For a microelectromechanical (MEM) filter a new approach for the coupling spring design is presented. A designed MEM bandpass filter consists hereby of two laterally driven resonance structures which are coupled by a mechanical spring. For this structure an electrical equivalent circuit is presented and analyzed analytically. The transfer function and the correlation between the bandwidth and the coupling spring for this filter are derived. A complete design procedure for micromechanical bandpass filters is presented with simulation results. With changing design parameters the filter response has been demonstrated to be maximally flat as in the case of Butterworth-Filters, or to have a response allowing a wider bandwidth than in the former case. Both of these cases are studied theoretically and simulated for the same frequency range. In respect of the insertion loss value, a modified source and load resistance is applied which keeps it under 1 dB.


The aim of this essay is to analyze the notion of "loving, knowing ignorance," a type of "arrogant perception" that produces ignorance about women of color and their work at the same time that it proclaims to have both knowledge about and loving perception toward them. The first part discusses Marilyn Frye's accounts of "arrogant" as well as of "loving" perception and presents an explanation of "loving, knowing ignorance." The second part discusses the work of Audre Lorde, Elizabeth Spelman, and María Lugones in their attempts to deal with the issue of arrogant perception within feminism, and examines how Lugones's notion of "'world'-traveling" may help us deal with "loving, knowing ignorance." Ultimately, the author suggests that we need to become aware of instances of "loving, knowing ignorance," especially if we are to stay true to Third Wave feminism's commitment to diversity.


We present analytic recursion formulae sufficient to generate electron repulsion integrals calculated with σ-type two-centre basis functions. A simple calculation of the ground state energy of the hydrogen molecule, using some of the integrals generated by this method, yields total energies in fair agreement with more accurate values.


Efforts to strengthen national child protection systems often encounter problems of low utilization rates by local people. A rapid ethnographic study in two districts of Sierra Leone documented local views of harms to children and which mechanisms people used in responding to and preventing the harms. Key harms included teenage pregnancy out of wedlock, out of school children, heavy labor, and maltreatment of children who do not live with their biological parents. Overwhelmingly, people used traditional family and community mechanisms in responding to these harms. Even in regard to criminal offenses, they very seldom used formal child protection mechanisms such as the Child Welfare Committees, and the police and government social workers as mandated under the 2007 Child Rights Act. This disconnect between the local mechanisms that people actually use and the government-led aspects of the national child protection system owes partly to problems of access but also to cultural and social norms and negative perceptions of the formal system. Additional research, including on community-driven interventions for linking communities and formal mechanisms, is needed to identify the effective means for addressing these obstacles and enabling the alignment of the endogenous and formal mechanisms.


The dependence of modern life upon the continuous supply of electrical energy makes power quality of utmost importance in the power systems area. In this paper work, a new approach to detect, localize and investigate the feasibility of classifying various types of power quality disturbances is presented, wavelet transform analysis is done as well as the concept of mother wavelet is also explained. In quality of power, the current state of art is the use of Daubechies wavelets. Daubechies wavelets belong to a special class of mother wavelet and actually they are the most used for detection, localization and classification of disturbances. The key idea underlying the approach is to decompose the disturbance signal developed with the help of matlab 7.0.5 version simulink into other signals which represent a approximated version and a detailed version of the original signal by using the wavemenu toolbox. The signal under investigation is often corrupted by noises, especially the ones with overlapping high-frequency spectrum of the transient signals. The signal firstly separated and then analysed using different techniques step by step. The decomposition is performed using multi-resolution signal decomposition techniques. The demonstration is done with the distribution system to detect and localize disturbance with actual power line disturbances. In order to enhance the detection outcomes, utilization of wavelet transform coefficients of the analysed power line signals. The results of various other methods are compared and presented the best suitable method. The simulation results clearly demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the wavelet transform in both current and voltage signal noise reduction.


ABSTRACT A p-channel metal/ferroelectric/polycrystalline silicon/insulator/silicon structure field effect transistor (FET) with a Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ferroelectric layer has been proposed and demonstrated. The Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ferroelectric layer (200 nm) was deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The counterclockwise capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of the capacitor and the clockwise drain current-gate voltage (I d -V g ) characteristics of the p-channel ferroelectric FET demonstrate that the device can realize a memory effect due to the ferroelectric polarization of the Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin film. The size of the memory windows has been investigated. The memory widow measured from C-V and I d -V g curves of the device are consistent.


We propose an exactly solvable quasi-classical model of a spaser. The gain medium is described in terms of nonlinear permittivity with negative losses. The model demonstrates the main features of spaser: a self-oscillating state (spasing) arising without an external driving field, the transition from the below-threshold regime to spasing and the regime of below-threshold compensation of the Joule losses.


We have constructed a comprehensive statistical model for Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) light curves spanning optical through near-infrared (NIR) data. A hierarchical framework coherently models multiple random and uncertain effects, including intrinsic supernova (SN) light curve covariances, dust extinction and reddening, and distances. An improved BayeSN Markov Chain Monte Carlo code computes probabilistic inferences for the hierarchical model by sampling the global probability density of parameters describing individual SNe and the population. We have applied this hierarchical model to optical and NIR data of 127 SNe Ia from PAIRITEL, CfA3, Carnegie Supernova Project, and the literature. We find an apparent population correlation between the host galaxy extinction AV and the ratio of total-to-selective dust absorption RV. For SNe with low dust extinction, AV ≲ 0.4, we find RV ≈ 2.5–2.9, while at high extinctions, AV ≳ 1, low values of RV < 2 are favored. The NIR luminosities are excellent standard candles and are less sensitive to dust extinction. They exhibit low correlation with optical peak luminosities, and thus provide independent information on distances. The combination of NIR and optical data constrains the dust extinction and improves the predictive precision of individual SN Ia distances by about 60%. Using cross-validation, we estimate an rms distance modulus prediction error of 0.11 mag for SNe with optical and NIR data versus 0.15 mag for SNe with optical data alone. Continued study of SNe Ia in the NIR is important for improving their utility as precise and accurate cosmological distance indicators.


Systems of facial emotion recognition have witnessed a high significance in the research field. The face emotions are based on human facial expressions which play a crucial role in silent communication. Machine learning algorithms have widely used in systems of human facial emotion detection from images. However, many systems suffer from low accuracy rate. In this paper, we present a system of facial emotion recognition by using images. In this proposed system, the samples of facial emotions have taken from Yale Face database. In addition, the histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) is used to extract features from the images. The extracted features will feed the fast learning network (FLN) algorithm for the classification part to identify the images of facial emotions with respect to their subjects. Many evaluation measurements have used to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. Based on the results of the experiment, the proposed system achieves 95.04% for the highest accuracy, 72.73% precision. Also, the results of the proposed system in terms of recall, f-measure, and G-main are all equal to 72.73%, respectively.


Rangeland animal farming requires a continual supply of adequate quality forage to a) sustain animal output targets, b) facilitate flexibility to vary reproductive cycle dates for continuity of offtake, c) avoid enforced sale dates and d) alleviate the need to overgraze. The integration of herbaceous and/or woody forage to supplement natural range grazing, particularly in dry season, continues to be a serious research challenge. The many environmental, physical, biological, economic and social issues involved require an interdisciplinary research approach and also that scientists must understand diverse farming systems to gain the confidence of potential users. In two main papers and 70 posters, Session B6 aims to evaluate progress and to chart future research and development strategies for improved resource use. It would be entirely naive to suggest that all of the issues raised could be captured in this truncated summary and it is hoped that it will serve to arouse interest and discussion which will in turn advance the understanding and future research outlook for the areas involved. One main paper examines various management options to overcome possible conflict between increasing demand to satisfy human requirements for food and other needs based on combining animal farming with the protective use of natural resources. Resource conservation is defined and the effects of climate and animal based factors are explored in relation to the main aim of achieving a good fit between animal food requirements and vegetative food supply over the whole year. The relative effects of dry and wet season grazing are closely examined for a range of climatic, soil and vegetation biotypes with emphasis on the effects of the scale at which they are assessed and the relative importance of the plant-climate and plant-animal components. The suggestion that the impact of grazing is related to the presence of key resource areas in dry season is questioned. The extension of the discussion to the development of whole grazing ecosystems with and without alternative food sources (intensive and non-intensive systems) represents an embodiment of the many management interventions outlined. Alternative improved grazing/resting managements are suggested to ensure continuity of forage supply and preservation of range condition. The paper provides a component checklist as a basis for future research planning. The role of improved forages and their integration to supplement natural range vegetation is discussed in the second main paper with particular emphasis on improving smallholder welfare and maintenance of landscape function. It is argued that the latter is not restricted to the maintenance of the original mix of plant species. Evidence of regeneration of degraded rangeland is quoted for which the use of compatible species mixtures is advocated. The historic high expectancy and disappointing rate of adoption are emphasised, citing some experiences of undesirable evolutionary dominance and possible loss of biodiversity caused by the use of exotic forages as one cause. However, over-utilisation is presently considered a much greater cause of rangeland degradation and loss of biodviersity. The comparative advantages and limitations for the development of indigenous as opposed to exotic germplasm are outlined. Three strategies for the integration of improved forages to improve the standard of living, especially of smallholders, are outlined, mindful of various farmer and farming conditions and associated community specific socioeconomic circumstances which tend to preclude their use. The specific values of a range of herbaceous and woody species are examined. It is suggested that improved forage species will have greatest impact in increasing livestock products in the more intensive mixed crop-livestock systems. Reference to success in related technology uptake in SE Asia provides hope for the future. About half of the posters examine aspects of yield and feed value of a wide range of plant species and also their use ranges in about 20 countries. Between 5% and 10% of the posters are concerned with each of supplementary forage, specific legume species, sylvopastoral systems and drought tolerance. Land tenure, irrigation, chemical fertilisation, rehabilitation of degraded rangeland, seed germination, gene banks, communal grazing, grazing selection and extension/development are other areas included to give a comprehensive cover of the present state of knowledge on forage production for rangelands. It is anticipated that discussion will further explore the many topics covered and clarify future research orientation. Property rights to germplasm before and after improvement or modification requires clarification as is this may have serious consequences related to collection and other related issues. Discussion of the relatively slow uptake of research results and why research tends to be organised on a commodity basis when the opposite is true for the majority of commercial users appears appropriate in the context that scientists must understand farming systems and be aware of the broader context into which the improved technology will be integrated so that potential users can identify with the results and have confidence in their adoption.


