"The seventeenth-century English textual landscape," writes Cynthia Wall, "was well populated with the praxes of textual description." Indeed, geographical accounts of the British Isles flourished during the period. William Camden's magisterial chorography, Britannia (1586), first translated into English in 1610, gathered detailed maps and prose descriptions of English towns, cities, and parishes. His work was reprinted, adapted, and imitated throughout the century. John Adams's extraordinary Index Villaris (1690) estimated the locations and basic demography of 24,000 English towns, using the latest techniques of analytical geometry for projecting the curvature of the Earth onto a two-dimensional cartographic plane. Geographical descriptions were not limited to England, however. They roamed over all parts of the known world: topographical dictionaries contained fantastical accounts of Asia, America, and Africa, as well as of the Arctic and Antarctic zones. Textbooks like Cosmographia (1679) and Geography Anatomiz'd (1699) provided chorographies of the world while instructing readers to use globes and maps to find places and to calculate relations among them. More practical reference manuals like James Wadsworth's Evropean Mercury (1641), John Ogilby's Book of Roads (1675), Thomas de Laune's Present State of London (1681), and Laurence Echard's Newsman's Interpreter (1692) mapped places along spatial networks by describing roads, postal services, and stage-coach routes that connected London to cities across the British Isles, Europe, and Asia. The "English textual landscape," to return to Wall's phrase, was not a landscape at all, but an ever-growing body of descriptive prose oriented globally and organized mathematically. Geographical description differs from other language by relying explicitly on an underlying spatial model. Like other words, toponyms acquire meaning through differentiation. "Worcestershire" was used differently from "Aberdeenshire," and "England" was used differently from "Madagascar." But they also depend for their meaning on a sense of place that separates them spatially: provinces of France are close; the Arctic and Antarctic zones are far apart. How were such distances conceptualized? The geodesic distance that separates two places could be estimated by applying trigonometry to a model of the Earth's shape, and geographical dictionaries often included coordinates of latitude and longitude along with instructions for performing such calculations. Adams's Index Villaris accompanied a large atlas of England that located its places within a network of spatial distances. The travel distance that separates two places could also be estimated by measuring paths over a network of roads or rivers. Ingolstadt, Vienna, and Budapest could all be reached by floating the Danube, while a journey from Paris to Rome involved many stops and required changing carriages several times. And at its most basic, chorography grouped toponyms into categories resembling tree-shaped directed graphs in which the globe was divided into continents, continents into nations, nations into regions, and so on. This paper combines corpus linguistics, geographic information science (GIS),


Uplink Digital is a communication system developed for a Califomia based flight simulation company. This paper covers the implementation of an embedded microcontroller within the system. In order to familiarize the reader with the Uplink Digital system a general overview of operation is covered first, along with a discussion of the flight simulation company's existing analog communication system. The hardware and software design details are presented next. Finally a comparison of Uplink Digital with the analog system is discussed.


Hadith is the second source of Islamic teachings that has received considerable attention from both Muslims and non-Muslims. Most of them accept it as a source of religious teachings, considering that it has received recognition from Allah swt. in the Qur'an, while others reject it outright. The refusal is at least due to doubts about the validity of the hadith as a track record of the actions, words, and decrees of the Prophet Muhammad. who in fact lived 14 (fourteen) centuries ago.so we need to know in what way and how the hadith was transmitted. Scholars have put forward the method of transmitting hadith, including the method of receiving (Tahammul) and conveying (Al-Ada') hadith, as well as the conditions associated with it. Tahammul is the process of receiving the narration of a hadith from a teacher with certain methods. While Al-'Ada is the process of conveying and narrating hadith.The majority of scholars tend to allow listening activities carried out by small children, namely children who have reached taklif age. While some of them do not allow it. Scholars who allow it are also still different opinions regarding the age limit for children to be accepted for transmission, the first opinion says five years while the second opinion says tamyiz.The eligibility requirements for al-Ada are: Islam, Baligh, Fairness, Dhabt. While the method in tahammul al-ada' is through several ways, namely as-sima', al-Qira'ah 'ala Shaykh, al-Ijazah, al-Munawalah, al-Mukatabah, I'lam ash-Shaykh, al-Washiyyah, al-Wijadah. This article will explain the tahammul and al-ada 'methods in the transmission of hadith as knowledge for novice readers and students in exploring and studying ulumul hadith.


In this paper, we investigate the ways in which new forms of organization enabled by digital technologies, such as crowdsourcing and digital marketplaces, are allowing firms to circumvent and defy ...


Irenaeus of Lyons reports that a second-century Valentinian group, the Marcosians, developed a ritual system that included a sacrament performed for an individual at the point of death. The rite helped to "establish" the individual in the higher celestial realms. Using comparanda from various ancient sources, this paper examines our extant evidence for early Christian death rites. It asserts that the Valentinian death sacrament precedes the development of a similar Catholic rite by nearly a thousand years, thus attesting to the sophistication of Valentinian ritual systems distinct from those of the nascent orthodox church.


Myeloid neoplasms arising in the context of predisposing germline mutations are rare but increasingly important clinical entities. The 2016 revision to the World health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms highlights their relevance by creating the category of "myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition" that distinguishes them from sporadic myeloid neoplasms (Arber et al, 2016). The diagnosis of families at risk is challenging, particularly in the absence of a clear clinical phenotype and limited strategies exist for prognostication and counselling (Drazer et al, 2016). The adult and paediatric bone marrow failure syndrome database at the Mayo Clinic (1990–2016) was queried for patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS). In addition, the electronic medical record was queried for germline disorders involving GATA2, CEBPA, DDX41, ETV6, RUNX1, ANKRD26, Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and Noonan syndrome. Chromosomal breakage assays (Diepoxybutane/Mitomycin-C), flow-Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for telomere length assessment, Fanconi anaemia complementation assays and Sanger/Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for IBMFS and germline disorders with myeloid predisposition were carried out in Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified laboratories. These disorders were then classified, based on the 2016 WHO classification revision (Arber et al, 2016). Fifty-eight individuals (41 families) met criteria for inclusion in this study. There were 5 patients with germline ANKRD26 mutations, 1 with ETV6, 5 with RUNX1, 13 with GATA2, 15 with IBMFS and 14 with telomere biology disorders. The demographic characteristics, clinical correlates, details on myeloid clonal evolution and outcomes are presented in Table I. One patient with neurofibromatosis secondary to a germline PTPN11 mutation developed juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) at the age of 4 years, while two patients with Trisomy 21 had transient abnormal myelopoiesis and one developed acute megakaryocytic leukaemia at the age of 1 year. No cases of germline CEBPA mutation were identified. Testing for DDX41 was not available at our centre at the time of this study. Eleven patients (19%) developed a subsequent myeloid neoplasm. The penetrance and age at the time of evolution was variable, with individuals from the same family developing symptoms during the first decade of life and others remaining asymptomatic by the sixth decade. Tobacco use was slightly more prevalent in the group of patients that developed a myeloid neoplasm (27% vs. 16%). Significant alcohol consumption was documented in 7% of patients without clonal evolution, compared to 0% in patients with clonal evolution. There was no exposure to radiation, toxins or chemotherapy for indications other than treatment of the myeloid neoplasm or in the form of conditioning for bone marrow transplantation in either group. Two patients (5%) that did not develop a myeloid neoplasm were on chronic immunosuppression: one with ciclosporin for management of cytopenias prior to the diagnosis of the germline disorder and another with corticosteroids and hydroxychloroquine for psoriatic arthritis. Monosomy 7 was observed in 18% (n = 2/11) of transformed cases. All four patients with GATA2 and one with ANKRD26 germline syndromes tested for somatic mutations were found to have truncating ASXL1 mutations detected at the time of clonal evolution (Table II). ASXL1 is a Polycomb repressive complex (PRC2) regulator that, when mutated, leads to deregulated transcription and its presence as a predictor of poor prognosis has been well described in myeloid neoplasms (Patnaik et al, 2014). Somatic mutations in ASLX1 have been reported in several GATA2-mutated pedigrees and their acquisition has been associated with myeloid clonal transformation (West et al, 2014). It is hypothesized that GATA2 and ASXL1 may both regulate the E-twenty six (ETS) transcriptions factor PU.1 (SPI1), which, when reduced, has been shown to promote myeloid leukaemogenesis (Micol & Abdel-Wahab, 2014). Mutations in genes encoding other transcription factors, such as a second RUNX1 mutation (Antony-Debre et al, 2016) or the cell cycle regulator CDC25C (Yoshimi et al, 2014), have been reported in patients with RUNX1 germline mutations at the time of myeloid clonal evolution. This is also the case in germline CEBPA mutations, where acquisition of a second CEPBA mutation (Pabst et al, 2008) or a somatic GATA2 mutation (Tawana et al, 2015) has been associated with leukaemic transformation. Outcomes of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in our cohort were favourable. Transplant conditioning regimens were selected taking into account the presence of germline mutations. One patient with GATA2 haploinsufficiency developed treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) several decades after matched related donor graft from a sibling who was later found to harbour the same mutation. Donor selection in this case occurred prior to the description of the GATA2 haploinsuffiency syndrome, and underscores the importance of appropriate donor Correspondence


Danielsson, Epigraphica. Discusses two Greek inscriptions: (1) Cauer 121, col. 13/., 'rav ay*\av robs r6xa iySvo/itvovs.' Beginning of col. C. 'iifae yvvcuKa rltcrev /caTci <pvff\tv, aA\a] 0[ai5]/i[a]Ta * com• paring Aesch. c. Ctes. 111. (2) Bull, de corr. hell. xiii. p. 281 / . D. supplies §§ 8, 9, 10 satisfactorily. b<j>\iv iv Sapov he takes with Meister = o(p\e7v eis Srjiioy. From § 5 he concludes that the date of the inscription is after 395.—Karamer, Ein asthetischer Commentar zu Homer's Ilias. K. adopts the interpolation theory. Books 3,10,13, 14, and the greater part of 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 15, 17, 20 were not in the original. His characterization of the heroes of the Iliad, is excellent. The commentary shows a deep appreciation of and insight into the poetical beauties of the poem.—Torp, Die griech. JVominalJiexion. A concise comparative sketch of the Indo-European Noun-inflexion, especially valuable until Brugmann's Grundriss is finished.—Wernicke, Die grieehischen Vasen mit Lieblingsnamen. A careful collection and discussion of the material. The Ka\As refers now to the self-praise of the artist in general, now to some figures represented (gods, heroes, even iTaipcu). W. 's interpretation of the names is occasionally very bold.


