: The paper focuses on challenges of creating, re-creating and maintaining a national bibliography in digital age: the experience from national libraries in Kenya, Uganda and Nigeria. The status and peculiarity of bibliographic control in the selected developing countries in Africa was well articulated. Strategies adopted for creation of national bibliography in the selected national libraries were examined with highlights on the need to re-create and maintain the bibliographic data in the new digital environment. Factors limiting effective creation and maintenance of national bibliography in the digital age such as technological, institutional, scientific and political factors were identified. The nature, type


In his suggestive paper [3], R. Bott proved that if geodesies starting from a point p in a riemannian manifold M are all closed geodesies whose length of a lap is constant, then the number of conjugate points of p on a lap of these closed geodesies are constant, counting the multiplicity. This result has been extended recently by Nakagawa [9], who proved that if all geodesies starting from a point p with a constant length c come back to the point p (these are not necessarily closed geodesies), then the number of conjugate points on a lap of these closed geodesic segments are constant, counting the multiplicity. If a stronger condition is assumed so that the cut point of p with respect to every geodesic starting from p may become a middle point of this closed geodesic segment, then the manifold M has a decomposition M = Dp \j φDN, as it is seen in Warner's paper [11], where Dp is a disk, N is a cut locus of p9 which becomes a closed submanifold in this case, and DN is a normal disk bundle of N in M. In this paper, as an extension of these facts, it will be proved that if a compact connected real analytic riemannian manifold M has a submanifold N such that the cut point of N with respect to every geodesic, which starts from N and whose initial direction is orthogonal to N has a constant distance π from N, then M has a decomposion M = DN (J φDN,, where N' is the cut locus of N and DN, DN, are normal disk bundles of N, N' respectively (cf. Theorem 3.1). Of course, manifolds having such a decomposition are very special, but at any rate, it seems interesting to consider some details about that kind of manifold. On a single manifold M, there are many, various riemannian metrics, which form a convex set. Each of these riemannian metrics, however, ought to be influenced by the topological structures of the manifold. Roughly speaking, one must be able to determine the topological structures of M by using only one riemannian metric, but at least at the present time it seems impossible. Therefore, it seems interesting to consider some useful class of riemannian metrics instead of a single metric or the whole metrics. In this paper, it


T he seriousness of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ethiopia is widely acknowledged. Since the first HIV case was recorded in 1986, prevalence rates rose rapidly during the 1990s. By the end of 2003, it was estimated that 1.7 million people in the country (with a total population of over 70 million) had already died from AIDS and a further 1–2.3 million were living with the disease (UNAIDS, UNICEF, and WHO 2004). In addition, it is estimated that there are around 700,000 children under the age of 17 who have lost either one or both parents to AIDS. Ethiopia is classified (along with Nigeria, China, India, and Russia) as belonging to the " next wave countries " with large populations at risk from HIV infection, which will eclipse the current focal point of the epidemic in central and southern Africa (NIC 2002). The disease is taking its toll on life expectancy and is undermining the coun-try's efforts to reduce poverty. There have been substantial efforts recently by the government of Ethiopia to address the disease through a multisectoral approach, with increasing attention being paid to reaching the rural areas. However, addressing the epidemic is particularly challenging in such a poor country, where per capita expenditure on health is in the order of US$6, including out-of-pocket contributions (CCM 2004). It is estimated that over 50 percent of government hospital beds are occupied by AIDS patients (GoE 2004). The problem of caring for and supporting people living with AIDS and orphans has surpassed the capacity of


erfecting women is an English translation of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanawi's Bihishti Zewar (Heavenly Ornaments), originally written in Urdu. Barbara Daly Metcalf has presented a partial translation of this book written in the early 1900s. She has not only translated the book into English, but has also provided detailed commentaries. Bihishti Zewar has been one of the most influential books of this century which has guided the lives of Muslim women in India and its neighbouring countries. It was treated almost like a bible and provided guidelines of expected behaviour to 'respectable' Muslim women. At the time of marriage, along with the Quran, a copy of Bihishti Zewar was given to the daughter as part of her marriage gifts from her parents. In some parts of northern India Bihishti Zewar continues to enjoy this position. The book covers a wide spectrum of rules and regulations that a Muslim in general, and a Muslim woman in particular, is expected to follow. In a society undergoing rapid transformation, Bihishti Zewar intended to standardize norms of behaviour for women in a language which was widely understood by them. Most of the rules of conduct are derived from the Quran, the Hadiths, and the Sunnat. Since this literature is available in Arabic it is not understood by a large population of Muslims in different parts of India. Arabic, as we know, is not a language understood by a majority of Muslims in India and the subcontinent, even though reading and memorizing the Quran is an essential part of the learning process amongst Muslims. The Bihishti Zewar, written in Urdu, hence reaches out to a large audience of Muslims and the present translation of the book by Barbara Daly Metcalf becomes all the more significant in view of the fact that it can convey the message of Bihishti Zewar to a much wider section of the world's population. Metcalf provides a fairly long introduction to the Bihishti Zewar as well as an introduction to each of the sections that have been translated from the original, thus providing a perspective from which to view the different sections of the book. The book covers a very wide range of norms, values and beliefs, and discusses the different customs and traditions which should


Background: Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are major causes of morbidity and mortality in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. Objective: To assess a novel non-invasive index in prediction of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis c patients by using red cell distribution width to platelet ratio (RPR). Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 84 patients with hepatitis C virus in El Ahrar Teaching Hospital during the period from May 2019 to October 2019. The patients were classified into 3 groups, group (I) 26 CHC cases without fibrosis, group (II) 48 CHC cases with fibrosis, and group (III) 10 CHC cases with cirrhosis. The patients were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations (CBC, liver function, kidney function, INR), and imaging modalities. Results: There was a higher sensitivity of RPR (83.3%) in detecting fibrotic liver among CHC cases and ability of 73.4% to negative cases among truly negatives, with higher accuracy of 78.6% than other scores which had high sensitivity of 75%, 77.1% and 68.8% and specificity of 69.4%, 72.2% and 72.2% of APRI score, FIB4 and AAR respectively. While, there was a higher sensitivity of RPR (90%) in detecting cirrhotic liver among CHC cases and ability of 97.4% to detect negative cases among truly negatives, with higher accuracy of 96.4% than other scores, which had high sensitivity of 90%, 80% and 80% and specificity of 95.9%, 85.9% and 95.5% of APRI score, FIB4 and AAR respectively. Conclusion: The progression and prognosis of chronic hepatitis C using a complete blood cell count.


Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and graphene are potential candidates for the ultimate sensors since both SWNT and graphene consist solely of surface so that every single carbon atom is in direct contact with the environment and therefore allows optimal interaction with nearby molecules. Ironically their ultrahigh sensitivity is easily compromised by contaminants from the ambient environment. Here we illustrate a delicate way to minimize this problem. Through dynamical refreshing of the sensor surface with continuous in situ UV light illumination during the course of detection, we have observed 2 to 4 orders of magnitude better sensitivity than current state-of-the-art results for a range of gas molecules, and for the first time entered parts-perquadrillion (PPQ) detection level at room temperature [1, 2]. The concept of in situ sensor refreshing can be utilized to exploit the intrinsic sensitivities of other nanomaterials. In addition, we demonstrate how a gate bias introduced on a semiconducting-SWNT device may help to achieve gas selectivity.


Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali have recently suggested that gravity may become strong at energies near 1 TeV which would remove the hierarchy problem. Such a scenario can be tested at present and future colliders since the exchange of towers of Kaluza-Klein gravitons leads to a set of new dimension-8 operators that can play important phenomenological roles. In this paper we examine how the production of pairs of scalars at e{sup +}e{sup {minus}}, {gamma}{gamma} and hadron colliders can be used to further probe the effects of graviton tower exchange. In particular we examine the tree-level production of pairs of identical Higgs fields which occurs only at the loop level in both the standard model and its extension to the minimal supersymmetric standard model. Cross sections for such processes are found to be potentially large at the CERN LHC and the next generation of linear colliders. For the {gamma}{gamma} case the role of polarization in improving sensitivity to graviton exchange is emphasized. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}


Benefitting from the development of social platforms, more and more users tend to register multiple accounts on different social networks. Linking user identities across multiple online social networks based on user behavior patterns is considerable for network supervision and information tracking. However, a user's online behavior in a social network is dynamic. The user profile may be changed due to some specific reasons such as user migration or job changes. Thus, catching the dynamics of evolutionary user data and collecting the latest user features are important and challenging issues in the area of user identity linkage. Inspired by deep learning models such as word2vec and Deep Walk, this paper proposes an integrated framework to catch the dynamic user data by supplementing vacant features and updating outdated features in data sources. The framework firstly represents all textual and structural user data into Iow- dimensional latent spaces by utilizing word2vec and DeepWalk, then, integrates different user features and predicts vacant data fields based on late fusion approach and cosine similarity computation. We then explore and evaluate the application of our proposed method in a user identity mapping task. The results proved that our framework can successfully catch the dynamic user data and enhance the performance of identity linkage models by supplementing and updating data sources advance with the times.


