By hosting the Central American Games in 1926, the Mexican government sought to convince international observers that the nation had emerged from the years of bitter civil war that characterised the Mexican Revolution (1910–17). [2] Yet while the pomp and ceremony of the games may have provided a temporary sense of wellbeing, the occasion could not fully mask the disquiet that lay beneath the veneer of stability. The wounds of the Mexican Revolution went much deeper: the country's economic infrastructure was severely damaged; political authority had devolved to those semi-autonomous provincial leaders with sufficient military clout to get their way; and as poorer Mexicans called for social justice, the wealthy demanded social control. Many refused to accept that the violent conflict had run its course: radicals pushed for greater political change while reactionaries sought to turn the clock back. Indeed, in the very year that the Central American Games took place, a rebellion against constitutional attacks on the Catholic Church caused considerable bloodshed and division. Clearly, it would take more than a few gold medals to convince onlookers that Mexico had returned to the order and progress that had characterized the late nineteenth century. A crucial element in Mexico's rehabilitation on the international scene depended on convincing its people that the survival of the nascent central authority represented the best hope of meeting their expectations. As such, the governments of Alvaro Obregón (1920–4) and Plutarco Elı́as Calles (1924–8) developed a series of compromises in which sporadic grants of land and labour reforms were used to buy the loyalty of agrarian and industrial worker unions. While their support helped the government to survive several armed revolts, the assassination of president-elect Obregón in 1928 underlined that deep divisions remained. With the primary aim of averting further political instability, Calles formed the Partido Nacional de la Revolución (National Party of the Revolution – PNR) in 1929. Comprising all significant sectors of Mexican society, he sought to convince competing forces that all political contestation should take place within the party's bureaucratic structure rather than on the battlefield. Thus the precursor of the single-party state began a process of patronage that would last for the remainder of the twentieth century. This is not to say that there were no dissenters, but the successful cooption of leaders and the use of limited repression kept the lid on the widespread unrest and violence that was witnessed in many other Latin American countries during the same period. The International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 26, No. 6, May 2009, 723–747


The land birds of Costa Rica are the bestknown of Central America, thanks to the efforts of Slud (1964) and several later authors. However, over the years the waterbirds have been relatively neglected. Save for the accounts of selected species by Orians and Paulson (1969), little recent information is available on the rich freshwater avifauna of northwestern Costa Rica. The only careful account of seabirds in Costa Rican waters


It have been studied the influence of obesity on pregnancy and pregnancy issues. We divided 100 patients of Novosibirsk gynecological hospital into 2 groups: first group included pregnant women with obesity; second group included pregnant women with normal weight. All patients were from 20 to 39 years old. Abortions happened more often among women with chronic inflammatory diseases. Frequency of gynecological hormone-dependent disorders, genital infections was three times higher among women with abortions. The main part of somatic and gynecological pathology was in group of women with obesity. Besides, first group women three times more often suffer from menstrual disorders and infertility. Pregnancy outcomes in first group were in 78% abortions. Second group women delivered babies in 60%. Operative labours were observed in 75% cases in group of women with obesity. Women with normal weight delivered babies per vias naturalis in 67% cases. Premature labours were observed only in first group.


Solid propellant ramjet with dual underside inlet was selected for study. By using orthogonal design,a three-dimensional flow field model of afterburning chamber was build to study the effect trends of three structural parameters on the mixing and combustion efficiency. The feasibility of numerical simulation was also verified by ground tests. The results got from range analysis indicate the effect trends and optimal levels of each structural parameter,while the variance analysis indicates the influence significance of various structural parameters on combustion efficiency. As a result,the length of the afterburning chamber is highly significant.


This research analyzes the economic and financial feasibility of implementing a biodigester for confinement of beef cattle on a farm located in the State of Sao Paulo, through the approach of discounted cash flow. The anaerobic digestion technology arouses interest, due to its advantages with the generation of electricity and the pollution reduction of water resources, soil and air, from the biogas and bio-fertilizer production, high value-added products to cattle raising. It was verified that the treatment system of cattle manure with biodigesters generate biogas and fertilizer as revenue, with free cash flows that enable a return on investment in 3.8 years and return an IRR 26.40% and an MIRR of 10.69%; all above than the minimum rate of attractiveness which confirmed the economic and financial viability of the investment.


Harmful algal blooms (HABs) globally affect marine ecosystems and human health. Significant attention has been paid to understanding the initiation processes of HABs, while much less is known of the mechanisms causing cell demise and bloom decline. Recent evidence reveals that programmed cell death (PCD) can be a possible pathway for HAB termination. However, it is still not clear how PCD expression varies with the growth of marine phytoplankton. In order to characterize how susceptibility to stress-induced cell death changes with the growth of marine harmful algae, we examined the prevalence of PCD markers during 48 h after the addition of H2O2 in dinoflagellate Karenia brevis cultures at the early-log, mid-log and stationary phase. The results show that acute susceptibility to cell death (before time 0.5 h) increased as cultures aged, reflecting a chronological decrease in stress acclimation abilities. However, the youngest cultures showed strong PCD expression and the fastest overall rate of cell loss within the first 24 h, hypothesized to result from the cell-density-dependent H2O2 detoxifying process. This research highlights the existence of PCD in HAB species and that aging marine phytoplankton are more susceptible to exogenous stress, which agrees with previous observations of significant PCD during bloom decline.


This article gives a method of finding discrete approximations to continuous probability density functions and shows examples of its use, allowing students without calculus access to the calculation of means and variances.


and space, an all-encompassing medium of exchange, a durable system of payment, but also a protean, virtualized, and volatile means for the enrichment of the few and the enslavement of the many. This fundamentally problematic and ambiguous aspect of money lies at the heart both of Pete North's account of Money and Liberation and of the numerous experiments in "alternative" currencies that he explores in the course of it. The basic idea is that under the right conditions, money can be a tremendously positive and liberating element in the lives of the poor and the marginal. Specifically, North explores the long history of people and communities that have used the uniquely transformative power of money to resist both the idea and the practice of a hegemonic capitalism. In all cases, these experiments are founded on the realization that money can be produced by anyone, anywhere—all one needs are an agreed system of exchange value (time, labor, paper, or shells) and the collective will to do it. That collective will emanates from many different sources, and North carefully charts the efforts of utopian socialists, anarchists, environmentalists, communitarians, and, more practically, people who face severe economic hardship to harness it in the pursuit of alternative money. As this account implies, for all their common goals, the nature and outcomes of the experiments examined in the book vary enormously. The alternative schemes range from largely theoretical attempts to steer modern capitalism away from the hegemony of the bankers and the industrialists (like the social credit movement) to the more concrete manifestations of local and "barter" currencies (such as local exchange trading systems, "green" dollars, and antipoverty programs in Hungary and Argentina). North combines a series of case studies of these various experiments, based on his own extensive empirical research, with an overview of some of the main theoretical issues surrounding the development of modern money. One of the great strengths of the book is that it does not succumb to the temptation to "overtheorize" the problem of money—which much of the more recent literature on money has done all too often. Rather than get bogged down in the interesting but often fruitless arguments about whether money is "real," North's empirical focus demonstrates both the ways in which ordinary people can and do use money's potential for freedom and the difficulties of sustaining the good it can do. As this focus implies, there is no way around the fact that, at one level, this is a book about the ultimate failure of any of the currency experiments to deliver any lasting or widespread change. Some are defeated by the power of the mainstream economy, some by direct repression, some by differences and squabbles that emerge within the movements that have created the alternatives. Although it would be easy to conclude that alternative currencies are therefore pointless, North's optimism is such that he refuses to do so. The fact that such experiments did not survive in the past neither denies the short-term gains that many were able to deliver—particularly as coping strategies for the very poor—nor prevents them, in North's view, from succeeding in the future. Specifically, North sees, in the socioeconomic spaces being opened up by the Internet, the possibility of new modes of interaction, value construction, and (nonor anticapitalist) exchange that could overcome some of the inherent limitations of local and/or small-scale alternative currencies. Whether this is likely, given that mainstream capital seems to have managed to both engender and occupy many of the available "spaces" of the Internet, is debatable. One Money and Liberation: The Micropolitics of Alternative Currency Movements


The purpose of this study is to find, analyse and systematise the basic ways of embalmment and their application in contemporary methods of plastination. In most of the ancient mummies the internal organs and the brain were removed. Usually the best-preserved samples were under additional protective circumstances - low temperatures, dry air, draught, or isolating cover of the body. Chinchoros used NaCl and, later on, fire for drying of body cavities. The dehydration factors in the Pacific mummies were warmness and smoke, while ancient Egyptians used sodium salts. Chinchoros covered the whole body with manganese dust, brilliant ochre or clay. The skin of the mummies from Melanesia was coated with fats mixed with red ochre, and Egyptians impregnated the dead bodies and linen bandages with herbal oils derived from Cedar Tree (Cedrus atlantica). The ancient principles of embalmment – dehydration and impregnation are used also in modern plastination technologies, including plastination with products of type "Biodur Sn".


Considering the socio-demographic profile of Argentina in a globalized context and taking into account the world trends in public health, it has been necessary a Reform of the health area and the design of Nursing Policies.

In some places of the country, community nurses are still absorbed by the dominant health model. While in others, they are moving towards a paradigm of professional practice oriented to health promotion. As a proof to this, we can mention: activities they develop as direct care providers, work with families, community groups, and their contributions to teaching, research and administration of services with new scopes.

