trees on abandoned farm land needs to know what species are suitable to a given area. For this purpose, an analysis of the leaves of native vegetation, including (1) the determination of the chemical composinon of the leaves, and (2) the observation of symptoms of nutrient deficiencies, has been found useful. A previous paper (Walker, 1955) reported chemical analyses relating the amount of potassium (K) in the foliage of various plants to the availability of potassium in the soil. The present paper discusses visible symptoms of nutrient deficiency attributed to a shortage of potassium. The ultimate aim of these studles is the development of a method for recognizing potassium deficiency in abandoned farm land so that the forester may avoid planting species that require susbtantial amounts of potassium.


Based on the research of the urban waterfront landscape along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,the concept of "landscape marking system" and design scheme of the city of Suzhou was put forward in this paper.A concept of landscape marking system was first analyzed and extracted,which combined with the function and design of principle,composition and content to complete finally the design of the marking system for Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in the city of Suzhou.Based on the perspectives of image marks,information marks,guidance marks and management marks,landscape marking system was established,which can help the tourists to travel the landscape of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and to obtain and use the environmental information.


We are concerned with an MIGI1IK queue in which service time distribution of the first customer in each busy period differs from the distribution of service times of the other customers in the same busy period. The service time of each customer in every busy period depends on queue - length immediately after the service-start epoch if the current service is not the first in the busy period. This model is called an exceptional service model. Our major interest is to apply sample-path analysis and to get transform-free stationary queue-length distribution and remaining service time.


Polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) has attracted great attentions not only due to its ability to realize coherent optic communication with ultrahigh-capacity, but also because it can be widely employed in high-precise fiber-optic sensors and optic information processors, e.g., fiber-optic gyroscope and fiber-optic amperemeter. Distinct with common monomode optic fibers, additional birefringence is introduced in the PMF, minimizing the effect of mode coupling between two orthogonal polarization modes in optic fibers. Thus, light polarization can be maintained after long distance transmission in the PMF. However, beat-length, which reflects the characteristic of induced birefringence and evaluates the ability of polarization maintaining, is one of the most important parameters for PMF. Accurate measurement of PMF beat length becomes more and more important along with the expanding of its application field. The uniqueness of the measurement results determines the identity of PMF fabrication and the resolution of fiber-optic sensors. The existing measurement methods for PMF beat length are introduced first. Most testing setups are established by several individual components, which lead to complicated setup, inconvenient testing, and unsteady measurement. In this paper, a novel all fiber beat length measurement system is presented, where optic source, integrated optic modulator, stress apply structure, polarization detector, and polarization indicator of output light are included. The configuration and working principle of the whole system, and the designing and realization of each components, are addressed in the paper. Furthermore, the influence on measurement results by the relative direction between applied stress and principal axis of the optic fiber is analyzed. Moreover, optimized designs, including polarized light incidence, pressure apply, and precise movement systems, are performed, which ensure the identical pressure apply direction in the moving process. Finally, measurement of PMF samples is carried out on experimental setup. In comparison with the other existing system, due to its all fiber light incidence structure, the novel beat length measurement system represents great stability and high reliability.


Tamil Dalit Literature identifying itself as the literature of protest it found its impact on form and content which frequently influenced the language and styles of the writers. The writers challenged the stereotyped and not only wept, accused, and abused but also laughed, loved and celebrated. The composition of the Oxford Indian Anthology of Tamil writing from 1890–2010 came out as a book edited by Ravikumar and R.Azhagarasan published Oxford University Press represents the collection of good writing from Scholars and students of comparative literature, translation studies, human rights, caste studies, Indian literature especially Tamil writing in translation. It includes a period of 100 years of the creative expressions of the Tamil Dalits of nineteenth century of 78 selection and 41 writings covering poetry, fiction, drama, autobiography, biography, prose and archival storage. The proposition of the paper will deal with the rise of the Tamil Dalit literary movement.


This paper argues that the Volcano concept and tool chain is best equipped to handle increased complexity in electrical development in vehicles. The authors describe Vocano's integrated chain of software and high-level tools, such as abstraction and modularization, which provide capture, model-based design, automatic code generation and system level validation. Volcano is used today in more than 800,000 Volvo cars on the P2 platform. Volcano reduced unit cost and shortens design time by using a "design to correctness" capability in its complex distributed architecture.


Study on Marx's property right theory in the perspective of modern western property right economics is important for comparing two types of property right theory and promoting of Marx's property right theory.Based on the analysis of the content,contribution and deficiency of Marx's property right theory made by other scholars of modern western property right economics,it is proposed that the socialization of private property rights is not only the common issue to be discussed,but also the foundation for comparing those two types of property right theories.


Absh-ad: C)1im/mdmliulII nuult'/"hnwrlikc isobt{'s wcre collected 1'1'0111a wide \'ariety of geographic 10catiol\s and compared based Oil their Illorphology, sexual compatibility and the lIudcotide sequellces of thcir rDNA ITS regions, All isolates induded ill this study mated to produce Ca/ollN/ria teleoJllorphs with \'iable progeny. Four distinct mating populations were identified, each representing a genetically isolated, hiallclic, heterothallic puptllation, Sl'\'craIITpresentC\ti,'c isolates of each mating population. reflecting geographic dh.ersity, were chosen for sequence comparisons. The internal transcribed spaccr (ITS) regions 1 and 2 Ihal flank the 3.8S rDNA gelle, as well as the gene itself, were sequenced and compared, All isolates representing the same group yielded similar sequences, bm small, consistent differences were found between the groups, Based OI~ these results we recognise Ca/oJ/f'rlria smjH117a (anamorph (,,/indror/adi1l11l candelabrum), and describe three new species, namely Ca/onrell7a j){Jllrimmosa (anamorph CJ{inr!rodadiwll j}({llcirmnosum). Calo1U'c1n'{l insulm7s (anamorph C)'liudrodadilllll iusulame) and Calon('rt17a mexic(lna (anamorph ()lindrodadiulfl ntexicanllJ!!) . Key U-ords: Ca/oll('(l17'(I, ITS sequence analysis, mating studies, systematics


The multiple sclerosis presents unknown cause and among the several clinical manifestations is the generalized muscle weakness and impairment of pelvic floor muscles. Proper contraction of these muscles is one reason for the urinary continence and normal sexuality. Objective: To verify the pelvic floor muscle function, functional capacity, quality of life and sexual life in women with multiple sclerosis.


This paper proposes a new inverter topology based on the operation of Cuk converter for single-phase transformer-less grid connected photovoltaic system. In this topology, since the grid neutral is directly connected to the negative terminal of the photovoltaic (PV) array, there is no common mode voltage variation across the parasitic capacitance of the array and the leakage current is eliminated completely. The proposed topology has voltage boosting capability and the efficiency is comparable with H5 inverter. Simulation is done for feeding 500W PV power in to the grid and the results are presented and analyzed. Hardware implementation of the system is carried out and results are included in the paper.


As early career researchers studying the end of life, we recognise that scholarly activity in the field of death studies – an umbrella term for research spanning all aspects of death, dying and ber...


Objective To develop the impact of different power and time of ultrasonic irrigation on eliminating of endotoxin in the infected root canals.Methods Twenty maxillary anterior single root canal teeth diagnoged as chronic periapical periodontitis were chosen,they were randomly divided into the minimum power group and the maximum power group,and then the teeth were irrigated ultrasonically for 1 min and 1 min again respectively after routine root canal preparation.The specimens collected from root canal before and after therapy were tested for the content of endotoxin.Results There was no significant difference in the contents of endotoxin in the root canals of two groups before treatment(P0.05).There was no significant difference in the contents of endotoxin in the root canals of two groups after ultrasonic irrigation(P0.05).However,there was significant difference in the endotoxin content between the specimens before therapy,experiencing ultrasonic rinsing for 1 min and for 1 min again in each group,respectively(P0.05).Conclusions The power of ultrasonic irrigation within certain range has no significant impact on eliminating endotoxin in the infected root canals.Prolonging appropriately ultrasonic irrigation time can strengthen the effect.


A Lie algebra L(Σ) can be associated with each nonlinear filtering problem, and the realizability or, better, the representability of L(σ) or quotients of L(σ) by means of vector fields on a finite dimensional manifold is related to the existence of finite dimensional recursive filters. In this paper, the structure and representability properties of L(σ) are analyzed for several interesting and/or well known classes of problems. It is shown that, for certain nonlinear filtering problems, L(σ) is given by the Weyl algebra It is proved that neither W n nor any quotient of W n can be realized with C ∞ or analytic vector fields on a finite dimensional manifold, thus suggesting that for these problems, no statistic of the conditional density can be computed with a finite dimensional recursive filter. For another class of problems (including bilinear systems with linear observations), it is shown that L(Σ) is a certain type of filtered Lie algebra. The algebras of this class are of a type which suggest that "su...


Abstract Sleeping bags are a common type of personal protective equipment that maintains the individual's comfort during rest in an open environment. One of the main purposes of utilizing sleeping bags is protection against cold weather in order to prevent body heat loss. However, during use, the exertion of body pressure on the sleeping bag may impact its protective performance. In this study, the influence of body pressure on the thermal insulation of two sleeping bags containing solid and hollow polyester fibers was investigated with consideration of body pressure in the head, shoulder, hips, and feet regions. Moreover, the sleeping bag layer's thickness and compressibility variations were analyzed. The results revealed that both sleeping bag layers suffer from the thickness and thermal insulation reduction under body pressure, especially in the hip area. However, due to the entrapped air inside the fiber structure, hollow fibers presented enhanced thermal resistance.


