........................................................................................................ Overview............................................................................................................ 3 4 Economic Crisis to Health Crisis........................................................................... 4 Flint statistics............................................................................................. 5 Prosperity to depression................................................................................. 5 Crime on the rise......................................................................................... 7 Audit reveals financial emergency........................................................................ Systematic racism........................................................................................ 7 8 Drastic Times Call for Drastic Measures.................................................................. 9 The rocky road to the Flint River.......................................................................... 9 Dregs of the Flint River................................................................................. 10 Boiling is not enough.................................................................................... 11 The Dirty History of Contamination....................................................................... 12 U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune............................................................... Hinkley, California.......................................................................................... 12 13 Hoosick Falls, New York................................................................................... 15 Back to Flint: Could the Crisis Have Been Prevented?.................................................................. 16 Michigan officials ignore cries for help............................................................... 17 MDEQ disregards corrosion control................................................................... 19 Tampering with evidence................................................................................... 20 Silence of EPA causes criticism........................................................................ 21 Implications for Constituents.................................................................................... 22 Flint residents forced to swallow losses.................................................................. 22 Legal repercussions...................................................................................... 24 Federal government response.............................................................................. 26 Delayed national media response finally sparks outrage........................................... 29 Traditional media.................................................................................... 29 Social media.......................................................................................... 30 Future of Flint..................................................................................................... 33 Still on filtered water........................................................................................ 33 No safe water in sight....................................................................................... 34 Flint on its own............................................................................................... 34 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 35 Appendix A: Timeline of Flint water crisis................................................................. 37 Appendix B: Map of Flint........................................................................................ 39 Appendix C: Annual violent crime comparison.............................................................. 40 Appendix D: Constituents involved in the Flint water crisis................................................ Appendix E: Teaching Notes................................................................................ References...................................................................................................... 41 42 49


We present an analysis of seven strongly gravitationally lensed quasars and the corresponding constraints on the properties of dark matter. Our results are derived by modelling the lensed image positions and flux-ratios using a combination of smooth macro-models and a population of low-mass haloes within the mass range of 106–109 M⊙. Our lens models explicitly include higher order complexity in the form of stellar discs and luminous satellites, as well as low-mass haloes located along the observed lines of sight for the first time. Assuming a cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology, we infer an average total mass fraction in substructure of $f_{\rm sub} = 0.012^{+0.007}_{-0.004}$ (68 per cent confidence limits), which is in agreement with the predictions from CDM hydrodynamical simulations to within 1σ. This result is closer to the predictions than those from previous studies that did not include line-of-sight haloes. Under the assumption of a thermal relic dark matter model, we derive a lower limit on the particle relic mass of mth > 5.58 keV (95 per cent confidence limits), which is consistent with a value of mth > 5.3 keV from the recent analysis of the Ly α forest. We also identify two main sources of possible systematic errors and conclude that deeper investigations in the complex structure of lens galaxies as well as the size of the background sources should be a priority for this field.


Thermal buckling analysis of rectangular functionally graded plates with initial geometric imperfections is presented in this paper. It is assumed that the non-homogeneous mechanical properties vary linearly through the thickness of the plate. The plate is assumed to be under various types of thermal loadings, such as the uniform temperature rise and nonlinear temperature gradient through the thickness. A double-sine function for the geometric imperfection along the x and y-directions is considered. The equilibrium equations are derived using the third order shear deformation plate theory. Using a suitable method, equilibrium equations are reduced from 5 to 2 equations. The corresponding stability equations are established. Using these equations accompanied by the compatibility equation yield to the buckling loads in a closed form solution for each loading case. The results are compared with the known data in the literature.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


In this paper, we use dual-hop relaying to overcome the signal blockage problem that occurs for millimeter waves (mmWaves) due to obstacles located in the propagation environment. Using device-to-device communication, a device in the neighborhood of the transmitter and the receiver can play the role of a relay by amplifying the signal from the source device and forwarding it to the destination device. We consider that both the relay and the destination devices are subject to interference. We study the performance of this mmWave network and derive an exact and asymptotic expressions for the bit error probability (BEP). The exact BEP expression is validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The asymptotic BEP allows determining the diversity order and the coding gain of the communication system. Additionally, we investigate the power allocation optimization subject to a power constraint and derive an analytical expression for the optimal power. Numerical results illustrate the gain achieved in terms of BEP thanks to optimal power allocation.


The issues of creating foreign language environment in the English class by means of content-based warm-ups at its initial stage have been revealed in the research. Having analyzed the investigations on the issues under discussion, the role of the class starters and their contribution to the general second language teaching strategy and cadets' inducement to learn a foreign language in particular, have been defined. The expectation hypothesis suggests that content-based starters will exert a beneficial influence on cadets and help improve their academic results. Four cadets' groups of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Humanities who acquire 035 Philology specialty were involved in the experiment in order to test the hypothesis. The methodology of the experiment includes qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. Special focus has been made on the professional training of the future border guards whose responsibilities presuppose the ability to interview the foreigners at the international border crossing points as well as questioning irregular migrants beyond them. The result of the experiment demonstrated the validity of our expectation: the scores of the experimental groups were 5,64 higher in comparison with the control groups' results.


Objective: Inappropriate used of ureteric catheter associated with catheter related morbidity. This study was performed to study mean ureteral length in Thai population aim for reference for surgeons to choose suitable length of ureteric catheter. Materials and Methods: The information of ureteral length by measure from excretory urography of 135 patients who got this investigation in Phramongkutklao hospital. Results: The mean right ureteral length is 23.05+1.08 centimeters and mean left ureteral length is 23.48 +1.17 centimeters ( P<0.001 ). However, there is no statistic significant of mean ureterral length of male and female. Conclusion: The mean ureteral length of Thai population is no statistic different of male and female. The mean right ureteral length is 23.05 and left ureteral length is 23.48 centimeters.


The micromorphological studies of in vitro and field transferred plants of Duranta erecta were conducted in the present investigation. The nodal shoot segments were used as explants for the establishment of cultures. The shoots were multiplied on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (Kin) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). In vitro multiplied shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium augmented with indole-3 butyric acid (IBA). The rooted plantlets were successfully hardened and field transferred. A comparative foliar micromorphological studies were made of in vitro grown and field transferred plants to understand the developmental changes of micro-external structures of plants towards environment. The differences in leaf constants such as stomata, vein-islets and termination numbers and trichomes across the environments imply the developmental changes of micropropagated plants of Duranta erecta.


The main characteristics of public space are accessibility and usability for all citizens. Current developments primarily observed in cities, however, point to the fact that the distinction between public and private is becoming blurred. Instead urban spaces of hybrid character are emerging. Spaces with public functions like train stations, parks or pedestrian areas change character; semi-private spaces like malls or plazas expand. In order to obtain a realistic assessment of these developments the paper offers a critical appraisal of recent privatization trends followed by a brief systematization. After a discussion of feasible reasons for the loss of public space, the paper considers potential implications for the future of citizenship.


In a recent paper Belle and Lakemeyer proposed the logic DS, a probabilistic extension of a modal variant of the situation calculus with a model of belief based on weighted possible worlds. Among other things, they were able to precisely capture the beliefs of a probabilistic knowledge base in terms of the concept of only-believing. While intuitively appealing, the logic has a number of shortcomings. Perhaps the most severe is the limited expressiveness in that degrees of belief are restricted to constant rational numbers, which makes it impossible to express arbitrary belief distributions.

In this paper we will address this and other shortcomings by extending the language and modifying the semantics of belief and only-believing. Among other things, we will show that belief retains many but not all of the properties of DS. Moreover, it turns out that only-believing arbitrary sentences, including those mentioning belief, is uniquely satisfiable in our logic. For an interesting class of knowledge bases we also show how reasoning about beliefs and meta-beliefs after performing noisy actions and sensing can be reduced to reasoning about the initial beliefs of an agent using a form of regression.


The application of the generalized linear model (GLM) is illustrated. Analogous model-building processes for the GLM and normal theory linear models are highlighted. The GLM is a regression-type model fitted by maximum likelihood, rather than least sq..


The uniform asymptotic theory of diffraction is reintroduced in terms of the Fresnel cylinder function for the diffraction problems of cylindrical waves. The transition function of the above theory, which compensates the discontinuities of the diffracted wave, is constructed according to the new function. The scattering problem of waves by a resistive half-plane is studied by the aid of the improved method. The uniform wave expressions are compared with the ones, obtained by the Fresnel integral at the near and far fields of the edge.


As a cultural project for people's well-being,farmhouse library plays an essential role in the cultural construction of the new socialist countryside and the building of a new public cultural service system.However,during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan,the building of farmhouse library came across a series of problems and challenges.This paper analyzes the problems and holds that the construction and management of farmhouse library should take investment channels,model of construction,operation mechanism and management pattern into consideration so as to improve the function of farmhouse library and spread the advanced socialist culture in the new socialist countryside to the satisfaction of both the government and the people.