The paradigmatic transition in the health field offers new opportunities to nurses to work in different community areas (schools, dinning halls, clubs, NGOs, etc). A situation that should be profited in order to make visible the professional practice.
The practice of a proactive leadership will enable the role of the nurse in the community area to be based on an integration conception and in a process of conceptual modernization which will support a new practice in Public Health.

The community nurse as a health keeper should reexamine the role, truly valuing her practice. She will, therefore, question, analyze, rebuild or create new ways to be the leader of the health area on the basis of his/her own identity. In order to comply with this, her/his practice should be based on the following:

• On Health as a value and on the meaning of caring and healing
• On a collective focus valuing social diversity
• On ethical basis at decision making points
• On the purpose of the profession in health attention
• On the efficiency of the different methods used at nursing services, based on the self-care attention models emphasizing interdisciplinary and inter-institutionally.
• On the demonstration of the costs of nursing interventions, evaluating the quality, and prioritizing the evaluation of processes and results over the evaluation of structures.


Dear Sirs, Treatment with combinations of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) has reduced the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence in liver transplantation (LT) recipients to less than 10% [1,2]. However, antiviral drug-related mutation significantly decreased the efficacy of NUCs. Therefore, an efficient antiviral agent is desirable in the condition of HBV recurrence, which would improve the patient outcome [3]. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a newer antiviral agent with profound efficacy, rapid onset of action, and a high genetic barrier [4]. Recently, TDF was found to be effective in preventing HBV recurrence after LT [5,6]. Furthermore, TDF retained significant activity against HBV in heavily pretreated patients with high rates of genotype resistance [7]. To our knowledge, there have been no reports describing the use of TDF as rescue therapy for patients with HBV recurrence after LT. Herein, we described the favorable outcomes of TDF in two recipients with HBV recurrence after LT following previous multiple NUC treatment failures. A 66-year-old Asian man was diagnosed as HBV-related cirrhosis in July 2007 and was prescribed with entecavir (ETV) 0.5 mg/day by mouth for positive serum HBV DNA, which led to a complete virologic response (<1000 copies/ml). However, ETV was stopped 2 months later because of an allergy rash. In April 2008, the patient was transferred to our center for a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the serum HBVDNA level was 3.5 9 10 copies/ml. Then, lamivudine (LAM) 100 mg/day by mouth was started. On May 2008, LT was performed successfully when the serum HBVDNA has already turned to be negative. Post-transplantation prophylaxis regimen was LAM plus HBIG intramuscularly injection to keep the HBIG titer be above 100 IU/ml. No clinical complications occurred until April 2012. Although both HBsAg and HBVDNA were negative, it was difficult to maintain the targeted HBIG titer. As a result, HBV recurrence was suspected and LAM was replaced by ETV 0.5 mg/day from May 2012 with no rash observed (TDF was unavailable until 2013 in our hospital). Unfortunately, HBsAg became to be detectable in July 2012 and HBIG was discontinued. One month later, the HBVDNA was 8.83 9 10 copies/ml and the genetic sequencing showed the rtM204I mutation (Fig. 1). Then, adefovir (ADV) was added which reduced HBVDNA to <500 copies/ml 6 months later. The patient's condition remained stable until June 2013 when the serum HBVDNA became positive with a deteriorated liver function. As rescue treatment, ADV was replaced by TDF 300 mg/day by mouth.


Public school classrooms in the United States are composed of an increasingly diverse population of learners. The number of students with limited proficiency in English has grown exponentially across the United States, yet their level of academic achievement lags significantly behind that of their language-majority peers. The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes, opinions and practices of middle school language arts/reading teachers regarding the inclusion of ELL students and the support they receive in their classrooms. The researcher administered a survey to 171 language arts/reading middle school teachers and interviewed six teachers from fourteen schools in a school district in the Southwest United States. Respondents welcomed the cultural diversity that ELL students bring to the classroom, but encouraged linguistic assimilation as a condition of student success. A significant percentage of teachers indicated some ELL training but felt inadequately prepared to the challenges of teaching ELL students. Native language resources and instructional materials were limited and not used. Teachers were willing to give students more time to complete their coursework, but not necessarily lessen the amount of student


Three tetrapodal ligands 1,2,4,5-tetrakis[4-(4,5-diazafluoren-9-ylimino)phenoxymethyl]benzene (L1), 1,2,4,5-tetrakis[2-(4,5-diazafluoren-9-ylimino)phenoxymethyl]benzene (L2), and 1,2,4,5-tetrakis[(4,5-diazafluoren-9-ylimino)methyl]benzene (L3), and their corresponding RuII polypyridyl complexes [{Ru(bpy)2}4(4-L1-3)](PF6)8 (bpy = 2,2-bipyridine) were synthesized and characterized. The spectroscopic behavior of the three complexes was investigated by UV/Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy. They display metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions at around 443 nm in CH3CN solution at room temperature, and emission at around 575 nm in EtOH/MeOH (4:1, v/v) glassy matrix at 77 K. Electrochemical studies of the three complexes show one RuII-based oxidation at around 1.35 V and three ligand-based reductions.


In order to develop a new recombinant immunotoxin hIL-2-Luffin P1 for specifically killing T lymphocytes,target gene fragments hIL2-Luffin P1 were amplified by PCR,and then subcloned into an expression plasmid pET32a(+).After identification by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing,the correct sequencing recombinant plasmid was transformed into the expression strain BL21 to express.The correctly expressed protein was purified,refolded,desalinated,enterokinase digested,and then repurified for Western blot analysis by using rabbit anti-human IL-2 polyclonal antibody.Finally not only expression vector pET32a(+)-hIL-2-Luffin P1 was successfully constructed,but also the expression of right hIL2-Luffin P1 protein was obtained.Thus,the construction of hIL2-Luffin P1 fusion protein would be a foundation of psoriasis treatment.


We report a simple, convenient, and reproducible method, involving the use of radiolabeled cholesterol dispersed in Tween 20 as a tracer and endogenous lipoproteins as a substrate, for measuring the rate of serum cholesterol esterification in vitro. The reaction of lecithin acyltransferase (EC 188.8.131.52) was enhanced by the presence of Tween 20, which probably ab#{231}elerates th exchange between radiolabeled cholesterol and endogenous lipoprotein cholesterol. In sera from 65 normal subjects, the in vitro cholesterol esterification rate was significantly correlated (r = 0.47, P = 0.00 1)with age. The mean rate of esterification of 31 subjects 30 years old or younger was significandy lower than that of 34 subjects 31 to 64 years of age. We found no significant difference in the rate of esterif ication between men and women. The rate of cholesterol #{149}esterification (nmol/ml per h) was significantlycorrelated with the concentration of endogenous free cholesterol in serum, but the fractional rate (the percentage of radiolabeled cholesterol esterified per hour) was Inversely proportionalto the endogenous free cholesterol. The fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl esters formed by the acyltransferase reaction may provide an index in recognizing some specific disorder.


Objective To evaluate the reproductive toxicity of rare earth(RE).The effects of RE on development,maturation and parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes were studied.Methods The mice were injected with mixed RE for 10 days.After superovulation,mouse oocytes were collected and were activated with SrCl 2.Results Treatments with RE exceeded 400mg/(kg·d) made extremely marked effects on the quantity or rate of living oocytes,maturation oocytes,and activated oocytes.Conclusion RE beyond a certain dose obviously inhibifed the development,maturation and parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes,which implied that RE made reproductive toxicity on development of germ cells and fertilization in mammals and human being.


A one-pot, efficient synthesis of 11 novel 2,3-diacylated trans-tetrahydrobenzofuran-4-one derivatives has been achieved via a three-component condensation of a N-(4-halophenacyl)-pyridinium bromide, a cyclic 1,3-diketone such as 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) or cyclohexane-1,3-dione and an arylglyoxal in the presence of catalytic amounts of 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) in water under reflux conditions. The attractive features of the method are excellent yields and high purity, short reaction times, easy work-up, and use of an inexpensive and non-toxic catalyst.


Biological treatment of secondary effluent wastewater by two combined denitrification/oxic filtration systems packed with Lock type(denitrification filter) and ceramic ball (oxic filter) has been studied for 5months. Two phases of operating conditions were carried out with an influent nitrate and ammonia concentrations varied from 5.8 to 11.7mg/L and 5.4 to 12.4mg/L,respectively. Denitrification/oxic filter treatment system were operated under an EBCT (Empty Bed Contact Time) of 4h at system recirculation ratio in the range from 0 to 300% (Linear Velocity increased 19.5m/d to 78m/d). The system efficiency of denitrification , nitrification over 95% respectively. Total nitrogen and COD removal range from 54.6%(recirculation 0%) to 92.3%(recirculation 300%) and 10% to 62.5%, respectively. Keywords—Advanced treatment , Biofilter, Nitrogen removal, Two combined denitrification/oxic filter


