The present work analyses the relationship among civil society and his capability to influence social policies through a case study – the City Council of Education of Serra (CMES). It is looked to evaluate these spaces represent a new standard of relationship between State and Civil Society, leading to an effective participation of citizens since that the historical pattern had been a closed one, only admitting the participation of governmental agents. It argues that the process in course in the CMES have extended the debate, reverberating in the ears of society and, so, permitting a wide visibility of the educational policies, mainly if compared with the previous periods (until middle of the decade of 1990). The experience of CMES has made possible technical and political apprenticeship in educational policies at local level. In spite of these positive aspects, it concludes that political participation of citizens is quite limited and, in the most of the cases, restricted to few organizations that have assent in the Council. Since the low level of communication between these organizations and their members and the population in general, the defense of public interests is jeopardized for these are eclipsed by particular and corportative interests.


Tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), a component of tight junction, has been reported to play a role in protein networks as an adaptor protein, and TJP1 expression is altered during tumor development. Here, we found that TJP1 expression was increased at the RNA and protein levels in TGF-β-stimulated lung cancer cells, A549. SB431542, a type-I TGF-β receptor inhibitor, as well as SB203580, a p38 kinase inhibitor, significantly abrogated the effect of TGF-β on TJP1 expression. Diphenyleneiodonium, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, also attenuated TJP1 expression in response to TGF-β in lung cancer cells. When TJP1 expression was reduced by shRNA lentiviral particles in A549 cells (A549-sh TJP1), wound healing was much lower than in cells infected with control viral particles. Taken together, these data suggest that TGF-β enhances TJP1 expression, which may play a role beyond structural support in tight junctions during cancer development. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(2): 115-120]


Abstract : Over the past few years RWME has been investigating the use of the liquid helium droplet beam technique to generate of single component and composite nanoclusters at low temperature, deposit the clusters onto various substrates, and then investigate the stability, chemical, and physical properties of the subsequent cluster-based material. This report provides an annual status update in the understanding of the environment of the clusters prior to, during, and after collision of the doped droplet with a surface. To do this, we fabricate a range of clusters of varying sizes, examine them prior to deposition using mass spectrometry, then examine the properties of the resulting films using spectroscopic, conductivity, electron microscopy, and diffraction techniques. Materials to be discussed include pure magnesium, magnesium- perfluoropolyether composite, copper-magnesium core-shell, and gold nanoclusters. Also included in this interim report are the latest results on studying nanoenergetic materials based on aluminum and iodine oxides at the milligram scale.


Nowadays, Superelastic NiTi stent is used in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) because of its effects on minimizing such problems as low twistability, unsuitable dynamic behavior, and the shortage of radial mechanical strength. In our simulations, NiTi superelasticity is modeled based on Auricchio theory and Tanaka, Liang and Rogers theory. Auricchio Model show more consistency with the experimental data than Tanaka and Liang and Rogers Models. In the present study, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate the impacts of the applied strain on the superelastic behavior of the new geometry designed for Z-shaped TAA NiTi wire stent, for which axial strain (crushing) and radial strain (crimping) force are applied. The results showed that NiTi stent with 50% crimping and 90% crushing displayed the highest mechanical performance owing to suitable Chronic Outward Force(COF), appropriate Radial Resistive Force(RRF), complete mechanical hysteresis loop pertaining to superelastic behavior, and the lower stress and higher strain on the internal curvature of the NiTi stent. Finally, this FEM model can provide a convenient way for evaluating the biomechanical properties of TAA stents given the influences of strain applied.


The paper discusses the main characteristics of the assessment of the risk of money laundering, displays and analyzes the key points related to the methodology for compiling the ML/FT risk register. An in-depth analysis of various development methods for the AML / CFT risk management system was carried out. The emphasis in the work is on the formation of the author's register of money laundering risks based on an industry characteristic. The aim of the article is to develop a series of measures that are designed to increase the effectiveness of the investigated anti-laundering mechanism.
The article was prepared based on the results of investigation carried out at the expense of budget funds on a state assignment to the Financial University.


The shadow economy, along with macroeconomic imbalances and limited resources, will become a key global risk for the next decade. Withdrawing cash flows from the shadow sector and directing them to the legal economy solves numerous political, social, and economic problems of a country. That's why assessing the level of the shadow economy and solving problems of legalizing cashflows in any country has theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine and to identify the problems, which give rise to it in the context of new challenges of the crisis phenomena both in Ukraine and around the world. The paper presents a comprehensive study of the shadow economy phenomenon, examines the root causes of its occurrence. The specificity of the study consists in assessing the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine according to the existing methods, namely: the unprofitableness of enterprises "household expenses – retail sales and services", electrical and monetary. According to the review of scientific works, it is necessary to use a comprehensive indicator of the shadow economy assessment. Thus, considerable attention is paid to deepening the methodological aspects of assessing the shadow economy based on multi-criteria methods. The result of the study is the calculation of the shadow economy's level, considering the shadow currency turnover, based on the fact that Ukraine is a dollar-dependent country. A large proportion of the capital withdrawal into the shadow circulation is associated precisely with currency fraud. The obtained results confirm that the legalization of currency cash turnover should be mandatory in the process of foreign exchange regulation's transformation in Ukraine. Achieving this goal is associated with the deregulation of the foreign exchange market and the banking sector on the basis of moderate liberalization, warning the country's economy against the deployment of credit booms, improving the institutional provision of financial intermediation, developing a full-fledged market for derivatives, harmonizing national legislation with the best world experience and international standards of regulation, supervision and reporting, continuous monitoring of public opinion on the actions of monetary authorities and the consequences of these actions for the welfare and economic stability of corporate business and households.


Abstract Homelessness in rural communities remains largely hidden. This article draws on ethnographic data to examine the hidden lives of families facing homelessness and its aftermath in rural New England. Our findings highlight how lived experiences of extreme poverty are shaped by the cultural values in this rural setting. We argue that social exclusion is a defining feature of the lived experience of homelessness in this setting in which individualism and self-sufficiency are core cultural values. While certain practice and policy strategies may apply broadly to impoverished families (e.g. affordable housing, service coordination, vocational support), we propose that efforts to support families should be grounded in, and tailored to, the specific setting and cultural values of rural communities.


Abstract This work reminds the people from Thrace and all the other people included under that name, that covered different regions. They developed from the third millenium before Christ. They extended from the oriental part of the Peninsula of Balkan until the costal region of Minor Asia. The golden heritage of Hesiodo, Homero and Herodoto, let us know the old popolution that, in ethnic sense used to talk of "tracio", an old brank of the family of indoeuropean languages. The greek miths that have enriched universal literatura and that used to cooperate in the archeological find. They allow us to describe the tracios medicine and the funeral rites


The changes in land use occurs with the passage of time in an area where the priorities of living standard changes. The increase in population and better socio-economic opportunities within urban localities influences the peripheral areas as well as the proximities. The aims of the study changes in land use patterns in peri urban areas. The current research evaluated the variation in land use preferences in Faisalabad city during the 2000, 2010 and 2017, covering 18 years. The change is detected through satellite images by applying the supervised classification in specified classes including vegetation, built up areas, barren land and water bodies. The analyses of the acquired images disclosed that the dominant land utilization in the peri-urban zone is the built-up or infrastructure development. This urban expansion and development mostly influenced the agricultural land or vegetation cover, as results vegetation cover reduced rapidly. Out of the total land area, the urban infrastructure area with 24% in 2000, increased to 46% in 2017.  The results further indicated that the city is expanding rapidly towards the peri-urban areas. For the most part of the peri-urban, land is converted to urban land uses as for housing, infrastructure and commercial activities.


Objective: To observe the effect of YiqiXiaozheng Recipe on the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in rats with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD), and investigate the mechanism of preventing and treating COPD. Methods: 30 rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and YiqiXiaozheng group, with 10 rats in each group. The rat model of COPD was established by passive smoking and intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide(LPS), except the normal group. From the 2nd day, the model group and the YiqiXiaozheng group were given 0.9% sodium chloride and YiqiXiaozheng recipe respectively. On the 113rd day, all the rats were sacrificed, and the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry method. Results: Compared with the normal group, the expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1of model group increased while the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio decreased, the differences were statistically significant(P0.05); Compared with model group, the expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1of YiqiXiaozheng group decreased while the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio increased, the difference of the expression of TIMP-1 was statistically significant(P0.05). Conclusion: YiqiXiaozheng recipe can prevent and treat COPD by reducing the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1on airway epithelium in rat with COPD, regulating the MMP-9/ TIMP-1 ratio balance, of which decreasing the expression of TIMP-1 and the effect of improving airway remodeling were more obvious.


Now, we propose a simple method of the elasticity modulus measurements for textiles filament using a mechanical pulse spectrometer. These measurements were performed for the polyamide filaments with a diameter about 11μm. Also we reanalyze the factors giving an experimental error. Estimation of the measurement error for our elasticity modulus is of a range 6,7%.


