and ecological preferences of freshwater species, including phytoplankton, diatoms, macrophytes, macro-invertebrates and fishes. The database hosts more than 21,000 European freshwater species/species-groups and information about their specific ecology, and it has more than 1,700 registered users. Based on the availability of funding, the database is constantly being expanded and amended, through experts' contributions, evaluation of recent publications or data analyses.
 Here we present the database development, its main components as well as some usage examples.


[Objective] The aim was to supply some reference basis for enhancing the yield of Damask rose Ⅲ.[Method] The chlorophyll content of Damask rose Ⅲ was determined by spectrophotometry,the law of chlorophyll content varying with altitude height was analyzed and its mechanism was interpretated.[Result] The contents of chlorophyll a,b and a+b were higher at the altitude of 1 562 m,had some decrement at the altitude of 1 737 m,reached their highest values at the altitude of 1 835 m and were lowest at the altitude of 2 537 m.The local Damask rose Ⅲ grew best at the altitude of 1 500-1 900 m and its contents of chlorophyll a,b and a+b were lower at the altitude of about 2 500 m.The chlorophyll a/b ratio was greatest at the altitude of 2 463 m and least at the altitude of 2 537 m.The changing law of chlorophyll content had better positive correlation with the growing condition of plants.The moleculars which could be directly stimulated by light engery were more in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was beneficial to uptaking and utilizing weaker light.[Conclusion] The altitude height had obvious effects on the chlorophyll content in rose leaves.


In order to improve the driving ability of vertically-stacked gate-all-around (GAA) Si nanosheets (NSs) devices, a high-efficiency hybrid pattern technique with the SiNx spacer-image transfer and conventional photolithography pattern was proposed and implemented to form size-enlarged landing pads (LPs) on nanometer-scale fins at the same time, which increase the volumes of electrical conductance pathway between NS channel and source and drain (SD) electrodes with high process efficiency and compatibility with traditional mass production technology. Due to introduced new structures, the parasitic resistance of the devices is reduced by 99.8% compared with those w./o. LPs. Therefore, ~3 times and ~2 times driving current enhancements for 500 nm gate length n-type and p-type MOSFETs are obtained, respectively. The results indicate the proposed GAA NS FET fabrication process with LPs by high-efficiency hybrid pattern technique a promising solution for improving the device driving ability for stacked GAA Si NSs devices in future.


Antenna system phase (100) comprising: a feeding structure (102) adapted to guide an electromagnetic wave (112); a plurality of controllable elements (104_1: 104_n) coupled to the feed structure (102); and a plurality of radiating elements (106_1: 106_m); wherein each of the radiation elements (106_1: 106_m) is coupled to at least two of the plurality of controllable elements (104_1: 104_n); wherein the feed structure (102) comprises a waveguide; wherein the controllable elements (104_1: 104_n) are arranged between the coupling points (110) of the waveguide (102) and radiation elements (106_1: 106_m); and wherein the controllable elements (104_1: 104_n) comprising - controllable phase shifters elements independently; or - an adjustable material.


Abstract In the Poarch Creek community, being 'smart' individually is not something that we learn until we go to school. Instead, in our community, to be considered 'smart' you must learn how to work with and in the tribal community in a way that contributes to the needs of all of the people in the community. Through this article, I will discuss how the Poarch Creek community frames 'smartness' as knowledge and wisdom that individuals have and use to advance the tribe and community. I will look at how the community operates in 'smart' ways to navigate the larger society and how individuals within the community are 'smart' because they each possess the knowledge necessary to support, survive, and advance the tribe as a whole.


For over a decade, IFN-α2 has been the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C. However, the drug's rapid clearance and short half-life have led to low rates of sustained virological response. Pegylation is a well-established method of modifying the pharmacological properties of IFNs, causing significant improvements in pharmacokinetics, which in turn lead to improved efficacy. Two pegylated forms of IFN-α2 have been developed: PEG-IFN-α2b and PEG-IFN-α2a, and their efficacy has been established in randomised, -controlled trials. However, the two differ significantly in structure, invitro activity and pharmacological properties, and this may translate into -differences in clinical efficacy. Comparative trials have been initiated that will provide insight into relative importance of pharmacokinetics, bioactivity and dosing regimen.