Background: In District hospital of Tangerang, nurses were major health workers who
serve patients in hospitals and should have a maximum performance so that patients
would get prime services. For this needs to be measured their performance regularly with
a reliable tool, easy and predictive through the development of predictive models and
comes with the preparation of specific policies.
Objectives: Assess and develop predictive models of nurse hospital performance
measurement as well as his policy implications at the hospital of Tangerang.
Methods: Research design was mixed method. Data was processed with Smart-PLS
formed a Structural Equation Model to prove the confirmatory and exploratory
relationships in theorem 8 latent variables that have a 4-6 indicator variables that affect
the nurse performance variable and to find the magnitude relationship among variables
(rho values) so that forming an equation of linear model. The result was to create a
software program to measure the predicted of performance of nurses. Sample 250
nurses and the others 163 nurses acted as raters. The way samples were taken with
multistage random sampling. Then proceed with the policy qualitative research to the
occurrence of it the above. 29 nurses as an informants, comes from within and outside
the Tangerang Hospital. Information collected by the way of document review, a field
observation, focus group discussions and depth interviews. Triangulation of information
carried out to obtain reliable and accurate results. The Approach \"Policy Process
Analysis\" using the Boulton criteria, so that known nursing policy issues concerning
general nursing policy and nurse's performance rules in Hospital of Tangerang
associated with suitability to worked place and protect nurses from risks and dangers of
work of nursing and presented via the format of policy analysis (analysis of Policy).
Furthermore, by combining the two findings from the two research designs produce three
strategies to be chosen one strategy and the choice fell on a strategy of C. This strategy
was translated into a draft of a nursing policy based on a predictive of nurse's
performance at hospital of Tangerang that was poured or written into a format of \"analysis
for policy (analysis for policy). The study was conducted 7 months, from February to
August 2011.
Results: In District hospital of Tangerang, calculations with Smart-PLS obtained at 35
relationships among the variables at the initial structure model, produces 18 relationships
between the variables with a value of goodness of fit was significant and at the model
final modification of structure increased to 19 significant relationships among the
variables. At the final model for the three variables have direct influence with the
\"goodness of fit\" significantly to the predictive performance variable. The variables were
life environment variable, abilities and history of nurse's family health. The influence of all
predictor variables on the performance variables nurse at the final model was 89.24%
with the Q-predictive value relevance was 93.88%. The results were used for the
software development of predictive model of nurses� performance. As a continuation, a
qualitative research about nursing policy generates a strategy C which was a draft of
nursing based on a nurse�s predictive' performance in Tangerang District Hospital.
Conclusion and Suggestions: Variables predictive of performance Tangerang District
Hospital nurses were affected by many variables including the eight predictor of
performance variables as a source for formulating of nursing policy strategy, based on
performance which was prioritize the suitability of work placements and protects nurses
from risk and hazard of work of nursing, so hospital management can take anticipative
action if found to decrease performance of nurses and policies were made to ensure the
nurses work with the maximum.


A technique to obtain flow vector mapping through stream function evaluated from two-dimensional ultrasonic Doppler information is proposed. Medical ultrasonic systems for two-dimensional Doppler flow mapping are commercially available, so the two-dimensional Doppler information on a flow can be obtained in real time. A technique that deduces a flow vector mapping from the Doppler information about a fluid flow was therefore developed to evaluate cardiac function quantitatively. This technique can be applied for the observation by the Doppler effect of a fluid of scattering light or electromagnetic wave.


Alternate food networks (AFN) in Mexico and France are seen as an anti-systemic, post-capitalist social behavior and a form of anticommodity production. We report on two local market initiatives in Mexico, comparing similar institutions in southern France. Despite the adverse situation facing peasant agriculture, consumers and producers—urban and rural—are mobilizing to vindicate the ethical, agroecological, and cultural dimensions of food and support the smallholder family economy, seeking more direct, face-to-face relationships. The participation of women in AFN is definitive, as consumers, producers, and processors, and as organizers and promoters as well. AFN are one dimension of a process of the "Return of the Peasants," that is, ideological spaces where farmers and consumers collectively are redefining the values of the agro-food system.


Psycholinguistic approach to phraseologisms mainly focuses on the psychological reality of phraseologisms,trying to answer the question:whether phraseologisms are stored and retrieved as a whole in mental lexicon? Empirical evidence for the psychological reality of phraseologisms has been provided by studies from Online Reading Time(RT) and ERP.The present study attempts to provide further evidence from EFL learners' audio processing of English.In the phoneme monitoring task under E-prime environment,subjects are asked to respond to the target phoneme,when they are exposed to formulaic or non-formulaic stimulus.The result of independent sample test indicates that word sequences are processed more quickly in formulaic condition than in non-formulaic condition.The processing advantage of formulaic sequences offers evidence for their psychological reality.


Sleep-disordered breathing and sleep-wake disturbances are frequent in stroke patients. They deserve attention because they may influence rehabilitation process and functional outcome. In addition, sleep-disordered breathing may increase the risk of stroke recurrence. 50-70% of stroke patients are found to have sleep-disordered breathing, mostly obstructive sleep apnoea. In some patients stroke recovery is accompanied by an improvement of sleep-disordered breathing. The treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnoea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Oxygen, theophyllin and other forms of ventilation may be helpful in patients with other forms of sleep-disordered breathing (e.g. Cheyne-Stokes breathing). In at least 20-40% of stroke patients sleep-wake disturbances are present, mainly in form of increased sleep needs (hypersomnia), excessive daytime sleepiness or insomnia. Depression, anxiety, sleep-disordered breathing, complications (e.g. nycturia, dysphagia, urinary/respiratory infections) and drugs may contribute to sleep-wake disturbances and should be addressed first. In patients with sleep-wake disturbances of primary neurogenic origin treatment with stimulants/dopaminergic drugs and hypnotics/sedating antidepressants respectively can be tried.


Gold nanorods may become ideal photosensitive nano-materials on clinical noninvasive hyperthermia, due to its unique optoelectronic properties. However, surface properties of gold nanorods, such as nonspecific adsorption with proteins, directly affect their stability in clinical application. In this study,zwitterionic glutathione was employed to modify gold nanorods through robust Au-S bond formation, its interaction with proteins and the near infrared hyperthermia effects on tumor cells were investigated, and the mechanism of infrared photosensitive hyperthermia was explored preliminarily, the results may support the basis for clinical application of gold nanorods.


An 82-year-old woman has a 2-month history of a painful sore on the hip. A short course of antibiotics did not resolve the lesion. The patient has chronic renal failure secondary to diabetes mellitus and is on hemodialysis.


The hierarchy associated to clusters in the HDBSCAN algorithm has layers, which are defined by cardinality. The layers define a layer subposet of the HDBSCAN hierarchy, which is a strong deformation retract and admits a stability analysis. That stability analysis is introduced here. Cardinality arguments lead to sharper results for layers than one sees for stability statements for branch points.


PURPOSE: To completely isolate a film on an isolation area easily and surely from a substrate by forming an inductor of air by selectively etching the under side of the isolation area and in the lateral direction to remove an N + -layer and to form a cavity. CONSTITUTION: An N + -layer 52 is prepared on a substrate 50. An isolating layer 54 is formed on the N + -type doped layer 52. A pair of trenches 56 and 58 are formed by etching the N + -layer 52 through the isolating layer 54, and an isolation area 60 made of isolating material is formed. The underside of the isolation area 60 is etched in the lateral direction to form a cavity 62. The isolation area 60 is isolated by air in the cavity 62. A film 64 formed on the isolation area 60 is completely isolated from the substrate 50 by the isolation area 60, and the cavity 62 of air and is not affected by thermal stress. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO


Quality of Experience (QoE) is a measure of whether a use of the Internet meets the needs and ("reasonable") expectations of the user and provider in the context of any specific application. But QoE is a subjective measure of quality. While quality of service (QOS) is used to describe the technical parameters of any service (peak speed, latency, jitter, packet loss), assessment of QoE is application-specific. Impairments to QoE derive in part from underlying QoS parameters (e.g., jitter impairs voice QoE but not email), and can arise anywhere in the network.


Young graduates are finding it very difficult to enter the South African job market. International research has indicated that employers require specific skills and experience in combination with theoretical knowledge. These skills focus on basic issues like the ability to read, write and work with numbers to interpersonal communication skills and intrinsic values. The concept of employability skills are used to describe these variables. Questionnaires were distributed in various sectors of the economy. Respondents were requested to list and to rank the skills, values and attitudes that they would require from new employees. They further had to indicate the importance of the listed items relative to academic knowledge. A procedure was followed which distilled the core skills values and attitudes from the vast range of responses. These core items were : Willingness and ability to learn, Business skills, Interpersonal relations, Leadership skills, Initiative, Integrity and Enthusiasm. Seventy five percent of the respondents had indicated that they regard non academic factors as equally important to academic factors. The conclusion is that institutions of higher learning will have to do much more to prepare their students to become employable.


A version of the generalized alternating triangular method is proposed to solve elliptic finite-difference equations in a parallel distributed-memory computer system. The case of a rectangular computational domain and a nonuniform mesh is examined. The convergence rate of the iteration process is analyzed. The efficiency of the method proposed is estimated by computing a model problem.


The face plate of shape board curtain wall how to design calculation,becomes the problem that building curtain wall project practice needs are discussed and solve.This paper is on the foundation of flexible mechanics analysis,push derivation accurate practical design is calculated formula,and compare design calculation result.