Suicidal ideation is most often dealt with in the literature as being either itself pathological or in some way symptomatic of underlying pathology. At the same time, many authorities hold that while everyone or nearly everyone, has probably entertained the notion of killing themselves, relatively few persons actually resort to suicide. With this in mind, it seems more reasonable to suppose that suicidal ideation is "normal," i.e., a general condition of society. What's more, since so many entertain suicide and so few accomplish it, it may be that suicidal ideation actually plays some key role in the retardation and/or prevention of suicide. This paper will consider some of the ways in which suicidal ideation may lead to the prolongation of life.


This is one of two papers reporting the results from this research. The other is " Achieving Innovation through Global Collaboration: A New Source of Competitive Advantage, " HBS Working Paper 07-079. Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Many companies have successfully used outsourcing to lower costs. But, unless the company's efforts are unusually good, true competitive advantage is fleeting when competitors begin outsourcing and achieving similar results. To build sustainable competitive advantage, leading companies are now using an advanced form of outsourcing, dubbed global collaboration, to drive new revenue, quicken time‐to‐market, and increase innovation. Global collaboration impacts their top as well as bottom lines. Effectively adopting this advanced approach requires adjustments to traditional outsourcing strategy and processes. To understand these changes better, the Product Strategy and Architecture practice within Wipro Technologies teamed with Alan MacCormack, Harvard Business School, to study 45 global collaboration projects. The competencies required for achieving top‐line growth through global partners are different than the competencies required to be successful in reducing costs. Yet, many companies continue to manage global collaboration projects in the same ways they managed cost reduction projects and thus do not obtain the full potential value from these projects. Our interviews uncovered best practices that were common to companies successful at using global collaboration. Key findings include: • Effective global collaboration requires a strategic, company‐wide vantage point. Defining the company's global collaboration goals, addressing employee concerns, adapting business processes, and creating strategic partner relationships all require senior management participation and cross‐ project coordination. • Project management, development methodologies, communications processes, contractual documents, and intellectual property management practices all need to be augmented and refined, to take into account the more complex and deeply intertwined nature of the relationship that occurs within appropriately established boundaries. • Continuous learning and refinement ensure the company builds its global collaboration competency as quickly as possible. Adopting the most appropriate of these best practices can expedite learning and improve results for companies new to global collaboration.


In view of ecological civilization,the traditional moral is outdated and reflects an obvious lag,contemporary moral education needs shift to the ecological moral education.The rise of the ecological moral education is the result of a variety of factors,and its core elements are green,harmony,humanity,democratic,free,sustainable development.Moral life,diversity and openness,globalization and localization are the trend of ecological moral education.


PURPOSE: An electronic display device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to realize various brightness by controlling voltage applied to each pixel to the rotation amount and moving amount of a display unit even if applying the same voltage in a first and second electrode. CONSTITUTION: A first electrode(10) is comprised of a transparent material. At least one second electrode(20) is arranged to face a first electrode having a different distance. At least one display unit(30) is arranged between the first and second electrode and has optical characteristic, which changes, by a voltage which is applied to the first and second electrode. If the display unit is arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode which facing to the first electrode with having a different distance, it can express various range of brightness as the rotation angle and a moving amount of display unit changes.


The utility model relates to an air-floating sewage treatment system which utilizes the air-floating method to perform the sewage treatment. The air-floating sewage treatment system comprises a flocculation area (1), a contact area (2) and a separation area (3) which are independent to each other, wherein the flocculation area (1), the contact area (2) and the separation area (3) are sequentially communicated with each other; and the air-floating sewage treatment system also comprises a nanometer bubble generator (8), and wherein a releasing head (81) of the nanometer bubble generator (8) is arranged on the bottom part of the contact area (2). The air-floating sewage treatment system can release the nano-grade micro bubbles, can adjust the diameter of the bubble according to the quality of the sewage, has higher treatment efficiency on the sewage, and has good quality of the outlet water.


Sudden death features rarely in the ancient sources: the Elder Pliny and Suetonius supply the most detailed testimonials. Most discussions of dying are philosophical in tone and promote an image of "prepared" death which considerably influenced the later Christian tradition. Five aspects of a Roman art of dying emerge, elements of which are paralleled in a more pragmatic sixth, the will. The sudden deaths in Pliny and Suetonius, however, may indicate a popular tradition in which absence of pain or fear overrode preparation. Closer examination of two of these suggests that features of both traditions might be combined to produce the "ideal" death.


In this paper, we present an economic cost analysis, including the capacity analysis subject to deployment cost constraint in the relay-enhanced cellular networks. Based on stochastic geometry analysis of throughput performance, we provide a framework to determine the maximum areal capacity with the given deployment cost, which involves the optimum RS and BS densities. Based upon the throughput analysis, a linear capacity-scaling property of relay system has been shown. Furthermore, we justify the advantage of low-cost relay nodes by deriving the capacity-scaling property that is governed by the economies of scale. Furthermore, our framework allows for analyzing the explicit benefit of relay system over the conventional cellular system as a unit cost of relay station varies. In particular, our asymptotic analysis has shown that the maximum possible gain is limited to 2.12 times as much as the maximum areal capacity of the conventional cellular system, no matter how many relay stations are employed.


Delirium has been associated with increased mortality and prolonged hospital length of stay among critical care patients. Furthermore, treatment of delirium remains variable amongst clinicians due to limited evidence. The objective of this study was to determine the local incidence of delirium and to characterize the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological therapy used to treat delirium.


The article presents the review of basic ideas from three-volume edition «Kant: discussion continiues», devoted to practical aspects of Kants philosophy. The author of work G.Gajzman acquaints the reader with his scientific work. The aim of this edition is to show, that researches of Kants philosophy are only on the beginning. Author analyzied various aspects of Kants practical philosophy, such as philosophy of morals with its two branches (ethics and legal philosophy), religion philosophy, history philosophy. Kant ideas allow the author to designate a way of the analysis of the problems shown in the XX-th century in «full eradication of a voice of the right and humanity» in Nazi Germany, which leads to the monstrous and unprecedented crimes against humanity made by it.


Objective: To investigate the reasonable establishment of functions and processes in the Wound Care Center,and discuss the duties and roles of its enterostomal therapists(ET).Methods: According to the army's related infection management rules and nosocamiol infection control criteria,our Wound Care Center is divided into 8 areas,each with its set function and corresponding equipment and materials.We have laid out the consulting process for patients,stoma and wound management processes for nurses,responsibilities for ET and an operation mode for the Wound Care Center.The targets attained in work,teaching and research in the previous two years were analyzed and compared.Results: The index of the attainment of the tangets increased dramatically,with a growth rate of more than 20% in 8 of the 9 targets,most obviously in teaching and research.Conclusion: The division of the functional areas has proved to be reasonable,each operational process capable of meeting patients' needs and technical requirements,which enables ET to play important professional roles in the specialized field.


In the last decades the idea of creativity has gained increasing interest in the field of philosophy, cognitive sciences, sociology, etc. and there have been renewed contributions regarding the classic idea of creativity. We consider that the contribution of classic pragmatism deserves special mention—particularly in the works of Charles. S. Peirce and John Dewey. In this article, we are going to refer exclusively to the Deweyan treatment of this idea. We will sustain that Dewey's theory provides interpretative elements which are innovative and disruptive regarding the philosophical tradition including a novelty conception of creative imagination. We will expose some consequences of his position—as we interpret it. In effect, we are going to sustain that Dewey moves away from classic demands according to which a creative product involves, necessarily, a radical transformation of human life, according to the idea of degrees of creativity; that this Deweyan theory constitutes an interesting insight for promoting the creative attitude; that the creative process retains the same structure in all cases—science and art, for example—and that creativity is now an intrinsic potentiality of human beings—which may be realized or not. Finally, we consider the relevance of some Deweyan theses for nowadays positions, as in the case of the cognitive psychologist Robert Weisberg, emphasizing their coincidences and disagreements.


Ganlan Architecture has a long history in the minority of our country,and has been widely used until now.But this special building keeps its style for many years,gradually contradicting with the modern life.In view of how to protect and inherit the Ganlan Architecture,this article tries to rebuild the traditional architecture based on the new materials,constructions and plans,and finally summarizes the experiences.It is hoped that the traditional Ganlan Architecture will suit to the modern life and present a new life so as to leave the historical treasure for the people.


AI systems collect, process, and generate data in ways that further exacerbate many long-documented problems with online consent, most notably issues of providing adequate notice, choice, and withdrawal to users. The unpredictable and even unimaginable use of data by AI systems is considered a feature, not a bug. Yet this feature creates problems for notifying users as well as assessing when consent might be required based on potential uses, harms, and consequences. This article investigates whether these problems impact morally transformative consent in AI systems. We argue that while supplementing consent with further mechanization, digitization, and intelligence—either through proffering notification on behalf of the consentee or choosing and communicating consent by the consenter—may improve take-it-or-leave-it notice and choice consent regimes, the goal for AI consent should be one of partnership development between parties, built on responsive design and continual consent.


In March and April, 2015, for the first time in the history of Nigeria, elections were conducted, using partial electronic voting means. Specifically, smart card readers were utilized for accreditation of prospective voters. While the 2015 election exercise was adjudged the best ever in the history of the country, it was not without challenges. One of these was the failure, in many instances, of the readers to authenticate eligible voters. This study is aimed at collating the perception by voters of security and four other factors capable of influencing their trust of the use e-voting system. Using questionnaire, the data collated from 306 participants were analyzed. Majority of the participants were male (63.7%), students (40.8%), within the ages of 18 and 24 years (39.5%), and intermediate in their IT proficiency level (50.3%). The study reveals that the proposed factors enhance voters' trust. Demographic differences were also found to affect the perception of the proposed factors. If the country plans to deploy full-fledged e-voting mechanism for future elections, voter education, with emphasis on voters with low IT literacy and the elderly, must be given due attention.