This paper addresses the parameter estimation problem in the case of an unknown noise environment. A two-stage method consisting of the tuning and estimating stages is pro-posed for solving this problem. At the tuning stage, the estimator is tuned to the noise envi-ronment by minimizing the estimation root-mean-square error for a known data fragment in the space of the three free parameters; these free parameters allow modifying the behavior of the minimization problem objective function. At the estimating stage, estimation is car-ried out by solving the corresponding minimization problem using already tuned free pa-rameters. The features of the proposed method, including algorithms for the tuning and es-timating stages, are demonstrated for estimating a Gaussian pulse that slowly moves in the unknown noise environment and locates on a known constant background. The numerical simulations confirm the high performance of the proposed method.


Objective: To compare prevalence rates of overweight/obesity (O/O) in two populations of students 10–15 years old (yo) from public schools, with an interval of 30 years. Design and method: Two cross-sectional studies were developed: the Rio de Janeiro Study I (RJS I) in 1986–87 (n = 3,456, 1,704 M/1,752F) and the Rio de Janeiro Study II (RJS II) in 2015–16 (n = 1,892, 838 M/1,054F). students were evaluated at their schools in the same geographical area, and height (H), weight (W) and body mass index (BMI) were obtained. O/O was defined when BMI> = p85 for age and gender. Height percentiles were calculated. Results: Population distribution by gender and age was not different, but skin color distribution was different between the two evaluations (whites 62,6% × 44,1%, blacks 15,5% × 22,5%, not black/not white 21,8% × 33,3% in RJS I and RJS II, respectively, p < 0.0001). In RJS II, 30 years later, both genders presented higher means of weight and BMI for all ages (p < 0.005), except for boys and girls 10yo and for girls 13yo, and higher means of height (p < 0.04), except for boys 10yo and boys and girls 15yo. Distribution of height percentiles was significantly different between the two evaluations with higher prevalence of p75, p90 e 95 in RJS II (p < 0.0001). The comparison of the nutritional status (NS) among the populations of RJS I and RJS II showed an increase in the prevalence of O/O from 31.9% to 45.2% with higher increase of obesity (10.3% × 22.2%) than that of overweight (21.6% × 23.0%) in RJS II, after 30 years, while the prevalence of low weight (2.8%x2.5%) and eutrophy (65.3% × 52.2%) were lower in RJS II (p < 0.0001). These differences were statistically significant in all age groups and in both genders (p < 0.05), except for boys 14yo and girls 10yo. Conclusions: In 30 years, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in Brazilian adolescents 10–15yo increased in both genders and in all age groups, mainly obesity rates, representing an important cardiovascular risk factor in adolescents, and indicating the need of adoption of primary prevention measures since very early in life.


No major advancement in integrated circuit design with highly-nonlinear resistance switching devices may be expected unless a robust theoretical framework, allowing to draw a comprehensive picture of the operating principles of these devices, is first developed. Recurring to nonlinear system theory, and, where necessary, developing novel methodologies for analysing the complex dynamics of resistive random access memories, is thus a fundamental preliminary step toward the subsequent development of a conscious and systematic approach to memristive circuit design. In this paper the Dynamic Route Map, a powerful system-theoretic analysis method for first-order nonlinear systems, is employed to uncover and explain the hidden mechanisms behind the emergence of memory loss effects in nonvolatile resistive random access memories fabricated at the Peter Grünberg Institut 7 (PGI-7) Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) GmbH in Jülich.