The child has an elevated position within national policy in South Africa. This concern for children has been translated in varying degrees into policy, particularly in relation to child labour. Internationally there is concern that forms of child work should not impede the development of the child, particularly in health and education. Research conducted in South Africa has concluded that children collecting water, often over long distances in rural communities, is one of the most common forms of child labour. The research pioneers the study of children collecting water and develops an appropriate research methodology. The results of a survey into this practice conclude that in rural communities there are very high proportions of children collecting water. Of the time per week spent in domestic activities, two-thirds is spent in collecting water. The children's attitude is generally that this is a socially necessary practice. Among those collecting, however, an important proportion of those who are most extensively involved report that they are suffering ill effects in terms of education and health. The survey found that that those collecting for longer hours than the average complained of often being late for school, being unable to concentrate in class, having poor morale, and needing to leave school as early as possible to collect water. Delayed progress through schooling at the 'appropriate' age is also evident as well as complaints of fatigue and other health effects. The results of this research are intended to lead to the prioritisation of the implementation of water projects to areas where there are large numbers of children collecting water.


The JCNS has been developing and using in-situ polarized neutron spin filters for many applications. The system used for analysis on MARIA and polarization for TOPAS were completed about 10 years ago with the MARIA system in standard operation for users and the TOPAS system employed for a long measurement on the POLI instrument. In the meantime we are progressing on several new in-situ polarizers based on these first two but with additional innovations. The KWS-1 analyzer device which was recently used in tests at TU Delft and ISIS is essentially a 50%-sized copy of the MARIA device. The two devices in construction for polarization and analysis on POLI for hot neutrons feature magic-boxes with angled plates on both the entrance and exit sides to minimize overal length and the polarizer device will employ an additional passive magnetic shield of soft iron so that it can operate inside the stray field area of a 8-T vertical (compensated) sample magnet. We will summarize the current status of our 3He neutron spin filters and provide extra focus on the technical aspects and measured performance characteristics of the new devices for KWS-1 and POLI in particular.


In this paper, we introduce the notion of the equivalence relation, isoclinism, on crossed modules of groups, and give some equivalent conditions for crossed modules to be isoclinic. In particular, it is shown that if two crossed modules (T1,G1,σ1) and (T2,G2,σ2) are isoclinic then (T1,G1,σ1) can be constructed from (T2,G2,σ2) and vice versa using the operations of forming direct products, taking crossed submodules, and factoring crossed modules, which generalizes the work of Weichsel. Also, similar to a result of Hall in the group case, we show that any equivalence class of crossed modules contains at least one stem crossed module.


This paper examines the role played by the Early Palaeolithic site of Dmanisi (Georgia) in the prehistory of Eurasia. The site was discovered by chance during the excavation underway at the Medieval settlement. Its discovery has radically changed our view of the chronology and behaviour of the first hominids that started to move out of Africa around 2 Ma ago. The researches carried out at Palaeolithic Dmanisi have shown that this event took place some 1 Ma before as compared to what had been previously suggested by most anthropologists and archaeologists. Sommario 1. The Site and Its Discovery. – 2. The Archaeological Sequence. – 3. The Human Remains. – 4. The Chipped Stone Assemblages. – 5. Discussion. 1 The Site and Its Discovery The Medieval settlement of Dmanisi is located some 85 km southeast of Tbilisi (Georgia), at the confluence of the Mashavera and Pinezouri Rivers, and an altitude of c. 900 m (cfr. Gabunia et al. 2000b) (Fig. 1). Built on a volcanic terrace of triangular shape, protected by a thick wall of basalt stones (Fig. 2), the city played an important economic role especially during the sixth-fourteenth centuries, thanks to its strategic position along a caravan route leading to Asia (cfr. Kopaliani 2000). Reported from written sources for the first time in the sixth century, and later in the ninth, the city is more frequently mentioned since the eleventh century when king Dmitri conquered it in 1128 (cfr. Allen 1932, p. 102). The first excavations at the site were carried out in 1936. They were resumed in 1960, and continued until 1982. In that year a large pit, some 3 m deep, dug out into a sandy-clayey layer, was brought to light during the excavations underway in the medieval settlement (Fig. 3). Unexpectedly, the pit-fill yielded many fossilized animal bones that were preliminarily attributed to a period undoubtedly earlier than the Middle Ages (cfr. Vekua, Lordkipanidze 2010). Following the above discoveries, systematic palaeontological excavations were undertaken in the same area between 1983 and 1991. They led to the recovery of many fossilized animal bones, sometimes found in asDal Paleolitico al Genocidio Armeno 10 Biagi. The Palaeolithic Site of Dmanisi in Georgia sociation with chipped stone tools that did not find comparison with any other Palaeolithic assemblage previously discovered in the Caucasus (cfr. Doronichev 2000; Gabunia 2000; Lioubine 2002). Following these observations it was suggested that they belong to an unspecified earlier date. In particular the 1991 season was very productive. The excavations carried out during that year yielded a great amount of faunal remains of rhinoceros, elephant, deer, gazelle and other fossilized animals often found associated with as many more chipped stone tools (cfr. Vekua et al. 2011). During the September excavations of the same year the first human remains consisting of a mandible were recovered in good condition from a layer that yielded also bones of rhinoceros and sabre-tooth tiger. The above human bone was first attributed to an African Homo erectus (cfr. Henke 1995). Following this discovery it became clear that the Dmanisi hominid was the oldest ever discovered outside Africa. The mandible had been uncovered from a layer just above a basalt deposit dated to some 1.8 Ma (cfr. Schmincke, Bogaard 1995; Sologasvili et al. 1995), a result later confirmed by another radiometric date obtained from the dolerite component of the same deposit (cfr. Gabunia et al. 2000a). These assays undoubtedly indicated that the Dmanisi hominid had moved from Africa just after Figure 1. Dmanisi. Site location (dot) at the confluence of the Mashavera and Pinezouri rivers (drawing by P. Biagi) Figure 2. Dmanisi. The Medieval settlement from the citadel. The Palaeolithic excavated area is in the woodland in the background (photograph by


The politicized polarization of Montenegrin society around the question of Montenegrin statehood in the context of the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia, finally leading to Montenegrin independence in 2006, is accompanied by a remarkable identity change toward a clear division between Serbian and Montenegrin nationhood. I situate this development within the long-term interference between Montenegrin and Serbian categories of identification in elite articulations of national identity in Montenegro during the twentieth century. In the early twentieth century, the Montenegrin and Serbian categories were concurrently available for national identification in the context of political modernization in the country. Reflecting the lasting political and broader societal relevance of nationhood during the Yugoslav twentieth century, diverging interpretations of the relation between both categories of nationhood have continuously substantiated political divides in Montenegro. One part of the political spectrum subordinated Montenegrin regional identity to Serbian nationhood, the other part attached increasingly far-reaching political demands to Montenegrin national identity while maintaining a sense of Serbian national identity in the domain of culture and ethnicity. In the course of the Yugoslav twentieth century, the complementary relation between both categories of nationhood was challenged by exclusive definitions of Serbian and Montenegrin nationhood, a development which has to be related to the continuous questioning of relations between various concurring categories of national identity available in Yugoslavia. The current institutionalization of Montenegrin nationhood in independent Montenegro and the development toward clear-cut Serbian and Montenegrin mono-national identities is leading to the regression of multiple nationhood among the broader population.


Among the five prevailing religions in our country,the Taoist religion is the only one that Chinese traditional culture produces.Contrasting with the world religions,the Taoist religion is characterized by a distinctive national flavor.From such aspects as keeping aloof from worldly affairs,becoming a member of society,and retribution,this paper attempts to set forth the differences between the Taoist religion and the world religions,and makes further stresses on the characteristics of the Taoist religion as a national religion.


This paper presents an improved mechanism for a solid-liquid separator (SLS) which separates solid and liquid from its mixture by using the centrifugal force and specific gravity difference. A bearingless motor (BELM) is applied for the SLS to reduce its mechanical loss, vibration and acoustic noise. In the proposed BELM an increase in suspension force is realized by modifying the winding arrangement under a constant motor volume. The proposed winding arrangement is explained in detail and the principle of the suspension force generation is also introduced. The rotational torque and the suspension force are computed by finite element (FE) analysis software using the improved machine model. The computed results clearly satisfy the target capacity of SLS. In addition, the torque ripple is successfully reduced by skewing the rotor. The proposed BELM with the modified winding arrangement is found to be suitable for application in industrial SLS particularly, for mining industries.


A presentation given by Carol Brayne, Christine Hill (University of Cambridge Department of Public Health and Primary Care) and Girts Racko (Judge Business School) in the fourth Innovation breakout session.


Counsellors who work with adult survivors in the sexual abuse field have a strong preference for working within narrative, strengths-based and emancipatory theoretical approaches (Pack, 2004). The relevance of 'vicarious traumatisation' (i.e., the impact on counsellors, social workers and other helping professionals of sharing their clients' feelings and trauma), and selfdevelopment theories to counsellors' wellbeing is critical. Current literature about vicarious traumatisation suggests that exposure to their clients' trauma may increase risk of burn out and secondary traumatisation on the worker.


Caenorhabditis elegans is an important model nematode for modern developmental biology,genetics and genomics etc.It was found that C.elegans was able to grow at 16 ℃ to 25 ℃ in NGM medium.However,it was better to grow at 20 ℃ from the morphology,culture condition and preservation of C.elegans.And under the condition of-80 ℃ or liquid nitrogen,stocks were survived for at least 2 years in 30% glycerol solution or SA frozen solution.Meanwhile,the induction ability of different larvae of C.elegans to A.oligospora XJ-XA was explored with the detection of trapping rate of predation of the same fungus to different larvae,and the relationship was analyzed between the production of trapping device,predation ability and juvenile stages of nematode.The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the induced amount of the capturing device of the predating strain,and there were also great differences in the predating ability of the same strain to different larvae.