YAG:1%Ho3+,1%Yb3+ nanocrystal was synthesized by a sol-gel process from the mixed solution containing aluminum nitrate and rare earth oxide.The technological conditions to synthesize its xerogel were determined by orthogonal tests.DTA-TG,XRD and TEM techniques were used to study the synthesis process of the xerogel and characterize the crystal structure and morphology of the prepared YAG:1%Ho3+,1%Yb3+.The results show that monophase YAG crystallite can be formed without any intermediate phase after calciningthe xerogel at 1 200 ℃.Absorption spectrum and upconversion emission spectrum of YAG:1%Ho3+,1%Yb3+nanocrystal were investigated.Yb3+ions have the function of transferring energy in the luminescence process.Contributed to the Ho3+transition,strong red and green upconversion fluorescence can be observed centered at 650 nm and 540 nm,respectively.


Metal and metal oxide particles are intensively pursued because of their prominence in different fields of applications in Science and Technology. In this paper, copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method and are characterized by using XRD (X ray diffraction), SEM ( Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDAX ( Energy Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy) . XRD data reveals that copper oxide was formed as CuO and it has monoclinic structure.The particle size of the nanoparticles formed have sheet like structures with approximately 20-30 nm width and 100-200 nm length.This method is convenient, easy and effective in comparison to the known methods of synthesis of nanomaterials like thermal decomposition of precursors, coimplantation of metal and oxygen ions and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis.


The Curaca Valley, in Bahia, Brazil, contains several pyroxenite-hosted Cu-sulfide deposits. They have unusually high Cu and low Ni contents (Cu/Ni up to 2500), with chalcopyrite and bornite being the dominant sulfides (Cu/S up to 3.5). Oxides (magnetite and lesser ilmenite) constitute approximately 50% of the opaque phases. Most other magmatic Cu-Ni-sulfide deposits contain between 2 and 15% oxides. The only other known magmatic sulfide deposits with comparable Cu/Ni values, at Okiep, South Africa. also have elevated contents of magnetite. There, the oxides have been interpreted as a result of
oxidation and desulfurization of primary sulfides, resulting in a high abundance of pure magnetite. In the Curaca Valley, reaction-replacement of sulfides to form magnetite is not apparent: the magnetite contains up to 14 wt% Cr₂0₃, 2% V₂0₃, 7% Ti0₂, and 1% ZnO, and is generally replaced by chalcopyrite and bomite. However, the composition of the oxides seems to have been modified by equilibration with associated orthopyroxene, in response to high-grade metamorphism. The metamorphism could also have led to significant S-loss of the sulfides, reflected by relatively low S/Se values of the rocks (200-1500). As at Okiep, a large proportion of the oxides secms lo have becn a product of replacement of primary sulfides.

La vallee de Curaca. dans l'etat de Bahia, au Bresil, contient plusieurs gisements de sulfures de cuivre dans un hote pyroxenitique. Le minerai est fortement enrichi en Cu et remarquablement appauvri en Ni (le rapport Cu/Ni atteignant 2500); chalcopyrite et bornite sont les sulfures dominants (Cu/S jusqu'a 3.5). Les oxydes (magnetite surtout, avec ilmenite accessoire) constituent environ 50% des phases opaques. La plupart des autres gisements de sulfures de Cu-Ni contiennent entre 2 et 15%
d'oxydes. Les seuls gisements de sulfures magmatiques connus ayant une valeur Cu/Ni comparable se trouvent a Okiep, en Afrique du Sud; ils sont aussi enrichis en magnetite. Dans ce cas, on a interprete la proportion elevee en magnetite pure en termes d'oxydation et de perte de soufre des sulfures primaires. Dans la vallee de Curaca, un remplacement des sulfures par la magnetite ne semble pas evident. La magnetite contient jusqu'a 14% (poids) de Cr₂0₃, 2% de V₂0₃, 7% de Ti0₂ et 1% de ZnO,
et semble plutot remplace par la chalcopyrite et la bomite. Toutefois, la composition des oxydes semble avoir ete modifiee par equilibrage avec l'orthopyroxene associe, en reponse a un metamorphisme de forte intensite. Cet episode de metamorphisme aurait pu destabiliser les sulfures et causer une perte en soufre, comme l'indique le faible rapport S/Se des roches (200-1500). Tout comme a Okiep. une proportion importante des oxydes semble s'etre formee par remplacement des sulfures primaires.


The clinical potential of the diffusion imaging‐based analysis of fine brain structures such as fornix or cingulum is high due to the central role of these structures in psychiatric diseases. However, the quantification of diffusion parameters in fine structures is especially prone to partial volume effects (PVEs).


We prove that every Gluck twist on an embedded $2$-sphere in $S^4$ is diffeomorphic to $S^4$. We accomplish this by showing that a genus-$g$ surface in $\mathbb{C}P^2$ intersecting the standard $\mathbb{C}P^1$ in a single positive intersection point is isotopic to $\mathbb{C}P^1$ trivially stabilized $g$ times. These results provide answers to questions of Kirby (4.24) and Gabai, as well as a partial answer to a question of Melvin.


The primary purpose of this study was the development of an in-service education model that was appropriate for occupational instructors in the community college and technical institute who did not participate in traditional teacher education programs. Secondary purposes of this study were: (1) to identify the roles that the teacher and the leader either perform or are expected to perform and (2) to identify the similar roles performed by the teacher and the leader.


This paper describes an alternative and easier method for measuring the upconversion parameter based on measuring laser threshold pump power as a function of resonator loss. This approach exploits the fact that upconversion loss is larger for higher excitation densities and that the excitation density in a laser can be increased by simply increasing the resonator loss. An analytical model is developed for the dependence of threshold pump power, Ppth on the upconversion parameter and the resonator loss for both four-level and quasi-three-level lasers.


The usage of transportation systems is inevitable; any assistance module which can catalyze the flow involved in transportation systems, parallelly improving the reliability of processes involved is a boon for day-to-day human lives. This paper introduces a novel, cost-effective, and highly responsive Post-active Driving Assistance System, which is "Adaptive-Mask-Modelling Driving Assistance System" with intuitive wide field-of-view modeling architecture. The proposed system is a vision-based approach, which processes a panoramic-front view (stitched from temporal synchronous left, right stereo camera feed) & simple monocular-rear view to generate robust & reliable proximity triggers along with co-relative navigation suggestions. The proposed system generates robust objects, adaptive field-of-view masks using FRCNN+Resnet-101_FPN, DSED neural-networks, and are later processed and mutually analyzed at respective stages to trigger proximity alerts and frame reliable navigation suggestions. The proposed DSED network is an Encoder-Decoder-Convolutional-Neural-Network to estimate lane-offset parameters which are responsible for adaptive modeling of field-of-view range (1570-2100) during live inference. Proposed stages, deep-neural-networks, and implemented algorithms, modules are state-of-the-art and achieved outstanding performance with minimal loss(L{p, t}, ${\text{L}}_{\delta }$ , ${\text{L}}_{Total}$ ) values during benchmarking analysis on our custom-built, KITTI, MS-COCO, Pascal-VOC, Make-3D datasets. The proposed assistance-system is tested on our custom-built, multiple public datasets to generalize its reliability and robustness under multiple wild conditions, input traffic scenarios & locations.


Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the association between corporate voluntary disclosure and systematic (market or beta) risk for a sample of Egyptian listed companies.Design/methodology/approach – Using panel data analysis, beta is regressed on the level of voluntary disclosure and the following control variables: dividend payout, asset growth, gearing, firm size and book‐to‐market ratio.Findings – The results generally show a negative relationship between voluntary disclosure level and beta, consistent with predictions of a differential information model and theories about the economic consequences of increased disclosure. The results are dependent on the specification of the model and the market index used to estimate beta, suggesting a need for further research on the link between risk and voluntary disclosure in the context of emerging markets.Practical implications – The main implication of these results is that more voluntary information about listed companies seems preferable to less in order ...


This dissertation constructs a political ecology of two modern irrigation communities in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. In assessing the impacts of the 1992 restructuring of Mexico's water policy, the study contributes to debates within geography about global economic integration, the transformation of the state-society relationship, the interface of ecological change with structural and political demands, and the prescription of decentralization, privatization, and free trade strategies for improving water management in developing countries. The dissertation investigates these questions: How have the restructuring of water and agricultural policy impacted local producers in irrigation districts in Sonora? How have small communal producers (e.g., ejidatarios) responded to the water reform package? An underlying assumption is that Sonoran producers in irrigation districts are among the nation's most-advantaged, given their proximity to U.S. markets, access to irrigation, technological package, and experience with commercial production. Mexico's water and agriculture policies are intended to allow the strongest, most efficient producers to become more competitive. I argue, however, that the water and agricultural reform package overall does not benefit Sonoran producers, and particularly disadvantages the ejidatario sector of farmers, due to a cost squeeze driven by rising water and input costs, retrenchment of state support, and loss of subsidies, among other factors. Most ejidatario producers have abandoned production and their water and land assets are being privatized. Despite this overall finding, some ejidatarios have found entrepreneurial ways to adapt their productive responses to the new challenges. The global-local linkages in the districts demonstrate that different free trade agreements can have distinct impacts on producers of different crops and transnational companies can pose challenges to water-strapped local communities. The prolonged drought has contributed to a water shortage that limits profitability of agriculture. The state's promotion of water consumptive, export crops is at odds with the demands of nature that dictate less intensive agriculture in arid regions like Sonora, with implications for the sustainability of commercial agriculture. A concept of water as a social good – rather than a purely economic good – needs to be resuscitated in order to satisfy the rural development needs of Mexico's ejidatario producers.