This thesis is focused on the financial performance of the village Sarovy in the years 2012 - 2014 using financial analysis. The aim is to find out the results of the village Sarovy in each year and suggest solutions for improving the financial and economic situation of the village and find other possible revenue that would increase the budget of the municipality. The thesis also deals with the explanation of terms and terminology accordance with applicable legislation and a part will be devote of the financial statements and attachments that are needed to assess the management of the municipality.


The invention discloses the deriving method of key, receive at least one key, described key is the key derived according to target BS mark and/or Target cell physical label; When re-establishing request message according to the radio resource control RRC received, determine selected key A; Send and be used for deriving the target BS mark needed for described key A or Target cell physical label.The invention also discloses key derivation device and a kind of communication system.UE in the embodiment of the present invention and network equipment adopt identical cipher key derivative parameter to carry out cipher key derivative, thus make the key agreement that UE and network side derive separately, ensure that the proper communication of UE and network side, be conducive to reducing cutting off rate, improve the susceptibility of user.


This paper presents an experimental study on the vibration characteristics of a 2 kVA ferrite transformer under different switching frequencies and phase-shift modulation methods. The results show that the vibration signal of the core is concentrated at a multiple of the switching frequency. The vibration acceleration values at different positions of the core are obtained under the same excitation. What's more, the optimization of the phase-shift modulation method can reduce the vibration of the core to a certain extent.


Victor Saville's Evergreen (1934) has long been regarded as an innovative British film musical in its aspirations to the idioms and production values of American cinema of the period and in its integration of continental European artistic design. Complementing these features, this article argues, is a less noted but unusually specific engagement with popular British performance practices and their historical contexts. An examination of the film's representation of music hall and revue, both in its narrative and in its diegetic dance and song sequences, suggests their importance for Gaumont-British's attempt to establish Jessie Matthews as a distinctively novel performer in changing contexts of both British and American film production. More broadly, it also complicates the dominant model of the alleged decline of popular theatre in the period as a result of its competitive engagement with cinema, presenting instead a nuanced sense of their interaction in the 1930s that prefigures the importance of domestic performance traditions for a later period of British national cinema.


: During the passing decades, even though great progress has been made in hydraulic hybrid excavators with the development of hydraulic hybrid technology, there are still some shortages remained to be solved. For instance, the fuel efficiency is still low and the energy loss is huge. Concerning these issues, a kind of dynamic programming control strategy based on torque prediction, which is suitable for hydraulic hybrid excavators, is proposed. The excavator driving system is a closed hydraulic system comprised by displacement pump and cylinder. The power supply is consisted by engine and displacement pump/motor connected with accumulator, which work as main drive element and auxiliary driving device, respectively. And the driving system can be classified into parallel hydraulic hybrid system. The load characteristics of cyclic operating conditions of excavators are analyzed. The minimum length of sample to forecast demand torque is determined. The demand torque curve is divided periodically based on empirical mode decomposition and the predictive torque is obtained. The dynamic programming control strategy based on torque prediction is proposed. According to the simulation result, the maximum output torque of engine can be reduced by 28.9%, and the fuel consumption can be reduced by 32.5% compared with the condition without control strategy. In addition, the pressure of accumulator can maintain the setting range.


Purpose: To correlate corneal endothelium cell density with dry eye disease compared to an age-matched control group. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 eyes of 75 female students aged 19-25 years who did not have any history of eye injuries or eye disease affecting the corneal endothelium cell density, were recruited from KSU Female Campus. They were divided into groups based on their dry eye disease severity. All subjects undergone full ophthalmic examinations assessing their endothelium cell count using specular microscope and dryness level using Non-invasive Break up Time (NIBUT) using Keratograph4. Results: The mean endothelial cell density was significantly lower in subjects with severe dryness (2620.3 ± 252.2 cell/mm2) and moderate dryness (2801 ± 221.6 cell/mm2) than normal subjects (3067± 196.7 cell/mm2), p=.000.In addition, the mean cell area was lower in normal subjects (327.4± 21.5 μm2) and increased with severity of dryness, in subjects with moderate dryness (358.9 ±27.1 μm2) and in subjects with severe dryness (384.8 ±33.7 μm2), p=.000.There was variation in the mean cell volume, in normal subjects was (25±3.6) and (27.2±4.3) in moderate dryness and (25.5±3.6) in severe dryness, p=.009. Conclusion: Results succeeded to demonstrate that in moderate to severe dryness, there was a significant reduction in the corneal endothelial cell density as compared to the ageand sex-matched control group. Correlation between corneal endothelial cells Characteristics and dry eye disease Correlation between corneal endothelial cell Characteristics and dry eye disease.


We show that the proportion of permutations of length $n$ with principal M\"{o}bius function equal to zero, $Z(n)$, is asymptotically bounded below by 0.3995. If a permutation $\pi$ contains two intervals of length 2, where one interval is an ascent and the other a descent, then we show that the value of the principal M\"{o}bius function $\mu [1, \pi]$ is zero, and we use this result to find the lower bound for $Z(n)$. We also show that if a permutation $\phi$ has certain properties, then any permutation $\pi$ which contains an interval order-isomorphic to $\phi$ has $\mu[1, \pi] = 0$.


The aim of this article is twofold: first, to show, through a brief historical overview of the European Union (EU) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in particular, why the latter has achieved a controversial status and is yet unlikely to be reformed by the Member States (MS). The second is to illustrate that, despite this deadlock, the Euratom Treaty has undergone a change in legal significance, driven in particular by the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), with the result that conflicts between the two Treaty regimes are almost completely avoided.
European Atomic Energy Community, European Atomic Energy Community, Euratom Treaty, relationship to the EU, judicial activism


The calculation of astronomic latitude and longitude have been carried by astrolabe, theodolite. Conventional procedures to determine it require clear weather conditions, time high cost. So we need more effective method to decide them. The objective here is to present method to computate astronomic latitude and longitude by mixing GPS observation result and geodetic height. Also to decide geodetic height we used GPS/leveling, DMA(n=m=180) and OSU91A(n=m=360) methods. Compared to conventional procedures we could obtain astronomic latitude and longitude using GPS by difference. If the precise geoid model of Korea will be developed, we can compute astronomic latitude and longitude effectively using GPS observation only.


INFANTILE progressive spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig–Hoffmann syndrome) has been reported as occurring in 7 pairs of twins.1 2 3 4 5 6 In only 4 of these cases were the twins thought to be monozy...


Pen picture accounts of four young people in the Netherlands' care system help to focus attention on the needs of young people and their families. This also highlights issues facing the Dutch care system and how it is organised and funded. In one of the world's most densely populated countries, the child protection and welfare system in the Netherlands focuses on family preservation and community-based interventions. However, the number of young people in out-of-home care facilities has increased over the past decade and a half. The New Act on Care for Children and Young People which came into effect in 2015 has made far-reaching changes to Dutch child and youth care policy, and administrative and financial practices that are now re-located to municipalities.


In order to study the wear law of cylinder-piston ring in armored vehicle engines,this paper recommends three representative models: lubrication analysis-based wear model,transient process theory based model and universal wear model,basing on summarizing the computation theory of cylinder-piston ring wear process.The adhesive wear volume or depth is calculated and analyzed with these models.The characteristic comparison of modeling thinking,problems-solving method and calculation error of each wear model are also given.Finally the lubrication analysis-based wear model is advised to study the wear of cylinder-piston ping in armored vehicle engines.


This paper analyses the possibility of the construction of Self set and the principle of the choosing of character code, and proposes a method of the construction of Self set. The character code in the Self set includes the user's operation, the object and parameter of the operation. Then proposes an evolutionary method of Self set through the user's friend factor (ff) and the confidence factor (cf).


As the first link of electric power marketing,the quality of business expansion work directly related to the economic benefit of power supply enterprise and social image.A power supply enterprise optimizes business process engineering through compressing the management level and shortening the process.The data index before and after the optimization was analyzed and compared.Result shows that the optimization of business expansion work can shorten the average time of the process significantly,and the management level of the business was improved dramatically.


The depth of field of real/virtual and focused mode in three-dimensional integral imaging is taken into account by using the Fourier optics approach and considering the effects of diffraction and defocus aberration. The concepts of point spread function and optical transfer function are applied to three-dimensional integral imaging system and used to investigate the depth of field for both modes.


The problem-based learning model as a student description writing skill in the 21st Century requires students to keep up with the times in the 4.0 revolution era. This study aims to determine 1). Problem Based Learning learning model as a student description writing skills in the 21st Century 2). How to apply the Problem Based Learning learning model as a student description writing skill in the 21st Century. This research is a systematic literature study, the research steps are to find articles that match two keywords, meet the inclusion inclusion criteria, pass the quality assessment consisting of an assessment of research questions, methodology, and research results. The results showed that by implementing the writing process in learning, the learning steps also used the writing process, including prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Learning Indonesian about writing descriptive texts for fictional characters, students learn new things, open students' knowledge that writing is not just a product, but writing also has processes including prewriting (prewriting), writing (drafting), revision (revising), editing ( editing), and publication (publishing).