Planar diode structures with small area active region (∼1 μm2) based on highly doped GaAs/AlAs superlattices (SLs) are investigated. The possibility of effective application of such diodes in the terahertz frequency range is discussed. Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in 6-period SLs was carried out. The possibility of increasing the operating frequencies of devices on SLs by optimizing their parameters and selecting the appropriate diode design is discussed. This is achieved by special transition near-contact layers, whose thickness is comparable to the thickness of investigated SL.


A Bi2O3-TiO2 phase diagram was determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) apparatus. Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) micalike single crystals grown by a flux method were clear and slightly grayish in color. Ferroelectric and dielectric properties of BIT crystals were observed from measurements of electric displacement vs electric field hysteresis loops and the dielectric constant. Also, the polarization switching characteristics of BIT crystals were investigated. The switching time and switching current density were read from the transient waveforms.


We characterize the saturable absorption properties of the E11 and E22 transitions of the same highly-purified film of single-wall carbon-nanotubes, and compare the results in terms of modulation-depth, saturation-intensity and mode-locked fiber laser performance.


. The first sa~ple of 2,4-D was sprayed at Illovo III 1949, and smce then considerable technical and scientific pr?gress has accompanied the expanding ~se of chemical wee~ controL Current field practice IS based almost entirely on the results continuously bei~g ~btai~ed from a practical research programme which IS designed to study both the factors affecting the efficacy of weedicide formulations and the intrinsic merits of each available chemicaL Results have been most promising, under suitable conditions of soil and climate, even in the high altitude areas where germination and cane growth are extremely slow.


This paper presents differentiates between new consumption formats. It also analyzes information platforms and collaborative consumption services. It is proved that the emergence of new consumption formats is both a consequence of economic science evolution and a reaction to the failures of the traditional economic system. The authorial list of structural changes determinants in the economy is defined. Some forecasts for collaborative consumption economy development are given. Modern economic reality allows us to conclude that the transformation has begun and there is a fundamental revision of the economic science foundations and the modern economy model, the search for a new, alternative economic development model based on the study of needs formation, development and satisfaction. There is a clearer relationship between the change in technology and changes in the structure of economic entities needs and consumption patterns. It is concluded that the extent of the sharing economy depends on the socio-demographic structure of the population.


An accurate heavy-duty truck (HDT) fuel consumption model is essential for estimating the truck energy consumption and evaluation of the effectiveness of energy saving strategies. Most of the existing models calculate the fuel consumption based on vehicle kinematics. However, based on recent truck field test data, we found the estimation discrepancies of several models published were considerable since they cannot accurately estimate the vehicle engine operation states and their base energy consumption rates. The engine power estimation is an essential part of the energy consumption model, which is the most likely cause of the model discrepancy. This inspired us to develop a generic modeling approach for vehicle engine-power estimation with a deep learning based on field experimental data. The data collected from a wide range of truck field tests were used for model development and fuel consumption model evaluation. The results show that the deep learning approach enables a much more accurate estimation of HDT engine power, and when applied as the input to the fuel consumption models (e.g., VT-CPFM, MOVES), average fuel estimation error is reduced to 13.71% from 28.9% which is the error resulted from the tractive power method. Besides, once calibrated with a small data set, it could be applied to various traffic scenarios without re-calibration. In addition, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), a neural network structure component of the model, can accurately depict the fuel consumption during engine braking, which is largely missing in conventional HDT fuel models. The proposed model can benefit energy consumption related transportation planning and traffic operation studies that require more accurate vehicle fuel consumption estimation without detailed and complicated engine dynamics information.


OBJECTIVES In the recent past, we have noted a frequent Occurrence of thyroid nodules in our patients with Cushing's disease. We therefore elected to evaluate thyroid structure and function in these patients and also In patients with Cushing's syndrome of primary adrenal origin.


On the basis of data for a sample of 304 of university graduates with laboral experience, and another of 164 companies in Galicia (N.W. Spain), this paper analyses the transition from higher education to employment in terms of training given, skills required and certain other job-related variables in comparative perspective between university graduates and managers.


This paper presents an application of a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device as additional control in reactive power (VAR) optimization problem and analyzes the impact on system loss minimization. The adopted FACTS device is a new static VAR compensator (SVC). The general SVC consists of internal devices, and local devices, and the operation mode of the general SVC model is voltage control mode only. The new SVC model controls local, remote, internal and external devices simultaneously. It has two modes of operation: (1) Voltage control mode; and (2) Q control mode. This paper analyzes the functions of the new SVC, and implements them in the practical power systems. The impact of VAR optimization with new SVC model on loss minimization is also discussed by comparing it with VAR optimization with general SVC model as well as VAR optimization without SVC model.


Standard academic physicians accept at most general malaise and light functional ailments as indications for homeopathic therapies. On the basis of three case histories, it is demonstrated that severe organic diseases can also be healed with the help of homeopathic therapy, under the condition that the symptoms of the disease and the medicine are as similar as possible (Hahnemann, Organon §§22, 24). Further parallels are also drawn between the homeopathic drug image of tuberculinum


tDCS acts modulating the excitability of a targeted brain area by altering neuronal membrane potentials, consequently modifying the brain circuitries related to the targeted areas [3,4]. tDCS has been recently considered as a potential noninvasive tool for neuromodulation due to its ability to promote cortical changes, reflecting on changes in cognitive functions [3-7]. tDCS applies a small electrical current across a particular area of the brain. This is usually done non-invasively via two small electrodes placed on the scalp [4,6,8]. tDCS could be used to treat patients who had suffered some type of neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease [9]. Thus, tDCS has gained public attention due its reported capability to improve cognitive abilities for these patients [10,11].


Nigeria is among the major countries contributing a significant quarter to death of children under the age of five in the world. This study was designed to analyze the drivers of child mortality in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Survey data was used, sourced via a structured questionnaire. Simple percentage and Negative Binomial Poisson Regression Model were used in the analysis of the data. It was found that education level of the household head, years of marriage experience, income level of the household, location, and vaccine are the significant drivers of child mortality in the study area. The results further revealed that, education level, years of marriage experience and location negatively influence under-five child mortality, while income of the household head and vaccine influence the under-five mortality of the household positively. The study recommends that, government should subsidize medical services and made it affordable to all individuals in the State, and that both government, NGOs and health institutions should embark on public enlightenment to educate the public on the importance of vaccines, natal care, and nutrition.


We review the status of tests of spacetime symmetries with gravity. Recent theoretical and experimental work has involved gravitational wave signals, precision solar-system tests, and sensitive laboratory tests searching for violations of spacetime symmetries. We present some new theoretical results relevant for short-range gravity tests, with features of multiple length scales, and possible large non-Newtonian forces at short distances.


Abstract : A two phase program was conducted to define requirements and to prepare a preliminary design of a test motor system that will accurately and economically simulate the chamber environments of present and future large solid propellant rocket motors. A segmented motor configuration with 28-in. outside diameter case bonded propellant grains was selected. The nominal grain configuration is an internal burning cylinder with both ends burning.


Use of Kumakhov optics in the element analysis permits to increase sharply its sensitivity owing to the scattered radiation suppression. We used the capillary lenses in several schemes. The sensitivity of x-ray analysis is increased in all these schemes. On the basis of investigations, a new x-ray spectrometer with a capillary lens was created by the Institute for Roentgen Optics.


How to change undeveloped situation in the future five years? The undeveloped region should make a wonderful eleventh-five-years development strategy.Based on the limited developing ability,including urban and country units,the author sets forth the developmental goals,directions,measures,carriers,regional arrangement and financial supports,and argues that the development strategy should be systemic strategy.


The time domain model of E-class road surface, the mathematical model of hydro-pneumatic suspension stiffness and damping, and the semi-vehicle model of 4×4 wheeled off-road vehicle are established. For military wheeled off-road vehicles, the evaluation method of ride comfort is put forward. Through MATLAB/SIMULINK programming calculation, the ride comfort of the vehicle is analyzed and the damping scheme is optimized. The ride comfort of the optimized vehicles is improved obviously through calculation.


To estimate the association between very preterm birth (<32wks' gestation) and intelligence, executive functioning, and processing speed throughout childhood and adolescence, and to examine the effects of gestational age, birthweight, and age at assessment.


A differential formulation for the Beliaev and Budker relativistic collision integral is presented. This permits the rapid numerical evaluation of the collision integral. The decomposition into spherical harmonics allows the collision operator to be expressed in terms of one-dimensional integrals for simple background distributions. This is useful in carrying out analytical work. It also provides a convenient method for calculating the boundary conditions for the potentials. 6 refs.