Abstract Icosahedral alloy Al86Cr8Fe6 and its crystallization products have been studied with X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility methods. The presence of a multiplicity of Fe sites is demonstrated, and this is interpreted as evidence of intrinsic disorder characteristic of icosahedral alloys. The analysis of the Mossbauer spectra of icosahedral alloys in terms of two doublets is shown to be methodologically incorrect, and consequently the basis of the so-called two-site model is unfounded. The crystallization products of the studied icosahedral alloy are Al13Fe4 and A113Cr2-xFe x- A small magnetic moment is present both in the icosahedral sample and in its crystallization products. The origin of the magnetic moment in icosahedral alloys is discussed in view of recent theoretical and experimental advances in the understanding of the electronic structure of these alloys.


This paper analyzes the modes of vibration of the strings and the strings of the material, the thickness effect on pronunciation, the establishment of a mass-spring model of vibrating strings and studied when the force pulling the strings and plucked violins panel vibration. Spectrum analysis and processing by MATLAB, the vibration of the resonance box is directly converted into sound, a sound judgment using spectral analysis methods.


In recent years, significant changes have taken place in the teaching methods and teaching environment, especially the development of virtual reality technology, which has continuously promoted the transformation of traditional laboratories into virtual laboratories. The existing virtual laboratories generally only pay attention to the simulation of experimental process and experimental principle, but they fail to design from the cultivation of students' skills and teaching strategies ontology. Therefore, we build a new virtual circuit laboratory based on STEAM education concepts. We proposed some new design principles and strategies, and applied the interdisciplinary integration characteristics of STEAM education. The virtual reality teaching is interfaced with STEAM education and the corresponding design ideas and principles are proposed to construct the virtual circuit laboratory model. Finally, the virtual circuit laboratory is constructed according to the model under the support of software and hardware.


The location-based routing protocols of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are very important and useful in terms of energy saving and prolonging network lifetime, especially in emergency situations without an IP address. Previous approaches do not work efficiently or well. They may produce a large overhead of packets, which affects their scalability. Moreover, the reachability from source to destination is low in existing methods because route discovery fails and long end-to-end delays may occur due to inefficient route discovery. To solve these problems, we propose route discovery based on location-aided two-hop neighbor information. In this paper, we introduce a pair of approaches to enhance route discovery. The first approach considers the minimum average distance to the destination from two-hop neighbors of the source, and the second approach considers the relation between the source-neighbors' distances from the destination and the number of two-hop neighbor nodes from the source. Furthermore, we compare our approaches with existing algorithms through computer simulation and analysis. The simulation results show that our approaches can achieve higher performance than existing algorithms.


Let R be an associative ring, and Š:RR be a map, if there exists an element eR such that Š(u)e= [u,e]e, for every uR, in this case e is called Generalized Dependent Element of Š, and Ğ-D(Š) denote the set of all Generalized Dependent Elements of Š. In this paper the result proved, let R be semiprime ring, and F : RR is a generalized reverse derivation, related with derivation d, then eĞ-D(F), iff, eZ(R) and eF(u) =0 for every uR. Keywordssemiprime rings, derivation, generalized reverse derivation. How to cite this article: S. B. Yass, "Generalized Dependent Elements of Generalized Reverse Derivation on Semiprime Rings," Engineering and Technology Journal, Vol. 36, Part B, No. 1, pp. 88-92, 2018.


examples of how these guilds or other lay organizations, such as hospitals and orphanages, contributed to Brescian life. There are a number of other studies of Venetian subject cities, including my own book Civic Christianity in Renaissance Italy: The Hospital of Treviso, 1400–1530 (University of Rochester Press, 2007) and Francesco Bianchi's La Ca' di Dio di Padova nel Quattrocento. Riforma e governo di un ospedale per l'infanzia abbandonata (Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 2005), that have addressed continuity and change in local government through these civic institutions. A discussion of a Brescian institution that survived the changes in political power would have put in greater relief the events highlighted by the author. One minor but important factual correction to Bowd's fine study is the statement that Venice lost the city of Treviso during the War of Cambrai (4). In fact, Treviso was the only mainland city that remained loyal to Venice. The strength of the work is Bowd's insightful analysis of social and political flashpoints that illustrate the tensions within Brescian society. Bowd contributes to a growing number of studies, such as Paola Lanaro's At the Centre of the Old World: Trade and Manufacturing in Venice and the Venetian Mainland, 1400–1800 (Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2006), that shift the focus away from Venice to the Italian mainland and the powerful cities that comprised the Venetian state. In his study of one of the wealthiest and most populous cities in Italy, Bowd makes significant contributions not only to the history of Brescia, but also to the history of Venice and European state formation.