This study examined relationships among brand experience, brand image and customer satisfaction by using Facebook as the research object. Facebook.com as the new communication media becomes popular around the world. Based on the main purpose of product and service to achieve customer satisfaction, the study indicated that brand experience and brand image had a positive influence to support that goal. Its samples were university students in Indonesia and were analyzed based on three variables i.e brand experience, brand image and customer satisfaction. Brand experience consists of four dimensions (1) sensory, (2) affective, (3) behavioral, (4) intellectual. Brand image consists of eight items. Customer satisfaction consists of six items. This research indicated that brand experience had positive influence to brand image and customer satisfaction. However, brand image had positive influence to customer satisfaction.


The symplectic algorithm for testing Hamiltonian matrix structure is established in the process of reducing the Hamiltonian matrix.The resulting method works with symplectic similarity transformation which reflects the structure of the Hamiltonian matrices.This algorithm is simple and feasible and has preferable validity and stability.


Seeking to gain a better understanding of the benefits associated with financial counselling service provision and its net impact on the lives of people assisted, The Wyatt Trust commissioned The Australian Workplace Innovation and Social Research Centre (WISeR) at The University of Adelaide to undertake a cost benefit analysis of financial counselling services. The report shows that $1 invested in financial counselling services generates $5 of benefits for recipients.


Two principal approaches to Wilms tumor (WT) treatment are immediate surgery (IS) and preoperative chemotherapy (PCT), and both treatments use the risk‐adapted approach that includes histological subclassification of the tumor, combined with additional prognostic factors. In the UKW3 trial, these two approaches were compared. The aim of the present study was to compare histological features between the two groups, to assess the impact of PCT on distribution of histological subtyping and staging and to evaluate whether PCT resulted in more staging discrepancies between local and central pathology review (CPR).


For ADSL applications, very large constellation sizes are used, which can be as large as 32768QAM. It is a big challenge to design turbo TCM for such a large constellation size while still maintaining low decoding complexity. We propose a new turbo coded QAM scheme with a unique "concatenated Gray mapping" for an ADSL system. This new mapping can not only provide good performance for turbo coded bits but can also efficiently maximize the minimum Euclidean distance of uncoded bits. This new turbo coded QAM scheme not only has as good error correcting performance as the conventional bit-interleaved turbo coded QAM and symbol-interleaved turbo TCM schemes, but also has very low decoding complexity which is only about 17% of the conventional bit-interleaved turbo coded QAM.


This paper makes a study of the features of nine basic Chinese structures and C-E transˉlation methods.It is essential to grasp these methods in C-E translation.


Esfordi phosphate concentrate with a total of 1.2% rare earth elements, is one of the richest sources of REE in Iran. In order to investigate the effect of mechanical activation on dissolution of rare earth elements, planetary ball mill with 20 mm steel balls, with ball to powder ratio of 2:1 and 15:1 was used for 90 minutes in dry mode at standard pressure. Due to the high solubility of fluorapatite and low solubility ofREE-containing minerals in nitric acid, a two-stage leaching method was used. The first phase leaching residue, containing more than 99% of the rare earth elements in the initial concentrate, was mechnaicaly reactivated with a ball to powder ratio of 12:1, then it was leached. Results showed that mechanical activation successfully improved the dissolution of rare earth elements from phosphate concentrate, from almost 1 percent (for initial concentrate) to 35.79, 42, and 34.33 percent for Ce, La, and Nd, respectively.


The involvement of an intermediate species in the excitation of OH(A) emission in the 193-nm photolysis of nitric acid is demonstrated by using two excimer lasers in a pump-probe experiment. The intermediate species is characterized both through analysis of the resulting OH(A) emission and by measurements of its collisional and lifetime properties. After careful consideration of all reasonable candidates, it is proposed that the intermediate is HONO - probably in its lowest triplet state. 37 references, 5 figures, 1 table.


ABSTRACT Relations between epistemic perspective and online epistemic processing of evidence when reading a text were examined. Thirty-seven young adolescents and 24 graduate university students were asked to read and think aloud with two texts, one in the history domain and the other in the science domain. Participants also completed a prior-knowledge test and an instrument assessing their epistemic perspective. Results showed that participants who exhibited an evaluativist epistemic perspective and high prior knowledge used the epistemic standard of scientific research more than participants who held a nonevaluativist epistemic perspective. Furthermore, an age-related developmental difference was observed, with adults using the epistemic standard of scientific research more than young adolescents. Domain differences were observed in both participants' epistemic perspectives and online epistemic processing. Participants overall engaged in online epistemic processing of evidence more in the history topic than in the science topic.


A system architecture design and implement methodology about the high-speed infrared scanning image sampling system based on PCI7300 ultra-high speed digital I/O board is presented.Based on the double buffer method and multithread technology,help the system finished real-time display,and the real-time image display and store system are stabilization,continuous,and it can satisfied the whole system very well.


Objective: To measure the prevalence of low serum vitamin B12, folate, and red cell folate levels and their relationship with other nutritional indices.


We analyze within the framework of resonance chiral theory the ⟨SAμAν⟩ and ⟨SVμVν⟩ three-point Green functions, where S, Aμ and Vμ are short for scalar, axial-vector and vector SU(3) hadronic currents. We construct the necessary Lagrangian such that the Green functions fulfill the asymptotic constraints, at large momenta, imposed by QCD at leading order. We study the implications of our results on the spectrum of scalars in the large-NC limit, and analyze their decays.


This paper examines the characteristics and patterns of trade between China and Russia by calculating RCA index and complementarity index using the relative trade data from 2008 to 2017. The results show that Russia has the comparative advantage in energy field while China gain the comparative advantage in manufactured goods as well as machinery and transport equipment. The economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia has a significant and far-reaching impact on both side's economic development, under the background of One Belt And One Road, China and Russia should actively cooperate on relevant industries.


Aiming at the problems of robustness weakness of traditional target tracking algorithm,an unscented Kalman filter interactive multiple model based on current statistical model( IMM- CS- UKF) fusion algorithm is proposed. In the interactive multiple model algorithm framework,the probability of current statistical model is calculated,and the target acceleration and adaptability of statistical model are improved.The interactive multiple model unscented Kalman filtering algorithm is combined with this algorithm which has adaptive tracking ability for different maneuvering model target and has higher precision. The simulation results show that the algorithm has better tracking performance for multiple maneuvering model with real- time maneuvering target.


While Nigeria is the wealthiest country in Africa according to its GDP, income inequality is growing, and poverty rates remain high. 40 percent of Nigerians live in extreme poverty on less than $1.90 USD/day in 2021. Poverty is considerably higher in rural areas and in the North, where lack of infrastructure and the increasing presence of violent actors is impeding economic growth [1]. The COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the economy further exacerbated challenges for families living in poverty, disrupting supply chains, causing inflation, and disrupting women's ability to work. Women in Nigeria face additional constraints due to gender inequality [2]. Nigeria is in the lowest-ranked group of countries on the Gender Development Index and is ranked 139 out of 156 countries in the Women, Peace, and Security Index [3]. Women are routinely excluded from educational opportunities: only 67 percent of women have completed primary school, compared with 80 percent of men [4]. Women are 25 percent less likely than men to participate in the labor force, and the income of an average Nigerian woman is 58 percent of a man's income [2]. A national survey of business owners and managers found that only 16 percent of firms are owned by women [5]. Women are more likely to be entrepreneurs than men, but most female entrepreneurs are in the less profitable informal sector [6]. Women also face exclusion from formal banking mechanisms: only 21 percent of women in Nigeria save THE IMPACT OF MENTORSHIP AND VSLAs ON WOMEN MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA


In order to evaluate the performance of drilled-in bonded shear reinforcement, two series of largescale slabs were tested before and after shear strengthening. Experimental results indicate that the 2006 Canadian Standard and the 2010 fib Model Code provisions overestimate the shear strength of such strengthened slabs by about 29% if the drilled-in shear reinforcement is assumed to be totally effective. The main goal of this research is to develop a method for predicting the shear strength of slabs with bonded shear reinforcement. A non-linear finite element model using the program VecTor2 was used to study parameters influencing the slab behaviour up to failure. Results showed that both the behaviour and ultimate strength of slabs are predicted well by the model while taking account of a stress-slip relationship for the bonded reinforcing bars. Moreover, the experimental observations during the loading corroborate the cracking pattern predictions.


There are many extant examples of late medieval vestments in private and public collections in Europe and North America. Little is known, however, about the people who created them and the production methods used. A copy of a formal agreement between Sir Robert Clere and William Morton, included in the Townshend family papers, offers a rare insight into the making of a set of late fifteenth-century vestments. The document specifies the materials and the motifs to be used in making the vestments and the delivery deadline. This paper investigates the individuals mentioned in the agreement, the significance of the symbols and images chosen, and the possible motives behind the contract phraseology. Although these particular vestments no longer exist, parallels for the designs and techniques among extant examples have been used to re-create their possible appearance. Also considered is the relationship between embroiderer and mercer and the ways in which they collaborated to produce garments for royalty, the nobility and an increasing number of wealthy citizens.


This document describes a conceptual framework for specifying exchange data formats, and then gives a detailed description of the standard formats (although there are very important distinctions between measured quantities and those resulting from mathematical model calculations, for simplicity, the two will often be loosely termed "data"). Those considering writing exchange files must review the format options presented in this document and determine the format most suitable for recording their data. If none are deemed suitable, consult with the project archive manager to define a new format option. New file formats will be circulated to project participants as addenda to this document.