A checklist of all freshwater fish species demonstrated to occur in Paraguay is presented with the aim of providing an updated list of all known fishes from Paraguay and to establish a baseline to keep the inventory updated. Species listed herein are only those that appear in published papers based on actual collection records. Type localities are provided for primary types of species originally described from Paraguay. For each species, the current name combination is followed by a list of synonyms, beginning with the original name combination, and followed by a list of literature citations for the Paraguayan territory. A total of 307 fish species were confirmed and listed, four of which are categorized as threatened, and including four introduced exotic species. Two thirds of the species belong to the Characiformes and Siluriformes, among the twelve orders and 39 families listed. A description of the hydrographic systems of Paraguay as well as an overview of the history of the ichthyology in Paraguay are also presented.


This paper proposed a modified two-stage cascaded hybrid buck converter with reduced conduction loss, and simplified interleaving PWM circuit. The proposed converter reduces the conduction loss with fewer total switches and high-voltage switches. Also, the proposed converter achieves the inherent self-balanced flying capacitor voltages. Besides, the proposed converter simplifies the interleaving PWM circuit with the single ramp signal by digital logic. Moreover, the proposed converter avoids extra supply to feed the drivers. Simulated with a 130-nm BCD technology, the proposed converter regulates a 0.4 V - 1.2 V output from a 5 V input voltage, and it achieves the high peak and 1A-heavy-load efficiencies of 96% and 92.5%, respectively.


In this paper, we use Boltzmann statistics and the maximum likelihood distribution derived from Bayes' Theorem to infer parameter values for a Pake Doublet Spectrum, a lineshape of historical significance and contemporary relevance for determining distances between interacting magnetic dipoles. A Metropolis Hastings Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm is implemented and designed to find the optimum parameter set and to estimate parameter uncertainties. The posterior distribution allows us to define a metric on parameter space that induces a geometry with negative curvature that affects the parameter uncertainty estimates, particularly for spectra with low signal to noise.


Film is a synthetic art while film literature is the embodiment ofsynthetic art elements on the motion-picture screen. Thus in the course of film script creation, synthetic art elements must be incorporated into the conception of film literature. In view of all this, this paper attempts to expound on the "breakthrough" in film literature creation in the perspective of "notion", "prop", "color", "integrated change" and "action". It is because of the breakthrough in comprehensive art conception that film literary works have improved qualitatively.


Over the past twenty years, the European Union has been increasingly active in promoting democracy, and consequently so has academic literature on EU democracy assistance, culminating in a vast and diverse collection of concepts, theories and empirical findings. However, despite decades of research and practice, there is yet much confusion about the actual substance of democracy being promoted. In other words, what does the EU promote? Following more recent academic research on the subject, this article provides a general academic overview in search of consensus on the substance of EU democracy assistance and how to understand it. After all, answering this question provides a benchmark against which the EU's commitment can be assessed.


This study compares the students' perceived stress scale (PSS score) and their physiological status after two (2) years period of studying the Pharmacy programme. The data of the study done in 2014 were compared with the previous study which was conducted in 2012. This study focused on changes of same students' PSS score when they were in the first year and third year since there were changes in academic burdens and study environment for them. Moreover, study was aimed to compare the changes of the PSS score between two different genders, identifying the correlation between the PSS score and their physiological status, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat percentage and their blood pressure. PSS score was measured by using a set of questionnaire to determine the severity of their stress and find out their solutions to overcome the condition. As a result, mean PSS value in male and female in third year was higher than that of in first year. Males' PSS score (30.13± 6.62) in the year 3 was significantly higher than their score (24.26 ± 6.53) taken in the year 1. PSS score (30.8±4.89) of the whole class in year 3 was also significantly higher than year 1 scoring (26.14±5.94). Moreover, students' BMI and fat percentage were found higher in year 3 compare to year 1 but the changes were insignificant. There is significantly higher in students' systolic blood pressure in 2014 compared to 2012. This study highlighted that academic stress among Pharmacy students is increasing within a 2 year period.


The invention discloses health-care food containing maca, cordyceps and truffle, and belongs to the technical field of health-care food. The food comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 15 to 70 percent of active ingredient extract of the maca, 5 to 35 percent of active ingredient extract of the cordyceps, 5 to 35 percent of fine truffle powder, and the balance of accessory. The active ingredient extract of the maca is obtained by the following steps of: selecting dry or fresh maca roots which are not rotted or mildewed, and crushing the roots into powder penetrating through a sieve of 80 to 100 meshes; adding the powder into an extraction tank using 95 percent ethanol as an extracting agent, adding the 95 percent ethanol in an amount which is 6 to 8 times weight of the powder, and extracting for 2 to 4 hours at the temperature of 60 DEG C; separating the extracted solution for 5 to 10 minutes through a centrifugal machine at the revolving speed of 10,000 to 30,000 revolutions per minute; performing vacuum concentration on the centrifuged solution for 4.5 to 6 hours under the vacuum degree of 0.02 to 0.08MPa at the temperature of between 30 and 35 DEG C; and performing microwave drying for 45 to 60 minutes at the temperature of between 45 and 55 DEG C, and thus obtaining the active ingredient extract of the maca. The active ingredient extract of the cordyceps and the fine truffle powder are prepared by conventional methods. The accessory is fine phyllanthus emblica powder or starch. The food containing the maca, the cordyceps and the truffle has the advantages of rich nutrition, convenience in eating and physique enhancement.


: The ability to detect and recognize human faces is a key requirement in a great number of applications such as human tracking, human–computer interface, person identification for security systems and the surveillance of human activities. Much research effort has been directed towards this hot topic in recent years. This research project is building a system to detect and recognize a human face of the employee car driver to enter to the university of Tabuk. A system that uses a digital camera will be developed to capture and process the picture of the face driver. To recognize a face, face detection and recognition methods will be developed. The proposed system is composed of the following stages: 1) image acquisition 2) preprocessing methods 3) face detection 4) face recognition. The main goal of this research is to develop an intelligent system to detect and recognize a human face of the employee car diver to enter to the university of Tabuk.


The present study examines how learners' language mindsets (beliefs about the malleability of language intelligence) and achievement goals predict learners' preferences for different types of corrective feedback (CF). Questionnaire data were collected from 537 learners of Spanish as a foreign language at two North-American universities. Factor analytic and multiple regression results showed two clear patterns. A growth language mindset (the belief that language learning ability is malleable) predicted preferences for all types of CF whereas a fixed language mindset predicted a preference for conversational recast and absence of CF. A development-approach goal (concerned with improving one's language competence) positively predicted learners' preference for the explicit types of CF whereas a development-avoidance goal (concerned with maintaining one's second language competence) positively predicted the more implicit types of CF. Demonstration-approach (concerned with displaying superior competence) did not predict any CF type and demonstration-avoidance (concerned with avoiding the display of incompetence) predicted a preference for absence of CF. Using an overarching cost–value model, we discuss how learners' analysis of the self-presentation and ego costs as well as the value of different CF types have led to their preference for one versus another. Future directions and pedagogical implications are discussed.


The transport of proteins across the bacterial cell membrane is a fundamental process carried out by all groups of Gram-negative bacteria. Especially in the case of pathogenic bacteria, transport systems are used at a number of different steps in the bacterial infection pathway, such as in the export of toxins, cell adhesion, and direct penetration of effectors into the host cell. There are at least 6 distinct extracellular protein secretion systems reported as types I through VI (T1SS–T6SS) that can deliver proteins through the multilayered bacterial cell membrane and sometimes directly into the target host cell (1). The molecular organization and secretion mechanisms of type I–V secretion systems are relatively well characterized (2). However, less is known about the organization, function, and mechanism of the T6SS system first discovered by Mekalanos and coworkers in 2006 (3). After their initial report, a number of bioinformatics-based comparative analyses of the T6SS gene clusters between bacterial strains have been made to assess possible function (4–10). In this issue of PNAS, both Leiman et al. (11) and Pell et al. (12) use structure-based analysis to demonstrate the existence of a structure/function relationship between the molecular components of T6SS and the tail proteins of bacteriophages T4 (11) and λ (12).


The effects of ultrafine starch based coating on strawberry storage quality were studied and the based coating effect by ultrafine starch, chitosan, refined konjak flour, soy protein and monoglycerides in this paper. The ultrafine starch based coating could effectively reduce water loss, retard the decline of soluble sugar content, the ratio of sugar to acid and restrain microorganism increasing. The ultrafine starch solution was used to coat strawberry with 4.32 μm starch, 1.7 % concentration and pH5. The comprehensive effect of it has no difference with chitosan coating solution, but better than refined konjak flour, soy protein and monoglycerides at normal temperature(25 ℃±1 ℃).


Analysis of measurements of the scattered and direct components of Voyager 1 radio occultation signals at 3.5 and 13 cm wavelengths yield estimates of the distribution functions of supracentimeter-size particles and thickness of relatively broad regions in Saturn's rings. If mearurements of signal amplitude at a shorter wavelength are combined with the previously analyzed data, the shape of the distribution functions characterizing the smaller particles can be constrained. If size distributions of arbitrary form were considered, many solutions are found that are consistent with the three available observations of signal amplitude. The best-fit power law was calculated to the three observations at three wavelengths for several of the embedded Saturn ringlets. Mie scattering theory predicts that the measured phase of the radio occultation signal is highly sensitive to particles ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wavelengths in size, thus additional constraints on the subcentimeter-size distribution functions for both the Saturn and Uranus rings can in principle be derived from radio phase measurements.