The first randomized clinical trial of a drug treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was published in 1988 (ref. 1, later expanded to ref. 2). It was a promising beginning. Good results were obtained with both a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Since that time, however, only eight additional clinical trials have been published and only two drugs have been tested more than once. This paucity of drug studies contrasts unfavorably with the proliferation of studies on the neurobiology and psychophysiology of PTSD. During this same period, a number of neurobiological abnormalities have been detected among PTSD patients, and it appears that we may have only scratched the surface in appreciating the complex pathophysiology of this disorder. Furthermore, unlike the situation with most psychiatric disorders, a number of promising animal models for PTSD provide an opportunity to conduct extensive laboratory testing on potentially useful pharmacological agents before initiating clinical trial^.^ Although recent findings with fluoxetine4 have revived hopeful interest in pharmacotherapy for PTSD, we must ask ourselves why progress has been so slow and why success has been so elusive in drug treatment for PTSD. There are a number of related questions: (1) Have we been testing drugs on the wrong clinical populations? (2) Have we optimized our clinical trials with respect to design and instrumentation? (3) Have we been testing the wrong drugs? (4) Are there different subtypes or stages of PTSD that may require different treatments at different times? ( 5 ) Is there a magic bullet for PTSD? Before considering these questions, we need to review the current literature on pharmacotherapy for PTSD.


Doses and application times of calcium in small radish. With the objective to evaluate the effect of doses and foliar fertilization times with calcium in small radish an experiment was realized in Patrimoni Farm (Unincor) localized in Três Corações, MG, during the months from March to April of 2006. The randomized block design in 3 x 4 factorial scheme (three foliar application time: 7; 14 and 21 days after planting and four doses of Cal Super: 0.0; 2.0; 4.0 and 6.0 l ha) and three replicates. The total and commercial root production, transversal diameter of commercial root and leaf length were evaluated. The total and commercial root production did not presented significative effect among treatments. The leaf length presented significative effect to the interaction between application time and doses factors. In relation to the commercial root diameter, this characteristic presented like result significative effect only to the application time. The Cal Super application at 14 days presented the better result (3.2 cm) without statistic difference to the 7 days (3.1 cm). According to the results, in these conditions that realized the experience, can conclude that the foliar pulverization with Cal Super promote leaf length and commercial root diameter increase. The application should be realized at 7 or 14 days after planting.


In order to solve the problems of high error rate and low efficiency in fault diagnosis of electronically controlled diesel engine, a Bayesian network integrated fault diagnosis model based on sensor data is constructed. The sensor data technology is used to detect the working state of electronically controlled diesel engine and the prior probability of various fault sources is estimated by using empirical method. Then Bayesian network technology is used to infer and find the fault source. The experimental results show that the system makes full use of the real-time performance of sensor data diagnosis technology and the judgement and decision ability of Bayesian network technology, and effectively improves the accuracy and effectiveness of fault diagnosis.


This paper discusses the use of the editable SRT format,characterized by its flexibility of edition and display,in the teaching of simultaneous interpretation(SI).An objective analysis is also made of its advantages and disadvantages,as well as possible problems according to theories such as memetics,dual coding and cognitive load theory.It concludes that training simultaneous interpreters with subtitles in SRT format is relatively close to real interpretation settings and therefore encourages students in self-learning of interpreting.