Abstract— About 10% of the glutaminase activity associated with pig brain mitochondria was readily extractable by a variety of techniques but the remainder was very resistant to extraction. These two forms, which have been termed the soluble and membrane‐bound forms respectively, have been shown to differ in their responses to activation by phosphate and phosphate‐borate containing buffers. Submitochondrial fractionation studies indicated that the soluble form was located in the mitochondrial inner matrix whereas the membrane‐bound form was associated with the inner membrane. The mitochondria associated with the synaptosomes were found to contain only the membrane‐bound form of the enzyme whereas both forms were present in the free brain mitochondria.


In many research organizations, software development is becoming one of the most important support activities. A lot of research organizations, however, have no structural means to control the quality of the software they produce. Therefore, SC-DLO has started a project to improve its software engineering activities. The project can be characterized as a mixture of software engineering and organizational change. The results show that, to sustainable improvement, the development of the organization ismore important than achieving technical results.


A volumetric 3D display system based on a rotating 2D light emitting diode(LED) array was developed.Data processing methods,changing the initial 3D mesh data into voxel format data from Cartesian coordinates to cylindrical coordinates,were presented.Incision algorithm was used at first.Then interpolation mapping method which dealt LED as an ideal light point and scan mapping method which took the size of LED into account were designed to voxelize the incision lines,respectively.Groups of 3D models were given and processed with the two methds.Then the mean spacial position deviations of the voxels resulting from the two methods were calculated.Comparison of the calculation results shows that there are smaller deviations and fewer redundant voxels with scan mapping method.


A dynamic model of gas turbine was established based on the precision performance necessary to parts of the gas turbine.By implanting the health factors,a model of gas turbine with performance deterioration was proposed.The simulation of the fouling of the low-pressure compressor resulted in acquiring the characteristics and regularity of changes in measuring parameters in the dynamic process.The results show that the relatively changed values of some parameters is larger in lower power conditions than those in higher power conditions,but most of parameters are the same in relative value change.The performance degradation of low-pressure compressor tends to have influence on the dynamic change of the constant fuel control law.In terms of economics,the gas turbine is not allowed to operate when the output power decreases to the maximum.


In this study,we chose the JN18 of flower buds,and established a high efficient mRNA differential display system.Using RNAiso Plus kit extraction soybean of flower buds total RNA,reverse transcriptase cDNA synthesis,chain DDRT-PCR amplification reaction system optimization,we established a system suitable for reverse transcription of mRNA differential analysis of soybean.Conditions appropriate to analyze the soybean PCR reactions(25 μL) were 2.0 μL RT reaction first strand,50 pmol/L anchor primer,50 pmol/L random primer,1.5 mmol/L Mg2+,0.2 mmol/L dNTP and 1.5 U Taq.


Nonprofit Public Relationships on Social Media: The Public's Perspective Brooke Lauren Smith School of Communications, BYU Master of Arts This work explores the effect of social media on expectations held by nonprofit publics as they seek to build and maintain relationships with nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in the context of expectancy violation theory, social capital, and the situational theory of publics. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 individuals who follow a nonprofit on social media to understand the public perspective on nonprofit organizations' relationship building and maintaining behaviors on social media. The study found that nonprofit publics do have specific expectations for how NPOs should build and maintain relationships on social media (i.e., highquality posts, level of interaction being limited to likes on social media and interpersonal interactions, high visibility to prove legitimacy, high transparency, and posts that are positive in tone). The study also found that nonprofit publics immediately end relationships when these expectations are violated, but tolerate relationships if these expectations are met. Finally, nonprofit publics expect to build relationships by interacting in a face-to-face or interpersonal setting, but also expect to maintain these relationships on social media, shedding light onto the importance of combining the use of interpersonal and computer-mediated communication.


The realization form of inner-party democracy is a main factor determining the degree of inner-party democracy development since the establishment of Party member's subject status in terms of Party Constitution.Three generations leading groups of the Party have undertaken effective explorations and practice of the inner-party realization forms.Since the sixteenth Party congress,the Party Central Committee with Hu Jintao General Secretary as its leader has the new development and enhancement of the realization forms.


Non-specific low back pain is common, and patients with acute and chronic low back pain commonly end up under the care of orthopaedic and neurosurgeons. While many surgeons would be familiar with studies reporting the clinical outcome after treatments, such as various operative and non-operative treatments, little is known about the natural history of low back pain. Studies to date have largely relied upon patients with long-standing back pain, who may not be representative of patients at an earlier stage, and who may have had considerable exposure to the health-care system. Furthermore, studies that have explored the predictors of chronicity in patients with acute low back pain have also relied on patient recall, introducing a potential bias. The paper being reviewed represents the results of a study that followed a large group of patients presenting to primary care clinics (general practitioners, physiotherapists and chiropractors) with acute back pain. Specifically, this particular study follows the subgroup of patients that developed chronic low back pain (longer than 3 months duration). The study is from a group of Australian researchers who have previously published high-quality research in the field of back pain. As a prospective cohort study, it demonstrates how high quality research does not necessarily mean performing a randomised controlled trial (RCT). This is important to reinforce in surgery, where RCTs are known to be difficult to perform, mainly because of practical difficulties such as funding issues, low patient numbers, standardisation, blinding, recruitment and lack of equipoise. To appraise this paper, we must first look at the clinical relevance of the study aims, and then determine the validity (e.g. how well the potential biases were minimised). If we are satisfied with the relevance and validity of the study, we can then examine the results and determine how clinically important the findings are, and whether or not they are applicable to our practice. In other words, we must ask: Is the study relevant? Are the findings likely to be true? What are the results and are they reasonably precise? And are they applicable in our practice? The researchers had two aims: firstly, to determine the rate of recovery (separating pain, function and work) 12 months after developing chronic low back pain (defined as having pain 3 months after the acute onset, when the participants were initially recruited); and secondly, to explore possible predictors of recovery at 12 months. The raw recovery rates may not be useful, and they may not be generalisable, particularly to a specialist practice, as they reflect the recovery rates for a very particular type of patient. Therefore, the recovery rates themselves, while interesting and providing some insight into the recovery rates in patients presenting to a primary care clinic, are unlikely to be very useful for surgeons. Also, while they may provide some reassurance to patients, they do not necessarily help to guide treatment options. The second aim of the study, to explore potential predictors of recovery, is clinically relevant and important, as it potentially provides us with some predictive power and with possible clues to interventions. Given that we are interested in the study question, was the research carried out in a methodologically rigorous manner? The researchers appear to have taken great care in this regard, particularly with the method of patient selection, the recruitment rate, and the follow up rate (91% at 12 months). The nature and number of the variables and outcomes measured is appropriate, and the tools for measuring the variables and outcomes are valid. And finally, the statistical analyses are appropriate and well presented. The other strength of this study is that the nature of the cohort (being recruited from the onset of acute pain, through to becoming chronic at 3 months, and then for 12 months) gives us a unique view of this group of patients. Most previous studies that recruit patients who present with long term back pain (perhaps to a chronic back pain clinic) are unable to provide this viewpoint. Although similar studies have been performed, this study is more relevant as it involves Australian patients. Of the original cohort of 973 patients presenting with acute back pain, 406 (42%) had continuing pain at 3 months, and these latter patients make up this study. The patients were followed for 12 months and the recovery rates for pain, disability and work were provided. The rate of complete recovery at 12 months was 41%, and some comparisons with other studies are provided in the discussion. Of greater interest is the analysis of predictors of recovery. These results were appropriately presented as a multivariable analysis, where the effect of confounding between variables is taken into account. As previous studies have shown, previous episodes of back pain, severity of pain and/or disability, and psychosocial factors predominate. In this case, poor recovery was associated with previous sick leave due to back pain, low education level and being born outside Australia. One other variable was strongly associated with poor recovery from pain and disability: the perceived risk of persistent pain. Patients were asked: 'In your view, how large is the risk that your current pain may become persistent?' If the patients thought they would have ongoing pain, they were more likely to have both pain and disability at 12 months. This is interesting, as it indicates that the patients may be the best predictors of their own prognosis. Unfortunately, these predictor variables are not easily under the control of the surgeon. They do, however, remind us of the importance of non-physical factors in the development of chronic JOURNAL CLUB


Laser medical procedures are common in surgery of the head and neck and in various other medical fields. They are used as an adjunct or substitute for conventional surgical treatments.


