We introduce WearSkill, a web application that implements personalized and interchangeable input for wearable computing. We outline functional and quality requirements for WearSkill and present the engineering details of its implementation using web technology. We emphasize the interchangeability of input modalities with various wearables, e.g., touch input on a smart ring vs. mid-air gestures of the hand wearing a smartwatch vs. voice input detected by the microphone from a pair of smartglasses, towards personalized input for users with various motor abilities. Our findings, from a study involving twenty-one people with motor impairments, show that WearSkill can provide accurate recommendations for personalized input modalities that match 85.3% with users' own preferences.


OBJECTIVES: This paper reviews current approaches to defining clinically meaningful change in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: Definitions of clinically meaningful change are discussed. Psychometric properties of HRQOL instruments necessary for identifying clinically meaningful change are identified. Two broad methods for identifying clinically meaningful change are contrasted: anchor-based methods and distribution-based methods. Anchor-based methods include forced-choice paradigms, global change ratings, receiver operating characteristic techniques, goal attainment scaling and external event methods. Distribution-based methods include individual effect size, the Guyatt responsiveness index, the Jacobson-Traux reliable-change index (and subsequent variations), standard error of measurement, and hierarchical linear modeling. Strategies for validating clinically meaningful change measures are discussed. RESULTS: Anchor-based and distribution-based methods have both advantages and limitations, and neither appears superior to the other. Anchor-based methods provide a source for external validation, but are dependent on the specific anchors being used. Distribution-based methods provide a statistical basis for decision-making, but may vary on the basis of sample characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The use of multiple methods to define clinically meaningful change is strongly recommended. Factors to consider in defining clinically meaningful change include the severity of the baseline value, the direction of change, and the importance of the change to the individual.


The technical difficulty,the process key point,the product characteristic and the fabric performance test are introduced in the design and development of soybean protein fiber/cashmere blended knitting underwear.This product has displayed the characteristic of superiority complementary by soybean fiber and cashmere fully,has given the visual effect and the appearance style which the single kind of textile fiber fabric is unable to achieve.The product not only enhanced the product level,but also enhanced the product added value.The quality and the wear behaviour is good.


FACE UPPER TURNTABLE 10 INGROUND IS A GROOVE PROFILE CIRCULAR IN WHICH WAY IS HOLDING REMOVABLE BASE OF A COLLAR OR SCREEN 22, WHICH DEFINES THE SAID PLATE TWO SEPARATE AREAS FOR GRINDING AND FINISHING . THE INVENTION ALSO SUBJECT TO THE FASHION PACK HEAT PLATEAU USING NOZZLE ARRANGED IN THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK FOR SPRAY LIQUID 11 AGAINST THE FACE THAT LOWER SHELF.


Overweight and obesity are a significant public health concern. Behavioral treatment is considered the first line of intervention for individuals attempting to lose weight. Behavioral weight loss interventions are capable of producing an 8-10% weight loss of initial body weight at six-months. However, not all individuals achieve this magnitude of weight loss. Therefore, the development of alternative approaches to standard behavioral weight loss programs is needed to improve weight loss and weight maintenance efforts. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine a stand-alone campaign as an alternative strategy for weight management when compared to a standard behavioral weight loss intervention. METHODS: Twenty six sedentary, overweight and obese adult men and women (Age: 43.1 ± 8.9 years; BMI: 33.3 ± 3.7 kg/m²) participated in a behavioral weight loss intervention and were randomized to one of two groups: Standard Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention (SBWL) or Campaign Intervention (CI). Participants in the SBWL attended weekly group meetings, were prescribed 1200-1800 kcal/day, and 200 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week. Participants randomized to the CI received the same SBWL components described previously, in addition to an incentive-based point system, a lottery system, and an e-mail based self-monitoring and intervention delivery. Body weight was assessed at week 0 and 12. RESULTS: Both groups achieved significant weight loss from week 0 to week 12 (SBWL group: -5.6 ± 2.9 kg; CI group -3.1 ± 3.4 kg) (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between groups (p=0.603) or a group X time interaction (p=0.052) from baseline. CONCLUSION: The current investigation demonstrated that participants in the CI group achieved modest yet clinically meaningful weight loss at week 12. This is of importance as standard behavioral weight loss interventions can be intensive, costly, and require substantial time commitments from the participants. Therefore, the CI may provide an alternative approach to disseminate an effective behavioral weight loss program to assist a larger proportion of individuals with weight loss and weight maintenance efforts. This may also result in a more positive net impact on the overall health of the population. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of the CI long-term to determine whether these findings can be sustained beyond 12 weeks.


This paper describes a project at the Lone Star Elementary School in Jacksonville, Florida developed to jointly investigate the effects of specific computer technology and training on: (1) teaching and learning in a first and second grade classroom; (2) the professional development of directing teachers and teaching interns; and (3) the university teacher education program, the cooperation, and the public school system. The computer equipment and technology used was a combination of existing school resources and equipment loaned temporarily by IBM and the University of North Florida. Evaluation of the project was delivered by examination of the specific products created by various participants. The products are described for: teaching interns; first and second grade students; and the IBM teacher trainer. The effects of the project on instruction, learning, and professional development of teachers and interns are described, as well as its effects on the Lone Star Elementary School, the University of North Florida, and IBM. The future direction of the Lone Star 2000 Project is also noted. Sample reproductions of student projects are included. (AEF) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


In this paper we evaluate the characteristics observed both on a crime sample and on individuals included in a database to assess the probability of alternative hypotheses concerning identification. The problem is first addressed by considering a generic characteristic and we demonstrate the problem via a computationally efficient Bayesian network. Then we turn our attention to a heritable DNA trait to show how to evaluate the hypotheses that some individuals, genetically related to the members of the database, are the donors of the crime sample. Then the network is extended to cope with many loci. Applications of the method are provided as well as details of computational requirements.


The crystal process,structure and the relationship between structure and magnetic properties of Fe-based nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy are discussed in this paper. We also analyse the resource of its excellent soft magnetic properties. And we give a detailed discussion on the anisotropy models which explain the excellent soft magnetic properties. Some problems about these models are brought out.In addition,the preparation,application and developing trends are prospected.


Chinese economic development zones: an overview New industrial districts: theories and models Chinese policy background Multinational development zone - Shenzhen Multinational development zone - Dongguan Multinational development zone - Suzhou Multinational learning zone - Shanghai Local innovation learning zone - Beijing Local innovation learning zones - Shenzhen Local innovation learning zones - Xi'an A Chinese best practice model.


Polypropylene (PP) is a highly desirable polyolefin in various plastic industries due to its outstanding thermomechanical properties and chemical resistance. Therefore, the 3D printing of PP is an interesting avenue to explore in digitized manufacturing, where more freedom in structural designs is available for new and extended applications, such as high-performance engineering parts. In this work, we 3D printed PP and studied the effect of printing parameters and post-processing conditions on the printed polymer's thermomechanical behavior. Results showed that nozzle and bed temperatures of 220 and 100°C produced a high printing quality. Infill percentages between 80 and 90%, coupled with a 4-h annealing at 110ºC, also resulted in optimal printed properties. It is thought that PP can be potentially blended with polyethylene or other vinyl polymers for a more extended 3D printing utility and practical applications in rapid tooling and prototyping. Graphical abstract


Abstract In this paper we construct an abelian category of mixed perverse sheaves attached to any realization of a Coxeter group, in terms of the associated Elias–Williamson diagrammatic category. This construction extends previous work of the first two authors, where we worked with parity complexes instead of diagrams, and we extend most of the properties known in this case to the general setting. As an application we prove that the split Grothendieck group of the Elias–Williamson diagrammatic category is isomorphic to the corresponding Hecke algebra, for any choice of realization.


Abstract The suspension bridge across the Zambezi River at Tete in Mozambique was built between 1965 and 1970. It is a multi-span suspension bridge with a total length of 720 m and an unique structural scheme. Inspections during 1999 and 2005 identified three major problems: unbalanced load on hanger system with major misalignments in deck geometry, hanger failure by fatigue and corrosion, and damage to the concrete caused by excessive rotations of main transverse beams suspended by hangers. This paper describes the most important design options and solutions put forth for the rehabilitation of the bridge and for extending its lifespan under increasing traffic loading.


We suggest two new scenarios of high-energy particle collisions in the background of a wormhole. In scenario 1, the novelty consists of the fact that the effect does not require two particles coming from different mouths. Instead, all such scenarios of high energy collisions develop, when an experimenter sends particles towards a wormhole from the same side of the throat. For static wormholes, this approach leads to indefinitely large energy in the center of mass. For rotating wormholes, it makes possible the super-Penrose process (unbounded energies measured at infinity). In scenario 2, one of colliding particles oscillates near the wormhole throat from the very beginning. In this sense, scenario 2 is intermediate between the standard one and scenario 1 since the particle under discussion does not come from infinity at all.


In order to process multi-threshold image segmentation automatically,the traditional pulse coupled neural networks model is improved.A new algorithm of multi-threshold image segmentation using improved PCNN based on the maximization of mutual information is put forward according to the relationship between original image and segmented image,which is based on the optimization object of maximal of mutual information and a new measurement criterion for determining the number of clusters in an image called difference of mutual information.Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the new method can automatically determine the optimal cyclic iterative times and the optimal number of gray-scale clusters,has a favorable capability to carve up characteristics and maintain the edges,texture and details of images,has higher precision in different image segmentation and can be more adaptability.