The predecessor of the Breuer Marcell Doctoral School has been founded in 2004 at the Pollack Mihaly Faculty of Engineering, University of Pecs. This Doctoral School had the authority to issue DLA degrees in the artistic field of architecture. In January 2010 the Doctoral School has been named after Marcell Breuer and since then it has the authority to issue both DLA and PhD doctoral degrees.The Doctoral School has introduced itself to international forums in the past years several times. For example it has been invited to organize a large-scale exhibition in the Collegium Hungaricum Berlin and another exhibition at the University of Stuttgart.The governance of the Doctoral School has decided that the results of the past years produced under the supervision of the Doctoral School and the future plans of the school should be exhibited at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. It was also the intention that this exhibition should also be an opportunity for all Hungarian architects to get to kn...


The American prison system is grappling with a well-publicized carceral crisis. In the words of former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, "too many Americans go to too many prisons for far too long, and for no truly good law enforcement reason." And, as a result of developments in federal law over the past few decades, the power of federal prosecutors to decide when and how to charge individuals with crimes is crucial to when and how American citizens go to prison. Many ideas have been proposed to revise prosecutorial discretionary powers, but few have been heeded by the Department of Justice (DOJ). However, this Note posits that the DOJ has already paved the way to enhanced guidance for federal prosecutors when charging individuals with crimes. This is because the DOJ's prosecutorial guidance for charging corporations with federal crimes is more robust than the guidance for charging individuals. In particular, a discussion on collateral consequences is included in the corporate charging guidance, yet lacking in the individual charging guidance. This enhanced corporate guidance has had the purposeful impact of curtailing the prosecution of corporate crime. This Note argues that a similar discussion of collateral consequences in the individual charging guidance could have important and far-reaching effects on the federal criminal regime. Perhaps more importantly, such a discussion could remedy some of the unfairness presented by the current system in which Copyright © 2016 Nicole T. Amsler. † Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2017; United States Military Academy at West Point, B.S. 2009. I would like to extend my gratitude to Professor Samuel W. Buell, who inspired much of my interest in this Note's topic. Thank you as well to Judge James C. Dever III, the members of the Duke Law Journal, and my wonderful family for their thoughtful comments, revisions, and suggestions. AMSLER IN PRINTER FINAL (DO NOT DELETE) 9/21/2016 3:20 PM 170 DUKE LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 66:169 federal prosecutors are guided to consider a superior set of factors before charging corporations with crimes.


PURPOSE: A system and method for offering realtime information and situation information simultaneously based on the network are provided to extract the information that corresponds to a certain situation, to simultaneously supply the real time information and the situation information, and to immediately suggest the prospected result of the certain situation. CONSTITUTION: A server(101) is connected to a computer(107) for a user(105) and a terminal(113) of a broadcasting station server(111) via network(109). The server(111), connected to a web server(115) and a database(117) of the situation information, includes a module(103) for supplying the situation information. The module(103) receives the information as to various situations, which is inputted from the terminal(113) or stored in the server(111). The module(103) stores the received situation information in the database(117). When the user(105) requests the situation information similar to the certain situation, the stored situation information is extracted and then provided to the user(105).


Due to the content of phytosterols, extractive preparations of Urtica dioica roots are able to show antiandrogenic effect in the case of external therapy of men and women with androgenic alopecia. Oil extracts (OE) are characterized by several advantages when applied to the skin of the scalp compared to water-alcohol extracts. For the development of OE technology from Urtica dioica roots, it is important to choose the optimal extraction parameters, which are based on the quantitative determination of phytosterols in the extractant and the studied samples of extracts.
The aim of the work is to choose the optimal parameters for obtaining OE from Urtica dioica roots based on quantitative determination of phytosterols content in experimental samples of OE by gas capillary chromatography.
Materials and methods. Objects of the research – Urtica dioica root, refined corn oil, refined sunflower oil, samples of oil extracts. Determination of phytosterol content in experimental samples was carried out by gas capillary chromatography (chromatograph "Crystal 2000", manufacturer – research and production company "Analytics").
Results. 5 different compounds of steroid structure (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, etc.) were identified in sunflower oil by gas liquid chromatography, and 10 (campesterol, 2-α stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenosterol, etc.) were identified in sunflower oil. The quantitative content of β-sitosterol in the sum of sterols of corn oil was significantly higher compared to the content of this substance in sunflower oil and amounted to 59.33 %. Optimal technological parameters were established considering the peculiarities of extraction with oil extractant and quantitative determination of the amount of phytosterols and β-sitosterol in experimental samples of OE. The total content of plant sterols in OE, including considering their amount in the extractant, was in the range of 7880 mg/kg; the amount of β-sitosterol was 4638 mg/kg.
Conclusion. The choice of optimal parameters for obtaining OE from UDR based on determination of phytosterol yield by gas capillary chromatography was experimentally substantiated, namely: extractant – corn oil, raw material-extract ratio – 1: 5, extraction time – 6 h, extraction method – maceration


This first chapter introduces the need for efficient and welltuned parallel execution environments to support the execution of parallel applications in shared memory multiprocessors. It shows the architecture of the current symmetric multiprocessors (SMP) and cachecoherent NUMA machines, and the aspects to consider when developing parallel execution environments. Taking them into consideration, it presents the goals of this thesis, and an overview of the NANOS parallel execution environment. It concludes with the contributions of this work. Gene Roddenberry Crater on Mars At the 42nd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), held in The Hague in 1994, a Martian crater was named in honor of Gene Roddenberry. The Roddenberry crater is located at Martian latitude -49.9 degrees and longitude 4.5 degrees, in Quad MC26SE on Map I-1682. [Quad defines the name of the map on which it appears and "Map" is the USGS number for that map.] Its diameter is approximately 140 km or about 87 miles. Introduction to "Death of a Neutron Star", Star Trek Voyager, Eric Kotani, Pocket Books, March 1999.


Back and waist injuries are the most common occupational ailments that caregivers treat. Among them, helping the elderly and handicapped people move between their bed and wheelchair, is the main cause of occupation disease. Although there are different types of assisted moving equipment available in the marketplace, they are not, yet, widely used. Most electrically powered equipment takes time to prepare and use as well as putting the user in an uncomfortable position. We have developed a new transferring device which, within a few minutes, the intended task will have been completed using the least amount of effort resulting in the caretaker more relaxed and the patient less likely to become uncomfortable. When used, the main use of the chest, arms and knees to disperse the weight of the body. This manuscript through the testing of different patients use, how to adjust the support column in order to reduce stress on the body.


Foranoptimal linear regulator design aperformance function ofthequadratic formmustbechosen. Thequestion arises of howtodecide theweighting matrix Q oftheperformance function. A newmethodisdeveloped inthis papertodetermine Q inconjunction witha left shift ofthedominant eigenvalues asfarasthepractical controllers permit. Themethodisthenapplied totheoptimal control design ofatypical powersystem. Threecases areinvestigated, thefirst withanoptimal excitation control uE,thesecond withoptimal governor controls uGandub,withandwithout thedash-pot, andthe third withuEplusuGcontrol. Thestabilizing signals thusobtained are given nonlinear tests onthesamepowersystem. Itisfoundfromthe results thattheoptimal controls aremoreeffective thanconventional excitation control, thattheoptimal governor control without dash-pot isjust asgoodastheoptimal excitation control, andthattheoptimal uEplus udcontrol isthebest waytostabilize apowersystem.


With the development of human-computer interaction technology and machine learning technology, facial expression recognition technology has gradually become a research hotspot. In recent years, with the rapid development of convolutional neural network and facial expression recognition, automatic facial expression recognition system has been widely used. In this paper, the method of facial expression recognition based on convolution neural network is studied. Because the differences between facial expressions are very subtle, in order to improve the ability of convolution neural network to extract facial expression features and its recognition accuracy, continuous convolution is introduced into convolution neural network model. The improved model uses small-scale convolution kernel to make the extracted facial expression features more precise, Two continuous convolution layers enhance the nonlinear expression ability of the model. With the development of human-computer interaction technology and machine learning technology, facial expression recognition technology has gradually become a research hotspot.


This paper presented a study of a rectangular loop antenna design using Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in UHF band (433 MHz) for Unmanned Aerial vehicle (UAV) application. According to the result, it can be seen that PSO has done successfully to find the appropriate parameters of a rectangular loop antenna. The results show that the best parameters are 0.1345 m in length, 0.5939 m in width, and 0.0033 m in thickness with cutoff frequency of 433 MHz and 6.5 MHz in bandwidth. The designed has been analyzed using radiation pattern and S-parameter value. It is obtained that the maximum directivity power of the antenna is 4.835 dB when the azimuth ($\varphi$) is 90circ and the elevation ($\theta$) is 306circ At this condition, the VSWR value reaches about 1.0103 while the return loss is -45.7795dB.


Speech alignment is the tendency to produce speech which sounds similar to that of a person with whom one is speaking. It is often measured perceptually using an AXB‐matching task [e.g., S. D. Goldinger, Psychol. Rev. 105, 251 (1998)]. In this procedure, naive raters determine which of two utterances of a talker, produced prior (baseline) and after interaction with a model (e.g., shadowed), sounds more similar to that model. However, utilizing this type of perceptual measure has come under scrutiny due to its reliance on baseline utterances produced by talkers reading text. It has been suggested that AXB matching results reveal more about inherent differences between read and produced (shadowed) speech, than actual alignment. The present research addressed this concern. Experiment 1 involved a modified AXB task for which raters judged whether a subject sounded more like the model they had shadowed or another model. In Experiment 2, raters judged whether a subject sounded more similar to the model they had shadowed or to another subject who shadowed a different model. In both cases, results revealed that subjects sounded more similar to the model they shadowed. This suggests that alignment is perceivable by raters even when removing the comparison to read text. [Work supported by NIDCD Grant R01DC008957.]


