Violence and coercion are key to understanding economic and social interactions in any society. This premise was used by North et al. (2009) to distinguish three `patterns of social organization' that societies have used to solve the problem of violence. We model one of these, the `limited access order', that is still dominant today. This order is characterized by an elite coalition that uses coercion to extract economic rents, while restricting violence and containing bandits. Since violence is key, we choose to apply insights from the economic literature on conflict and appropriation. Our model puts structure on the main elements of the limited access order. It allows us to assess some of its characteristics, by identifying conditions under which a sizeable elite emerges that is capable of limiting the activities of bandits and thereby provides order and stability. Our results show large variations in elite size, appropriation, production levels, and welfare across limited access societies due to only minor variations in exogenous model parameters, such as productivity, the cost of conflict, and the decisiveness of conflict. A striking result is that, within the limited access order, unproductive societies are faced with a high tax rate and a large elite, while productive societies are faced with a low tax rate and a small elite. The difference in additional productivity between these societies is offset by increased appropriation by bandits in absence of a strong elite, resulting in welfare being maximized for moderate levels of productivity.


The purpose of this study was to investigate long corner kicks within the English Premier League that entered either the goal area (6-yard box) or the critical area (6-12 yards from the goal-line in the width of the goal area) with the defining outcome occurring after the first contact. A total of 328 corner kicks from 65 English Premier League games were analysed. There were nine goals scored from the first contact (2.7%) where the ball was delivered into either the goal area or the critical area. There was a significant association between the area the ball was delivered to and the number of attempts at goal (p .05). It appears as though the area of delivery is more important than the type of delivery for achieving attempts at goal from long corner kicks; however, out of the nine goals observed within this study, seven came from an inswinging delivery. From an attacking perspective, coaches should reflect on what determines a successful corner kick.


Significance Phase transitions in materials are accompanied by drastic changes in their properties. Systems abruptly become softer, more conductive, have better heat storage, or support chemical reactions more efficiently. Since changes take place over small variations in external conditions (tension, temperature, pH, calcium), they appear like an on/off switch. Here, we provide experimental evidence that membrane patches of single living cells can go through a reversible phase transition. It is extremely "sharp" (highly nonlinear), and from a thermodynamic point of view we conclude it cannot only be triggered by temperature but also by pH changes (as produced by enzymes). The results strongly support the idea that phase transitions may be a tool for living systems to control their functions even specifically. The origin of nonlinear responses in cells has been suggested to be crucial for various cell functions including the propagation of the nervous impulse. In physics, nonlinear behavior often originates from phase transitions. Evidence for such transitions on the single-cell level, however, has so far not been provided, leaving the field unattended by the biological community. Here, we demonstrate that single cells of a human neuronal cell line display all optical features of a sharp, highly nonlinear phase transition within their membrane. The transition is reversible and does not originate from protein denaturation. Triggered by temperature and modified by pH here, a thermodynamic approach strongly suggests that similar nonlinear state changes can be induced by other variables such as calcium or mechanical stress. At least in lipid membranes, such state changes are accompanied by significant changes in permeability, enzyme activity, elastic, and electrical properties.


Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is an essential reason for neonatal mortality and neurological morbidity. Birth asphyxia occurs when a baby does not receive enough oxygen before, during or after birth. Perinatal asphyxia remains a common problem in the neonatal nursery and is a significant cause of morbidity and death in the term and preterm neonate. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study was conducted in NICU of Dr. MR Khan Shishu Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2018 to June 18. In total 125 neonates with perinatal asphyxia was selected as the study population. The cases were categorized according to Sarnat and Sarnat staging of HIE without EEG. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was considered in neonates who had a serum creatinine concentration >125 μmol/l or a serum creatinine concentration>100 μmol/l and oliguria (urine output <1ml/Kg/hour) for 24 hours or more on third day of neonatal age. All data during hospital stay including cases with AKI were taken and snalyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: In our study we found among 30 HIE-I stage patients only 1 had AKI which was 3.33%. Besides this, among 69 HIE stage II patients 13 had AKI which was 18.84% and among the rest 26 HIE-III patients 12 had AKI which was 46.15%. This ratio of HIE-III stage patients was the highest ratio of neonates with AKI. On the other hand in our study in analyzing the mean urine output and their biochemical values we found the mean Urine output (ml/kg/hr) was 1.21±0.17, the mean Blood urea (mg/dl) was 71.80±28.79, the mean Serum creatinine (mg/dl) was 2.01±0.11, the mean was Serum sodium (meq/L) , the mean Serum potassium (meq/L) was 4.97±0.51, the mean Serum chloride (meq/L) was 101.21±5.01, and the mean Creatinine clearance was 16.08±5.23. Conclusion: Birth asphyxia is an important cause of neonatal AKI in developing country especially like in Bangladesh. Majority of the neonates had non-oliguric AKI and responded well to fluid challenge. Abnormalities in the renal function correlates well with the severity of HIE staging. Intrinsic AKI, oliguria, hyponatremia, reduced creatinine clearance and abnormal sonographic scan suggest bad prognosis in neonatal AKI secondary to perinatal asphyxia.


The aim of this paper is to estimate the differences in efficiency between banks in four financial conglomerates and other banks in the banking sectors in Visegrad countries within the period 2005-2015. In line with the aim of the paper, the research question is stated as follows: Are banks that belong to financial conglomerates more efficient than other banks in the banking sectors in the Visegrad countries? We analysed banks from four financial conglomerates: Erste Group, Societe Generale Group, UniCredit Group and KBC Group. Moreover we estimated the efficiency of commercial banks in the Visegrad countries using the Dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. We did not find the statistical significant differences in efficiency between banks that belong to a financial conglomerate and other banks in the banking sectors in the Visegrad countries.


BrIn3La5, hexagonal, Pôi/mcm (No. 193), a = 9.828(2) Â, c = 6.829(3) Â, V= 571.3 Â, Z= 2, R^F) = 0.030, wR^F) = 0.065, T= 293 K. Source of material The title compound was synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of La, LaBn and In under Ar-atmosphere in a sealed Ta ampoule at 1173 Κ for 65 days. As the reactants and the product are air and moisture sensitive, all handling was carried out under Ar atmosphere inside a glove box or through the Schlenk technique. Discussion The Mn5SÌ3-type lattice is known to possess an amazing ability to host a large number of interstitials ranging from the main group elements B, C, N, O, CI, Si, Br, I to transition metals Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd, among others [1-5]. These compounds, derived from the Nowotny phases [6-8], is exemplified by LasSmBr, which has 34 valence electrons [5]. Computational analysis demonstrated that the host lattice with La as the main component is very tolerant to the variation of the number of valence electrons [5]. This has led us to attempt the synthesis of Lasher , which is the first compound with a lanthanide as the first component and a group 13 element as the second. The number of valence electrons of 31 is still within the bonding range of the host framework [5]. In this contribution we present the single crystal structure of LasIn3Br. As described elsewhere [2,5], the structure consists of facesharing La¿ octahedron chains parallel to the c-axis (see figure). These octahedra of Lai are centered by the Br species and surrounded by type 2 La (La2) and the In atoms. La2 forms chains, also parallel to the c-axis, in the channels between these La6 octahedron chains. The La2—La2 and Lai—La2 distances are 3.414(2) Â and 4.029(1) Â, respectively. The latter is shorter than the Lai—Lai distances of 4.302 Â 4.534 Â in the La« octahedron. The shortest Lai—In distance is 3.351(2) Â. The La2—In distance is 3.4750(9) Â. Thus the primary metal-metal interaction is between La2 and La2, Lai and In, Lai and La2, La2 and In. The bonding pattern has been analyzed previously [2,5]. It is interesting to note that no Lasln3 phase has been reported. The smaller number of valence electrons, as compared to that of LasSn3 (MnsSÍ3 type), is probably not enough for stability at least in the MnsSi3 structure. Finally, we should mention that many crystals of the title compound exhibit super-reflections that lead to the increase of the aand ¿-axis lengths by a factor of V3. Table 1. Data collection and handling.


RT-PCR technology is used to detect expression of five fibroin genes(Fib-H、Fib-L、Ser-2 long fragment、Ser-2 short fragment、Ser-3)from silkworm during the 4th-instar and 5th-instar. The result shows that the expression patterns of Fib-H、FIB-L、Ser-3 were similar. On the whole,the expression of the there genes during the 4th-instar was lower than that during 5th-instar. From the beginning of 5th-instar, the expression was gradually going up and reached the peak at maturing silkworm, since then rapidly declined. The expression patterns of the two transcripts of Ser-2 were similar. The expression of the two transcripts was relatively high in the 4th-instar, obviously dropped at molting stage and was gradually going up from the beginning of 5th-instar. The short fragment of Ser-2 and the long fragment separately began to decline from the 96h and 144 h of the 5th-instar, since then reached the valley at matured silkworm.


In BP neural network one question is how to construct a reasonable neural network configuration.An improved method to modeling is presented in this paper.During the course of determining the number of nodes in the hidden units of BP network,the self-adapting algorithm of BP neural network has been proposed and it makes the selection of hidden units dynamically and improves the adaptive ability of net work.At last,the model of artificial neural network for evaluation of college teaching conditions is established by the improved BP neural network,it provides scientific basis for the decision of higher-education management.