Development of catalysts based on modified zeolites with a micro- or micro-meso-porous structure and mesoporous metallosilicates is aimed at creating of highly selective methods for producing pyridine and alkylpyridines. A heterogeneous catalytic synthesis of pyridine and methylpyridines was first done via the reaction of ethanol with ammonia and formaldehyde in the presence of the following catalyst systems: microporous zeolites Y, Beta, ZSM-12 and ZSM-5 in the H form, and a granulated Y zeolite with a combined micro-, meso-, and macro-porous structure (HY-MMM). The last is the most effective for the synthesis of picolines: the selectivity toward their formation is 46–63 % at an ethanol conversion of 70–80 %. Among the microporous catalysts, the most active are the highly decationized zeolites H-Y and H-Beta. The main reaction products on the catalysts H-Beta and H-ZSM-5 are pyridine (up to 50 %) and picolines (up to 40 %), while on the catalysts H-Y and H-ZSM-12, the main product are picolines (45–52 %) and lutidines (19–25 %). For zeolite HY-MMM, the influence of reaction conditions on the conversion of ethanol and the composition of pyridines is studied.


After a decade of rising, from 1986 to 1995, the incidence of hip fracture has fallen, perhaps as a result of increasing screening for osteoporosis and use of bisphosphonates. The profile of patients with hip fracture has also changed considerably. They are increasingly older (440% are aged 85) and have more comorbidities, especially heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease, and diabetes mellitus. Although 30-day and 1-year mortality has fallen slightly over the past 2 decades, hip fracture continues to be a lethal event. One year after the fracture, more than one-fifth of women and almost one-third of men are dead. In this issue of the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Adams and colleagues report the results of a statewide study of 1-year mortality outcomes of Oregon Medicare recipients who had hip and lower extremity injuries that were serious enough to require hospitalization. They specifically focused on whether two systematic approaches decreased 1-year mortality. The first approach was routine consultation with hospitalists, internists, the patient's primary care physician, or a hospital-based ''specialist'' such as a physician assistant. The second approach was the routine use of regularly occurring multidisciplinary care conferences for every elderly orthopedic patient. Adams and colleagues used interviews with hospital administrators to determine whether these approaches were being used and claims data to identify patients who were hospitalized for these conditions and their 1-year mortality. The investigators were meticulous in attempting to minimize potential biases and confounders and diligent in reporting the potential limitations of the study. A substantial body of clinical trial evidence supports the first approach, including studies of the effects of hospitalists and geriatrician comanagement on outcomes such as hospital complications, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, rehospitalizations, and 1-year mortality for patients with hip fracture. Moreover, it seems intuitive that, when treating patients who are increasingly older with more comorbidity, orthopedists will be less able to manage the medical complications that arise. So what more can be learned from an observational study? Much of the value stems from the limitations of randomized clinical trials and the strengths of observational studies, particularly those that use large data sets that capture usage and mortality. Clinical trials provide persuasive evidence but are limited by inclusionary and exclusionary criteria, refusal rates, dropouts, and sometimes single-site or unrepresentative recruitment. Observational studies can overcome most of these but are limited by nonrandom assignment. Hence, these sources of evidence are complimentary and can provide compelling evidence when the findings are concordant. In this instance, the findings are consistent with the short-term benefit of comanagement shown in smaller clinical trials and extend the outcome further in time to 1-year mortality. Eighty-five percent of Oregon hospitals reported routine consultations, and only 1% of patients with hip and lower extremity injuries in this study were treated in hospitals without routine consultations; these tended to be smaller, more rural, and located in counties with lower median incomes. Although the authors adjusted for several of these characteristics, it is possible that the care of patients with hip fracture was worse at these hospitals regardless of consultations. However an equally important finding was the widespread penetration of routine consultations for medical problems. Such comanagement may be becoming the standard of care. At our hospital, Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center and Orthopedic Hospital, all patients of the geriatric practice with any of the diagnoses studied would be admitted to the geriatric inpatient service, with the orthopedists serving as consultants. The benefit of team conferences for patients with hip fracture is less certain. Although interdisciplinary team care for hip fractures has substantial short-term benefits (e.g., on length of stay and pain), longer-term outcomes have not been demonstrated. The findings of Adams and colleagues are consistent with the lack of effectiveness of routine multidisciplinary conferences on long-term outcomes. Because of their focus on immediate management, inpatient conferences might be expected to have less effect on longer-term outcome measures such as 1-year mortality than on short-term outcomes such as length of stay or inpatient complications, but another explanation could be the study's definition of the conferences, which included nursing, physical or occupational therapy, and social work or discharge planning but not physicians. The reason for this definition was that no hospital surveyed reported that physician attendance at these meetings was expected or considered routine. In general, physicians tend to participate less frequently in interdisciplinary care and training than other health professionals, yet their absence is a critical loss. Recently our hospital has begun to disseminate interdisciplinary care conferences beyond the geriatric service. These occur immediately after the geriatrics interdisciplinary conferences with the same staff. Although efforts have been made to obtain physician participation, doctors have not attended these conferences. The missing voice of the DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03103.x


This paper surveys the marketing executives of the top companies in Spain with more than 100 million euros on net sales and reports the status of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solutions in their companies. The results are compared with the U.S.A. status reported by a previous study developed by InformationWeek Research in 2000 with a sample based on Fortune 500. One hundred and thirty-six companies participated in this study. The data provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the CRM in Spain in comparison with USA. Some viable actions are recommended to improve the usage of CRM and to reshape the future of these systems. INTRODUCTION Although there are few major companies today who would not agree that CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is vital to survival, defining its essence is proving to be a difficult task. If one were to ask what CRM means, one would obtain many different definitions. All over the world, the term CRM is used to refer to strategies, processes, and solutions related to customers, formerly represented by concepts such as Direct Marketing, One-toOne Marketing, Mass Customization, Micromarketing, etc. CRM is about forming a relationship with customers. CRM is about customer loyalty. The aim of this study is to explore the current status of CRM in Spain's top 600 companies. The results are then compared with a previous U.S. study conducted by InformationWeek Research in 2000. Specifically, this latter study used a sample based on Fortune 500. This will allow us to identify the strengths and weaknesses of CRM usage in Spain, as well as in the U.S.A. It might also help the top management in Spain to reshape the future of CRM in their companies, as well as serving as a reference point for the Spanish companies to effectively formulate their CRM competitive strategy. LITERATURE REVIEW The implementation of CRM to support marketing, sales and services functions may be traced back to the 1990's. Marketing was the first functional area to embrace the concept of CRM and tailor it to the needs of its managers. In the early nineties, technologies such as Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) and data warehousing applications have played an important role in optimizing and reengineering business processes, which is familiarly called "back office" (Sower et al., 2001). Nowadays, technologies as supply chain management and CRM close the circle into the front office management. What makes CRM so attractive is its ability to increase the revenues of those companies using it. Enterprises implementing CRM are pulling ahead of their competitors in terms of customer satisfaction and retention, new business development, and profitability. Not only is customer contact more efficient, but it is also more effective. Particularly important is the ability of multiple business units −marketing, sales, service, support, and product development− to share and leverage the same set of customer, product, and service information. A review of CRM literature reveals that there are various models and surveys of CRM in the U.S.A. and Western Europe. Recently, International Data Consultancy (IDC, 1999) proposed a comprehensive CRM model, as shown in Figure 1. In this model, IDC depicts a CRM as a process with four main activities: (1) analyzing data contained in the enterprise data warehouse, (2) modeling the data through data mining techniques, (3) adjusting the model into an operational field, and (4) tracking the results and closing the circle of CRM strategy. Figure 1. CRM Model


All too often, servants are accorded limited space in country house studies: rarely allowed to venture beyond the kitchen and service rooms, either in academic studies or interpretations for visitors. They are defined by their work not their lives and are seen as serving the physical rather than social or emotional needs of the owner. This paper challenges this viewpoint by exploring the relationship between George Lucy, owner of Charlecote Park in Warwickshire and his housekeeper, Mrs Phillipa Hayes. Drawing on their mutual correspondence, on other letters to and from Mrs Hayes, and on her Household Book, I construct a richer and more nuanced picture of the multiple roles that could be played by a senior servant. She was a housekeeper, but also a correspondent, confidante and hostess, who offered comfort and pleasure to her employer as well as sound economic and social management of his household. Although in some ways unusual, this case study illustrates the importance of placing senior servants more centrally when exploring the country house.


Abstract In this study, the chronic effects of Ampicillin on survival, reproduction and growth of Daphnia magna was monitored during 21 days exposure test. The results showed that Ampicillin strongly affected on life history traits of Daphnia magna, i.e. 47% reduction of survival proportion, lower 68% reproduction than the control, and reduction in body length and in the intrinsic population rate, especially at its highest concentration. The antibiotics especially Ampicillin should be included int the Vietnam guidelines for environmental and ecological protection.


Multidimensional continuous systems arising from physical applications with distributed parameters are conventionally modelled by partial differential equations. This paper presents an alternate description by transfer functions based on suitably chosen functional transformations. Signal processing techniques lead to discrete simulation models which are suitable for computer implementation. Numerical results show considerable savings in computer time over existing numerical methods.


LIST OF FIGURES PREFACE CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................12 1.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................14 1.1.1 Research Questions .........................................................................................................................14 1.1.2 Aims and Objectives: ........................................................................................................................14 1.2 Self-Tracking Technologies ................................................................................................................16 1.3 The Role of Data ..................................................................................................................................17 1.4 Making Sense of our Bodies through 'Technologies of the Self' ......................................................18 1.5 Bio-Politics ...........................................................................................................................................20 1.6 Self-Representation and Social Media ...............................................................................................22 1.7 Chapter Outline ...................................................................................................................................24 CHAPTER TWO: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..........................................................26 2.1 Part One: From the Welfare State to Individualised Health Self-Care ...................................26 2.1.1 The Birth of Neoliberalism ..............................................................................................................27 2.1.2 The Birth of 'Healthism' ...................................................................................................................28 2.1.3 The Recession and the National Health Service ............................................................................30 2.1.4 Health Promotion Strategies: Digital Self-Care ..............................................................................31 2.2 Part Two: Self-Tracking, Self-Quantification and Surveillance ...............................................33 2.2.1 Bio-Politics .......................................................................................................................................36 2.2.2 Bio-Media ..........................................................................................................................................39 2.2.3 Persuasive and Coercive Technologies ..........................................................................................40 2.3 Part Three: Self-Presentation and Social Media ........................................................................43 2.3.1 Self-Presentation Theory .................................................................................................................43 2.3.2 Self-Representation through Curation ...........................................................................................45 2.3.3 The Commodification of Social Ties ...............................................................................................47 2.3.4 The Influences of Socio-Technological Affordances on Self-Representation..............................48 2.3.5 Privacy and Interpersonal Surveillance .........................................................................................49 2.4 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................51 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................52 3.1 Ethics Clearance ..................................................................................................................................53 3.2 Participants ..........................................................................................................................................53 3.3 Ethnography ........................................................................................................................................54 3.4 Digital Ethnography ............................................................................................................................56 3.5 Participant Recruitment .....................................................................................................................58 3.6 Semi-Structured Interviews ...........................................................................................................60 3.6.1 First Interview ..................................................................................................................................60 3.6.2 First Interview Questions ................................................................................................................60 3.6.3 Final Interview .................................................................................................................................61 3.6.4 Final Interview Questions ...............................................................................................................61 3.7 Reflexive Diaries ..............................................................................................................................62 3.8 Online Data Capture Screenshots .................................................................................................65 3.9 Textual and Thematic Analysis......................................................................................................66 3.10 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................68 CHAPTER FOUR: HEALTH IDENTITY AND METHODOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ..............................71 4.1 Part 1: What is 'Health'? ..................................................................................................................71 4.1.1 Quantifications of 'Health' ...............................................................................................................72 4.1.2 Discourse of 'Healthism' ..................................................................................................................73 4.2 Part 2: Health Identities ..................................................................................................................77 4.2.1 Being a 'Commuter-Cyclist' .............................................................................................................77 4.2.2 'Lay Experts' of Health .....................................................................................................................78


To increase the pulse combustor load, a higher amount of fuel-air mixture has to be supplied. This increases the flow rate or equivalently, the flow time is reduced. However, an increase in flow rate leads to an early extinction. This implies that obtaining pulsating combustion is difficult at higher loads. The objective of the present work is to explore the possibility of extending the regime of pulsating combustion at higher flow rates by preheating and diluting the reactants. In this work, the effects of preheating and dilution are examined by varying the inlet temperature and inlet fuel mass fraction. Varying these parameters, a map, presenting regime of pulsating combustion from steady combustion to extinction for each value of flow time considered, has been made. Lastly, Hopf bifurcation points of the system have been investigated by determining the eigenvalues of Jacobian matrix of the coupled non-linear system at the fixed point using a specialised package for bifurcation analysis, MATCONT. It has been found that at higher load, pulsating combustion can be achieved at higher inlet temperature and lower inlet fuel mass fraction. Comparing the Hopf points with mapping, it is found that existence of Hopf bifurcation agrees with the birth and death of pulsating combustion. The results indicate that altering the mixture condition at the inlet can be used for controlling chaos and stabilising periodic solutions in thermal pulse combustors and thus increase the range of pulsating combustion to higher power regimes.


There was the need for general expertise in the porting of serial seismic reflection code to a parallel processing environment. The project was a continuation of Task Order 38 involving the improvement of existing parallel models developed for that task and to provide support in parallelizing other similar seismic codes to a miasively parallel processor environment.


This article presents the configuration and performance of a waterproof pyramidal microwave absorber for outdoor use and analyzes the influence of glass fiber reinforced plastic cover on absorbing properties. The development of this product provides assurance and convenience when outdoor measurements for antennas or other equipment are needed.


This study covers farms growing peach in central district of Tokat. In the peach orchards investment analysis, the criteria of Net Present Value, Cost-Benefit Ratio and Internal Rate of Return were used. And three different discount rates (10%, 8% and 5%) were considered to reach to the net present values and cost-benefit ratios. In the study, net present values calculated with respect to the three different discount rates were found out positive (124 121 782 TL/da , 186 174 571 TL/da, 318 357 611 TL/da) related to the peach orchards invesment. Besides, with respect to the each of three discount rates, it was determined that cost-benefit ratios were bigger than one (1.20, 1.27 and 1.37). Internal R.ate of Return was calculated as 17.11 percentage. In the light of findings obtained from the study, it was determined that the invesment made to the peach orchards in the farms investigated is economically feasible.


The Andean countries have been subjected to various modernization strategies that have been in effect for decades and are currently framed in the context of globalization and structural transformation. This article presents some of the antecedents of the economic policies implemented in the region while assigning them the generic name of «modernization strategies» and presenting their advancements in distinct periods of contemporary Andean history.


We have used a tandem pair of supersonic nozzles to produce clean samples of CH3OO radicals in cryogenic matrices. One hyperthermal nozzle decomposes azomethane (CH3NNCH3) to generate intense pulses of CH3 radicals, While the second nozzle alternately fires a burst Of O-2/Ar at the 20 K matrix. The CH3/O-2/20 K argon radical sandwich acts to produce target methylperoxyl radicals: CH3 + O-2 --> CH3OO. The absorption spectra of the radicals are monitored with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. We report 10 of the 12 fundamental infrared bands of the methylperoxyl radical CH3OO, (X) over tilde (2)A", in an argon matrix at 20 K. The experimental frequencies (cm(-1)) and polarizations follow: the a' modes are 3032, 2957, 1448, 1410, 1180, 1109, 90, 492, while the a" modes are 3024 and 1434. We cannot detect the asymmetric CH3 rocking mode, nu(11), nor the torsion, nu(12). The infrared spectra of (CH3OO)-O-18-O-18, (CH3OO)-C-13, and CD3OO have been measured as well in order to determine the isotopic shifts. The experimental frequencies, {nu}, for the methylperoxyl radicals are compared to harmonic frequencies, {omega}, resulting from a UB3LYP/6-311G(d,p) electronic structure calculation. Linear dichroism spectra were measured with photooriented radical samples in order to establish the experimental polarizations of most vibrational bands. The methylperoxyl radical matrix frequencies listed above are within +/-2% of the gas-phase vibrational frequencies. A final set of vibrational frequencies for the H radical, are recommended. See also http://ellison.colorado.edu/methylperoxyl.


At our institution, periprosthetic hip joint infections are treated according to a previously defined treatment algorithm. Each patient is evaluated regarding risk factors such as duration of clinical signs and symptoms, stability of the implant, condition of the soft tissue, and antimicrobial susceptibility of the microorganism. Depending on these factors, either debridement with retention, one-stage exchange, or two-stage exchange with spacer (short interval, 2–4 weeks), or without spacer (long interval, 8 weeks) is performed. Very rarely, resection arthroplasty or lifetime suppression is necessary. All surgical procedures are combined with an antimicrobial therapy for 6 or 12 weeks, depending on the surgical pathway. For infection due to staphylococci, whenever possible, rifampicin is used in combination with a fluoroquinolone. From 2002–2006, 89 patients with 95 episodes (3 patients with 2 independent episodes, 3 patients with bilateral infection) of periprosthetic hip joint infection have been treated at our hospital. Five patients died within 2 years after revision, one of them with septic shock related to the periprosthetic hip joint infection. One patient is living abroad. All other patients (n=83) had consecutive follow-up visits at least until 2 years after infection treatment without recurrence. Debridement with retention has been performed in 18 episodes, one-stage exchange in 25 episodes, two-stage exchange with temporary spacer for 2–4 weeks has been performed in 26 episodes, and two-stage exchange without spacer and an interval of 8 weeks in 19 episodes. In 4 cases, immediate resection arthroplasty was performed and 3 patients received long-term suppression therapy. After debridement with retention, 3 recurrences and one event of death occurred (4/18=22.2%), 3 of them did not fulfil the criteria of the algorithm. No failure was observed after one-stage exchange (0/25). Treatment with two-stage exchange was followed by one failure in the group with spacer and short interval (1/26=3.8%), as well as one in the group without spacer and long interval (1/19=5.3%). No recurrence occurred after resection arthroplasty or suppression therapy. All 5 patients with relapse could be cured with a one- or two-stage exchange and remained without recurrence. Comparing one-stage versus two-stage exchange, one-stage exchange is known to have better functional results. It is associated with better patient acceptance, shorter hospital stay, and therefore lower economic burden. In conclusion, one-stage exchange implies no increasing risk of recurrence provided that the standards of our algorithm are considered.