The economist who wishes to trace the development of the Egyptian economy over the last hundred years encounters many difficulties, not the least being the lack of adequate statistical data. From the first population census in 1882 to the present day, much information has been published but in a variety of forms, often intermittent or inconsistent in nature. By sifting patiently through various statistical sources Dr. Samir Radwan has made a valiant attempt at providing the reader with a quantitative description of the formation of fixed capital stock in Egyptian agriculture and industry for the period 1882-1967. The first part of the book is devoted exclusively to the measurement of capital formation itself. In general, in order to compute the series for capital stock, a cumulative commodity flow approach has been used unless other methods, such as that used for irrigation and drainage, appear more appropriate. Dr. Radwan starts by defining his terms and justifying the assumptions made in the text, a necessary procedure in view of the limitations of the available data for such a long period. Depreciation and obsolescence, as might be expected, present major problems. For example, the decision to exclude depreciation from the series for irrigation and drainage, although closely argued by the author, would surely be disputed by many economists. Other decisions also create some doubts as to the absolute accuracy of the final results. For instance, the choice of the proportion of livestock to be included as capital stock and the mark-up ratios in industry, admitted as being to a certain extent arbitrary, are both challengeable and they could seriously affect the results as a whole. The series on agriculture is derived by aggregating four separate series for agricultural machinery, irrigation and drainage, rural dwellings, and farm buildings and livestock. All are expressed in constant i960 prices and so price deflators for the first three items are also included. The section on the series for industry follows more or less the same pattern. The aggregate is obtained by summing two separate series for industrial machinery and industrial buildings. The figures are expressed in constant i960 prices and the price deflators covering the whole period, as in the agricultural sector, form an important addition to the study as a whole. The second part of the book is quite different in character. The series established in the first part are shown in an historical context and are analyzed in terms of the theory of long swings. This is of great interest for a study of the economic development of Egypt but may leave the economic planner somewhat impatient. For those whose principal interests are economic planning and forecasting, an opportunity has been lost to use the capital stock series more positively. There remains the matter of the validity of the capital stock series and whether they can be employed for projection purposes. For later years it should be possible to compare figures with what is already known—for instance, about capital-output ratios— but the complete validation of Dr. Radwan's method, more particularly in industry, may have to wait until such time as a detailed census is taken of capital stock in the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy. In the meantime, the only series available are those that have been so ably established by Dr. Radwan. He is to be thanked for providing us with a most useful and informative study of capital formation in Egypt.


The electro‐optic coefficient rc has been measured at low frequency in a single crystal of PbTiO3. Linear and quadratic polarization optic coefficients are derived from this value of rc and from the electric properties measured on the same crystal. Figures of merit for modulator application and the thermo‐optic coefficient are determined in PbTiO3 and are compared with those in other electro‐optic materials. Results show that PbTiO3 can be interesting for electro‐optic applications.


Measurements of the heat transfer from dissociated oxygen to the sidewall of a shock tube have been made over a wide range of operating conditions using the methods of thin‐film thermometry. Numerical solutions of the equilibrium shock‐tube wall boundary layer equations for several values of the Lewis number have been obtained. The results show the heat transfer to be very weakly dependent upon the Lewis number. This fact indicates the shock‐tube wall boundary layer to be a source for experimental determinations of the viscosity coefficient of dissociated gases. Experimental data obtained in the equilibrium boundary layer regime agree with the theory at the low temperatures, and rise above the theoretical curves at the higher temperatures. This difference between theory and experiment is attributed to the uncertainty in the calculated viscosity coefficient used in the theory. The experiments were then used to determine new values for the viscosity coefficient of high temperature, dissociated oxygen. These values are considerably higher than those predicted theoretically using a Lennard‐Jones potential or Sutherland's formula.


This paper deals with the larval morphology of Citellophilus tesquerum sungaris and a comparison is made in order to differentiate it from the third instar larvae of C. t tesquorum and C. trispinus balkhaschensis as reported by Ye, Yu Wang (1982),A preliminary study of the larval characters of the genus Citellophilus seems to involve a combination of the -following characters in common: chaelotaxy of head (2, 2, 2, 4), of three thoracic segments (each with a whorl of 8 bristles), of 1-8 abdominal segments (each with a whorl of 10 bristles), egg burster of first instar larvae sole shaped, wider anal strut, length of main row of bristles of 9 tergites far exceeding apex of anal strut by 3/5, anal sternite with 3 bristles.The diagnostic characters of the larva of three forms are compared and tabulated in the following table.


2. Silvestry FE, Cohen MS, Armsby LB, Burkule NJ, Fleishman CE, Hijazi ZM, et al; American Society of Echocardiography; Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale: From the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015 Aug;28(8):910-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.015


The utility model discloses a liquid seal device for containing sand effluent discharge pipe, bending including " U " type on the sand effluent discharge pipe including connecting, the curved bottom of " U " type is equipped with the solid phase delivery pipe, the upper portion of solid phase delivery pipe is connected with the less liquid phase detecting tube of diameter, the export of liquid phase detecting tube is less than the entry of liquid phase detecting tube, be equipped with the gate valve on the liquid phase detecting tube, the exit of solid phase delivery pipe is equipped with the flange, be connected with the blind flange on the flange. The utility model discloses a structure of liquid phase detecting tube is connected in the adoption on the solid phase delivery pipe, can the inside jam circumstances of snap judgments device, and effectively avoid the liquid seal device to result in the risk that this system can not normal operating because of the jam, it is easy and simple to handle. Diameter because of the liquid phase detecting tube is less, can select the less gate valve of diameter for use, makes the cost of device lower. And the utility model discloses still have simple structure, characteristics that the practicality is strong.


Objective To determine the effect from different doses of LPS,the temperature and humidity of the ambient, rabbits restraining conditions and physical functions on rabbits febrile response.Method Intravenous application of endotoxin (ET) is a traditional method to construct an animal fever model.The key factor is to find the optimum dosage.The fever was studied after different doses of ET were intravenously injected (Ⅳ). Results and conclusion the results of the study showed:1)The increase of LPS dosage had a promotive effect on the febrile response of the rabbits with shorter latency to onset,higher peak fever change, longer duration and greater temperature response index (TRI).2) The rabbits developed a positive dose\|dependent fever in response to ET over the range of 0.5?ng/kg\|2000?ng/kg.Small doses (0.5?ng/kg,2?ng/kg)of ET induced a monophasic fever and large doses (20?ng/kg,100?ng/kg,200?ng/kg,2000?ng/kg)of ET induced a biphasic fever.In response to the doses of 100?ng/kg and 200?ng/kg the rabbits developed a homogeneously typical biphasic fever.Therefore,the recommended range of ET dose is from 100?ng/kg to 200?ng/kg in making a rabbit fever model.The results shows that (25±1)℃ ambient temperature is better than (18±1)℃ and the neck stock is better than the prone stock.


Let G be the two-dimensional torus, and α a homomorphism of G into Aut(A) where Aut(^4) is the group of *automorphisms of a C*-algebra A. We assume g —> ag(a) to be continuous in the norm on A, g e G, a e A. If α does not act effectively on A, its kernel is a closed subgroup H. It is easy t o see that G\H is either the two-dimensional torus or the one-dimensional circle, and in the second case it is easy to see that since G\H acts ergodically A = C, the complex numbers. In the first case G\H is the two-dimensional torus and acts effectively and ergodically. We may therefore just s well assume that α acts effectively on A.


The Scholarly Guide to Fantasyland. Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xxiv + 268 pp. ISBN 0521728738. $29.99. pbk.Reviewed by T. S. MillerAlmost a decade after the publication of the celebrated The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction, the popular Cambridge Companion series of introductory essay collections has now expanded to include this companion to fantasy literature, edited by the same team that spearheaded the sf volume, Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn. Lbe Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature shares all the advantages of previous entries in the series: it contains a number of brief, accessible essays by luminaries of the field; its low price and all-round convenience make it ideally suited for course adoption; and readers will find its cover and interior design both elegant and comfortingly familiar. The collection succeeds very well, then, as a relatively inexpensive introduction to fantasy and various topics in fantasy scholarship and criticism. At the same time, as a more definitive or authoritative treatment of fantasy literature as a whole-or as a comprehensive "state of the field" overview of contemporary scholarship-the book leaves much to be desired. I would contrast this volume with something like the monumental Routledge Companion to Science Fiction (2009), which succeeds in acquainting the novice with important critical conversations while advancing those conversations, and which manages (in over twice the number of pages) to navigate questions of history and theory with a exhaustiveness simply not attainable in a book as short as Lbe Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature. Finally, not all of the essays in this volume are equally useful, even for beginners, and I would not necessarily endorse some of them as a first place to begin researching a particular topic.Before I highlight a few of the stronger and weaker essays, let me first say that some of the problems with the individual essays likely stem from larger problems with the collection's structure and concomitant limitations, rather than necessarily with the contributing authors themselves-such as the fact that the essays average only ten pages in length due to constraints (presumably imposed by the publisher) related to the desired length of the entire text. The table of contents showcases an impressive roster of contributors drawn from both the academic community and the ranks of professional fiction writers, very much in the tradition of the International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts and its annual conference, which has always proved a sizable draw for scholars and professional authors alike. The only underrepresented group here-or, really, unrepresented group-would seem to be the community of Tolkienists and other scholars of the Inklings; after all, Inklings studies remains the largest subfield in the study of the fantastic and supports not one but at least three dedicated peer-reviewed journals of its own. (Although Edward James's brief crash course on Tolkien, Lewis, and their influence is one of the better essays in the book due to the invaluable medievalist perspective he brings to bear on their work, James is not primarily a scholar of either author himself, and, as far as I can tell, has not previously published on them.) With this exception, the range of contributors is admirably ecumenical, yet the anthology's obvious goal of breadth in the coverage of various topics in fantasy scholarship is also sometimes fulfilled at the expense of depth. For instance, the only sustained discussions of the complex relationship of tales of horror and the supernatural with contemporary fantasy have been relegated to the historical section of the book, and a reader interested in parsing that relationship in more theoretical terms will be disappointed-as well as, say, a reader interested in theorizing the relationship of folk and fairy tales to the fantastic. …