The shrinking land, man ratio, water, increasing fertilizer prices, haunting energy crisis, wide spread population and fast degradation of natural resources further emphasise the need for improved water and fertilizer use efficiency. Drip fertigation optimize the use of water and fertilizer enabling to harness high crop yield, simultaneously ensuring a healthy soil and environment. The drip fertigation technology encompasses the application of solid and liquid mineral fertilizers through drip irrigation system thus supplying a nutrient containing irrigation water to crops. A study was conducted with drip irrigation in crop geometry for chilly, bhendi and capsicum crops during Kharif and Rabi season. The pooled data revealed that the highest yield was obtained in treatments with 1.5 m drip lateral spacing with plant spacing of 20 x 72 cm for chilly and 2.5 m drip lateral spacing with a plant spacing of 20 x 72 cm for bhendi which is higher by 55 per cent over control (Anonymous, 1995). Drip irrigation scheduling for brinjal, okra, tomato and cabbage and fertigation for bitter gourd with irrigation scheduled at 100, 80 and 60 per cent ET in main plots and irrigation intervals (daily, 1 and 2 days) in sub-plots showed that the yield of brinjal / okra was maximum at 80 per cent ET (Anonymous, 2004).


I These figures are based largely on a survey of the Index to A. W Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, A Short-Title Catalogue ofBooks Printed in England, Scotland and Ireland ... 1475-1640, 3 vols., 2nd ed., rev. and enlarged, completed by K. F. Pantzer (London: Bibliographical Society, 1976-1991), and of Paul G. Morrison, Index ofPrinters, Publishers, and Booksellers in Donald Wing's Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and British America and of English Books Printed in Other Countries 1641-1700 (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia for the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1955). Other sources include Harry G. Aldis, A List of Books Printed in Scotland Before 1700 Including Those Printed Furth of the Realm for Scottish Booksellers, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 1970); Maureen Bell, "Women in the English Book Trade 1557-1700," LiepzigerJahrbuch zur Buchgeschichte, vol. 6 (1996), 13-45; R. B. McKerrow, A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers in England, Scotland and Ireland, and ofForeign Printers of English Books 1557-1640 (London, 1910); H. R. Plomer, A Dictionary of the Printers and Booksellers who were at work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667 (London, 1907); and Edward Arber, A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers


correction of BI. Our technique (distraction, compression, extension, and reduction surgery) provides a 2-axis motion to reduce both BI and AAD effectively. However, there will still be some complex cases, as also mentioned above, that will require a transoral excision of odontoid process followed by posterior instrumented fixation. Finally, wewould like to congratulate Yin et al on their extensive work. Their study and ours have provided useful insights into the involvement of joint orientation and morphology in craniovertebral junction anomalies. This is now shifting attention to the joints in patients with craniovertebral junction anomalies. However, we wish to reiterate that ours was the first study to provide quantitative joint measurement parameters to define their abnormalities and that higher values of our parameters correlated with the degree of severity of BI and AAD.


The Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer has been employed in the parallel plate mode to study the rheological behavior of pure polypropylene resin and melts filled with 10, 20, 30, and 40 percent by weight glass fibers. Steady-state shear data show that, for loadings above 20 percent fiber, increasing fiber loading leads to an increase in viscosity of the melt. The effect of increasing fiber content becomes smaller at higher shear rates. For the same loading range, fiber addition increases the first normal stress difference, and the effect of fiber loading becomes smaller with increasing shear rate. At 10 percent loading, the viscosity of the filled polymer melt is lower than that of the pure resin melt. These results require further confirmation.

Strain sweeps employing dynamic measurements in conjunction with the parallel plate mode of the Mechanical Spectrometer were carried out. In general, it was found the dynamic properties are strain dependent. Steady shear data employing the cone-and-plate mode were not repeatable.


In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcriptional repressor Nrg1 (Negative Regulator of Glucose-repressed genes) and the b/Zip transcription factor Rtg3 (ReTroGrade regulation) mediate glucose repression and mitochondria to nucleus signaling, respectively. Here we show a novel function for these two proteins, in which alanine promotes the formation of a chimeric Nrg1/Rtg3 regulator that represses the ALT2 gene (encoding an alanine transaminase paralogue of unknown function) expression. A NRG1/NRG2 paralogous pair, resulting from a post-wide genome, small scale duplication event, is extant in the Saccharomyces genus. Neo-functionalization of only one paralogue resulted in Nrg1, able to interact with Rtg3. Either nrg1Δ or rtg3Δ single mutant strains are unable to utilize ethanol and show a typical petite (small) phenotype on glucose. Neither of the WT genes complemented the petite phenotype, suggesting irreversible mitochondrial DNA damage in these mutants. Neither nrg1Δ nor rtg3Δ mutant strains express genes encoded by any of five polycistronic units transcribed from mitochondrial DNA in S. cerevisiae. This, and the direct measure of the mitochondrial DNA gene complement confirms that irreversible damage of the mitochondrial DNA occurred in both mutant strains and is consistent with an essential role of the chimeric Nrg1/Rtg3 regulator in mitochondrial DNA maintenance.


Tongguan was Xuanfushi of Shannxi in Zhenghe of Songhuizong. However he was recorded as Xuanhuishi in biography of Jiayan in Songshi and in Dajinguozhi.They are names of two different official positions. The text will correct this mistake.


A 16-year-old girl presented with acute-onset quadriparesis with urinary incontinence. Examination revealed an upper motor neuron (UMN) pattern of weakness in all four limbs, accompanied by a UMN type of bladder involvement in a shock stage. Two significant cervical lymph nodes were noted in the right submandibular region. MRI of the cervical spine revealed an extradural mass, compressing the cord at the C2 to C4 region. Excisional biopsy of the cervical lymph nodes revealed an extramedullary myeloid sarcoma, and immunohistochemistry showed CD117 and myeloperoxidase positivity.


Conidial spores are often used as the infectious agent during insect biocontrol applications of entomopathogenic fungi. Here we show differential virulence of conidia derived from Metarhizium anisopliae strain EAMa 01/58-Su depending upon the solid substrata used for cultivation, where LC50 values differed by up to ~10-fold (5.3×106−4.5×105 conidia/ml) and LT50 values by ~40% (9.8−7.1 d). This fungal strain is also known to secrete proteins that are toxic towards adult Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, and the Greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, larvae. In vitro production and intrahemoceol injection using G. mellonella as the host was used to test fractions during purification of the protein toxins, demonstrating that they elicited defence-related responses including melanisation and tissue necrosis. Production of these proteins/peptides along with a number of potential cuticle degrading enzymes was confirmed both in vitro and during the infection process (in vivo). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by gel elution and bioassay, was used to identify at least three proteins or peptides (molecular mass=11, 15 and 15 kDa) as mediating the observed insect toxicity. These data demonstrate that in vitro screening for insect toxins can mimic in vivo (i.e. during the infection process) secretion and applies the use of proteomics to invertebrate pathology.


Comb-like fluorinated polystyrenes with different side chain interconnecting groups between backbone and side chain, such as ether (PST−O), thioether (PST−S) and sulfone (PST−SO2), were synthesized in order to examine the effect of the interconnecting groups on the surface order and properties. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction showed that PST−SO2 with very polar sulfone groups exhibited a lower tilt angle of the fluorinated helix to the surface normal as well as higher packing density of fluorinated alkyl side chains than PST−O and PST−S, which have less polar groups. As a result of the ordered structure at the polymer-air interface, PST−SO2 has a smaller surface energy and better stability in water than PST−O and PST−S. These results suggest that the introduction of polar groups to the side chains of comb-like fluorinated polymers can improve the surface properties including the hydrophobicity and stability of fluorinated surfaces.


A new auxiliary differential equation finite-difference time-domain method, incorporating a rigorous convolutional perfectly matched layer, is presented in this paper for the termination of infinite graphene structures. The consistency and performance of the featured technique is substantiated via detailed comparisons with setups terminated by existing absorbing boundary conditions.


This work illustrates how a proposed method can be used to create optimization frameworks for early conceptual design studies and to increase overall knowledge at an early design stage. The method is intended to facilitate concept selection in challenging domains that typically involve multidisciplinary design problems with contradictory requirements. The main focus of the work presented here is on the conceptual design of helicopters; however, the method is intended to be applicable to early design studies in other domains as well. In short, statistics about existing helicopters are collected and compiled to provide a basis for various regression analyses. The purpose of this is to unravel relationships in the data and to obtain simple estimation models from statistical regressions that can be used in conjunction with existing formulas and equations to generate an initial helicopter design estimate. Models for each discipline, such as aerodynamics, are then created using the outcomes of the regression analyses and existing equations. Lastly, the method is used to define a multidisciplinary design optimization framework incorporating all the models obtained from the different disciplines. A case study based on search and rescue operations is used to test the proposed framework in order to obtain possible first suggestions for the baseline design of a new general-purpose search and rescue helicopter.


CHiME-5 is a research community challenge targeting the problem of far-field and multi-talker conversational speech recognition in dinner party scenarios involving background noises, reverberations and overlapping speech. In this study, we present five different kinds of robust acoustic models which take advantages from both effective data augmentation and ensemble methods to improve the recognition performance for the CHiME-5 challenge. First, we detail the effective data augmentation for far-field scenarios, especially the farfield data simulation. Different from the conventional data simulation methods, we use a signal processing method originally developed for channel identification to estimate the room impulse responses and then simulate the far-field data. Second, we introduce the five different kinds of robust acoustic models. Finally, the effectiveness of our acoustic model ensembling strategies at the lattice level and the state posterior level are evaluated and demonstrated. Our system achieves the best performance of all four tasks among submitted systems in the CHiME-5 challenge.