Two series of SAPO-5 molecular sieves were synthesized: (i) Using tripropylamine as a template and varying the Si content in the gel, and (ii) varying the template molecule at constant silicon content in the gel. The products were characterized physico-chemically and tested in toluene disproportionation. It was found that the rising silica content in the synthesis gel has only little influence on the SiO 2 incorporation into the SAPO. Investigation of the acid character revealed that the concentrations of the adsorbed ammonia molecules are nearly constant and independent of the total silicon content of the crystals. The catalytic activity showed no correlation either with the silicon content of the catalysts or with the acidity measured by temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. It is concluded that the incorporated silicon exists not only in a monomeric form and that the TPD of ammonia reflects not only the strong Bronsted acidity. The SAPO-5 sample synthesized with triethylamine possessed the strongest acidity corresponding to the highest catalytic activity. It is supposed that in the presence of TEA molecules silicon replaces mainly P atoms in the AlPO 4 -5 framework.


At the opening of the new millennium, both range science and pastoral development find themselves in a state of flux. Recent decades have witnessed widespread criticism of pastoral development programs implemented in the latter half of the twentieth century (Agrawal 1998, Ferguson 1994, Hary et al. 1996). Meanwhile, ecological research has cast doubt on the Clementsian paradigm that informed range science and policy for most of the last century (Vesk & Westoby 2001, Westoby, Walker & Noy-Meir 1989). The need to reassess and reconfigure both the theory and practice of pastoral/range management is widely acknowledged (Mearns 2002, Turner 1998). Curiously, however, little attention has been paid to the historical origins of the range science-development nexus in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, from which emerged the model for much subsequent development work. As scientists, policy makers, and pastoralists work to find new models, a consideration of this history provides important perspective and lessons for the challenges ahead.


The administrative processes that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility manages for access to naturalization, for the time of residence, marriage or civil union, covered in the Naturalization Law. Its regulation, and the change of these regulations when implemented the Organic Law of Human Mobility and they were affected at the time of applicability by the ambiguities, gaps and contradictions that this regulation contains, provoking delays in the handling of procedures, which have been gradually corrected. The recommendation that we make, is the emerging management of a reform, thus avoiding the multiplicity of interpretations that could lead to a misapplication of the rule, damaging access to rights


As if being eyes in the sky weren't enough, drones are now getting arms and legs, too. With their newfound limbs they are learning to grab objects in mid-flight or even change a light bulb. Inspired by the way a bald eagle swoops down to seize a fish from the water with its claws. Justin Thomas and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia have developed a fast-acting, talon-like gripper for a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). When the team studied the eagles behavior, they noticed that the bird employed a useful trick to buy more time to grab its prey.


An analysis of the preparation, inservice training, attitudes, values, and approaches to instruction of the faculty teaching the humanities in community colleges.


The utility model provides a public young injection moulding device, includes first injection molding machine and second injection molding machine, the export of feeding belt sets up between two injection molding machines, has to carry to the first injection molding machine on and carry the material loading robot to the second injection molding machine on and youngly carry the unloading machine people who takes to the ejection of compact from the second injection molding machine with public from first injection molding machine from the feeding belt public young, carries the assembly robot to the welding machine on with public young export from ejection of compact area in addition. This injection moulding device, is accomplished by the robot to off -the -shelf output by the transport of the young skeleton of public affairs completely, and its degree of automation is high, can effectively reduce artificial demand to the speed of improving production is eliminated the influence of human factor and is promoted product quality, and reduction in production cost simultaneously.


Jen Marsh, one of the Young Vet Network representatives on BVA Council, offers some advice to graduates on finding their pathway after qualifying.


This paper aims to examine the application of cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis by public universities in Vietnam. In the context where Vietnam is gradually transferring financial autonomy to public universities, the conduct of a CVP analysis in relation to these public universities is particularly urgent. Research samples were collected in 2018 and 2019 by surveying Vietnamese public universities. After collection, the data is synthesized by excel file, conformity check, data cleansing and data analysis on SPSS software by tools such as Frequency statistics, price statistics, and means. The results show that: (1) universities used the CVP analysis in decision-making, (2) information related to the CVP analysis used for decision-making by administrators remained simplistic and lacked cost-control details, and (3) the application of the CVP analysis by university administrators for decision-making was neither comprehensive nor coordinated. The findings also show that, given the current conditions in Vietnam, increasing the governance in public universities is essential, as is contributing to reducing costs, increasing universities' income, providing the best service to students, and improving the quality of training. The study calls for the flexible application of the CVP analysis, which will provide information to help managers at Vietnamese public universities make the best decisions.


Abstract In two sisters, congenital perceptive deafness was associated with a striking facial appearance and generalized skeletal abnormalities. The main features were hypoplasia of the nasal bones, shortness of the long bones, progressive spinal changes and, in the elder child, carpal fusions. There were no biochemical abnormalities.


In soft coal seams with low permeability,when using hydraulic punching to enhance the gas drainage,the phenomena of plugging holes and sticking often occur. To solve this problem,the technology of hydraulic punching by multi-stage coal breaking was proposed. Based on the analysis on the causes of plugging holes,the multistage coal breaking system device was developed. The 1st level coal breaking device is to crush the original coal initially,the 2nd level coal breaking device is to clear the cinder or slime wrapping the drill and it's surroundings,and the 3rd level coal breaking device is to grind small pieces of coal again. Based on the distribution characteristics of submerged jet velocity field,the attenuation laws of axial velocity on the 2nd level coal breaking device were analyzed,and the optimal distance of the 2nd level coal breaking device and the 1st level coal breaking device was determined. The multi-stage hydraulic punching process was developed,and was applied in gas pre-drainage of the-655 horizontal roadway rock cross-cut coal uncovering in the No. 8 Hebi Coal Mine. The application result showed that using the multi-stage hydraulic punching can realize the smooth slagging and avoid the holes plugging. The coal output of single hole was 3 tons to 8 tons,the concentration and flow of gas drainage increased 3 ~ 15 times after punching,and the pre-drainage time up to the standard was shortened to 3 months,which provides a good basis for uncovering coal safe and quickly.


The aim of this study was to investigate patterns of self-reported emotional and behavioral problems and self-rated well-being in relation to alcohol experiences among Swedish girls and boys in early adolescence. A general sample of 1383 young people aged 12 to 13 years reported their internalizing and externalizing problem styles, and their well-being and alcohol experiences were measured. Person-oriented analyses were applied to the data to determine specific mental health configurations ("types") that occurred more frequently than expected by chance. Externalizing problems, in contrast to internalizing problems, occurred more commonly in adolescents who reported a high degree of well-being. Girls with low well-being and mental health problems were overrepresented among those with alcohol experiences. Findings suggest that gender and positive psychology perspectives should be taken into account when describing and explaining mental health among adolescents, especially adolescents with an early alcohol debut.


We report on recent progress concerning effects of global conservation laws on cumulants of conserved quantities. Specifically, we will relate — for an arbitrary equation of state — cumulants of a conserved charge measured in a subvolume of a thermal system with the corresponding grandcanonical susceptibilities, taking into account exact global conservation of that charge. Applications to actual measurement at the RHIC and LHC as well as extensions to multiple conserved charges will be discussed.


In 1945, even before the dust of the war had settled, the English historian A. J. P. Taylor remarked that in Germany, land of the middle, things could never be kept to the middle of the road; everything seemed to tend toward extremism: "The history of the Germans is a history of extremes. It contains everything except moderation" (Taylor 1945:13). For a long time, the strong undercurrent of idealistic universalism and cosmopolitanism that runs through German intellectual history did not translate into the consolidation of democratic institutions and a robust civil sphere. Instead, the land of the middle has produced the most murderous form of fascism and an extremely repressive version of postwar socialist dictatorship in Europe. While being radically different in some respects, both the political systems of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) were based on the destruction of the civil sphere and the systematic nurturing of suspicion toward outsiders and foreigners that poisoned the wells of human relationships and civil solidarity.


The morphology and its variations of an ionospheric storm related with a very strong magnetic storm on March 12th~16th, 1989 are examined using ionosonde's data recorded at stations in European and Asian areas. The strong ionospheric disturbances caused by the significant magnetic storm appeared in the whole world. Since the storm heating intensities at the lower thermosphere resulting from energetic particles precipitated from the magnetosphere are different from area to area, the features of the ionospheric storm are also discrepant in different longitudinal chain regions. As compared with deduction from the theory, there was no "positive" storm period of NmaxF2 (or f0F2) in the European area, while the developing tendency of the "negative" storm from high- to low-latitudes was consistent well with the result deduced from the thermospheric circulation. Moreover, in the mid- and low-latitude areas there was an evident wavelike process. On the other hand, at the high latitude of the Asian meridian there was a "positive" storm lasted about 10h on March 13th in the early stage of the magnetic storm. As to the feature of the "negative" storm, it was similar to that in the European area, but not as distinct as there. Besides, there was no wavelike phenomenon in the Asian area. During the magnetic storm at the mid- and low-latitude areas along a same meridian one can also see the nighttime simultaneous sudden enhancement of h′F. It is proved once more that this is an universal phenomenon during a magnetic storm.


Elements of Probability Theory.- Introduction to Stochastic Processes.- Microscopic, Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Descriptions of Dispersal- Continuous-Time Random Walks and Anomalous Diffusion.- Reaction-Dispersal Models and Front Propagation.- Stochastic Optimal Foraging Theory.- Cell Motion and Chemotaxis.- Host-Pathogen Interactions.- Biological Invasions.- Random Search in Model Organisms.


Let G =( V,E) be a graph and let f : V →{ 0, 1} be a mapping from the set of vertices to {0, 1} and for each edge (u,v) ∈ E assign the label |f (u) −f (v)|. If the number of vertices labeled with 0 and the number of vertices labeled with 1 differ by at most 1 and the number of edges labled with 0 and the number of edges labeled with 1 differ by at most 1, then f is called a cordial labeling. In this paper, we present two families of planar graphs, Pln and Plm,n defined shortly, that admit a cordial labeling. We also show that the class Plm,n admits a total product cordial labeling under certain conditions.


Background: Regular education program provides better medication and diet adherence leading to better metabolic control. Therefore, the aim of the study was conducted to improve metabolic indicators including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 200 patients with coronary heart disease patients in Erbil City from March 2021 to May 2022, the participants of the study were randomly assigned to the control and intervention groups. The education program was performed for the intervention group; the metabolic indicators were measured for patients before attending the program and three months later after ending the program.  Results:  There was a high statistically significant difference between control and intervention groups for adherence to diet (p<0.00) and medication (p<0.00), after given education program, all metabolic indicators statistically significant improved (body mass index p<0.00, systolic and diastolic BP p<0.00, HbA1c p<0.02 and total cholesterol p<0.00, triglyceride p<0.03, low, HDL p<0.00).Conclusion:  The findings of the study proved that education programs had a positive effect on the metabolic indicators of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.


The study stresses on the prediction of product-marketing in the way of interval encouragement prediction model.The analysis of empirical study shows that it is feasible for the prediction of product-marketing to use the accuracy and regularity in interval encouragement prediction model.


Objective To compare 2 kinds of material′s ability to guide the new alveolar socket formation after tooth extraction. Methods 6 male Beagle dogs of 12 months old were selected. And they were randomly divided into three groups: A, B and C. The first lateral incisors of both sides from the lower jaw were extracted by minimal invasive surgery. For group A, hydroxyapatite bioceramics(BioOseon) was used and for group B, osteoinduction active material(OAM) was used. Group C was left untreated(Control). Three groups of experimental dogs were put to death at the end of one month and the end of three month with three executed at each time respectively. The experimental samples were used for Specimen measurements. And CBCT analysis were used to estimate the bone formation density. Results All the sites had different degrees of absorption. Average bone breadth absorption in the OAM group and BioOseon group were significantly lower than that of control group(P 0.001), average degree of bone absorption had no significant difference between the OAM group and BioOseon group(P 0.05); The height Loss of alveolar ridge OAM and BioOseon were lower than the control group(P 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the OAM and BioOseon(P 0.05); Comparative result of CT value showed that OAM absorbed more quickly than BioOseon in later stage(P 0.05). Conclusion The bone induction activity of material(OAM) has good site preservation effect.


To ignore the fact that most research is conducted in laboratories which are part of larger organizations such as business firms, government agencies, or universities is to ignore the source of many problems which beset research work. The task of research is to find new knowledge; it is therefore essentially creative, while the parent organization operates rational systems. Satisfactory solutions to the incompatibility of the two include permitting research subunits to develop a separate structure from the rest of the organization or separation of research management and business administrative roles.


Javanese language is one of the local wisdom in Javanese society. It has uniqueness where varied language in the communication process. It is included the utterance level which has its own function and role It will influence the student in building character, self-motivation and so on. If the teaching-learning material can be combined with digital media, it will give the student acceleration to comprehend the lesson. The study is for finding out the students' response to how intensive the implementation of media usage in speaking of a high school student in Purworejo. There are two points-in focus: response and feedback. The points have four indicators; relevancy 86.3%, attention 83%, satisfaction 82.4%, and self-confidence 83.6%. The questioner shows that the students gave positive feedback to the media usage in speaking.


The study surveyed 668 (Male = 356, Female = 312) University undergraduates two Nigerian Universities in Western Nigeria. Using the correlation and factorial statistical designs, the study which examined the influence of locus of control and gender on entrepreneurial abilities, found that gender has no significant influence on entrepreneurial abilities. Locus of control did not have significant correlation with entrepreneurial ability (r = .041). Participants with Internal and External locus of control show no significant difference in entrepreneurial abilities (F (1/651) = 0.004 p< .05), Gender difference does not influence entrepreneurial abilities as indicated by findings in this study (F (1/651) = 0.522, p<0.05). Though literatures appear to suggest that entrepreneurs are people with external locus of control, this was not confirmed in this study. Similar trend is true for gender. This result is an indication that hypothesized relationship between certain personality variables and entrepreneurship should be viewed with caution. Equally true is the belief that entrepreneurship is a 'male turf'. Further local study of these variables is suggested to further confirm these findings.


The design for an asynchronous messaging platform is proposed as an aid in developing context-aware services in a network environment having a ubiquitous presence of information publishers that actively issue information and information holders that provide information on request. Context-aware services use the result of analyzing context based on multiple sources of information as an execution trigger. This platform can calculate and provide the execution triggers to application logic. It can accomplish this in a distributed environment without destroying the order in which asynchronous information is generated and even by using information obtained through synchronous inquiries. The design of this platform takes a large-scale, distributed scenario into account making it adaptive to a ubiquitous computing environment. The authors show by preliminary performance measurements that the platform is robust to an increasing number of participating nodes and messages


Let l be a prime and λ, j ≥ 0 be an integer. Suppose that f(z) = Σ n a(n)q n is a weakly holomorphic modular form of weight λ + 1/2 and that a(0) ≢ 0 (mod l). We prove that if the coefficients of f(z) are not "well-distributed" modulo l j , then λ = 0 or 1 (mod l―1/2). This implies that, under the additional restriction α(0) ≢ 0 (mod l), the following conjecture of Balog, Darmon and Ono is true: if the coefficients of a modular form of weight λ+1/2 are almost (but not all) divisible by l, then either λ ≡ 0 (mod l―1/2) or λ ≡ 1 (mod l―1/2). We also prove that if λ ≢ 0 and 1 (mod l―1/2), then there does not exist an integer β, 0 < β < l, such that α(ln + β) ≡ 0 (mod l) for every nonnegative integer n. As an application, we study congruences for the values of the overpartition function.


A self-consistent renormalization scheme suitable for the calculation of non-universal quantities in $n$-vector models with pair spin interactions of arbitrary extent has been suggested. The method has been based on the elimination of the fluctuating field components within the layers defined by the layer-cake representation of the propagator. The non-perturbative renormalization group (RG) equations has been solved in the local potential approximation. Critical temperatures of the $n=1-3$ vector spin models on cubic lattices have been calculated in excellent agreement with the best known estimates. Several critical amplitudes and the magnetisation curve of the Ising model on the simple cubic lattice calculated within the approach compared well with the values from literature sources. It has been argued that unification of the method with cluster techniques would make possible the treatment of realistic lattice models with multi-spin interactions and describe in a unified framework the phase transitions of any kind. Besides the RG equations the layer-cake technique can be used in the exact partial renormalization of the local interactions in the functional lattice Hamiltonians. This procedure reduces the strength of the interactions which in some cases can make them amenable to perturbative treatment.


The article has proposed the diagnoses method for leakage fault of the hydraulic mechanism for CB's,based on the fault tree analysis method.Through continuously exploring and practicing,the method will be improved.The method has the common meaning that can diagnose the leakage fault of hydraulic mechanism for CB's.


Look Homeward, Conservationist Challenge and Change in Costa Rica Trial by Fire Where the Deer and the Antelope Played As Long as the Grass Shall Grow Our Fatal Shores Sweetwater Seas: An Illusion of Purity Hatari, Watembo: Africa's Elephants at Risk Roads Less Traveled Plans for Planets Suggested Reading Index.


The present study is manly concerned with the internal structure and syntactic derivation of counter-unidirectional anaphora. It is argued that the key to the interpretation of counter-unidirectional anaphora lies in the construal and checking system of its semantic features, for in the minimalist framework, the motivation of movement is to check features. As a functional category, Am has special marked determiner features, and its projection follows the projection rules of other functional categories. In the minimalist framework, lexical categories are fully inflectionalized while functional categories contain only morphological inflectional features. Whether the features of lexical categories and those of functional categories match each other depends upon proper local constraints. Thus, the matching constraints of morphological features require that lexical categories move to the positions corresponding to functional categories in order to check their inflectional features. It is convincingly proved that the binding principles of counter-unidirectional anaphora are universal.