A survey is made of some recent ideas and progress in the phenomenological applications of Supersymmetry (SUSY). We describe the success of SUSY-GUT models, the expected experimental signatures and present limits on SUSY partner particles, and the phenomenology of Higgs bosons in the minimal SUSY model.}


In order to make the use of complex elasto-plastic behavior models more accessible, we attempted to identify the Cam-Clay model in two samples of tropical and lateritic soils (from Senegal/West Africa) from casagrande box shear and oedometric tests. This methodology was used as a substitute for triaxial trials. In this article, we first verify the test results by the finite element method with the Optum software. We use a simulation of the tests with the modified Cam Clay model as the behavior model. Then, we simulate the oedometric test on tropical soils with the Castem software and also use the modified Cam Clay model. These calculations make it possible to write the criterion of plasticity of the material starting from the expression of the surface of load while passing by the calculation of the volumetric and deviatoric stresses.


Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections are common worldwide and cause a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection or mild oral or mucosal lesions to life-threatening disseminated or central nervous system disease. Apart from auto-inoculation or orogenital contact primary HSV-1 infections classically occur most frequently in the first few years of life predominantly affecting sites above the waist. The transmission of HSV-1 depends on intimate personal contact between a seronegative individual and a seropositive individual who is excreting HSV-1 symptomatically or asymptomatically. Focusing on orofacial genital and neonatal HSV-1 manifestations this article addresses recent changes in the epidemiology of HSV-1 infections which include an age-specific decreased incidence of HSV-1 and an increased incidence of primary HSV-1 genital infections in women in developed industrialized countries. Improved socioeconomic conditions may account for both changes although social attitudes towards the practice of orogenital sex may also contribute to the latter trend. (authors)


Cellular Adhesion; Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP); Zona Pellucida Glycoprotein 3 (ZP3); Protein-Protein and Cell-Cell Interaction Among different types of cell-cell interactions present in the body, the interaction between the oocyte and a sperm cell is of great importance for species perpetuation. Cellular adhesion is thus a crucial process in fertilization, which involves the oocyte's zona pellucida (ZP), the first barrier found by sperm cells that mediates the first contact between gametes. ZP3 is a major ZP glycoprotein of the oocyte, and its ligand in sperm cells is still unknown. The APP glycoprotein was found by us to be in the sperm's head, including its equatorial zone involved in sperm-oocyte interaction. This protein plays a role in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer's disease and its physiologic roles are still being unravelled. The present work aimed to characterize a putative APP-ZP3 interaction in cell-cell adhesion. Relevant functional motifs on the ZP3 amino acid sequence were analysed, and the role of ZP3 and APP in cell-cell adhesion was evaluated. Interference assays were performed with antibodies against epitopes of APP, ZP3 and β1-integrin, the latter an important protein in cellular adhesion known to bind APP. The subcellular colocalization of ZP3 and APP was analysed by immunocytochemistry assays, and a potential physical interaction between ZP3 and APP was evaluated by immunoprecipitation. Results indicate that, from the studied proteins, APP and β1-integrin are the most important in cellcell adhesion, probably through a common pathway. ZP3 has only a minor effect in cell-cell adhesion, but is able to interfere with adhesion mediated by APP and β1-integrin, potentially sharing their common pathway. Surprisingly, ZP3 and APP only co-localize at low quantities in vesicles, mainly near the Golgi apparatus, while there is a slightly higher degree of co-localization between ZP3 and β1integrin near the plasma membrane. Unexpectedly though, ZP3 and APP were found to co-localize in extracellular aggregates of secreted ZP3. Immunoprecipitation results so far further suggest that highly glycosylated ZP3 and APP forms physically interact, what may reflect an important interaction between these proteins in the oocyte's ZP upon fertilization.


ABSTRACT The main goal was to investigate changes in muscle activity and joint moments related to step length (SL) symmetry improvements in individuals poststroke following repeated split-belt treadmill (SBT) walking. Twelve individuals with a first unilateral cerebral stroke presenting initial SL asymmetry (ratio = 1.10–2.05), and mean time post stroke 23 (SD 24.7 months) were included. Participants were trained during six sessions of SBT walking using an error-augmentation protocol. The training resulted in a reduction in SL asymmetry during walking over ground retained over 1-month post-training (p = 0.002). Significant increases in SL and joint moments (plantarflexors: 20–60%, knee flexors: 20–60% and hip extensors: 0–20% of the gait cycle) were observed on the side trained on the fast belt (effect size from 0.41 to 0.60). The improvement in SL symmetry was observed with an increase in plantarflexion joint moment symmetry. Changes in muscle activity varied among participants. In contrast to previous findings with a single exposure to SBT-training, our results showed no negative effects on paretic plantarflexors when walking over ground after repeated exposure to SBT walking. These findings justify larger trials to gain more solid information on the current protocol which appears as an efficient training for long-term recovery on SL asymmetry and on affected plantarflexors.


Citizen Science involves people as part of a scientific enquiry. However, in an age of great environmental changes, citizens are faced with degradation that affects ecosystem structure and function. Their role as drivers of change can be also relevant for biodiversity conservation. As in Citizen Science, where the citizens, properly trained, can initiate a widespread and fine-grained knowledge process, it is also possible to start a Citizen Management process, where citizens, adequately trained in problem solving, can change the state of an environmental system, with positive effects on the latter and on themselves. To prepare citizens for the acquisition of a problem solving and management paradigms, a quick meeting carried out with citizens by a senior manager as facilitator can be an opportunity to explain some basic steps: introducing them to the concept of 'problem', the definition of a project team and SMART objectives, the use of creativity during brainstorming, choosing an approach to the decision-making process and defining a strategy (actions, times, roles, resources, monitoring, and adaptation). According to the Hill and Westbrook's SWOT approach, we suggest a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that characterize the Citizen Management approach.


This report - the fifth edition in a well-established series - aims to increase the visibility of European social dialogue, describe and raise awareness of developments in European industrial relations, and initiate related discussion through its analytical chapters. The 2008 report addresses the main trends in industrial relations in the European Union, European social dialogue and EU labour law as well as the contribution of quality industrial relations to the Lisbon Strategy and wage setting and minimum wages in the European Monetary Union.


Every year we know that the flu season will come, but knowing it is coming doesn't lessen the emergency physician's dread. It is, partly, because we never quite know when it will strike. Sometimes it strikes early in the winter months leaving us struggling to recover - like our older patients debilitated after a major illness. Other years, it comes late in the winter after we have already been weakened by months of additional attendances from the other winter pathogens.


The gelator,bis-(4-stearoylaminophenyl) methane (BSAPM) gelatinizes LiClO4/propylene carbonate (PC),yielding a stable supramolecular organogel. The electrochemical redox reaction of a redox probe (i.e. ferrocene) trapped in this organogel has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The results show that ferrocene can be electrochemically oxidized. The shape of the cyclic voltammograms corresponding to the electrochemical redox reaction in organogel is similar to that obtained in liquid electrolyte,which reveals that the reaction of ferrocene is a simply diffusion controlled,one electron transferred quasi-reversible process. Apparent diffusion coefficients of ferrocene (Fc)/ferricinium cation (Fc+) are determined. It shows slight decrease of the diffusion coefficients of Fc and Fc+ from 5.62×10-6 and 6.47×10-6 cm2/s to 3.32×10-6 and 4.41×10-6 cm2/s from the liquid to organogel state of the minimum gel concentration,respectively. Furthermore,the diffusion coefficients of Fc and Fc+ in organogels decrease with an increase of the concentration of gelator BSAPM.


This study examines whether there are differences in the cost of the loan risk reserves and the loan risk reserves between audit results data and financial reporting. The research sample consisted of the audit results report on 50 BKM (Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat) in Kabupaten Bantul Provinsi Daerah IstimewaYogyakarta whichhave been audited by Budiman, Wawan, Pamudji and Partners Public Accounting Firmin 2014. This study found that the cost of the loan risk allowances and loan risk allowances between audit result and reporting differed significantly. The study concluded that almost all of BKM not charge cost and reserve risk of the loan according collectibility list that is used as the source of the audit resultscalculation. Keywords: Cost of the loan risk reserves, loan risk reserves, audit results, reporting.


The seismic responses of energy dissipating structure considering soil-structure-interaction are studied through a real project of energy dissipating structure.It is found that the soil-structure interaction has great influence on the behavior of energy dissipating structure.The reduction effect of the energy dissipating structure's floor displacement,floor velocity,floor acceleration and floor shear force would be mitigated.And their discrepancies between the floors would arise.


Abstract This paper introduces a new bilingual Czech-English verbal valency lexicon (called CzEng-Vallex) representing a relatively large empirical database. It includes 20,835 aligned valency frame pairs (i.e., verb senses which are translations of each other) and their aligned arguments. This new lexicon uses data from the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank and also takes advantage of the existing valency lexicons for both languages: the PDT-Vallex for Czech and the EngVallex for English. The CzEngVallex is available for browsing as well as for download in the LINDAT/CLARIN repository. The CzEngVallex is meant to be used not only by traditional linguists, lexicographers, translators but also by computational linguists both for the purposes of enriching theoretical linguistic accounts of verbal valency from a cross-linguistic perspective and for an innovative use in various NLP tasks.