Introduction hronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major health problem throughout the world. It is a global public health problem, with greater burden and very high cost of care especially in developing countries. The exact prevalence rate of Chronic Kidney Disease in Bangladesh is not known. Kidney awareness prevention and monitoring society (KAPMS) reported that about 2 corers people of Bangladesh have been suffering from some form of chronic kidney disease. In a community study it has been found that about 18% peoples are suffering from chronic kidney disease. CKD has been defined as either a level of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)<60ml/min per 1.73m, which is accompanied in most cases by signs and symptoms of uraemia, or a need for initiation of renal replacement therapy.


The current progress in nanophotonics is explained by the excitement of achieving enhanced near-field effects and breaking the diffraction limit for light localization and imaging. Recent years have witnessed a growing research interest in the study of plasmonic structures made of the noble metals


This study aims to determine the effect of personality type and. Consumptive Behavior towards Personal Financial Planning. The research method used is quantitative method and the data analysis used in this study includes classical assumption testing, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing with simultaneous test (F-test) and partial test (t-test) using SPSS. The results showed that the variables of Personality Type and Consumptive Behavior had a simultaneous effect on Personal Financial Planning. The results of the Personality Type variable have a partially significant positive effect on personal financial planning, while consumptive behavior has a partially significant negative effect on personal financial planning.


To investigate incidence, clinicopathological features and prognosis of BRAF‐mutated conjunctival melanoma in Denmark. Furthermore, to determine BRAF mutations in paired premalignant lesions and evaluate immunohistochemical BRAF V600E oncoprotein detection.


【Objective】 To explore the mental health states of patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)and the effect of psychological intervention in them.【Methods】 The SCL-90 was administered to 152 inpatients with CHB for their state of mental health.This inpatients were randomly divided into control group and psychological intervention group,which was only received the psychological intervention and then mental health state of both groups were evaluated.【Results】 The scores of SCL-90 in the inpatients with CHB were much higher than those of Chinese Norm of SCL-90(P 0.01).There was no statistical significance(P0.05) in the mental state between the control group and the intervention group before psychological intervention,and intervention group got lower total score and scores of all factors(P 0.05 or P 0.01) except the phobia and paranoid than control group.【Conclusion】 The mental health states of patients with CHB were worse than normal people.Medication plus psychological intervention were superior to those with medication alone for the improvement of mental condition and were greatly improved by psychological intervention.


It is estimated that about tow million tons of used fiber are discharged annually in Japan. This situation has raised the concerns about the necessity to find innovative usage of used fibers and new recycling technologies. Therefore, various attempts have been carried out in our textile industry to construct the recycling-type society. For example, compression molding system of lumber substitutive materials by using the fiber wastes as raw material is very interesting. In this molding process, the binder material such as thermoplastic fiber is used in order to bind the neighboring fiber wastes. It can be easily expected that the shape of melted binder remarkably affects on the mechanical properties of substitute lumber. In this paper, the felt is pre-molded in which PP fibers with various sizes are added as a binding material. Then the felt turns to fiber board by the compression molding method under heating. The effects of binder shape to the bending properties of the fiber board are discussed. As a result, it is clarified that the fiber sizes of PP binder remarkably affects on the shape of melted PP and also the bending properties of molded board.


Aim: To find out a new reliable concept in morphometry of pathological diagnosis.Methods:The fractal analysis system made by ourselves was used to analyze the changes of the nuclear shape in 30 cases of normal laryngeal squamous epithelium,20 cases of laryngeal papilloma and 38 cases of squamous cell carcinoma,and to measare the fractal dimensions of the nuclear boundaries in the 3 groups.Results:The fractal dimensions of the nuclear boundary of all grades were significantly greater than their topological dimensions,indicating the nuclear boundaries may possess fractal features.There was significantly difference between the 3 groups.Conclusion:Fractal dimension is a better way of measuring the irregular extent of nuclear shape.Fractal analysis may provide a quantitative parameter for pathological discrimination of tumor cell.


This study represents a hydrogeomorphological approach and aims to evaluate the potential of water erosion in the Slănic river basin. The analyzed river basin is highly susceptible to water erosion due to synergic actions of morphometric factors (high slope values, high slope convexity, surface runoff acceleration), hydrologic factors (high convergence of the river network in several areas), land cover (low degree of afforestation) and others. In order to analyze the potential of water erosion, GIS techniques were used for geoprocessing several environmental variables (factors) with an important role in water erosion process occurrence. The proposed index, Land Erosion Potential Index (LEPI), obtained by analyzing eight environmental factors, showed that almost 26% (111.1 km2) of the total study area (427.4 km2) is characterized by high and very high potentials of water erosion. The results can be useful for identifying viable measures for the control of the analyzed process.


A relationship is found between the metric of a spherical opening on the space of all subspaces of a symmetric space and some numerical characteristic of the subspace. It is known that, for example, in L1 this characteristic takes only two values (i.e. this is a binary space), while in L2 there are infinitely many values. Using the connection found, the necessary conditions for the binarity of a symmetric space were generalized.


IntroductionTotal knee arthroplasty has become an established operation. Cemented fixation of the components has given satisfactory results and is accepted as the gold standard. Cement failure with...


Objective Using critical thinking,to analysis the changes of the lung function in the old patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) after treatment with salmeterol and fluticasone propionate. Methods Using critical thinking as the instruction,80 cases of severe COPD old patients were randomly divided into salmeterol group(control group/A group),salmeterol and fluticasone propionate group(experiment group/B group),they all received conventional oxygen,anti-infection,eliminating phlegm to smooth wheezing,their treatment plan continue to use and follow-up 24 weeks after discharge,and lung function and blood gas were analyzed. Results Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC),FEV1/FVC of expected value,FEV1 percentage (FEV1 %),PaO2,PaCO2 differences were no statistical significance (P0.05) in patients before treatment ; symptoms of B group was obviously improved than A group after treatment(P0.05). Conclusion On the basis of analysis and evaluation,it is found that the treatment has a significant effect on lung function of the elder patients in B group with severe COPD,These promotes patients rehabilitation effectively.


EN AW2099 aluminium lithium alloy, 2.0mm in thickness, was used as an experimental material. EN AW2099 belongs to the 3rd generation of aluminium lithium alloys. The third generation was developed to improve the disadvantages of the previous generation, such as anisotropy in mechanical properties, low fracture toughness, corrosion resistance and resistance to fatigue crack growth, as well. Aluminium magnesium 5087 filler wire with a diameter of 1.2mm was used for the welding. Crack free weld joints were produced after an optimization of welding parameters. The microstructure of weld metal and mechanical properties of weld joints were investigated. Equiaxed zone (EQZ) was observed at the fusion boundary. The character of grains changed in the direction towards the weld centre, from the columnar dendrite zone to equiaxed dendrite zone in the weld centre. The microstructure of the weld metal matrix consisted of -aluminium. Alloying elements enrichment was found at the inter-dendritic areas, namely copper and magnesium. The microhardness decrease in the weld metal due to a dissolution of strengthening precipitates was measured. The microhardness was slightly higher in comparison to a weld produced by a laser welding without a filler material. The tensile strength of the weld joint reached around 67% of the base material's strength and the fracture occurred in the weld metal.


The concern of soil compressibility is critical in settlement calculation for foundation engineering. Consolidation parameters of soil are generally obtained from laboratory testing, which is time-consuming and beyond the scope of many project budgets. There are numerous approaches to estimate the consolidation parameters, particularly the compression index (ܥ ௖) in order to determine the potential settlement in practice. However, due to the limitation in computational aids in the past, the correlations only appeared as linear functions. Furthermore, most proposed equations were based on a single soil property index while the compressibility of soil may be affected by more than a single soil parameter at the same time. Thus, most derived empirical equations resulted in a low statistical fitness compared to the actual experimental data. This study attempts to develop a correlation of ܥ ௖ from the soil liquid limit (ܮܮ) and natural water content (ݓ ௡ ) as two independent variables in a more mathematically complex relation. For this study, 150 consolidation test results were obtained from various locations across the Gulf Coast of Texas by Professional Service Industries, Inc. from over 60 projects dating from 2009 to 2012. The proposed empirical equation was compared with other empirical equations derived in the past in term of statistical fitness. The results of this study can provide a better estimation technique for ܥ ௖ and thus, better estimation for settlement of foundation in the Guld Coast area.


University students of non-linguistic specialties in Russia often have poor levels of foreign language (usually English) proficiency. According to the study of E.A. Kogan just 5-15% of university students have intermediate and upper intermediate levels in English proficiency. Most of the students demonstrate only breakthrough and waystage levels. The problem of low academical success (in spite of student's willingness to learn the language) in foreign language teaching practices and scientific literature is known under different names: underachievement in foreign languages, bad language learners, foreign language learning disability, as well as social-psychological barrier, barrier in foreign language teaching, barrier in trained actions. In our research we suggested the term 'foreign language acquisition (FLA) barrier' which we see as student's individual reflection of objective difficulties (social adaptation, psychological, psychophysiological, didactic, competence, and linguistic) influencing the learning process. The present article introduces a test (web-based questionnaire "Diagnosing barriers in FLA") evaluating students' subjective attitude towards FLA difficulties – that is the level of FLA barriers. The questionnaire can be used for Russian speaking students over 15 years old, learning English in a group outside the language environment. The test was successfully validated: it was completed by 100 university students of nonlinguistic specialties; the correlation between the test and criterion (effectiveness of foreign language learning) is 0.81. 2357-1330 © 2021 Published by European Publisher.