When Philips started the production of super power klystrons in 1976 the electron emitter was a tungsten dispenser cathode of the well-known Philips "B" type. One disadvantage of this cathode type is the relative high cathode temperature. Many efforts have been spent from researchers world-wide to decrease the operating temperature of the dispenser cathode. Since 1990 we have tested several sputter coated Os/Ru cathodes in cw super power klystrons. The expected decrease of the temperature has been entirely confirmed. Measured emission data compared to "B" cathodes during factory acceptance test are presented. Positive experience concerning lifetime under real operation conditions has been gained at different international accelerator centers and will be reported.


With motivation from algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, and string theory, we study various topics in differential homological algebra. The work is divided into five largely independent parts: I Definitions and examples of operads and their actions II Partial algebraic structures and conversion theorems III Derived categories from a topological point of view IV Rational derived categories and mixed Tate motives V Derived categories of modules over E∞ algebras In differential algebra, operads are systems of parameter chain complexes for multiplication on various types of differential graded algebras "up to homotopy", for example commutative algebras, n-Lie algebras, n-braid algebras, etc. Our primary focus is the development of the concomitant theory of modules up to homotopy and the study of both classical derived categories of modules over DGA's and derived categories of modules up to homotopy over DGA's up to homotopy. Examples of such derived categories provide the appropriate setting for one approach to mixed Tate motives in algebraic geometry, both rational and integral.


1. Material fails when Mohr circle touches the failure envelope. . . Formulas (18f,g) interpret σN and τ as pressure and maximal shear stress. I don't think that it is correct interpretation of the Coulomb-Mohr criterion. The reviewer is correct in general, but in this situation where σ12 = 0 it is fine to use σ11 and σ22. However, we have clarified this point by defining the principal stresses explicitly.


Text legibility is an important and influential aspect of multimedia, not only on usual multimedia reading devices (displays, tablets, and mobile phones) but also in three-dimensional virtual environments (VE). In VEs, text can be used for many purposes in accordance with the category of experience (gaming, architectural visualization, exhibition, education). Font type used can deteriorate the VE experience if the user has to strain his eyes so that he may correctly read what has been written. The purpose of this research is to examine different fonts in order to determine which properties of a typeface are more suitable for VE. Four different fonts have been tested in 10 font sizes at three viewing distances (5, 10, and 15 meters). Times New Roman as a representative of serif fonts, Helvetica as a non-serif font, Caveat as a representative of handwritten fonts, and Roboto as a font for digital use, initially developed for the Android operating system. Different typographic characteristics of fonts significantly affect readability in VE. Additionally, was explored how the color of the text and the background color influence text readability in 20 combinations. It is known that the relationship between text color and background color affects readability. Since VR is a relatively new medium, we wanted to determine which relationship between colors of text and background is the best and whether it follows some rules present on the web. The colors of the text were black and white, and the colors of the background were black, white and gray, red, green, pastel green, blue, pastel blue, yellow, pastel orange, and pastel pink. Results regarding text color/background color have shown that most participants preferred black text on white background, black text on a gray background, and white text on a pastel orange background. On the contrary, participants rated white text on a yellow background as the least preferable combination, accompanied by white text on a pastel green background.


This article provides a quick guide to the implementation of supersymmetry with Cadabra, a symbolic computer algebra system. Details are provided on the implementation of Grassmann variables, fermionic fields, supercharges, and superderivatives and the treatment of superfield expressions and supersymmetric Lagrangians. Finally, the automation of supersymmetric Lagrangian generation in the Cadabra programming framework is discussed. * email@example.com


The situation that the grouting borehole doesn't intersect with natural fractures of rock masses is often met in practical grouting project.Hence,it's necessary to discuss whether the rock masses around borehole will split under the grouting pressure and the corresponding splitting orientation.After the splitting crack finishes propagation,we can estimate whether it will penetrate original fractures,and it's favorable for grouting theory analysis and numerical simulation and so on.According to this,the splitting criterion and splitting orientation are proposed with and without considering ground stress,respectively.In the meantime,under the situation of splitting,the singularity of crack-tip's stress field is simulated by 6 nodes singular isoparametric element through secondary development of large-scale finite element analysis software-ANSYS.The stress intensity factor is introduced and the propagation of the splitting crack is simulated to obtain the final propagation length,which has significant guiding meaning to grouting theory and the practical grouting projects.


Taking Guangdong Ocean University as an example,we conducted an investigation on the current situation of sponsor system for college students.Based on the investigation,we put forward some suggestions such as "Green Growth Plan" for poor students,"Poor Students' Self-assistance Project",establishing and perfecting all kinds of "Blood-making" security system,and so on,which will be helpful to carry out the project,Sponsor for the Poor to Study,in the university,and to promote the system to develop in a better and faster way.


Two widely used jewellery investment casting alloys (platinum with 5 wt% ruthenium (Pt-5Ru) and platinum with 5 wt% cobalt (Pt-5Co)) suffer from poor castability and other drawbacks. In this work thermodynamic calculations of alloy properties were employed to optimise the alloy compositions. Segregation behaviour appeared to be important for the melting range. Scheil simulations were used to simulate segregation under typical casting conditions. Based on these simulation results, small additions of Co were found to signifi cantly improve the castability of PtRu. Casting trials proved that ternary Pt-Co-Ru alloys show superior casting properties, in particular better form-fi lling and surface quality and reduced grain size and porosity compared to binary alloys. In order to replace Co, further work on other ternary systems appears necessary to study their melting range experimentally.


Unisolation is not only one of the highest principles of Chinese literature and Chinese art,but also one of the highest principles of Chinese philosophy,Chinese religion,Chinese politics and Chinese law etc.We may call the point of view unisolationism,which regards and understands the world in the thinking way of unisolation.Unisolationism involves at least three aspects: unisolation between man and man,unisolation between man and thing,unisolation between thing and thing.Emphasizing three kinds of unisolations mentioned above is just one of the essential characteristics,which distinguishes Chinese philosophy from Western philosophy.The unisolationism can start a new way or new field for people to deal with human relations,especially the relation between humanity and nature properly today.


Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is novel paradigm considered for the future Internet, as well as for emerging architectures, such as the Internet of Things. Despite the significant research efforts that take place all around the world there are still many challenges and open issues related to the applicability of ICN. The papers of this special issue, six in total, identify such challenges, and propose solutions, design guidelines, and new research directions.


The invention relates to paint, and particularly relates to water-based on-rust paint which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 30-40 parts of styrene-acrylic emulsion, 8-10 parts of transforming agent, 8-10 parts of transformation promoter, 5-10 parts of rust-preventive pigment, 8-10 parts of filler, 0.5-1 part of defoaming agent, 0.5-0.8 part of film-forming assistant, 0.5-0.8 part of thickener, 0.5-1 part of corrosion inhibitor, 0.5-1 part of mold preventive and 20-30 parts of water. The paint provided by the invention is free of phosphoric acid, free of poisonous pigment or zinc salt rust-preventive pigment, high in coating adhesive force and good in coating quality, thus being favorable environment-friendly water-based on-rust paint for on-rust coating.


Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) declines as a function of human ageing, and likely contributes to the lower exercise capacity and functional independence that is observed in older adults. However, this decline appears to be at least partly reversible through aerobic exercise. Following relatively high-intensity endurance-based training, previously sedentary older men and women both show fairly robust ( 20% or greater) increases in maximal oxygen consumption, suggesting that this adaptive response occurs in older adults of both sexes (Murias et al. 2010). What is notable, though, is that the adaptive mechanisms through which CRF becomes augmented by endurance exercise in older adults appears to be dependent on sex (Spina, 1999; Murias et al. 2010). Unlike their younger female or age-matched male counterparts, older women demonstrate limited adaptations in mechanisms related to convective oxygen (O2) transport, notably: 1) the ability to raise peak cardiac output and systemic O2 delivery or 2) the vasodilator capacity of the skeletal muscle resistance vasculature (Martin et al. 1990; Spina, 1999; Ridout et al. 2005; Murias et al. 2010). Accordingly, improvements in CRF following exercise training in older women seem to be mostly (if not entirely) dependent on peripheral adaptations that enhance the respiratory or diffusion (and thus O2 extraction) capacity of skeletal muscle. While it has been long hypothesized that sex-hormone deficiency may underlie these unique observations in older women (Spina, 1999), what role if any menopause transition-related changes in circulating sex hormones may have on the shifting adaptive responses to exercise training in ageing women has largely been under-investigated. However, a study published in this issue of The Journal of Physiology (Nyberg et al. 2017) provides novel evidence regarding both the time course for and the physiological mechanisms that may underlie this 'shift'. In this study, Nyberg and colleagues from the University of Copenhagen examined leg skeletal muscle biopsies from groups of previously untrained premenopausal and recently (less than 4 years) postmenopausal women before and after 12 weeks of cycling-based endurance training. What is particularly notable is that these two groups of women were relatively well-matched for age (50 vs. 54 years), suggesting that any observed differences in peripheral training adaptations would likely be the result of reproductive age versus chronological age per se. In contrast to their initial hypothesis, the authors observed greater skeletal muscle mitochondrial and microvascular adaptations following endurance training in the legs of postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women. Whereas high-intensity endurance training augmented leg muscle content of several mitochondrial respiratory complexes (specifically complexes II, III and IV) in the early postmenopausal women, these adaptations were not present in the premenopausal group. Similarly, training-induced increases in nitric oxideand prostaglandin-producing enzymes (i.e. endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cycloxygenase-1) were either augmented or only present, respectively, in the leg muscle of postmenopausal women. These findings (1) reinforce the notion that the menopause transition serves as a critical time period regarding cardiovascular and metabolic function in ageing women, and (2) raise the possibility that the early postmenopausal period creates a skeletal muscle environment that is particularly amenable to exercise-induced increases in oxidative metabolism, or angiogenesis and tissue capillarization. Although it was not specifically measured in the study by Nyberg et al. these leg muscle adaptations could have the potential to elicit an increased peripheral O2 extraction capacity in postmenopausal and older women during maximal exercise. The findings of Nyberg et al. also yield insight into the cellular mechanisms that may underlie these menopause status-dependent responses to exercise training in middle-aged women. Specifically, the authors provide preliminary evidence that the augmented mitochondrial and pro-angiogenic adaptations observed in the postmenopausal group may result from enhanced upregulation of local oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) activity. ERRα is a nuclear receptor that appears to act independently of endogenous estrogen, and serve as a key transcriptional activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1)-inducible genes, including those of several mitochondrial and microvascular enzymes. Therefore it is notable that 12 weeks of endurance training increased ERRα protein content in the legs of postmenopausal, but not similarly aged premenopausal women. Taken together, an upregulation of exercise-induced ERRα signaling provides a biologically plausible mechanistic pathway for augmented peripheral adaptions in women following menopause. In summary, the recent study by Nyberg et al. (2017) provides some of the first evidence that the sex-dependent adaptations to aerobic exercise training frequently observed in older women may have mechanistic origins in the menopause transition. Specifically, their findings suggest that mitochondrial and microvascular adaptations that could affect the O2 diffusion capacity of skeletal muscle become enhanced from the premenopausal to the early postmenopausal period. These augmented peripheral adaptations may be particularly advantageous for the maintenance and/or preservation of CRF (a major predictor of longevity and functional independence) in older postmenopausal women who traditionally demonstrate a limited ability to improve peak systemic O2 transport through endurance exercise training (Martin et al. 1990; Spina 1999; Murias et al. 2010; Nyberg et al. 2017). Given that the authors did not measure stroke volume or cardiac output responses to maximal exercise in their current study, it remains unknown whether central circulatory adaptations did or did not occur with high-intensity training in the early postmenopausal group (and whether they would have differed from those in