52 Fasciola hepatica worms (22 sheep, 3 goats and 27 cattle) from livers and bile ducts were collected. The prevalence rate of Fascioliasis was 7.28%, 3.37% and 10.19%, respectively. Among the three hosts regarding the sex, females of sheep and goats show a higher infection rate than males (4.3% and 2.25% versus 2.98% and 1.12%). Simultaneously, the prevalence rate was slightly higher in female cattle (5.28%) than male cattle (4.91%). Used the adult worms for DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification. The sequences of amplified products were identified under accession number (MT951586) of sheep were 99.51%, and (MT951587) of goat was 99.75% homologous to Iranian goat Fasciola hepatica (KF992219). Furthermore, the cattle Fasciola hepatica (MT951585) was 99.2% homologous with the reference of Iranian goat. Using phylogenetic tree analysis, isolated F. hepatica in sheep, goats, and cattle is positively related to various global F. hepatica .


TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 601 II. BACKGROUND 604 III. EXPLORING THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL REALITY 606 A. Current Legal Challenges in Virtual Reality 606 1. Protecting Company Secrets During Virtual Reality Development 606 2. Intellectual Property Rights in Virtual Reality 612 B. Future Legal Challenges in Virtual Reality 622 1. Privacy Risks 622 2. Cognitive and Physical Risks 624 IV. CONCLUSION 627 INTRODUCTION In the novel Ready Player One, James Halliday, the elusive creator of the fictional virtual reality platform OASIS, hides the key to his massive fortune in an Easter egg in his video game-like immersive world. (1) Corporations and users alike take drastic measures in order to obtain those immeasurable riches. (2) That fictional world exists in the year 2045--a time both far and close. (3) But with the advent of commercially viable virtual reality peripherals and games, a similar future and a similar fortune for genius developers may be just around the corner. Before getting there, however, lawyers working for hardware developers and content producers must become familiar with the legal implications of commercial virtual reality ("VR") to best protect their clients' interests. Although scholars have been considering the legal implications of VR for decades, (4) VR peripherals have just become household consumer products, and it is time to consider the growing contractual, proprietary, and security issues such goods may pose. Consumers can now buy virtual reality head-mounted displays at varying price ranges, from cheaper sets made of cardboard to more technologically advanced devices. (5) Many view VR as the next big field in tech; in the first quarter of 2016 alone venture capitalists had already invested at least $1.1 billion in the industry. (6) Because of its growing prominence in the tech sector and increasingly widespread use to accomplish such formerly inconceivable feats as scaling Mount Everest, (7) more and more developers and consumers will see the allure in using and innovating such platforms. VR will also pose old and new challenges to lawyers attempting to advise and support clients that decide to take a chance in this growing industry. But what do we refer to when we talk about today's VR industry? While video games have been around arguably since the late 1950s, (8) and virtual worlds, have been accessible since players could roam open digital worlds, we in a new era with VR. VR has been used to livestream surgeries, (9) incorporated into roller coasters to provide more immersive experiences, (10) used to develop fully immersive gaming centers, (11) and is even breaking out of its common bounds to make highly lifelike hovering simulations. (12) While the technology of the last example remains a billion-dollar trade secret, (13) it is easier to explain modern virtual reality displays. For example, Oculus Rift's head-mounted display ("HMD") contains sensors that detect the orientation and tilt of the user's head and is comprised of a mask with a screen large enough to encompass around one hundred degrees of a user's vision. (14) Programmers who bought developer toolkits from Oculus have made a multitude of games. (15) Some focus on the first person exploration experience (16) Others provide unique experiences such as looking down on an adventure from a god-like view. (17) The numerosity and scale of the types of experiences available are drastically different from the digital worlds governed and continuously expanded upon by one company (18) and he standalone blockbuster video games produced over a series of years. …


For various reasons, cooperative aspects of work have recently gained importance in ergonomie studies. This increasing interest for cooperative features has shown the diversity and complexity of cooperative working situations. In the ergonomie literature, several terms, such as co-action, co- activity or collective activity, are defined and used to describe different modes of interindividual activity. A clarification of these concepts is necessary.

After examining cooperation and coordination notions as central to the process of cooperative activity, several characteristics or elements stemming from the literature and working situations are proposed for an analysis of cooperative work. These characteristics aim to describe the cooperative prescribed task, the cooperative effective task, cooperative activity and their mutual articulation. Three levels are analysed : organizational level, material level and process level. Relationships between characteristics inside each level and between the levels may point out work activity forms of several operators. Results on operators, performance and the work group indicate feedback effects on characteristics and levels suggested for analysis.


Based on the principles of thermal radiation and temperature measurement with infrared thermal imager, the different performance of heat conduction through poly-acrylonitrile carbon-fibre fabric (or carbon-fibre) was mensurated with infrared thermal imaging technology under different temperature. A new evaluation approach of carbon-fibre heat conduction performance was proposed by analysing and calculating the heat-transferring-characteristics thermal image.


The process of oil recovery with horizontal wells is a coupling process of reservoir flow and wellbore variable-mass flow.The influence of reservoir heterogeneity cannot be ignored.A fully coupled reservoir/wellbore model for horizontal wells in heterogeneous,anisotropic reservoirs is developed.The heterogeneous permeability field is represented by a homogenous permeability field of equivalent permeability with a heterogeneity skin varying along the well.On this basis,the solution for the reservoir flow model is obtained by source function method and superposition principles.The solution methodology based on model discretization is presented.The inflow performance of horizontal wells in heterogeneous reservoirs is studied.Permeability heterogeneity has a great impact on flux profile and productivity of horizontal wells.The flux distribution along the well is basically the same as the near-permeability distribution.The flux in high permeability zone is bigger than that in low-permeability zone.Equivalent permeability being the same,with the increase of near-well heterogeneity,the average productivity of horizontal wells decreases,while the average unbalance of flux distribution increases.This study provides a theoretical basis for the productivity prediction and completion optimization of horizontal wells in heterogeneous,anisotropic reservoirs.


Meteorological data collection and monitoring is widely adopted in the traffic industry. Meteorological monitoring can ensure traffic safety and improve the traffic management level. According to the detection type the system is divided into several types: pavement visibility detector, road conditions detector, rainfall detector, wind speed and direction detector, etc. Subsequently the advantages and drawbacks or system working principle of various types are compared. Meanwhile the key issues and the future trend of development are presented.


In this article, we analyze the multi-stakeholder form of ownership through the lenses of Elinor Ostrom works in the field of common pool resources. These two specific governance forms give insights to institutional arrangements in the field of (quasi)-collective goods and services and contribute to the recognition of a plurality of institutional diversity which goes beyond the State-Market dichotomy.


The structural and electrical properties of PtRu bimetallic alloy (BA) thin films prepared via atomic layer deposition (ALD) were systemically investigated according to the film composition, which was controlled at a deposition temperature of 340 °C by changing the numbers of Pt and Ru subcycles of a supercycle. As-deposited PtRu BA thin films exhibited weaker crystallinity than Pt36Ru64 when the Ru content was high. However, crystallinity improved, and the peak shifts became clearer after Ar heat treatment at 700 °C, reflecting the formation of well-mixed solid solutions. The electrical resistivity and work function also improved. The work function of PtRu BA thin films can be controlled between the work functions of Pt and Ru, and is only weakly dependent on the film composition in the single solid solution region.


Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide, responsible for ~90 million new cases of disease each year, with asymptomatic infections giving rise to sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility in women. Aggressive 'seek and treat' public health measures have not stemmed the rise of Ct infections, leading to proposal of the 'arrested immunity' hypothesis, where herd immunity within a population is blunted following earlier treatment with antibiotics. This suggests vaccination as the next key step in potentially eliminating Ct infections. Due to the paucity of robust clinical data, protective immune parameters have largely been derived from studies in mice, where pathogen-specific Th1-type immunity involving CD4+ T cells has been the focus of preclinical vaccine development. Our study represents the first preclinical characterization of a novel, rationally designed second-generation lipid adjuvant (SLA) in combination with the highly conserved recombinant Ct polymorphic membrane protein D (rPmpD) antigen. We demonstrate robust protection against urogenital Ct infection in the C57BL/6 murine model, characterized by significantly enhanced resistance to infection and reduction in mean bacterial load. However, enhanced Th1-type immunity was not found to correlate with relative protection, which rather coincided with the presence of robust rPmpD-specific serum and cervico-vaginal IgG titres. Prior to our study, the only convincing evidence of neutralizing antibodies effecting protection against chlamydial infection in vivo has emerged from studies employing the antigenically variable Ct MOMP as a vaccine immunogen. We propose that anti-rPmpD antibodies may play a significant role in vaccine-induced protection against urogenital Ct challenge, and that the role of antibodies warrants further investigation in future Ct vaccine development.