According to technical request of MOCVD system, we designed a MOCVD computer control system based on PLC. This pa-per introduces the composing of system, principle of realization and design of software, Applying PLC to serve as the control system, it increases the automatic level, ensures the reliability and flexibility of the system.


Abstract— This paper is devoted to modeling the dynamic re-sponse of an electromechanical system consisting of a piezoelectrictransducer glued on part of the upper surface of a metallic can-tilever. The piezo works both as vibration sensor and as actuator,and the system is the basis of many vibration-control devices ofcurrent interest. A three–dimensional (3-D) finite-element method(FEM) model that reproduces the physical system is proposed, anditsadvantageswithrespecttoananalyticalapproachandtoone-di-mensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) FEM models are dis-cussed. In sensor mode, the frequency response in terms of thevoltage at the electrodes is drawn; while in actuator mode, the fre-quency response of acceleration and displacement at the free endof the cantilever is calculated. The 3-D model has been verifiedthrough the comparison with the results from the experiment car-ried out at the University of L'Aquila, Italy. Furthermore, exper-imental inaccessible quantities such as stresses at the piezo–can-tilever interface are computed in both modes as a preliminary stepin the study of delamination phenomena and their impact on theperformance of the system in vibration-control applications.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on some physical properties and color change of Pinus nigra wood which has high industrial use potential and large growing stocks in Turkey. Wood samples which comprised the material of the study were obtained from an industrial plant. Samples were subjected to heat treatment process of varying temperatures (190, 200, 212 and 225°C) and durations (60, 120 and 180 min). After these processes, density and swelling of the wood samples were tested in comparison with untreated ones. The results show that density decreased (2.57 to 12.6%) as treatment temperature and duration increased. Dimensional stability was improved (up to 66%) with the extent of the circumstances mainly depending on treatment temperature. Color became uniformly darker with increasing temperature and durations. Temperature had clearly greater influence on investigated properties than duration. Key words : Pinus nigra, heat treatment, temperature, color change.


With the rapid development of quantum computing technology, data sharing systems in cloud storage may suffer from quantum computing attacks. Recently, many researchers have proposed encryption schemes to achieve quantum attack resistance and fine-grained data access control. However, single point of failure and secure attribute revocation are two critical problems for quantum-resistant encryption scheme in cloud storage environments. In order to deal with these problems, in this paper, we propose a revocable multi-authority attribute-based encryption from lattice (RMA-ABE-L) in cloud storage. Firstly, RMA-ABE-L scheme can achieve fine-grained data access control with quantum computing attack resistance. We design efficient anti-quantum algorithms based on R-LWE problem and merge them with ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) structure. Secondly, RMA-ABE-L scheme can solve the single point of failure problem. We design the multi-authority structure to so that the compromise of some authorities does not affect the functioning of the whole data sharing system. Moreover, RMA-ABE-L scheme can realize secure attribute revocation. We design a secure attribute revocation mechanism and set special identity construction. The performance analysis shows that RMA-ABE-L scheme is more efficient than other related schemes.


SUMMARY 3D cadastre is necessary to display and manage complex spatial relationships. To support a full 3D cadastral implementation, object boundary definitions, object topologies and their legal representations will have to be further defined. A hybrid approach combining 2D and 3D using GIS represents a feasible, economical and extensible approach. Using the ArcGIS parcel fabric model, allows for the legal boundary definition of parcels while at the same time maintaining the topologic relationship between parcels and to other spatial objects. By representing multi floored buildings each containing one or many parcels, overlapping parcels topologies can be maintained through least squares adjustments and joins. Overlapping polygons can be represented as 3D objects in ArcGIS allowing for identification, search, analysis and visualization of parcels. The paper also highlights some additional capabilities within ArcGIS for extending the use and value of 3-D cadastral data in related areas such as city planning, design of new buildings and minimizing environmental impact.


This paper proposes a novel MAC protocol named SSR-BC for mobile ad hoc network. The idea of collision resolution signaling protocol is adopted for medium sharing in our protocol. The modified CRS can arbitrate contentions locally and avoid hidden terminals problem. Since CRS produces a limited subset of surviving nodes across the network, power control schemes is introduced to improve spatial reuse. The main idea is that RTS/CTS handshake takes place at the maximum power and the SBT/DATA/ACK exchange takes place at the minimum power required for communication. SSR-BC supports both unicast and multicast. We implement SSR-BC in OPNET environment and study the parameters that impact its performance. Our preliminary simulation results demonstrate that our protocol achieve high throughput (about 220% of IEEE 802.11) in dense ad hoc network


: Bacteria-related diseases, environmental pollution and other issues have attracted enough attention. Meanwhile, with the use of antibiotics, bacteria have evolved strong drug resistance forcing people to develop new antibacterial agents urgently. Natural enzymes such as lysozyme and myeloperoxidase have significant antibacterial abil-ity. However, natural enzymes have limitations such as short shelf life and high production costs. Besides, they are dif-ficult in applying to large-scale production. Therefore, people are seeking alternatives to natural enzymes. Nanozymes are a new generation of artificial enzymes which have unique physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials and enzyme-like catalytic activity. Because of structural stability and low production cost, they are widely explored. This article reviews the antimicrobial mechanism and the recent progress of nanozymes in antibacterial research, and, final-ly, gives some prospects for future research.


Poetry. Asian Studies. Translated from the Japanese by Christopher Drake, Robert Brady, Odagawa Kazuko, Eric Selland, William I. Elliott and Kawamura Kazuo. This anthology contains the books of five poets--Fujii Sadakazu, Hirata Toshiko, Matsuura Hisaki, Yoshida Fuminori, Inagawa Masato--who emerged in the 1970's and 1980's as the voice of a new tradition--asserting an individual voice against the tide of "masu komi" media expression that has created a psychological and spiritual void in today's Japan.


With the continuous development of information technology and computer technology, people have gradually entered the digital information age, which has also prompted many industries to have undergone radical changes. In the open environment, digital media art has a new development and different characteristics. Digital media art is a brand new subject that integrates art and digital technology. It gathers with other art disciplines and has significant epochal and interdisciplinary characteristics. Therefore, the study of digital media art needs to be placed in the current environment to better understand it. In this regard, this paper introduces the characteristics of digital media art in the current open environment, and analyzes in detail the development trend of digital media art in an open environment.


Pornographic, Byronic, scatological, blasphemous, censored . . . why does no one read Don Leon? The Victorians did, and Lord Byron exerted a powerful spell on Victorian writers. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, for example, when Dorian retreats to Nottinghamshire, "entertaining the fashionable young men of his own rank," Oscar Wilde is paying tribute Byron's home (where, no doubt, Byron entertained his own crop of fashionable young men at Newstead Abbey). John Lauritsen has re-issued this classic, composed in the 1820s or 1830s, but not published until the Victorian period, in 1866. In his Introduction, he briefly explores authorship (coming down on the side of Byron as one of the co-authors among a veritable "gay think tank" but preferring to refer to "the Leon poet"), the various manuscripts, and the work's relevance. What is Don Leon about? The epic poem surveys the attractions of a high-class ("patrician") male, including a choirboy (alluding to Byron's relationship with John Edlestone, who died prematurely); rehearses standard validations of same-sex desire (Anacreon, Plato, Socrates, Plutarch, Horace, Catullus, but also Christian examples, real and literary); recounts travels in search of sexual enlightenment; proffers an argument for homosexuality as a remedy against overpopulation; and hammers home the misery of sodomites: "The panic flight, the suicidal beam, / The knife, the bullet, do they trifles seem?" (998–99). The narrator couples this with the hypocrisy of justice:


Recent studies have shown the negatives impact of malware attacks are increasing. To prevent malware attack in more proactive way, predictions of such attacks are needed. However, the quality and the accuracy of these predictions are determined by the applied techniques. In this paper, we report our findings on selecting and implementing such techniques in predicting malware attacks. For the selection process, we conducted a systematic review and searched over 5 major databases. 89 articles on malware predictions were finally included and prediction techniques are classified. As part of our on-going development project known as Integrated Cyber Evidence (ICE), we evaluated the selected technique using actual data of malware attacks. The results of evaluation had helped us to decide the final technique to be implemented in prediction module of ICE systems.