Abstsract: Powerful integrational relations require systemic perception and coordination of business processes of all involved organizations. Regardless of the specific commitments in terms of business strategy, the modern company is, inevitably, faced with the requirement of cost competitiveness. In modern conditions of great external and internal complexity, achieving and maintaining competitive advantages is not possible without adequate information system. Cost accounting generates cost and performance information with the goal of qualitatively meeting information needs of, above all, internal users. It represents the essential part of the company's accounting information system as a whole and it is often stressed as the key information core and a reliable information support for the company's management in performing their managerial activities.In this paper we discuss the role cost accounting has in offering adequate information support to managers at all managerial levels. We emphasize some of the new tools, techniques, concepts and approaches to costing and cost management.


The civil war and the Reconstruction era are the social background of Gone with the Wind. The shaping of major characters in this novel is closely related with its time and social background. Therefore, the changes of its background will absolutely bring changes to the lives of the major characters. This paper mainly focuses on the changes the South has undergone and the impact these changes have on the main characters.


A new concept of three phase synchronous motor with permanent magnets and additional squirrel cage in the rotor is presented from both manufacturing and experimental point of view. The permanent magnets have ring shape with axially magnetization and are imbedded in the claw pole ferromagnetic modular pieces. The main characteristics of the manufactured motor are presented and the experimental results regarding the starting and rated load running are fully interpreted in the paper.


Land taxation frequently has been presented as a panacea for certain problems of agricultural development. More specifically, the land tax has been seen by many as a quick and easy substitute for land reform, especially in Latin America.1 This type of thinking, unfortunately, can cloud the real and important contribution that land taxation can make to the development process. Because of its ability to be relatively neutral in its economic effects on agriculture, land taxation is almost unique among the many ways available to convert surplus agricultural output into development capital.2 It is, however, no substitute for a direct land reform program; it merely complements a nation's direct efforts to improve the agricultural sector while it goes about its principal task of raising new public investment capital for the economy.3 This paper uses both theoretical and empirical analysis to examine the effectiveness of a land tax as a regulatory tool. We are particularly interested in evaluating land taxation as a device to induce an increase in agricultural output and productivity and a more equitable and economic distribution of


To reduce genotyping costs, tagSNPs selection has gained lots of research interest and several algorithms have been proposed for LD tagSNPs selection. However, there is little understanding of benefits and drawbacks underlying the proposed approaches. In this paper, we broadly analyzed the existing algorithms for LD tagSNPs selection in a single population. It can be concluded that the original greedy algorithm is easy to implement and TAGster refines the selection steps of the original greedy algorithm. Results suggested that HTag can receive the highest tagging efficiency. In addition, we found that the precinct partitioning strategy can dramatically reduce the runtime of TAGster and HTag. Theoretical analysis revealed that unstable numbers of tagSNPs may be received by these methods sometimes.


Biobased nanofibrous aerogels are one of the emerging topics in materials chemistry because of their unique properties and environmental friendliness, but their practical potential has not yet been fully clarified. For the first step of an industrial feasibility study of biobased nanofibrous aerogel as high-performance thermal insulators, this paper aims to establish a preparation protocol of decimeter-sized monoliths (∼120 × 120 mm2) of cross-linked chitosan aerogels and their thermal conductivity evaluation. In contrast to the well-studied silica aerogel, the chitosan gel has flexible polymeric network and shows a drastic change in volume during the process, which must be taken into consideration for the design of solvent exchange protocol. The obtained aerogel shows a remarkably low thermal conductivity of 16–17 mW m–1 K–1. This value shows that the chitosan aerogel is one of the promising candidates for superinsulation materials in the next-generation thermal energy management.


Microtransit Service is a new trend under shared mobility, it is to increase ridership by linking current and prospective passengers with bus stops and train stations. This first/last mile problem has been a challenge for public transit agencies. In this paper, we focus on an emerging hub-to-spoke type of microtransit service. The service uses jitneys or minibuses for ride sharing, and requires passengers travel to and from stops to reach the vehicles. Compared with the Uber-like point-to-point service which offers convenience at the cost of time-consuming detours, the hub-to-spoke type service provides more affordable service yet with comparable delays if carefully designed. The service provider must decide a) the stop locations for pick-up and drop-off (PUDO) points; and b) passenger to stop allocation. The problem is NP-hard and computationally challenging since the demand is typically dense. We propose to consider the continuous approximation of the demand density function and study the continuous version of the problem. We develop OTSA, an integrated framework that combines optimal transport theory with simulated annealing to solve the problem. The efficiency of the algorithms are demonstrated with a city-scale implementation using data extracted from New York City Taxicab dataset.


Preeclampsia, as one of the most common pregnancy-specific diseases, causes high maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality in almost every country. Placental vascular abnormalities in preeclamptic women can cause chronic hypoxia and impaired fetal nutrition, so fetal growth retardation often occurs. EVOO has strong antioxidant effect is assumed to prevent nutritional disorders in the fetus. This study aimed to determine the effect of EVOO on fetal birth weight in a preeclampsia rat model. This research was laboratory research conducted in vivo with a Post Test Only Control Group design which consisted of five groups; negative control group, positive control group (pre-eclampsia rat model), dose 1, 2, and 3 groups that were preeclampsia rats given EVOO in 3 different doses (0.5 mL/day, 1 mL/day and 2 mL/day respectively). Blood pressure and proteinuria measurements were carried out at the 12, 15 and 19 day of pregnancy. After sacrificed, fetal weight was measured immediately using analytical balance. The result of this study showed that there was a significant reduction of fetal weight between negative control and positive control group (p=0.020), meanwhile no significant differences among positive control, dose 1 and dose 2 group (p=0.90 and p=0.142) but statistically significant to dose 3 group (p=0.005). EVOO administration increases fetal weight in doses group by its AA and DHA in Long-Chain Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (LCPUFA) within. The optimal dose of EVOO to increase fetal weight is 2 mL/day.


Without doubt, allogenic blood transfusion has been an important lifesaving option in some circumstances. However, allogenic blood transfusion also has its drawbacks. Side effects of allogenic blood transfusion, blood scarcity and individual religion problem like Jehovah's witnesses are major issues [1,2]. In this respect, there has been much effort to replace allogenic blood transfusion such as using pharmacological agent, injecting topical vasoconstrictive agent, induced hypotension, intravenous iron, erythropoietin, coagulant and so on [3]. In addition, with growing technology, Cell salvage and Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) has emerged as a substitute for allogenic blood transfusion [3,4]. First, Cell salvage became widely known in the late 1970s due to the infection threat like viral hepatitis and HIV infection from allogenic blood transfusion [5]. Namely, it was introduced in an optimal time to the world. Even now, cell salvage is a useful and effective technique with a low risk of transfusion-borne infection. Second, ANH has been utilized and its efficacy studied since the 1960s [6,7]. ANH is also considered to be helpful in cutting back the volume of allogenic blood transfusion and transfusion of autologous whole blood [8]. Nonetheless, still the efficacy and utility of ANH and cell salvage is unclear with pros and cons due to inconsistent conditions among various articles and outcome from journals ranging from effectiveness to insignificance or being unthrifty when considering other facilities. Hence, through this study, we provide clinical information about procedures mentioned above, gather various articles about cell salvage and ANH and make a conclusion whether cell salvage and ANH is effective or Review


Fires are catastrophes that annually cause economic and ecological damage all over the world. Through data collected from the Department of Management of Public Areas and Forest Protection, during the period between 1st of January of 2016 and October 15th of 2016, there were a total of 13 079 fires which resulted in 160 490 hectares of burned area. Within the framework of the FIREND® project, coordinated by the Portuguese Military Academy, it was proposed the design and development of an ammunition that would allow artillery to assist in fighting fires. The ammunition project involves the development, construction and programming of the electronic circuit to be incorporated within an artillery shell. This paper presents the components, communication and circuits necessary to create the intended system. It was developed an independent system with several layers of security capable of recognizing and withstand high accelerations due to the artillery cannon, save acceleration values on its internal memory, able to do a countdown of the flight time defined by the user and send an impulse to a triggering circuit which will activate the mechanism to extinguish the fires. In conclusion this system can theoretically be implemented in a real projectile used by the military. This system should be considered in future studies and projects of firefighting and forest


l)imonylation of adenosine tripimospimate (ATP) i)y tissue lmoomiuogenate (liver) results in time production of various nucleotides (adenosine diphospimate, AD P ; adenosine-5'-nmonoplmospimate, A5'MP) and ortimoplmospimate (Nolvikoff et al., J. Biol. C/oem., 194: 153, 1952). Time expenimmuents of time mudenosine triphospimate depimosphonybat ion witim kidney tissue homogenate (Of rmuts, 2 to 4 nmg per 0.1 ml, wet weigimt, were carried out at 37.5#{176}Con various pH range (7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1, 8.6, 9.0, 9.4, 9.5) in a systenm patterumed tufter 1)uBois-Potter (J. Rio!. ('hem., 150: 185, 1943). In this systemum, time final concentratiomms were as follows: sodiunu barbital, 23 mM; ATP, 6 mmo3f; 14 mM. The ATP (disodium salt) used was puncimased fnonm the Signma Chenmiciul Co. amid National Biochemical Co. The purity of ATP wmms paper chronmatographically examumiumed amid the absence of spots of ADP and A5'MP coonfimnmed before use. The products of emuzynmatic depimospimorylation (of ATP were paper cimroonmmmutographically exammuined by the Sekiguchmi nmet Imod: time decomposed prooducts (nucleotides on phmoospimate-esters) were spotted on time ToyoH(osimi No. 51A and time ascending pmupcr chmrornatogra Iimy was carried out at 00 5#{176}C for 70 72 imours until time solvent front reacimes time upper edge of time paper. The development regent is as follows: isoanmyl alcohmol, 5 nml; isopropanol, 15 nmh; lactic acid (85%), 0.5 ml; 5% tnicimloroacetic micid, 10 nmb. Time detection of spots of time nucleotides (phuospimate-esters) was generally domue by ultraviolet absorption (260 m ) and time nuethod of Hanes amid Isherwood (Nature, 164: 1107, 1949). Rf values were determined: ATP, 0.09; ADP, 0.25; A5'MP, 0.37. We found that the enzynmatic dephosphoryhation of ATP with kidney tissue homogenates heads to the production of ADP and A5'MP imu such a short incubation period as 15 muminutes, but to A5'MP at the incubation period as 30 nunutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours. The results obtained seeni to be of mumuch interest compared with those of results with homogenates on the enzymmme-himumited systeumu as well as substrate-limited descnibeol by Novikoff et al. in the presence of bivabent ions. Accordingly, fronm these experiments, it can be concluded that in such a system of incubation, dephosplmorylation based upon other enzymatic function besides ATPase (probably, myokinase, ADPase and non-specific alkaline pimospimatase) will penimaps occur in prolonged incubation tinme. Knowledge of timese experiments provides a background for time understanding of the action of true ATPase to time substrate "ATP" on freshfrozen sectioum and permits a reliable analysis of histochenmical denmommst rat ion of ATPase activity in tissue sectiomm.


The work analyses the growth of personnel in central and local administrations. It is hypothesized, the expansion of state administration is connected with political parties to which an opportunity to exploit the state administration is given. In post-communist party systems, only the robust party competition, that includes both the responsible government and credible identified opposition can constrain the runaway growth of personnel. On the contrary when the party competition is weak, the party system is highly fragmented or comprises of a dominant party, we can predict enormous expansion of bureaucracy. The main hypothesis ?institutionalized party systems with robust competition can constrain the rapid growth of state administration personnel? is juxtaposed against Poland and the Czech Republic at cross-national level, and of twenty-five Czech cities at sub-national level. The theory has been proved by large-N analysis of local governments. The cities, where the party system was uninstitutionalized with high party fragmentation and the number of parties exceeded six and which were governed by surplus majority coalition (SMC) have experienced a rapid growth. Neither the responsible government nor credible opposition was present to give an opportunity to the voter to punish or reward the political party in the next election. In these cities where the party system consolidated quickly and the minimal winning coalition (MWC) was at power, local administrations have expanded little or have even contracted.


The article is devoted to a problem of perception of performances by preschool-aged children. The article deals with the main approaches to the notion of perception of theatrical performances; it also reviews phases of perception of performances in which elements of artistic and aesthetic development appear and become active. The paper provides readers with the results of the research of emotional relationship of preschool children with characters of plays. The author describes regularities of this psychological phenomenon.


A nearly 1,500-ft (457-m) dock upgrade and extension was designed and constructed for dry bulk loading at the Municipal River Terminal (MRT) along the Mississippi River in St. Louis, Missouri. The key aspect of the design, which enabled the City of St. Louis to meet its goal of a complete upgrade within budget, was the design-build team's thorough evaluation of the existing South Dock capacity, and the reuse of those structural elements which had substantial remaining capacity.


Abstract Mismeasurement of covariate data is a frequent problem in statistical data analysis. However, when true and mismeasured data are obtained for a subsample of the observations, it is possible to estimate the parameters relating the outcome to the covariate of interest. Maximum likelihood methods that rely on parametric models for the mismeasurement have not met with much success. Realistic models for the mismeasurement process are difficult to construct; the form of the likelihood is often intractable and, more important, such methods are not robust to model misspecification. We propose an easily implemented method that is nonparametric with respect to the mismeasurement process and that is applicable when mismeasurement is due to the problem of missing data, errors in variables, or use of imperfect surrogate covariates. Specifically, denote the outcome variable by Y, the covariate data subject to mismeasurement by X, and the remaining covariates, including perhaps surrogates or mismeasured values ...


The electromagnetic environment created in a reverberant space by broadband RF emissions is investigated. A white Gaussian noise source is used to emulate the wide power spectral density bandwidth, low temporal coherence time (rapid signal fluctuations), and large peak-to-average power ratio characteristics of emissions from modern digitally modulated spread-spectrum wireless networks. The interaction between the wide power spectral density of the noise signal and the highly frequency-selective channel of the reverberant space leads to average received power and average ambient electric field that exhibit very small spatial variation in the volume. This spatial uniformity in average field results from integration of the received signal power spectral density across the wide frequency bandwidth. The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is derived from the time-dependent power waveform statistics of the received signal. A maximum electric field is computed from the peak received power.


One effective way to sustainably meet the world's growing need of energy is to harness the solar energy. To overcome the intermittent nature of solar energy, a metal hydride based thermal energy storage offers a viable and promising option over sensible and latent heat storage system due to its high storage density and lesser requirement of space. In this study a metal hydride based thermal energy storage system is developed using Mg2Ni and LaNi5 as high temperature (HTMH) and low temperature metal hydride (LTMH), respectively. The study starts with parametric and sensitivity analysis to analyse the effect of various parameters on the performance of metal hydride hydrogen storage system. The study is further extended to optimize various parameters of helical tube, used as internal heat transfer arrangement inside metal hydride reactor, for faster heat transfer. Taguchi method along with grey relational analysis have been used to optimize these parameters to achieve objectives defined for HTMH and LTMH reactors. After optimization, the study progresses to couple these two metal hydride reactors for thermal storage application. This study is done for discharging cycle where hydrogen is desorbed from LTMH reactor and absorbed in HTMH reactor. Further, the heat transfer fluid (HTF), therminol, VP1 and water are used to recover and to supply heat to HTMH reactor and to LTMH reactor, respectively. The HTF is allowed to flow through helical tubes embedded inside these metal hydride reactors. A 3-D mathematical model is developed and simulated using COMSOL 5.3 a to effectively study this thermal storage system. The effect of various parameters on the outlet temperature of HTF coming out from helical tube embedded inside HTMH reactor is analysed. Further, based on these parametric studies, a detailed energy analysis of the system has also been done to analyse its performance. The results showed that increasing the temperature of HTF flowing through helical tube embedded inside LTMH reactor increases the outlet temperature of HTF coming out from helical tube embedded inside HTMH reactor. The system is able to deliver HTF at a Abstract Metal hydride based hydrogen storage system is one of the potential methods of hydrogen storage due to its higher volumetric storage capacity, reliability and safer method of operation at lower pressure and temperature. Requirement of heat for desorption, low hydrogen discharge rate and lower gravimetric capacity is a common challenge for this type of storage when it comes to the application for powering PEM fuel cell electric vehicles. This project aims to design a metal hydride based hydrogen storage system to power a fuel cell electric car that can travel within 100 km in a city. The system has a capacity to store 1 kg of hydrogen in multiple tubular reactors and utilizes waste heat from fuel cell for desorption and enhancing hydrogen desorption rate. An innovative, compact and modular design is presented through the integration of a metal hydride reactor with a radiator to have a combined effect. In this, the radiator used in fuel cell vehicles is replaced with this combined system that acts both as radiator and hydrogen storage system. The system is designed in such a way that 31% of the heat generated by fuel cell stack is absorbed by metal hydride and remaining heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. The heated coolant passes through the annulus space heating metal hydride reactor as well as cools down the coolant due to convective heat transfer from the fins. Parametric study is performed in 2D axis symmetry to get the diameter of the reactor as well as space for the flow of the coolant using COMSOL Multiphysics. The 3D simulation study performed in the integrated system ensures desorption reaction fraction around 70 % with 10°C gradient in temperature of coolant. Finally, optimization of different parameters followed by validation will be carried out. Abstract Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) systems employ reversible solid-gas endothermic-exothermic reactions to store the solar thermal energy. The stored energy is in the form of chemical energy, which can be recovered desirably. The heat loss to the surroundings is negligible, and hence, TCES systems can be used for seasonal residential space heating applications, wherein, the system is charged using the abundant solar energy during the summers, and the stored energy is extracted during the winter, when the demand rises. In the present work, a novel closed-loop configuration of the TCES reactors integrated with a residential detached room is numerically investigated. The objective is to maintain comfortable temperature and fresh air for breathing in the room. A practical case study is conducted wherein the system is operated with 10% outdoor air, and 90% recirculated air, subjected to the ambient weather conditions prevailing on a winter night in Pune, India.


If the desirable clinical effects of health insurance are ignored, constraining health care cost growth can be simply achieved by providing less generous coverage or no coverage at all. In fact, the numbers of Americans who are uninsured or underinsured is at an all time high, reflecting the trade off between the high cost of health benefits and remaining viable in today's economy.1 Although rising health care costs are the main impetus behind health benefit redesign, concerns regarding the quality of care share the limelight. This unresolved tension between cost containment and suboptimal quality has led to two prevailing trends in benefit design.


In recent years, selective laser melting (SLM) has gained an important place in fabrication due to their strong individualization which cannot be manufactured using conventional processes such as casting or forging. By proper control of the SLM processing parameters, characteristics of the alloy can be optimized. In the present work, 316L stainless steel (SS), as a widely used biomedical material, is investigated in terms of the effects of scanning speed on in vitro biocompatibility during SLM process. Cytotoxicity assay is adopted to assess the in vitro biocompatibility. The results show the scanning speed strongly affects the in vitro biocompatibility of 316L SS parts and with prolongs of incubation time, the cytotoxicity increase and the in vitro biocompatibility gets worse. The optimal parameters are determined as follows: scanning speed of 900 mm/s, laser power of 195 W, hatch spacing of 0.09 mm and layer thickness of 0.02 mm. The processing parameters lead to the change of surface morphology and microstructures of samples, which can affect the amount of toxic ions release, such as Cr, Mo and Co, that can increase risks to patient health and reduce the biocompatibility.


The ability to define and measure the health of Rhode Island's residents is essential to achieving a common goal of a healthy and prosperous Rhode Island. The Rhode Island Department of Health (HEALTH) routinely reports on trends in disease and other health status measures. These data inform policies and decisions, help target interventions for neighborhoods with the greatest disparities in health and disease indicators, and address citizens' health concerns about environmental impacts. This report describes HEALTH's on-going efforts to address the concerns of residents who live adjacent to Rhode Island's only major commercial airport, T.F. Green, located in the geographical heart of Warwick, Rhode Island, and the challenges to providing a simple answer to questions about its health impacts.


ABSTRACT This study develops the policy-making capabilities of the Ecological Footprint. The new capabilities we introduce in our Ecological Footprint model allow us to clarify policy options in the face of the increasing management complexity due to a more interconnected and uncertain world. We investigate the effectiveness of three illustrative policy options for reducing the Ecological Footprint of urban car transport: (1) improvements in efficiency/technology, (2) substitution with alternate fuel mixes, and (3) the reduction in demand by altering urban form. We investigate the success of policy options for a subnational case study jurisdiction in Australia, but in the uncertain global context. We use a resilience framework that considers critical social, economic, and environmental variables, multiple scales, and multiple possible futures. We find that delaying policy options to mitigate CO2 emissions from the transport sector will increase the risks borne by society as a result of future global uncertainty, the uncertain timing of globally coordinated action on climate change and the timing of peak oil. We also find that the success of local policy is affected by the global future which prevails. The use of the Ecological Footprint allows policy to be informed by the consequences of both CO2 emissions and increasing demand for land. The study provides a decision-making framework that allows local decision makers to make robust policy despite global uncertainty. This framework has wider applicability to other nations and/or subnational jurisdictions worldwide.


Service offloading poses interesting challenges in current and next‐generation networks. The classical network optimization algorithms are still painstakingly tune heuristics to get a sufficient solution. Classical approaches use data as input in order to output near‐optimal solutions. These techniques show exponential computational time and deal only with small network scale. Therefore, we are motivated by replacing this tedious process with recent learning techniques to learn the behavior of the classical optimization algorithms while enhancing both the quality of service and satisfying the resources requirements of next‐generation applications. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and machine learning (ML) can improve service offloading and network caching. An optimal service offloading in virtual mobile edge computing (SO‐VMEC) use case algorithm is proposed using integer linear programming (ILP). Moreover, a service offloading protocol is presented to support the use case. We leverage software defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) concepts to control and virtualize network components. Then, a DRL‐based offloading is proposed to deal with dense Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Extensive evaluations and comparison to state of the art techniques are carried out. Results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms in terms of service offloading, resource utilization, and networking.


Data suggest that proper sunscreen use can prevent melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and perhaps basal cell carcinoma (BCC), says Allan C. Halpern, M.D. However, he adds, confounding factors may explain the rising U.S. incidence rates of all skin cancers.


This paper takes the GIS disconnector of a pumped-storage power station in Henan province as the prototype. Based on the visualization technology, the equipment maintenance manual and the physical structure, this paper chooses 3ds Max software to build three-dimensional models with the combination of simple modeling and polygon modeling. It reproduces the internal structure and running principle of the 500kV GIS disconnector. After the modle' s format is converted to .fbx, it is imported into the Unity 3D software, and the model is optimized by making animations, UI controls, script development, etc., so as to develop the module functions of the system. It realizes equipment learning, operation drills, fault simulation, simulated assessment and other functions, which aims to design a visible GIS disconnector's simulated system. It can be applied to the pre-job training of power station, and the teaching of electric related majors in universities.


A robust chisel damper for quieting a jackhammer is presented. The noise produced from a jackhammer chisel is dominated by the ringing of the chisel moil resulting from impacts of the internal hammer against the end of the chisel producing airborne radiation of the transverse bending and longitudinal modes. A model steel chisel moil point was constructed with geometric properties similar to a jackhammer chisel and designed so as to not fail during severe acceleration impacts from the reciprocating hammer. Anechoic tests of the maximum overall unweighted sound pressure level for the undamped chisel due to a longitudinal impact was 86.8 dB linear (re. to 20 μ Pa) at 1 meter with the strongest ring tone at 1.37 kHz and harmonics; the overall sound pressure level for the damped chisel with identical axial impacts was reduced by 16.5 dB to 70.3 dB with severe reduction of 40 dB of the dominant chisel ring tone, and the harmonics.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


: When recalling and referring to the memorable date of 16 October 1978, namely the day on which the Bishop from Cracow became the Bishop of Rome, one should conclude that practically until the year 2005 something had happened which might not have been entirely John Paul II's intention, yet it was his making indeed that he had changed the face of the world. John Paul II's pontificate had a tremendous impact on global politics, science and culture. The especially vital thing was his attitude to the young (organization of the World Youth Day), to working people, to the sick and suffering. Some most important thread tying all of the above people with the spheres of the Church life was the living idea of charity and absolutely crucial references to the foundations of human life. In the above respect the following conclusion seems highly justified:


This paper presents an overview on the main features of the new APA database, PsycARTICLES, with a focus on the citation searching option. Both positive aspects and limitations of the file are noted.


underappreciated means by which neurologists share clinical expertise. These unofficial sessions are necessarily brief, perhaps lasting the duration of a walk down the hall or elevator journey. They are also focused, patient driven, and occur at or near the point of care. They may enable the generalist or the subspecialist to provide a "value-added" consultation when evaluating a challenging diagnostic or therapeutic problem. In this "Questions for the Consultant" issue of Seminars in Neurology, we present a collection of curbside consultations covering various neurological subspecialties. In conceptualizing this issue, we asked our colleagues to address questions in their area of expertise that they felt were common, contemporary, controversial, or for which there were seemingly insufficient resources to obtain the answer. We asked them to consider diagnostic, prognostic, counseling, and therapeutic issues. Finally, we requested that they organize their contribution around one or a series of illustrative clinical cases. We are certain that there will be points of agreement, debate, and perhaps a few epiphanies within this collection. The articles vary in structure and style, much as the practices of the individual clinicians who wrote them. However, we believe they retain the common threads of a systematic approach and reliance on sound clinical judgment that demonstrate the cohesiveness of our subspecialty group practice. Although we endorse "evidence-based" practice and encouraged our contributors to include quantitative information where available, these are largely narrative reviews that attempt to provide the reader with a fundamental approach to common or difficult neurological issues. This will remain the foundation of the "art"of neurological practice even as the diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions change. We must acknowledge the contributions of many individuals in making this issue a reality. We thank Dr. Robert Pascuzzi (former Seminars Co-Editor in Chief ) and Dr. Karen Roos (current Editor in Chief ) for their ardent support for the series format and for the opportunity to contribute to the journal under their stewardship. We are grateful to our enthusiastic cadre of Mayo Clinic consultants whose collegiality and willingness to share their individual expertise, both for this issue and in day-to-day practice, result in an ongoing collaborative effort that is more than simply the sum of its parts. Therefore, we thank Drs. Charles Adler (movement disorders), David Barrs (neuro-otology), Peter Bosch (peripheral neuropathy), Jonathan Carter (multiple sclerosis), Richard Caselli (dementia), John Caviness (movement disorders), Bart Demaerschalk (cerebrovascular disease), David Dodick (headache), Joseph Drazkowski (EEG), Eric Eross (headache), Jerry Evidente (movement disorders), Jonathan Gladstone (headache), Lois Krahn (sleep disorders), Smriti Nagale (peripheral neuropathy), and Benn Smith (EMG). We continue to learn from them and hope that the reader does as well.


This study aims to identify the pricing strategy used by a premium smartphone manufacturer when launching a new type by comparing actual price predictions with price predictions using a rating-based conjoint analysis method. The results of an analysis of 172 respondents from a university in Indonesia showed that the manufacturer use a combination of a skimming strategy, using product variants that are similar to types known to users beforehand, and a penetrating strategy through product variants that have never existed before. Analysis of respondents' evaluation of five smartphone attributes also shows that the feature that has the most part worth and the highest importance is network technology (5G or 4G) followed by internal memory capacity. The manufacturer in the US has set prices  that reflect part worths that are in line with RBCA prediction. In contrast, the distributor in Indonesia has set highest importance on the number of cameras. Managerially, these findings can be used by other smartphone manufacturers and distributors to when setting prices for future new products based on customer values. Theoretically, these findings indicate a significant difference between the conjoint analysis results and the producers' decisions that must be explained in the following research.


At the Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt) more than 27,000 voters have the possibility to cast a vote in several annual elections. Currently this is done on paper and the election outcome is counted by hand. The election is very complex due to the number of different departments, groups, and boards resulting in a large number of different races. Consequently this leads to a high administrative effort, and is also a potential for many accidental mistakes. This paper analyses whether, and under which conditions, the software called UniWahl4 in combination with a scanning and counting software called VividForms could be used in elections at the TU Darmstadt in order to simplify the process, reduce mistakes, and ideally to reduce the costs. As a result, we identify advantages, missing functionalities, and possible improvements for this particular solution. Based on this, we provide recommendations for future computer assisted elections at the TU Darmstadt. This paper also supports other universities in their decision to use this solution because, currently, neither scientific studies nor field reports are available for UniWahl4 and VividForms.