Reducing error in each step of robot motion is one of the important issue in the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping algorithms. Hence, an accurate estimation method can enhance the behavior of the SLAM algorithm in the unknown environment. A hybrid estimation method is presented in this work which is consisted of ANFIS with Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to estimate the estate of robots and landmarks. This estimation will be reduced the localization errors of the landmark and robot pose. So, the accuracy of the system will be improved in the planar system. The simulation results based on different environment revealed that the proposed algorithm is adaptable to the different environment with high accuracy, and efficiency in comparison with the previous works such as UKFSLAM and Neuro based UKFSLAM.


The effective management is the key to carry out the work in colleges normally and reasonably. In order to give full play to managers' role in the teaching management, we must adopt every kind of measure to improve the effect of the management.


Objective To investigate the composition of renal complex calculi in Nanning area in order to provide a basis for its treatment and prevention.Methods Infrared spectrum analysis of the stones from 98 patients with renal complex calculi in our hospital was performed and the related clinical data about the patients were collected.Results Most(93,94.9%) of the renal complex calculi in the 98 patients were mixed calculi or infection stones,including calcium oxalate monohydrate(2,2.0%),calcium oxalate monohydrate plus carbonate apatite(20,20.4%),calcium oxalate monohydrate and dehydrate plus carbonate apatite(16,16.3%),calcium oxalate monohydrate plus anhydrous uric acid(12,12.2%),calcium oxalate monohydrate plus carbonate apatite plus anhydrous uric acid(13,13.3%),calcium calculi plus infection stones(17,17.3%),infection stones(13,13.3%).Conclusion Most of the large renal complex calculi are mixed calculi oxalate or infection stones,and carbonate apatite,uric acid and magnesium ammonium phosphate are their compositions.during its growth,many facts are involved.It should be necessary to perform an active preventive treatment aimed at different pathological courses.


Analysis of TanDEM‐X and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data reveals geomorphic evidence for 292 fault‐propagation fold scarps across the Miocene Nullarbor and Pliocene Roe Plains in south‐central Australia. Vertical displacements (VD) are determined using topographic profiling of a subset (n = 48) of the fold traces. Fault dips (mean = 44 +16/−14° at 1σ) are estimated from seismic reflection data; the mean dip is assigned to faults with unknown dip and combined with VD to estimate net displacements (ND) and average net displacements (AD) for each fault. AD exceeds single‐event displacements estimated from fault‐length scaling regressions, indicating the identified faults have hosted multiple earthquakes. Combining AD with (i) faulted surface ages (Nullarbor ~10–5 Ma, Roe ~2.5 Ma), (ii) ages of faulted erosional–depositional features (e.g. relic Late Miocene dune fields and Pliocene paleochannels), and (iii) onset of the neotectonic regime in Australia at ~10 Ma yields average slip rates from <0.1 m Myr−1 to >17 m Myr−1 (mean = 1.1 m Myr−1). Summation of displacements across faults yields crustal horizontal shortening rates lower than geodetically detectable resolution (≤0.01 mm yr−1) since the Late Miocene. The ca. 10 Myr‐long record of neotectonic faulting on the Nullarbor Plain provides important insights into earthquake spatial–temporal behaviours in a slowly deforming intraplate continental region.


Abstract Volatiles emitted into the headspace above flowering Mahonia japonica (Bealei group) (Fort.) Carr. plants were trapped using two methods: PDMS/carbotrap with thermal desorption and Porapak Q with solvent desorption, followed by GC/MS analysis. The complete GC/MS analysis of floral volatiles of M. japonica is presented for the first time, showing the predominance of benzaldehyde (4.1%), benzyl alcohol (14.0%), (E)-β-ocimene (57.0%) and citronellol (6.7%).