Modern specialists of any professional field should be distinguished by professional competence, the ability to update knowledge as well as process a significant amount of information, and creatively solve professional tasks. The specified qualities are formed in the process of professional training in the institutions of higher education, in particular through the participation of students in scientific and research activities. The purpose of the article is to investigate the essential characteristics of scientific research activities of students of higher education institutions. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematization (to clarify key research concepts), generalization (for the purpose of forming author's conclusions). As a result of a comprehensive study of the problem, the essential characteristics of the scientific research activity of students were clarified, by which we understand the practice of obtaining new scientifically based knowledge, aimed at a purposeful change of social reality, which is implemented in a logical sequence through the application of appropriate forms and methods of scientific knowledge. The most important features of the students' scientific research activity have been determined: in its essence, it is an empirical activity; it is purposeful and characterized by the interconnection of certain elements, procedures and methods; is built within the framework of logical and constructive schemes, methods and means of cognition, characteristic of scientific and research activity; performed according to the research algorithm; is based on facts that require empirical verification; the result of research work is new knowledge about objects; is a methodological regulation that sets a logical direction for the selection of methods and means of activity. It is substantiated that scientific research activity is implemented at three levels (reflective-theoretical, experimental-theoretical and research), each of which involves a step-by-step process (problem definition; hypothesis formulation; selection of research methods and tools; implementation of the research plan; evaluation of the obtained results) and application of appropriate research methods. Research tasks at these levels are aimed at the study and scientific analysis of a real practical situation. The structure of students' scientific research activity involves a set of elements: motives, goals, object and subject of research, process and result.


Abstract Salt in polyethylene glycol (PEG)/salt aqueous two-phase systems was excluded by PEG and concentrated in the solvent volume available for dissolution of salt (PEG-free solvent). The concentration of salt in the PEG-free solvent of the PEG-rich phase was the same as that at the critical point regardless of the compositions of the PEG/salt two-phase systems. This explained that the phase separation of PEG/salt two-phase systems occurs when the concentration of salt in the PEG-free solvent reaches its solubility limit. The concentration of salt required in the PEG-free solvent for the phase separation was lower with higher molecular weight of PEG. The solubility of salt in the PEG-free solvent decreased with increases in the molal surface tension increment of salt. The solubility limit of salt in the PEG-free solvent was 0.93 M for ammonium sulfate, 0.77 M for potassium phosphate, 0.75 M for sodium tartrate, 0.67 M for sodium phosphate, and 0.53 M for potassium citrate.


This article analyses and discusses spatial conditions contributing to confidentiality in HIV healthcare facilities carried out by two non-governmental organisations in Uganda, the AIDS Information ...


Abstract : Polymorphous Computing Architectures (PCA) rapidly "morph" (reorganize) software and hardware configurations in order to achieve high performance on computation styles ranging from specialized streaming to general threaded applications; the former is most like a pipeline processor, while the latter is most like a collection of common desktop processors. This project explored a multi-time scale morphable software environment (denoted milieu') whose purpose was to suggest ways to build applications from components of varying scales; these components were to include small and large amounts of code, different algorithms, and different parallelism. The purpose of PCA is to reduce the cost, size, power, and other "footprint" aspects of computing that can be most efficiently done with radically different kinds of computing elements; pre-PCA systems connect disparate parts with low utilization outcomes. This project sought to create a model-based software framework for reactive monitoring, optimization, modeling, resource negotiation and allocation, regeneration, and verification. Model-based software uses principles like "legos" or "tinker toys" to model interactions and roles, and allow a framework in which software is created. This project report addresses the research objectives and key accomplishments, while introducing the technical concepts and approaches developed in this project for the PCA software development. Future work is also recommended in this report.


In the second year of this ongoing outreach project [1] we continue to uniquely combine the data, systems, and resources from four existing NASA-funded research projects on Mars robotic navigation. This year's event included highlights from the new curiosity mission, astronaut Steve Bowen, and many local researchers presenting work on planets throughout the solar system. The ongoing objectives are:


The notion of Image partition regularity near zero was first introduced by De and Hindman. It was shown there that like image partition regularity over N the main source of infinite image partition regular matrices near zero are Milliken- Taylor matrices. But Milliken- Taylor matrices are far apart to have images in central sets. In this regard the notion of centrally image partition regularity was introduced. In the present paper we propose the notion centrally partition regular matrices near zero for dense sub semigroup of (R + ,+) which are different from centrally partition regular matrices unlike finite cases.


This study looks at the ongoing development of tools and practices used to animate nonlinear physical phenomena, such as the crash of ocean waves or the movement of human hair, in the visual effect and animation industries. These tools and practices are developed in a nexus between public funding, research universities, the film industry, and various other sectors, such as aerospace and meteorology. This study investigates how technological development became integrated with film production, and in turn how epistemic paradigms were shared between the film industry, scientific research institutions and other industries.

At the heart of these animation tools and practices, and the networks of institutions that developed them, is a way of thinking that seeks to make use of unpredictable nonlinear complexity by shaping it toward specific applications. I observe this in the way animation and visual effect studios seek the realistic appearance of nonlinear natural movement through simulation, while also implementing technologies and practices to direct the look of these simulations. I also observe this in a variety of related examples, from the way the concept of research and development unites science and application, to the way management science promotes hands off approaches that preserve the unpredictable nature of creative work. My methods consist of charting the circulation of ideas, technologies, moving images and people through contact zones such as the computer science special interest group ACM SIGGRAPH, using archival research of trade communications, scholarly publications and conference proceedings, as well as interviews with industry workers.


Report presenting testing of models of medium-bomber designs to investigate the relative characteristics of thickened wing roots with propeller-shaft fairings and wings with nacelles. Incremental drag coefficients due to thickened wing roots and due to propeller-shaft fairings through a range of Mach numbers at lift coefficient 0.10. Results regarding force tests, pressure-distribution tests, effect of thickening and filleting, nacelles and propeller-shaft fairings, and a comparison of submerged engines and engine-nacelle combinations are provided.


The study covers a new qualitative analytic test (method) for detecting the semicarbazone chemotherapeutic Nitrofural . The combination of Gibbs` reagent and ammonia was successfully implemented for analyzing the drug. The main structural features of the obtained color products were determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy.


The article presents the perspective of the method of participant observation used for studying social perception of police special assignment divisions' officers in military combat situations. The author reveals the analysis of the main results of using this method, describes social and perceptive peculiarities in the work of police special assignment divisions' officers of the Russian MVD (SOBR and OMON).


The purpose of this study is to visualize the characteristics of ER fluids as preceding step of developing 3 port ER valves. ER fluids are made with silicone oil and 3 weight percent starch having hydrous particles. The flow visualization of ER fluids flow is obtained by CCD camera with changing the strength of electric field to ER fluids flow. As the strength of the electric field increases, more clustors in flow are made and these clusters are thought to be the reasons of the load flow rate being increaed and the outlet flow rate being decreased.


We developed a probabilistic model of how clinicians are expected to detect a disease outbreak due to an outdoor release of anthrax spores, when the clinicians only have access to traditional clinical information (e.g., no computer-based alerts). We used this model to estimate an upper bound on the amount of time expected for clinicians to detect such an outbreak. Such estimates may be useful in planning for outbreaks and in assessing the usefulness of various computer-based outbreak detection algorithms.


The purpose of this research was to analyze financial results of four major US retailers from June 2006 until August 2008 and compare their tactics to create shareholder's value, using key performance and enterprise marketing ratios. This is a relevant study given the different business models and strategies used by these companies, as well as their strong rivalry in the retail industry. The study highlighted Walmart and Costco given their recent growth and competitiveness. The results showed that Walmart was superior in attracting investors willing to pay a premium for the stock. On the other hand, Costco created an average of $10.32 dollars of sales for every dollar spent in Sales, General and Administrative expenses, whereas Walmart produced only $5.44. In other words, Costco created twice as much sales volume for every dollar spent in these expenses. Further, the Maximum Earnings Market Share displayed that Costco could have made $3,660 million more in that period, whereas Walmart spent $26,300 million more than needed to increase earnings in the same period.


because 'life themes' (a phrase he uses without mentioning Goldman) are more difficult to describe than the formal Scripture or dogmatic content of conventional catechetical programmes. But this author never loses his leaders, because all his theory is ultimately earthed in his exposition of what he calls 'Family Catechesis' and, in dealing with this aspect, he appears at his most suggestive and most practical. By 'Family Catechesis' the author means 'the equipping of parents so that it becomes clear to them that in living out their daily life with each other and with their children in faith they are developing as a living cell of the church to-day'. This method will not only open up a new way of educating children but will provide the motivation for adults to learn with and for their children. Moreover, it will build a bridge between home and church as the liturgical and pastoral life of the parish is illumined by the home. Two memorable quotations give something of the flavour of this section. 'Their first manual is not a file or a book; it is the book of their own lives, their own experience with their children in their own life history.' 'If children have not learned in this way (that is at home) the religions language of life, they will enter into a church like a cat entering a strange warehouse.' This is not an easy book to describe. For it is a sort of progressive meditation and interpretation of the author's own experimentation and experience. It succeeds however in keeping the reader's interest as he seeks to understand whether what is being said squares with or challenges his own experience in trying to achieve similar ends. When the book is finished, its inspiration remains to provoke to action, which is what the author would have wished.