The vibrational spectra of cyclohexane, s‐trioxane, p‐dioxane, m‐dioxane, and tetrahydropyran and a number of their deuterated derivatives are re‐examined. Particular attention is paid to the low‐frequency modes. A number of low‐frequency difference bands and some hot bands are observed and assigned. Complete normal‐coordinate analyses are carried out for all the molecules. It is concluded that the six ring bending modes contain little contribution from other valence coordinates. A potential function for ring bending is then developed using the vibrational frequencies and the available information on molecular geometries. A onefold term in the torsional part of the potential is found to be necessary. The final potential function gives an excellent fit to the frequencies of the lowest‐frequency modes and to the geometries of the molecules considered. This potential function should be useful in conformational analysis.


This book has been designed to make the medical examination of systems easy to recall and to a large extent the author has achieved this. The book is softback, with 222 pages, and the production values are reasonable. Although the book states its target readership to be 'students and practitioners at all levels and in all specialisms' its informal style, cartoon diagrams and very basic overviews make it a relatively readable and useful resource for medical students but of less use to those at a more advanced stage of practice.

Most of the major system-based examinations taught in medical school are covered, although musculoskeletal exams and ENT are lacking. The content is concise and accurate. The information provided is usually accompanied by a cartoon diagram, some of which may cause a raised politically correct eyebrow. I would feel uncomfortable if one of my patients were to read it.

While the use of mnemonics can be a helpful memory aid when they themselves are memorable or applicable, this book does slightly overuse them and also includes some mnemonics that are themselves more difficult to remember than the target subject matter.

As a quick reference to revise the essential components of the main examinations, this text is a useful resource, providing clear information under helpful subheadings. The index is excellent, it is easy to navigate and while it cannot be considered a substantive text, this is not its raison d'etre. As a revision aid, its clear layout, easy language and examples of which pathologies may be elicited by certain signs, make it a useful pre-exam purchase at a reasonable price.


"Degelm -14" compound different doses effectiveness at eimeriosis ofhens was studied. The prominent coccidial action was established. The optimal dose for hens treatment which were experimentally infected with eimeriosis in the dose of 2 thousand oocyst per hen is 0, 47 gr/kg.


A number of organizations have had big interests in studies concerning leadership and in academic areas, in not only management but also psychology. Until now, leadership has been accentuated by managers or team leaders especially. Recently, however, the concept of self-leadership directing one's own activities through self-control or self-management is being focused on in practices and in academia. This study is to investigate the influence between self-leadership strategies and learning performance in IT classes mediated by attitude of attendance focused on the social science students in two universities (Korea (121 samples) and India (106 samples)). And this research tried to compare difference between two university students. Research results can give us direction of task-taking attitudes in firms or learning attitudes in teaching organizations and implications to human resource managers who are in charge of improving learning performance or productivity.


Translation is analyzed from the standpoint of its systemic properties. Translation is shown to have the capacity to observe itself and its difference from the environment. Observation being a major autopoietic factor, translation may be considered as an autopoietic system. Doubts about this hypothesis arise because of the peculiarities of communicative properties of translation. Translation plays the role of the mediating party in complex translation communication events and its communicative behavior is 'defective' in that translation does not act upon source messages because its communicative function is passing messages on to the target party. As a system, translation may be studied against the background of its environment and be compared with other social systems. It may also be viewed as a subsystem within larger social formations. Although, as a mediator by nature, translation thrives on structural couplings and interpenetrations with other systems, thereby manifesting its exceptional interactional openness, it nonetheless constitutes an operational closure with its own first- and second-order observations.


It discusses the mode of components cooperation using in area network,and designs the framwork of network security protection system baseed on components cooperation.


Interest in minimal-incision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has increased in recent years. The advantages of minimally invasive techniques (MIS) used for TKA are faster functional recovery, shorter hospital stay and better early knee range of motion. It is known that the long-term outcome after TKA is related to component position and ligament balance. The smaller incision in MIS might be associated with increased risk of malalignment of components due to limited visualisation. Malalignment of implants in TKA has been associated with implant failure and poor long-term functional results. There is a lack of evidence in the literature that MIS can achieve the same results as the standard TKR approach in terms of component alignment precision. Seventy patients scheduled for a primary TKA were prospectively evaluated postoperatively with coronal and sagittal radiographic long limb films. Mini-midvastus approach was used for all TKA. There were no complications and the radiographic evaluation found no implant or limb malalignment, or signs of early loosening. We did not observe wound healing problems, fractures or implant notching. The mini-midvastus approach can reproduces the same accuracy in component positioning as the standard medial parapatellar approach. A precise operation technique and adequate visualisation of anatomical landmarks during implantation are the key points of success in mini-midvastus approach.


Traditionally developmental neuropsychology analyzes written text formation by primary school children, while the long-term, remaining up to the teen age writing errors have been poorly studied. This research aims to span the gap and describe mistake typology in 12-14 years old teenagers' writing and related neuropsychological syndromes.


TPS601 Background: The surgical treatment is a standard therapy for early breast cancer (EBC) after primary systemic therapy (PST). In more than half of HER2 positive (HER2(+)) breast cancer, pathological complete response (pCR) is achieved by PST with HER2 inhibitors and chemotherapy. In addition, hormone receptor (HR) negative HER2(+) (HR(-)HER2(+)) subtype has higher concordance between pCR and clinical complete response (cCR) before surgery than other subtypes, especially in EBC. However, non-surgical therapy is not an option for EBC with cCR after PST because of few evidence. We planned single arm confirmatory study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the non-surgical therapy for HR(-)HER2(+) EBC with cCR after PST. Methods: The key eligibility criteria are as follows: 1) Histologically confirmed as invasive ductal carcinoma of breast, HR(-)HER2(+). 2) cT1-2, N0, M0 (UICC 8th). 3) No ipsilateral BC. 4) Women aged 20-74 years. 5) ECOG performance status 0 or 1. 6) Written informed consent. HER2 inhibitors (trastuzumab and pertuzumab) and cytotoxic drugs as PST are administered for all patients (pts). After completion of PST, cCR is diagnosed by breast imaging and physical examination. cCR is defined as 1) Not palpable breast mass by physical examination, 2) No enhanced breast mass by enhanced MRI, 3) No breast mass by sonography. After diagnosis of cCR, conventional radiotherapy for whole breast and boost radiation for tumor bed are mandatory, followed by pertuzumab and trastuzumab every 3 weeks during 9 months. In non-cCR cases, surgical resection is performed and adjuvant therapy are not specified. The primary endpoint is a distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) at 3 year, the secondary endpoints are DFS, OS, RFS, proportion of local recurrence, and cosmetics outcome. Given that the threshold and expected of DMFS at 3-year is 93% and 98% with a significance level 2.5% (one sided) and 80% power, 170 cCR cases are required. Assuming half of HER2 pts reach to cCR, 350 pts are required as sample size started PST. Enrollment launched January, 2020 and 57 pts are enrolled as of January 12, 2021. Recent reports found that HR positive HER2(+) subtype has higher concordance between pCR and cCR by adding needle biopsy in the diagnosis, so we are planning to include HR positive subtype in this trial. This clinical trial has been registered at Japan Registry of Clinical Trials as jRCTs031190129 and conducted by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) Breast Cancer Study Group under public fund (National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund). Clinical trial information: jRCTs031190129.


Nanoparticles (NPs) internalization process in living cells has large perspectives for drug-delivery applications, but the efficient cellular uptake is still a remarkable challenge. Recently, it has been demonstrated that nanographene oxide (nGO) particles are massively internalized into the cell cytoplasm, opening the way of using graphene family materials for the above goal. Internalized nGO can interact with intracellular elements, thus modifying the life cycle pathways. Therefore, there is a great interest in studying the cellular uptake process and the volumetric distribution of nGO inside the cells. He we report on the use of holographic microscopy for quantitatively evaluating the nGO cellular uptake in both 2D and 3D. In particular, quantitative phase images of adherent cells with internalized nGO are used to measure the cells biovolume variation in time, while tomographic reconstructions of cells in flow cytometry condition are exploited to visualize in 3D the distribution of nGO within the cell's cytoplasm. The study is conducted on NIH-3T3 cells to analyze the effects of nGO in vitro and monitoring the cell culture was for several hours to allow a time-lapse of nGO uptake.


The principles of the target coordinate information integration in the onboard supervision system of an aircraft according to the method of least squares based on the data of various physical natures of several independent gages are considered.


DTN developed to work on challenge networks such as space communcation with extreme distances where long latency on networks affected the conventional systems such as the internet is down. DTN could be employed as either network in the multiple island scenario where Ferry boat, car, and bus act as a DTN node. The scenario is adopted from Indonesia's condition, where some islands are small and remotely. Therefore DTN nodes have the mobility to reach the destination node, limited radio range and contact time, limited buffer storage that could be affected the congestion state in the network. We developed the remaining TTL node location drop policy (Drop by TTL) under Spray and Hop Distance Routing Protocol to tackle this problem. The simulation shows in the term of the total size of delivered messages, Drop by TTL overcomes the other drop policies when the size of delivered messages is 6553.6 MB. In terms of the overhead ratio, Drop by TTL consistently has the lowest overhead ratio compared to other drop policies except when the size of created messages is 1638.4 MB and achieved a lower average latency than the other drop policies when the size of created messages is 819.2 MB and 3276.8 MB. Although in the term of buffer time average, Drop by TTL achieved the highest buffer time average compare with the other drop policies.


Excerpt The factors which produce pulmonary hypertension in patients with pulmonary emphysema are poorly understood. The present study was undertaken in such patients to determine whether this vasc...