Microaggressions are defined as everyday verbal or nonverbal exchanges that convey contemptuous and derogatory messages that may be interpreted as acts of non-physical aggression. They can also be described as subtle acts of discrimination directed at marginalized groups that unfortunately occur on a daily basis. Psychological research has shown that there are many detrimental effects to those who experience these microaggressions, and specific to this research, can impact individuals in the school environment. The purpose of my study is to determine whether students attending the State University of New York at Plattsburgh are experiencing these subtle acts of discrimination.


For a symmetric hyperbolic system of the first order, we prove a Carleman estimate under some positivity condition concerning the coefficient matrices. Next, applying the Carleman estimate, we prove an observability <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ L^2 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-estimate for initial values by boundary data.


To aid the assessment of potential environmental side-effects arising from the use of plant protection products, a general framework for decision-making schemes is proposed. This should provide a consistent basis for the evaluation of different products, affecting the environment in different ways. Schemes constructed by this approach should indicate areas of uncertainty, highlight aspects on which expert knowledge is essential, and identify the data needed and how to interpret them. The proposed framework is sequential, comprising a series of stages, from the pattern of use of the product and its properties, to exposure of wildlife, calculation of the probability that adverse effects will occur, and judgements about their acceptability. This can be applied separately to effects on various components of the environment. A convenient format for decision-making schemes is a sequence of linked questions leading to a classification of the environmental consequences. This is adaptable to more complex versions (e.g. a computer-based expert system) or simpler, abbreviated evaluation using safety factors.


The complementarity theory suggests that organizations need to adopt synergistically multiple ways of knowledge sourcing in leveraging the strategic value of organizational knowledge. We take a diversity perspective in which firms simultaneously employ multiple knowledge sourcing strategies (KSSs) for competitive advantages. Based on knowledge-based view of the firm, knowledge sourcing scope and type define four individual KSSs: internal knowledge codification, internal knowledge personalization, external knowledge codification, and external knowledge personalization strategies. Then, we classify four distinct knowledge sourcing diversities based on Rumelt's diversity model, and hypothesize their effects on firm performance to identify complementarities and substitutabilities among combined KSSs. Supermodularity tests with 152 firm-level data provide empirical evidence on the complementarities and substitutabilities from a diversity viewpoint. This study might be an initial theoretical attempt to explain joint KSS effects on firm performance with practical implications, thus contributing to a complementarity theory in the strategic knowledge management context.


Hydraulic fracturing (or 'fracking' as it is commonly known) has become one of the most popular methods of extracting shale gas.


Abstract The flow‐induced vibrations of cylinder arrays subjected to cross flow are studied numerically. Multiple cylinders, two to seven identical cylinders, in a rotated triangular array are investigated, with an emphasis on neighborhood‐cylinder effects on the onset of fluid elastic vibrations for a monitored cylinder. The instantaneous velocity and pressure distributions of the fluid flow, and the fluid forces on cylinder surfaces are computed numerically. The displacements of the cylinders, due to the fluid forces, are then calculated as a function of time, to describe the cylinder motions in the flow. From the amplitude responses of the cylinders, it is illustrated that fluid elastic vibrations with significant amplitude occur in multiple cylinders as the freestream velocity goes beyond a critical value, while a single cylinder can only exhibit vortex‐induced vibrations with relatively small amplitude in a narrow velocity range. Beyond the critical velocity, the cylinders vibrate in elliptical orbits. Amplitude diagrams are used to determine the critical velocity for the onset of the fluid elastic vibrations. It is shown that with more upstream cylinders, the critical velocity of the monitored cylinder decreases, implying that the cylinder becomes more fluid elastically unstable. However, the critical velocity of the cylinder does not change as more adjacent cylinders are added downstream.


In recent years, there have been significant advances in the theory and application of metaheuristics to approximate solutions of complex optimization problems. The $ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\dot{\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{s}$ term was used: as a language and a program for stating and solving combinatorial problems in [1]; to describe tabu search in [2] and [3]; to classify recent approaches such as adaptive memory programming, ants systems, evolutionary methods, genetics algorithm, greedy randomized adaptive search procedures, guided local search, neural networks, problem-space search, simulated annealing, scatter search, tabu search, threshold algorithms, and their hybrids in [4, 5, 6 and 7] and as a title for the biennial series of the metaheuristics international conferences (MIC-95, MIC-97, MIC-99, MIC-01). A metaheuristic was defined in $[7, 8]$ an iterative master process that guides and modifies the operations of subordinate heuristics to efficiently produce high quality solutions. It may combine intelligently different concepts for exploring the search space and uses learning strategies to structure information. It may manipulate a complete (or incomplete) single solution or a collections of solutions at each iteration. The subordinate heuristics may be high ( $ \mathrm{o}\mathrm{I}^{\cdot}$ low) level procedures, or a simple local search, or just a construction method. Metaheuristics tools


Objective To study the clinical effects of lung recruitment maneuvers(RM) combined with lung protective strategy in acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease(ARDSp/ARDSexp).Methods Eighteen ventilated patients with ARDS underwent RM using a pressure of 40 cmH2O for 40s,without any neuromuscular blocking agents.Results Compared with before RM,both arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2)and partial pressure of arterial oxygen(PaO2) were significantly increased in 10 min、30 min、1 hr and 2 hr(P0.05) in the two groups,and respiratory system compliance(Crs) increased markedly after RM(P 0.05) in the two groups,but in patients with ARDSexp the improvement was more obvious(P0.05).There was no significant difference for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2)before and after RM.The peak inspiratory pressures(PIP),heart rate(HR) and plateau inspiratory pressures(Pplat) had no significant difference between after and before RM in the two groups.The central vein pressure(CVP) and mean arterial pressure(MAP) had no significant changes after RM(P0.05).Conclusion RM could improve oxygenation,Crs and PaO2/ FiO2 of the patients with ARDS.This study also suggests that patients with ARDS caused by extrapulmonary disease respond better to RM than ARDS caused by pulmonary disease.


To guide future discussions about managing artificial intelligence (AI), this article suggests an AI management framework with five maturity levels, which are comparable to the five levels of the autonomous driving framework from no automation to complete automation. If companies move beyond Isolated Ignorance (Level 0), they are characterized by an Initial Intent (Level 1), which typically evolves towards an Independent Initiative (Level 2). A more advanced management leads to Interactive Implementation (Level 3) and Interdependent Innovation (Level 4). On this basis, a close combination of AI and human knowledge enables a sustainable competitive advantage with Integrated Intelligence (Level 5). This framework draws on the intelligence-based approach to company performance, and it provides the basis for an AI maturity assessment in organizations. It further helps to identify many firms' managerial challenges as well as major organizational limitations even in those firms that are often considered as AI leaders.


Rh(I) complexes of azobenzene and anthranilic acid were found moderately efficient towards the catalytic oxidation of internal alkenes, terminal alkenes, and alcohol in C2H5OH-CH2Cl2 (1:1) mixed solvent system both under normal and high pressure of molecular oxygen. No diminished catalytic activity was observed even after 6-8 repeated catalytic runs. Effect of extra ligand on the rate of oxidation,nature and percentage yield of products was investigated.


Speeding is one of the most prevalent factors contributing to traffic crashes. Speed limit is one of the strategies to enforce traffic safety by controlling drivers' choices. This paper discusses the rationality of speed limit on Bosai highway in Xinjiang Province. In order to evaluate the rationality of speed limit, three study sites were posted in the vicinity of a speed limit sign. Speed distributions inside and outside the speed limit zone, crash records and drivers' compliance were examined. Significance of speed differences was tested by independent t test. Results show that 100km/h speed limit for passenger cars is within drivers' expectation and 80km/h speed limit for commercial vehicles is unreasonably high. As to the safety impacts, there is no evidence supporting the relationship between crashes and speed limit due to the limited data. The checking process has a practical aspect for speed determination and optimal use of limited road resources.


Evaluation of champagne effect is indispensable for successful commercialization of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) system which is one of the most promising candidates of energy storage system. In the present study, we examined optimum design of the CAES system through numerical calculations of the champagne effect based on a two-fluid model. As a result, the following conclusions were obtained. (1) Charging rate of air into a lower reservoir should be gradually changed during startup and shutdown periods to avoid pressure oscillation in the lower reservoir. (2) If the water level in the lower reservoir is too low when the charging is finished, the inertial force makes the water level enter into the U-bend, which also induces the pressure oscillation in the lower reservoir. (3) If appropriate procedures are adopted during the startup and shutdown period of air charging system, the water level in the lower reservoir does not enter into the U-bend. The construction cost can hence be reduced by shortening the U-bend.


For several years, decentralized cooperation programs have proliferated with Palestine — cities, councils, universities — to help deploy a network of libraries in an area constantly threatened. Echoing these multiple initiatives involving many French librarians, Françoise Danset provides a provisional assessment of a significant example of international professional solidarity.