Disposal of radioactive waste is a central problem and among the most important concerns of the nuclear fuel cycle.The Russian concept of nuclear fuel-cycle management is aimed at reprocessing spent fuel with the maximum, economically justified extraction of useful components for their recycling. The technology currently used in Russia for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel gives rise to liquid high- level waste (HLW) with minor concentrations of valuable components such as uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) [1]. The liquid radioactive wastes formed in the course of reprocessing are converted into the solid forms suitable for the transportation, storage, and burial. Of special importance is management of high-level waste (HLW). Although various technological approaches underlying the processes for the solidification or immobilization of liquid HLW are used at the research institutes of the MINATOM RF [1-5], all these approaches have in common the idea of a strong bonding of radionuclides in the resulting solid matrices. Therefore, development of solidification technologies must include the mandatory stages of investigating the behavior of HLW components during the immobilization process and in the prepared solidified compositions and characterizing their properties under conditions for subsequent transportation, storage, and burial. An important technological area of exploration is study of the behavior of long-lived alpha radionuclides during the course of the vitrification process and the ultimate long-range influence of these radionuclides on the properties of the immobilized forms. For the most part, immobilization of alpha radionuclides, particularly plutonium, in vitreous compositions involves investigations on the properties of final materials and the effect of alpha-decay radiation on the synthesized solid compositions. Another direction of investigation is study on the behavior of plutonium and transplutonium elements upon vitrification of liquid HLW, as applied to the one-stage process for immobilizing HLW by using different types of melters. Such studies were carried out to forecast the behavior of the above radionuclides during long-term operation of the ceramic melter at the vitrification facility of PU `Mayak.` The results of many investigations on the behavior of plutonium upon immobilization into phosphate and borosilicate vitreous compositions developed in Russia are generalized and summarized in the present work. In the conducted investigations of plutonium immobilization into both phosphate and borosilicate vitreous compositions used for the solidification of high-level liquid wastes upon vitrification in ceramic melters,0272 plutonium exhibited a limited solubility in the studied glass matrices. The solubility of plutonium, using plutonium dioxide powders, in phosphate and borosilicate glasses of specifically studied compositions was limited to 0.2 -0.4 wt %. The degree of incorporation (i.e., solubility) of plutonium, using plutonium in the form of nitrate solutions, in borosilicate glasses was also equal to 0.2-0.4 wt %. The degree of incorporation (i.e., solubility) of plutonium, using plutonium in the form of nitrate solutions, in phosphate glasses depended considerably on the chemical compositions of the solution to be solidified and on the specific glass matrix (i. e., on the composition of final solidified product) and was equal to 0.4-1.0 wt %. Available experimental data also allow one to assume that the use of the cold-crucible- induction melter (CCIM) method for immobilizing plutonium-containing wastes [6-8] provides a means of synthesizing the high-quality final solid-glass products with a plutonium content.


T was the 14 installment of Applied Antineutrino Physics (AAP) workshop series, and marked the second occasion the meeting has been held in Livermore, California. With more than 70 registered attendees, this iteration of the workshop generated great interest, speaking to the vitality and activity of this technical community. The program included many advances in the near and far field detection projects, new detection concepts, and discussion of flux predictions, the reactor anomalies, and antineutrino monitoring use cases. All presentations from the workshop are available at the following address https://neutrinos.llnl.gov/workshops/aap2018. We gratefully acknowledge support from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory∗, the Nuclear Science and Security Consortium, and Hamamatsu. The AAP 2019 workshop will be hosted by Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China during December of 2019.


The invention relates to a cloud computing access control system and method. The cloud computing access control system comprises a user access module which is used for realizing that a user sends a login request to a server of a cloud computing provider, the server responding to the login request of the user, and comprises an identity authentication module and a user management module; an access control module which is used for converting the login request of the user into an XACML format request and controlling and managing access right; a resource service management module which is used for managing different user access resources and monitoring and recording information of the user in the using process for log management; and an application service management module which is for initiating a call request to the resource service management module through a public interface, and comprises a resource service login module, a resource service deleting module and a resource service calling module. Through the organic integration of the monitoring mechanism and the XACML, flexibility of the authorization is enhanced; and the cloud computing access control system has fine grain performance, dynamic nature, extendibility and more security.