We consider preconditioned regularized Newton methods tailored to the efficient solution of nonlinear large-scale exponentially ill-posed problems.In the first part of this thesis we investigate convergence and convergence rates of the iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method under general source conditions both for an a-priori stopping rule and the discrepancy principle. The source condition determines the smoothness of the true solution of the given problem in an abstract setting. Dealing with large-scale ill-posed problems it is in general not realistic to assume that the regularized Newton equations can be solved exactly in each Newton step. Therefore, our convergence analysis includes the practically relevant case that the regularized Newton equations are solved only approximately and the Newton updates are computed by using these approximations.In a second part of this thesis we analyze the complexity of the iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method assuming that the regularized Newton equations are solved by the conjugate gradient method. This analysis includes both mildly and severely ill-posed problems. As a measure of the complexity we count the number of operator evaluations of the Frechet derivative and its adjoint at some given vectors. Following a common practice for linear ill-posed problems, we express the total complexity of the iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method in terms of the noise level of the given data.To reduce the total complexity of these regularized Newton methods we consider spectral preconditioners to accelerate the convergence speed of the inner conjugate gradient iterations. We extend our complexity analysis to these preconditioned regularized Newton methods. This investigation gives us the possibility to compare the total complexity of non preconditioned regularized Newton methods and preconditioned ones. In particular we show the superiority of the latter ones in the case of exponentially ill-posed problems.Finally, in a third part we discuss the implementation of preconditioned iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton methods exploiting the close connection of the conjugate gradient method and Lanczos" method as well as the fast decay of the eigenvalues corresponding to the linearized operators in the regularized Newton equations. More precisely, we determine by Lanczos" method approximations to some of the extremal eigenvalues. These are used to construct spectral preconditioners for the following Newton steps. Developing updating techniques to keep the preconditioner efficient while performing Newton"s method the total complexity can be significantly reduced compared to the non preconditioned iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method. Finally, we illustrate in numerical examples from inverse scattering theory the efficiency of the preconditioned regularized Newton methods compared to other regularized Newton methods.


Using the case of Berlin, this article examines civil society actors in relation to local bordering practices following the large number of refugee arrivals in 2015. Combining critical border, migration, and urban studies and adopting a Foucauldian lens, the article aims to illustrate to what extent civil society actors have challenged and transformed local bordering practices vis‐à‐vis refugees within a specific urban space. The analysis illustrates that civil society actors have created new spaces of inclusion for refugees and brought new political and normative challenges to the established notions of belonging. On the other hand, they have also reproduced bordering practices either by their integration into formal state structures or by reinforcing hierarchical categorizations and unequal power relations embedded in the notion of humanitarianism. Finally, the article argues that these de/re‐bordering practices of civil society actors should be understood in line with the constraints that established bordering processes and the existing political and structural dynamics placed on them.


Editor: T. Tregenza Abstract Throughout the animal kingdom, individual variation in reproductive success is commonly observed, even under similar environmental conditions. However, the mechanisms behind such differences remain unclear. The notion of behavioural consistency in animals has developed rapidly since the early 21st century partly as an approach to understand amongindividual differences. In this context, a number of studies have highlighted the influence of pair assortment in personality on breeding success. In this study, we related breeding success to individual behaviour, specifically a risktaking behaviour, and pair assortment per behaviour in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) over two breeding seasons of contrasting food availability. On Bird Island, Algoa Bay, South Africa, we used indices of boldness and overall mobility in penguins' nest defence behaviour as a response to a standard pedestrian approach during chickrearing. These behaviours were consistent over the trials and indicated these traits may be related to personality in African penguins. Individuals were categorized as riskprone ("bold," "mobile") or riskaverse ("shy," "nonmobile"). We then assessed their breeding success through chick growth and survival over 4 weeks in 2015 and 2016. There was weak positive assortment of pairs in relation to nest defence behaviour. However, pair assortment did not significantly influence birds' breeding success. Shy penguins were generally the most successful (had the highest chick growth rates), which was especially apparent during a food shortage in 2016, possibly reflecting a higher energy investment when foraging. In contrast, chicks from bold parents grew significantly slower, especially in 2016. Bold parents may defend their nest successfully against predation or intraspecific aggression when food is abundant, but when predation risks are limited and food availability is low, this strategy may not be beneficial. In the context of climate change, where food shortage events may become more frequent, riskaverse individuals may be favoured and genetic diversity may be reduced in African penguins.


A near consensus in the contemporary monetary economics is that monetary policy can achieve its objectives more precisely if it is designed as a rule rather than discretion. The objective of this paper is to estimate monetary policy reaction function. For this purpose, Taylor type rules and McCallum rules are estimated using quarterly data of Pakistan economy over the period 1993 Q3 to 2013 Q2. Both types of rules have been modified by incorporating exchange rate management and interest rate smoothing as policy objectives. Moreover, we have found recursive estimates of the parameters to sort out policy inconsistency. We have also looked into the issue of nonlinearity of the monetary policy reaction function with regards to output gap and inflation rate assuming asymmetric preferences of monetary authority. We find that monetary authority in Pakistan does not follow Taylor rule as coefficient of output gap is negative and statistically insignificant and the coefficient of inflation rate, though statistically significant, is far below the benchmark value suggested by Taylor (1993). State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is found to involve in exchange rate management and interest rate smoothing and this result is robust to different modifications in the Taylor rule. The parameters of output gap, inflation rate and differenced exchange rate, in the reaction function, are not stable over time and vary over the business cycle and across different inflationary regimes. The variation in the *The authors are respectively Assistant Professor at Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan and Assistant Professor at School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-Pakistan. Corresponding author e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 120 Pakistan Economic and Social Review coefficient of output gap is found countercyclical while the coefficient of inflation rate follows the same pattern with respect to inflationary regimes. Coefficients of exchange rate and lagged interest rate remain almost stable. The threshold value of output gap is found 2.5% below which the response of interest rate to output gap fluctuations is positive but above which the response is insignificant. The threshold rate of inflation is found at 6% and coefficient of output gap is found positive only in high inflationary regime while the coefficients of inflation rate and exchange rate are significant only in low inflationary regime. Monetary authority responds to currency depreciation more strongly when interest rate is low compared to that when it is high. Moreover, the response of interest rate to output gap is significant only if currency depreciation is below threshold (estimated at 0.68) while response to exchange rate is significant only if there is high speed of depreciation (above threshold). The results are robust to inclusion of fiscal deficit in the Taylor rule. In Pakistan, fiscal deficit negatively affects interest rate which is because of the borrowing of government from State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) for budgetary support. In a modified version of the Taylor rule, interest rate is found to negatively respond to changes in growth rate of real GDP. Growth rate of monetary base negatively depends on the difference between nominal GDP growth rate and its average value indicating countercyclical response at the part of monetary authority. Moreover, growth rate of money exhibits strong inertia and is negatively related to currency depreciation. The coefficients in the McCallum rule too are not stable during the sample period. The coefficients of growth rate of nominal GDP and exchange rate are not stable over time, while the parameter capturing inertia is stable over the sample period. The response of monetary growth rate to nominal GDP growth rate and to exchange rate are significant only when nominal GDP is above its threshold value and/or when currency depreciates at higher rate.


The approach is based on the representation of the graph by its projections and is similar to the solving of an equation system composed of the graph projections.


Natural hazards including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis have been significant threats to humans throughout recorded history. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS; including the Global Positioning System (GPS)) receivers have become primary sensors to measure signatures associated with natural hazards. These signatures typically include GPS‐derived seismic deformation measurements, coseismic vertical displacements, and real‐time GPS‐derived ocean buoy positioning estimates. Another way to use GPS observables is to compute the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) to measure, model, and monitor postseismic ionospheric disturbances caused by, e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. In this paper, we review research progress at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and elsewhere using examples of ground‐based and spaceborne observation of natural hazards that generated TEC perturbations. We present results for state‐of‐the‐art imaging using ground‐based and spaceborne ionospheric measurements and coupled atmosphere‐ionosphere modeling of ionospheric TEC perturbations. We also report advancements and chart future directions in modeling and inversion techniques to estimate tsunami wave heights and ground surface displacements using TEC measurements and error estimates. Our initial retrievals strongly suggest that both ground‐based and spaceborne GPS remote sensing techniques could play a critical role in detection and imaging of the upper atmosphere signatures of natural hazards including earthquakes and tsunamis. We found that combining ground‐based and spaceborne measurements may be crucial in estimating critical geophysical parameters such as tsunami wave heights and ground surface displacements using TEC observations. The GNSS‐based remote sensing of natural‐hazard‐induced ionospheric disturbances could be applied to and used in operational tsunami and earthquake early warning systems.


Summary Traditionally, for electrical prospecting survey is used TE-polarization field, usually. TE-polarization field is generated by loop and horizontal line usually using at survey. Magnetotelluric method use TE-polarization field basically. Using of TM-polarization field give great possibilities for testing ore objects. Using of TM-polarization field give possibility of identification of small size, and small contrast objects at big depth. Example of complex survey with using TE- and TM-polarization field is given at the article.


Contribution deals with the external of compensatory steps to equalize difference in height between adjoining terrain transmittance and first floor of the building overhead. Function of balancing steps constitutes the transition between exterior and interior with the role of helping the human body to adapt to changing external conditions and the impact of the transition from the outside in and vice versa. Stairs should be safe, non-slip and harmony with the overall architecture of the building.


Introduction Crystal-Field Theory Electronic Spectra of Octahedral Complexes Substituted and Distorted Octahedral Complexes, and Square-Planar Complexes Tetrahedral Complexes Magnetism and the Magnetic Properties of Transition-Metal Complexes Summary of Crystal-Field Theory Molecular Orbital Theory of Transition-Metal Complexes Bonding in Octahedral Complexes Bonding in Complexes of D4h Symmetry Bonding in Tetrahedral Complexes Complexes of other Symmetry Complexes with Two Metal Atoms Charge-Transfer Bands in the Electronic Spectra of Transition-Metal Complexes Revision Exercise Learning Outcomes Answers to Questions Answers to Revision Exercise Questions Index.