The problem of diagnosis of failures, at the system level, in large, truly distributed networks of processing elements is considered. A model proposed earlier, in which nodes of the network perform tests upon certain neighboring nodes and pass the results to all the neighboring nodes identifying faults in t he system, is extended by relaxing two assumptions related to f aults on communication links and the flow of diagnostic information in the network. Specific problems considered include: i) Establishment of conditions under which each individual node of a fully distributed system can correctly diagnose failures of other nodes and/or internode communication facilities, based only on results of tests performed by the node itself upon neighboring nodes, and on potentially invalid, second-hand information received via normal communication paths. algorithm to accomplish this diagnosis. ii) Development of a distributed


This paper proposes a new algorithm to estimate a disparity map. This map contains depth information from stereo matching process. Generally, this process is sensitive to low texture areas and high noise on images with high different brightness and contrast. To get over these problems, the proposed algorithm utilizes the RGB channels at the matching stage and edge-preserving filter at the second and final stage. The filter is known as Guided Filter (GF). The GF kernel well-recovered low texture areas which is able to reduce noise and sharpen the images. Additionally, GF is strong against the distortions due to high brightness and contrast. The propose algorithm produces accurate results on the disparity map for the low textured regions. The proposed work in this paper produces accurate results and performs much better compared to some established algorithms based on the quantitative and qualitative measurements using standard stereo benchmarking evaluation from the Middlebury.


Numerical diagonalization of the one-dimensional Hubbard Hamiltonian describing interacting electrons on cyclic chains shows that the ground states do not always have the lowest possible spin multiplicity as expected from the Lieb-Mattis theorem. It is satisfied, however, when the chains are opened and have free boundary conditions


A magnetic memory device using a magnetic domain dragging is provided to increase data storage capacity by storing data of plural states at a position of a magnetic domain wall formed on a free layer. A memory region(30) includes a free layer(33), a reference layer(31), and a non-magnetic layer(32). The free layer has a plurality of continuous sectors on which a magnetic domain wall(DW) is formed. The reference layer is formed to be corresponded to the sector and has one fixed magnetization direction. The non-magnetic layer is formed between the free layer and the reference layer. The memory region further includes a magnetic domain wall stopper formed on each interface of the respective sector. The magnetic domain wall stopper stops the magnetic domain wall. An input unit is electrically connected to an end of the free layer to input a dragging signal for a magnetic domain dragging. A sensing unit senses a current passing the memory region.


A feeding device includes a feeding unit configured to be driven while being in contact with a recording sheet to feed the recording sheet, and a stacking unit configured to stack a plurality of the recording sheets and to press or release the stacked recording sheets to or from the feeding unit. Also, the feeding device includes a separating unit configured to separate the plurality of recording sheets fed by the feeding unit, one by one, a detecting unit configured to detect the recording sheet in an area downstream of the separating unit, and a control unit configured to control each of the units. The control unit switches a feeding operation between at least two feeding operations in accordance with a drive time of the feeding unit from when the feeding unit is started to be driven to when the detecting unit detects the recording sheet.


The present invention relates to that, in particular top emission type organic light-emitting device and a method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescent device. In the organic electroluminescent device and a method of manufacturing the same according to the present invention, the reflective electrode, the first electrode above the organic light emitting layer is formed, since the transparent second electrode on top of the organic light emitting layer formed, and the opening ratio / High Resolution / High Brightness It can be implemented with a top emission type organic electroluminescent device. In addition, the reflective electrode, the first electrode of the organic light emitting diode as a gate electrode, the source-is formed by a drain electrode or a power supply wiring, etc. at the same time, the same material, to reduce manufacturing processes and improve the production yield and production control, and .


This paper presents the impact of phase noise on the performance of a communication link with QPSK digital modulation. For example, how phase noise affects bit error rate is demonstrated with detailed simulations. Also, this paper illustrates how phase noise affects the receiver signal constellation diagram and employs a model for simulating the phase noise. More importantly, this paper shows clearly both by simulation and analysis that a band limiting filter such as a root raised cosine (RRC) filter, which is commonly used in digital communication systems, has little effect on the receiver phase noise probability density function, the phase noise variance, and the probability of bit error. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes certain intuitive aspects of phase noise, such as its impact on the signal constellation diagram showing that phase noise can result in crossover of the decision boundaries in the signal space and thus cause symbol errors even in the absence of the receiver additive noise. Significantly, this intuitive result is also verified by bit error results obtained by both simulations and analysis. 12


This paper presents a novel High-Pass cascade Σ-Δ modulator for MEMS gyroscope.The work is fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology with 3.3 V supply voltage.The structure is unconditional stable based on 1-1-1 Multi-stage noise Shaping(MASH).Chopper stabilization method is used for eliminating 1/f noise and DC offset of the OTA.The use of High-Pass integrator has optimized the transmission of low frequency signal without disturbance.This modulator is capable of handling signals with 40 kHz bandwidth and amplitudes ranging from microvolts to hundreds of millivolts in MEMS gyroscope.The sampling rate is 10.24 MSamples/sec.Dynamic rang of the modulator is over 100 dB with a resolution of 17 bit.


This paper presents a phase-based positioning framework using a massive MIMO system. The phase-based distance estimates of MPCs together with other parameters are tracked with an EKF, the state dimension of which varies with the birth-death processes of paths. The RIMAX and the modeling of dense multipath components in the framework further enhance the quality of parameter tracking by providing an accurate initial state and the underlying noise covariance. The tracked MPCs are fed into a time-of-arrival self-calibration positioning algorithm for simultaneous trajectory and environment estimation. Throughout the positioning process, no prior knowledge of the surrounding environment and base station position is needed. The performance is demonstrated with the measurement of a 2D complex movement, which was performed in a sports hall with an antenna array with 128 ports as base station using a standard cellular bandwidth of 40 MHz. The positioning result shows that the mean deviation of the estimated user equipment trajectory from the ground truth is 13 cm. In summary, the proposed framework is a promising high-resolution radio-based positioning solution for current and next generation cellular systems.


SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) is a new beta coronavirus that was identified as the trigger of COVID-19 disease in early 2020. Our study designed to survey the female undergraduate students at a private university in Saudi Arabia to assess the degree of psychological impact during the initial stages of the lockdown. During the first weeks of the outbreak in Saudi Arabia and the government-initiated lockdown, we conducted an online survey with 400 female undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. The psychological impact was assessed by using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Our study shows that over the four weeks students showed clearly a change in the overall mental health and mood of our students.

Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 23 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021


As software analysis techniques have been developed, lots of software analysis tools and anti-malware programs now can easily detect various kinds of malware. However, techniques for avoiding software analysis are also being developed. Polymorphic malware and obfuscated malware use those kinds of techniques, and they cause enormous damage to computer systems all over the world. In this paper, therefore, we suggest advanced hybrid execution using reverse traversal to examine advanced malware. The method we suggest reads in the whole program, creates control flow graph, and traces all the execution paths reversely, so that infeasible paths can also be detected. By traversing the whole execution paths, including infeasible paths, we can sense hidden vulnerabilities. Although we anticipate huge overhead when tracing all the execution paths, multi-core processing is expected to alleviate the overhead.


In spite of treatment provided in anterior ischemic neuropathy, a prognosis for visual functions is poor and depends on severity of affect ion of vascular system of the body. We have studied the exposure to cortexin and diprospan in subtenon administration on the eye hemodynamics in 18 patients experiencing anterior ischemic neuropathy(18 eyes) who have been treated operatively ( administration of cortexin  and diprospan into the subtenon space of the affected eye) against the background of complex conservative prevention. The control group was constituted of 16 patients (16 eyes) who have not been treated operatively. As a result of provided treatment the patients of the basic group showed increase of vision acuity , field of view limits and eye ground state .


Wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, tolerate the freezing of their body tissues as an overwintering adaptation. Various parasites infect wood frogs of northern populations, but nothing is known about their strategies for surviving within a frozen host. We examined winter-conditioned wood frogs that were experimentally exposed to 0°C (nonfrozen) or –4°C (frozen) to determine whether endoparasites survive the freezing of their host. We found no differences in the prevalence or intensity of adult lungworms Rhabdias ranae (Nematoda) or of larvae of an unidentified species of digenetic trematode between these groups. Live individuals of both species were observed in hosts that recovered from experimental freezing at –4°C. Within the host, R. ranae also tolerated exposure to –5°C, a temperature near the lower limit of survival of the wood frog. Cryostage experiments showed that, like its host, R. ranae was highly susceptible to inoculative freezing and tolerant of the freezing of its tissues. Rhabdias ranae frozen in v...


M ore than 40 active volcanoes occur in Alaska. This report summarizes historical data on those volcanoes, using information drawn from the more thorough and comprehensive U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 98-582, Catalog of the Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska. In Alaska, written historical records began about 1760, when Russian sailors and fur traders first explored the southern mainland coast and the Aleutian Islands. Many early accounts of volcanic eruptions are brief and incomplete, and numerous eruptions likely went unreported. Undoubtedly, some accounts mistakenly reported eruptions or misidentified the active volcano. Reports of low-level emission of steam and gas have been omitted. Historically Active Volcanoes in Alaska—A Quick Reference


The parameter selection of frequency regulation resonance test device and its application is presented.The results show that this device is suitable for high voltage test in large capacity,long distance XLPE cables and GIS in power grids.


RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to identify the risks and opportunities for, as well as the role and position of today's universities in relation to the challenges posed by the culture of innovation. It can be described both as an environment in which academia operates, and as a way to organise universities.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This is a theoretical analysis and builds on the relevant advancements in sociological theory. It is intended to revisit the notion of culture and to associate it with innovation. This will help identify some specific areas within, and versions of, the culture of innovation that can be faced by today's academia.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This study has three parts. The first introduces the notion of innovation culture and identifies the areas of analysis based on the proposed definition. This stage proceeds to describe approaches to, and two perspectives on, the culture of innovation, namely individual and systemic. These more or less correspond to the sociological distinction between atomism and holism. Stage two describes the types of innovation cultures based on the notions of originality and organisation. The stage three  explors the culture of innovation in relation to universities understood either as an enterprise or as a community.
RESEARCH RESULTS: The primary results of this study are the identified risks and opportunities related to the challenges faced by today's universities in their efforts to foster the culture of innovation. Risks and opportunities can be found both in the environment in which academia operates, and in its normative, organisational, and technological structures.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Final conclusions are made to build universities of the future. These are to be both organisations and communities, which take advantage of the opportunities offered by the culture of innovation, while also addressing the associated risks.


Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of antimicrobial resistance among Primary Health Care Workers in Buyende district. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study employing qualitative and quantitative methods. Administration of a questionnaire evaluating knowledge and practices of health workers in Buyende community was conducted. The study was designed to cover all health workers involved in prescribing and dispensing drugs in selected health facilities of Buyende district. The participants were from four health facilities (Kidera Health Center IV, Nkondo Health Center III, Buyende Health Original Research Article Amelia et al.; MRJI, 22(5): 1-11, 2017; Article no.MRJI.38832 2 Centre III and Miseru Health Center III) and ten private community drug shops. Health care workers were assigned to different cords for the data collection process. One hundred twenty-four (124) respondents participated in the survey, representing a majority of the health workers in Buyende district. Results: Most respondents (75%) reported receiving information about antibiotic resistance with medical training school (67.2%) being the main source of information. Sixty-six percent (66%) of the participants believed that the widespread use of antibiotics is an important cause of resistance, while 60% attribute antimicrobial resistance to inadequate restrictions on antibiotic prescription due to advertising and promotion by pharmaceutical companies. Guidelines for the use of antibiotics against common infections and regular microbiological consultations/ward rounds were reported as crucial in controlling the problem of anti-microbial resistance. Though most health workers reported following clinical guidelines when prescribing antibiotics (79%), a substantial proportion still prescribed use of antibiotics for the treatment against common cold/cough (64%) and viral infections (44%). Conclusion: The awareness of anti-microbial resistance is a public health problem in rural Eastern Uganda. Campaigns for appropriate prescription and awareness of anti-microbial resistance should include educating the public and rural health care workers with the aim of decreasing the emergence antibiotic resistant microbes.


TiO2 is recognized as one of the most needed material for its extensive scope of industrial applications. In this work, the development of TiO2 nanotube arrays by using unproblematic and low-cost electrochemical anodizing method of a titanium thin film foil had been presented. The vertically tailored TiO2 nanotube arrays had been made in an electrolyte solution of 0.44 wt % NH4F salt, 4 vol.% DI water and ethylene glycol at a constant DC voltage of 60V for 1 hour for the first sample and 75V for 45 minutes for a second sample. The UV absorbance ability, crystallinity and surface morphology of fabricated nanotube arrays were investigated by UV-vis Spectroscopy, XRD and HRSEM. XRD measurement revealed the anatase phase of TiO2 nanotube arrays and found neat matching with others investigated works. HRSEM measurement revealed comfortably aligned formation of nanotube arrays at 60V is 108.35 nm of mean diameter and nanotube arrays at 75V is 157.5 nm of mean diameter. Formation of titanium nanotube arrays at 60V has 4.177μm of mean length and nanotube arrays at 75V has 17.02μm of length. The first sample of nanotube arrays fabricated at 60V condition had showed maximum absorbance ability at wavelengths around 300 nm to 572 nm than, the second sample of nanotube arrays fabricated at 75V condition had showed maximum absorbance ability at wavelengths around 300 nm to 545 nm.


In [Harr, ′94], it was shown that every regular language and its complement is refined by a congruence of finite index which is preserved by every endomorphism of a given finitely-generated free monoid. Moreover, this refinement can be algorithmically constructed. In section one of this paper, it will be shown that there exists a linear language and an endomorphism of the free monoid on two generators in which there does not exist any finite morphic refinement of the language and its complement. The aforementioned example motivates a weakening of the above hypotheses in which only the language itself has an algorithmically-constructable refinement which is preserved by a given endomorphism. In section two of this paper, it shall be shown that this class of languages (which will be denoted EndPres) is closed under intersection and disjoint union and not closed under complementation in many instances. Also, some decidable properties of this class of languages shall be given. Finally, in section three of thi...


Today on the global scene, world will see a definite impact of global temperatures, coupled with burgeoning population, will make society more vulnerable to climatic disorder, drought, famines, and flood longer heat waves spreading to newer areas. Tropical islands and low‐lying coastal areas will face the treat of being submerged. Hence, it is important to reduce refrigerant emission and the approaching and with approaching phase out date for CFC elimination. It is important to recover as much of refrigerant as possible. Likewise, HFCs should also be recovered as they have high GWP. For such recovery of refrigerant, a recovery & recycling machine is required. The machine is usually comprising a hermetic compressor, air‐cooled condenser, distilator, Oil separator, filters and Electric motor. The refrigerant from the appliances is drown through the filters by compressor and then discharged into recovery cylinder. The recovery cylinder should just be used for recovered refrigerant. This is because oil will u...


Objective To understand the impact of health-care education on medical treatment knowledge, heath-care awareness and everyday living habits of college students. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among the freshmen and sophomore, who were divided into 2 groups by whether they took the health-care education as an elective course or not, in a university, to investigate their health-care knowledge and everyday health behaviors. Results The college students paid much attention to health-care education. There were significant differences between the 2 groups in the field of medical treatment and health-care knowledge. However, the poor everyday health behaviors existed in nearly 1/3 of the college students. Smoking, drinking alcohol, and indulging in the web, etc. were quite common in the both groups. Conclusions Health-care education can promote the health-care knowledge and the ability of medical treatment in university students, but how it will influence their everyday living habits is still remained to be discussed.


When Rudolf Hilferding's 'Finance Capital' was first published, it was regarded as a major event in the development of Marxian political economy. Two of the most important contemporary social democratic theorists greeted its publication with great enthusiasm. For Otto Bauer the book read like a fourth volume of Marx's Capital, while Karl Kautsky concluded that Hilferding had vindicated Marx's approach to economics. Kautsky described Finance Capital as 'a completion of Capital', which both supplemented and revised volumes II and III (Bauer 1909 - 1910; Kautsky 1910 - 1911). Otto Bauer (1881 - 1938) was one of the leading theoreticians of the Austrian socialist party, and himself the author of an acclaimed text on the Marxian interpretation of nationalism (Bottomore and Goode 1978). Karl Kautsky (1854 - 1938), sometimes described as 'the Pope of Marxism', had been the most influential theorist in the German socialist movement since the death of Friedrich Engels in 1883 (Geary 1987). Their praise was not given lightly.


In this article were shown results of farming sector in Russia and Chuvash Republic in 2010 year and influence adverse weather conditions in agricultural production volume. Also were given consideration to measures of governmental support for that sector in connection with adverse weather conditions.


We are used to work in the Cartesian coordinate system in which points of the space are identified by values of x, y and z. Associated with this system is the basis of three vectors


Killion, Thomas W., ed. Gardens of Prehistory: The Archaeology of Settlement Agriculture in Greater Mesoamerica. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992. xvii + 334 pp. including references and index. $26.95 paper. Smith, Bruce D. Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. xiv + 302 pp. including references and index. $49.95 cloth.


There is currently a need for chemical sensors which can detect and measure various organic contaminants in soils and groundwater.


An important component in making medical care decisions is risk prediction. Being able to accurately foretell the likelihood of an event, such as the appearance of a disease, based on predictive factors like biomarkers, age, sex, or family history of illness is becoming more and more common in health care. But how do we identify biomarkers that would improve upon current models used for risk prediction? Since 2008, the net risk reclassification index (NRI), a method for measuring the usefulness of adding a new biomarker or set of biomarkers to a current risk prediction model, has been widely used. However, a recent study carried out by Drs. Margaret Pepe, Holly Janes, and Christopher Li of the Public Health Sciences Division questions the validity of this method for assigning importance to new biomarkers. Their study was published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.


This Viewpoint discusses the benefits of clinical trials with a delayed-start design and analysis of downstream biomarkers to examine whether antimyeloid immunotherapy changes the course of early Alzheimer disease.


Creative ability and manufacture capacity are not only the dual attribute of productivity,but also the two contents about quality and quantity of productivity. The development of productivity is depended on the code of creative ability and the subject of manufacture capacity. The interaction of the creative ability and manufacture capacity drive the development of productivity. The dual attribute of productivity determines the dual attribute of the productive relationship. The construction of the productive relationship should meeting the dual attribute of productivity,which is favor to the development of productivity.