SUMMARY Older people with mental health problems are entitled to the same level and quality of care as younger people. Several factors continue to influence policy and delivery of older adults' mental health services in the UK. Following the introduction of the Equality Act 2010, there has been a drive to create an 'ageless' National Health Service. This has opened up the debate about whether such a service is best equipped to meet the specific needs of older adults. In this contribution we consider the concepts of 'old age' and 'frailty' and their clinical and service provision implications in psychiatry. The management of late-life depression and early-onset dementia, advance care planning and palliation in dementia are also considered. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Appreciate how old age psychiatric services and the concept of 'old age' have evolved over time• Gain an understanding of issues at the interface between old age and general adult psychiatry and those specific to old age psychiatry• Gain an overview of procedures involved in transferring care between general adult and old age psychiatric services and the need for a separate old age psychiatry subspecialty DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.


The majority of tree species in ropical rain forests are rare on a local scale. A major problem in ecology is to investigate how these species can persist at such low local density. A related problem involves the demographic factors preventing any of the more cornmon species from achieving dominance in the forest such as happens in the temperate zone. To investigate this topic nee populations in three contrasting mixed dipterocarp forests in Sarawak have been measured at five-year intervals to gain information on rates of tree growth, recruitment and survival. The strengths and weaknesses of our mettrodology are contrasted with altemative experimental designs o highlight the best approaches for investigations of biodiversity. We have compared the demographic patterns of rare, occasional and common species by combining species into abundance classes. For locally common species we have been able to evaluate population stability using regression analysis ofchanges in population size over four successive intervals of five years. Using such approaches, long-term demographic studies can suggest the degree of temporal stability of rainforest communities and give practical suggestions for preserving tree species in nature reserves. These studies are also being used to provide base-line data for comparison with selectively logged forests and lo assist in effective forest management planning. Such effors are important because logging and agricultural activities are currently having a major impact on Sarawak's forests.


Nuclear capability of Iran has always been a controversial topic that raised discussions and debates among the key players, especially over the past decades. Iran Nuclear Deal or Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action signed among the major players in international relations in the year 2015 has brought significant changes in Iran's relations with the neighbouring nations and the member states of JCPOA. The agreement which includes strict restrictions on Iran's nuclear capability in exchange for its release from economic sanctions is considered to be a win-win deal. The deal has recently been the in the news as the US withdrew from the deal raising doubts over the future of the deal. This paper examines the history of Iran's nuclear programme, the involvement of the key players in international relations in the nuclear programme, the Nuclear Deal and its implications in the regional and world politics. Index terms – Iran Nuclear Deal, JCPOA, Iran, US, nuclear energy, nuclear enrichment, international relations


In response to a perceived need for management studies in engineering undergraduate courses, the Institution of Engineers, Australia (IEAust) mandated a requirement for 10% of course content to be management studies in Australia in 1991. In 1996 a major review of engineering education in Australia recommended that the IEAust move from a course accreditation regime based on prescribed inputs to one based on demonstrated graduate attributes. In the move to the new accreditation system the policy on management studies in engineering undergraduate courses has become less definitive and more open to interpretation by individual educational institutions. A survey of recent engineering graduates suggests that those management skills most highly valued by graduates were generic professional practice skills, and that more opportunities to develop these skills in undergraduate studies would be beneficial. Survey respondents suggested the inclusion in the course of more real world examples of engineering management, including case studies, hands-on activities, industry visits, more in-depth coverage of topics, and presentations from practicing professionals.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and worldwide (1,2). Approximately 85% of cases involve non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), of which 30% will be squamous cell histology. Of those squamous cell lung cancers diagnosed yearly, it is estimated that more than 50% are metastatic at diagnosis. Until recently, the recommended treatment for good performance status patients with metastatic squamous lung cancer consisted of first-line platinum doublet chemotherapy followed, upon disease progression, by second-line single agent chemotherapy (1). Median overall survival from initial diagnosis of metastatic squamous lung cancer in patients who receive first-line platinum doublet chemotherapy ranges from 8-11 months (3,4). Therefore, effective new therapies are desperately needed. Building upon durable objective responses to the anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibody, nivolumab, reported in phase I studies, Rizvi et al. have recently published the results of a singlearm phase II trial of single-agent nivolumab in pretreated metastatic squamous lung cancer (5). In conjunction with headline results from a randomized phase III trial in secondline metastatic squamous lung cancer confirming improved OS for nivolumab compared with docetaxel, these data have led to the FDA approval of nivolumab for the treatment of metastatic squamous lung cancer after prior platinum-based chemotherapy (6).


The mean-square amplitude of vibration of silicon at 293 K has been determined by a lattice-dynamical procedure. A Born\char21{}von K\'arm\'an model has been used to fit phonon dispersion data from inelastic neutron-scattering measurements. The force-constant model included the first six nearest neighbors in the diamond-type lattice. The least-squares results from the fitting of the force constants were used to carry out variance analyses of properties dependent on the harmonic model. The density of phonon states was determined by sampling an even mesh of 5.7 billion points in the unique part of the Brillouin zone. Moments of the frequency distribution up to eighth order are tabulated. The frequency distribution function was used to calculate a $〈{u}_{\mathrm{LD}}^{2}〉$ for silicon. The result is $0.005941\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000021{\AA{}}^{2}.$ An Einstein-type potential of Dawson and Willis was used to extract an anharmonic force constant from the temperature dependence of neutron-diffraction measurements of silicon carried out by Batterman and co-workers. These measurements were restricted to the weak reflections from the (222), (442), and (622) diffracting planes. With the use of the lattice-dynamical value for the vibrational amplitude of silicon the result for the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{DW}}$ anharmonic constant is $18.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.27{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{}\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}{\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$


The economic activities of the Mughal empire derived from the basic urges which created and sustained it as well as the structure of polity devised for their fulfilment. Welfare of the peasantry was a basic norm of policy, though the nature of the Mughal state and its ruling class inevitably induced a persistent tendency to deviate. Rural society in Mughal India was not an undifferentiated mass of pauperized peasants. The Mughal state and the nobility invested a part of their income in the infrastructure. Perhaps the most wasteful economic activity of the Mughal ruling class was their practice of hoarding up immense treasures. In matters of taxation, beside the jiziya, the incidence of which varied according to one's wealth and income, Hindu traders paid duties at the rate of five percent while Muslims paid two and half percent. The Mughal policy towards trade and traders reveals a peculiar contradiction built into the structure of the empire.


BACKGROUND Public health emergencies including a disaster are inevitable. Moreover, the vulnerability and health impacts are more profound in urban densely populated dwellings. Household preparedness for public health emergencies need to be focused to minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with such situations. METHODS An urban community, situated in field practice area of a tertiary care teaching institute of Ahmedabad, Gujarat was approached for a cross-sectional study through door to door structured interviews. A pre-designed questionnaire was administered to assess the knowledge as well as preparedness for public health emergencies among the respondents. The adult representative family member from each of the selected households formed the sampling unit. Statistical tests of association and logistic regression analysis were used to find our relationship between household preparedness and some of the independent factors. RESULTS From a total of 405 households, majority of the respondents were male (65.7 %), married (92.1 %), having secondary level education (43.7 %) and belonged to socio-economic class IV (37.8 %). Only 44 % of the respondents had experienced any form of public health emergency in the past and only 14.6 % had an experience of relief work. "Flash floods following heavy rains" and "earthquake" were the commonest disaster experienced by the respondents. None of the surveyed households had first aid kit or a fire-extinguisher. Majority of the respondents (N = 280, 69.1 %) were aware of emergency contact numbers in case of public health emergencies. The overall household level preparedness was only 12.59 %. Perceived susceptibility to public health emergencies and household preparedness had significant statistical associations with education, occupation, type of house and socio-economic class. CONCLUSIONS Education, occupation, and social class play roles in both perception as well as household preparedness for public health emergencies. A very low level of preparedness and their possible factors should be addressed through adequate channels so that the damage due to such emergencies could be minimized. KEYWORDS Disaster, Household Preparedness, Public Health Emergency, Urban Community


J oyce M arshall was born in Montreal in 1913. After her education at McGill University in Montreal, she moved to Toronto where she remained throughout her life. She is well known for her translation work as well as for her contributions as a freelance editor to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). Her best-known translations are works of fiction by the French-Canadian writer Gabrielle Roy, for which she was awarded the Canada Council Translation Prize in 1976. Her own works comprise two novels and a number of short stories, plus many journalistic texts of non-fiction. Her first novel, Presently Tomorrow , appeared in 1946, her second novel, Lovers and Strangers , in 1957. Both novels explore new and unusual, even delicate aspects of sexual relationships in subtle language that earned substantial critical praise: "The fine prose and the subtle exploration of character and motivations that distinguish Presently Tomorrow — which achieved some notoriety on publication because of its subject matter — are noticeable once again in Lovers and Strangers " (Weaver 1997, 745). What the relationships portrayed in both novels have in common is their precarious nature and the inherent danger of emotional misunderstandings. These aspects also appear again and again in her short stories, most pointedly in "The Old Woman," which appeared in her first short-story collection, A Private Place (1975), but was first published in 1952. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Joyce Marshall was primarily associated with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's radio program "CBC Wednesday Night," which was developed by Robert Weaver in 1948 and which gave various short-story writers — among them Alice Munro and Mordecai Richler — what could be called "a listening audience" (New 2003, 173). Weaver's reputation as the patron of the Canadian short story, which he owed to his various editorships of anthologies and of the literary journal Tamarack Review , supported public recognition of the undisputed talents of these writers. Thus, when A Private Place appeared, Marshall was already a well-established Canadian fiction writer, and her collection of short stories was immediately well received. Almost twenty years after her first success as a short-story writer, Marshall published two further collections of short fiction, Any Time at All and Other Stories in 1993 and Blood and Bone / En chair et en os in 1995. This latest collection contains seven stories in English along with their French translations, each of which was done by a different translator.