Abstract A learning approach is proposed to critically evaluate the hydrodynamic, heat and mass transfer parameters for multiphase reactors. Packaged as interactive software, this learning approach exposes students, engineers and researchers to a range of reactor features. It allows gaining insights in computing reactor characteristics, sifting through databases, choosing the fittest correlations, embedding proprietary models and databanks for critical analysis. The software developed at Laval University integrates comprehensive databanks and correlations on gas–liquid co- and counter-current packed beds.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to investigate the effects of 17β-estradiol and estrogen receptors (ERs) in U2OS cells.

METHODS
Osteosarcoma U2OS cells were divided into six groups, and cell proliferation was determined using the cell counting kit-8 growth test. Furthermore, U2OS cell migration and invasion were examined by cell scratch test and Transwell invasion assays, respectively.

RESULTS
At 48 h of 17β-estradiol exposure, U2OS cell viability decreased (p<0.001); however, ERα siRNA and ERβ siR-NAs significantly increased cell viability (p<0.01). Considering the cell positions at 0 h, the cell migration distance at 24 h significantly reduced in the presence of 17β-estradiol (p<0.001); however, ERα and ERβ siRNAs significantly increased cell migration distance (p<0.01). The number of invasive cells significantly decreased upon exposure to 17β-estradiol (p<0.001); however, ERα and ERβ siRNAs significantly increased the number of invasive cells (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
17β-estradiol exhibited significant anti-tumor effects on U2OS cells that were mediated by ERs and reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.


171 Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 171–175, ISSN 1053-9867 electronic ISSN 1533-8363. ©2010 Vera Institute of Justice. All rights reserved. Please direct requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2010.22.3.171. Divining the Spirit of California's Three Strikes Law


Photoproduction of positive and neutron pions has been measured with a linearly polarised beam and a polarised target. Incident beam energies up to 2.5 GeV have been used. In one series of measurements, with the beam polarised either in the reaction plane or perpendicular to it and the target protons polarised in the perpendicular direction, the asymmetry parameters Σ, T and P were measured. Measurements are in progress with the beam polarised at 45° to the reaction plane and the protons polarised in that plane, either along the beam or perpendicular to it. The two asymmetry parameters G and H will thus be determined. The above 5 parameters, together with the differential cross section, provide 6 of the 7 parameters needed to carry out an unambiguous, independent amplitude analysis at each energy.


According to quality and safety issues for the mushroom industry,combined with cloud platforms,twodimensional code recognition technology,mobile internet and other modern information technologies,the cloud platform of mushroom quality traceability was constructed based on the Mushroom GAP and other mushroom production safety-related technical regulations.In this paper,the platform′s main framework and operational processes was described,and then the module functions,business logic,coding rules were elaborated.


This paper consists of a journey marked by three important milestones: (i) an overview of the controversy between cognitivism and non-cognitivism, (ii) a review of the different theoretical positions around this controversy, and (iii) an assessment on the impact of such controversy in theory of law and in the way the work of the jurist is understood. The ultimate objective is to demonstrate that, if followed coherently, noncognitivism can only lead to the unintelligibility of the legal phenomenon. Jointly, and as corollary of the latter, it will be revealed that even highly convinced advocates of noncognitivism implicitly or unintentionally ground their legal theorization in cognitivisttype of assumptions. The author adds that a non-cognitivist judge has a serious risk of incurring in a certain type of professional hypocrisy that would consist in camouflaging the real reasons that led her to choose for the application of a norm instead of another, or to choose one method of interpretation over others, with empty formulas that have nothing to do with those real reasons.
As we will see, a non-cognitivist jurist approaches legal norms from a very different perspective than a cognitivist. Although it may sound shocking, justice has little or nothing to do with the work of the non-cognitivist from his perspective. This means that laws can have whatever moral content, that their reasonableness and/or their justice value is defined by the legislator, and that most of the time there are no strict reasons that justify what is that the legislator did when passing a law.


This study aims to determine the effect of Activity Based Costing, Overall Equipment Effectiveness and Cost Savings Potential on Product Profitability in PT framas Indonesia based on employee perceptions. The population of this research is all employees working at PT framas Indonesia. Samples were obtained using purposive sampling method as many as 42 employees related to activity based costing variables, overall equipment effectiveness, cost saving potential, and product profitability. The method used in this study is multiple regression analysis with SPSS software. The results showed that: 1) Based on employee perceptions, the effectiveness of the application of Activity Based Costing did not significantly affect Product Profitability, 2) Based on employee perceptions, the effectiveness of applying Overall Equipment Effectiveness significantly affected the product, 3) Based on employee perceptions, Cost Saving Potential significant effect on product profitability.


"Soluble RNA" fractions isolated from the wild-type strain of Neurospora crassa evoked development of a pseudo-tryptophan synthetase enzyme activity in vitro by extracts of mutant strains lacking ability to produce the enzymic activity. The RNA fractions contained no detectable "template RNA". Some properties of the component eliciting development of pseudo-tryptophan synthetase activity are reported.


The current state of the park aviation general aviation suggests the need for research and development work on the creation of specialized light aircraft for aerial surveillance. The need for such a technique appears in connection with the full useful life of aircraft of this class of domestic production.


Disclosed are systems and methods for controlling the enumeration of a multifunction peripheral device on a host computer. A multifunction peripheral device may include a generic and non-generic functional units connected to a host interface. The device may store in its non- volatile memory one or more drivers for the non-generic functional unit. The peripheral device may further include a controller for controlling the order in which the generic and non-generic functional units are exposed to and enumerated on the host system. The controller may include a switch operable to switch on and off the generic and non-generic functional units thereby controlling the order in which these units are exposed to and enumerated on the host system.


The engine idle speed should be as low as possible for reduced fuel consumption. But, since idle speed is set at a low value, even slight fluctuations of the idle speed due to torque disturbances cause not only deterioration of vehicle performance but also unpleasant vibrations of the vehicle. Therefore, the primary goal of the idle speed control is to maintain a desired engine speed despite torque disturbances. In this paper, the coordinate throttle/spark advance control using a sliding mode scheme is designed for nonlinear engine speed control which has superior ability to minimize idle speed variations under rapid torque disturbances and the system nonlinearities/uncertainties.


Objective To investigate the effective mode and clinical value of pulmicort respules inhalation in the treatment of children with acute infectious laryngitis. Methods Ninety-two children with acute infectious laryngitis who were hospitalized in our hospital from March 2011 to August 2012 and met the definite diagnostic requirements of acute infectious laryngitis were divided into group A and group B. Group A received conventional treatment and group B received pulmicort respules treatment. Results In group A,13 children were ineffective(28.26%),23 patients were effective(50.00%)and 10 patients were remarkably effective(21.73%),with the total effective rate of 71.74%.In group B,1 child was ineffective(2.17%),12 patients were effective(26.09%) and 33 patients were remarkably effective(71.74%),with the total effective rate of 97.87%.The two groups were significantly different in the total effective rate(P 0.05).Group B received pulmicort respules treatment and their disappearance time of hoarseness,fever,inspiratory dyspnea, inspiratory stridor,barking cough and other symptoms was significantly shorter than that of group A(P 0.05). Conclusion In the treatment of children with acute infectious laryngitis, pulmicort respules inhalation shows fast onset and remarkable efficacy,which should be actively promoted and applied.