German scholarship played a leading role in advancing Western understanding of the cultures, languages, and religions of the Orient in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but when educated interest shifted from dictionaries and the Arab literature of the Middle Ages to the economic and strategic assets of the Arab world, the importance of the traditional centers of Oriental studies in Germany was eclipsed. Centers dedicated to a multidisciplinary approach to the study of particular regions— whether defined politically or culturally—of the world have long been a feature of American universities, but they have yet to materialize in the Federal Republic, at least for the Middle East. Today research on the Middle East is being pursued by various disciplines at universities and independent institutes scattered across the country—in Hamburg, Munich, Berlin, and Tubingen, among others. Under these circumstances, the task of assembling a representative cross-section of West German scholarship that would provide a comprehensive survey of the Middle East seems Herculean. In the two volumes under review, however, the editors Udo Steinbach, director of the Deutsche Orient-Institut in Hamburg, and ROdiger Robert, associate professor of political science at Miinster University, have provided precisely that. At over 1,200 pages, Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten borders on encyclopedic proportions. In the words of the editors, it is meant to present comprehensive information on the modern Near and Middle East, with the notable exception of the role of Islam. It would be preposterous for any individual to attempt a thorough criticism of the wealth of information and expertise assembled in this work. Brief descriptions of the subjects covered and some occasional observations must suffice. Volume 1 covers the foundations, structures, and main problems in the region. Some 30 authors address a wide range of subjects in 50 articles grouped in eight sections. The first section describes the Near and Middle East in its geographic, racial, cultural, and religious diversity. Section 2 presents the reader with a concise history from the origins of Islam to post-World War II independence, which includes a brief but useful analysis of the motives behind colonialism, the forms it took, and its consequences for the region. An important chapter covers the history of thought. Concentrating on modernist and reformist thinking as it was influenced by Western power and civilization, the chapter traces the roots of today's political and intellectual movements. A paragraph on "nationalism in practice," focusing on Bathism, Nasserism, and Zionism as efforts to overcome the painful dichotomy between religious and secular-modernist thought, provides an useful approach to one of the lesser known and more complicated fields of Middle Eastern studies. Political systems, administrations, the legitimacy of governments, and the role of the military and of elites are some of the subjects to be found in the next section (Section 3). It is interesting to see how the variety of political systems to be found in the region contrasts with the stark monotony of the ubiquitously inefficient administrations they all rely on. Other aspects considered in Section 3 include law and jurisdiction and mass


Abstract 2667 Background: Acute pain is the leading cause of hospitalization in both children and adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). Opioid analgesics are used for pain relief, but are associated with significant adverse effects that are bothersome to patients and may predispose to serious sickle-related pulmonary events. Evidence is limited for the most effective opioid administration strategy that maximizes analgesia and minimizes adverse effects. Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) has the potential advantage to allow a patient to optimize pain control without dependence on healthcare providers for administration. PCA generally consists of an opioid given by constant infusion with additional demand doses as needed; the proper dosing for each is largely unknown, particularly at high opioid doses. The SCDCRN conducted a multi-center phase III clinical trial comparing two alternative opioid PCA dosing strategies (HDLI-higher demand dose with low constant infusion or LDHI- lower demand dose and higher constant infusion). The required sample size for the trial was 278 subjects. Patients and Methods: SCD patients ≥ age 10 years hospitalized for significant pain (baseline pain VAS ≥ 4.5/10) who had received Results: From January 1, 2010 to June 8, 2010, a total of 1050 patients age ≥ 10 years were hospitalized for pain; 216 were ineligible, 796 were missed for logistic/staffing issues at sites, and 38 subjects completed randomization prior to trial closure (due to inadequate time to complete enrollment prior to Network termination in March 2011). Average age of enrolled subjects was 23.9 ± 12.2 years (range 10–52 years), and 53% were female. The HDLI arm had 50% morphine and 40% pediatric subjects (10-17 years); the LDHI arm had 44% morphine and 50% pediatric subjects. Four subjects were withdrawn (1 parent permission withdrawal, 2 inadvertent withdrawals by PI, 1 ineligible). Baseline VAS was high (mean 7.5 cm HDLI, and 7.7 cm LDHI). A reduction in pain intensity during PCA treatment was observed in both treatment arms (mean difference from baseline ± SEM: 2.7 ±1.5 cm HDLI vs 2.8 ±2.0 cm LDHI; time to significant improvement 22.0 ±3.0 hours HDLI vs 22.1 ±3.8 hours LDHI), with 75% of the HDLI subjects and 79% of the LHDI experiencing a significant improvement in pain. Average length of hospitalization was 143.7 ±94.2 hours HDLI vs 102.4 ±42.6 hours LDHI. The reliability or significance of any similarities or differences noted in this descriptive analysis is limited by the small sample size. Opioid utilization in the two treatment arms is currently being analyzed. Opioid-related symptoms were well managed and similar in both treatment arms (mean daily opioid symptom severity score (1-4): 0.9 ± 0.6 HDLI vs 0.8 ± 0.6 LDHI). Four episodes of serious hypoxia, likely relate to exacerbation of pulmonary hypertension, developed in adult subjects during the study (2 HDLI, 2 LDHI). Conclusions: The premature closure of the study limits potential conclusions regarding safety and efficacy, or superiority of either treatment regimen. The data gathered will help resolve potential design issues related to the complexity of running an inpatient opiod PCA trial and help guide modification of subject selection and enrollment, optimization of opioid dosing and monitoring, and endpoint assessments. Given the clinical priority of adequate pain management and the challenges of opioid PCA therapy, completion of this trial is imperative. Supported by NHLBI. Disclosures: Dampier:Anthera Pharmaceuticals Inc:; Glycomimetics Inc:.Telen:GlycoMimetics: Consultancy, clinical trial sponsorship.


The long-term performance of wood in exterior exposures depends on material quality and decay resistance, either natural or that imposed by chemical treatment. The information presented here is intended to aid those who design and construct wood decks or similar outdoor structures.


The ego states of battered women were analyzed through the use of Heyer's Ego State Profile Questionnaire. The results of the study indicated that battered women have a lower Adult, a higher Adapted Child, slightly higher Critical Parent and Nurturing Parent than adults in general, and a Free Child near general population norms. The study lends credence to using transactional analysis techniques to help battered women understand themselves and, if they choose, to make new decsions about their lives.


Affiliations: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, USA Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, UK Greenshield, 46 rue Saint-Antoine, 75004 PARIS, France CNSI, ALMS, University of California Los Angeles, USA DFG Cluster of Excellence "Physics of Life", TU Dresden, Germany Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,USA Corresponding authors. Emails: firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com


This Research aim to to know influence of intellegence of social to achievement learn student and give input to teachers so that always motivate its students to develop potency or its ability to be created to feel self confidence and train on how to to look for spirit.  This research have the character of descriptive qualitative by using method spreading of scale enquette of likert by determining variable, indicators of variable and also formulate item with each question of instrument deskriptor, research qualitative refer at research as a means of compiler of data to get conducted authenticity.  Pursuant to data analysis which have been executed with technique analyse intellegence of achievement and social learn student. Result of this research indicate that intellegence of social have an effect on to achievement learn student in SMK Country 2 Town Jambi. This can be shown by using formula of product moment obtained by 0.4065 is later;then tested by using formula of t, pursuant to its calculation is obtained result 2.849 meaning t calculate > t of is tables of or 2.849 > 2.020 . Keyword : Social Intelligence, Learning achievement (Inter Personal Quotient)


Molecular biological techniques are the best dimensions to diagnosis the disease process and its causative agents. The molecular biology technique is performed with sophisticated instruments or equipment's required specialized trained personnel and undertaken in routine diagnosistic laboratories.


The Social Security program is one of the most popular and successful government programs in the United States. At the end of 2004, the OASDI trust funds held almost $1.7 trillion in Federal government bonds and notes. It is projected that the trust funds assets will be equivalent to over 20 percent of GDP by 2020. Several recent studies have concluded that the increases in the trust funds have been more than offset by reductions in surpluses elsewhere in the federal budget. Consequently, public saving has fallen as a result of the trust fund build-up since the mid-1980s. This study reexamines this issue and finds that the trust fund has had no impact on the rest of the federal budget.


In sheet metal stamping, it is known that wear is unevenly distributed over the die radius and that multiple wear mechanisms may occur simultaneously. However, there has been little or no work that details the types of wear mechanisms, and quantifies the locations at which they occur. Furthermore, the link between recently identified time-dependent contact conditions and the wear response is currently unknown. An experimental study is presented in this paper to examine the location, type and severity of wear that occurs over the die radius during a typical sheet metal stamping process. It is found that the wear over the die radius consists of a combination of ploughing and galling mechanisms. The relative severity of the ploughing mechanism is divided into two distinct zones on the die radius, which correlate


In this paper single and synergistic extraction by di-(1-methyl heptyl) methyl phosphonate(DMHMP)and 2-ethyl hexyl hydrogen 2-ethyl hexyl phos-phonic acid (HEHEHP) for thorium has been investigated respectively. There are three kinds of equilibria in the Th(No3)4-DMHMP-HEHEHP-C8C6 system:The equilibrium constants are determined by the usual slope method and found to be lgβ10=4.47, lgβ20=4.90, lgβ12 = 7.65 (20℃) .By determining the effects of temperature on the distribution ratio, △H , △Z and △S of reaction (2) and (3) are evaluated as follows; △H=-3.34 kcal· mol-1 , △Z=-6.57 kcal·moL-1, △S=-11.0 cal· mol-1·K-1 , for the second reaction. △S=-7.14 kcal ·mol-1 , △Z=-10.3 kcal·mol-1 , △S=-10.6 cal· mol-1·K-1, for the third reaction, In term of cone packing model a possible structure of the synergic extracting complex is proposed.