The present invention relates to the method and device of the replacement gate structure and fin formed on FinFET devices, a kind of method of exposure includes:Among other things, remove and sacrifice grid structure to define replacement gate opening;Etch process is performed by the replacement gate opening, with by the way that the patterned hard mask of exposure in the replacement gate opening is used as into etching mask and the fin structure defined in semiconductor material layer;And around the fin structure at least partially in formation replacement gate structure in the replacement gate opening.


Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections can be an effective treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis, a condition characterized by excessive secretion by the eccrine sweat glands. However, as up to 50 intradermal injections in each axilla are required, the pain experienced by many patients may lead to poor compliance with treatment (1) or to some patients preferring local anesthesia prior to re-treatment (2). No single effective treatment for pain during treatment with BTX-A has been widely accepted. Topical anesthesia with, for example, tetracaine, is among the most commonly applied methods, but is time-consuming, expensive and often difficult to apply to the axillae (3). Cooling of the skin has also been tested, but with limited success (1). Needle size may also be important. Indeed, small needle size has been associated with a lower frequency of pain in healthy volunteers (4) and in a lower intensity of pain in patients with multiple sclerosis (5). However, other studies have shown pain intensity to be either only slightly affected (6) or unaffected by needle size (7, 8). Reportedly, injections of BTX-A are typically performed using 27 G (outer diameter 0.4 mm) or 30 G (outer diameter 0.3 mm) needles (1, 9-12). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the use of a 30 G versus a 27 G needle influenced pain intensity in patients treated with BTX-A for axillary hyperhidrosis.


This article proposes an algorithm for managing and deploying manpower (equipped with adequate measuring instrument) to a statistical process control (SPC) scheme so that the resultant control chart (referred to as M-chart) minimizes the expected total cost C total incurred in the implementation of SPC. Unlike in the economic chart designs, most input specifications required by the design of an M-chart can be easily determined by practitioners. The design of an M-chart also takes into account the probability distribution of the random process shifts. The results of an example and a comprehensive study show that the M-chart can reduce the total cost by about 66%, on average, compared with the conventional control charts. It is also found that, in most SPC schemes, the allocated manpower is far less than needed and, consequently, the total cost can be significantly reduced by making some managerial arrangement to increase SPC manpower. Some useful guidelines are provided in this article to aid the management and determination of the appropriate amount of manpower for a particular application. Even though the M-chart is discussed in detail only for the chart detecting mean shifts, the general idea can be applied to many other charts (e.g. the CUSUM and EWMA charts) and to monitoring both process mean and variance.


In the present work, synthesis of bulk Fe amorphous alloy by mechanical alloying of 70Fe-15Cr-4Mo-5P-4B-1C-1Si powders followed by consolidation of powders using Spark Plasma Sintering process is reported. The evolution of phase, microstructure, relative density and hardness of amorphous alloy as a function of spark plasma sintering temperature is discussed. Transmission electron microscopy investigation has shown partial divitrification of amorphous matrix into nanocrystalline phase during spark plasma sintering of amorphous Fe alloy. The hardness of amorphous alloy sintered at 525 – 575°C are in the range of 675 - 725 MPa.


According to a regulating device without self-testing, the paper discusses the hardware circuit design and software design for detection instrument. The design of simulation power providing to regulating device and detection instrument is described in detail .


Objective: Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), a measure of arterial stiffness can either be measured by the ratio of distance to pulse transit time or, estimated based on the pulse wave profile (ePWV). Aortic PWV measurements are performed in the supine position as there is no added hydrostatic pressure along the arterial path, and the recording of the arterial pressure waveform of the femoral arterial is easier to perform. However, finger-to-toe PWV (ftPWV), a surrogate for aortic PWV, can easily be performed in other positions, such as the sitting position, giving the opportunity to examine arterial wall properties in a dynamic manner. The aim of the study was to observe the impact of the position (supine vs sitting) on the ePWV and on the measured ftPWV in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Design and method: In a cross-sectional study involving adult hemodialysis patients, we performed vascular assessments in the supine and the sitting position within the first 2 hours of their hemodialysis session. The ePWV was obtained using the Mobil-O-Graph and ftPWV was obtained using the pOpmètre®. Three measures were taken with each device. Generalized estimated equations were then used to calculate the average of ePWV and ftPWV with respect to each position. Results: In 46 patients (17 females), the average age was 71±12 years and the blood pressure was 136±24 /77±15 mmHg. The ePWV was 10.8 m/s (IC95% :10.1-11.4 m/s) in the supine position and 10.7 m/s (IC95%: 10.0-11.3 m/s) in the sitting position. However, the ftPWV was 12.1 m/s (IC95%: 9.6-14.7 m/s) in the supine position but it increased to 22.0 m/s (IC95%: 15.0-29.0 m/s) in the sitting position. This increase of 9.8 m/s was highly significant (P = 0.006) even though the brachial blood pressure and the heart rate had barely changed. Conclusions: This study shows that finger-to-toe PWV increases in the sitting position, offering us the opportunity to explore this postural changes in PWV as a possible vascular stress test.


The situations of heat injury were stated in wheat region Hainan state.Reasons of heat injury were analyzed.Some forecast methods and control measures were suggested in the place.


We have developed methods for performing qudit quantum computation in the Jaynes-Cummings model with the qudits residing in a finite subspace of individual harmonic oscillator modes, resonantly coupled to a spin-1/2 system. The first method determines analytical control sequences for the one- and two-qudit gates necessary for universal quantum computation by breaking down the desired unitary transformations into a series of state preparations implemented with the Law-Eberly scheme. The second method replaces some of the analytical pulse sequences with more rapid numerically optimized sequences. In our third approach, we directly optimize the evolution of the system, without making use of any analytic techniques. While limited to smaller dimensional qudits, the third approach finds pulse sequences which carry out the desired gates in a time which is much shorter than either of the other two approaches.


Regulatory science, which centers on the development of new tools, standards, and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, and performance of products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is used to inform regulatory actions that promote optimal health outcomes. In 2009, as part of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the FDA founded the Center for Tobacco Products (CTP), formally establishing an entity committed to developing the evidence base to provide substantial scientific rationale for tobacco regulation. By harnessing regulatory science as a bridge between tobacco and public health, the CTP has since focused on supporting research that can be used to inform policy decision making. The emphasis on regulatory science differs from the mechanistic or applied studies (i.e., most health research investigating disease processes or treatment effects), which are important for biomedical insights but are rarely sufficient to inform population-level regulation. For instance, in contrast to an imaging study that identifies neural networks predisposing teenagers to addiction, investigative regulatory science examines tobacco use patterns in youth to inform decisions on whether to ban specific tobacco products or advertisements that appeal specifically to youth. Other study designs have included the identification of secondhand smoke dose–response relationships or the characterization of products' differential effects on natural disease history, which are both models that could be used to justify, for example, a higher tax rate for tobacco products that are more culpable in user and nonuser morbidity and mortality. The implementation of empirically supported tobacco control interventions at the federal, state, nonprofit, and private sector levels since 2009 has been deemed the catalyst for the striking decline in US cigarette smoking prevalence. If the annual rate of decrease continues at 0.78%, which is more than double the rates of decline in cigarette use observed in the 1990s and early 2000s, the prevalence of smoking among US adults would drop from its current level of 15.3% to 0% by 2035. While attributing this trend of success entirely to regulatory science would be oversimplified, the field's impact on optimizing tobacco cessation efforts is readily apparent. Publicly funded advertising campaigns – such as "Tips from Former Smokers," which features compelling stories of former smokers who suffer from smoking-related complications – was empirically designed based on marketing studies, and since 2012 the campaign has been estimated to have helped 400,000 smokers quit and to have prevented at least 17,000 premature deaths. Even beyond tobacco, the emergence of regulatory science as a field in recent years has led to critical advances for a wide range of other diseases and public health issues. To this end, we believe that regulatory science in dermatology, along with other fields of medicine, is ripe for implementation. Especially taken in the context of the recent election results – in which the Republicans, who control both houses of the next Congress, are expected to endorse an antiregulation agenda – it will be vitally important to establish a solid scientific evidence base both for critical policies that protect the quality of


The associative property of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and their inherent ability to "learn" and "recognize" highly non-linear and complex relationships finds them ideally suited to a wide range of applications in chemical engineering. The present paper deals with the potential applications of ANNs in thermodynamics – particularly, the prediction/ estimation of vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. The prediction of VLE data by conventional thermodynamic methods is tedious and requires determination of "constants" which is arbitrary in many ways. Also, the use of conventional thermodynamics for predicting VLE data for highly polar substances introduces a large number of inaccuracies. The possibility of applying ANNs for VLE data prediction/ estimation has been explored using the back propagation algorithm Application of ANNs to the VLE predictions of NH3 – H2O and CH4 – C2H6 system is investigated. The results of neural equation of state (NEOS) are compared with popular thermodynamic approaches. The inputs to the net consist of Temperature and Pressure. Liquid and vapour phase compositions are obtained as outputs. These outputs are compared with the predictions obtained by using Peng Robinson equation of state and Wilson activity coefficients. For NH3 – H2O system vapour phase compositions are well predicted by all three approaches but thermodynamic approaches are unable to predict liquid phase compositions. ANNs or NEOS gives good results. For CH4 – C2H6 system, both Peng Robinson EOS and NEOS give good results. From the present work it is concluded that though for simple systems ANNs do not offer additional advantage, they are certainly superior when complex and polar systems are encountered. An heuristic approach to reduce the trial and error process for selecting the "optimum" net architecture is discussed. I TRODUCTIO Man has been fascinated by the capabilities of human brain and has tried to make a computer mimic the way the human brain sorts through the information. 'Neurocomputing' is such an attempt, to understand and simulate its functioning. It has been touted as the first known alternative to the programming paradigm that has dominated computing for the past fifty years. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can thus be cited as 'algorithmic equivalent' of the human learning process and information processing scheme at a modest scale. They are pattern recognition architecture which can identify patterns between complex sets of input and output data. These patterns are then used to predict outcomes for fresh inputs. They do not require the specification of correlations which govern process, but are trained on real life data. The chief advantage of ANNs lies in the fact that ANN uses a generic model which covers a wide class of problems. It does not require a fundamental understanding of the process or phenomena being studied and can handle complex and non linear models. Thus they are gaining a rapid interest within engineering, medical, financial and various other fields. They have thus made strong advances in area of continuous speech recognition, classification of noisy data, market forecasting, process modelling, fault detection and control. In present work, application of neurocomputing for estimating VLE data has been explored. Conventional thermodynamic techniques for VLE data estimation of mixtures are tedious and have a certain amount of empiricism by way of determining mixture "constants" using arbitrary mixing rules. ANNs, on the other hand, help such predictions and eliminate the need for determining these constants by finding the functional relationship all at once. ANNs also offer the potential to overcome the limitations of existing equations-ofstate (EOS) in determining VLE data for highly polar systems. The ammonia-water (NH3 H2O) and the methane-ethane (CH4 C2H6 ) systems were studied and the results are presented. The methodology used and the advantages and the limitations of this approach have also been discussed. Proceedings 25th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation ©ECMS Tadeusz Burczynski, Joanna Kolodziej Aleksander Byrski, Marco Carvalho (Editors) ISBN: 978-0-9564944-2-9 / ISBN: 978-0-9564944-3-6 (CD) Various types of Nets are formed by combination of different algorithms and activation functions. The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model is capable of mapping data that are non linear and complex. Thus, an MLP model using Back Propagation Algorithm (BPA) based on sigmoidal activation function has been found to be most suited for chemical engineering applications and is used in present work.


The crisis of world history education came not only from shortened and smallized in curriculum but also from incoherence of its contents. To overcome this crisis, we have to propose alternative organization of world history courses.
First, we must reconsider the Euro-centric perspectives and Orientalism. And we must point out that both Western Europe and China overwhelmed world history. For instance, if we want to transcend Euro-centralism and Orientalism, we must give balanced treatments to Oriental civilization and Greek-Roman world by adding more histories of Asia Minor and Near Eastern Asia including the histories of Persia, Parthia and Egypt, which have not been given enough treatment.
We may suggest central themes to organize the world history textbook because the selection and exclusion are inevitable. For instance, A Green History of the World has a subtitle of 'the environment and the collapse of great civilization'. In this article, besides 'developments' 'multi-cultures' 'cross-connections' etc. I would also propose other several principles in organizing secondary world history textbook: 1) overcoming Euro-centric perspectives and Orientalism 2) integrating the social studies' contents into the world history's 3) organizing world history in terms of the scope, 'change and development of region' in sequence.


Ion-exchange reactions between ammonium and hydrogen and between thallous and hydrogen ion on Dowex50 resins of 16% DVB content have been studied over the temperature range 0 to 97.5 deg while maintaining a constant solution iomic strength of approximately 0.1 M. The equilibrium constant and the standard free energy, enthalpy and emtropy changes have been calculated for each exchange at each temperature. The differential free energy, enthalpy and entropy of exchange for each systsm is found to very considerably with resin comaposition. One possible explanation of this variation is the assumaption that the ion exchange resin in the hydrogen forma is an "acid which is similar in strength but probably slightly weaker than mitric acid. (auth)


tions also gave me more insight into Taylor's more famous work. A Harvard graduate, Taylor also questioned the validity of culture traits as applied by Americanist archaeologists. Like his colleagues, he also took Haury to task, along with most other prominent culture historians of his day, only to argue in the end for a better version of culture history where culture traits were mental phenomena. His critiques inspired many, but his inability to leave the trait-based framework behind rendered his conjunctive approach unworkable in the absence of poststructural theory. In sum, I found this book full of lessons about the processes of archaeological discovery and history within the American Southwest and beyond. Although the writers did not mythologize the past, I could not help doing so as I read it. There was something deeply heroic and tragic in the Harvard offspring constructing a new kingdom while consuming their mentors, only to pass along the palace to processual archaeology.


The Cauchy-Kowalevski theorem is applied to the solutions of Einstein's equations and to cosmology. Three fundamental requirements of the theorem: the use of analytic series; the existence of the boundary surfaces; and the setting of the independent initial data are revised, using methods of geometric analysis. It is shown that during its relativistic phase, the standard model of the universe is governed by Einstein's gravitation described as a massless spin-2 field, but it is necessarily complemented by massive spin-2 field, which responds for the dark sector of the universe. On the other hand, at the inflationary phase, the exponential growth of the volume of the universe is shown to be consistent with a thermal, non-relativistic expansion. These two phases are separated by the last inflationary surface. 1 Gravitation and Spin-2 Fields The standard model of the universe describes a causal sequence of space-like 3dimensional surfaces of the space-time manifold (for short, these will be referred to simply as surfaces) evolving along a global time-like line. Current observations tell that these surfaces are flat in the Riemann sense. Furthermore, the observations of supernovae type Ia show that these surfaces are subjected to a non-vanishing tension, resulting from the unbalance between ordinary gravitating matter and some yet unknown dark force, producing an acceleration in the universe expansion. The purpose of this note is to show that these observations are consistent with the proper formulation of the Cauchy problem in General Relativity.


The main aim of the presented thesis is to prepare a project about establishing a company providing hospitality services in the town Hodonin. The paper is split into two main parts: theoretical and practical. There is knowledge from the carefully studied professional literature in the theoretical part. This part forms a complete information unit regarding the topic. The following questions are analysed in the theoretical part: basic terms from entrepreneurship, legal forms of private enterprises, the establishment of a company, services in general and specifically the hospitality services from their history up to the present. The practical part is dedicated to the preparation and the evaluation of the performed mar-ket analysis. A particular type of a company was chosen according to the results of the market analysis. Establishing of the company including the initial budged, the balance sheet and the cash flow statement is the result of my paper.


The paper presents an axiomatic model of Abstract Universe or the Universe of Information. It suggests the minimum elements required to create the information of Abstract Universe and this model forms the necessary and sufficient condition for an Abstract Universe to exist. This Universe of Information is viewed for outside to see its impact on real Universe. The process of creation of Information Universe from its Axiomatic model is proposed. Some interpretation based on the model is proposed. This model will form the basis for the axiomatic model of the Real Universe which is beyond the scope of the paper.


This paper makes a comprehensive assessment of Guangzhou′s urban sustainable development, and analyzes its utilization of natural resources and energy. The results are: since the reform and opening up, Guangzhou City is advancing towards sustainable development, but it is at the expense of environmental degradation to some extend. The expressing problem of Guangzhou is that urban ecological system is being destroyed, which are prominently presented by the waste of living water; the lower reuse-rate of industry water; the huge emission of industrial dusts; and the lower use-rate of materials. Enterprises are the basic unit of urban economy, and their consciousness and behaviors of environmental protection are critical to urban sustainable development. According to questionnaires, the aim of Guangzhou′s enterprises has transferred to profit maximization, but their consciousness of environmental protection is too weak. As to their behaviors of environmental protection, Guangzhou′s enterprises are somewhat passive: their driving forces of investment on environmental protection are from Environmental Protection Law, the citizens′ suing, and the government regulations; their investment on environmental protection is too low; their environmental protection organ plays a less important role; they dispose pollution at the end stage of production.