The demand-response (DR) technology in smart grids is designed to improve power system stability by reducing the concurrent peak power demand. The DR is based on dynamic prices where grid operators provide guideline prices that help consumers adapt their consumption. The guideline prices are not usually used in billing, they are provided as an indication of the real-time prices. The savings in the power consumption are driven by the flexibility in electricity demand. Smart homes using the DR technology require support from communication systems associated with the smart grid and is provided by advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). This infrastructure is vulnerable to cyberattacks that can manipulate the guideline prices to shift the demand to periods of the day that cause instability of the grid or high costs on the consumers. Understanding the effects of these vulnerabilities is the key to enabling a resilient and reliable DR system. In this paper we study optimal strategies to shift the demand for two types of attacks: the first is grid instability where the attacker aims at maximizing the time that the peak power demand is above a stability threshold, and the second is an economic attack where the attacker shifts the demand to increase the costs on the consumers. In both cases we model the system as a Markov decision process with nonstationary costs, and use dynamic programming to compute optimal demand-shifting attack policies.


The development of potent drugs for the control of viraemia in people living with HIV means that infected people may live a normal, healthy life and offers the prospect of eliminating HIV transmission in the short term and HIV infection in the long term. Other interventions, including the use of condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis, treatment of sexually transmitted infections and behaviour change programmes, may also be effective in reducing HIV transmission to varying degrees.
Here we examine recommendations for when to start treatment with anti-retroviral drugs, estimate the impact that treatment may have on HIV transmission in the short and in the long term, and compare the impact and cost of treatment with that of other methods of control. We focus on generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. We show that universal access to ART combined with early treatment is the most effective and, in the long term, the most cost-effective intervention. Elimination will require effective coverage of about 80% or more but treatment is effective and cost effective even at low levels of coverage.
Other interventions may provide important support to a programme of early treatment in particular groups. Condoms provide protection for both men and women and should be readily available whenever they are needed. Medical male circumcision will provide a degree of immediate protection for men and microbicides will do the same for women. Behaviour change programmes in themselves are unlikely to have a significant impact on overall transmission but may play a critical role in supporting early treatment through helping to avoid stigma and discrimination, ensuring the acceptability of testing and early treatment as well as compliance.


Chemical modification based on incorporation of flame retardants into polymer backbones was used in order to reduce flammability of polystyrene (PSt). The halogeno-substituted styrenes: 4-chlorostyrene (ClSt), 4-bromostyrene (BrSt) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene (5FSt) were applied as reactive flame retardants. Homo- and copolymers of these halogeno-substituted styrenes and styrene (St) were synthesized with various feed ratios using free radical bulk polymerization with azobisisobutyronitrile as a initiator. This yielded series of (co)polymers with various amounts of included ClSt, BrSt and 5FSt (5–50 mol% of modified St). Copolymer compositions were determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The relative reactivity ratios of the used comonomers were determined by applying conventional linearization methods. The Jaacks (J) method was used for systems including BrSt and ClSt monomers whereas the Fineman–Ross method was additionally used to confirm the values of reactivity ratios of St–5FSt. The reactivity ratios of comonomer pairs obtained from J plots were 0.75 and 0.38 (St–ClSt), 1.65 and 0.46 (St–BrSt), 0.44 and 0.42 (St–5FSt). Glass transition temperature and thermal stability of obtained (co)polymers were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The thermal degradation kinetic of PSt, PClSt, PBrSt and P5FSt was studied applying TGA. Kinetic parameters such as thermal decomposition activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) were estimated using Ozawa and Kissinger models. The resulting activation energies estimated using these two methods were quite close. The values of activation energy (kJ mol−1) increased in the following order: PClSt (E(O) = 216.1) < PSt (E(O) = 219.9) < PBrSt (E(O) = 224.7) < P5FSt (E(O) = 330.9). A pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter was applied as a tool for assessing the flammability of the synthesized (co)polymers. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry


Multilevel thresholding is one of the most important techniques for image processing and pattern recognition. The maximum entropy thresholding (MET) has been widely applied in multilevel thresholding. In this paper, a novel multilevel MET algorithm based on the hybrid of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Genetic algorithm is presented. In standard PSO the non-oscillatory route can quickly cause a particle to stagnate and also it may prematurely converge on suboptimal solutions that are not even guaranteed local optimal solution. To overcome this problem, we used Genetic algorithm. To obtain an optimal solution in Genetic algorithm, operation such as selection, reproduction, and mutation procedures are used to generate next generations. The capability of this hybrid PSO that called HPGT is enhanced by cloning of fitter particles instead of worst particles that is determined based on their fitness values. The performance of HPGT algorithm and PSO algorithm compared. The results show the convergence of the HPGT is very good.


In a survey of moths carried out in Lushan county of Sichuan province in 2003-2005,altogether 321 moth species of 212 genera and 23 families were recorded,including 61 species of Noctuidae,50 species of Sphingidae,22 species of Arctiidae,17 species of Lithosiidae,12 species of Saturniidae,11 species of Lasiocampidae,10 species of Drepanidae,9 species of Zygaenidae,8 species of Agaristiidae,7 species of Limacodidae,4 species of Bomnycidae,3 species of Cyclidiidae,3 species of Thyatiridae,3 species of Eupterotidae,2 species of Epicopeiidae,2 species of Brahmaeidae,1 species of Cossidae,1 species of Pyralidae,1 species of Thaumetopaeidae and 1 species of Ctenuchidae.The main elements of the fauna in this region were shown to be Oriental.


An eccentrically insulated dipole antenna with two layers of insulation behaves mathematically like a lossy transmission line when the antenna is immersed in a relatively dense medium. The parameters of the equivalent transmission line are obtained. They are found to be quite different from those of a similar antenna with a single insulation layer.


Resumen en: This paper approaches to the theoretical foundations of production and logistic management in small business administration. This is a time of complex...


Background. There are conflicting results regarding bacterial pathogens present in the periodontal pocket. Those conflicts regard both nation/region, in which the research was conducted, and studied disease. Results of studies about the influence of genetic factor on periodontal disease are also unequivocal. Objectives. Assessment of differences in microbial composition and genetic profile of patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis and generalized chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods. The study included 40 patients with diagnosed generalized aggressive (AZP) or chronic (PZP) periodontitis. In patients chosen clinical parameters were assessed. Genetic examination of IL-1 polymorphism was performed (mucosa swabbed from cheeks). Microbiological evaluation by the means of PCR was also conducted (samples of subgingival biofilm collected on sterile paper points). Results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results. In AZP patients while having similar plaque index, there were significantly higher : bleeding index, pocket depth and percentage of pockets deeper than 4 mms. Separation of subgroups according to IL-1 genome did not Dent. Med. Probl. 2012, 49, 3, 370–376 ISSN 1644-387X © Copyright by Wroclaw Medical University and Polish Dental Society Weryfikacja genetyczna i mikrobiologiczna przewlekłego i agresywnego zapalenia przyzębia 371 reveal any differences in clinical parameters. Microbiological analysis of subgingival biofilm revealed greater number of A. actinomycetemcomitans and C. rectus species in AZP patients. After additional division according to IL-1 gene in PZP patients there were significantly more P. gingivalis in subgroup with positive genotype than with negative genotype. Correlation analysis has shown that in PZP group C. rectus and P. intermedia correlated significantly with the majority of the studied clinical parameters. Conclusions. In AZP patients there is an intensified inflammation comparing to PZP patients. IL-1 genotype seems not to have an influence on periodontal state. C. rectus seems to be a pathogen of the higher influence than currently thought, and further studies should be conducted on its pathogenity (Dent. Med. Probl. 2012, 49, 3, 370–376).


The invention discloses a laser electrolytic aluminum coating composition and a preparation method thereof. The laser electrolytic aluminum coating comprises the following components by weight percent: 13-28% of acrylic resin, 2-7% of nitrocellulose resin, 0-5% of styrene maleic anhydride resin, 0-4% of aldehyde ketone resin, 0-1% of auxiliary agent and 65-80% of solvent. The preparation method comprises the steps of: putting the solvent into a reaction kettle, and heating to 40-70 DEG C when stirring; putting the nitrocellulose resin into the reaction kettle, and stirring; sequentially putting the rest resins into the reaction kettle, and further stirring; after all the resins which are put into the reaction kettle are completely dissolved, putting the auxiliary agent into the reaction kettle, and cooling after dispersing to obtain the laser electrolytic aluminum coating. Compared with the prior art, the laser electrolytic aluminum coating disclosed by the invention is environment-friendly, low in cost, good in application adaptability and excellent in performance.


⎯ This paper presents the electrical performance and a comparison between different types of electrodes for application in EEG measurements. Sputtered TiN electrodes, standard sintered Ag/AgCl ring electrodes and sputtered IrO2 electrodes were used in a braincap for monitoring the frontopolar position in patients according to the standard configuration 10-20 system. The experimental results show a better performance of the sputtered IrO2 electrodes compared with the standard sintered Ag/AgCl ring electrodes. In all experiments electrolytic gel was used, but the results promise a new opportunity for the application of a dry IrO2 electrode.