This article describes the curriculum and program development process that was used to create the North Carolina Extension Master Food Volunteer program. We used a rigorous program development process, including conducting a needs assessment, piloting and evaluating the program, incorporating revisions based on feedback, and receiving external reviews that were incorporated into the final product. We provide lessons learned and best practices for others to follow. These include the importance of piloting the program, involving agents and key partners throughout the entire process, and providing flexibility and adaptability in program delivery. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Volunteers play an important role in delivering Extension programs in their local communities. In particular, Extension professionals across the country have developed structured master volunteer programs to engage, train, and prepare community members to support and expand family and consumer sciences (FCS) programming. Examples of such programs can be found in Table 1. Existing research on these programs is focused on analyzing behavioral outcomes of volunteers related to healthy living (Washburn et al., 2017). There is limited research that explores the process of developing a structured volunteer program within the Extension context, including the steps taken and lessons learned to inform future volunteer program development. While one study describes the curriculum development process within the context of the Virginia Tech Master Food Volunteer Program (Jiles et al., 2019), it focuses on one continuing education module rather than the entire program. We address this gap by describing the development process and lessons learned from the North Carolina Extension Master Food Volunteer (NC EMFV) program pilot. NC EMFV PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Specialists at North Carolina State University (NC State) first learned of the master food volunteer program model in 2014 from the program manager for the Virginia Tech Master Food Volunteer Program. Table 2 summarizes the subsequent program development process we followed to adapt this program for North Carolina. We originally selected and trained eight agents in the NC EMFV program pilot. One agent dropped out due to challenges in recruiting volunteers, and two agents were unable to complete volunteer training before the end of the pilot's first year due to personal reasons. As a result, some evaluation activities included seven agents (for example, individual interviews after the agents finished training), while other activities included only those who were able to pilot the program for an entire year (for example, focus groups with volunteers). Interviews with agents provided valuable feedback that we then incorporated into the curriculum. The curriculum originally included PowerPoint presentations with scripts, activities, and handouts for each section, plus video content for certain sections. Agent feedback indicated that the curriculum needed to include more opportunities for hands-on learning. We made many changes based on the agents' feedback, and agents helped develop original content to address the gaps in content and delivery methods identified through the evaluation. Agents were included as coauthors to reflect these contributions. A summary of these changes is provided in Table 4.


In this paper,we use a method based on the concept of the Kuratowski measure of noncompactness and pullback D-condition( C) to prove the existence of pullback attractors for non-autonomous reaction-diffusion equations.


One of each of three matched pairs of mongols, aged 16 to 48 months, was given 100 tibia units of "Somacton" (a growth hormone preparation extracted from hog pituitary glands) subcutaneously, daily, for 6 months, the other receiving a daily control injection of 0.5 ml. normal saline. No significant differences were noted between the 2 groups after the trial in terms of intelligence, weight, height, head circumference and serum calcium and phosphate levels. Nor were there apparent differences in appearance, behaviour, skull X-ray and electroencephalographic findings. Those receiving pituitary extract showed, during treatment, an increase in neutrophil counts; these changes did not occur in those receiving placebo. There was no consistent change in lymphocyte counts in either group.

This small study lends support to the view that porcine and similar pituitary growth hormones are of no value in mongolism. It is suggested that human and monkey preparations should be tried.


treatment of superficial colorectal neo- plasms. Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) is a technique developed in Japan for "en bloc" resection of larger superficial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract as an alternative to the traditional Endoscopic Muco- sal Resection (EMR), with removal of the lesion in multiple fragments ("piecemeal"). ESD offers


Article history: Received 26 April 2017 Received in revised form 16 October 2017 Accepted 29 October 2017 Available online 10 November 2017 Background:A potential link between increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides and clinical improvement has been observed during antipsychotic drug treatment in chronic schizophrenia patients, possibly due to drug related effects on lipid biosynthesis. We examinedwhether changes in serum lipids are associatedwith alleviation of psychosis symptoms after one year of antipsychotic drug treatment in a cohort offirst-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Methods: A total of 132 non-affective antipsychotic-treated FEP patients were included through the Norwegian Thematically Organized Psychosis (TOP) project. Data on antipsychotic usage, serum lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG)), body mass index (BMI) and clinical state were obtained at baseline and after 12 months. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychotic symptoms. Mixed-effects models were employed to examine the relationship between serum lipids and psychotic symptoms while controlling for potential confounders including BMI. Results: An increase in HDL during one year of antipsychotic treatment was associated with reduction in PANSS negative subscores (B=−0.48, p= 0.03). This relationship was not affected by concurrent change in BMI (adjusted HDL: B=−0.54, p=0.02). No significant associationswere found between serum lipids, BMI and PANSS positive subscores. Conclusion:We found that an increase in HDL level during antipsychotic treatment is associated with improvement in negative symptoms in FEP. These findings warrant further investigation to clarify the interaction between lipid pathways and psychosis. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).


In connection with the ongoing celebration of Aristotle's Year that has been announced by UNESCO, the Poznan Archaeological Reserve – Genius Loci organized a series of lectures "Walks with Aristotle" that refer to the famous name of the Peripatos school. This invitation has been accepted by one of the greatest scholars of Aristotle, Professor Enrico Berti from the University of Padua, who has been publishing for more than 50 years various studies on the philosophy of the Stagirite as well as on the history of philosophy. Recently, his very instructive book, entitled Aristotle's Profile, has appeared in Polish translation (Poznan 2016). Professor Berti's presentation provides an overview of his most important achievements. Included in these are his forthcoming works: his new translation and commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics as well as his monograph Aristotelismo which reconstructs the diverse interpretations of Aristotle's doctrines through centuries: from logic to epistemology, from physics to psychology and zoology, from metaphysics to ethics and politics and lastly from rhetoric to poetics.


shorter. This would explain the slow rate of improvement we obtained, as most of our patients with tinea capitis had been infected only four to six weeks. Also, hair cutting or shaving, though strongly recommended to the patients, was not always carried out. The recurrence of infection in one patient a month after cessation of the treatment would seem to indicate that, in most cases of tinea capitis, topical treatment should be given in association with oral griseofulvin. The same would apply to parents with favus. X-ray epilation is no longer necessary. The 15 patients with dermatomycoses responded well to griseofulvin. In these cases, the antibiotic should be given for three or four weeks or more, at a daily dosage of 1 g. Griseofulvin produced relief of subjective symptoms in three to five days in patients with tinea cruris, and in one to two weeks in patients with tinea pedis. Topical fungicidal preparations would probably shorten the duration of treatment with griseofulvin. In some cases of tinea corporis due to T. mentagrophytes and M. canis, topical treatment alone would have been as effective as its use in association with oral griseofulvin. Onychomycosis caused by T. schonleini or T. rubrum was successfully treated by griseofulvin. A much slower rate of improvement of toenail infection, mentioned by some authors, was observed by us. Though the treatment of onychomycosis by griseofulvin is likely to last from four to six months, this drug is remarkable if we consider that it is the first really effective medication for this condition. Griseofulvin is of great efficacy and low toxicity and is the most important advance in dermatological therapy in recent years.


This paper proposed a method for intelligent condition diagnosis of rotating machinery using the time-frequency waveform distribution (TFWD) and extreme learning machine (ELM). The precisely diagnosing method of single flaw and multi-flaws in a roller bearing are proposed as follows: First, the measured data is processed by time-frequency analysis. Second, in order to extraction the feature of signals, waveform distributions in the time domain and frequency domain are calculated separately. Third, extreme learning machine is introduced to distinguish the signal state by the time-frequency waveform distributions in frequency domain. Moreover, if the state of single is abnormal, the time-frequency waveform distributions in time domain are used to identify the flaw is signal flaw or multi-flaws. The efficacy of these novel methods are confirmed by the results of the condition diagnosis for roller bearings with single flaw and multi-flaws at the speed of 600 rpm, 900 rpm and 1200 rpm.


Introduction: The ultimate goal of endodontic therapy is to eliminate all pathogenic bacteria from the root canal system in order to prevent apical periodontitis. Aim: Review of literature on the influence of Treponema denticola on apical periodontitis due to infection of endodontal origin. Methodology: Search was carried out in the database PubMed and EBSCO. Results: T. denticola is one of the most frequently identified microorganisms within the root canals and these spirochetes are partly responsible for the pathogenesis of periapical bone lesions such as apical periodontitis. They are found within the biofilm and their aggressiveness is due to a diversity of virulence factors, highlighting their dentillisin, mobility and their ability to modulate the host's defensive response. Conclusion: T. denticola has a series of molecular determinants that could allow it to cause tissue damage and evade the host immune response. In addition, it has several virulence determinants that allow it to promote disease progression.


Based in part on Article 9 of the United States Uniform Commercial Code and comparable Canadian provincial laws, the Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth) ('PPSA') is a wholesale reform of the law governing secured transactions in personal property and it represents a major step in the development of Australian commercial law. The PPSA is a novel and complex statute, but criticisms of its complexity tend to overlook the complexity of the laws it replaces. Closer familiarity with the PPSA brings with it the realisation that, in numerous significant respects, the statute simplifies the law. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the point by examining the PPSA's treatment of Romalpa agreements with particular reference to how the PPSA approach differs from, and improves on, the previous law. The article also identifies some key differences between the relevant provisions in the Australian PPSA, Article 9, the Canadian PPSAs and the Personal Property Securities Act 1999 (NZ).


Question. Woodrow Wilson, Sir: Thank you for consenting to this interview. At best it must be an inconvenience for you; but perhaps a break in even a celestial routine may be acceptable, now and then. On behalf of the entire public administration community I thank you for what you did for public administration in the United States 100 years ago. Our principal purpose in requesting the interview, however, is to get your views on the problems of public administration today.


In this paper, the contour of the template is constructed by OpenGL function and cubic NURBS curve, and the shape of the curve is modified by adjusting the NURBS weight factor. Source data, W meets the proposed demand for any human body and clothing. In the specific application scenario of this paper, the 3D simulation model establishment part is divided into grid model establishment, real-time lighting simulation and 3D virtual simulation design effect display module. This digital design method implements the WYSIWYG design concept. It can realize the sharing of high-quality teaching resources, interactive learning and teaching evaluation, and provide a reference plan for the construction of higher vocational teaching resources cloud platform.