In previous investigations, it was found that four-sided polygonal light-like Wilson loops in ABJM theory calculated to two-loop order have the same form as the corresponding Wilson loop in N = 4 SYM at one-loop order. Here we study light-like polygonal Wilson loops with n cusps in planar three-dimensional Chern-Simons and ABJM theory to two loops. Remarkably, the result in ABJM theory precisely agrees with the corresponding Wilson loop in N = 4 SYM at one-loop order for arbitrary n. In particular, anomalous conformal Ward identites allow for a so-called remainder function of conformal cross ratios, which is found to be trivial at two loops in ABJM theory in the same way as it is trivial in N = 4 SYM at one-loop order. Furthermore, the result for arbitrary n obtained here, allows for a further investigation of a Wilson loop / amplitude duality in ABJM theory, for which non-trivial evidence was recently found by a calculation of four-point amplitudes that match the Wilson loop in ABJM theory.


The application of enzyme micro-plate reader is more and more universal in clinic laboratory.It plays a very important role in immunology inspection.It is urgent to set up a perfect calibration method for functional evaluation and calibration of enzyme micro-plate reader.We test and demonstrate all type of enzyme micro-plate reader, and finally establish a calibration method for guaranteeing the stability and reliability of enzyme micro-plate reader.The method is simple and reasonable.The functional evaluation result accords with the designing performance of micro-plate reader and the actual test demand.


With the rapid development of the global economy and the strengthening of enterprises' internal management, the importance of logistics cost management is becoming more and more prominent, and people pay more and more attention on the logistics cost of enterprises, how to reduce logistics cost effectively has been a hot topic. Experts come from all over the globe actively introduce ABC into enterprise logistics cost accounting management and achieve results. On the basis of logistics cost, this paper begins with the analysis of enterprise logistics costs and account cost through the, activity-based costing, it is of great economic and practical significance to combine cost management with logistics management.


Abstract Decision-makers in safety assessment of exposures to environmental stressors and health care providers need improved biomarkers of toxic exposures and biomarkers of adverse events that precede the development of overt injury or disease. Two toxicogenomic studies will be presented that demonstrate the utility of genomic approaches for developing potential biomarkers of toxicity for both nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. The use of calcineurin inhibitor (CI) immunosuppressants has revolutionized the clinical practice of organ transplantation. However, chronic nephrotoxicity limits their long-term utility. In order to understand the pathophysiology that underlies the development of CI-associated nephrotoxicity and to develop CI-specific biomarkers of toxicity, rats were dosed with cyclosporine A (CsA) or FK506, or rapamycin, and gene expression profiling was performed on RNA isolated from kidneys 24 hours after one, seven, 14 or 28 daily doses. A gene expression signature was identified that was co...


The feature subset selection is a key preprocessing part in the detection of the stored-grain insects based on the image recognition technology. According to the global optimization ability of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the superior classification performance of the support vector machines (SVM), this study proposed a method based on PSO and SVM to improve the classification accuracy with the appropriate feature subset. The single objective fitness function was designed to evaluate the feature subset by introducing the v-fold cross-validation training model accuracy and the number of the selected features. Nine species of the stored-grain insects spoiled seriously in grain-depot, like Tenebroides mauritanicus(L.) and Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius. The feature subset selection for the stored-grain insects was implemented by the method based on PSO and SVM. The optimal feature subset consisted of seven features was selected from the 17 morphological features, such as area and perimeter. Compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), the method in this study can decrease the size of the feature subset and improve the classification accuracy. Making use of the feature subset selected by PSO and SVM, the ninety image samples of the stored-grain insects were classified by the SVM classifier that two parameters had been optimized, and the classification accuracy was over 95.5%. The experiment showed that it was practical and feasible.


The title compound, [Ni(C3S5)(C6H16N2)], contains a four-coordinate Ni atom which is bonded to two S atoms from the 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate (dmit) ligand and to the two N atoms of the N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine ligand. The mean Ni—S and Ni—N bond lengths are 2.169 (4) and 2.003 (9) A, respectively.


The uncertainty analysis of the calculation of ideal-gas thermodynamic properties using the one-dimensional hindered rotor (1-DHR), which is designed for quantum chemical treatment of internal rotations, is presented. The sensitivity of ideal-gas heat capacities and entropies to the input parameters of the 1-DHR model, that is, the reduced moments of inertia and barriers to internal rotation, is analyzed and evaluated. The calculations of energy barriers to internal rotations using the B3-LYP functional coupled with six basis sets and the empirical D3 correction accounting for dispersion interactions for a set of 60 molecular structures containing internal rotation motions were also performed, compared with available experimental values, and statistically evaluated to estimate the impact of uncertainty associated with the calculated barriers to internal rotation (15% on average, underestimated in two-thirds of cases) on ideal-gas thermodynamic properties.


This column is the first of what will be a regular ERIC feature in CDEI. The column is designed to serve two purposes. Most obvious is the provision of up-to-date information on specific topics related to career education. But equally important is the strengthening of consumer knowledge about the ERIC system. In order to achieve the second purpose, each column will begin with a brief description of how the documents selected for the column were found.


Federal law, court rulings, and professional organizations have imposed certain standards on local personnel administration in the hope of rendering it more efficient and equitable. This study highlights the extent to which cities and counties of various size are actually in compliance with those norms.


This article aims to review on effects of advertisements on the tourism industry. It is scientific-review. Today, all countries use modern advertising and marketing systems to indicate their power and potential attractions. Advertisement is one of the effective tools to attract tourists. Advertisement in tourism generally is one of the most important tasks of each tourism agency. Methodology: To prepare a marketing program and tourism advertisements and to determine purposes and approaches of the marketer should be done as the first and substantial step. Advertisements and its share have been a diagram of activity limitations of organizations. Results: For advertisements activities in the tourism industry in today's world, one should look at advertisements with belief and faith so that he would see that advertisements are not expensive but it is a kind of substantial investment to achieve organizational and national purposes and can have valuable achievements if it is performed accurately. Conclusion:  Therefore, the present article first presents a review of the concept of advertisements and the concept of tourism. Then, advertisements in the tourism industry and tools of tourism advertisements are investigated. At the rest, the role of oral advertisements and internet advertisements is expressed and finally, the article has a review on the studies which researches have performed on the effective factors in this industry.


The article is devoted to the process of discovering the specificity of life and development of a village child, initiated at the turn of the second and third decades of the 20th century. It was one of the consequences of the then developing educational discourse, supported by the achievements of child psychology, pedology, and the New Upbringing trend. In 1929, the first Polish research on the level of development of children from urban and rural environments was conducted. The results were very unfavorable for children from the countryside. This gave an impulse for further action. In 1930, in the pages of "Praca Szkolna" ("School Work"), a competition was announced among teachers to describe a rural child from various regions. Twenty-two papers were submitted, the best of which were published in the book Dziecko wsi polskiej (A Child of the Polish Countryside). These works allowed us to penetrate both the problems faced by rural children at school and the difficulties faced by teachers working in the countryside. To a large extent, they resulted from the lack of a proper diagnosis of the educational and upbringing needs of a rural child and from difficulties in cooperation between schools and villages. The perspective of changes in this area was opened only by regionalism, introduced to school curricula as a result of the education reform in 1932, which was to support the education of rural children and contribute to the integration of the school with the local community. Thus, the teaching characteristics of a rural child contributed, in a sense, to the introduction of regionalism in Polish schools.


The orthodox view of the fundamentals of causality can be traced back to the empiricist philosophy of David Hume. Hume said that for causality to occur, the cause and effect must be spatially together, the cause must occur before the effect and must always be followed by that type of effect. Hume also thought that our concept of cause included necessity, but he rejected this as unjustified by the evidence of our sense. We show how all four of these conceptual assumptions about what it is for one this to cause another can be challenged. An alternative view based on real powers or dispositions can allow causation without necessity, constant conjunction, temporal priority, or even contiguity.


Clean fuels - a government perspective alternative transport fuels - horses for caution EVs - all charged up but nowehere to go? alkaline fuels cells for road traction the challenges facng OEM of alternatively fuelled vehicles Safeway, CNG - business as usual Coventry City Council's committment to cleaner vehicles cleaner air for Birmingham? developing an AFV market - the UK experience.


1. ABSTRACT Domain speciic Problem Solving Environments (PSEs) are the key new ingredients that will aid in the widespread use of Computational Science & Engineering (CS&E) systems. Each PSE consists of a well deened library that supports the numerical and symbolic solution of certain mathematical model(s) characterizing a speciic discipline, together with an easy to use software environment. This environment should ideally interact with the user in a language \natural" to the associated discipline, and provide a high level abstraction of the underlying, computationally complex, model. However, it appears that almost all extant PSEs assume that the user is familiar with the speciic functionality/applicability of the PSE. Their primary design objective is to support some form of high level programming with predeened state-of-the-art algorithmic infrastructure. As the functionality of these systems increases, the user is expected to make complex decisions in the paramet-ric space of the algorithmic infrastructure supported by the PSE. In this paper we describe a knowledge based system, PYTHIA, to automate this decision making process and aid in providing a high level abstraction to the user. Speciically, PYTHIA addresses the problem of (parameter, algorithm) pair selection within a scientiic computing domain assuming some minimum user speciied computational objectives and some characteristics of the given problem. PYTHIA's framework and methodology is general and applicable to any class of scientiic problems and


In the paper we show that euclidian randomization in some situations (i.e. for gradient-free method on a simplex) can be as good as the randomization on the unit sphere in 1-norm. That is on the simplex example we show that for gradient-free methods the choise of the prox-structure and the choise of a way of randomization have to be connected to each other. We demonstrate how it can be done in an optimal way. It is important that we consider inexact oracle.