Metal studies is an ever-growing field within academia, with annual conferences being held and new publications appearing fairly regularly. However, theory and methodology are two fields of research that have not yet been much discussed. Frequent criticism of metal studies often focuses on a lack of theoretical as well as methodological engagement – an accusation of being unscientific. There has been some work focusing on this problem and trying to deal with it – mostly sociological and music...


According to the defect of traditional CORDIC algorithm on calculating arcsine and arccosine function,an improved algorithm is proposed,which uses double rotations with a constant factor and partial direction prediction.The modeling and fixed-point simulation is implemented on MATLAB platform,while the hardware realization is done on FPGA with a pipeline structure.The speed of this IP core reaches 192 MHz and the average error is less than 10-4.This algorithm is of better precision than traditional CORDIC on average,higher speed than linear compensation.And it costs less resource than double rotations algorithm with pipeline structure.


Abstract : The fatigue life of Aluminum 1100 has been studied as a function of pressure, stress, frequency, and temperature. The data indicate that the amount of fatigue improvement and the frequency effect observed in vacuum decrease with increasing stress amplitude. The results of resonant frequency measurements, showing the correlation of the fatigue improvement and the frequency effect with the rate of change in the resonant frequency, suggest a possible new method to detect the rate of damage formation for fatigue studies. Iron has been used for studying the various effects of vacuum on BCC metals. Results reveal that vacuum has greater effect on the fatigue life of iron than on the fatigue life of aliminum. As for the tensile studies, the stress-strain curves of iron and recrystallized molybdenum wire specimens have been studied in vacuum. It is found that in the case of iron, only the stress at the Luders' band region is subject to the effect of vacuum. However, the amount of change is dependent on the strain rate. When a very slow strain rate, 9 x 10 to the minus 7th power/sec, is used, the decrease may amount to as much as 1200 psi. The effects of vacuum on the ultimate tensile stress and the total elongation of molybdenum at high temperatures are attributed to a decrease in the rate of oxidation. (Author)


Simulations of the Jack Rabbit II 2015 chlorine experiments are presented using two different integral dispersion models: Drift 3.7.2 and Phast 7.11. Comparisons are made to the experimental data in terms of both the peak concentration and toxic load (TL). A global sensitivity analysis is also presented to help assess the impact of uncertainties in the Drift model inputs. The results show that the models produce reasonably good agreement with the Jack Rabbit II data if they account for rainout of liquid chlorine from the two-phase jet and evaporation of the resulting chlorine pool. Peak concentrations and TL are significantly over-predicted if rainout effects are ignored. The sensitivity analysis shows that dry deposition could have a dominating effect on the predicted concentrations of these experiments if a high deposition velocity of 5 cm s is assumed.


AIM: To analyse of the association between Lactoferrin gene polymorphism and dental caries susceptibility in the population of Han and Yugur nationality in Gansu province. METHODS: Polymorphism of rs10865941(C / T),rs1126477(G / A) and rs9110(C / T) of lactotransferrin(LF) gene in 165 Yugur and 190 Han subjects were examind by Sequenom MassArray test from peripheral blood. The subjects were grouped as case(DMFT≥3)and control(DMFT≤2). Data were statistically analysed. RESULTS: All genotype distribution frequency was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg balance(P 0. 05); Rs10865941 SNP genotype frequence showed statistically significant difference between the case group and control group of Han,and rs10865941 CT genotype frequency in case group(36. 5%) was lower than that in the control group(61. 9%) with OR =0. 394(95% CI =0. 187-0. 828) in Han nationality. Rs10865941,rs1126477 and rs9110 genotype frequency of LF showed no statistically difference in Yugur nationality. CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms rs10865941 site of LF is relevant with dental caries susceptibility of the Han nationality in Gansu province


Abstract:  Piezoelectric materials (PZT) can be used as mechanisms to transfer mechanical energy, usually ambient vibration, into electrical energy that can be stored and used to power other devices. With the recent advances in wireless and micro‐electro‐mechanical‐systems (MEMS) technology, sensors can be placed in exotic and remote locations. As these devices are wireless it becomes necessary that they have their own power supply. The power supply in most cases is the conventional battery; however, problems can occur when using batteries because of their finite life span. Because most sensors are being developed so that they can be placed in remote locations such as structural sensors on a bridge or global positioning service (GPS) tracking devices on animals in the wild, obtaining the sensor simply to replace the battery can become a very expensive task. Furthermore, in the case of sensors located on civil structures, it is often advantageous to embed them, making access impossible. Therefore, if a method of obtaining the untapped energy surrounding these sensors was implemented, significant life could be added to the power supply. One method is to use PZT materials to obtain ambient energy surrounding the test specimen. This captured energy could then be used to prolong the power supply or in the ideal case provide endless energy for the sensors lifespan. The goal of this study is to develop a model of the PZT power harvesting device. This model would simplify the design procedure necessary for determining the appropriate size and vibration levels necessary for sufficient energy to be produced and supplied to the electronic devices. An experimental verification of the model is also performed to ensure its accuracy.


The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to Executive Summary The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is an international assessment that measures the performance of 15-year-olds in reading literacy, mathematics literacy, and science literacy every 3 years. First implemented in 2000, PISA is coordinated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organization of 34 member countries. In all, 60 countries and 5 other education systems 1 participated as partners in PISA 2009. Each PISA cycle assesses one of the three subject areas in depth. In PISA 2009, reading literacy was the subject area assessed in depth, and science literacy and mathematics literacy were the minor subjects assessed. This report focuses on the performance of U.S. students 2 in the major subject area of reading literacy by presenting results from a combined reading literacy scale and three reading literacy subscales: access and retrieve, integrate and interpret, and reflect and evaluate. Achievement results for the minor subject areas of mathematics and science literacy are also presented. Reading Literacy • U.S. 15-year-olds had an average score of 500 on the combined reading literacy scale, not measurably different from the OECD average score of 493. Among the 33 other OECD countries, 6 countries had higher average scores than the United States, 13 had lower average scores, and 14 had average scores not measurably different from the U.S. average. Among the 64 other OECD countries, non-OECD countries, and other education systems, 9 had higher average scores …


Hand gestures are extensively used in human nonverbal communication by hearing impaired and speech impaired people. To make communication between the hearing impaired and normal people simple and efficient, it is necessary that this process be automated. Number of techniques have been developed for automatic HGR. The usefulness of a method is analyzed based on various parameters like computational complexity, memory requirement, time required, etc. This paper proposes a new algorithm for static hand segmentation from complex background and for feature extraction for hand gesture recognition, considering the need of faster and simpler algorithms giving high recognition efficiency.


What happens first between a corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication and a crisis can result in different levels of perceived cognitive dissonance and corporate hypocrisy depending on whether there is information inconsistency between the CSR communication and the crisis. This paper presents the findings from an experimental study and an online survey conducted and administered to investigate the contingency influence on consumer perceptions in response to inconsistent information. The results indicate that consumers experience greater cognitive dissonance and perceive more corporate hypocrisy when they are exposed, first, to a CSR initiative and then to a crisis, than when the order is reversed, provided that the CSR initiative and the crisis are congruent with the same social issue. However, there are no significant differences when the CSR initiative is incongruent with the crisis. Further, the findings of the study suggest that consumer cognitive dissonance not only directly influences the perceived corporate reputation, but also indirectly affects the perceived corporate reputation through a mediating effect of perceived corporate hypocrisy. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in providing a better understanding of consumer perceptions (including cognitive dissonance, perceived corporate hypocrisy and corporate reputation) in response to inconsistent CSR information. Meanwhile, the managerial contribution of this study stands by providing insights into the use of CSR communication strategies.