The pointing and control of experiments during sortie missions are examined from the standpoint of accuracy and performance. The effect of gimbal characteristics, pallet stiffness, and variation in the servo control loop are described. Simulation results are shown for a number of pointing options under the disturbing influences of man motion, thruster firings, and experiment operations. One option of particular interest is the suspended pallet which offers the possibility of high accuracy pointing of very large payloads without using conventional gimbals. The pallet is suspended within the payload bay by nonrigid attachments such as springs, thereby isolating experiments from most shuttle disturbances. Control moment gyros apply torques directly to the pallet to maintain pointing accuracy within the arc second range. Spring torques constrain shuttle attitude so thruster operation is not required. The suspended pallet approach will meet the base stability requirements of any sortie experiment and offers the possibility of a standardized low weight, low cost alternative to gimbaled mounts.


In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated the Guidelines for the Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal (GBS) Disease. Previous studies of adherence to GBS guidelines have focused on the treatment of carriers of GBS. Our objective was to determine whether there was any difference in adherence to the guidelines for screening and treatment of women who delivered at our institution between the beginning of 2011 and the end of 2011 as the revised guidelines were published in November 2010. Our secondary outcome was to determine whether any differences in adherence occurred between prenatal provider types (OB/Gyn, Certified Nurse Midwives, and Family Practice).


: Manufacturing firms play an important economic role by producing necessary goods and services. Manufacturing organizations must constantly enhance their operations and processes to remain competitive in today's global market. One method is to concentrate on staff performance and knowledge management practices. Many manufacturing organizations, however, struggle to identify the elements that influence these sectors. This study sought to fill this void by identifying internal and external factors influencing employee performance and knowledge management practices in a manufacturing organization. The study employed a mixed-methods strategy to gather and analyze data, including surveys, interviews, and case studies. Data from employees and managers in a manufacturing company were collected and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. This study examined the elements influencing employee performance and knowledge management practices in a manufacturing company context, drawing on prior research and fresh data. This study's conclusions are essential for industrial organizations looking to enhance their operations and processes and university scholars studying staff performance and knowledge management. This study can assist manufacturing businesses in developing successful strategies for increasing employee performance and knowledge management practices by identifying the crucial elements that influence these areas.


There is a growing concern about the multi-resistant capabilities presented by microorganisms to antimicrobials. Society is harmed by the redirection of financial resources from other areas, also lacking the population, to purchase more potent antimicrobials and in larger quantities. This study describes the consumption of antimicrobial drugs and their impact generated through a systematic review, following the recommendations of the Prisma method. Searches were performed in four databases (Portal BVS, PubMed, Embase and Science Direct). A total of 196 articles were found, 11 of which were selected after applying the eligibility criteria. A prospective study showed that the difference in expenditures can reach $31.17 patients/day between prophylactics and those with nosocomial infections. Studies have shown that the increase in costs is related to the increase in the length of stay. Mortality and admission to the ICU also increased. Further studies with high levels of evidence are recommended.


The international scientific lit- erature supports the great interest to the evidence-based design, focused on the relationship between the spatial arrange- ment of hospital environment and the potential support to the healing process. According to this approach, the paper deals with field surveys in hospital de- partments of oncology; the research is aimed at evaluating the environmental perceived quality by the end users. The analysis carried out through question- naires and interviews was useful to de- velop tools for the assessment of the re- lationship among environmental factors and psycho-emotional reactions and to validate the patients and staff's needs


Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite images offer a great potential for the extraction of landuse and land-cover related information for urban areas. The available techniques are diverse and need to be further examined before operational use is possible. In this paper we applied two pixel-by-pixel classification techniques and the object-oriented image analysis approach (eCognition) for a land-cover classification of a Quickbird image of a study area in the northern part of the city of Ghent (Belgium). Only small differences in overall Kappa were noted between the best results of the pixel-based approach (neural network classification with Haralick texture measures) and the object-oriented classification (eCognition). A rule-based procedure using ancillary information on elevation derived from a digital surface model was applied on the pixel-based land-cover classification in order to obtain information on the spatial distribution of buildings and artificial surfaces.


The authors introduce a tool, called Ensemble, which uses algorithms and heuristics to analyze large circuit switched networks. This tool could be used to address the following topics: the quantification of interference when an established circuit blocks some other connection requests; how the routes used affect the performance of the network; how much one should charge each connection to maintain a predetermined revenue; the effect of a load change in some connection requests on the overall network and how one should change charges accordingly; and how one should compare network efficiency given a choice of alternate routes.<<ETX>>


In this letter, a new protection technique, namely Spectrum Shared pre-configured cycles (SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cycles), is proposed for survivable elastic optical networks. SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cycles permit to cut spectrum usage and spectrum fragmentation ratio (SFR) by leveraging special spectrum sharing among multiple <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cycles that have common link(s). To compute SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cycles, we first formulate an integer linear programming model to obtain the optimal solution in small instance, and then develop a time-efficient heuristic algorithm to solve large-scale instances. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cycles outperform conventional <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cycles without spectrum sharing in terms of spectrum usage and SFR.


We propose a simple model of random interval graphs generated by immigration–death processes (also known as M/G/∞ queuing processes), where the length of each interval follows a subexponential distribution, and provide a condition under which the stationary degree distribution is also subexponential. Furthermore, we consider the conditional expectation of the cluster coefficient of a vertex given the degree and show that it vanishes in the limit as the degree goes to infinity under the same condition as that for obtaining the tail asymptotics of the stationary degree distribution.


From a family of graded solvable models the authors derive representations of the braid group associated with the Lie superalgebra gl(M mod N) and give explicitly a general form of the Markov traces on the representations. The braid operators thus obtained satisfy the Hecke algebra. The authors construct composite solvable models and obtain link polynomials from the braid operators for the composite models.


Mineral fiber board and process for the production thereof comprising a composite structure of several board layers. The fibers are oriented in a preferred direction in each board layer. The preferred fiber directions of successive board layers cross one another. The board layers are joined by means of a bridge formed from binders, which are added to at least one of the board layers. According to the production process, prefabricated base boards are moved in contiguous manner on a conveyor belt. The fibers of the base boards are at right angles to the conveying direction of the board. A pasty, fibrous mass is applied thereto with the belt moving and this forms the next board layer. The fibers of the pasty mass are preferably aligned parallel to the belt conveying direction. The boards are then dried. The strength, as well as the dimensional and shape stability of the boards are considerably improved.


ABSTRACT This article used a critical discourse approach to understand how linguistic practices in the South African media construct international immigrants of African origin. We created an 88 000-word corpus of online South African news articles on immigrants from 2008 to 2020, which we then uploaded onto a corpus analysis software, Sketch Engine. Through the software, we were able to generate patterns of language use in the construction of immigrant identity and subject position in the media. While most literature on South Africa has focused on the violence associated with xenophobia, this paper zeroes in on 'the language of xenophobia' to provide a good reflection of the sociological construction of 'self' and 'other' in the country. By examining the discursive practices of the media on foreign nationals, the paper maps out not only the circulation but also the reproduction of power, social relations and other sociologies behind the prejudices that inform xenophobia in all its various forms.


As Review Editor for Contemporary South Asia, I invite academic colleagues, postgraduate research students and other suitably qualified persons to review one of the works listed below. Potential reviewers should send their full name, position, institutional affiliation (if applicable), full mailing address and mobile number, a brief summary of their published work, and the title of the book they would like to review to: Dr Raphael Susewind, King's College London, 40 Aldwych, London WC2B 4BG, United Kingdom Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, Twitter: @contemporarySA


The pH-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of 1,2,4-triazole adsorbed on silver electrode and normal Raman (NR) spectra of this compound in the aqueous solutions were investigated. The observed bands in the NR and SERS spectra were assigned with the help of density functional theory calculations for model molecules in the neutral, anionic, and cationic forms and their complexes with silver. The Raman wavenumbers and intensities were computed at the optimized molecular geometry. Vibrational assignments of the SERS and NR spectra are provided by calculated potential energy distributions. The combination of experimental SERS results and density functional theory calculations provide an insight into the molecular structure of adlayers formed by 1,2,4-triazole on a silver surface at varying pH values and enable the determination of molecular orientation with respect to the surface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The development of information technology is the main thing for trading companies in developing their business. Resources within the company must be managed and utilized optimally, one of which is inventory, buying and selling of goods. ERP (enterprise resource planning) system is an integrated information system concept that can be utilized by companies and SMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises) to improve company performance. Captain Gadget is one of the medium-sized businesses engaged in retail sales of mobile phones, mobile accessories and spare parts for mobile phones, which is located in Malang City. Captain Gadget has three employees who run its core business. In the procurement of goods, it is carried out by the procurement admin, in the management of stock goods it is carried out by the warehouse admin and in sales it is carried out by the sales department. The company in processing its data using Microsoft Excel application, while the recording and bookkeeping of cash is done manually. This causes less effective and efficient performance. For this reason, it is necessary to configure and implement an ERP (enterprise resource planning) system to support business process activities on the Captain gadget. One of them is using Odoo ERP software based on Open Source which can be adapted to the system needs in business processes at Captain Gadget.