Being stationary, seagrass populations respond markedly and cumulatively to continued eutrophication over both time and space. Six seagrass meadows located within and near the eutrophic Kingston Harbour were investigated from October 1995 to June 1996 to determine the effects of increased eutrophication on seagrass population dynamics. The stations were sited at Fort Augusta, Old Coal Wharf (eutrophic, harbor sites), Hellshire coast (mesotrophic) and Port Royal Cays (oligotrophic). Aerial productivity, leaf turnover rate, leaf area, shoot density and total biomass of Thalassia testudinum were assessed during the period. In addition, the water quality at all the sites was monitored, using phytoplankton biomass as the primary index of water quality. These data were supplemented with water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen content, nutrients (nitrates + nitrites and phosphates), and light extinction coefficient data at these sites. Although there were no significant differences in labile nutrient data at the six sites, the significant difference in phytoplankton biomass confirmed previous observations of a range of water qualities. Water quality ranged from the eutrophic Kingston Harbour (>2.0 mg m -3 chl a), to mesotrophic Hellshire Bays (0.57 ± 0.02 mg m -3 chl a), and the oligotrophic Port Royal Cays (0.21 ± 0.01 mg m -3 chl a). Thalassia testudinum populations exhibited an increase in leaf productivity rates (3.64 ± 0.39 g dwt m -2 d -1 at South East Cay to 5.46 ± 1.11 g dwt m -2 d -1 at Old Coal Wharf) and an increase in leaf area (11.64 ± 1.2 cm 2 at South East Cay to 22.85 ± 2.87 cm 2 at Fort Augusta) with increasing eutrophication. Conversely, there was a reduction in shoot density (917.25 ± 199.92 m -2 at South East Cay to 459.62 ± 65.35 m -2 at Old Coal Wharf) and total biomass (972.68 ± 88.39 g dwt m -2 at Rackhams Cay to 406.24 ± 62.16 g dwt m -2 at Fort Augusta) with increasing eutrophication stress. Comparisons with previous studies from ten years before indicated that Thalassia testudinum shoot biomass and density decreased at all sites, while leaf productivity rates increased at oligotrophic sites and decreased at eutrophic sites during this period.


The Explorer Café is an informal, interdisciplinary forum that brings the La Salle community together for engaging, interactive discussions on thought-provoking topics. Cafés are open to all, and no prior experience or technical jargon is required. Come check us out if you are looking for interesting conversations, a comfortable atmosphere, food, and friends. More than Fried Rice and Plantains: Chinese Populations in Latin America?


One of the performance of  knee joint prostheses base on properties of materials substitution that have been applied. UHMWPE  is used for tabial component, Stainless steel 316L is used for formoral component. Combinations of UHMWPE and stainless steel 316L  have been used for knee joint prostheses mostly. The wear behavior of substitution material is probably caused by scratch total and direction on the friction between components which produced by knee joint activities The aim of this research is to study  the effects of scratch total and direction on stainless steel 316 L that have been implanted by ion nitrogen on the wear behavior of  UHMWPE. Stainless steel 316 L had been polished by silicon carbide paper and pasta alumina was  implanted by nitrogen ion  with 100 mA of  current, 100 keV of energy and  90 minutes of implantation time.  Pin on plate unidirectional reciprocating movement wear test and  bovine serum with 30 g/l of  proteins content as lubricant were used in this research . 180 N of  loader, 70 mm/s of sliding velocity, 96 km of  length friction and 30 mm of step length were applied. Combination of parallel  and perpendicular  of scratches directional with single and double of scratch total were evaluated.  The effect of scratches total and direction on stainless steel 316 L on the wear behavior of UHMWPE had been analyzed by wear volume and wear factor.  The result of this research shows of wear factor for single parallel and single perpendicular scratches are 6.595x10-8 mm 3 /Nm and 19.785x 10-8 mm 3 /Nm, double parallel and double perpendicular scratches are 13.19x10-8 mm 3 /Nm and 39.57x10-8 mm 3 /Nm. The wear factor on scratch perpendicular direction will be  higher 300% than  parallel, Double scratch will be higher 200% than  single scratch


This paper addresses the issues related to the vertical component of earthquake ground motion and its impact on a bridge structure. First, we assessed vertical-to-horizontal spectral acceleration (V/H) ratios as provided by different approaches, namely (1) ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), published in recent works, (2) code-based specifications provided by Eurocode 8 (EC8), and (3) earthquake observations included in a database of strong-ground motion recordings with moment magnitude between 5 to 7.3 and epicentral distance less than 35 km. V/H ratios show dependence on factors of magnitude, site class and epicentral distance, which are not adequately considered by present seismic codes worldwide. EC8-based provisions are found to underestimate the vertical component of seismic action, especially in near-source regions. As a second task, this paper also aims at giving the flavour of the effects of the vertical ground motion on the nonlinear response of an idealised bridge present in California, subjected to M6.0 Parkfield event (2004) recorded by UPSAR dense array. Results show that the vertical component and its spatial variability may alter the overall response, however, the effect observed is limited for this particular case.


Objective:To eraluate the operative procedure and efficiency for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Method:Analysing the clinic materials of 93 cases of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Results:55 patients(59 2%)were survived.Among them,there were good recovery 12 cases,modertely disabled 42 cases,Vegetative 1 case.38 cases(40 8%)were dead.Conclusion:The operative indication should be emphasized.


This full research paper develops a framework for using comparative case studies to triangulate with quantitative survey data in engineering ethics education research.Ethics has long been recognized as crucial to responsible engineering, but the increasingly globalized environments of contemporary engineering present challenges to effective engineering ethics training. An overarching goal of our team's larger project is to examine the effects of culture and education on ethics training in undergraduate engineering students at universities in the United States, China, and the Netherlands to assess how this training impacts students' ethical reasoning and moral dispositions, and how this differs cross-culturally. To gauge students' moral dispositions and ethical reasoning skills and to measure any change in these, we administer the Moral Foundations Questionnaire and the Engineering & Science Issues Test to engineering students longitudinally over four years. Because the conditions related to engineering ethics education differ widely per participating institution, interpreting and analyzing survey quantitative data will require understanding the contextual conditions of education at each institution. In this paper we ask the question what and how can case study methods contribute to longitudinal and cross-cultural ethics educational research with large data sets? To answer it, we develop conceptual and methodological foundations for the design of comparative, multi-institutional case studies to contextualize, complement, and interpret quantitative and qualitative data on ethical reasoning and moral dispositions. We develop comparative case studies to supply missing contextual information for triangulation with quantitative and qualitative data and to provide a more complete picture of the engineering ethics educational contexts, strategies, and practices at each of the participating universities. In this project, case studies provide informational and contextual significance to the other sources of data our research produces, elucidating conditions required to understand and make sense of the results of the research. In the paper we introduce our research project, motivate the use of case studies in our research by reviewing literature on case studies and multi-method triangulation in educational research. We explain how specific cases will be designed, and by providing the first step of two cases, timelines of ethics interventions for two degree programs, demonstrate the informational and interpretive need for comparative case studies in triangulating with other data sources. By using multiple case design to compare universities' approaches in this frame, our analysis can respond to particular institutional educational contexts and cultural and language factors, make cross-cultural comparisons, and offer recommendations about responsible and culturally responsive engineering ethics education.


A study was made of the extent to which autonomic responses follow stimulation of the cerebellar cortex, somatic, and visceral afferent nerves. Activity of units in splanchnic and mesenteric nerves...


Human activity and global climate change have severely affected marine ecosystems and fishery resources. Habitat conservation and stock enhancement are considered effective methods. Moreover, with the gradual disappearance of fishery resources, fishing ports have become underutilized spaces. Currently, 73 of the 221 fishing ports in Taiwan are underutilized. Therefore, we, for the first time, developed an integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA)-based cage rearing system suitable for stock enhancement and applied it in an optimal underutilized fishing port after the site evaluation and selection of 17 potential fishing ports fishing. We further tested that hypothesis that hatchery-produced organisms can be reared and monitored appropriately in this cage rearing system with good survival and growth as well as less environmental impact and handling stress. Through the collocation of various release organisms of different trophic levels, the cage rearing system can reduce environmental impacts as evidenced by the steady water quality (stable pH and undetectable levels of ammonia nitrogen, nitrates, and nitrites). As for the fish welfare, this semiartificial rearing system could also reduce the discomforts of hatchery-produced organisms after transportation and facilitate their adaptations to the released environments as evidenced by positive growth and high survival rates (94%–98%). The cultured and naturally grown shellfish and algae on the cage nets could provide habitats for hatchery-produced and wild organisms that facilitate habitat conservation and stock enhancement. Taken together, we have demonstrated that it is feasible to implement this novel IMTA-based cage rearing system in an underutilized fishing port required for marine stock enhancement.


This paper focuses on the small signal stability analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and Direct Drive Synchronous Generator (DDSG) integrated power system. For this purpose, one synchronous generator in the IEEE 14 bus test system is first replaced by a DFIG, and then by a DDSG while the wind penetration is varied between 24–40%. PSAT, a Matlab based power system analysis toolbox is used to perform small signal stability analysis, where eigenvalues give the insight into system oscillations and damping. In order to improve the damping of the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) integrated system, Power System Stabilizers (PSS) are designed for synchronous generators. The key observations include the capability of WTGs to increase system stability under certain conditions, DDSG providing better damping for a certain range of penetration, and DFIG providing stability for a larger range of wind penetration. The findings were verified using time domain analysis, where the frequency response of the synchronous generators were observed.


Background: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation using bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells is a lifesaving treatment for patients with leukemia or other blood disorders. Hematopoietic stem cell donors are afraid of harming themselves by donating and are also under pressure from other relatives. Therefore, it is easy to produce negative emotions such as tension, anxiety, panic, depression and so on during the donation period. Although major physical complications of hematopoietic stem cell donors are uncommon, their psychosocial impact remains relatively unknown.
Methods:The authors undertook a Rapid Literature Review focusing on articles published from 2020 to 2022 thus offering the readers access to most up-to-date evidence concerning the topic. This article, therefore, adopts a narrative review methodology.
Results: A total of 7 articles were identified and scrutinized. Hematopoietic stem cell donors generally suffered from physical and mental discomfort. Factors influencing psychological experiences included donation stage, gender, kinship, and transplant results.
Main Contribution to Evidence-Based Practice: The purpose of this rapid literature review is to identify the most recent evidence and knowledge concerning psychological experiences of hematopoietic stem cell donors, in-depth analysis of the real psychological feelings of hematopoietic stem cell donors, in order to further improve the quality of nursing services, relieve the doubts of hematopoietic stem cell donors and mobilize the motivation of hematopoietic stem cell donors provides a reference.