Objective:To optimize the extraction process of Fructus Arctii and Radix Clematidis.Method: Orthogonal design method was used with the extract yield of Fructus Arctii and Radix Clematidis and the extract amount of arctiin and oleanolic acid as observing indexes.Result: The optimum extraction process was as follows: adding 10 times of 60% alcohol into coptis meal,refluxing and extracting for 2 times,half and an hour every time.Conclusion: This optimized process is simple,stable and efficient.


In large wireless sensor networks, randomly deployed nodes have to organize themselves as energy efficient as possible to avoid redundant sensor and transceiver operations. In addition to its energy awareness, the network has to guarantee complete functionality as long as possible. This paper presents an enhanced version of the clustering algorithm 2-MASCLE. The proposed 4 MASCLE algorithm combines advantages of temporal and spatial network fragmentation by introducing a network division in a four phase based cell system. The assisting ability of adjacent cells is exploited to apply self healing features to the network. We compare our developed algorithm to the basic algorithms and achieve a significant improve of network lifetime.


This paper deals with the situation of produciton and application of chemical fertilizer in China.It is pointed out that it is absolutely necessary to develop the controlled-release fertilizer in terms of the situation of low fertilizer rate.The definition,choiceness, characteristic and perspective of controllde release fertilizer were discussed.


To elaborate the development of coal chemical industry,development ideas,development priorities,the regional distribution,major projects,as well as industrial policy concerned.Safeguard measures to promote the development of coal chemical industry are also put forward.


........................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Pediatric Oral Health ...............................................................1 1.2 Dental Home ........................................................................ 2 1.3 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) .............................................. 3 1.3.1 Subtypes of ASD ...................................................... 4 1.4 Behavioral Therapies ............................................................. 5 1.4.1 Applied Behavior Analysis .......................................... 6 1.4.2 Picture Exchange Communication System ..................... 7 1.5 Purpose, specific aims and hypotheses...................................... 7 1.5.1 Purpose ..................................................................7 1.5.2 Specific Aims ..........................................................10 1.5.3 Hypotheses.............................................................11 Chapter 2: Methodology ...................................................................... 13 2.1 Study Design ...................................................................... 13 2.1.1 IRB Approval .......................................................... 13 2.1.2 Ethical Issues ......................................................... 13 2.1.3 Grant .................................................................... 13 2.2 Sample population ............................................................... 14 2.2.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria ................................... 15 2.2.2 Dependent variable .................................................. 15 2.2.3 Independent variables .............................................. 15 2.2.4 Covariates ............................................................. 16 2.2.5 Sample size estimate ............................................... 16 2.3 Data collection and analysis ................................................... 16 2.4 Data storage ....................................................................... 18


Of 235 strains of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus studied, 221 or 94% were inhibited by 1.5 × 10−8m sodium borate, whereas only 6 of 57 (10.5%) coagulase-negative strains were inhibited by the same borate concentration. Four of the six coagulase-negatives were food poisoning strains and one was a hospital pathogen. Borate sensitivity was found to correlate well with lysozyme and α-toxin production by coagulase-positive strains.


The use of large unfixed frozen tissue samples (10 × 10 × 5 mm3) for combined light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) is described. First, cryostat sections are applied for various LM histochemical approaches including in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and metabolic mapping (enzyme histochemistry). When EM inspection is needed, the tissue blocks that were used for cryostat sectioning and are stored at −80 °C, are then fixed at 4 °C with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde and prepared for EM according to standard procedures. Ultrastructurally, most morphological aspects of normal and pathological tissue are retained whereas cryostat sectioning at −25 °C does not have serious damaging effects on the ultrastructure. This approach allows simple and rapid combined LM and EM of relatively large tissue specimens with acceptable ultrastructure. Its use is demonstrated with the elucidation of transdifferentiated mouse stromal elements in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma explants grown subcutaneously in nude mice. Combined LM and EM analysis revealed that these elements resemble cartilage showing enchondral mineralization and aberrant muscle fibres with characteristics of skeletal muscle cells.


Low photo desorption (PSD) from surfaces of vacuum chambers increases the beam lifetime and reduces the cost of the pumping system of any storage ring. In compact rings where all radiated power (∼10 kW) is incident on a few meters only, low PSD and good thermal conductivity of photon absorbers are of particular importance. An experimental chamber in which one meter long bars can be exposed to white photon beam with 500 eV critical energy has been built and installed on the U10B beamline in the VUV ring at the NSLS. Several reference bars made of high purity copper and a TiN coating on copper have been measured. Subsequent runs will include gold coating on copper, aluminum (200 °C baked), hard carbon coating on copper and uncoated beryllium bars. In this paper the desorption coefficients will be measured and compared.


Model-based testing (MBT) is a relatively new approach to software testing that extends test automation from test execution to test design using automatic test generation from models. The effective use of the new approach requires new skills and knowledge, such as test modeling skills, but also good tool support. This paper focuses upon the integration of the TEMA model-based graphical user interface test generator with a keyword-driven test automation framework, Robot Framework. Both of the tools are available as open source. The purpose of the integration was to enable the wide testing library support of Robot Framework to be used in online model-based testing. The main contribution of this paper is to present the integration providing a base for future MBT utilization, but we will also describe a short case study where we experimented with the integration in testing a Java Swing GUI application and discuss early experiences in using the framework in testing Web GUIs.


An efficient route to the synthesis of 3-amino-2-ethoxycarbonyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives starting from ethyl α-benzotriazolyl-α-morpholinoacetate has been developed. By the reactions between primary heterocyclic amidines and isocyanides catalyzed by Ga(OTf)3, target compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields. This in turn will set the stage for the wide application of this useful reaction for the synthesis of 3-amino-2-carbonylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines based on imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine privileged structures.


The boundary between Scotland and England is not purely an administrative one. Invisible to the eye it is nevertheless a boundary between one legal system and another. To cross the border is to enter a legal world which reflects much of the political history of Scots-English relationships, from outright and bloody warfare, to wary truce, and in more recent times, new assertions of sovereignty for Scotland following devolution in 1999.This paper, the origins of which were presented at the 2009 Society of Legal Scholars Centenary conference celebrating 100 years of legal scholarship, considers the role of scholars in fostering or undermining the idea of convergence and divergence in Scots and English law, focusing on academic writing in the decade since devolution in order to discover whether the opportunities provided by this historic moment have been accompanied by greater assertions of divergence, or whether other UK wide considerations, are leading to greater advocacy of legal convergence, particularly through the work of comparativists north and south of the border.


In this paper, an emerging genre of psychedelic event known as doof is investigated and a definition is offered. The paper is based on fieldwork with psychedelic enthusiasts in Brisbane, Australia. An ethnographic description of a specific doof ('Stomping Monster Doof #3') is presented from an emic perspective, and the ritual techniques, processes and structures of doofs are discussed. The possible location of doof within a rich matrix of other religious, intellectual, and aesthetic/stylistic movements is explored, and a paradigm for a 'psychedelic morality' is outlined. The importance of 'earth-connection' and collective ecstasy as a source of meaning in the lives of 'post-seekers' is emphasised.


Health telematics is a major improvement on patient lives and has shown to be a key practice to deliver healthcare services, overcoming geographical, temporal, and even organizational barriers. One of the main challenges is to perform gait analysis at a distance through camera-based platforms, which requires the system to satisfy, beside accuracy and real-time, also portability and privacy compliance at the same time. We address this challenge by proposing a portable and low-cost platform that implements real-time and accurate 3D human pose estimation through an embedded software on a low-power off-the-shelf computing device that guarantees privacy by default and by design. We evaluated both accuracy and performance of the proposed solution through an infra-red marker-based motion capture system as ground truth to understand if and how such a portable technology can be used for gait analysis at a distance without leading to different clinical interpretations.


Two important engines lie at the heart of dielectric reliability assessment and prediction methodologies: a statistical distribution model and a field/voltage acceleration model for data parameter extraction and reliability projection. The Weibull/ Poisson model and constant field-acceleration E-model are useful for more-or-less ideal situations, but new applications and experimental findings have challenged and exposed the fundamental limitations of these decades-old models. The time-dependent clustering model and power-law field/voltage models have emerged as promising solutions to meet these new challenges in a wide range of applications from dielectric breakdown (BD) statistics in BEOL/ MOL/FEOL cases to Reset/Set statistics of RRAM operations. Recent advances in atomistic simulation and microscopic modeling provide fresh insights for the correct choice of field/voltage acceleration models.


An estimated 500 open line freight train derailments occur in Europe each year with huge financial and societal impact. Inspection and monitoring technologies help in preventing derailments, but their potential is still not fully understood and realised. The paper presents the outcomes of research carried out within the EU FP7 project D-RAIL and provides an overview and critical assessment of current and emerging inspection and monitoring techniques related to derailment prevention and mitigation. The research covered wayside and vehicle-based equipment and dedicated recording cars. The collection of data looked at technical parameters of both infrastructure and rolling stock related to major causes of derailment. For each parameter and cause, the relevant inspection and monitoring systems have been identified and also their utilisation in European countries. After completing a comprehensive survey and inspection of monitoring systems, the research has assessed the selected systems to determine their suitability to capture key derailment parameters from both the technology and derailment perspectives. The assessment enabled the identification of functions missing in existing systems (gap analysis) or which require further development in order to significantly enhance and improve derailment prevention. Factors to be assessed for the technology systems have also been directly related to the derailment analysis, technology integration and operational assessment.