Introduction The Religious Foundations of Humane Global Governance Rethinking Secularism in an Era of Globalization The Place of Religion in Upholding the Rights of Future Generation The Monotheistic Religions and Globalization Politically Engaged Spirituality in an Emerging Global Civil Society Hans Kung's Crusade: Framing a Global Ethic Gandhi's Legacy for World Order Our Millennial Challenge


The Speaker Recognition (SR) systems are more accurate than ever in verifying and identifying the human voice which is one of the most convenient biometric characteristics of the human identity. Research and development on speaker recognition techniques have been varied widely in the last decade with an aim to lessen relevant challenges effects such as background noise, poor channel conditions, crosstalk, etc. In this paper, we evaluate two speaker verification (SV) systems, and each one uses an entirely different method to verify speakers: 1) ALIZE 3.0 which is an opensource platform for SR that was successfully passed the NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluations (SREs) implementing Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-UBM speaker. The other one is 2) 3D Convolutional Neural Network (3DCNN) architecture, which uses a novel method for speaker verification based on Neural Network technique. This paper investigates how challenging it is to implement applications handling tasks in the field of speaker verification.


Of the "five colors-blue, red, black, white and yellow-applied frequently in the traditional Chinese culture, two of them, "white and "black", are particularly outstanding in implication. This enriches the implied literary senses of the white or black skin in the ancient Chinese novels. First, the two colors of skin can be regarded as symbols of a certain character which is either good or bad. Generally, the black skin can indicate three senses: respected and noble, firm and straightforward, and cunning and evil; while the white one will remind the people of being fair and square of a man, and pure and faithful of a woman. Second, the two colors of skin can also be used to indicate beauty and ugliness. Occasionally, an opposite result from the symbolized color can present a challenge to the traditional view of "judging a person according to the skin color". Finally, in description, the white and black skins have been endowed a specialized or non-specialized feature. As a result, the complexity and fun of a story has been increased, enforcing the readers to go on and on in order to suck the marrow out of the implication applied in the story.


OBJECTIVE:
 Determining the role of C16-Ceramide in regulating the cellular immune response in EAE and MS
 BACKGROUND:
 The cellular component of the autoimmune cascade is an essential step in the neuropathogenesis of MS and mediated by the presence of chemokines on endothelial cells and expression of corresponding chemokine leukozyte-receptors. CCL2 and CCL5 mediate migration of leukocytes into CNS lesions and CXCL1/CXCL2 expression by macrophages recruit neutrophils to sites of inflammation . Blockade of CXCR2 or CCR1 with specific antibodies during EAE ameliorates the disease course. Hence, expression of chemokine-receptors on leukocytes is crucial for their infiltration of the CNS and therefore dictates the course of EAE and MS. Ceramides are involved in important cellular processes (apoptosis, inflammation) depending upon cell, receptortypes and downstream targets.
 DESIGN/METHODS:
 MOG-EAE was induced in CerS6KO- and bone marrow chimeric mice. Spinal cord segments were immunohistochemically analyzed for mRNA, protein and sphingolipids. Neutrophils and monocytes were isolated from murine total bone-marrow cells/PBMCs; mRNA from white blood cells, neutrophils and monocytes. Bone marrow cells were incubated with various stimuli and mRNA and sphingolipid concentrations were determined. Quantitative PCR was used to determine mRNA levels, LC-MS/MS to determine sphingolipid levels, protein-electrophoresis and electroblotting to assess protein concentrations. FACS- analyses, in vitro cell adhesion- and migration assays were performed. The release of NO was assessed. Human samples were assessed for comparison.
 RESULTS:
 We were able to demonstrate that the lack of CerS6/C16-Cer exacerbates EAE pathology. Our data indicate that CerS6/C16-Cer are upregulated by G-CSF or IFN-γ/TNF-α to inhibit migration and activation of neutrophils, respectively. We identified G-CSF as stimulus for C16-Cer/CerS6 expression.
 CONCLUSIONS:
 For the first time -so we know- our results assign C16-Ceramide a clinically significant role in feedback mechanisms limiting immune response. Our findings may contribute significantly to the development of targeted, individualized therapeutic approaches in MS. Disclosure: Dr. Mayer has received personal compensation for activities with Novartis and Merck & Company. Dr. Eberle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ebel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barthelmes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tafferner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ferreiros Bouzas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ulshoefer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Henke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maenner de Bazo has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme. Dr. Foerch has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme, Biogen Idec, and Merck & Co., Inc. Dr. Weigert has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grosch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Geisslinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Willecke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schiffmann has nothing to disclose.


Information seeking is one of the most popular online activities for young people and can provide an additional information channel, which may enhance learning. In this study, we propose and test a model that adds to the existing literature by examining the ways in which parents, schools, and friends (what we call networks of support) effect young people's online information behaviours, while at the same time taking into account young people's individual characteristics, confidence, and skills to use the Internet. Using path analysis, we demonstrate the significance of networks of support in understanding the uptake of online information seeking both directly and indirectly (through enhancing self-concept for learning and online skills). Young people who have better networks of support, particularly friends who are engaged in technology, are more likely to engage in online information seeking. While quantitative models of this nature cannot capture the complexity of individual online search practices, these findings may assist in the development of policy and practice to support young people to make the most effective use of the Internet for information seeking. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


In last few decade researchers have emphasized that non-pathological vaginal discharge has important psychosomatic components and it may represent an entity similar to 'Dhat syndrome' among females. Despite this, there is very limited research addressing validation of this entity. Literature is mostly limited to small studies among clinical population or case series and case reports. This article intends to highlight current understanding about 'Dhat syndrome' among females and lacunae in the existing body of research. Introduction Dhat syndrome is a well-known entity among south Asian males since long [1]. There is sufficient literature to establish it as an important clinical entity. Over the years, tools and specific psychotherapeutic interventions targeting 'Dhat syndrome' have been developed and successfully used. Though further research is warranted to explore its dimensions, validity of this entity is well recognised. Further, recognising it as a separate entity or a specifier for other diagnostic entities is still debatable. Over last few decade idea of presence of similar entity among female was also proposed by some researchers. Although the research in this area is still sparse and inconclusive [2]. Evidences Conceptualisation of Dhat syndrome among females is similar to males, revolving around the central theme of loss of vital fluids through genital secretions. This culturally prevalent belief stems from Ayurvedic concept of seven physiological elements (Dhatu) and genital secretions represent most important element essential for energy and strength [3]. Among South-Asian females excessive vaginal discharge is a common presentation, known as Leucorrhoea in medical terms. Prevalence among Indian population is reported from 13 to 30 % in


Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated associations between COVID news exposure, anxiety, and depression. However, longitudinal research examining the directionality of these associations is extremely limited. Further, most studies have focused on the general population and neglected sexual and gender minority individuals (SGM), a population disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. To address these limitations, the current study utilized data from a 30-day diary study of SGM assigned female at birth (N = 429). We examined concurrent and prospective associations between COVID news exposure, depressed and anxious affect, COVID distress, substance use, and motives for use. Further, we examined associations between cumulative COVID news exposure across the diary period and prospective changes in anxiety, depression, and COVID distress. When participants were exposed to more COVID news, they experienced more depressed and anxious affect, more COVID distress, less positive affect, and were more likely to use alcohol and cannabis to cope. Further, when participants were exposed to more COVID news, they experienced subsequent increases in depressed affect, decreases in positive affect, and increases in the likelihood of using cannabis to cope. Findings also provided evidence of bidirectional prospective associations between COVID news exposure and COVID distress and of a cumulative impact of COVID news exposure on anxiety, depression, and COVID distress. Findings suggest that individuals should balance the need to remain informed about the pandemic and their own mental health when considering how much COVID news to consume. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Results indicate that when sexual and gender minority individuals assigned female at birth were exposed to more COVID news, they felt more anxious and depressed, were more worried about COVID, and were more likely to turn to substances to cope. Many of these effects persisted into the next day. These findings suggest that it is necessary to balance the need to stay informed about COVID with reducing the mental health effects of COVID news exposure by determining a maximum level of healthy engagement with the media, consuming higher quality media over a larger quantity of media, and determining which media outlets may encourage healthy engagement with COVID news. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)


A new minimum-dispersion (MID) combiner, which reduces multipath degradation in a high capacity digital microwave radio, is proposed. A high capacity digital microwave radio is inherently very sensitive to waveform distortion caused by multipath in-band delay dispersion and in-band amplitude dispersion. To minimize the in-band dispersion, the combined-signal spectrum shape from the two antennas is monitored before and after a small change takes place in the combining phase. The phase shifter rotates in the direction of the flatter of the spectrum shapes, either the one before or the one after monitoring. Performance evaluations through simulation calculation and theoretical estimation using in-band amplitude dispersion probability density are given. More improvement can be obtained when the MID combiner is used instead of the maximum power (MAP) combiner currently in use. Laboratory and field experiments, using a 200 Mbit/ s 16-QAM signal, verify these analyses and show an additional outage reduction factor of more than 5.