This Article is a condensation of K. Odner's book Finner og terfinner (Oslo Occasional Papers in Social Anthropology No. 9 1983) 'Finner' is an old Norwegian term for Saamis, and must not be confused with the term 'Finn' meaning Finnlanders. In his book the author puts forward a number of hypotheses about the origins and maintenance of ethnic groups and categories in Northern Fenno‐Scandinavia: Saami ethnicity grew out of a process of differentiation and specialization in the Finland Gulf area around the time of Christ. In the following centuries Saami ethnicity was adopted over vast areas through interaction with Finnish traders and Germanic chieftains. The origin of Northern Germanic ethnicity is related to the process of hierarchization taking place in the Roman period. Economic and political relations between the ethnic groups played a vital role in the maintenance of Saami ethnicity.


Microfossil assemblages in marine archives represent a powerful tool to estimate prehistoric marine environments (Suto, 2011). Therefore, in this experiment, the author utilized foraminiferal fossils to estimate the environment when the Morozaki Group formed. Microfossils, including foraminiferal fossils, are more likely to dissolve chemically, but are physically stronger than other macrofossils. Therefore, a large numbers of microfossils are contained in sediments, making them a very significant tool for various paleoceanographic reconstructions (Suto, 2011). The stratum observed in the Katana outcrop is included in Toyohama formation, Morozaki Group. According to Yamaoka (1993), the Morozaki Group formed from the Early to Middle Miocene in the Neogene. This group belongs to the Setouchi Miocene Series which was formed in deeper parts of the ocean compared with other strata such as Ichishi, Fujiwara and Mizunami Group which formed at the same time (Yoshida, 1991). The group is composed of Himaka, Toyohama, Yamami and Utumi formations in ascending order. The Morozaki Group is mainly composed of sandstone, mudstone and tuff. Many fossils of fish and mollusks are found. However, Planktonic foraminifers were scarcely because of its siliceous lithofacies (Ibaraki et al., 1984). In addition, this group is mainly made by turbidites. Turbidites only form when a large amount of sediments originated from a landslide transport to deeper than 200 m under water. This fact has led to the hypothesis that the Morozaki Group formed in the deep ocean (Yamaoka, 1993). Since the deep ocean has only little impact of currents and waves, muddy sediments would slowly form compared to sandy sediment. This is visible in the outcrop which had a clear difference between each layers. Previous reports suggest the depth of the Chita Peninsula was between 200 m 600 m (Shikama and Kase, 1976) or deeper than 500 m (Hachiya et al., 1988), based on macrofossil assemblages such as mollusks. Furthermore, whilst research has been undertaken on the foraminiferal fossils from the Morozaki Group, none of them have tried to estimate the paleodepth of the Chita Peninsula utilizing this technique. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the paleoenvironment, especially the depth, of the Chita Peninsula utilizing foraminiferal assemblage. Faunal analysis was used in this experiment.Faunal analysis is a method to estimate the paleoenvironment from the habitat of the detected fossil species. As a result of this research, the paleodepth was estimated as 100 2000 m. The research also showed that the strata formed 17.54 Ma where there were two kinds of ocean currents and indicated a possible sub-oxic environment.


Spraying concrete supports may result in higher bounce back rates and lead to wastes.This article offers the measures,methods,and ideas to innovate the working process,so as to improve efficiency and reduce cost.


In article the scheme, principle of action and technical characteristics of a current source for drawing the electrochemical coverings at stationary and non-stationary conditions is described.


ABSTRACT This research aims to increase the reliability and reproducibility of the ambient cycling test by properly making corrections to the test procedure. The vessel (106 L) is initially filled with 70 L of water and horizontally placed on a balance. The pressure range inside the vessel varies from 2.5 to 25.9 MPa at the frequency of 6 cycles per minute. After reviewing the results, there was a temperature difference of approximately 10 °C between the air pocket and the water, and the upper part of the liner faced a repeated temperature change of 40 °C. It is possible for the aluminum liner of the composite vessel to be damaged by such a sharp change in temperature. Additionally, as a result, no pass having anything to do with the purpose of the test would occur. Therefore, it is suggested that the air pocket be completely removed.KeyWords : Ambient Hydraulic Cycling Test(상온수압반복시험), Type3 Composite Vessel( 3 ),타입복합재용기 Internal Temperature Variations(내부온도변화) # Corresponding Author : email@example.com Tel: +82-55-772-1632, Fax: +82-55-772-1578


In this study, in-situ grown cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CF) nanoparticles on waste biomass derived porous activated carbon (AC) were grown by the facile hydrothermal technique to develop CF/AC nanocomposite. The...


The construction of novel borrelidin analogues is reported in which the northern fragment is truncated to a simple hydroxyundecanecarboxylate and the original cyclopentanecarboxylic acid in the southern fragment is replaced with different six-membered rings. The required precursors were prepared by cross metathesis of the appropriate carbocycle-based homoallylic alcohol with crotonaldehyde followed by HWE olefination of the resulting enal with bromocyanophosphonate. The key aldehyde for intramolecular cross coupling was accessible by oxidation of the hydroxy group of the linked undecanecarboxylate unit. Grignard mediated macrocyclization finally yielded the borrelidin related products. The investigation is complemented by SAR studies and quantum-chemical calculations.


Objectives Alterations in the level of the serotonin, serotonin uptake and the number of binding sites have been linked to affective illness. We investigated the association of tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphisms and unipolar depression in a case–control study design. Methods Patients and ethnically matched controls were genotyped for three polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. Results Significant difference in genotype frequency between patient and control groups was observed for the IVS7+218A>C polymorphism but not for the two promoter polymorphisms −1067G>A and −347T>G. Strong linkage disequilibrium among the three polymorphisms was also observed. Conclusions As the sample size was small, the positive association would need to be replicated by family-based association studies or in a larger set of samples. As our results did not indicate association with either of the two promoter polymorphisms, there is a need to continue the search for the causative variant directly involved in the susceptibility to unipolar depression in Chinese as this polymorphism within the intron might not be the true susceptibility variant.


In recent years, microfluidic chips have been widely used in food safety, environment detection, clinical diagnosis and biochemical. However, Digital microfluidic chips(DMF) are attracting more and more eyes because picoliter-microliter-sized sample droplets can be accurately and automatically manipulated. In this paper, a method of design electrode channel height is studied to improve the efficiency of the voltage driving.


Grain yield as influenced by varities and fertilizer levels in sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.)– M.T. KATWATE, S.B. THORVE AND J.D. JADHAV Development of F 1 hybrids in tomato for yield, quality and field tolerance to bacterial wilt– V. JANAKI, T.B. UTTARAJU, G.B. SREENIVASULU, S.J. PRASHANTH, Y.C. VISHWANATH AND G.S. KIRANKUMAR Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and economics of Sweet corn (Zea mays L.)–N.M. CHAUHAN Impact source of treatments on yield performance of groundnut–S.N. BHALERAO, A.R. SHAIKH, B.D. ROMADE AND S.A. LANDGE Influence of fertigation levels and drip irrigation on flower quality of bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia reginae Ait.)–K. JAINAG, K.V. JAYAPRASAD, R. KRISHNA MANOHAR, K. PRAKASH AND SHIVANAND HONGAL Effect of topping on growth and yield of hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)–H.M. VIRDIA Integrated nutrient management for greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.) cv. LOCAL–S.N. SARAVAIYA, P.B. KOLADIYA, P.P. CHAUDHARI, N.B. PATEL AND J.C. PATEL Effect of sowing time, row spacing and seed rate on production potential of clusterbean–D.N. JAGTAP, L.D.WAGHULE AND V.M.BHALE Yield and yield attributing characters of cowpea as influenced by biofertilizers and fertility levels var. GC-4–S.S. DEKHANE AND A.S. CHAVAN Influence of seed treating fungicides and grain smut incidence on seed yield and quality of Rabi sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]–BAPURAYAGOUDA B. PATIL, ASHOK S. SAJJAN, SOMANAGOUDA B. PATIL AND PRAKASH I. GANGASHETTY Effect of plant growth regulator on yield and quality of irrigated cotton–S.S. PAGAR, B.S. GUNJAL AND S.S. CHITODKAR MHP-7/2 a promissing new multiple hybrid of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)–K.H. NATARAJA, G.K. MUKUNDA AND Y.C. VISHWANATH Studies on combining ability of promising lines for yield and its components in tomato–V. JANAKI, T.B. PUTTARAJU, Y.C. VISHWANATH, S.J. PRASANATH, G.B. SREENIVASULU AND G. POORNIMA Adoption pattern of improved cultivation practices of mustard–B.S. MEENA AND R.S. SHEKHAWAT Organic farming of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in Central India–B.J. JADHAO, P.S. JOSHI AND G.V. CHAUDHARI Evaluation of genotypes for seed qualitative parameters in Kharif and summer grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] –MOHAN R.DANDAGI, BASAVARAJ S. LAKKUNDI, VINAY S. PATTED, M.N. MERWADE AND MANJUNAT H. TATTIMANI 1


This article is going to revisit the poem of Robert Frost entitled Neither Out Nor In Deep". The poem is open to and invites multiple interpretations. One of the element of the poem is sea which comprises a major symbol of the poem. The poem can be interpreted symbolically, philosophically, socially and politically. I will explore the themes of search and quest, the theme of life, consciousness, and existence, the theme of foolishness and folly, and the theme of Inertia. The poem will also be compared with other poems including "Stopping by the woods" by Frost himself, "Inlet Corson" by Ammons, 'Star' by Housman and 'Dry Salvages' by T. S. Eliot.