The evolution of the electronic properties of a thin film of copper phthalocyanine deposited on Al(100) and progressively intercalated with rubidium atoms was followed by photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies. Electron donation from the Rb atoms to the C32H16N8Cu molecules results in the lifting of the degeneracy in the eg ligand-derived molecular orbital and the lowering of the molecular symmetry. For Rb∼2C32H16N8Cu, spectral evidence indicates that both donated electrons reside in the first split-off eg-derived level, thus creating an electronic inequivalence between the C atoms in the benzene rings. For higher Rb concentrations, a reduction of the Cu oxidation state is observed, together with a new Cu-derived state in valence-band photoemission spectra, testifying to the filling of the b1g orbital. Thus, even though b1g is the lowest unoccupied orbital of the neutral molecule, in the film, the Cu-derived b1g-derived states are occupied only after a partial filling of the eg-derived band has...


Recent excavations and research projects are bringing Crete to the center of debates about state formation in ancient Greece. Civic feasting in the Archaic period, correlating in epigraphic terms to the andreion institution known on Crete, has emerged with greater clarity in the archaeological record. These feasts took place in the public mess halls where food and drink were served to citizens. Feasting buildings at Azoria help establish criteria for distinguishing andreion-style feasts from other forms as a more regular and inclusive practice emerging at the end of the seventh century BCE. Ceramic assemblages also provide clues to the defining characteristics of such feasting, with the standardization in the cup line best expressing a communalistic ideology. The frequency of the high-necked cup in addition to volumetric studies presented here point to a standard Cretan cup, implying uniform practices. In a broader sense, the cups themselves and their austere style contributed to a new ideology and defined citizenship in performative terms, the social glue underpinning the early Cretan polis.1


Different from the conventional magnetic field sensor based on Hall effect, Faraday effect based magneto-optic crystal sensors (MOSs) not only can be used to measure magnetic fields but also have the features of high insulation and insensitivity to electromagnetic interference. In this paper, we investigated linearity of a MOS using an yttrium iron garnet (YIG) in magnetic field measurement at room temperature. Comparing with those measured by a Hall effect sensor, from accuracy and repeatability points of view, the test results show that the YIGMOS has a good linearity in magnetic field measurement from 0 to 22 mT. Furthermore, this study could pave the way for the next work on measuring magnetic fields of HTS magnets through using a YIG-MOS at low temperature.


Two sharply contrasting regimes of weather and circulation in the United States, accompanying the onset of a major cycle in thc zonal index, highligllted February 1962. As a result t'he average rnont8111y wcather was not' particula,rly extreme ovcr most of the Kat'ion. The northern half of t'he country was generally colder than nornlal while most of t'lw sout'hern half was unseasonably mild. Unusually heavy a~nourlts of precipitation fell in California, while heavy amounts were also observed in the Great Basin, t'hc Northern Plains and Ilpper Slississippi Valley, the Ohio and Terlnesscc Valleys. and the Middle Atlantic St'at'es. Precipitation was notably deficicnt in southern portions of t'lle Gulf Coast States, especially 1,ouisiana and Texas. Record anlounts of snow accotnparlictl the cold in nmny areas from the Sort'llern Plains to New England. Much of this fell during the last half of the montB when snow depths ranged fro111 1 to :3 feet.


Beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity of a newly synthesized benzothiazole derivative, 6-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino) propoxybenzothiazole succinate (KF-577) was investigated. In in vitro preparation of the guinea pig trachea and the atrium it was approximately 1/100 and 1/10 as potent as propranolol, respectively, in competitively blocking the betareceptors : some cardioselectivity was seen. Like propranolol, it is devoid of intrinsic beta-stimulating activity. In urethane-anesthetized rats KF-577 and propranolol both exhibited a pressor effect at lower doses, while at higher doses both caused a sharp fall in blood pressure. The depressor and positive chronotropic effects of isoproterenol were both blocked by either KF-577 or propranolol. Mechanisms of this pressor effect were explored using vagotomized, adrenalectomized, reserpinized rats, and the results were subjected to discussion. KF-577 had a surface anesthetic potency 1/20 that of propranolol (guinea pig cornea) and a conduction anesthetic potency comparable to propranolol (frog sciatic nerve). KF-577 was thus shown to be a beta-adrenoceptor blocker having some selectivity.


Western Australia (WA) hosts 696 000 km of exposed, onshore, exclusively Archean rocks and 439 000 km of Paleoproterozoic rocks. In total, pre-1.6 Ga rocks comprise around 45% of the onshore area of the State, constituting the West Australian Craton (WAC; Yilgarn and the Pilbara Cratons) and the western part of the North Australian Craton (NAC). Seimic tomography demonstrates that considerable remaining portions of the State are also underlain by thick mantle lithosphere (Kennett et al., 2013), hosting the conditions under which diamonds form. Subsequently, most of the State is prospective for diamonds and numerous diamondiferous lamproite and kimberlite fields are known. Emplacement of diamond-bearing rocks spans much of geological time, from the c. 1868 Ma Brockman Creek kimberlite in the Pilbara (White, 2000) to the c. 17 Ma Walgidee Hills lamproite, Noonkanbah field, West Kimberley (Phillips et al, 2012). According to Kimberley Process statistics, Australia is estimated to have produced approximately 11% of global rough diamond production by weight in 2015, ranking it fourth in the world after the Russian Federation, Botswana and the Democratic Republic of Congo. These production figures are accounted for by two mines, both in WA. However, due to the closure of the Ellendale mine in 2015, responsible for a large proportion of the world's fancy yellow production, only one currently producing mine remains in Australia (at the AK1 olivine lamproite at Argyle, NAC). In order to assess the effectiveness of prior exploration and draw attention to under-explored prospective areas, a thorough compilation and interpretation of WA diamond exploration data has been conducted.


The buffering capacity of herbage is of importance in silage making, and studies have been made of ryegrass, clover, and lucerne. Autumn-grown ryegrass was found to be more heavily buffered than the spring- or summer-grown material; with clover and lucerne the spring-grown material was highest. The least mature samples had the highest buffering capacity in every case. Neither time of day nor wilting had any significant effect. Increases in buffering capacity during ensilage were shown to be due largely to the production of lactic and volatile acids. The success of a silage fermentation depends on the rate of acid production being more than able to compensate for the increasing buffering capacity.


This paper presents an overview of an LMI approach to the multi-objective synthesis of linear output-feedback controllers. The design objectives can be a mix of H 1 performance, H 2 performance, passivity, asymptotic disturbance rejection, time-domain constraints, and constraints on the closed-loop pole location. In addition , these objectives can be speciied on diierent channels of the closed-loop system. When all objectives are formulated in terms of a common Lyapunov function , controller design amounts to solving a system of linear matrix inequalities. The validity of this approach is illustrated by a realistic design example.


These guidelines for effective school health education to prevent the spread of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases, were developed to help school personnel and others plan, implement, and evaluate educational efforts to prevent unnecessary morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS and other human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diseases. Content considered essential for AIDS education in early elementary school, late elementary/middle school, and junior high/senior high school is summarized. Twenty-six references are


Acicular manganese zinc ferrite fine particles were made from small acicular α-FeOOH, Mn(C5H7O2)3, and Zn(C5H7O2)2. The long axis of these fine particles was oriented in parallel to the external magnetic field of 557kA/m, and then formed into multi-layered toroidal core. The green compact was sintered at 1200°C for 6 hours in air, and then cooled in a nitrogen atmosphere. The relative bulk density of the sintering body was improved from 87.0% to 90.2%. Crystallites consisted of the {110} plane were aligned along the upper plane of toroidal core of crystal-oriented manganese zinc ferrite. The initial permeability of crystal-oriented manganese zinc ferrite was 2240 at 0.1 MHz. The sample exhibited excellent high frequency magnetic properties.


The processes of spontaneous self-modulation of steep gravity waves on the water surface with the formation of very short groups are investigated by means of the numerical simulation of the primitive Euler equations. It is shown that the subsequent demodulation is incomplete as a result of the generation of new waves with other lengths propagating both along the way and towards the main wave. Thus, in the framework of the full hydrodynamic equations an approximate analogue corresponds to the breather solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
The parts of the research was supported by the RSF grant No 16-17-00041 and by the RAS Presidium Program «Nonlinear dynamics: fundamental problems and applications».


On 26th of December 2019, a sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827), was incidentally captured by a stationary-net, deployed nearly 40 m of depth, off Arsuz coast. Because of the presence of a partially healed birth mark, examined sandbar shark was considered as young-of-the-year specimen. Arsuz coast and in a broad perspective Iskenderun Bay can be served as a nursery ground for C. plumbeus, a promising possibility for the survival of an endangered shark species in the Mediterranean Sea. The leucism seen on the examined specimen was one of the very rare examples of an atypical character reported for C. plumbeus.


Idioms are important and special phenomenon in language.They best reflect the culture of a nation and they have been described as the crystallization of language.Idioms have both national characteristics and specific linguistic features.Therefore,the translation of English idioms,which is essence of English language and culture,occupies a prominent place in the whole translation.Meanwhile,English idioms bring about difficulties in translation.Some specific methods and strategies may be applied in the translation of English idioms.At last,this thesis offers some points for attention.


Introduction PART ONE: ORTHOPAEDICS Adult Hip Osteoarthitis, Arthroplasty, Fractures Childs Hip Perthes, Developmental Dislocation, Slipped Epephysis Foot Hand Spinal Deformity Spinal Pain Cervical Spine Infection Tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis, Septic Arthritis Neuro-Muscular Disease Cerebral Palsy, Polio, Spina Bifida, Muscular Dystrophy Arthritis Gout, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis Tumors General Bone Disease Rickets, Osteoporosis, Pagets Disease Amputations and Prostheses Orthopaedic Treatment Methods PART TWO: FRACTURES Injury General Features Lower Limb Fractures Upper Limb Fractures Spine Fractures Fracture Treatment PART THREE: SPORTS MEDICINE Sports and Medicine Knee Shoulder PART FOUR: FINALE Hospitals & the Organization of Care Medical Records and Outcome Studies, Third World, Prevention Conclusions References


In this study, the crystallinity of electroplated copper thin-film interconnections on Cu and Ru seed layers before and after EM (Electro migration) test was evaluated by an EBSD (Electron Back-scattered Diffraction). The EM resistance of the interconnection on the Ru seed layer was improved drastically compared with that on the Cu one. EBSD analyses revealed that the crystallinity of the interconnection on the Ru seed layer was much higher than that on the Cu one. In particular, the density of random grain boundaries with low crystallinity decreased in the interconnection on the Ru seed layer. It was concluded, therefore, that the improvement of the crystallinity of the electroplated copper thin-film interconnection by using the seed layer that can reduce the lattice mismatch between Cu and a barrier layer material is effective for assuring the high EM resistance and thus, the long-term reliability of the interconnection.


ABSTRACT Quantitative analyses of large data sets make use of both linguistic and sociological categories in sociolinguistic studies. While the linguistic categories are generally well-defined and there are sufficient tokens for further definition based on mathematical manipulation, the social characteristics such as socioeconomic class or ethnicity are neither. The familiar problem of grouping speakers by such sociological characteristics prior to quantitative analysis is addressed and an alternative solution – principal components analysis – is suggested. Principal components analysis is used here as a heuristic for grouping speakers solely on the basis of linguistic behaviour; the groups thus defined can then be described according to sociological characteristics. In addition, by naming the principal components, the major linguistic and social dimensions of the variation in the data can be identified. Principal components analysis was applied to vowel variation data collected as part of a sociolinguistic survey of English in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. (Sociolinguistics, variation studies, quantitative methods in linguistics, dialectology, Australian English, role of migrants in language change)


In recent years, motorcyclists have experienced an increase in road traffic accidents. Factors causing accidents include human factors, infrastructure, and the environment. One of the efforts to reduce the accident rate is by increasing the knowledge of the riders which in turn can improve orderly traffic behavior. Still found base motorcycle taxi drivers who are not orderly in traffic. The high potential and number of motorcycle accidents, especially at base motorcycle taxis, requires prevention by implementing safety riding awareness. The purpose of this community service is to increase the knowledge of base motorcycle taxis about safety riding. Mitra is a base motorcycle taxi at Pasar Minggu Station. The method used is education about safety riding. Education discusses the number of vehicle accidents, the impact, the importance of safety riding and the obligation of riders to ensure passengers feel safe and comfortable. Traditional taxi bike riders are quite enthusiastic about the material presented and there is an increase in knowledge from 67% to 81%. The implementation of education about safety riding has a positive effect on public knowledge about driving safety.


Abstract Our first result says that every real or complex infinite-dimensional normed space has an unbounded absolutely convex and absorbing subset with empty interior. As a consequence, a real normed space is finite-dimensional if and only if every convex subset containing 0 whose linear span is the whole space has non-empty interior. In our second result we prove that every real or complex separable normed space with dimension greater than 1 contains a balanced and absorbing subset with empty interior which is dense in the unit ball. Explicit constructions of these subsets are given.


This paper is concerned with the diagnosability property of discrete event systems (DES) modeled by live and safe Interpreted Petri nets (IPN). The IPN are used to model both, the normal and faulty behavior of the system. Based on this model, the notion of input-output diagnosability is introduced and a polynomial algorithm to characterize diagnosable IPN is proposed. The novel features of the approach herein presented are: a) the notion of relative distance between any pair of transitions; b) the use of the net siphons and T-semiflows to determine the relative distance between any pair of transitions; c) a characterization of diagnosable IPN based on the relative distance concept. Moreover, the approach herein presented characterizes a broader class of IPN exhibiting the diagnosability property and presents a better deepening of the structures needed to characterize diagnosable IPN.


Intermediate frequency resistance spot welding was used in hot stamping high strength steel(HSHSS) 22MnB5 of 2 mm thick specimens,obtaining a sound connection by using reasonable welding parameters.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints of IF resistance spot welding for hot stamping 22MnB5 were analyzed.Shearing tension and cross tension tests of spot welding joints were carried out.Discussion of the welding performances was presented,and hardness distribution and fracture mode of the joint cross-section were tested and evaluated.The regulations of the different resistance spot welding specifications influencing on the mechanical properties were founded.The results show that IF resistance spot welding joints have good mechanical properties by using reasonable IF resistance spot welding process and the mechanical performance completely meet the actual need of products.


After the successful operation at the centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV in 2010-2012, the LHC was ramped up and successfully took data at the centre-of-mass energies of 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. Meanwhile, plans are actively advancing for a series of upgrades of the accelerator, culminating roughly ten years from now in the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, which will deliver of the order of five times the LHC nominal instantaneous luminosity along with luminosity levelling. The ultimate goal is to extend the dataset from about few hundred fb−1 expected for LHC running by the end of 2018 to 3000 fb−1 by around 2035 for ATLAS and CMS. The challenge of coping with the HL-LHC instantaneous and integrated luminosity, along with the associated radiation levels, requires further major changes to the ATLAS detector. The designs are developing rapidly for a new all-silicon tracker, significant upgrades of the calorimeter and muon systems, as well as improved triggers and data acquisition. ATLAS is also examining potential benefits of extensions to larger pseudorapidity, particularly in tracking and muon systems. This report summarizes various improvements to the ATLAS detector required to cope with the anticipated evolution of the LHC luminosity during this decade and the next. A brief overview is also given on physics prospects with a pp centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV.


Scanning behavior was investigated in a target acquisition task using video-taped forward looking infrared (FLIR) imagery. Comparisons in both target acquisition performance and scan patterns were made between trained FLIR operators and college students with no prior exposure to FLIR. For both groups the sequence of fixations and the distribution of fixation densities were different for each scene and dependent on its specific content. Subjects appeared to systematically explore areas within a scene in terms of some estimate of the probability of a target being present. The eye data may reflect group differences of two types. First, the priorities assigned by each group to various areas were apparently different and secondly, the FLIR operators apparently were able to make a "target, no target" decision more quickly at each fixation as reflected in the typically shorter fixation times.


The paper evaluates two different bias correction schemes for Vaisala RS92 measurements. Given that RS92 sensors are used globally to measure tropospheric humidity, the comparison is valuable. Because of my interest in the topic, I am providing a few comments that may help to improve the paper. However, please note that the comments here should not be considered as editor's decision but solely as an independent review. PWV is mainly from the boundary layer where the radiation dry bias is not significant so it should be clarified that PWV may not be able to even show the difference between the radiation dry bias correction methods


We have developed a test structure for evaluating the quality of Al2O3 gate dielectrics grown on graphene for graphene field effect transistors on flexible substrates. The test structure consists of a metal/dielectric/ graphene stack on a PET substrate and requires only one lithography step for the patterning of the topside metal electrodes. Results from measurements of leakage current, capacitance and loss tangent are presented.


4-Diethylaminoazobenzene (2) and 4-diethylamino-4′-methoxyazobenzene (3) undergo geometrical isomerization with a quantum yield of almost unity by irradiation in the visible region, and, with lower efficiency, by irradiation at a shorter wavelength or sensitization both with high and low energy hydrocarbons. These dyes are also photoreduced, this time however only by irradiation at λ⩽ 313 nm and with low quantum yield (10–4–4 × 10–2). Photoreduction also takes place by energy transfer from high energy sensitizers as well as by radical initiation by ketones. It is concluded that the lowest singlet and triplet states of these azobenzene derivatives, which are reasonable models for commercially useful monoazo-dyes, are only capable of geometrical isomerization, whereas hydrogen abstraction takes place from the high-lying triplet state of both the trans- and cis-configuration of these dyes.


The genotoxicity of water extract of Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang was tested by In Vitro Chromosome Aberration Test. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay and Micronucleus test according to OECD Guidelines and KFDA Guidelines. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Chromosome Aberration Test: In Vitro Chromosome Aberration Test of Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts was carried out using cultured Chinese hamster lung cells in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system(S-9 mix). No significant changes in the number of aberrant metaphases having structural and number of aberrations were detected in Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts treated groups. 2. Bacterial Reveres Mutation Assay: Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts was evaluated for its potential to induce reverse mutation in the histidine auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium such as TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TAl537 and the tryptophan auxotroph strain of Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. No significant changes in the number of revertant colonies compared to its negative control were detected in Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts treated groups against all 5 strains. 3. Micronucleus test: Micronucleus test of Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts were performed using specific pathogen free 7-week old male ICR mouse. No significant changes in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes among 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes compared to negative control were detected in all Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts treated groups. In summarized above-mentioned results, it is concluded that Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts have not genotoxicity against In Vitro Chromosome Aberration Test, Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay and Micronucleus test.


A three years old quarter mile mare weighing 500 kilograms and on the last third of pregnancy was received showing signs of severe pain in the left eye. The right eye was normal. This animal was treated, before consultation, with gentamycin eye drops with no success. On the instrumental ophtalmic examination, using biomicroscope, direct ophtalmoscope and flattening tonometer, was observed widespread conjunctivitis, hiperemia involving conjunctive and episclera, edema of cornea, hypopyon, myosis, blackened iris and ocular hypotonia. No changes were seen in the subsequent segment. This signs allowed the diagnosis of anterior subacute uveitis. The treatment, objectifying the ocular imunossupression and maintenance of iris rest, begun. For that it was given: two percent atropine eye drops, tem percent phenylephrin eye drops, one percent prednisone eye drops and one percent prednisone ointment. On the first day of treatment a injection of a two percent solution of bethametasone was given into the sub-conjuctive bulbar space. To the end of fourth week, the eye was calm and the patient was sent home. Three weeks later, the same left eye repeated the same symptoms and the treatment was the same as before except for the replacement of prednisone ointment by a two percent cyclosporine ointment. After 10 days symptoms were gone and the treatment was maintained until the 25th day, when both eyes started to present photophobia, epiphora and blepharospasm. Biomicroscopic examination revealed, in the central area of both corneas, ulcers with a white grayish infiltrate and satellite lesion without vascularization and presenting endothelial plates. It was suspected that ulcers could have a mycotic origin and current treatment was stopped. Cytological exam and biopsy of both the conjunctives and the corneas was carried out. These exams revealed the presence of Aspergillus spp. and Gram positive cocci allowing the diagnosis of mycotic ulcerous keratitis. The treatment was performed by use of itraconazole ophtalmic ointment in a thirty percent dimetilsulphoxide base and one percent cyprophloxacine and condroitine sulphate eye drops. After 15 days of treatment, the signs were gone and only the left eye ulcer still exist. Then it was decided to perform a superficial keratectomy together with a 180 degrees bulbar conjunctival autograft. In this case, probably the imune supressive chronic treatment modified the ocular biota, favoring opportunistic infection with Aspergillus spp. After 45 days of antifungical treatment, the animal left the Hospital both the two eyes showing minimum leucoma but without visual deficit.


The article presents the results of examinations concerning distribution of the luminous flux in the end-light lighting optical fibers, in which the end-surface was subject to deliberate shaping. A method for shaping the distribution of the luminous flux in lighting optical fibers was designed, devoid of using sockets and any additional heads shaping luminous intensity distribution.


The phase transition behaviour of the polymorphic minerals in the system Cu-Ag-S was studied by standardized differential thermal analysis. The phase transition temperatures of the high-low transition of chalcocite (Cu 2 S; 106 o C), digenite (Cu 1.78 S; 74-90 o C), stromeyerite (CuAgS; 82-94 o C), jalpaite (Cu 0.5 Ag 1.5 S; 119 o C) and acanthite (Ag 2 S; 176 o C) are lowered by crystal physical, and, to a smaller degree, crystal chemical defects. The intensities (ΔT) and enthalpies (ΔH) of the phase transitions decrease with increasing mechanical treatment and with increasing Fe incorporation into the structures as well


Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are attractive candidates in various applications because of their high efficiency, high power density, and high position resolution. In some special applications such as military and aerospace, the torque ripple percentage from PMSM has to be maintained in an acceptable level. This objective drives motivations of either optimum design of electrical machines or optimum control of motor drives. On optimum control of motor drives, injecting higher order harmonics has been a dominant technique. This paper presents a novel digital current control strategy to regulate currents with feature of fast dynamic response and easy implementation. Compared with conventional current control loop in vector control of PMSM, a bank of resonant controllers is proposed in parallel connection of PI type controllers. As a result, both fundamental and harmonic components of current can be regulated using high bandwidth digital controllers. Simulation results have verified the control effect of the proposed strategy.


On network, the efficiency of information's collecting has been improved largely because of information share. Thus libraries in colleges and universities should build a complementary and multi-layer service system that can provide efficient service of reference and consultation. In doing so, the information on network and electronic resources and collections can fully exert their function together.


Introduction 1. The Philosopher's History and the History of Philosophy 2. Why Should Analytic Philosophers Do History of Philosophy? 3. On Saying No to the History of Philosophy 4. Is the History of Philosophy Good for Philosophy? 5. The History of Philosophy as Philosophy 6. What's Philosophical About the History of Philosophy? 7. The Ideology of Context: Uses and Abuses of Context in the Historiography of Philosophy 8. Locke, Therapy, and Analysis 9. Richard Burthogge and the Origins of Modern Conceptualism 10. Hope, Fear, and the Politics of Immortality


We point out that the use of polarization-division multiplexed solitons is only preferable to a copolarized pulse train only if the system is interaction-limited and the polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) is sufficiently weak. If the PMD is stronger, copolarized solitons perform better than polarization-division multiplexed ones. A simple analytical formula for when this occurs is derived.


During normal ontogeny in White Peking Duck embryo Bursa of Fabricius, the expression of surface and cytoplasmic IgM and IgC in bursal cells from day 11 of incubation onwards has been studied. The rabbit anti-duck IgM serum and anti-5.7sIgC serum were used in indirect immunofluorescence assay on paraffin embedded tissue sections. The Ig+ cell types were determined after histological staining. The main results. (1) cIgM lymphoid cells were found in the bursal mesenchyme of day 11 embryo. The sequence of IgM and IgC expression as follows, day 11, cIgM; day 15, sIgM; day 18, sIgG; day 21, cIgG. (2) The B cell development can be divided into 3 principle stages. The first (day 11-15), cIgM lymphoid stem cells differentiate to sIgM+ prelymphoblasts. Next (day 15-21), sIgM+ prelymphoblasts differentiate to sIgM+ lymphoblasts and sIgG+ lymphoblasts. Lastly (day 21-28), sIgG+ lymphoblasts divide and differentiate into medium and small B lymphocytes. Possibly the clones are selected for stimulation by antigen. In this stage the B cells begin to trickle out of the bursa. (3) The sequence of the events- in B cell ontogeny and expression of IgM and IgG of Peking Duck is similar to chicken, only the duration for each stage has some difference.


Very briefly, the scheme works in the following way1. The exporter of a "bonus commodity" surrenders his foreign exchange earnings to the State Bank of Pakistan and receives, in addition to the rupee equivalent, a voucher that entitles its owner to purchase foreign exchange equal in value to 20 or 30 per cent (depending on the commodity exported) of the amount earned. The voucher can be utilised for obtaining foreign exchange for use in a) importing a wide range of goods, b) business travels and c) opening and maintaining commercial offices abroad. Vouchers are issued for all goods except raw jute, raw cotton, hides and skins, raw wool and rice. The voucher is freely transferrable, and its price (which is commonly known as the premium) is determined by the market. Imports permissible under bonus vouchers include a large number of items both capital and consumer goods.


The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre-tenured counselor edu cators receive research mentorship. Furthermore, this study investigated whether mentorship differs for female and male faculty members. The instru ment utilized was a web-based survey entitled the Research Mentor Quality Questionnaire (RMQQ). The 139 respondents (51.7% response rate) indicated most pre-tenured counselor educators do receive research mentorship. Addi tionally, the quality of research mentorship is not significantly different for fe males and males on most items. Implications for the profession of counselor education and suggestions for future study are presented.


High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain of an adult spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis) were acquired in the coronal plane at 55 antero-posterior levels. From these scans a computergenerated set of resectioned virtual images in the two remaining orthogonal planes was constructed with the use of the VoxelView and VoxelMath (Vital Images, Inc.) programs. Neuroanatomical structures were labeled in all three planes, providing the first labeled anatomical description of the spinner dolphin brain. The unusual brain of cetaceans evinces a unique combination of features that are generally dissimilar to those observed in other mammalian brains. These differences are found at the level of the cortical cytological and chemical architecture Furthermore, cetacean brains are highly elaborated and convoluted, and exhibit hyperproliferation of the hemispheres in all regions but the frontal lobe (Morgane et al., 1980). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a valuable method for elucidating normal neuroanatomical structures (Marino et al., 2001a–c, 2002, 2003a, b) and neuropathologies (Ridgway et al., 2002) in several species within the cetacean suborder Odontoceti (i.e., toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises). MRI allows the visualization of brain structures in a normal three-dimensional (3D) arrangement without histological artifacts and distortions. MRI-based neuroanatomical studies have elucidated a number of similarities and differences across odontocete brains (Marino et al., 2001a–c, 2002, 2003a, b). Although our knowledge of odontocete brains is increasing, there is essentially no literature regarding the brain of the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). S. longirostris is one of five recognized Stenella species within the family Delphinidae. S. longirostris is a gregarious, deepwater species that subsumes several geographical varieties. The species is known for its habit of performing spectacular leaps and spins out of the water. Until now, however, the only published papers referring to the brain of S. longirostris have been limited to reports concerning the size of the whole brain and body (Marino, 2002) and the corpus callosum (Tarpley and Ridgway, 1994). There has been no neuroanatomical description of the spinner dolphin brain. In the present work we present the first MRI-based, anatomically-labeled, three-dimensional (3D) description of the brain of a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis). Specimen The specimen examined in this study was the postmortem brain of a sexually immature though morphologically adult female eastern spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis) (specimen #SJC-010). Mortality occurred in a tuna purse seine net in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. The total body length of the specimen …