This Data Descriptor shares the dataset generated by a visitor satisfaction survey of users of a mixed-use public green infrastructure (PGI) space in Perth, Western Australia, that incorporates remnant and reintroduced urban nature (UN). Conducted in the Austral summer of 2016–2017, the survey (n = 393) utilized the technique of Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to elucidate perceptions of PGI users regarding performance of the amenity and facilities at the study site. There is a growing body of research that reports the innate, inbuilt affinity of humans to natural systems and living things. As humankind has grown exponentially over the past 50 years, humanity, as a species, is living an increasingly urbanized lifestyle, resulting in spreading urban footprints and increased population densities that are causing humans to become increasingly disconnected from nature. These conflicting phenomena are driving research to understand the contribution that PGI and UN can make to enhancing the quality of life of urban residents. With diminishing opportunities to acquire or create new PGI spaces within ever-more-densely populated urban centers, understanding, efficiently managing, and continuously improving existing PGI spaces is crucial to access the benefits and services that PGI and UN provide. The IPA technique can provide the data necessary to inform an evidenced-based approach to managing and resourcing PGI and UN spaces.


The cavitating flows around a highly skewed model marine propeller in both uniform flow and wake flow have been simulated by applying a mass transfer cavitation model based on Rayleigh‐Plesset equation and k- shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. From comparison of numerical results with the experiment, it is seen that the thrust and torque coefficients of the propeller are predicted satisfactory. It is also clarified from unsteady simulation of cavitating flow around the propeller in wake flow that the whole process of cavitating-flow evolution can be reasonably reproduced including sheet cavitation and tip vortex cavitation observed in the experiments. Furthermore, to study the effect of pressure fluctuation on the surrounding, pressure fluctuations induced by the cavitation as well as the propeller rotation are predicted at three reference positions above the propeller for comparison with the experimental data: The amplitudes of the dominant components corresponding to the first, second, and third blade passing frequencies were satisfactorily predicted. It is noted that the maximum difference of pressure fluctuation between the calculation and experiment reached 20%, which might be acceptable by usual engineering applications. DOI: 10.1115/1.4003355


There are various rules to construct "noninformative priors" in Bayesian analysis. We propose noninformative priors to be least favorable in a certain game: the nature space is a convex hull of densities; the action space is the collection of all density functions; and the loss function is the Kullback-Leibler distance. When the convex hull is generated by a parametric family of densities of a random sample $X\sb1, X\sb2,\cdot\cdot\cdot, X\sb{n}$ on a compact parameter space, the asymptotic least favorable prior, as $n \to\ \infty$, is the Berger-Bernardo prior. For one observation X sampled from a location family, we study the asymptotic behavior of least favorable priors on a sequence of nested intervals when they extend either to the half line or to the whole line. The asymptotic least favorable prior for either the uniform location family or the normal location family on the half line is shown to be a unique, discrete, improper distribution. For the whole line, the asymptotic least favorable prior for the uniform density is discrete but not unique. However, for the normal $N(\theta$, 1) with $\theta\ \in\ {\cal R}$, the Jeffreys prior is the unique asymptotic least favorable prior.


T the never-ending battles between science versus creationism, unidentified flying objects, extrasensory perception, ectoplasm, and the like, we now have to add the perpetual battle over human stem cell research. Where should the line be drawn? I have received a personal communication that spermatozoa are human, or at least half human, and should therefore be treated, as such, with appropriate respect. This notion has, understandably, been a source of great embarrassment to certain males of the population. Along the same vein, there is a hue and cry about how, each month, when an egg doesn't get fertilized, there is the potential loss of a life. Where to draw the line? One can get stem cells from embryos, or less flexible "stem" cells from infants or adults. In the present essay it is argued that there is a simple and noncontroversial test: If the cell is conscious, or part of a conscious ensemble, such as a brain cell, it is human and must not be tampered with. This should be noncontroversial because, after hundreds of papers written on the subject, including many books, nobody can explain consciousness. It is easy enough to define consciousness—"The state of having an awareness of one's own existence, sensations, and thoughts, and of one's environment"—but this does not explain why we have an "awareness of being." One of the purposes of this essay is to give a minuscule review of what we know about consciousness. I am under no illusion that bioethicists will pay the slightest attention to consciousness as a dividing line between stem cell experiments and a scientifically based taboo, but one cannot legislate-away stem cell (and cloning) research, because anybody with a microscope and steady hand can get into the business. Eventually, perhaps many years from now, even the bootleggers working in their basements, and who sell body parts, will stop at conscious brain tissue. About half of the literature on consciousness does explain it with various references to some kind of deity and/or paranormal extra-sensory perception, but these pseudoscientific arguments cannot survive the test of time. The scientific literature reveals that the brain contains very approximately 75 compartments, and we have made tremendous strides in discovering the type of data that each compartment handles (such as visual, auditory, muscle coordination, and so forth). Nevertheless, we remain very far from knowing all of the secrets of pattern recognition, memory storage, and retrieval. In the limit, we will trace every nerve axon in a typical brain, and the dendritic inputs to every axon, and its synaptic junction outputs. This feat is far more difficult than the sequencing of a mere 3 billion base pairs of a typical human DNA. The complete three-dimensional mapping of the brain will be a revolutionary accomplishment that is many years off into the future. We will discover that your nerve signals are pretty much the same as mine when we see "red." But is your subjective red the same as mine? We will never know the answer to that one. One must be careful here with definitions. If you are UN-conscious, it may be perfectly ethical for one of those biopsy-wielding monsters to sneak up on you and extract a few stem cells. In my own case, after 10 minutes into any lecture that I ever attended, I lost an awareness of being and became a candidate for stem-cell research (or, hopefully, cloning). But there is a greater danger here. Just as we cannot explain consciousness, you cannot prove that you are conscious! The proof of that statement is simple: Suppose that we build a machine (or a computer program, at least) that has a brain. It includes a random-noise generator so that, via serendipity, when a "viable" set of signals comes along, the brain says something that is creative and that makes sense. For example, toss 10 coins into the air; on average, on one out of 1024 throws, all of the coins will land heads up. This is also how it is with human creativity. Because of the random signal generator, the computer brain is unpredictable; it does not, of course, have "free will." It goes without saying that it has a memory, and it stores (learns) all of those nuggets of creativity. The point that I am getting at is this: Ask the brain if it has a consciousness: If it says "Yes, I am conscious," you say that it is lying because it is only a computer program. But exactly the same argument applies to you, dear reader. I ask you if you are conscious: If you say "No," you get a biopsy zap; if you say "Yes," I say "How do I know that you are not lying?" There certainly is a contradiction here. How can one determine if a volume of tissue is conscious or unconscious? Generation of a particular pattern of chemical or electrical activity does not guarantee consciousness. A minimum requirement for consciousness, however, is that the cell, or group of cells, be part of a "brain." They can be in the form of a clever computer program, or a robot that occasionally says something noteworthy, or even an awake human. But problems remain because the definition of consciousness is rather vague. The Animal Kingdom emerged, approximately, one billion years ago. Animals move about from place to place in search of food, to escape from predators, find a mate, and so forth. Movement requires a nervous system, and the integration of move-


Landslide susceptibility mapping has been done using statistical and physically-based assessment techniques with limited focus on mode-specific models to identify failure modes and runout patterns. Because each failure mode has different consequences, it is essential to identify the failure mode associated with each slope inclination category, triggering factor, and geological setting. This paper presents a multimodal regionalscale assessment procedure for rainfall and earthquake-induced landslides, in the country of Lebanon, where landslide inventories are not available. Three failure modes are studied: debris flows, rock-slope failures, and coherent rotational slides. Areas prone to each mode of failure are identified based on geology and topography, then, using mode-specific models, their susceptibility to landslides is assessed. A runout assessment approach is then presented to identify the influence area of each predicted landslide and to obtain comprehensive susceptibility maps. Field assessment validated the proposed model which was in good agreement with actual slope failures across Lebanon. Therefore, the multimodal approach may be used to assess rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility, especially when landslide inventories are unavailable.


Energy simulation software is a key enabler in building design to optimise energy efficiency, reduce operating costs, comply with code requirements and qualify for incentive programs. However, numerous software are available and it could be difficult to choose the most suitable one. This paper presents a comparative study of three very popular tools among firms in the province of Quebec, Canada: EE4, SIMEB, and eQUEST. Based on a simulation experiment (using case study), these tools were evaluated based on their Usability and Information Management. Qualitative and quantitative outcomes are used to assess the characteristics of the tools.


In this paper we found a criteria of Darboux integrability of two-dimensional dynamic systems of equations. Exactly integrable models with full set of first and second order intergrals has been described.


OEIS complex (exstrophy of the cloaca) is an association of fetal malformations that includes omphalocele, exstrophy of the bladder, imperforate anus, and spinal defects. Most cases should be prenatally detectable by maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein screening, but an accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate counselling of the family.