This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seasonality on mycorrhizal colonization characteristics as hyphal, vesicular and arbuscular colonization with some medicinal plants species of Chittagong BCSIR forest of Bangladesh. Ten highly valued medicinal plants were selected randomly from Chittagong BCSIR forest to conduct the research. Root samples were collected and examined to determine fungal colonization in three times (Dry, Rainy and Winter) during the year in 2014. The result revealed that the medicinal plants of BCSIR forest were mycorrhizal. The highest hyphal colonization was obtained during rainy season of the corresponding year but decreased during dry and winter season. Vesicular colonization was attenuated during rainy season but increased in dry and winter season but arbuscular colonization was higher proportion in rainy and winter season whereas arbuscular colonization reduced in dry season. This result indicates that AMF colonization varies seasonally as well as depending on some factors like as climate, edaphic, plant host relationship and species diversity.


Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L), a species belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, has been cultivated throughout most of Indonesia's areas and has become a priority commodity in Southeast Sulawesi for years. However, the information about its variation on morphology and relationship among individuals are still limited. This study aimed to determine the morphological variations and relationships among cashew individuals in three districts (Konawe, South Konawe, and East Kolaka) of Southeast Sulawesi. As many as ninety individuals were analyzed on 15 morphological variables for the variations and 47 variables using the complete linkage method based on Gower distance for the clustering. The coefficients of variation were varied on all evaluated variables. The highest was the height of main branches (cm), ranging from 47.32 % to 73.72 %. Meanwhile, nut length had the lowest coefficient of variation (6.75%-7.99%). The individuals were divided into two main clusters with two sub-clusters for each cluster.


The research results indicate the high adaptive potential of hybrids and varieties of sunflower of domestic breeding in the arid zone of the Crimea. The optimized cultivation technology under contrasting weather conditions, taking into account optimal sowing period and plant density, allows you to obtain yield up to 1.71 t/ha for hybrids; up to 1.92 t/ha for confectionery varieties with an oil content of seeds up to 45.5 %.


Despite the large diversity of the proteins involved in cellular signaling, many intracellular signaling pathways converge onto one of only dozens of small molecule second messengers. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), one of these second messengers, is known to regulate activity of both Protein Kinase A (PKA) and the Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK), among other signaling pathways. In its role as an important cellular signaling hub, intracellular cAMP concentration has long been assumed to monotonically regulate its known effectors. Using an optogenetictool that can introduce precise amounts of cAMP in MDCKI cells, we identify genes whose expression changes biphasically with monotonically increasing cAMP levels. By examining the behavior of PKA and ERK1/2 in the same dose regime, we find that these kinases also respond biphasically to increasing cAMP levels, with opposite phases. We reveal that this behavior results from an elaborate integration by PKA of many cellular signals triggered by cAMP. In addition to the direct activation of PKA, cAMP also modulates the activity of p38 and ERK, which then converge to inhibit PKA. These interactions and their ensuing biphasic PKA profile have important physiological repercussions, influencing the ability of MDCKI cells to proliferate and form acini. Our data, supported by computational modeling, synthesize a set of network interconnections involving PKA and other important signaling pathways into a model that demonstrates how cells can capitalize on signal integration to create a diverse set of responses to cAMP concentration and produce complex input-output relationships.


ion of Blanchot's One Who Did Not Accompany Me, is presented, for instance, as a resolution of some kind of Hegelian Master-Slave dialectical antagonism, by way ineffably of a zen-like


A heterogeneous population of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici was cultured for eight asexual uredinial generations on adult plants of the wheat lines Thatcher isogenic line Lr13, TCLr16, and Chris (Lr13 + Lr34). Frequencies of virulence phenotypes changed significantly from the initial generation in the populations cultured on TCLr13, TCLr16, and Chris. Little change was observed in frequencies of virulence phenotypes in the Thatcher population. The Chris, TCL13, and Thatcher populations maintained the phenotypic diversity found in the initial population. The TCLr16 population was dominated by one virulence phenotype after eight generations of selection (...)


There are numerous experimental reports on the effects of the inhalation of CO2 in animals but little known in the human being except the accidental inhalations. The authors experienced recently accidental inhalations of CO2 instead of nitrous oxide for the purpose of giving nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane anesthesia in two cases by changing color of gas cylinder. Although outcomes of above two cases are uneventful, we noted cardiac arrhythmias, oozing in the operative field, cyanotic skin, hypertension, hot canister and .easy restoration of spontaneous respiration. We estimated experimentally FiCO2 by measuring FiO2 with Beckman D-2 paramagnetic oxygen analyzer and reviewed literatures in discussion.


An important element of adaptive control is learning of the drifting parameters. As the process unfolds, additional information becomes available, which will provide learning for the purpose of control. This information may come about accidentally through past control actions or as a result of active probing, which itself is a possible control policy. Thus learning is present, where it is accidental or deliberate. Since more learning may improve overall control performance, the probing signal may indirectly help in controlling the stochastic system. On the other hand, excessive probing should not be allowed even though it may promote learning because it is expensive in the sense that it will, in general, increase the expected cost performance of the system. A good control law must then regulate its adaptation (learning) in an optimal manner. An adaptive control method is called passively adaptive if learning is not planned in the manner described above; it is called actively adaptive if learning is planned and regulated for the purpose of final control. This paper gives an overview of adaptive control methods which were developed based on the concept of active learning for control purposes. Some comments on their practicality are also given.


While Developers and IT Pro's are eagerly waiting for Windows Server 2012 to appear on Microsoft MSDN or Technet, Microsoft yesterday announced that it already ...


musical) had to undergo considerable cuts; the focus was put on the grotesque scenes, which were sung in English in order to preserve their full grotesqueness. (The cast of the Fairy Queen, of course, differed widely from that of A Midsummer Night's Dream.) The scenes in the Steintheater and on the Water Terrace, with the combined effects of music, ballet, and comic byplay, were highlights of the Festival, which terminated in a grand finale followed by fireworks. The "Festival at Hellbrunn 1978" succeeded in amalgamating art and nature, theatre and landscape. The overall effect would perhaps have been stronger if the number of components had been smaller. It is likely that this imaginative experiment will be repeated during one of the next Hellbrunn Festivals.


Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the mandible of children with protein energy malnutrition. Methods: This study was conducted by rapid review using online databases such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar reffered to PRISMA diagram which was carried out within the month February to May 2021. The inclusion criteria for this study were articles in English published between 2010-2021, and discussing the effects of protein energy malnutrition to the growth of the mandible. Results: Five articles with cross sectional study design were screened in this study from a total of 97 articles identified. Mandibular size in individuals with protein energy malnutrition is smaller than in individuals with adequate nutrition. Conclusions: Mandible of children with protein energy malnutrition is smaller than mandible of children with normal nutrition status.


This study was performed to develop a tailored multi-disciplinary obesity management program, as well as an obesity assessment sheet identified the general characteristics and psychological and environmental factors related to weight loss success for obese premenopausal women participating in obesity management programs performed at weight reduction health centers. The results are as follows. The primary general characteristics related to successful weight reduction in the obesity management programs were education level, occupational status, reason for obesity onset, aids used in weight control, basis of frequency, and reason for weight reduction. The initial psychological factors related to successful weight reduction were less stress and disordered eating. The initial environmental factors included an expression of ones opinion and the eating environment. Animal protein and animal fat consumption were significantly less in the unsuccessful group than in those who were unsuccessful at weight loss. The consumption of crude fiber was significantly greater in the successful group than in the unsuccessful group. Psychological factors such as stress, depression, and disordered eating, and the environmental factor of eating environment were significantly better in the successful group than in the unsuccessful group. In conclusion, we have found evidence to suggest what is required in determining the types of programs most suitable for obese women prior to starting an obesity management program.


We observed the strong enhancement of photoluminescence intensities close to electron Fermi energy as the result of the breakdown of k-selection rule for radiaitive recombination due to the localization of holes in InN films.


To the problem of high dependence of the traditional K-Means clustering algorithm on the initial cluster centers,thus affecting the classification results,the paper proposes an improved algorithm for it,and applies it to the customer segmentation of an electronics mall,all of which will give support to the marketing activities.


Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) has emerged as a versatile approach for the synthesis of alloy particles and oxide nanomaterials. However, complex chemical reactions often take place during synthesis due to inevitable atomization and ionization of the target materials and decomposition/hydrolysis of solvent/solution molecules, making it difficult to understand the particle formation mechanisms. In this paper, a possible route for the formation of FeMn alloy nanoparticles as well as MnOx nanoparticles, ‐sheets, and ‐fibers by LAL is presented. The observed structural, compositional, and morphological variations are clarified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The studies suggest that a reaction between Mn atoms and Fe ions followed by surface oxidation result in nonstoichiometric synthesis of Fe‐rich FeMn@FeMn2O4 core–shell alloy particles. Interestingly, a phase transformation from Mn3O4 to Mn2O3 and finally to Ramsdellite γ‐MnO2 is accompanied by a morphology change from nanosheets to nanofibers in gradually increasing oxidizing environments. High‐resolution TEM images reveal that the particle‐attachment mechanism dominates the growth of different manganese oxides.