In this paper, we will discuss the constructiOn problems about the invariant sets and invariant measures of continues maps~ which map complexes into themselves, using simplical approximation and Markov cbeirs. In [7], the author defined a matrix by using r-normal subdivi of the w,dimensional unit cube, considered it a Markov matrix, and constructed the invariantset and invafiant measure, In fact, the matrix he defined is not Markov matrix generally. So wewill give [7] and amendment in the last pert of this paper. We also construct an invariant set thatis the chain-recurrent set of the map by means of a non-negative matrix which only depends on themap. At hst, we will prove the higher dimension?Banach variation formuls that can simplify thetransition matrix.


We report the discovery of acoustic valley states in sonic crystals and the observation of the valley transport in the domain walls. The concept of valley pseudospin, labeling quantum states of energy extrema in momentum space, is attracting attention for its potential as a new type of information carrier. Inspired by the recent valley related phenomenon in election systems, the acoustic version of valley states in sonic crystals is studied and the vortex nature of such states is revealed. The extraordinary chirality of valley vortex states may provide new possibilities in sound manipulations and will be appealing to scalar acoustics since the absence of spin degree of freedom here. We further experimentally observe the topological valley transport of sound in sonic crystals. The acoustic valley transport is confined in the domain walls of the sonic crystals and behaves negligible reflection to the interface corners. The acoustic valley transport of sound, strikingly different from that in traditional sou...


Theoretical models in finance are many a time based on unrealistic assumptions about the behaviour of individuals. Empirical validation of the models is expected to vindicate the assumptions. However, in most situations, the approaches used for empirical validations suffer from serious limitations, either because of the nature of data used or because of the testing procedures used. Hence, the doubts about the underlying assumptions on individual behaviour remain unresolved. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study some common beliefs about behaviour of individuals in risky situations, through a controlled experiment. The results indicate that some oft-believed behavioural traits are indeed true, and the theories based on assumptions which are counter to these beliefs, need to be reconsidered.


Nowadays SPACs are the main phenomenon of the Italian stock exchange since, from July 2017 to April 2018, 13 SPACs were listed, raising from investors more than € 2.5B, a considerable size for Italian market. As a consequence, SPACs can be considered as an important player of financial markets and they are becoming a so relevant source of funds for SMEs that they could become a competitor of private equity funds; although there are still crucial differences between these two alternative investments. The aim of the work is to analyse this trend and to understand what are the key aspects of SPACs and if they can generate extra performances since they seem to be appreciated by investors.


Since 2008,industry of real estate has become the main pillar of the development of national economy and the stable growth of GDP.How to report the statue objectively,has been concerned by scholars in recent years.Through the introduction of domestic real estate warning research progress and research methods of real estate early warning,authors summarize the classification framework of real estate early warning.In conclusion we point out the tendency of the research,which is from theories of single discipline to interdisciplinary studies.


In 1905 Lebesgue showed that there is a sequence of continuous functions, put $f_{n}:[0,1]\longrightarrow [0,1]$, which interpolates any sequence in $[0,1]$, that is, given $(a_{n})_{n\geq 1}\subset [0,1]$ there is $t\in [0,1]$ such that $f_{n}(t)=a_{n}$ for each positive integer $n$. This result was improved (in the sense of Theorem ) in 1998 by Y. Benyamini. In this paper, we generalize the Benyamini's result in Theorem . The key tool for this goal are the so called $\alpha $-dense curves. We apply our results to approach the solution of a certain infinite-dimensional linear program with a countable number of constraints.


"CHORDOMA" affecting the basisphenoid or basioccipital bones is rarely reported, mainly because of the feeling that little can be done to help these patients either by operation or by radiation therapy. Forti and Venturini 1 could find only 240 cases in the world literature, while Schisano and Tovi 1~ found only 10 cases in Olivecrona's series of 6700 cases of verified brain tumor, an incidence of 0.15 %. Zolffm and F6nyes, 1~ from Budapest, surveyed all the operated cases published in the literature up to 1959 and concluded that "the diagnosis of cranial chordoma is extremely difficult, its complete surgical removal is impossible, and the prognosis is hopeless." Kamfin, et al., 4 stated that "except for emergency situations demanding surgical decompression for the preservation of life or of vital structures, surgical treatment of non-sacrococcygeal chordoma has little to offer." We are reporting a small series of nine cases seen in this unit since 1953, because at least five of these patients showed sufficient improvement after operation to resume their work. Three of these patients, however, have since died. Admittedly the follow-up periods are short (2 to 6 years) , but our experience suggests that, provided these cases can be diagnosed preoperatively, palliation by an appropriate surgical procedure can be achieved in a reasonably high proportion of cases. These tumors appear in either sex commonly in middle life. They tend to occur in, or close to, the midline in either the basisphenoid or basioccipital bone. Luschka 6 was the first to describe them in 1856, while Virchow 13 a year later called them "ecchondroses physalifora," believing them to be of cartilaginous origin. Ribbertfl however, is credited with establishing their origin from


The Science Citation Index (SCI Ⓡ) was first presented in Science in 1955. The Annual SCI Journal Citation Reports were officially launched in 1975. The SCI's multidisciplinary database has two purposes: first, to identify what each scientist has published, and second, where and how often the papers by that scientist are cited. Hence, the SCI has always been divided into two author-based parts: the Source Author Index and the Citation Index. By extension, one can also determine what each institution and country has published and how often their papers are cited. The Web of Science Ⓡ(WoS)—the SCI's electronic version—links these two functions: an author's publication can be listed by chronology, by journal, or by citation frequency. The Science Citation Index was launched in 1964 and the Annual SCI Journal Citation Reports were officially launched in 1975. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield: in any given year, the impact factor of a journal is the number of citations, received in that year, of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years, divided by the total number of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years. The definition of the impact factor has been implemented on the evaluation of the impact factor of the journal: Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems.)


Aiming at the problems of small and dim target with relatively few pixels, difficult to extract pixel features, low detection probability and high false alarm rate. In this paper, an algorithm based on multi-scale feature enhancement for dim target detection is proposed. Starting from the upper layer of detection task, the image high-resolution reconstruction network based on pyramid architecture is first used to strengthen the small and target region and distribution features, and then the reconstructed target features are sent as learning labels into the Yolo v5s detection framework containing multi-channel convolution kernel for self-supervised learning. Through the case test with different number of target points, it is proved that the mAP value of the enhanced image is more than 4% higher than that of the original image.


An analytically exact solution, for the problem of low Mach number incident vorticity scattering at a hard-soft wall transition, is obtained in th e form of Fourier integrals by using the Wiener-Hopf method. Harmonic vortical perturbations of inviscid linear shear flow are scattered at the wall transition. This results in a fa r field which is qualitatively different for low shear and high shear cases. In particular, for high shear the pressure (apparently driven by the mean flow) does not decay and its Fou rier representation involves a diverging integral which is to be interpreted in generalised sense. Then the incompressible hydrodynamic (Wiener-Hopf) "inner" solution is matched asymptotically to an acoustic outer field in order to determi ne the sound associated to the scattering. The qualitative difference between low and high shear is also apparent here. The low shear case matches successfully. In the high shear case only a partial matching was possible.


Abstract In the context of current developments concerning the maintenance of South Asian and other minority mother‐tongues in Britain, it would be useful to establish whether Hindi and Urdu could be treated, in the spoken mode, as styles of a single language. This paper will examine the apparent paradox that while Hindi and Urdu are treated as separate languages in Indian census data and most speakers claim membership of one of the two language communities, broadcast material intended for speakers of both Hindi and Urdu is easily understood by members of both communities without either group experiencing difficulty. The paper first outlines the Indian background to the differentiation of a single speech form under two separate labels, and looks at some problems involved in referring to census information on Hindi and Urdu. Then sample data from a BBC‐TV broadcast for Hindi‐ and Urdu‐speaking viewers is analysed to discover what kind of balance is kept between the two styles. Finally the paper reports a s...


A semiconductor light-emitting device having high reliability is obtained while suppressing separation between a support substrate and a semiconductor element layer. This semiconductor light-emitting device includes a support substrate (1), a first bonding layer (2a) formed on the support substrate (1), a second bonding layer (2b) formed on the first bonding layer (2a), a third bonding layer (2c) formed on the second bonding layer (2b), and a semiconductor element layer (3) formed on the third bonding layer (2c). The melting point of the second bonding layer (2b) is lower than the melting points of the first bonding layer (2a) and the third bonding layer (2c).


The NAA10 gene encodes N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10 which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, DNA damage, metastasis, apoptosis, stress response and autophagy. Defects in the NAA10 gene correlate with the diagnosis of NAA10-related syndrome (Ogden syndrome). The most common symptoms of NAA10-related syndrome are: global developmental delay, non-verbal or limited speech, autism spectrum disorder, feeding difficulties, motor delay, muscle tone disturbances, and long QT syndrome. To-date, there are about 100 patients who have been reported with this condition. The case report presents the clinical study of a girl aged 4 years and 3 months diagnosed with Ogden syndrome. She had many characteristic features of the disorder, as well as precocious puberty. This girl represents the case of a patient with p.Arg83Cys mutation in NAA10 gene as well as precocious puberty.

https://www.aaem.pl/pdf-171758-94599?filename=A four_year_old girl with.pdf