In this paper, a Genetic Algorithm is applied on the filter of the Enhanced Markov Clustering algorithm to optimize the selection of clusters having a high probability to represent protein complexes. The filter was applied on the results (obtained by experiments made on five different yeast datasets) of three different algorithms known for their efficiency on protein complex detection through protein interaction graphs. The results are compared with three popular clustering algorithms, proving the efficiency of the proposed method according to metrics such as successful prediction rate and geometrical accuracy. DOI: 10.4018/ijsbbt.2012040103 36 International Journal of Systems Biology and Biomedical Technologies, 1(2), 35-47, April-June 2012 Copyright © 2012, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. such as protein complex detection or characterizing the functionality of unknown proteins. Due to the vast volume of PPI data, they are usually modeled as graphs G=(V,E) where V is the set of vertices (proteins) and E the set of adjacent edges between two nodes (protein interactions). The model of graph makes it easy for bioinformatics researchers to apply various algorithms derived from graph theory in order to perform clustering and detect protein complexes which are represented as dense subgraphs (Bader & Hogue, 2003; Hartuv & Shamir, 2000; Koyuturk, Szpankowski, & Grama, 2007). According to Broheeand van Helden (2006) and Li, Wu, Kwoh, and Ng (2009), the most prevailed algorithms are MCL (Markov clustering) (Enright, Van Dongen, & Ouzounis, 2002) and RNSC (Restricted Neighbourhood Search Clustering) (King, Przulj, & Jurisica, 2004). Besides them, spectral clustering can achieve similar results (Kritikos, Moschopoulos, Vazirgiannis, & Kossida, 2011). While these methods use the PPI graph structure to detect protein complexes, additional information could also be used such as gene expression data (Eisen, Spellman, Brown, & Botstein, 1998), functional information (Gene Ontology Consortium, 2006) as well as other biological information (Huh et al., 2003). However, the use of additional information has the disadvantage that cannot cover the aggregation of proteins that constitute the PPI graph. The aforementioned algorithms assign each protein of the initial PPI graph to a cluster, constructing clusters that could hardly be characterized as dense ones. As a result, their prediction rate of protein complexes is pretty low. One way to deal with this problem is to filter the results of such an algorithm using additional information such as Gene Ontology (King et al., 2004). However, the sources of the additional information usually do not cover all the recorded interactions that form the PPI graphs. Moreover, the parameters of these filters are almost always empirically defined, leading to biased solutions. In this contribution, a filter is constructed by four methods which are based on graph properties such as density, haircut operation, best neighbor and cutting edge and it is applied on the results of MCL, RNSC and spectral algorithm. Furthermore, the parameters of the filter methods are optimized by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) which takes into account the rate of successful prediction, the absolute number of valid predicted protein complexes and the geometrical accuracy of the final clusters. Extended experiments were performed using five different PPI datasets. The derived results were compared with the recorded protein complexes of the MIPS database (Mewes et al., 2006), while statistical metrics were calculated such as sensitivity (Sn), positive predictive value (PPV) and geometrical accuracy (Acc_g). To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed filter, we compare the derived results with 3 other algorithms; SideS (Koyuturk et al., 2007), Mcode (Bader & Hogue, 2003), and HCS (Hartuv & Shamir, 2000). The remaining of the paper is organized as follows: in the next section, clustering algorithms that have been applied on protein complex detection through PPI graphs are presented. In the third section, a thorough description of genetic algorithms and the main applications of them in Bioinformatics are given. In the forth section, our proposed methodology is presented while in fifth section we present and discuss the results of our experiments, carried out on five datasets (derived by databases or individual experiments) and by comparing our method with three other algorithms (Mcode, HCS, SideS). Finally, in the conclusion, we conclude and the main directions of future work are suggested.


The 2015 Nuclear Science Advisory Committee Long Rang Plan identified the need for an electron-ion collider (EIC) facility as a gluon microscope with capabilities beyond those of any existing accelerator complex. To reach the required high energy, high luminosity, and high polarization, the eRHIC design, based on the existing heavy ion and polarized proton collider RHIC adopts a very small β-function at the interaction points, a high collision repetition rate, and a novel hadron cooling scheme. A full crossing angle of 25 mrad and crab cavities for both electron and proton rings are required. In this article, we will present the high priority R&D items related to the beam-beam interaction studies for the current eRHIC design, the simulation challenges, and our plans and methods to address them.


The Department of Airports provides for the management, maintenance and operation of six county airports and provides technical support to San Bernardino International Airport, a Joint Powers Authority comprised of the county and the cities of Colton, Highland, Loma Linda and San Bernardino. The department assures that county airports are maintained and operated in compliance with state and federal regulations. The department also assists the county's private and municipal airport operators in planning, interpreting and implementing state and federal aviation requirements.


We introduce a new framework for computing approximate maximum weight matchings. Our primary focus is on the fully dynamic setting, where there is a large gap between the guarantees of the best known algorithms for computing weighted and unweighted matchings. Indeed, almost all current weighted matching algorithms that reduce to the unweighted problem lose a factor of two in the approximation ratio. In contrast, in other sublinear models such as the distributed and streaming models, recent work has largely closed this weighted/unweighted gap. For bipartite graphs, we almost completely settle the gap with a general reduction that converts any algorithm for α-approximate unweighted matching to an algorithm for (1−)α-approximate weighted matching, while only increasing the update time by an O(logn) factor for constant . We also show that our framework leads to significant improvements for non-bipartite graphs, though not in the form of a universal reduction. In particular, we give two algorithms for weighted non-bipartite matching: 1. A randomized (Las Vegas) fully dynamic algorithm that maintains a (1/2−)-approximate maximum weight matching in worst-case update time O(polylog n) with high probability against an adaptive adversary. Our bounds are essentially the same as those of the unweighted algorithm of Wajc [STOC 2020]. 2. A deterministic fully dynamic algorithm that maintains a (2/3−)-approximate maximum weight matching in amortized update time O(m1/4). Our bounds are essentially the same as those of the unweighted algorithm of Bernstein and Stein [SODA 2016]. A key feature of our framework is that it uses existing algorithms for unweighted matching as black-boxes. As a result, our framework is simple and versatile. Moreover, our framework easily translates to other models, and we use it to derive new results for the weighted matching problem in streaming and communication complexity models.


The article reveals the main national-specific peculiarities of Tatar Sufi poetry of the XVI-XIX centuries. In the course of investigation, the Sufi worldview is reconstructed, functional and artistic meanings of Sufi symbols are revealed at the material of poetic pieces; intratextual connections, existing in the Tatar literature of this period, are determined. Scientific novelty is determined by the alternate approach to the study of oral culture: the Tatar Sufi poetry is studied against the background of reconstruction of Sufi world models, as well as in wide context of Eastern literature and philosophy. [Yusupova N.M., Yusupov A.F. Tatar SUFI poetry of the XVI-XIX centuries: peculiarities, world models and symbolic. Life Sci J 2014;11(11):598-601] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 108


Objective To explore that the psychology courses and individual consultation have the extent of the impact on mental health of undergraduates. Method There are 87 college students who participate psychology courses in Yangzhou University, group them through total scores and factor scores from the pre-test SCL-90, and use two types of intervention for a three months ,and then compare. Results Psychology courses can reduce significantly some of SCL-90 scores of both mental healthy and mental disorder undergraduates. The psychology courses and individual consultation can reduce significantly all of SCL-90 scores; SCL-90 scores offer intervention of psychology courses and individual consultation isn't significantly different with SCL-90 scores offer sole intervention of psychology courses(P0.05). Conclusion The psychology courses can reduce college students SCL-90 scores, and improve the mental health of undergraduates.The individual consultation's effect need further research.


Eco-driving has been widely investigated over the last decade, but most studies focused on an individual vehicle or a vehicle platoon consisting of pure connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). Recently, mixed vehicle platoons consisting of both CAVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs) have attracted much interest, considering the fact that HDVs will mix with CAVs in the traffic system for a long period. This paper proposes an eco-driving strategy for mixed platoons, composing of both offline planning and online tracking. In offline planning, an energy-efficient speed reference and a gearshift reference are determined by using the characteristics of each vehicle and future traffic information through dynamic programming. Offline planning optimised the vehicle speed and gearshift to allow the vehicle powertrain working at a high efficiency region. In online tracking, two different types of model predictive controls (MPCs) are proposed to control the CAVs in real-time. The MPCs are designed to achieve precise speed reference tracking performance and guarantee platoon string stability, respectively. Meanwhile, HDVs within the mixed platoon can be located anywhere in the platoon except working as the first vehicle to improve flexibility. Therefore, the proposed eco-driving strategy is applicable to mixed platoons with more general structures in ordering. The key contribution of this study is that the proposed eco-driving strategy can optimise the total fuel consumption for general mixed platoons. Simulation results show that the proposed eco-driving strategy improves the fuel economy of a mixed platoon by up to 6.39% compared to the benchmark conventional-adaptive cruise control strategies.


After more than two years of debate, the wait is finally over. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK-ETS) finally got underway in March when the Government's incentive auction took place. The scheme subsequently went live on 2 April. Some £2 IS million will be given by the Government to companies that have in return pledged to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 4 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent over five years of the scheme. Now that 34 companies have taken on caps at a price of £53/tCO 2 , this could be seen as a successful start to the scheme. But what are the implications for the future of the UK-ETS and other participants entering the scheme through the Climate Change Agreement route? William Blyth explores the issues. Presentation des mecanismes et des regles du negoce d'emission, en vigueur depuis Avril 2002, au Royaume Uni. Il concerne 34 entreprises et le prix de la tonne de CO 2 economisee est de 53 Livres Sterling.


The floating zone (FZ) growth technique and characterization of yttrium-iron garnet single crystals (FZ YIG) for magneto-optical devices in fiber optical communication systems are described. FZ YIG crystals of high quality and sizes suitable for practical application were grown using an apparatus of the infrared radiation convergence type. The measured transmittance at a wavelength of 1.3 ¿m was 71-73 percent, compared with the theoretical value of 75 percent, throughout most of the YIG ingots, which were 100 mm in length and 8 mm in diameter. The near-infrared Faraday rotation angles in FZ YIG were larger than in YIG grown by the flux method. Finally, the fundamental properties of an isolator designed and fabricated by the authors, and utilizing the FZ YIG, are presented.