Laminated ceramics with weak interface layers have been proven to be effective in toughening ceramics. The energy absorption ability of laminated ceramics may also benefit their ballistic performance. However, the effect of the layer structure on the ballistic performance of laminated ceramics has not been studied. Focusing on the application for body armor, this paper studied the effect of the different layer structures on the ballistic performance of laminated SiC ceramics. The laminated SiC ceramics with different layered structures were designed and prepared by tape-casting and hot-pressing. When used for the 'in conjunction with' armor system, the laminated SiC ceramics with a gradual-layered structure had the backface signature depth of 30% less than the laminated SiC with no interface structure and 50% less than the commercial solid-state sintered SiC. However, when used stand-alone, the laminated SiC had a similar ballistic performance regardless of the layer structure, which was likely due to the weak back support. In conclusion, the ballistic performance of the laminated ceramics was related to the back support of the armor system. When used for the 'in conjunction with' armor system, the laminated SiC had a better ballistic performance than that of the solid-state sintered SiC.


Some chemical analysts, especially those working in the food sector, often find it difficult to choose the HPLC columns for their research. Every so often they tend to modify their method to fit whatever HPLC column available in their laboratory instead of looking for the column type best suited to their experiments. Other than that, HPLC column types are often very limited discussed in the class. This is particularly disadvantageous for those who have sufficient access to select the HPLC column they need for the best result. The lack of insight into the types of HPLC columns available in the market also influenced their decision to select the right column in their analysis to a large extent. This article briefly reviews the differences between the commonly used Particle-Packed Columns with the newer yet less frequently used Monolithic Columns. The types of HPLC columns based on polarity, molecular size, and the electrical charge will be described further, along with the working principle of the columns in brief and various examples of options available on the market. Lastly, the uses of HPLC columns in the food industries are also described. This review is expected to contribute to the field of chemical analysis, such as food analysis.


The domain of Internet of Things which is popularly referred as IoT, is enabling the vision of data driven connected world. Conventional IoT ecosystems which stream data to fog and cloud servers, are incapable of managing the mammoth volumes of data leading to numerous concerns like compromising the security and privacy of data. With huge success of IoT technology, it becomes imperative to offer more intrepidity in future data generating services and applications. Blockchain is one such technology which is designed with the objectives of inherent security through cryptographic techniques. Thus, it provides opportunity to rule out the challenges of IoT. This paper unfolds various drawbacks of IoT which raises concern for data holder and entrepreneurs. Simultaneously robust features of Blockchain are discussed which ensures to fulfill the requirements posed by IoT. As researchers moved on to explore the fusion Blockchain with IoT, few challenges are encountered even with Blockchain. This paper gives a deep insight of benefits and challenges for fusion of blockchain with IoT.


The pedagogical value of ill-structured problems in promoting learning has been widely discussed in the scholarly literature. Scholars have also proposed different strategies in developing students' cognitive skills in solving ill-structured problems. This Reflection extends the discussion of these strategies by focusing on one specific method, that is, incorporating diverse and comparable scholarly perspectives in the syllabus. This Reflection further argues that that the presence of multiple scholarly perspectives can enhance students' ability to make independent judgments, because these perspectives can be compared and contrasted. Due to the room for comparison and contrast, students can better understand the strengths and weaknesses of individual scholarly viewpoints, and more actively make use of them to articulate their thoughts on how to respond to the ill-structured issue. The evidence for this argument came from the focus group discussions of a two-year study on a foundational module in one of the honours colleges at the National University of Singapore (NUS).


Efficacy of Hepatitis B Vaccination in Personnels of BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital Rattana Boonsirichan MD* Dussadee Duangmanee RN** Phensiri Klaewkasikij RN** Rapeepan Chantanalage RN** Salisa Suebklay RN** Busaba Supawattanabodee RN, MSc (biostatistics)*** * Department of Medicine, BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital ** Infection Control Unit, BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital *** Clinical Epidemiology Unit, BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital Objectives: To assess the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine, the waning immunity together with anamnestic response, and factors associated with the immune response. Study design: Descriptive prospective study . Subjects: A total of 253 personnels of BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital, who had received standard 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine during 2007-2008. Methods: The subjects were tested for hepatitis B surface antibody (antiHBs) 2 months after complete 3 doses of vaccination. Those who had antiHBs 10miu/ml after 3 or 4 doses of vaccine) were tested for antiHBs in the next 12 months to assess the incidence of waning immunity (antiHBs decline to level 10 miu/ml after 1 vaccinated dose). Main outcome measures: responders, waning immunity, anamnestic response Results: The rate of responder was 98.8% and 99.6% after 3 and 4 doses of vaccination, respectively. All responders who needed 4 doses of vaccine were obese (body mass index: BMI > 25 kg/m 2 ). Only one subject, who was not response to the vaccination, had morbid obesity (BMI 37.3 kg/m 2 ). Waning immunity was found in 6.2% of the responders. Obesity was the only independent factor associated with waning immunity. All who had waning immunity had anamnestic response. Conclusion: Almost all of the personnels, who received complete course of Hepatitis B vaccine developed adequate protective antibody level. All who had waning immunity had anamnestic response. Hence, periodic antibody testing was not required except in the obese, who may need more doses of vaccine. Key words: hepatitis B vaccine, responder, waning immunity, anamnestic response Vajira Med J 2009 ; 54 : 9 - 18


Multipath scheduling has been a hot research topic in recent years thanks to the development of multipath transport protocols (MP-TCP and MP-QUIC) and the wide deployment of 5G infrastructures. These schedulers take advantage of multiple physical interfaces on end-user devices, thus improving performance and reliability. While Peekaboo, the state-of-the-art scheduler, seems to provide the best performance in some specific environments, some evidence is that other existing schedulers may outperform it in more realistic network conditions. Based on this observation, we proposed GADaM, stands for Generic Adaptive Deep-learning based Multipath scheduler selector. GADaM's role is to select the most appropriate scheduler under specific network conditions dynamically. The proposed paradigm proved its effectiveness in simulations, but its behavior in more realistic (typically mobile) environments remains largely unknown. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of GaDAM in real-world scenarios performed in an urban area near Paris, France. We design and implement a framework to serve this purpose, which takes mobility and fairness into consideration. Our results confirm the advantage of GaDAM's approach compared to the deterministic scheduler selection approach.


Objective To further investigate the effect of adenosine on mean pulmonary artery pressure(mPAP) in experimental rats with pneumonia and the effects of different dosages of adenosine on mPAP.Methods Fifty rats were randomly divided into the control group,the pneumonia group,and the experimental group A,B and C.Each group had 10 rats.The model of pneumonia was induced by injection of staphylococcus aureus into the windpipe of rats.Adenosine-treated rats(A,B and C group) received daily injection of adenosine at different dosages(50,100 and 150μg·kg-1·min-1) for 3 days.All rats were killed on the fifth day.Myocardial tissues were preserved in liquid nitrogen for examination.Pathological examination of myocardium was done.Heart rate(HR) and mPAP were recorded.Results(1) Compared with the control group,serious myocardial injury was found in the pneumonia group(P0.01).(2)The mPAP in the pneumonia group was significant higher than that in the control group [(2.67±0.38)vs(2.03±0.41),P0.01].(3)In rats with pulmonary hypertension,the mPAP decreased significantly in B and C groups than in the pneumonia group.Conclusion Myocardial injury and increased mPAP can occur in rats with pneumonia induced by staphylococcus aureus injection.Adenosine may decrease the mPAP of the rats with experimental pulmonary hypertension.


There has been much recent interest in restoring white-cedar swamps along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Awareness of the ecological role of wetlands in keeping our environment healthier has combined with demand for cedar products to produce a drive to develop better methods to propagate and establish young cedars. This paper discusses unique features of cedar swamp ecosystems, natural regeneration methods, protection from deer, the use of herbicides, and nursery propagation and cedar swamp restoration by planting seedlings or rooted cuttings. Current research is noted, with references. Tree Planters' Notes 46(3):78-85; 1995. Atlantic white-cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P (figures 1 and 2), is an obligate wetland species occupying swamps along the Atlantic Coast from central Maine south to Florida and westward along the Gulf Coast to the southeastern corner of Mississippi (figure 3). The western Florida population is sometimes regarded as a separate subspecies, ssp. henryae (Li 1962; Little 1966, 1979). Most cedar swamps lie along the Coastal Plain from New Jersey southward, but a few are perched atop mountains at some distance inland, as at High Point, New Jersey (1,500 feet elevation, 90 miles inland). The largest natural areas containing cedar swamps are in eastern North Carolina, southeastern New Jersey; and northwestern Florida (figure 3). Currently, the area occupied by cedar swamps or wetlands (5 to 95% cedar) rangewide is about 115,000 acres, according to foresters and conservationists surveyed in spring 1995. This includes typical cedar swamps from the Carolinas to Maine and sandy streamside forests in western Florida and the Mobile Bay area (Ward and Clewell 1989). At the time of European settlement, there was much more, perhaps 500,000 acres.


Predictive functional control (PFC) is a highly successful strategy within industry, but for cases with challenging dynamics the most effective tuning approaches are still an active research area. This paper shows how one can deploy some insights from the more traditional model predictive control literature in order to enable systematic tuning and in particular, to ensure that the key PFC tuning parameter, that is the desired closed-loop time constant, is effective. In addition to enabling easier and more effective tuning, the proposed approach has the advantage of being simple to code and thus retaining the simplicity of implementation and tuning that is a key selling point of PFC. This paper focuses on design for open-loop unstable and also processes with significant under-damping in their open-loop behaviour.


The main criterion characterizing the efficiency of the equipment of an industrial facility is its operation without failures and damages. To reduce the emergency rate, there has been proposed an emergency prevention system targeted at identifying the technological situation at the facility, predicting its further development, and also de-veloping the control actions to return the facility to normal operation. The task of identifying pre-emergency and emergency situations for technological objects is realized as a particular task of recognizing a technological situation based on a situational mathematical model of an object. The situational mathematical model of the object is implemented as a set of production rules that reflect the knowledge of experts about the identification of pre-emergency situations at the object, as well as possible trajectories for bringing the control object into normal operation. A three-level grouping of the rules of the situational mathematical model by security levels is proposed. The features of the formation of the rules of the situational mathematical model in the processing of qualitative information about the object are considered. Based on the situational mathematical model, a method for identifying pre-emergency situations is proposed, the stages of the method implementation are described. An algorithm of functioning the emergency prevention system has been developed. The interaction scheme of the proposed emergency prevention system and the process control system based on the SCADA system is determined. The use of the proposed system will improve the safety and stability of the operation of hazardous technological facilities


In this paper, we introduce the change of a mobile phone's hardware shape as a means of tactile interaction. The alteration of shape is implemented in a hardware prototype using a dynamic knob as an interaction device for the user. The knob alters the phone's shape according to different events and states, like incoming calls, new voice mail, or missed calls. Therefore, the user can explore the phone's status by touching it -- ambiently, even through the pocket. Initial user testing showed that this form of tactile interaction was easy to understand and handy to interact with, also for unexperienced users.


A newly-developed GaAs static RAM process is described. A large transconductance (gm) of 260 mS/mm has been obtained for enhancement-mode FETs. The large transconductance is accomplished with both buried p-layer SAINT (BP-SAINT) and shallow 30 keV n-layer ion implantation applied to Metallic Amorphous Silicon gate (MAS) FET. A novel static RAM cell layout drastically reduces its cell area to 455 µm2. To realize such a compact cell, tri-level interconnections and electron beam delineated 0.8 µm × 1.3 µm via holes directly on gates and ohmic metals have been developed.


The effects of alloying elements Re, Ru, Ta, Ti, and W on the activation enthalpy of dislocation cross-slip in γ′-Ni3Al are studied combining density functional theory calculations with the classical theory of dislocations. The elements Re and W are found to effectively increase planar fault energies on the (111) plane and decrease the cross-slip activation enthalpy in Ni3Al. The reduction of activation enthalpy will increase the probabilities of cross-slipping and forming sessile dislocation locks. Therefore, Re and W can inhibit the further motion of dislocations and raise the flow stress of Ni3Al in the anomalous temperature regime. The underlying electronic mechanism is the strong bonding of Re–Ni and W–Ni and the weak bonding of Re–Al and W–Al in fault areas.


The possibility of using topographic indicators to predict spatial variation in dissolved nitrogen (N) export from headwater catchments was explored within a sugar maple forest in the Algoma Highlands of central Ontario, Canada, where the average annual export of total dissolved N export ranged from 3.58 to 6.96 kg N ha−1 a−1. Topographic indicators representing both "nondistributed" and "distributed" properties of the catchments were derived. Distributed topographic indicators that were designed to represent hydrologic flushing mechanism for N export were superior in predicting nitrate‐N export, explaining up to 85% in average annual nitrate‐N export and 90% in the slope of discharge versus peak nitrate‐N export which occurred during spring melt. However, the distributed topographic indicators were comparable to nondistributed ones for dissolved organic nitrogen export, explaining up to 68% of the variance compared to 65%. This study shows that spatial variation in N export from catchments within a relatively small region can be substantial, but that distributed topographic indicators can be used to predict a majority of this N export and thereby provide a basis for extrapolating N export from a few intensively monitored catchments to many other catchments within the sugar maple forest of the Algoma Highlands.


In 2 trials, TLm96 values of 43 and 78 ppm Bayer 73 were recorded for non-fed 1st instar larvae of S. fuscipennis . TLm96 values of 30 and 33 ppm sodium pentachlorophenate were recorded for non-fed S. fuscipennis larvae. Larvae that had been fed prior to testing were far less resistant to both molluscicides. The TLm48 value for non-fed 1st instar larvae of Dictya sp. was 35.5 ppm Bayer 73.


As much as 50%-90% of research is estimated to be irreproducible, costing upwards of $28 billion in the United States alone. Reproducible research practices are essential to improving the reproducibility and transparency of biomedical research, such as including pre-registering studies, publishing a protocol, making research data and metadata publicly available, and publishing in open access journals. Here we report an investigation of key reproducible or transparent research practices in the published oncology literature.We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a random sample of 300 oncology studies published from 2014-2018. We extracted key reproducibility and transparency characteristics in a duplicative fashion by blinded investigators using a pilot tested Google Form.Of the 300 studies randomly sampled, 296 studies were analyzed for study reproducibility characteristics. Of these 296 studies, 194 were contained empirical data that could be analyzed for reproducible and transparent research practices. Raw data was available for 9 studies (4.6%). Approximately 5 studies (2.6%) provided a protocol. Despite our sample including 15 clinical trials and 7 systematic reviews/meta-analyses, only 7 included a pre-registration statement. Less than 25% (65/194) of studies provided an author conflict of interest statement.We found that key reproducibility and transparency characteristics were absent from a random sample of published oncology studies. We recommend required pre-registration for all eligible trials and systematic reviews, published protocols for all manuscripts, and deposition of raw data and metadata in public repositories.


Abstract There are roughly 25 very metal-poor (VMP; [Fe/H] < -2.0), highly r-process-enhanced ('r-II'; [Eu/Fe] > + 1.0) stars currently known, discovered over the past 20+ years. These stars provide nearly pure signatures of r-process events early in the Galactic history. We are conducting a high-resolution follow-up survey of RAVE and other bright targets to identify a total of > 100 r-II stars. Our pilot runs on the du Pont 2.5-m at Las Campanas Observatory and the ARC 3.5-m at Apache Point Observatory have already identified up to fourteen new r-II stars. We are continuing our high-resolution follow-up efforts to constrain the astrophysical site(s) and nature of the r-process.


1H and 13C nuclear relaxation times for the ligand positions of Pd(acac)2 and Co(acac)3 (acac = acetyl-acetonate) have been measured as a function of temperature. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement factors are used to demonstrate that except for the methyl carbon nucleus internuclear dipolar interactions dominate the relaxation times. Consequently TR can be extracted from the data. It is found that TR for a 0.05 M solution in CDCl3 varies with temperature (T) as TR = 3.92x10-13exp(1.38x103/T) (Co) TR = 4.42x10-13exp(1.20x103/T) (Pd) Activation energies for rotational reorientation calculated from the data are found to be 9-10 kJ mol-1 for both complexes. There appears to be a slight concentration dependence of ER, ER being about 12 kJ mol-1 for a 0.2 M solution of the palladium complex. Spin internal reorientation affects the T1 value of the CH3 carbon of Pd(acac)2, with T1 getting shorter as the temperature is raised. A simple single-axis model of rotational reorientation in solution is presented whereby it can be shown that ER is the average barrier energy encountered by a molecule during a single angular reorientation.


This paper introduces the history of the research on sports information,and expounds the relation between the sports intelligence and sports Informatics.


There is growing evidence that the serotonergic system, in particular serotonin 2A receptors, is involved in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), including cognitive processing and visual hallucinations. However, the relationship between serotonin 2A receptor availability, visual hallucinations, and cognitive profile is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of serotonin 2A receptor availability in brain regions affected by visual hallucinations and to test the association with cognitive/behavioral changes in patients who have PD with visual hallucinations.


Computer science is a fundamentally creative endeavour. The creativity necessary for science is not produced through a knowledge of many facts, but through deep insight into the relationships between facts and the methods of inquiry through which they are discovered. The goal of computer science education should be the development of insight into the methods and nature of the discipline, not simply exposure to its current factual content. Unfortunately, few aspects of insight are explicitly addressed in any standard curricula. We call for, and present an outline for, a curricula based on insight rather than topics.


Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world with six million malnourished children, 41% stunting, and 16% wasting across a population of 156.5 million. Feeding practices clearly impact nutritional status; breastfeeding is generally widespread in Bangladesh but often initiated late. In 2009, Alive & Thrive Infant and Young Children Program (IYCF), developed community based activities that were started to improve breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. Breastfeeding was common in Bangladesh in the first 2 years of the baby's life but there was delay in initiation, prelacteal feeding, and non-exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months. ——————————  —————————— Background/Literature Review: Anemia and malnutrition are considered major public health problems in Bangladesh. The prevalence of anemia in Bangladesh is 35% in pregnant women, 64% in children aged 6-23 months and 42% in children aged 24-59 months. It is estimated that there are more than ten million anemic children in Bangladesh [1]. Anemia in Bangladesh is one of the major contributors to low birth weight, low infection resistance, and poor cognitive abilities and work performance, especially among the poor and the lowincome population. Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world with six million malnourished children, 41% stunting, and 16% wasting across a population of 156.5 million [2]. Feeding practices clearly impact nutritional status; breastfeeding is generally widespread in Bangladesh but often initiated late. A study there concluded that late introduction of complementary food can lead to stunting. Therefore, the major national feeding recommendation is the immediate introduction of breast milk after delivery and to start complementary feeding at six months of age [3]. The Alive & Thrive Initiative developed a program with the aim to increase awareness of the importance of breastfeeding and improve the practice of complementary feeding within 5 years. Worldwide, anemia has been shown to have major consequences throughout life cycle; it leads to poor immune function, which causes lower resistance to infections and diseases. It also lowers concentration and overall quality of life, and it causes poor school and work productivity. In children, in addition to the previously mentioned consequences, anemia increases the risk of child mortality and risk of developing iodine deficiency [1]. Also, malnutrition has serious biological effects such as stunting, which not only affects the height of children but also reduces immunity, school achievements and lifetime earnings [4]. One of the programs supported by Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee (BRAC) is the Bangladesh Sprinkles Project and since 2003, multiple studies have been done to examine the project's effectiveness toward lowering the prevalence of anemia among children 6-24 months old. Sprinkles were given to children either daily or weekly in a certain dose. One study examined the difference between daily versus weekly doses of sprinkles to young children. The study found that both doses significantly improved anemia status and iron level among children. Moreover, children who used the sprinkles and got treated for anemia stayed non-anemic for significantly longer time in both weekly and daily doses groups. Families and caregivers preferred adapting the flexible weekly regimen [5]. Other programs that were supported by BRAC included the Jampular Women's Project (1975), Child Malnutrition Rehab Center and Prevention Program (1978), Oral Therapy Extension Program (1979), and many others. BRAC's long history of developing programs gave them a wealth of experience and resources to cultivate the Alive & Thrive model, which also targeted the same high-risk population as the past programs. [5] Program Description: BRAC was founded in 1972 with the aim of improving nutrition. Prior to Alive and Thrive program, BRAC implemented programs to improve children and pregnant women nutrition by providing supplementary feeding. In 1995, Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP) was initiated and funded by World Bank. The project then developed into the National Nutrition Program (NNP) in 2003. With the expansion of BRAC's programs, it recruited volunteer community health workers to visit program beneficiaries in their homes. In these programs, BRAC was the major Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) implementing the program throughout Bangladesh. In 2007,The Mainstreaming Nutrition Initiative (MNI) was initiated as a second BRAC effort to reduce malnutrition by supporting appropriate feeding practices in BRAC's existing maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) program. In 2009, Alive & Thrive Infant and Young Children Program (IYCF), developed community based activities that were started to improve breastfeeding and IJSE International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, March-2016 512


"Perspective and Mapping" is a specialized basic course in industrial design,the article is about how to improve the traditional teaching content so as to highlight the usefulness of knowledge,enrich teaching methods,perfect the assessment methods,improve the quality of teaching.


Abstract Using the example of four German-Jewish scholars of the 19th and 20th centuries – Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903), Hermann Cohen (1842–1918), Georg Simmel (1858–1918) and Alfred Schütz (1899–1959), who all maintained intense connections to their Jewish backgrounds – this article aims to illustrate that Jewish traditions held favourable conditions for processes of religious and social individualisation. The focus of the analysis is placed on the figure of the stranger, a theme all four authors dealt with in their work. On the one hand they investigated the stranger as a biblical figure with social-ethical implications (Lazarus and Cohen); on the other, they developed a sociological approach by analysing the role of the stranger in the construction of society (Schütz and Simmel). This article strives to illustrate how a particular religious ideal – the commandment of love for one's neighbour and the recognition of the stranger as a fellowman – has been transformed into a sociological concept for the promotion of individuality. Reconstructing this context also means exploring the history of sociology as a scientific discipline in Germany and to look into the attempts of sociologists to understand otherness in the multicultural societies of the 21st century.


It  was established that structure modifications  of carbon, received resulting from pyrolysis plant material and ash of natural graphite are the limiting factors when implementing the mechanochemical synthesis of titanium carbide in a vibratory treatment. The shown prospects of using natural graphite and modifications of the structure amorphous carbon, made from vegetable raw materials for the synthesis of titanium carbide with a minimum sulfur content. Ill. 6. Ref. 12. Tab. 1.


Many see organic agriculture as the most sustainable form of farming and as the paradigm for global food production in the future. One of the solutions to food insecurity and malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa is to promote local crops, encourage the use of locally source materials as amendment, improve their traditional system of production, and so diversify subsistence crop. The major reasons are the lack of knowledge and skill in land preparation and agronomic practices, weather uncertainties, pest outbreak and above all the use of fertilizer. Hence, this research will be carried out to investigate the effects of integrated application of Urea fertilizer and Goat Manure on soil Nutrient Availability and Okra performance. Field trials were conducted with four treatments replicated three times in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments were Control (no Urea, no goat manure), 8t/ha-1 goat manure + 200kg/ha-1 urea fertilizer; 8t/ha-1 goat manure + 175kg/ha-1 urea fertilizer and 8t/ha-1 goat manure + 150kg/ha-1 urea fertilizer. Treatments were applied three weeks after planting by ring method with Urea and goat manure mixed. Soil physical and chemical properties, growth and yield parameters were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range. 8t/ha-1 goat manure + 200kg/ha-1 urea fertilizer gave the highest plant height, leaf area as well as number of leaves than other treatment. However, the fruits weight, days of 50% flowering, number of fruit, fruits diameter and fruits length were significantly increased at 8t/ha-1 goat manure + 200kg/ha-1 urea fertilizer.


Lactation curve of cows under production conditions farms is allocated as the independent indicator of feeding and management. Thus in technological groups is hereditary variability as sizes of milk yield, and character of their changes before start dry cows. The objectives of the current research were estimation lactation curve of cows Holstein breeds in highly productive herd with definition of optimum parameters for monitoring a condition of animals. In controllable conditions of the maintenance and feeding on 262 cows, with an average milk yield for 305 days of a lactation of milk of 7617 kg, on the basis of the daily account of yields of milk are investigated parameters lactation curve. Maximal monthly milk yield fall to 2-3 months of a lactation when they are higher in comparison with the first month 13 %. With increase in efficiency of cows intensity up to the peak of milk production is reduced from 33 % up to 5 %. Braking lactation curve of cows after achievement of peak of efficiency on the average on months 3,9 %. Thus for highly productive cows 10000 kg yield milk is lower 1,5 %, and low productive is higher 11 %. Thus, in highly productive herds at use of the automated control system by herd in as much as possible allowable size of falling of monthly milk yields for cows 9,0 %, and on the average on technological group 4,5 %. At the differentiated lactation curve after approach of peak of efficiency for cows with a predicted yield of milk up to 7000 kg of milk 5,5 %, over 7000 kg of milk 3,3 %.


immune tolerance induction. The factor replacement could be reintroduced without any adverse events. Looking back, the detected inhibitor was due to interference in the laboratory testing as known from FVIII and the bleeding was possibly due to poorer adherence and higher activity during holidays. We strongly encourage further examination of a positive Bethesda assay despite a clinical correlate also in haemophilia B (chromogenic testing, anti-FIX IgG) prior to taking any crucial treatment decisions. Acknowledgements


This paper proposes a cost effective, better efficient inset magnet solution for the surface mounted permanent magnet (SPM) motor that suits low speed applications. The pole arc angle of the permanent magnet (PM) is reduced by 30% and the vacant volume is filled with silicon steel laminations to introduce saliency within the PM machine. The machine losses are computed and the efficiency of the proposed motor is compared with an existing outer rotating PM motor with a wide pole arc angle (180° elec.) over the entire torque-speed operating range. The increase in the cogging because of the added saliency is reduced with the introduction of single/ multiple grooves on the stator teeth.


The contact stiffness between grinding wheels and workpices has been numerically analyzed by applying the theory of Hertzian contact, in which a wheel is considered to be uniform continuous body. It is well known, however, that the grinding wheels are not actually uniform continuous bodies. Consequently, when analyzing the elastic deformations of grinding wheels, the theory of Hertzian contact should not be applied as it is. In this study, in order to clarify the mechanical phenomena of grinding wheels in the contact area with workpieces, a mathematical model of grinding wheels consisting of rigid bodies and spring elements was proposed. By utilizing this model, elastic deformations of the grinding wheels in the contact area with workpieces are considered. And analyzed results are confirmed experimentally. From these results, it is clarified that the elastic deformations of grinding wheels in the contact area with workpieces can be analyzed quantitatively by means of the proposed model.


Summary
With greening of soybean embryos during seed ripening, increased granal stacking directly correlates with decreasing chlorophyll a/b ratios. However, the intergranal fret system that is normally observed in chloroplasts is minimally developed during embryogenesis. Transitions in chloroplast development were correlated with coincident transitions in cellular ultrastructure. Levels of chlorophyll a/b binding protein mRNAs decreased prior to chloroplast dedifferentiation to eoplast during seed maturation. This suggests that the availability of chlorophyll a/b binding proteins is essential for maintenance of thylakoid appression and stacking against derivative processes.


For sub-65nm technology nodes, Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) has become a primary limiting factor of circuit lifetime. During the past few years, researchers have spent considerable effort on accurate modeling and characterization of circuit delay degradation caused by NBTI at different design levels. The search for techniques and methodologies which can aid in effectively minimizing the NBTI effect on circuit delay is still underway. In this work, we present the usage of node criticality computation to drive NBTI-aware timing analysis and optimization. Circuits that have undergone this optimization flow show strong resistance to NBTI delay degradation. For the first time, this work proposes a node criticality computation algorithm under an NBTI-aware timing analysis and optimization framework. Our work provides answers to the following yet unaddressed questions: (a) what is the definition of node criticality in a circuit under the NBTI effect? (b) how do we identify the critical nodes that, once protected, will be immune to NBTI timing degradation? and (c) what are the NBTI effect attenuation approaches? Experimental results indicate that by protecting the critical nodes found by our proposed methodology, circuit delay degradation can be reduced by up to 50%. Combined with peak temperature reduction, the delay degradation can be be further improved.


The evolution of low-carbon economy era is putting forward new requirements for the development and operational management of tourism enterprises. A new type mode named low-carbon management gives an opportunity for tourism enterprises to change development way from extensive style to intensive one. How to measure the effect of operational management of tourism enterprises and the efficiency level, and provide a practical basis and decision-making for the development of enterprises as well as the industry is the focus of research on implementing low-carbon economy and management. Based on studying low-carbon management theory, setting up the relationship between the results analyzed by DEA method and the operational states, and taking China's 18 listed tourism companies as empirical case studies, according to the results, to apply the emerging tools and techniques of low-carbon management, enhance the allocation level of human, material, financial and other resources, reduce excessive occupied resources and consumption, and cut down the pollution and emissions towards external environment will be the developing tide at present and in the future.


In order to perform flow velocity measurements without interfering in the flow field itself, a flow velocity measurement method based on the characteristics (the rule by which the power spectrum varies with the flow velocity) of turbulent pressure fluctuations is proposed. This method is based on the characteristics of turbulent pressure fluctuations in the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) and uses a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor to convert pressure fluctuations into voltage outputs. First, TBL pressure fluctuation characteristics are studied. Second, the piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF piezoelectric sensors are studied and a sensor array signal processing method that can improve the signal-to-noise ratio is provided. Then, numerical simulations are performed to verify the characteristics of turbulent pressure fluctuations in the TBL. Finally, a PVDF sensor is made and flow velocity measurement experiments are performed. The results show that the power spectrum of the PVDF sensor response to excitation by turbulent pressure fluctuations is proportional to the fourth power of the flow velocity. It is feasible to use this characteristic to measure the flow velocity.


To accommodate the diverse nature of uncertainty, different distributions can be used. Some of the representative distributions are shown in Fig. 2.2. The type of distribution chosen for an uncertain variable reflects the amount of information that is available. For example, the uniform and loguniform distributions represent an equal likelihood of a value lying anywhere within a specified range, on either a linear or logarithmic scale, respectively. Furthermore, a normal (Gaussian) distribution reflects a symmetric but varying probability of a parameter value being above or below the mean value. In contrast, lognormal and some triangular distributions are skewed such that there is a higher probability of values lying on one side of the median than the other. A beta distribution provides a wide range of shapes and is a very flexible means of representing variability over a fixed range. Modified forms of these distributions, uniform* and loguniform*, allow several intervals of the range to be distinguished. Finally, in some special cases, user-specified distributions can be used to represent any arbitrary characterization of uncertainty, including chance distribution (i.e., fixed probabilities of discrete values).


"Educational equality is the important base for the harmonious society". The compulsory education in rural areas is not only a vital "node'' in the social equality field ,but also a hot problem to which governments at all levers and the general public are paying attention . According to the data from the author's case study, this paper analyses the hard challenges that the compulsory education in rural areas is facing. Then, combining with the present concrete situation of our country, it puts forward corresponding countermeasures in order to make stable and equal base for the grand object of establishing the socialism harmonious society.


CNx/TiNy multilayers were prepared by using ion beam assisted ion beam sputtering method. XPS analysis shows two C-N bonding states of N-spC and N-spC in CNx layer have been defined. With the increasing of substrate temperature, the microhardness and the N contents of the films rise. The assisted ion beam deposition is benefit for increasing the microhardness and the N concentrations of the films. From this experiment, we achieve the films with the microhardness of up to 47.2 GPa, and the total N concentration of 59.00 at. %. It is worth noting that the interfacial bond state between the substrate and film is obviously improved when the substrate temperature increases or the assisted ion beam is used.


Just-in-Time Teaching(JITT)is a new teaching method and emerged at the end of the 20th century in U.S.A. Now it is widely used in undergraduate teaching in the United States.The communications between teachers and students are strongly emphasized by JITT through active learning with web or Internet technology. Consequently,the teaching effect can be improved a lot.According to the characteristic of relay protection course,the application of experimental teaching based on JITT has been discussed.


The invention relates to a preparation method for clear-soup chicken meatballs packaged by a compound bag, which comprises the following steps of: grinding skinless chicken meat through a meat grinder with the aperture of 7mm, placing for 5-10 minutes at the temperature of 0-4 DEG C, then cutting and mixing for 3-5 minutes at a low speed, adding 0.3-1.2%(w/w) of salt and 0.3%(w/w) of phosphate, and then cutting and mixing for 8-10 minutes at a high speed; cooling the ground chicken meat emulsion for 1-3 hours at the temperature of 0-4 DEG C, molding, boiling in water for 8-10 minutes, soakingfor 1-3 minutes in 0.3-0.5%(w/w) of sodium alginate, then soaking for 1-3 minutes in 1-3%(w/w) of chitosan solution, draining, cooling, packaging in a compound cooking bag, filling clear soup, sterilizing under pressure, and cooling to form a finished product. The chicken meatballs prepared by the method are abundant in nutrition and fresh, crisp and tender in taste, and the soup color is clear and not turbid.


The ENVISAT ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) AP (Alternating Polarisation) mode provides a new opportunity for spaceborne monitoring of vessel traffic and fishing activities. A series of data has been collected and analysed over Canadian and Norwegian waters, as well as other locations of opportunity. Three vessels were imaged during a Canadian trial and an oil production vessel in the Norne field has been imaged with various ASAR beams and polarisations to study the polarisation-dependent signatures of known ships. Cross-polarised data give better contrast for automated detection compared to co-polarised data, especially when the incidence angle is small.


Abstract This study evaluates the subseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of each model's twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed. The authors focus on the three major components of Asian summer monsoon: the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM), and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), together with the two dominant subseasonal modes: the eastward- and northward-propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSIO) and the westward-propagating 12–24-day mode. The results show that current state-of-the-art GCMs still have difficulties and display a wide range of skill in simulating the subseasonal variability associated with Asian summer monsoon. During boreal summer (May–October), most of the models produce reasonable seasonal-mean precipitation over the ISM region,...


aluminum foil. Samples were grilled in oven at 180 o C for 20min. Each sample was divided into 2 parts; skin and muscle. The results showed that the highest level of aluminum residue in fish grilled with addition of salts, onion, tomato, garlic and lemon, while addition of sugar reduced migration of aluminum into the skin and muscle of fish.


Design characteristics of a clinical trial, such as eligibility and exclusion criteria, are broadly influential in the conduct, interpretation, and impact of trials. The research objectives, the intended inference or generalization of results, the balance of factors affecting the trial recruitment and conduct, all impact the determination of eligibility and exclusion criteria. Clinical contraindications, regulatory and ethical considerations also relate to this determination.

Keywords:

clinical trial;
screening;
enrollment;
recruitment;
explanatory trial;
pragmatic trial;
minority;
gender


This chapter analyzes why Europe followed a different economic path from China and the Middle East and explains how political institutions have played a starring role in explanations of divergence. It addresses the question on why political divergence took place when great economic divergence was confirmed by political divergence. It also discusses early democracy that came from the traditions of the Germanic tribes that overran Europe as Rome fell. The chapter looks at human societies that independently evolved the idea of constraining rulers to obtain consent from their people. It confirms whether early democracy was invented by German tribes and assesses whether conditions in Europe resembled those in other places where early democracy thrived.


Massive-cluster impact is demonstrated to be an effective ionization technique for the mass analysis of proteins as large as 17 kDa. The design of the cluster source permits coupling to both magnetic-sector and quadrupole mass spectrometers. Mass spectra are characterized by the almost total absence of chemical background and a predominance of multiply charged ions formed from 100% glycerol matrix. The number of charge states produced by the technique is observed to range from +3 to +9 for chicken egg lysozyme (14,310 Da). The lower m/z values provided by higher charge states increase the effective mass range of analyses performed with conventional ionization by fast-atom bombardment or liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry.


The use of resistive random-access memory (RRAM) for in-memory computing (IMC) architectures has significantly improved the energy-efficiency of artificial neural networks (ANN) over the past years. Current RRAM-technologies are physically limited to a defined unambiguously distinguishable number of stable states and a maximum resistive value and are compatible with present complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-technologies. In this work, we improved the accuracy of current ANN models by using increased weight resolutions of memristive devices, combining two or more in-series RRAM cells, integrated in the back end of line (BEOL) of the CMOS process. Based on system level simulations, 1T2R devices were fabricated in IHP's 130nm SiGe:BiCMOS technology node, demonstrating an increased number of states. We achieved an increase in weight resolution from 3 bit in ITIR cells to 6.5 bit in our 1T2R cell. The experimental data of 1T2R devices gives indications for the performance and energy-efficiency improvement in ITNR arrays for ANN applications.