Manganite-based heterojunctions La1−xCaxMnO3/SrTiO3: Nb (0.5 wt. %) with x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.375, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 have been fabricated, and the lattice constants of La1−xCaxMnO3 films are experimentally studied. The capacitance characteristics of those junctions under a magnetic field have been investigated. Obvious magnetocapacitance was observed in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/Nb-SrTiO3 p-n junction near the Curie temperature (TC) of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 at 0.75 T. The result can be explained by phase separation. This study demonstrates the remarkable tunability of the capacitance for phase separated manganite heterojunctions, which may lead to some potential applications.


The crime of theft is regulated in Article 362 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) which states that anyone who takes goods, wholly or partly belonging to another person, with the intention of possessing the goods against the law, shall be punished for stealing with imprisonment for a maximum of five years or a fine of as much as nine thousand rupiah, but in practice there is still a crime of oil palm theft in the rantau prapat area which is the city of dollar. The purpose of writing is to explain the causes of the crime of oil palm theft in the jurisdiction of rantau prapat, to explain the efforts to resolve oil palm theft in the jurisdiction of rantau prapat. Data obtained from the results of field research as well as data from the results of literature research, secondary Data is done by reading and analyzing legislation, books, and articles related to this research. Field research was conducted to obtain primary data through interviews with respondents and informants.analyzed using a qualitative approach. the preparation of research results is carried out using a descriptive method that is trying to give a real picture of the realities found in practice by describing the results of field research accompanied by a description of the applicable legal basis. The results of the study into the causes of oil palm theft in the jurisdiction of rantau prapat are economic factors, factors of opportunity, and factors of land disputes. Efforts to combat oil palm theft in the jurisdiction of rantau prapat have been carried out by preventive or preventive means, namely installing sheets on prohibitions and sanctions for those who steal oil palm both community and company property on Village information boards, then the police will make a reperesive effort, namely enforcement, arrest after receiving reports from the community. It is hoped that all authorities can work together and a sense of concern and resolution of land disputes for people living in the area of the company both from the government and the company in order to reduce the crime of oil palm theft in the jurisdiction of rantau prapat.


are descriptive declarative information that can be associated with program elements. They can be used to represent metadata. This is useful in many cases like providing documentation, connecting to database etc. These annotations are later read by the execution environment and appropriate action will be taken. For custom annotations, a process called reflection is used to take necessary action. Although Java introduced this feature recently, attributes / annotations have been a topic of interest for researchers. There are tools and applications which make use of annotations. This paper, we will first have a look at annotations and annotation types. Then we go on to discuss in detail how annotations support injecting dependencies into resources like data sources, mail sources, environment entries, EJBs, web services, and so on. The new features are targeted to shift the responsibility of writing the boilerplate code from the programmer to the compiler or other tools. The resulting code is less likely to be bug-prone.


The article discusses if ECLAC still constitutes a School of Thought, status conferred on it by several specialized books in the discussion of theories of development. The thesis advanced in the article is that this condition of the School of Thought was a very specific situation of the agency in its early years, in the context of a debate on if development policies should be implemented so that developing countries could aspire to development. This paper attempts to differentiate between this condition of early years and the current, showing that now the agency has a role compatible with their nature as multilateral body belonging to the institutional framework of the United Nations.


Abstract Late nineteenth-century England saw the development of a number of campaigns and social movements which were connected by both a hostility towards the medical profession and by the use of discourses of purity and sanitary reform. This article explores the involvement of women within these movements, analysing their activism as an aspect of social purity feminism. It argues that many of these movements drew on widespread female anxiety regarding male violence – both physical and sexual – towards women. The anti-medical feminists claimed that some pieces of 'sanitary' legislation represented a state-sanctioned violation of the bodies of women and children. Finally, this article analyses the use made, by some of these activists, of the discourses of sanitary reform to challenge the gender ordering associated with the reason/nature dualism in Victorian society.


This is the concluding article to a special issue on Japan's Lost Decade accepted by the journal Asia Pacific Business Review.


Jan 4, 1968. 5 pgs.
We Must Move Faster by Escott Reid.
Editor-in-chief: Jim Weston

glendon weekend by david beard and john taylor
we must move faster by escott m. reid
gut reaction: why shall I leave by anon.
meditons: vous avez troup de liberte by monique memni
samethink: glendon's most urgent problem by tony tilly
the students of glendon should stand out as a group by david cole
the spectre of student power at glendon


Previous studies have indicated that the predominant sites of tumor cell extravasation in the liver are the sinusoidal vessels, where tumor cells contact the sinusoidal endothelium and the subendothelial extracellular matrix containing the basic components of the basement membrane. We studied the role of sinusoidal extracellular matrix in metastatsis formation by 3LL‐HH murine tumor cells selected for their preferential liver colonization. 3LL‐HH tumor cells did not efficiently adhere to cryosections of the liver, but they recognized the sinusoids and vessel walls. Pre‐treatment of the mice with polyclonal anti‐basement membrane antibodies [anti‐laminin, anti‐fibronectin and anti‐heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)] significantly modulated the organ distribution of tumor cell colonies following intracardial injection: all 3 antibodies inhibited kidney colonization; anti‐laminin and anti‐fibronectin antibodies inhibited lung colonization; and only anti‐HSPG antibody inhibited liver colonization. In several organs such as the heart, stomach, pancreas and bladder, anti‐basement membrane antibody treatment did not alter the process of colonization. Immunofluorescence studies showed that anti‐HSPG antibody recognized the basement membranes of sinusoids and blood vessels. Our data suggest a specific involvement of sinusoidal HSPG in the liver colonization of 3LL‐HH cells. Int. J. Cancer 71: 825‐831, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss Inc.


This paper identifies the economic issues behind native vegetation management, provides a literature review of existing methodologies, and discusses some deficiencies with existing approaches in providing land managers with better information on which to base decisions. The paper then discusses some of the policy implications consequent to these deficiencies and proposes a general approach which attempts to overcome some of these problems.


The physical processes in photoacoustic microscopy are described with an emphasis on the unique capability for microscopic thermal wave visualization of the sample.


Models of lexical access seek to explain how incoming language data is mapped onto long-term lexical representations. The experiment reported here aims to provide insight into which elements of language input are used for mapping onto a sign language lexicon. Rather than using the organs of the vocal tract, sign languages use the arms, hands, body and face to create meaning, combining handshapes, locations and ovements to create meaningful words (signs). This study aims to determine whether these parameters are also used in lexical access processes. Twelve deaf native and twelve deaf non-native signers of British Sign Language (BSL) were presented with a primed lexical decision task. They were required to make a lexical decision about a target sign after viewing a preceding prime that was phonologically related to the target. Analysis of the data suggests that native signers use phonological information in signs in order to access their mental lexicon. Moreover, it appears that the salient parameter in the input is a combination of location and movement – only when both these parameters are shared by prime and target is facilitatory priming observed. There was no evidence that non-native (deaf) signers used phonological parameters to access their lexicon, despite a high degree of success in the lexical decision task at a speed comparable to that of native signers. These findings are discussed in relation to sign language acquisition and the development of phonological theories of signed languages.


As the efficient living form to preserve the integrality of agricultural cultural heritage,the development of living history farms has been developed rapidly for nearly half a century.The article traces back living history farms'historical background and development progress,analyzes the change of its conception,constructs the forms of American living history farms from the four dimensions of time,space,material and intangibles and explores its values,functions and the factors to push the progress.It is proposed that U.S.has many experiences to learn and use in the construction of legal system,management system,scientific planning and the cultivation ofcultural preservation consciousness in social mass.


English as an international language is used for communication in most activities and field in the world. English has become a global language, used in communication, education, technical and scientific information and technology. English like many other languages consists of four skills, listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Among the four skills, reading is one of the most important. Reading is the skill which may often used and retained the longest. It is an essential foundation of learning and seeking information and knowledge. There are many students have difficulties in comprehending reading materials, to solve the weakness problem of students' reading comprehension skill, need to focus of learning process to develop their reading comprehension. One of the media that can be used to promote students' reading ability is by using lexical simplification. Lexical simplification involves modify activities that are grammatically focused and meaningfully contextual. Modification in the extensive reading procedure is to encourage and help the students with their reading. Furthermore, it can stimulate and motivate the students to read, so reading can be interesting and enjoyable. There are some types of lexical simplification, a). Synonym clues, b) definition clues, c) Example Clues and d) Restatement or Elaboration Clues. In this study, the need to find out the effect of using lexical simplification in reading comprehension skill of eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Krian. The researcher was practice in teaching reading process by using lexical simplification. The population of this study was the second year students of science of SMA Negeri 1 Krian in the academic year of 2009/2010. This school consists of seven classes. The writer would take science 4 class and science 5 class as a sample. During the study, the writer used experimental method. Here there are two groups, the experimental and control group. Both of them were given final test, and the treatment was administered to the experimental group, while the control group was taught as usual without manipulation. Before the test would be used, its validity and reliability would be checked. The result of the study would be analyzed by using statistical calculation of I-test to find out weather the differences of the score between them is significant or not. In this research, the writer concluded that: a) The students' score in reading comprehension of experimental group before using the treatment by using lexical simplification at eleventh grade student of SMA N I Krian have a mean score (79,28) and in control group have a mean score (78,23). Both of groups have a near ability in reading comprehension skill. b). The students' ability in reading comprehension in experimental group after using the lexical simplification at eleventh grade student of SMA N 1 Krian have a mean score (80,31) and in control group which taught without treatment have a mean score (75,71). c) There is the effect on ability of reading comprehension between the students who are taught by using lexical simplification and the students who are not. Based on the result student's result: experimental group were (80, 31) and control group were (75, 71). How the result above can happen, you would find the method, the design and the analysis more detail in the next pages.


The recent fabrication of single layer graphene has promoted huge expectations in the field of all-carbon nanoelectronics and spintronics. The possibility to pattern graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with widths of few tens of nm, has enabled band-gap engineering and the development of efficient GNRs-based spin filters. The lateral confinement of the 2DEG in GNR induces finite bandgap in semi-metallic graphene. It has been predicted that the electrical properties of GNR can be tuned from perfectly metallic, for zigzag edge ribbons, to semiconducting behaviour, for armchair ribbons. In this later case, the gap varies with the ribbon width, length and topology [1] .


This paper gives four examples of health risk assessments of energy systems: (1) Comparative risk assessment of the health effects of the coal and nuclear fuel cycles. Estimates differ from previous values chiefly by inclusion of ranges of uncertainty, but some coal-cycle numbers were re-estimated. Upper-boundary public disease risks of air pollution from coal-fired plants dominate. Reactors probably account for most of the potential effect of major nuclear accidents. Accidental death rates in electricity generation are low for reactors and higher for coal. (2) Upper boundary air pollution health risks of existing fossil-based energy technologies in the United States. Preliminary mortality estimates were obtained combining potential impacts of three index pollutants - SO/sub 4/, NO/sub 2/, and CO - as independent measures of risk. Four fuel cycle trajectories leading to three end-uses were analyzed. Example results: domestic wood burning has substantial potential impact, with an upper boundary exceeding that of coal; upper-boundary air pollution impacts of gas can exceed those of oil, because of NO/sub 2/. (3) Health risks of acid deposition and other transported air pollutants, carried out as part of an assessment of the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) Acid Rain and Transported Air Pollutants -more » Implications for Public Policy. Three scenarios were examined, leading to estimates of 40,000 to 50,000 annual premature deaths, depending on year (1978 vs 2000) and scenario (holding total emissions constant vs 30% reduction). (4) health effects of uranium mill tailings piles. Mortality risk is estimated to be minuscule (8.7 x 10/sup -9/ average individual lifetime cancer risk from a model mill, compared with 9.5 x 10/sup -4/ for background radiation). Methods that sum risks over the indefinite future are shown to be to be unrealistic. 39 references, 7 figures, 15 tables.« less


The photophysical and electroluminescent properties of fluorene-based polymer blend systems were studied, including blue-emitting poly[2,7-(9,9′-dihexylfluorene)] (PF), green-emitting poly[2,7-(9,9′-dihexylfluorene)-alt-5,8-quinoxaline] (PFQ), yellow-emitting poly[2,7-(9,9′-dihexylfluorene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PFBT), and red-emitting poly[2,7-(9,9′-dihexylfluorene)-alt-5,7-(thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine)] (PFTP). The binary polymer blends, based on PF blended with 5–25 wt % PFQ or PFBT, were studied to rationalize the effects of the chemical structures and compositions on the intermolecular energy transfer and quantum efficiency. A significant enhancement of quantum efficiency was observed by the blending of a relatively small amount of PFQ or PFBT. Ternary blends composed of PF, PFQ (or PFBT), and PFTP were also studied for potential white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). The precise composition control of the polymer blends resulted in incomplete Forster energy transfer and emissions from all the components simultaneously. White-emitting electroluminescence was achieved by the blending of PF with relatively small amounts of the PFQ (or PFBT) and PFTP. The luminance yield and maximum external quantum efficiency of the WLED with the ternary blend FBTTP1 (PF/PFBT/PFTP = 99.65:0.05:0.30 w/w/w) as the emissive layer were 1.89 cd/A and 0.47%, respectively. The electron-acceptor characteristics, Forster energy transfer, and emissive colors govern the design of WLEDs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 67–78, 2007


The object of this article is to analyze the internationalization of dairy industries in the context of business strategies. In the foreground were the factors that led to the dynamics of internationalization and diversity of modes of internationalization. Well, they aim dairy companies in search of competitiveness and / or differentiation of costs, which explains the phenomenon of internationalization. Business strategies have been studied in a second plane, they do not seem that companies are major players in the internationalization process of the dairy industry and are at the origin of the dynamics of agri-food sector


The study of associativity of the commutator operation in groups goes back to the work of F. W. Levi in 1942. In the 1960's Richard J. Thompson created a group F whose elements are representatives of the generalized associative law for an arbitrary binary operation. In 2006, Geoghegan and Guzm´an proved that a group G is solvable if and only if the commutator operation in G eventually satisfies ALL instances of the associative law, and also showed that many nonsolvable groups do not satisfy any instance of the generalized associative law. We will address the question: Is there a non-solvable group which satisfies SOME instance of the generalized associative law? For finite groups, we prove that the answer is no. AMS Classification 2000: Primary: 20D05 ; Secondary: 20F16, 20N02, 20F38.


Abstract Metal organic framework materials (MOFs) have been primarily recognized for their ability to promote selective storage of gas molecules. In their as-synthesized (powdered) form, MOFs are n...


Purpose
Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (GRT) people within the UK and the Republic of Ireland are underrepresented within research and policies despite high rates of mental illness and suicide. This study aims to explore the mental health (MH) support needs for GRT people within the British Isles.

Design/methodology/approach
This study was a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with nine self-identified GRT people.

Findings
The analysis revealed a longing for acceptance, both within and outside the GRT community; barriers to help seeking, specifically unsuitable services, poor awareness, stigma and distrust; and increased vulnerability owing to participants' perceived lack of prospects and adverse life events.

Originality/value
Despite increased vulnerability, MH services are underutilised by GRT people for a variety of cultural and practical reasons. To reduce the current inequality, it is imperative that services take steps to increase accessibility. This study expands upon previous research by using the voices of GRT people themselves, creating a narrative built from their own emic perspectives. Unlike previous research, this study focuses exclusively on the MH of participants and includes participants from across the British Isles.


Current characteristic of the larval stage of the excretory system of the lake frog (Rana ridibunda) is given on the basis of a complex ecological-embryonic research. It is noted that any annual population of hatched larval of the lake frog is heterogeneous, as evidenced by the appearance of various pathologies. It is established that there is a consistent shift of quality various morphophysiological stages of mesonephros formation during the early embryogenesis of the lake frog. The analysis of morphometric parameters of kidney structures of the lake frog on the larval stage of its development has shown the existence of significant differences, both in size and in the dynamics of their growth. In the larval period of the development of the lake frog in mesonephros meet nonspecific morphofunctional changes like atrophy of kidney glomerular and mesonephrogenic bodies, the phenomenon of glomerular hypertrophy.


Hospitalization for COVID-19 has placed a significant financial and logistical burden on hospitals and health care systems. Limitations on visitation and isolation precautions have made hospitalization more isolating for patients in the time of COVID-19. Increasing the provision of healthcare delivered at home has the potential to decrease healthcare costs by providing care at home which may be preferred for many patients. We describe a series of 39 patients who were treated with intravenous remdesivir at home in addition to oxygen, dexamethasone, and anticoagulants. These patients were at high risk for decompensation due to COVID-19 and met accepted criteria for admission—need for supplemental oxygen and intravenous remdesivir. All patients had home lab monitoring and frequent telehealth visits. Over the study period 13 (33%) of patients were admitted for worsening COVID-19 and 5 (13%) died. Twenty-six patients avoided admission, and none experienced a severe adverse effect from in-home treatment. The expanded use of telehealth services due to the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to increase the frequency of patient monitoring by physicians and the provision of care and monitoring usually restricted to hospitalized patients.


In January 1992, the economic program sponsored by the International Monetary Fund in El Salvador sacrificed the government's ability to implement the UN-mediated peace agreement on the altar of budgetary discipline and placed the country at the brink of relapsing into war. This episode turned the spotlight on a major obstacle to peacebuilding: the UN and the Bretton Woods Institutions, which frequently work elbow-to-elbow where war-torn countries struggle to move to peace, are all too often at odds and even on a collision course. This article analyzes the UN record since then; assesses whether institutional changes have improved or hindered UN capacity to support countries in overcoming such obstacles; and makes proposals for moving forward in a more effective, coherent, and coordinated way.


Abstract. This paper presents the validation of the design of a 6-in. f/2.2 dual-wavelength transmission sphere (TS) based on the Fizeau interferometer. The TS was verified at a wavelength of 632.8 nm and is compatible for measuring the transmitted wavefront error of an i-line lithography lens. The achromatic design is imperative for a dual wavelength TS and requires more lenses for correcting the chromatic focal shift. Because the overall weight of the TS should be controlled within the load range of the piezoelectric transducers of the interferometer, the fabrication and mounting of lenses with high aspect ratios are challengeable. The mounting of the reference surface based on three-point mounting was successful for the residual reference wavefront error under peak-to-valley (PV) λ/10. Furthermore, the reference wavefront is typically restricted within PV 5λ to avoid distorted interference fringes. Therefore, we built a double-pass interferometer model for tolerance analysis, and the error budget facilitated decision-making regarding the suitable specifications of lens manufacturing and assembly for cost efficiency. The test results demonstrated that the deformation of the reference wavefront and the residual reference wavefront error met the critical specification at 632.8 nm and that the achromatic TS is compatible for measuring i-line lithography lenses.