The new frontiers of the research in the astronomic field require the use of more and more advanced high-performance structures. Only an adequate technological innovation of conventional telescopes and radio-telescopes allow to obtain structures able to meet the new specification of the projects. Besides, technological innovation is founded not only on the identification of more and more sophisticated mechanisms and optical instruments, but also on the development of new materials and manufacturing processes for the entire structure that constitute an instrument such as a telescope or a radio-telescope. Among these materials, the use of the carbon fibre is highly important. This material, which is already widely used in the aerospace and automotive fields, shall join also the astronomic field for ground instruments. Thanks to the experience acquired with instruments like ALMA, the industry of composites is now able to guarantee different solutions at relatively low costs that allow the instruments of new generation to move extremely important steps in the development of scientific research. Not just materials, but also processes, through which the materials are worked and manufactured, are extremely important. The use of technologies, such as hand lay-up vacuum bag, compression moulding, table rolling of composite tubes, filament winding, poltrusion and Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM), allow to identify the ideal solution both for big dimension objects, such as backup structure, main mirror structure of quadripod legs, and relatively small objects, such as actuators, adjusters system, etc. The wide choice, concerning the use of composite materials, and their techniques of production, allow the technicians to satisfy the exigencies of astronomers be they addressed to simple control of the weights or of the stiffness of the structures, or to specific thermal behaviour of the piece itself.


This study aimed to estimate the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of olanzapine versus the combination of haloperidol-diazepam in acute phase schizophrenia. An observational study was conducted in a psychiatric hospital in Indonesia involving acute phase schizophrenic patients receiving either olanzapine or combination of haloperidol and diazepam. The outcome measures included Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score, length of stay in acute room, utility score, and QALY. PANSS score and utility score were rated by psychiatrists and nurses, respectively, at the initiation of study medicines and after patient stabilization (postintervention). Calculated costs were direct medical costs with third-party payer perspective. QALY was determined by multiplying the utility score by the duration of the treatment effect to provide the number of QALY gained. A total of 193 patients (102 in olanzapine group/OG vs . 91 in haloperidol-diazepam group/HG). Postintervention, PANSS score significantly decreased by 16.09 in OG and 14.64 in HG. Patients in the two groups spent similar amount of time in acute room (i.e., 3–6 days). Both groups showed no significant difference in utility score and QALY post-treatment. Olanzapine incurred higher costs (US 20.89/QALY) than the comparator ($US 18.10/QALY). In conclusion, the combination of haloperidol-diazepam was a cost-effective option for treating acute phase schizophrenia.


An active flight experiment is described that has the objectives to determine the effects of the low earth natural environment and the Shuttle induced environment on selected thermal control and optical surfaces. The optical and thermal properties of test samples will be measured in-situ using an integrating sphere reflectrometer and using calorimetric methods. This experiment has been selected for the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) flight which will be carried to orbit by the NASA Space Shuttle. The LDEF will remain in orbit to be picked up by a later Shuttle mission and returned for postflight evaluation.


At the island of Majorca, with a singular tourist vocation it is especially important to set up policies of sustainable transport based on the development of the public transport and reduction of the use of the private vehicle (BANISTER, 2002). In this sense, in the next months the Regional Government is going to start up a new line of Palma-UIB underground (metro) that will give a strong impulse to the public transport. For that reason the EMT will have to adapt the route of line 19 to the new distribution of the potential demand. Now the line of bus Palma/UIB has a frequency of 10 minutes and takes about 20 minutes. The UIB/Palma line has a frequency of 20 minutes and also takes 20 minutes. The new underground line will have a frequency of 13 minutes and a temporary cost Palma/UIB/Palma of 13 minutes. In addition some of the underground stations will be in contact with the bus stops. It is therefore evident that the impact of the new infrastructure on the transport model will be very important. It is in this frame that the EMT has commissioned the UIB to study the proposal of a new supply route of bus Palma/UIB that satisfies the new demand model established after the implantation of the underground.


Stress-related changes in visceral perception resulting in enhanced sensitivity to physiological and/or experimental visceral stimuli along with hypervigilance are considered to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (Elsenbruch et al., 2010; Mayer et al., 2008; Mulak & Bonaz, 2004; Posserud et al., 2004). Visceral hypersensitivity present in about two-thirds of IBS patients has been considered a biological marker in IBS (Bouin et al., 2002; Mertz et al., 1995). Numerous studies have also reported coexisting somatic hypersensitivity in IBS, although results are not unanimous (Chang et al., 2000; Iovino et al., 2006), most likely due to methodological issues, heterogeneity of IBS patient subgroups, or concomitant disorders (e.g., fibromyalgia) (Moshiree et al., 2007; Verne et al., 2001). The widespread character of hypersensitivity has been related to both peripheral and central mechanisms (Azpiroz et al., 2007; Piche et al., 2010). Alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitries responsive to visceral input have been recently delineated in IBS patients compared with healthy subjects using functional brain imaging techniques (Song et al., 2006; Wilder-Smith et al., 2004). Evidence of spinal nociceptive facilitation in IBS has been also provided (Coffin et al., 2004). Over the past 15 years, various animal models have been developed to gain a deeper insight into the central and peripheral mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity (Holschneider et al., 2011; Mayer et al., 2008). However, only recently has the role of alterations in descending pain modulatory pathways in the pathophysiology of IBS and experimental models of IBS been recognized (Berman et al., 2008; Larauche et al., 2011a; Larauche et al., 2011b; WilderSmith et al., 2004). In this chapter, we will review the recent developments on stress-related modulation of visceral sensitivity to colorectal distension (CRD), with a special focus on alterations in stress-induced visceral analgesia and pain inhibitory mechanisms.


The preceding articles by Martin Feldstein and Douglas Elmendorf and by Franco Modigliani and Arlhe Sterling give us a welcome opportunity to return to the effects of fiscal policy on private consumption. At stake in this debate, we believe, is a potential paradigm change-from what Kormendi (1983) termed the Standard Approach, which bases private consumption on disposable personal income, to what he termed the Consolidated Approach, which bases consumption on aggregate income, government spending, and transfer payments, each with separate effects. The Standard Approach excludes Ricardian equivalence a priori. The Consolidated Approach not only incorporates Ricardian equivalence but, in its augmented form, allows one to nest the various hypotheses associated with the two approaches. Feldstein and Elmendorf argue that Kormendi's (1983) results (and implicitly those of Kormendi and Meguire, 1986), which reject the Standard Approach in favor of the Consolidated/Ricardian alternative, are not robust to the exclusion of data from World War II and other specification changes. Modigliani and Sterling argue that accounting for "temporary taxes" reverses our rebuttal of their 1986 comment. We first take up the challenge of Feldstein and Elmendorf before turning to Modigliani and Sterling. We then assess the validity of our preference for estimating in differences, by testing whether consumption, income, and the fiscal variables are cointegrated. Finally, we summarize what can be learned from the debate. I. Feldstein and Elmendorf


The present invention relates to a transistor and a driving method and an organic light emitting diode display so as to prevent the static electricity between the metal layer of the transistor. A light emitting display device according to the invention the light emitting are formed so as to be adjacent to the at least one first metal layer and the cross portion of the second metal layer and the at least one first metal and the second metal layer is formed by intersecting the first metal layer and the second metal layer includes a pixel circuit including at least one transistor for the light-emitting elements and the light-emitting element, and is located on the inside of the semiconductor layer included in the transistor, is formed so as to overlap in the width of the semiconductor layer, do. With this arrangement, the present invention provides a source / drain metal layer by widely forming than the semiconductor layer of source / drain metal layer to the width of the transistor width is formed at the intersection regions of the source / drain metal layer and the gate metal layer positioned on the inside of the semiconductor layer do. Accordingly, the present invention can prevent static electricity between the semiconductor layer of the grain and not have the tip of the gate metal layer, which is caused by the tip of the pattern edge of the overlapping part of the source / drain metal layer gate metal layer and source / drain metal layer have.


Pre-contractual liability is a challenging and demanding institute of law itself. It is not recognized in every legal order in the whole world and the construction of it can vary across nations. This situation can become even more complicated, when we start to think about pre-contractual liability in connection to international commercial arbitration. Is it even possible to solve the problem of existence of the precontractual liability in arbitration? In case of positive answer, what is subsequently the applicable law? The aim of this paper is to find the answer to these questions with the help of ICC awards database and available literature.


How much do 'ordinary' teachers know of the various proposals for systems of teacher appraisal? This research into a sample of high school staff shows their knowledge of existing appraisal schemes, including the national pilots, was limited. It discusses how teachers viewed the issues. The authors are, respectively, from the School of Education, University of Leeds, and The Oaks School, Barnsley.