Introduced by Paul Baran in the early 1970s, the very small aperture terminal (VSAT) has become one of the most important communication tools used today. The concept behind this marvellous invention is to create a small-size satellite station and combine it with low-cost electronic equipment to maintain very precise frequency, phase, and time synchronization with a satellite, which is located 22,300 miles above the equator. Since 1991, Hughes has been providing low cost, fast installation, and reliable VSAT service to the public as well as to private sectors in China.


With the recent vibrational and molecular structural data for silicon tetrahalides possessing a tetrahedral symmetry the computed numerical values of mean-square amplitude quantities, generalized mean-square amplitude quantities (mean-square parallel amplitudes, mean-square perpendicular amplitudes and mean cross products) and mean amplitudes of vibration at the temperatures T=0 and T=298°K have been reported. The paper deals with the relevant discussion over the arrived results. The Bastiansen-Morino shrinkage effects at these temperatures have been calculated. All the calculations were made by the Cyvin's method using symmetry coordinates. The molar thermodynamic functions have also been calculated for these molecules except silicon tetrafluoride on the basis of a rigid rotator, harmonic oscillator model for the temperature range 50-2000°K.


i. Antidotes to the Muscle Relaxant Drugs The introduction of the muscle relaxant drugs has been the greatest advance in clinical anaesthesia of this century. It has enabled profound muscular relaxation to be obtained by the use of virtually non-toxic drugs in the presence of the lightest levels of anaesthesia. The respiratory depression or paralysis associated with this degree of relaxation is overcome by the related techniques of assisted or controlled' ventilation. Poisoning by excessive anaesthetic dosage to secure relaxation is now avoided and vasomotor tone is maintained with a consequent lowering in the incidence of peripheral circulatory failure. Muscle relaxant drugs exert their action at the neuromuscular junction. The complex chemical transmission of nerve impulses into muscular activity is not completely known. Normally motor nerve impulses cause a liberation of acetylcholine at the nerve endplate in contact with the muscle fibre. The acetylcholine attaches itself to an endplate receptor which leads to a depolarization of the muscle fibre in the region of the endplate. The depolarization spreads along the fibre and a contraction follows. For a fraction of a second the muscle fibre is refractory to further stimulation but the acetylcholine is almost instantaneously destroyed by the enzyme cholinesterase. Repolarization of the fibre then occurs and is once again receptive of further stimulation. Muscle relaxants can be broadly divided into two groups. The curare group which includes the purified extract d-tubocurarine chloride, gallamine triethiodide ( ' Flaxedil'), and laudolissen causes neuromuscular block by competing for the endplate receptor for acetylcholine. Acetylcholine continues to be formed as a result of motor nerve impulses but it can no longer cause depolarization. Electrically the curarized muscle remains charged and can still be made to contract by direct stimulation, The other group of the relaxants, the depolarizing group, resemble acetylcholine in their action and cause muscle relaxation by attaching themselves to the endplate receptor and depolarizing the muscle fibre. This explains the muscular fasciculations that are seen as paralysis occurs with these drugs. Being less easily destroyed than acetylcholine they persist for varying periods and the fibre remains depolarized. During this depolarization the muscle fibre is not susceptible to direct stimulation. The most important drugs in this group are decamethonium iodide and bromide and suxemethonium (' Scoline ').


The authentication method of a geometric areas code forms and / or variable colors according to a message, comprises: - a step (115) for generating said code as a function of a message to provide geometrical zones, - a step (120 to 130) for generating a digital authentication code to provide digital values, and - a step (135) for generating an image of said code comprising, in at least a portion of its geometrical zones, a characteristic variable marking according to said digital authentication code.


In 2017, a wide range of actors from across the Australian refugee sector and movement worked together to articulate a platform for reform of Australian refugee policy in 2018 and beyond. This joint platform sets out the problems of refugee policy in Australia and, more importantly, what we think are the solutions.