This paper describes a practical several moving objects area extraction using a half-cosine function wavelet network. The network decomposes an image into weighted basis functions corresponding to spatial frequency. In this method, objects are distinguished by using a difference of object's size. First, moving objects area can be extracted from the weight image of the basis functions which constructs the reconstructed image by using frame difference. After that objects with different size are distinguished by using level-image difference. The proposed method enables measurement and area extraction of objects simultaneously. Moving objects area extraction from an image stream which includes several different-size objects is investigated. We show that the proposed basis function based method has robustness against background noise.


To enable students to learn practical knowledge of the Building System, Environmental Engineering and Structural Mechanics for architectural design inclusively, we developed an educational program that introduced reverse engineering with 3DCAD and some analytical applications, and have conducted classes in line with the developed program since 2007. This paper describes the outline of the developed program and the conducted classes, and evaluates them from the pedagogical aspect. As a result of analysis of the comprehension of each student taking the class and student's demand for improvement of the class in a questionnaire, the following was clarified. 1. An improvement in the comprehension of more than 80% student was obtained in comparison with before the class began, with the exception of part of the comprehension about Environmental Engineering. 2. Problems with the result in the use of 3DCAD or analytical applications in the class and the class conduction method were identified.


This study examines the role that business intelligence (BI) and communication technologies play in how firms may achieve organizational sensing agility, decision making agility, and acting agility in different organizational and environmental contexts. Based on the information-processing view of organizations and dynamic capability theory, we suggest a configurational analytic framework that departs from the standard linear paradigm to examine how IT's effect on agility is embedded in a configuration of organizational and environmental elements. In line with this approach, we use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze field survey data from diverse industries. Our findings suggest equifinal pathways to organizational agility and the specific boundary conditions of our middle-range theory that determine what role BI and communication technologies play in organizations' achieving organizational agility. We discuss implications for theory and practice and discuss future research avenues.


The hydrolysis of ethyl thiolacetate is catalysed by cyanide ion and by hydrogen cyanide, whereas the hydrolyses of ethyl benzoate and ethyl p-nitrobenzoate are unaffected. With ethyl thiolacetate the use of cyanide buffers in both water and deuterium oxide establishes the rate equation –d[Ester]/dt=(kOH–[OH–]+kCN–[CN–]+kHCN[HCN])[Ester], with (kCN–)H2O/(kCN–)D2O= 1·25 and (kHCN)H2O/(kDCN)D2O∼ 1·1. The evidence identifies the cyanide catalysis as nucleophilic in type. The acetyl cyanide intermediate is not formed in a rapid pre-equilibrium and the cyanolysis step could be either synchronous or involve a carbonyl addition intermediate. The hydrogen cyanide catalysis represents an unusual acid catalysed nucleophilic catalysis of ester hydrolysis.


The aim of this investigation is the elaboration of the economical institutions evolution model on the base of the mathematical formalization of diffusion processes and received author's empirical results. The solution of the model caused to the following non simple conclusions. Firstly, the time and functional distribution of transactional cost is describes by the wave (sine curve in mathematical language) dependence. Secondly, the value of transactional costs is decreasing in case of absence of internal influence. The both conclusions may be explained by the introduction of hypothesis about the presence of economical institution life time, and as consequence the opening of transactional costs sine curve.


Looking back over 2012, there seemed to be something of a slowdown in the progress of the field of hypertension. No new blockbuster drugs. No JNC report (sigh...). This seems to me, however, much like the quiet on the eve of the storm and several things make me think that there is much excitement ahead, and that the American Society of Hypertension (ASH) will be in the thick of it. What generates such optimism? Like a preacher with an audience for only a brief time, I hope to make 3 points about the call to optimism. The first point to make is that with the completion of the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guideline trio (ATP4, Obesity, and JNC 2013) we are at an interesting intersection of evidence and evidence gaps. Having had the privilege to serve on JNC 2013 (we had to stop calling it JNC 8, it rhymed with too many other things such as "late" and "wait" and "delayed"), we learned to confront the evidence and acknowledge where it is strong, and where it is weak or insufficient. We labored, with the help of evidence people, guidelines people, and a variety of practitioners, to produce not only a set of actionable recommendations, but an identification of needs in our management algorithms. The most pressing need, and a potential trumpet call to our Society, is to define better the systolic blood pressure (BP) goal in the population at greatest risk for target organ damage that is so clearly linked to systolic pressure: those aged 60 years or older. This year welcomes the author into that elite category. The opportunities here are on several fronts. The growth of electronic health records allows the possibility of sharing information on literally millions of hypertensives in the United States. However, although enhancing greatly the epidemiology of hypertension in an era of multiple cardiac risk factor management, it is not a surrogate for the need for thoughtful BP goal intervention trials in the groups where this is still debated (like in those older than 59 years). The increasing use of the Web and e-medicine, the medical home, the iPhone and iPad, pharmacists and PharmDs in health systems, smart BP devices, the development of a worldwide formulary, and the attention/input of insurers (including governments, health, and life insurers) means there is an opportunity to perform systolic BP goal interventions, not in thousands of patients (currently a huge undertaking, re: cost and time), but literally in millions where answers could be forthcoming in a few years, not a decade. I believe we need to think big here, and the network in ASH is one place where such big thinking could have big dividends for our patients. The second point to make is that we have an opportunity to reach out more effectively to our diabetes brethren with the approval of the first-in-class sodium-glucose transporter type 2 for diabetes treatment. In a somewhat tongue-and-cheek opinion piece, we titled this a "Sweet and Low" event since it appears, granting that preliminary data can be more exciting than actual trial results, that there may be a BP as well as a hemoglobin A1C reduction with these new agents (of which several are still in the wings). This opens the door for new ways of thinking about managing BP in patients with common chronic comorbidities such as diabetes. Let me end with 3 simple letters: RDN. Many people will recall the original report of Henry Krum in the Lancet relaying this new way of lowering drug resistant hypertension without drugs (except for the use of those that consciously sedate the patient for the procedure). The radiofrequency delivery system by which this system works was designed by a cardiologist (Paul Sabotka) and initially produced by a company called Ardian (say that out loud, and then look again at the three letters at the beginning of this paragraph!). Ardian is now part of another device company and by the time this message is published it will be winding down the randomization of the Symplicity HTN-3 trial in the United States. Thus, the third and last point is that renal denervation looks like it could have a place in the repertoire of the Designated Specialist in Clinical Hypertension in the future. The opportunity—and challenge—for ASH will be to find ways to consolidate the cooperative relationships between Interventionists who apply the technology and Hypertension Specialists whose role will entail patient selection, preparation, and management of BP after the procedure. The other exciting aspect in this area is the opportunity to learn new things about the amazing and complex role the kidney nerves play in physiology, and it appears at least for now that this extends beyond BP to sleep apnea, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, heart failure, polycystic ovaries, and who knows what else. So, like in the mid-9th century BC exchange between Elijah the prophet and Ahab the king in Israel after a period of drought, we are poised for a welcome drenching in the near future. It is a period of substantial opportunity. High BP is the most important attributable DOI: 10.1111/jch.12138


Si-Wu-Tang (SWT) is a decoction consisting of a mixture of ingredients of Rehmanniae Radix, Angelica Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Paeoniae Radix. As a traditional Chinese herbal decoction, SWT has been widely used for the treatment of diseases characterized as blood and/or energy deficit. The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of SWT on the different populations of circulating white blood cells (WBCs) and gastrointestinal changes in γ-ray irradiated mice. Female mice were treated daily with orally administered SWT seven days before irradiation, until one day before irradiation or until one day before sample collection. WBC counts were determined from peripheral blood samples taken from the mice at different times post-irradiation. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, as well as immunohistochemical analysis of fibrinogen, were utilized to evaluate the effects of SWT in the intestines of mice after radiation exposure. The results of the present studies demonstrate that SWT has protective effects against radiation damage to circulating WBCs, specifically to lymphocytes, and to the gastrointestinal tract of the irradiated animals.


Through analyzing the present situation of the human resource and the tasks of actual work in some vocational college libraries,this paper proves the necessity of carrying out the organizational revolution in the library taking the human resource management as the main contents,and puts forward some basic countermeasures for developing the organizational revolution with the modern human resource management in the vocational college libraries at present.


The evidence appraisal in this revised American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement endorses the practice of supporting mothers to express breast milk for their preterm infants using evidence-based interventions. The challenge is to ensure that these are implemented consistently and …


The following essay is composed in the field and takes as its point of departure a consideration of some relationships between anthropological and historical practices.* It is intended to demonstrate how the two practices, anthropological and historical, can be intelligibly united in the investigation of social life. The research which forms the basis for these observations is being conducted in Namiquipa, a rural pueblo of western Chihuahua located in the margins between the plains to the east and the sierra to the west. In setting out to do an ethnographic study of a non-Indian agricultural community in northern Mexico, I hoped to explore the validity of some of the many generalizations made about 'the peasantry' in Mexico. Working in a former military settlement colony in Chihuahua, I hoped to distinguish a certain type of nominally peasant development which has taken place on Mexico's northern frontier. There is a tendency in many anthropological studies of specific communities to subsume the rural populace under a general 'peasant concept'. (Cf. Silverman 1979 for a critical discussion.) This has drawn fire from historians, for example, who complain about the