Dr. Zufall replies in the letter which follows. Dr. Rinker expresses the opinion of many urologists, who feel that the symptoms of which these women complain must be related to the various things found in their bladder outlets. Good response to local treatment naturally strengthens these impressions. I have been unable to establish any statistical basis for these ideas. In my experience there has been no correlation between symptoms, cystoscopic findings, and response to one or another treatment. My experience would suggest that Dr. Rinker's grateful patients may have been helped as much by his being a sympathetic and concerned physician as by his treatment of the trigones. It has been called to my attention that urethral meatotomy has been used for years in the treatment of this condition and I shall certainly try it. In the July, 1963, issue of the Journal of Urology , Dr. Streitz notes that the


In the current research the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of Nineteen plant species is found among which four plants are herbs, five are shrubs and remaining are trees. All these plants are growing in highly polluted areas of Hyderabad .The physiological and biochemical parameters ,which are relative to leaf's water content(RWC) ,ascorbic acid content (AA),total leaf chlorophyll(TCH) and leaf extract PH were used to compute the APTI values.On the basis of APTI values, Acalypha indica ,Euphorbia hirta, among herbs, Ricinus communis, Gossypium herbaceum among shrubs, Azadiricta indica, Ficus bengalensis showed tolerance, these plants serve as suitable sinks to survive the air pollution and the other plant species Vinca rosea,Calotropis gigantea, Pithecalobium dulce act as bio-indicators of air pollution stress as these are intolerant to the air pollution.


This study was performed to investigate the effects of Undaria pinnatifida on the hysicochemical properties in egg from laying hens fed with and supplementation, respectively. The increased amount of Undaria pinnatifida resulted in the decreased weight of egg, expecially in white ones. Darkness, greenness, and blueness of egg yolk and white were increased with the addition of Undanria pinnatifida, and such color changes were predominantly observed in egg york. Among the analyzed minerals, the contents of Ca, Fe and K were increased to , and , respectively. But amount of p was reduced to . Total cholesterol contents were not significantly changed. Major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid The contents of omega-3, omega-6 and essential fatty acids were increased to , and , respectively.


The gearbox of an automatic transmission of an All-Terrain vehicle is the third element of the power train. The engine is coupled with a continuous variable transmission (CVT) which is further coupled to the gearbox. It is used to change the speed and torque of the vehicle according to variation of road and load conditions. For better acceleration of the vehicle as well as efficient hill climbing the weight of the vehicle should be low without compromising with the strength of the vehicle. A standard two stage reduction gear box consists of an input shaft, idler shaft and output shaft which finally transmits the power to the wheels through CV joints coupled with the output shaft. The disadvantage of a standard gearbox is, it adds up an extra rotational mass to the output shaft and a larger centre to centre distance between input and output shaft. The result of the report deals with the designing and analysis of a lighter and a more compact gearbox with integrated CV joints without jeopardising its performance specifications.


In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of x-ray lithography on SU-8 photoresist doped with the laser dye Rhodamine 6G, while retaining the photoactive properties of the embedded dye. Two kinds of structures are fabricated via soft x-ray lithography and characterized: a laser and an amplified spontaneous emission light source that couples out light normal to the chip plane. In addition we examine the influence of the x-ray irradiation on the fluorescence of thin films of dye doped SU-8. The dye embedded in the SU-8 is optically excited during characterization by an external light source tuned to the absorption band of the dye.


A consummate scientific research quality system is the precondition and foundation to ensure the quality of scientific processes and achievements in institutions.Based on literature study and depth interviews with more than 50 universities of different levels,a key factor system of scientific research quality evaluation is created.By using methods and tools like descriptive statistic,trend analysis,structural equation,in terms of 156 valid questionnaires from 15 research type Universities in China,the key factors' weight relations and their operation mechanism in scientific research quality system are revealed.The achievement of the article provides a theoretical basis for research Institution of university to commence self-diagnostic evaluation based on scientific research quality factors.


Objective:To study the expression of anti-apoptosis protein survivin,in gastric cancer,and to detect its clinicopathologic character and relationship with the expression of bcl-2 and p53. Methods:Immunohistochemical SP(streptavidin-binotin peroxidase) method was adopted to detect the survivin protein expression in normal gastric tissues(10 patients) and survivin,bcl-2,p53 proteins expressions in gastric cancerous tissues(58 patients). Results:No expression of survivin protein was detected in normal gastric tissues,41 of 58(70.7%) was positive in gastric cancer (P0.01). The positive rate of expression of survivin was related to the differentiation,lymph node metastasis,and TNM stage,but not to the invasive depth. Survivin positive cases were associated with bcl-2 expression (81.0% vs. 43.8%,P0.05) and p53 expression (58.1% vs. 22.2%,P0.05). The positive rate of expression of survivin protein had relationship with the expression of bcl-2,p53 proteins in gastric cancerous tissues. Conclusion:Apoptosis inhibition by the abnormal expression of survivin protein may participate in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The expression of survivin protein was strongly associated with the abnormal expression of bcl-2,p53 proteins in gastric cancer.


On December 8th, 2003, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to submit the question concerning the legality of Israel's construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion. The Court accepted, and thus entered into the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - one of the most far reaching, difficult, and delicate disputes that the international community has faced. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it analyzes the most relevant issues in the Wall case related to jurisdiction and merits. Second, it considers the position of the European Union in terms of the Middle East conflict, and specifically, concerning this advisory opinion.


The genetic conception of education is not new. The fundamental principle of genetic pedagogy-that of adaptation of education to the sequence of the stages of individual development is at least as old as Comenius; but a point of view means nothing unless it enables one to see facts as well as to dream dreams. The result of modern child-study has been to give the insight that the only way to make this principle of adaptation vital is to find out by careful inductive study just what is the actual condition of children at different stages of growth and development. My purpose this morning is to recount some of the facts that have made the genetic point of view vital. Fortunately, you are all familiar with the modern doctrines that education is a process; that the child is a different creature from the adult; that the child differs from the adolescent; that the child differs from the child at different stages of its development; that stages low and imperfect may be significant because preparatory to higher stages; that the child should be a child before he becomes a man; that the best guarantee of normal maturity is normal immaturity; that, as Froebel put it, the full and complete development of each stage is necessary for the development of succeeding stages; and again, on the social side, that the child is not so much fitting himself for society, but that he now is a member of society; that the school may represent society in embryo; that the teacher is primarily a member of this social group; that, as Professor Dewey puts it, the school life and the home life should be one and the same; that the purpose of the school is to introduce to the fundamental, constructive, productive


Abstract : Collectors are an important component of a biodetection system to concentrate biological particles for detection. There is a growing need for a small and low power option to interface with increasingly smaller biosensors. This briefing discusses development of a minature fan-based impactor that can be used as a low power, small, disposable biocollector. A low cost biotrigger is possible with fan coupled to inexpensive light source and detector.


There is growing evidence to suggest that most companies' corporate carbon footprints are outweighed by their impacts across supply chain partners. Further, climate change poses significant new inf...


We suggest that dust-dust collisions feed ions into the interplanetary medium and produce a significant amount of the heavy inner-source pickup ions detected by the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer aboard the Ulysses spacecraft. Organic refractory material contained in the cometary dust could explain the existence of carbon among the measured pickup ions. Impact-produced ions may locally influence the plasma parameters of the solar wind. It will be possible to study in situ these dust-plasma interactions and the central region of meteoroid activity through measurements in the inner solar system proposed for the currently discussed Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter missions.


Training and service delivery organizations have tried for decades to improve the quality of, and access to, healthcare services in developing countries by training healthcare providers. The predominant assumption has been that poor performance is attributable to inadequate knowledge and skills—and therefore, training is the best solution. However, millions of training dollars later, healthcare services are only modestly improved and healthcare providers still struggle to meet the needs of their communities (Stover, 1999; Busquet, 1999). Realizing that training is oftentimes not the solution, organizations such as IntraHealth International have searched for other ways to improve outcomes at the most basic point of contact between the provider and the client. IntraHealth analyzed both domestic research in Human Performance Technology (HPT), as well as the current research on the systems influencing family planning provider performance within developing countries themselves. A line of research on family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH) provider performance has taken a holistic view of the entire program in a given region or country, where data is collected from experts in the area (Busquet, 1999). Although this research has offered evidence of overall program effects on population-level outcomes, it is of limited use in understanding specific conditions affecting the performance of providers at the facility level. HPT experts in developed countries, on the other hand, have long established that optimal worker performance is predicated on supporting the worker in a variety of areas, including:


The aim of this study was to obtain highly active antioxidant strains of macrofungi. The direct-extract method was used for extracting active antioxidant substances from fungal strain culture liquids. The measure of the scavenging effects of (O2-),.OH and DPPH-was conducted with pyrogallol autoxidation method,salicylic acid method and DPPH method. The results show that all of the crude extracts have different scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals,superoxide anion and diphenyl picryl hydrazinyl radicals. The scavenging effect of strain NG on hydroxyl radicals was the best,and its scavenging rate was 75.56%; the scavenging effect of strain 02 on superoxide anion was the best,and its scavenging rate was 37.51%; the scavenging effect of strain EG on diphenyl picryl hydrazinyl radicals was the best,and its scavenging rate was 66.91%.