The goal of this paper is to present a new technique for measuring fluid velocities in the reference frame of a solid particle in air and to compare data obtained using this technique to existing data. The particles are assumed to have much greater density than the surrounding fluid and the flow around the particle is Stokesian. The modeling of the particles requires that the fluid turbulence statistics are measured in the reference frame of the moving particle (particle-Lagrangian reference frame). The particles do not follow the fluid exactly due to their inertia and gravity forces and therefore have their own unique path dependent upon their instantaneous drag and weight forces. In this investigation, the path of a solid particle is emulated by mounting a two component laser velocimeter (LV) system to a two-dimensional traverse system. The fluid velocity in two components is measured by the LV and then sent to the computer. The instantaneous acceleration that a real particle would undergo in each direction is calculated using the measured fluid velocity and the Stokes transport equation. When, the traverse has reached its new desired velocity (5 ms), the fluid velocity is measured and the sequence repeats. This process is repeated 100 times per second which is significantly faster than the estimated Kolmogorov time scale 5 Hz. The probe volume of the LV system is therefore continually at the location of the "emulated" particle. The Reynolds number based on channel half-width and centerline velocity ranges from 1800 to 12,000. Comparisons to existing direct numerical simulations are investigated in order to show that this new technique works. Fluid velocity autocorrelation coefficients are shown for both the Eulerian particle-Lagrangian reference frames and presented in this paper.


The text is part of a qualitative biographical-narrative investigation in process, which proceeds by obtaining testimonies from teachers and researchers who train teachers with the help of ICT to promote the skills of creativity, collaboration, cooperation, and communication, understood as essential for the development of comprehensive education, promoting curricular sustainability and participatory citizenship. In this article, we report on the experience of a teacher and researcher, Cristina Arriaga Sanz, who dedicates her labor to teacher training in the field of Musical education in Spanish Higher Education, of which we will emphasize the close relationship of its contents with the theoretical contributions we present and with previous results obtained through our investigation.


To facilitate system architecture development using DoDAF, we propose an architecture development methodology based on DoDAF 2.0 in this paper. First, based on experiences in practice, gaps between Operational Viewpoint (OV), Capability Viewpoint (CV) and System/Service Viewpoint (SV/SvcV) are analyzed. Second, to bridge the gaps, two architecture viewpoints, i.e. Information activity Viewpoint (IaV) and Capability effect Viewpoint (CeV) proposed in our previous work, are introduced. In addition, a meta-model is provided to define key architecture elements and their relationships in these six viewpoints (i.e. OV, CV, IaV, CeV, SV and SvcV). Third, via analysis of element associations in different viewpoints and models, we give a suggested process of developing system architecture using the six viewpoints and their models, including model development steps, inputs and outputs of each step. Finally, a case study is conducted by applying our methodology to describe architecture of a defense system. Results show that our methodology can effectively facilitate system architecture development and help architects (especially for information system architects) to develop architecture from OV, CV to SV and SvcV.


The discussion about the formation of human`s conceptual and cognitive system has been ongoing throughout history and different theories have been presented in this regard. Among the theories that have been advanced during the last 3 decades, there are some well-known viewpoints that emphasize the role of human embedded information processing in the formation of conceptual and cognitive processes. It is believed that cognition is grounded and cognitive processing depends on the environment on the one hand and the bodily sensorymotor system on the other. Our aim in this article is to review some theories of knowledge acquisition in cognitive psychology and cognitive science as well as modality-specific and the so called amodal systems of knowledge representation in the mind.


Purpose:Treatment planning calculations for proton therapy require accurate knowledge of radiological pathlength, or range, to the distal edge of the target volume. Traditionally, the range is calculated using kilovoltage (kV) computed tomography(CT)images. Metal implants such as hip prostheses can cause severe streak artifacts that lead to large uncertainties in proton range. The purposes of this study were to quantify streak‐related range errors and to determine if they could be avoided by using artifact‐free megavoltage (MV) CTimages in treatment planning.Method and Materials:Protontreatment plans were constructed for a simple heterogeneous phantom and for a prostate‐cancer patient with a metal hip prosthesis using corrected and uncorrected kVCT images, uncorrected MVCT images, and a combination of registered MVCT and kVCT images (the hybrid approach). By examining the differences in the apparent required ranges calculated by the treatment planning system, the range errors associated with the streak artifacts were estimated. Results: In the phantom, the implant‐related range uncertainty was estimated at <3 mm for both the corrected kVCT‐based plan and the uncorrected MVCT‐based plan. In the patient plan based on uncorrected kVCT images, streak‐induced range errors of 5 to 12 mm were observed. Manually correcting the streaks reduced the range errors by about half. The hybrid planning approach yielded the best overall result because the kVCT images provided good delineation of soft tissues and the streak‐free MVCT images provided smaller range uncertainties; subjective artifact corrections were not needed. Conclusion: The hybrid kVCT/MVCT planning approach allowed for good delineation of anatomic structures and resulted in smaller range errors relative to the kVCT‐based planning approach. This was accomplished using existing radiotherapy systems and therefore may provide a practical method to manage range errors in patients with prostheses who will receive proton therapy.


1: Making Connections 2: How does it all begin? 3: Learning in the main 4: So how does it all end? 5: What's in a question? 6: How do I know? 7: Thirty different minds 8: The classroom environment 9: Pulling it all together


The effects of water back-flushing time (BT) and photocatalyst-coated polypropylene (PP) beads were investigated in hybrid water treatment process of alumina microfiltration and the PP beads in this study, and compared with the previous study with alumina ultrafiltration membrane and the same PP beads. The BT was changed in the range of 6~30 s with fixed 10 min of back-flushing period (FT). Then, the BT effects on resistance of membrane fouling (Rf), permeate flux (J) and total permeate volume (VT) were observed during total filtration time of 180 min. As longer BT, Rf decreased and J increased dramatically; however, VT was the maximum at BT 10 s. The treatment efficiency of turbidity was high beyond 99.0%, and the BT effect was not shown. The treatment efficiency of organic matters was the highest value of 89.0% at no back-flushing (NBF), and increased as longer BT. The optimum input concentration of the PP beads was 20 g/L in the viewpoint of membrane fouling; however, the optimum PP beads of the previous study was 40 g/L. The treatment efficiency of turbidity and organic matters were the maximum at 30 g/L of the PP beads; however, those of the previous study with alumina ultrafiltration membrane and the same PP beads were the highest at 40 g/L.


A two-dimensional bi-layered supramolecular compound [Cu2(C7H8N4O)4](ClO4)2 has been synthesized by the solvothermal method, and characterized via IR and CHN elemental analysis. The single crystal X-ray data of this compound reveal the complex to be dimeric as a result of terminal –NH2 group of the semicarbazone moiety bridging, which is relatively rare. On this bi-copper(I) complex, another remarkably structural feature is that each Cu atom adopts an unsymmetrical T-shaped geometry comprised of three N atoms from three pyridine-3-carbaldehyde semicarbazone ligands. The molecules are linked into a two-dimensional bi-layered framework by intermolecular N–H ··· O hydrogen bonds.


Let G denote a connected reductive group over a nonarchimedean local field F . Let K denote a special maximal parahoric subgroup of G(F ). We establish a Satake isomorphism for the Hecke algebra HK of K-bi-invariant compactly supported functions on G(F ). The key ingredient is a Cartan decomposition describing the double coset space K\G(F )/K. As an application we define a transfer homomorphism t : HK∗ (G∗) → HK(G) where G∗ is the quasi-split inner form of G. We also describe how our results relate to the treatment of Cartier [Car], where K is replaced by a special maximal compact open subgroup K ⊂ G(F ) and where a Satake isomorphism is established for the Hecke algebra H K .


We use data from the Voting and Registration Supplement of the Current Population Survey to explore the effects of family structure on turnout in the 2000 presidential election. Our results indicate that family structure, defined as marital status and the presence of children, has substantial consequences for turnout. Married adults are more likely to vote than are those who have never been married; in turn, previously married people are the lightest voters. Children have a smaller but still noteworthy effect on turnout. These results are only partially explained by social and demographic differences.


Single layers of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) can be used to construct ultra-thin, high-performance electronics. Additionally, there has been considerable progress in controlled and direct growth of single layers on various substrates. Based on these results, high-quality WSe2-based devices that approach the limit of physical thickness are now possible. Such devices could be useful for space applications, but understanding how high-energy radiation impacts the properties of WSe2 and the WSe2/substrate interface has been lacking. In this work, we compare the stability against high energy proton radiation of WSe2 and silicon carbide (SiC) heterostructures generated by mechanical exfoliation of WSe2 flakes and by direct growth of WSe2 via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). These two techniques produce WSe2/SiC heterostructures with distinct differences due to interface states generated during the MOCVD growth process. This difference carries over to differences in band alignment from interface st...


The effects of drowning, both fatal and non-fatal, on the different major organ systems within the body, and the process of hypoxia are reviewed. Pulmonary fluid aspiration results in an increase in low ventilation-perfusion ratio areas and decreased compliance. However, in most victims variable quantities of the liquid medium are aspirated. It is believed that in at least 10% of drowned people laryngospasm occurs, but practical evidence conflicts with the theory that the closed larynx keeps water from entering the trachea. Widespread atelectasis occurs after surfactant is denatured, leading to large shunts and perfusion mismatch. Five to twenty five per cent of patients progress to life-threatening acute respiratory failure. The effects of immersion on the cardiovascular system are an increased venous return and a central shift of blood volume, but the cardiovascular system has been stated to show remarkable stability, and the changes in blood volume are not significant enough to be life threatening. There are differences in biochemical changes in the blood with inhalation of fresh water and sea water. However, these are minimal and not clinically significant. A severe lactic acidosis develops secondary to the hypoxia. The most common renal complication is oliguria due to acute tubular necrosis. The roles of the diving reflex and hypothermia in cerebral protection are still not well understood. The overall pathophysiological processes in drowning and near drowning are complex but ultimately are determined by the degree and duration of hypoxia.


This paper proposes a method for the classification of land cover in remote sensing imagery using evolutionary artificial neural networks (EANN) compared against multilayer perceptrons (MLP) with backpropagation algorithm. Evolutionary neural networks have combined the features of artificial neural networks (ANN) and evolutionary algorithms (EA) in the way that simultaneously evolving ANN architecture and weights. The parsimony of evolved ANN is encouraged by preferring node mutation and connection mutation. This enables consistent reductions of mean square errors of spectral classification with respect to sample pixels. Land-cover classification experiments were carried out by EANN-based classifiers and MLP-based classifiers in a 300times300 pixels Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) high-resolution image of Zhaoyuan in Shandong province in eastern China. We found that the use of evolutionary algorithms for finding the optimal ANN results mainly in improvements in overall accuracy of an ANN with backpropagation algorithm and produce more compact ANN with good generalization ability in comparison with MLP. It is observed that classification accuracy of up to 90% is achievable for Landsat data produced by EANN.


Problem. The authors of the article substantiate the need for targeted work on the formation of educational competencies of college teachers. The need is determined by the change in the requirements of the state for education and the unwillingness of teachers to fulfill these requirements. The problem of the article: what are the effective ways and means of developing the educational competencies of teachers in secondary vocational education? The purpose of the article is to describe and substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed ways and means of developing the educational competencies of teachers in secondary vocational education. Methodology. The article presents a methodological description of activities for the development of educational competencies of teachers of secondary vocational education in the interaction "university-college". The content, structure and forms of activity were designed on the basis of diagnostics of the current level of educational competencies of teachers. The assessment was carried out on the basis of the competency-based model of educational competencies according to three criteria - cognitive, motivational and practical. The identified problems and the request of the college teachers determined the topics of the seminars, as well as the choice of intensive forms of work. The quantitative-analytical design of the results of the conducted classes was based on data compared "before" and "after" (test-retest) participation in meetings, taking into account the statistical significance of the measured phenomena. To assess the effectiveness of the classes, a questionnaire and reflective reports of the participants after three meetings were used.


Modal filters in the approximately equal to 10-micrometer spectral range have been implemented as planar dielectric waveguides in infrared interferometric applications such as searching for Earth-like planets. When looking for a small, dim object ("Earth") in close proximity to a large, bright object ("Sun"), the interferometric technique uses beams from two telescopes combined with a 180 phase shift in order to cancel the light from a brighter object. The interferometer baseline can be adjusted so that, at the same time, the light from the dimmer object arrives at the combiner in phase. This light can be detected and its infrared (IR) optical spectra can be studied. The cancellation of light from the "Sun" to approximately equal to 10(exp 6) is required; this is not possible without special devices-modal filters- that equalize the wavefronts arriving from the two telescopes. Currently, modal filters in the approximately equal to 10-micrometer spectral range are implemented as single- mode fibers. Using semiconductor technology, single-mode waveguides for use as modal filters were fabricated. Two designs were implemented: one using an InGaAs waveguide layer matched to an InP substrate, and one using InAlAs matched to an InP substrate. Photon Design software was used to design the waveguides, with the main feature all designs being single-mode operation in the 10.5- to 17-micrometer spectral range. Preliminary results show that the filter's rejection ratio is 26 dB.


When to intervene is one of the subtlest teaching decisions. This article suggests a way of thinking about that problem when working with young children. It is good to have a contribution from across the Atlantic. Whilst not limited to talk, it too has things to say on this matter.


With the rapid development of machine learning, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have recently been widely used for energy management in hybrid electric urban buses (HEUBs). However, the current DRL-based strategies suffer from insufficient constraint capability, slow learning speed, and unstable convergence. In this study, a state-of-the-art continuous control DRL algorithm, softmax deep double deterministic policy gradients (SD3), is used to develop the energy management system of a power-split HEUB. In particular, an action masking (AM) technique that does not alter the SD3′s underlying principles is proposed to prevent the SD3-based strategy from outputting invalid actions that violate the system's physical constraints. Additionally, the transfer learning (TL) method of the SD3-based strategy is explored to avoid repetitive training of neural networks in different driving cycles. The results demonstrate that the learning performance and learning stability of SD3 are unaffected by AM and that SD3 with AM achieves control performance that is highly comparable to dynamic planning for both the CHTC-B and WVUCITY driving cycles. Aside from that, TL contributes to the rapid development of SD3. TL can speed up SD3's convergence by at least 67.61% without significantly affecting fuel economy.


It is widely believed that in the presence of a positive cosmological constant, heavy black holes can exhibit non-standard behaviour, namely there is a possibility that such objects would grow instead of evaporating. We point out that all those results (obtained in different frameworks) rely heavily upon the identification of the Nariai spacetime with the Schwarzschild--de Sitter (Kottler) black hole. In this note we argue that it is an incorrect assumption. As a result, previous treatments need revisiting. In particular, we show that within effective action approach, there is no solution corresponding to the Schwarzschild--de Sitter black hole.


【Physico-chemical properties of the activated sludges(Suyoung and Changlim treatment plant), such as SVI(sludge volume index), absorbance, specific surface area, and specific resistance using Buchener funnel test were investigated with changing anaerobic storage time. This experimental condition was found that it was possible to estimate a linear relationship between their parameters such as specific surface area specific resistance, and sludge volume index(SVI). The specific surface area and the specific resistance to filtration of the activated sludges of Suyoung and Changlim treatment plant were found as 123.6~136.6 $m^2$ /gDS and 41.5~44.9 $m^2$ /gDS(dry solid), and 1.09 $\times$ 10 $^{14}$ ~5.48 $\times$ 10 $_{14}$ m/kg and 1.05 $\times$ 10 $^{14}$ ~2.48 $\times$ 10 $^{14}$ m/kg, respectively. The results gave a good linear relationship between the specific surface area and the specific resistance, r=2.25 $\times$ 10 $^{12}$ s-8.10 $\times$ 10 $^{13}$ ( $R^2$ =0.88 0.8885) at Suyoung treatment plant and r=1.26 $\times$ 10 $^{13}$ s-4.75 $\times$ 10 $^{14}$ ( $R^2$ =0.87 0.8756) at Changlim treatment plant.】


This poster explains the different Web hosting options UD offers, along with criteria to help users decide which option best meets their needs.


Abstract 4831 Patient with CML harbor the chromosomal translocation t(9;22) which corresponds to fusion of the BCR and ABL genes at the DNA level. Traditionally, CML disease status has been monitored by detecting the t(9;22) translocation by cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization or southern blot. To date, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) is considered the most sensitive method available for detecting low copy numbers of the BCR-ABL gene fusion. Current RQ-PCR Taqman assay used to detect the BCR-ABL transcript are relatively time consuming because they require RNA purification and reaction setup steps. The GeneXpert BCR-ABL Monitor Assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, Calif) simplifies the testing procedure by using a single use cartridge, which automates the step involved and therefore significantly reduces the technical time required to run the assay. The closed system used in this assay also reduces the chance of contamination. The aim of this study was to compare the two methods of BCR-ABL quantification: the manual TaqMan RQ-PCR and the GeneXpert based assay. We analyzed 100 peripheral blood samples from CML patients with both methods. First of all, we performed a comparison in terms of quality of the ABL control gene. We found that: 87/100 (87%) samples evaluated with the TaqMan standard assay had the control gene transcript value more than 1000 copies; 100/100 (100%) samples evaluated with the GeneXpert had the control gene transcript value more than 1000 copies; Thereafter, we analyzed the concordance of the two methods in the quantification of the target gene BCR-ABL. We considered for this analysis only samples with a good quality of the ABL control gene (> 1000 copies) and we subdivided them in two groups:,: patient who achieved a major molecular response (MMR) and patients who did not achieve a MMR. The MMR wass defined as the achievement of a ratio BCR-ABL/ABLx100 78/87 (90%) patients analyzed with the standard TaqMan assay achieved a MMR; 9/87 (10%) patients did not achieve a MMR if analyzed with the standard TaqMan protocol; 69/87 (79%) patients analyzed with the GeneXpert achieved a MMR; 18/87 (21%) patients didn9t achieve a MMR if analyzed with the GeneXpert. In conclusion, our preliminary results showed that GeneXpert assay may be a valid alternative to conventional and traditional TaqMan RQ-PCR methods, allowing a better standardization of the molecular techniques used for the monitoring of minimal residual disease in CML patients. Supported by European LeukemiaNet, AIL, AIRC, FIRB 2006, PRIN 2008, Ateneo RFO grants, Project of integrated program (PIO), Programma di Ricerca Regione – Universita 2007 – 2009. Disclosures: Martinelli: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy. Rosti: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria. Baccarani: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria.