The inherent asymmetry in area and position of drain/source region in the ring field-effect transistor (Ring-FET) provides a unique channel electrostatic, different from symmetric double-gate FET, which renders it with immunity to short channel effects (SCEs). This electrostatics of ring-FET has the potential to mitigate ambipolarity in tunnel FET (TFET). In this article, using a well-calibrated TCAD simulation and analytical model, we investigate the electrostatics of all-silicon n-type Ring-TFET (R-TFET). The results are compared with conventional all-silicon n-type double gate TFET (DG-TFET). Two possible configurations of R-TFET obtained by interchanging the source and the drain positions are termed as source-inside TFET (SI-TFET) and drain-inside TFET (DI-TFET). We observed that DI-TFET mitigates the ambipolarity by <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100 \times$</tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{DS}=\text{0.5 V}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2000 \times$</tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{DS}=\text{1 V}$</tex-math></inline-formula> compared to DG-TFET. Besides, the drain induced barrier thinning (DIBT) of DI-TFET is (89 mV/V) less than DG-TFET (108 mV/V), for a channel length of 32 nm, thus the proposed DI-TFET also offers better short channel immunity.


Aiming at the problem of the transformation from QVGA to VGA in embedded products, this paper brings forward a method of solving this problem on the platform of Intel Xscale.With the application of DPC and the DMA transmission of the LCD controller integrated in the Intel PXA255 processor, cooperating with the video coding chip named CH7013B, this method achieves the intention of translating the outputing format, uses less CPU resource, plays in high performance and reliability, thus it can meet the real-time demands of TV-OUT.


The situation of unstable feeding velocity when the hydraulic system return back was analyzed during the adjustment process for special precision hydraulic boring machine,and a new technical project to improve the problem was issued,the problem was solved by an experiment and with the resulted in good controlling effect.


Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones represent the final output neurones in the neuroendocrine system for the control of reproduction. To understand the reproductive neuroendocrine system, an investigation of the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of GnRH neurones is essential. In this review, we focus on the intrinsic properties and summarise our recent findings of ion channels expressed in rat GnRH neurones. Rat GnRH neurones express all four types of high voltage‐activated Ca2+channel (L, N, P/Q, R) and the low voltage‐activated Ca2+ channel (T). GnRH neurones also express two types of Ca2+‐activated K+ [K(Ca)] channel: the small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (SK) channel and the large conductance Ca2+‐ and voltage‐activated K+ (BK) channel. The activities of these Ca2+ and K(Ca) channels regulate cell excitability and cellular calcium homeostasis.


How to schedule tasks efficiently is one of the key issues to be resolved in cloud computing environment. A Double Fitness Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm(DFPSO)based on conventional Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)is brought up for the programming framework of cloud computing. Through this algorithm, the better task scheduling not only shortens total task completion time and also has shorter average task completion time. Simulation results show that DFPSO is better than PSO,and the integrated scheduling performance is excellent, especially when the number of tasks increases.


Movable Electrical Conducting Probe (MECP),a kind of simple and reliable measuring transducer,used for predicting full-flow-path flow pattern in a boiling vapor/liquid two-phase flow is introduced in this paper when the test pipe is set at different inclination angles,several kinds of flow patterns,such as bubble,slug,churn,intermittent,and annular flows,may be observed in accordance with the locations of MECP.By means of flow pattern analysis,flow fleld numerical calculations have been carried out,and heat transfer coeffcient correlations along full-flow-path derived.The results show that heat transfer performance of boiling two-phase flow could be significanfly augmanted as expected in some flow pattern zones.The results of the investigation,measuring techniques and conclusions contained in this paper would be a useful reference in foundational research for prediction of flow pattern and heat transfer behavior in boiling two-phase flow,as well as for turbine vane liquid-cooling design.


Background  Iodide organification defect (IOD) is characterized by a reduced ability of the thyroid gland to retain iodide resulting in hypothyroidism. Mutations in thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene appear to be the most common cause of IOD and are commonly inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. The TPO gene is located on the chromosome 2p25. It comprises 17 exons, covers approximately 150 kb of genomic DNA and codes 933 amino acids.


Measurements of refractive index spatial distribution within optically transparent phase 3-D samples with computerized interferometric microscopes is proposed. For the reconstruction of the phase information the phase shifting interferometry is used. Interferometric computed-tomography microscopes are fully automated integrated systems that incorporate CCD camera, frame grabber, computed operated PZT mirror as well as intelligible software for interferogram processing, tomographic reconstruction and refractive index distribution are displayed in 2-D and 3-D, sections, isolines, etc. Experimental results for interferometric microscopy and tomography of blood cells are presented.


I cannot believe that it has been 11 years since I wrote my first editorial for Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing (DCCN) as an editor. For the past 11 years, many of my dreams did come true. I have had the opportunity to work with an amazing group of professionals who comprise the editorial board, consultants, reviewers, publishers, and copy editors who make each issue of DCCN a reality. I consider all of these people as friends, even more so than colleagues. I have worked with experienced authors, first-time authors, and students in this role of editor. I hope along the way I have made a positive contribution to nursing. This is my last ''A Closing Word'' as editor of DCCN. Now, stop laughing. I am serious. Also, stop doing those cartwheels and jumping for joy. I have resigned as editor to pursue other interests in the world of nursing as well as other pursuits. I plan to spend more time with my family (at least the ones I like). Also, I am a member of the sandwich generationVmy daughter graduated from college, started her career, and moved from home (not far, thank goodness). Now my husband and I find ourselves in a wonderful position of being able to help our aging parents. This is definitely a task of love but one that is time consuming. I have always placed family first, and I am not going to stop now. Aswell as helping parents, I plan to pursue other dreams. I hope to teach more. I enjoy working with students, and perhaps, I have learned something in my 37 years of nursing, which may be of benefit to them.My husband and I hope to travel as much as we can. We enjoy cruises and plan to spend time visiting other countries. You never knowI I may decide to write another book. I would like to domore volunteer work as well. Retirement is not in the cards for the foreseeable future. As a nurse, I have many options. I will never stop being a nurse. As far as I am concerned, I have been a nurse since I was 6 years old and told my parents of my dream. Even on my deathbed, I can hear myself calling, ''Could someone please check on that alarm?'' or ''Call a code blue.'' The only difference now is that I would be able to practice my nursing skills outside a critical care setting. I hope as an editor, I have provided knowledge and laughter to the readers of DCCN. I have always been a big promoter of the importance of laugher, and I hope you, the readers, have laughed with me (or at me) when reading some of the editorials. Now, I turn the reins of editor over to someone else who will do an excellent job. The new editor will have only small shoes to fill (really, I do have small feet). This is not the last you will hear from me. I will write and stay active in critical care nursing. So in my last words as editor, thank you for your support, thoughts, critiques, suggestions, and your friendship these past 11 years. Please stay in touch. Support the new editor as much as you have supported me throughout the years. Keep laughing. Find humor in your life and work. Keep learning. Remember, all of you are leaders. Serve as a mentor. Use research in your practice (evidence-based practice). Continue to provide the best care possible for your patients, their families, your family, and yourself. Thank you for your loyalty toDCCN. This is a great journal, and it will only continue to improve. Remember, I am only an e-mail away. Enjoy your profession and enjoy life. Also, happy Certified Nurses Day 2013 onMarch 19, 2012. Now I wonder if my dream job of dipping ice cream cones into chocolate is open?


Introduction: The fraction of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) cases preventable by deferral of allo‐exposed donors has previously been estimated, under the assumption this indirectly estimated the contribution of leucocyte antibodies to the occurrence of TRALI. Our aim was to estimate the fraction preventable by deferral of leucocyte antibody positive donors and to investigate the validity of allo‐exposure as a marker for leucocyte antibodies.


In the two sample location model, for samples of equal sizes 15, 30, 50, the variance of linearized universally efficient rank estimators is evaluated by Monte-Carlo for five source populations and compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound; for sample size 15, a comparison is also made with the best linear unbiased estimator, with the median, and with Hodges and Lehmann's estimator based on the Wilcoxon statistic.


The invention relates to a preparation method of ZnO nano homogenous junction arrays with a core-shell structure. The method is characterized in that a ZnO film, inner ZnO nanorod arrays and outer ZnO coatings are formed on a substrate of each ZnO nano homogenous junction array from bottom to top in sequence. The method comprises the following steps: 1) depositing the (002)-oriented ZnO film on the substrate; 2) mixing pure ZnO powder, pure graphite and a doped source and taking the mixture as the source material, putting the source material at the side of the closed end of a quartz boat, putting the substrate at the side of the opening end of the quartz boat, and putting the quartz boat in a horizontal tube type furnace reaction chamber to grow the inner ZnO nanorod arrays; and 3) preparing Zn(NO3).6H2O and C6H12N4 into a solution, pouring the solution into a reaction kettle, and immersing the ZnO nanorod arrays in the solution to grow the outer coatings with the core-shell structure at 95 DEG C. The method has the following beneficial effects: the equipment is simple, and the process is easy to operate; the ZnO nano homogenous junction arrays have good crystallization quality and uniform dimensions, and are uniformly distributed; and electrodes can be directly manufactured on the arrays by utilizing hydrothermal coating.


An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of propionate and feather meal on milk production and milk chemical composition in goats in mid-lactation. Eighteen Saanen goats with an average body weight of 54.8±7.1 kg were were randomly assigned to three treatments having 6 animals each. Goats in the CON group received the control diet plus 40 mL of sugarcane molasses but no glycogenic precursors. Goats in the CAPS group received the control diet plus 15 g of salts of calcium propionate dissolved in 40 mL of sugarcane molasses per goat daily while goats in the FEME group received the control diet plus 106 g of feather meal dissolved in 40 mL of sugarcane molasses. Milk production was higher (P<0.01) in goats supplemented with salts of calcium propionate or feather meal compared to those in the control group. Supplemented goats showed higher blood glucose concentration than those in the CON. The results suggested that use of glucose precursors increased the production of milk in goats.


Improvisation is intuition in action, a way to discover the muse and respond to her call. The outpourings of intuition consist of a continuous, rapid flow of choice, choice, choice. —Stephen Nachmanovich, Free Play: Improvisation in Life and Art [14] This paper maintains that the practice and theories of improvisational and activist theatre can infuse interactive computer games with spontaneous, playful creativity. This playfulness can inspire not only character, relationship and social issue possibilities in the digital game development, but can also tease out creative ideas through live improvisational gameplay among development teams. Working from the premise that computer games are both a unique art form and an experiential way to rehearse social change, this paper suggests novel ways of drawing on the games and artistry of Stephen Nachmanovich, Ruth Zaporah, Uta Hagen, and Keith Johnstone, and the activism of Augusto Boal, David Diamond, and Richard Rohd to enhance computer gameplay experience. It also makes a call to action for kinaesthetic involvement in live gameplay, because getting up and trying the games is better than just reading about them. Author


Mass balance of glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA) varies substantially across the region. While the spatial variability is attributed to differences in climatic setting and sensitivity of these glaciers to climate change, an assessment of these factors to date has only been performed on a small sample of glaciers and a small set of climate perturbation scenarios. To advance the assessment to larger datasets, we first reconstruct the time series of reference-surface mass balance for 1952–2014 periods using an empirical model calibrated with observed mass balance from 45 glaciers across the HMA. Forcing the model with a set of independent stepwise changes of temperature (±0.5 K to ±6 K) and precipitation (±5% to ±30%), we assess the reference-surface mass balance sensitivity of each glacier in the sample. While the relationship between the change in mass balance and the change in precipitation is linear, the relationship with the change in temperature is non-linear. Spatial heterogeneity in the simulated mass balance sensitivities is attributed to differences in climatic setting, elevation, and the sensitivity of mass-balance profile (gradient) to changes in temperature and precipitation. While maritime and low-lying continental glaciers show high sensitivity to temperature changes and display a uniform mass-balance sensitivity with elevation, the high-lying continental glaciers show high sensitivity to precipitation changes and display a non-uniform mass-balance sensitivity with elevation. Our analysis reveals the dominant drivers of spatial variability in the mass balance sensitivity across the region: temperature as a single driver for maritime glaciers, and a superposition of temperature, precipitation seasonality, and snow/rain differentiation for continental glaciers. Finally, a set of sensitivity tests with perturbed model parameters confirms the robustness of our results. The model's ability and robustness to resolve spatial patterns in the sensitivities and their drivers implies that simple modeling approaches remain a powerful tool for analyzing glacier response to climate change in HMA.


The evolution of the electronic structure and the structural stability of epitaxial silicene on ZrB2(0001) thin films exposed to K atoms has been studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. Potassium adsorption leads to charge donation to the silicene lattice, which is accompanied by the partial filling of a formerly unoccupied π* band and by the increasing hybridization between the diboride surface state and the lower branch of the back-folded π band. The results allow an identification of silicene-derived π electronic states and confirm that before K adsorption, the interactions at the silicene-substrate interface are rather weak.


Abstract:To appease his mother, an apprehensive Kangsen Feka Wakai agrees to see a diviner to determine whether "someone has done something" bad to him.


Electron transfer to oxidised lipoate, from the electron adduct of thymine, the carboxylate radical-ion ĊO2– and the ethanol and propan-2-ol radicals has been observed directly by pulse radiolysis.


Using microscopic interacting boson-fermion model formalism, the ground-band, β-band, γ-band and high spins states in even 116–122Xe isotopes are successfully described. It can explain the recent experimental result that collective structures may coexist with the single-particle states and subshell feature. It predictes the energies of 1+ states.


wenty years ago, the timed impromptu essay test was everywhere defended by English faculty as the most effective, responsible, and teacher-supportive assessment device available. Today, it is under attack from all sides as formulaic, unresponsive to the nature of writing, and destructive to the curriculum. For example, even as moderate and scholarly a team as the one from Miami University says about classes learning the writing processes, "a single-sitting, impromptu essay exam neither tests the skills these students have been taught nor supports the connections between learning and writing that a process approach assumes" (Black et al 9): Peter Elbow says essay tests give us "agreement about a faint, smudged, and distorted picture of the student's writing ability" (Belanoff and Dickson xiii). A recent NCTE Sense of the House Motion (No. 3, Nov. 1992) resolved "that the Council oppose the practice of claiming to measure a student's overall ability at writing by means of a single score on a single piece of writing produced at one sitting, and be it further resolved that the Council work to eliminate this practice." Even holistic scoring sessions, praised in the past as examples of collegial communities of teachers agreeing on standards, are now under regular attack at conferences by scholars as diverse as Peter Elbow and Richard Larson for supposedly forcing agreement to inappropriate standards by tyrannical methods.


Next-generation stretchable optoelectronics require functional electric conductors with mechanical stretchability and optical transparency. We present a new class of highly stretchable and transparent conductors based on silver nanowire (AgNW) percolation micro-grids embedded in an elastomeric substrate. These are prepared by simple spray-coating and subsequent adhesive-tape-assisted contact-removal of AgNWs. The synergistic combination of the percolated NWs and regular micro-grid geometry in an integrated form makes it possible to achieve uniform, reproducible, and predictable performance of the resulting AgNW micro-grids and ensure good stretchability. The fabricated device shows superior optoelectronic performance with a sheet resistance of 26.1 Ω sq−1 and an optical transmittance of 85.8%. In addition, the device can reversibly accommodate various mechanical deformations, such as stretching, bending, and twisting.


Objective To evaluate corneal epithelium damage in teenagers undergoing overnight orthokeratology treatment.Methods 201 teenagers(375 eyes) who accepted overnight orthokeratology treatment from September 2009 to December 2010 were observed.The relationship between the degree of myopia before treatment(-1.00——2.00 D,-2.25——4.00 D and-4.25——6.00 D),the occurrence time and the incidence rate of corneal epithelium damage after orthokeratology treatment were statistically analyzed.Results The incidence rate of corneal epithelium damage was 17.1%,31.4% and 42.4% in the three groups respectively,and the difference was significant(χ2=13.439 4,P=0.001).The occurrence time of the corneal epithelium damage among the three groups was also statistically significant(χ2=12.45,P=0.002).Conclusion Myopia degree is positively related with incidence rate and time of corneal epithelium damage.Therefore,earlier orthokeratology treatment should be given in order to get better control of myopia.


In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor observations are spatiotemporally correlated, and that correlation signifies redundancy among the observations. Spatial correlation is primarily employed to estimate the minimum number of event-monitoring nodes. However, an event-monitoring node can intelligently exploit the temporal correlation between its observations to adapt with its dynamic surroundings. This self-adaptation helps resource-constrained nodes to enhance their performance by saving battery power and maintaining the quality of transmitted data. In WSNs, the sensor nodes switch between the active and sleep states to conserve energy. Using temporal correlation, a node can dynamically estimate the appropriate sleep duration, which is an important parameter for a node to adapt with its dynamic surroundings in an energy-efficient manner. In this paper, dynamic Bayesian network and entropy are used to estimate utility of observations. Moreover, a node estimates temporal correlation between its consecutive observations by mutual information. Further, the sensor nodes calculate appropriate sleep duration and control their communications at a particular time instant on the basis of estimated temporal correlation. A reinforcement-learning-based approach is used, in a distributed manner, to calculate the optimum sleep duration. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed approach performs more efficiently in terms of energy conservation, energy utilization, and data accuracy than the benchmark schemes.


(57) Abstract: Using the flash mini-card, device, for controlling the subsystem, and / or processes, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) control system and method. Preferably, the present invention is a cooler with a flash mini-card, and devices associated with a cooler and a HVAC control system and method for controlling a subsystem. More preferably, the present invention, HVAC control systems and methods are eliminated hard disk, a disk controller, a card reader, or a card controller the need to use at least one.


The family business form is a fascinating and widespread business form where exciting distinctive characteristics develop and drive businesses in their own manner. The distinctive characteristics that define the different family businesses are leading to research on the business from becoming increasingly captivating and colorful. These distinctive characteristics will be explained in more depth later in this paper, but a generic name for these family-specific characteristics is socioemotional wealth.Furthermore, value creation in companies is created by implementing or developing different strategies in one way or another. The path to an effective and impactful strategy begins with the decision maker gathering the relevant information. This way, information gathering is initiated to help the decision maker develop their strategy in the best possible manner. Differing degrees of rationality can however be used by the decision maker when it comes to information gathering.The purpose of this paper is to discover how socioemotional wealth affects strategic decisions made within family businesses. The paper will focus on how socioemotional wealth affects strategic decisions and, in particular, how it affects the degree of rationality in strategic decision making.By adopting a deductive approach, the paper will tackle the above purpose using theories from similar topics. Additionally, a quantitative method, in the form of a survey, will also be used to obtain empirical data from family businesses in order to validate the empiricism and findings against the hypothesis.The findings of this essay will in part strengthen the findings of previous research within the field socioemotional wealth; family businesses demonstrate a high degree of socioemotional wealth within their companies. However, no significant empirical evidence can be localized to support a conclusion that a high degree of socioemotional wealth entails a low degree of rationality when it comes to strategic decision making within family businesses.


The paper studies the problem of optimal mean squared error (m.m.s.e.) estimation of a multidimensional linear diffusion from observations of a marked point process. It is shown that, under appropriate signal-to-noise ratio scaling, the family of random conditional error covariance processes satisfies a sample large deviation principle (LDP) with good rate function as the sampling rate γ̅ ƒ ∞. The LDP regime considered involves increasing the observation sampling rate and a proportionate decrease in the observation signal-to-noise ratio. In particular, we show that as γ̅ ƒ ∞, the family of continuous-discrete filters converge in distribution to a filter with continuous diffusion type observations, thus verifying the robustness of the Kalman filter with respect to (w.r.t.) the observation path. We explicitly characterize the LDP rate function, quantifying the best decay rate for rare events as γ̅ ƒ ∞. The large deviations framework developed in this work is of independent interest and applicable to larger classes of jump processes.


This is the report of a forum which was held as part of the triennial review of the operations of America's Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPR), the government funding distribution body of public radio and television (PBS). The forum brought together community and public broadcasting representatives to discuss the broadcasting needs of minority groups and other nonmainstream interests in the US today. The report, published by the Aspen Institute, highlights growing racism and violence in America as the most crucial concern for public broadcasting. Many speakers at the forum expressed frustration at the lack of minority programming and commissioning by the CPR and its broadcasting arm. For those involved with multicultural and minority issues and broadcasting in Australia, the report provides a valuable insight into a situation which has many parallels with our own. The fact that the forum was held at the same time as the devastating interracial riots in Los Angeles last year is a dramatic reminder of what can happen when a nation stops listening to its disadvantaged. or was it just that they didn't have the opportunity to hear? Jeffrey Cook


A unit light guide plate and a light guide plate unit are provided with a light outputting surface; a thick section substantially at the center of the light outputting surface; a thin end sections formed on the both sides of the thick section; a half section of a parallel groove formed on the rear side of the light outputting surface for storing a linear light source; an inclined rear section which becomes thinner toward the thin end section from the thick section; and a scattering means for scattering light which enters the thin end section from the light source stored in the parallel groove and propagates inside the inclined rear section.Alternatively, the unit light guide plate is provided with a spot light source; a light outputting surface for outputting light; a rear surface facing the light outputting surface; side surfaces connected to the light outputting surface and the rear surface; a light entering section, which is arranged substantially at the center of the rear surface, with a spot light source arranged, and permits incident light to enter; and a scattering means for outputting the entered light from a light outputting surface. A distance between the light outputting surface and the rear surface increases as it separates from the light entering section. A planar illuminating device and a liquid crystal display device are provided by using such unit light guide plate and the light guide plate unit.


The liver responds in a sex-specific manner to Growth Hormone (GH) and sex hormones. GH is the main regulator of body growth, somatic development, body composition, and sexdifferentiated functions in liver (Butler and Le Roith, 2001; Mode and Gustafsson, 2006; LeRoith and Yakar, 2007; Lichanska and Waters, 2008; Vijayakumar et al., 2010). GH is mainly produced in the pituitary gland and acts distantly on target tissues through the activation of the transmembrane GH receptor (GHR). The liver shows the highest levels of GHR expression and, therefore, is a major target for GH, but virtually all human tissues are responsive to GH. GH regulates glucose, lipid, amino acid, and endo-xenobiotic metabolism. The sex-specific secretion release from pituitary has been shown to have a great impact on hepatic transcriptional regulation (Flores-Morales et al., 2001b; Tollet-Egnell et al., 2001; Tollet-Egnell et al., 2004; Lichanska and Waters, 2008; Waxman and Holloway, 2009). Global expression analysis of GH actions in liver using microarrays clearly indicates that most of the known physiological effects of GH can be explained through its effects on the transcription of specific genes. To this end, GH is known to activate a network of transcription factors in liver that include, among others, nuclear receptors/transcription factors such as Hepatocyte Nuclear Factors (4, 6, 3, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPAR, Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP), Sterol Regulated Element-Binding Protein (SREBP), CRBP, C/EBP, and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-5b. The latest is of particular importance in the regulation of endocrine, metabolic, and sexdifferentiated actions of GH in liver (Udy et al., 1997; Wiwi and Waxman, 2004; Waxman and O'Connor, 2006; Vidal et al., 2007). 17-Estradiol (E2), a major natural estrogen in mammals, has physiological actions which are not limited to reproductive organs in both females and males (Simpson et al., 2005). Estrogens exert their physiological effects through two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ER and ER, which belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription


The successful emergence of on-line communities, such as open source software and Wikipedia, seems due to an effective combination of intelligent collective behavior and internet capabilities However, current internet technologies, such as forum, wikis and blogs appear to be less supportive for knowledge organization and consensus formation. In particular very few attempts have been done to support large, diverse, and geographically dispersed groups to systematically explore and come to decisions concerning complex and controversial systemic challenges. In order to overcome the limitations of current collaborative technologies, in this article, we present a new large-scale collaborative platform based on argumentation mapping. To date argumentation mapping has been effectively used for small-scale, co-located groups. The main research questions this work faces are: can argumentation scale? Will large-scale argumentation outperform current collaborative technologies in collective problem solving and deliberation? We present some preliminary results obtained from a first field test of an argumentation platform with a moderate-sized (few hundred) users community.


THE RUSSIAN-AMERICAN AND THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN conventions of April 17, 1824, and of February 28, 1825, respectively, delimiting Russian territorial claims in the New World have been frequently referred to in American historical literature, but little attention has been given to the reasons why Russia proved so lenient in this diplomatic arrangement. How did it happen, for instance, that despite the high-sounding imperial ukaz of September 4, 1821, generously granting fishery privileges to the Russian-American Company and limiting foreign traffic in Russian waters, the government shortly afterwards retreated from its position officially proclaimed to the world? To understand what occurred one must bear in mind that Russia's traditional foreign policy has always represented a double-edged sword; with one edge the government endeavors to guard its interests in the East, with the other it watches the western frontiers, and vice versa; while initiating an active policy at one end of the empire, it allows the other to rest "on ice." Or, on occasion, it uses one end of its vast empire as a lever for attaining aims at the other. At the time the twenty-year charter granted to the Russian-American Company on July 8, 1799, expired, Russia was enjoying her recently won triumph over Napoleon and a most prominent place in the concert of Europe. The termination of war in Europe afforded Russia a keener interest in the East, though never forsaking the West where greater issues were at stake. So when in 1819 the charter was renewed and the company commenced to insist that the borders of the American possessions be improved and allowed more adequate defense, the government granted the company's request for such delimitation. On September 4, 1821, an imperial edict or ukaz was issued by the Czar of Russia pontifically proclaiming that all trade and fishing be forbidden to foreigners and that foreign ships be forbidden entrance along the coasts of Siberia and "Russian America" as far south as 51o north latitude within one hundred Italian miles. By extending Russian claims to 51o north latitude the czar incorporated into Russian possessions all territories to the Oregon border. The immediate implications of the ukaz were not fully appreciated by many people and the document, contrary to the picture given in many textbooks, did not produce the overwhelming impression that has been thus conveyed. But so far as the governments of Britain and the United States were concerned the issue was suddenly forced from the wings to the footlights of the stage of foreign politics.


BACKGROUND
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, respectively. Neurofibrillary tangles form as a result of the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau. Telomerase activity and levels of the human reverse transcriptase (hTERT) subunit of telomerase are significantly decreased in AD. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the 37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR) interacts with telomerase and is implicated in Aβ pathology. Since both LRP/LR and telomerase are known to play a role in the Aβ facet of AD, we hypothesized that they might also play a role in tauopathy.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to determine if LRP/LR has a relationship with tau and whether overexpression of LRP::FLAG has an effect on tauopathy-related proteins.

METHODS
We employed confocal microscopy and FRET to determine whether LRP/LR and tau co-localize and interact. LRP::FLAG overexpression in HEK-293 and SH-S5Y cells as well as analysis of tauopathy-related proteins was assessed by western blotting.

RESULTS
We demonstrate that LRP/LR co-localizes with tau in the perinuclear cell compartment and confirmed a direct interaction between LRP/LR and tau in HEK-293 cells. Over expression of LRP::FLAG in HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cells decreased total and phosphorylated tau levels with a concomitant decrease in PrPc levels, a tauopathy-related protein. LRP::FLAG overexpression also resulted in increased hTERT levels.

CONCLUSION
This data suggest that LRP/LR extends its role in AD through a direct interaction with tau, and recommend LRP::FLAG as a possible alternative AD therapeutic via decreasing phosphorylated tau levels.


This paper studies the bifurcations of the exact solutions for the time–space fractional complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with parabolic law nonlinearity. Interestingly, for different parameters, there are different kinds of first integrals for the corresponding traveling wave systems. Using the method of dynamical systems, which is different from the previous works, we obtain the phase portraits of the the corresponding traveling wave systems. In addition, we derive the exact parametric representations of solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, kink and anti-kink wave solutions, peakon solutions, periodic peakon solutions and compacton solutions under different parameter conditions.


The results presented in this paper were developed as part of a larger project analyzing the behavior of full-scale laterally loaded piles in liquefied soil, the first full-scale testing of its kind. This paper presents the results of a series of full-scale tests performed on deep foundations in liquefiable sand, both before and after ground improvement, where controlled blasting was used to liquefy the soil surrounding the foundations. Data were collected showing the behavior of laterally loaded piles before and after liquefaction. After the installation of stone columns, the tests were repeated. Based on the results of these tests, it can be concluded that the installation of stone columns can significantly increase the density of the improved ground as indicated by the cone penetration test. The stone columns were found to significantly increase the stiffness of the foundation system, by more than 2.5 to 3.5 times that in the liquefied soil. However, in non-liquefied ground, the improvement from stone columns could be more than compensated for by increasing the piles. In liquefied soil, however, more than doubling the number of piles or increasing shafts diameters by 50 percent did not nearly match the improved performance of the treated ground. This study provides some of the first full-scale quantitative results on the improvement of foundation performance due to stone columns in a liquefiable deposit.


The traditional long pulse singlespot laser panretinal photocoagulation often is followed by some side effects in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy,including decreasing visual acuity,visual field constriction,aggravating macular edema,etc.Multispot laser,belongs to low intensity laser photocoagulation,is a focus of attention recently because of a short pulse,adjustable preset mode and other advantages,is a new treatment for diabetic retinopathy.Less research and application at home.The development status,the methods of multispot laser treatment of diabetic retinopathy,and its advantages and disadvantages are reviewed.The advantages of multispot laser are the smaller damage range,lighter pains,lower macular edema rate,less time-consuming,and beautiful spot layout,but there are still some shortcomings.

Key words:
diabetic retinopathy/therapy;  multispot scanning laser


Two hundred children underwent day-care surgery using peripheral nerve blockade as an adjunct to general anaesthesia during a twelve month period. Total post-operative analgesia was achieved in 86%, simple oral analgesia was needed in 9% and the remaining 5% of patients required systemic opiate administration for pain.


Network analytic methods that are ubiquitous in other areas, such as systems neuroscience, have recently been used to test network theories in psychology, including intelligence research. The network or mutualism theory of intelligence proposes that the statistical associations among cognitive abilities (e.g. specific abilities such as vocabulary or memory) stem from causal relations among them throughout development. In this study, we used network models (specifically LASSO) of cognitive abilities and brain structural covariance (grey and white matter) to simultaneously model brain-behavior relationships essential for general intelligence in a large (behavioral, N=805; cortical volume, N=246; fractional anisotropy, N=165), developmental (ages 5-18) cohort of struggling learners (CALM). We found that mostly positive, small partial correlations pervade both our cognitive and neural networks. Moreover, calculating node centrality (absolute strength and bridge strength) and using two separate community detection algorithms (Walktrap and Clique Percolation), we found convergent evidence that subsets of both cognitive and neural nodes play an intermediary role between brain and behavior. We discuss implications and possible avenues for future studies.


Objective To improve the clinical level of hepatopathy,diagnose accordance rate of different types of viral hepatitis and other liver diseases was assessed through the analysis of the result from liver biopsy.Methods The color ultrasound guided liver fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed in focal liver lesions cases,and others were obtained by Menghini technique using a 16 G Braun needle.They were stained with Heamatoxylin-Eosine,Masson′s richrome and reticular fiber staining.And varied from different pathogenetic condition clinically,immunohistochemistry experiment and special stain like Congo red,PAS,immunohistochemistry etc.were adopted when needed.Results 66.2% of the total diagnosis accordance rate of grading of the clinicopathologic diagnosis for viral hepatitis was obtained,of which the chronic hepatitis ranked the highest with 81.3%,and the lowest is from acute hepatitis with 38%,70.6% for fatty liver disease,92.3% for liver tumor or tumor-like conditions,and 70.8% for hereditary and metabolic liver diseases.Conclusion The clinical profile is important to the pathologic diagnosis for the difference of consistency of clinical diagnosis and pathologic diagnosis.The liver biopsy contributed the greatest to differential diagnosis of all category of primary and metastatic liver tumour.And this study shows the importance of liver biopsy in determining rare liver disease.


The seabed environment near continental margins is commonly composed of turbidite sequences, which are alternating layers of silt/sand and pelagic clay (mud). Scattering can occur both from interface roughness structure, as well as volume heterogeneities within each layer. A modeling technique is detailed that takes into account the layering structure of a turbidite for propagation into and out of the sediment, and uses the Born approximation to model the scattering. This model properly accounts for effects of the layering structure on the incident field (instead of using an effective medium approximation), which is expected to be important particularly at high frequencies (relative to the scales of the layering). Model results from several types of environments will be shown, and also compared to bottom scattering data collected in the Ionian sea.


Weproposea simple yetefficientdynamic wall-modelfor large-eddysimulation (LES) that accurately predicts the turbulent statistics (most importantly, the predicted skin friction) and makes the LES applicable at realistic high Reynolds numbers. The proposed wall model stems directly from considerations of how turbulence length scales behave in the logarithmic layer, and thus in other words the method is based solidly on physical reasoning. To be applicable to separated flows, the non-equilibrium effects are involved in the model, thus the model does not assume equilibrium boundary layer. Supersonic turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate at high Reynolds numbers are first used to verify the proposed model, and then the wall-modeled LES is applied to the shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interacting separated flow at the higher Reynolds number (freestream Mach number of 1.69 and Reynolds number of Re� = 50,000). The resulting method is shown to accurately predict equilibrium boundary layer at very high Reynolds numbers, with both realistic instantaneous fields (without overly elongated unphysical near-wall structures) and accurate statistics (both skin friction and turbulence quantities). Careful validations on the non-equilibrium separated flows will be discussed at the presentation.


Aiming at the problem that the single parameter evaluation of gas turbine operation performance is too single at this stage, a quantitative model of gas turbine health based on self-organizing mapping neural network (SOM) algorithm is proposed in this study. The model uses Savitzky Golay(SG) algorithm to denoise the original data. It combined with the feature selection algorithm of Person correlation analysis to mine the feature attributes that have a great impact on the health status of gas turbine. These can be as the input vector of SOM network. Then.by introducing the minimum quantization error(MQE) to map the change trend of gas turbine performance caused by multi parameter changes. The example analysis shows that SOM-MQE health evaluation model can effectively identify the normal operation state and performance degradation process of gas turbine, and it has higher applicability in the health diagnosis of gas turbine.


The invention relates to a cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical composition, as well as these uses. The invention relates mainly to a cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical composition, notably an anti-wrinkle cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical composition, comprising an enzyme which is insoluble in an aqueous medium, in admixture with at least one cosmetically or dermopharmaceutically acceptable excipient. This composition is mainly used for limiting reactions of irritation and/or of allergy during topical use of this composition.


matitis was aggravated by the use of rosin on his squash racquet handle. He had a known Rhus allergy, and his father and paternal uncle (twins) were allergic to adhesive plaster. Patch tests to the ICDRG series and also to rosin powder were applied. Strongly positive reactions to both colophony and rosin powder were present at 96 hours. The patient suggested, as an explanation for his neck involvement, the recent pre-wash use of a pressure-pack grease and dirt remover, Preen®, on his shirt collars. Preen is labelled as containing 40% 1,1,1-trichloro-ethane, but when challenged, the manufacturers admitted that this product did, in fact, also contain colophony.


Taxol, a natural product with significant anti-tumor activity, stabilizes microtubules and arrests cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. It has been reported that taxol has additional effects on the cell such as an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins and activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. This phosphorylated kinase translocates into the nucleus and phosphorylates its substrate c-jun, c-fos, ATF2, and ATF3. The MAP kinase family is comprised of key regulatory proteins that control the cellular response to both proliferation and stress signals. First examination was cytotoxicity and apoptosis-induced concentration with paclitaxel in HeLa cell. A half-maximal inhibition of cell proliferation () occurred at 13 nM paclitaxel. When DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, a nucleosomal ladder became evident 24 h after a taxol (50 nM) addition to the cells. In addition, an apoptotic body was detected by electron microscopy. Taxol-treated cells were arrested at the S phase at 10 nM. Treatment of 50 nM taxol activated the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1), and a fraction of the activated MAP kinases entered the nucleus. It was also discovered that nucleus substrates c-jun was phosphorylated and activated in the cell. The activated ERK1 could subsequently translocate into the nucleus and phosphorylate its substrate c-jun as well. This study suggests that taxol-induced apoptosis might be related with signal transduction via MAP kinases.


EMS, a complex type of pour point-viscosity depressant for crudes, is composed of EVA, MVA [molecular structure shown for both in the paper] and Surfactant. After adding EMS into the crudes, a very nice result in reducing pour point and viscosity for Daqing, Jianghan and Jidong crudes was obtained. From the research result of infrared spectroscopy of the interactions between EMS or its components and wax or mixture of resin and asphaltene isolated from three crudes, it has been shown that the area ratio of the double absorption peaks of 719 cm{sup {minus}1} and 729 cm{sup {minus}1} or 1,368 cm{sup {minus}1} and 1,378 cm{sup {minus}1} changed remarkably after EMS or its components were added into wax. It can be inferred that the cocrystallization probably happened between the EMS or its components and the wax. The position of the 4,000--3,000 cm{sup {minus}1} infrared absorption peak of the mixture of resin and asphaltene moved to the lower wavenumber, and the ratio of the area of 1,373 cm{sup {minus}1} absorption peak (methyl) to the combination area of 748, 810 and 871 cm{sup {minus}1} absorption peak (aromatics) increased remarkably. It can be inferred that the pour point-viscosity depressant molecules destroyed the original hydrogen bondsmore » and overlapping of the aromatic ring planes among resin and asphaltene molecules to form a new cubic molecular structure and new hydrogen bonds with the results the viscosity of crude oil will be reduced.« less


Abstract : The researchers were visited by Prof Christopher Durning from the Dept of Chemical Engineering at Columbia University. Prof Durning has an extensive background in experimenting with several kinds of anomalous polymers (including Case II materials). In almost daily seminars Prof Durning and Cohen, together with several of Cohen's grad students, formulated both a theoretical and experimental attack on problems arising in the strength and use of new materials and in problems from certain considerations in environmental chemistry. For example, new strong light weight materials for use in both commercial and military vehicles will have many non-planar shapes. Thus, these materials will sometimes be subject to compression (on the concave side of a bent sheet) and sometimes to tension (on the convex side.) Experiments yield greatly differing results in the two cases. The researchers need to incorporate the physics of these situations into their Case II diffusive model and accurately formulate the physics at the interfacial moving boundary. For the problems involving polymer films for use in protective clothing and uniforms and as separating membranes in environmental protective and clean-up devices, chemical effects often take place at the moving interface. The researchers have now formulated tractable models for many of these problems.


A new one-minute global seafloor topography model was derived from vertical gravity gradient anomalies (VGG), altimetric gravity anomalies, and ship soundings. Ship soundings are used to constrain seafloor topography at wavelengths longer than 200 km and to calibrate the topography to VGG (or gravity) ratios at short wavelengths area by area. VGG ratios are used to predict seafloor topography for wavelength bands of 100–200 km and to suppress the effect of crust isostasy. Gravity anomalies are used to recover seafloor topography at wavelengths shorter than 100 km. The data processing procedure is described in detail in this paper. The accuracy of the model is evaluated using ship soundings and existing models, including General Bathymetric Charts of the Oceans (GEBCO), DTU10, ETOPO1, and SIO V15.1. The results show that, in the discussed regions, the accuracy of the model is better than ETOPO1, GEBCO, and DTU10. Additionally, the model is comparable with V15.1, which is generally believed to have the highest accuracy. In the north-central Pacific Ocean, the accuracy of the model increased by approximately 29.5% compared with the V15.1 model. This indicates that a more accurate seafloor topography model can be formed by combining gravity anomalies, VGG, and ship soundings.


Background of the study GHRM is an emerging concept in the industries that opens the door of opportunities to the employees and the employer for their better performance. The tea plantation industry in Sri Lanka has experienced a controversial issue of wages in the year 2018 at the National and international level, which challenged the reputation of the Sri Lankan heritage of the tea industry (Jayawardana et al. 2018). Besides, global giant tea buyers are keen on buying tea from the Rainforest Alliance (RA) or/ And ISO 14000, 14001 certified estates of the companies which reveal the importance of environmental concern. Furthermore, it has resulted in better profitability in the certified estates rather than the non-certified estates (Anon 2019).


Self‐assembled organic and polymer optical whispering‐gallery‐mode resonators (WGMRs) are emerging as a potential alternative to traditional inorganic resonators. In the beginning, this article presents a brief overview of the key parameters of interest in WGMRs and nonlinear optical properties. Later, recent results are surveyed demonstrating exciting properties of self‐assembled organic and polymer WGMRs of various shapes in the amplification of linear and nonlinear optical effects due to a strong light confinement associated with WGM excitation.


Five spontaneously occurring AKR lymphomas have been separately passaged through a number of generations in isogenic hosts. In each case evidence of increasing malignancy was observed, as judged either by the time of appearance of a leukaemic blood picture or the time taken to kill the host, or both.

One tumour, associated with the largest splenic and lymph node weights in the autochthonous host, took four times as long as the other tumours to kill hosts bearing the first transplant generation. Furthermore, in one of the animals bearing the third generation of this lymphoma, a spontaneous regression of the tumour has occurred.

It is suggested that these findings are consistent with the initial possession by, and subsequent deletion from the lymphomas, of tumour specific antigens.


External fixation was used in 48 cases of intertrochanteric fractures of femur in geriatric age group (average age of patient being 70.2 years). Majority (75%) of cases were of unstable type (Tronzo's type III & IV). Partial weight bearing was allowed in stable fractures within 1-2 weeks and by 4-6 weeks in unstable cases. Results were assessed by Clawson's functional grading and grade IV results were achieved in all cases of stable type and 61.1% of unstable type. Rest of patients had grade III functional results. After a follow up of 20-46 months, there was 4-8o loss of neck shaft angle in only four unstable cases. Complications observed were minor and were adequately treated in all cases.


A drought of extraordinary severity occurred in the Southern Appalachian region during the summer of 1925. The rainfall, as reported hy the U. S. Weather Bureau Station at Asheville, North Carolina, was as follows: May, 2.I5 inches; June, 1.97; July, 0.77; and August, 0.22. The normal average for the Asheville station, based on 27 years' records, is, for May, 3.49 inches; June, 3.97; July. 4.47; and August, 4.04. For the 4 months considered, the total rainfall in I925 was thus 5.II inches, or


This paper discusses assembly conditions of the NW turnaround gear system.And working method was put forward that content assembly condiction of multi and same duplex epicyclic gear.


Ring cleavage occurred when 1,2,4-triazino-1,2,4-triazines (3), (4) and (5) were treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid to yield N-substituted triazines (7) and (8). These confirm the given configuration assigned to the isomeric triazinotriazines. 6-Methyl-2-phenyl-7H-oxazolo [3,2-b][1,2,4]-triazin-7-one (9) underwent ring cleavage on treatment with sodium alkoxide to afford 3-alkoxy-1,2,4-triazines (10). Treatment of (9) with concentrated hydrochloric acid gave 6-methyl-2-phenacyl-1,2,4-triazin-3,5(4H)-dione (6). Under basic conditions, degradation of (9) occurred followed by ring closure of an intermediate to give 1-amino-4-phenylimidazole-2(3H)-one (11)


10532 Background: Resected localized GISTs exhibit a wide range of biological behavior from low to high risk of recurrence. Risk categories (low, intermediate and high) are built from mitotic count, size and location. However, the molecular mechanism related to GIST relapse has not yet been fully clarified. The purpose of this study is to characterize miRNA expression profile in high risk GIST patients for both, recurred and not recurred, and detect those differentially expressed in these two subsets. Methods: Twelve cases of high risk intestinal GIST, 6 with relapse and 6 without relapse, were selected for this analysis. Sections were obtained for RNA extraction using the miRNeasy FFPE kit (Qiagen) and miRNA was hybridized to the GeneChip miRNA 3.0 Array (Affymetrix) including more than 1800 human miRNA. Normalization and statistical analysis were performed with Partek Genomic Suite 6.6 software by means of ANOVA test. Fold-change (FC) and p-values were applied to generate miRNA differentially expressed ...


The Uncapacitated Fixed Charge Location Problem relaxes the number of facilities in the classic p-median problem and in the objective function it adds the construction cost of facilities.There are a lot of heuristic algorithms to solve this NP-Hard problem.This paper considers an extended uncapacitated fixed charge location problem which adds investment restrictions in constraints and weights of cost and distance in the objective function.This paper proposes a Variable Neighborhood Search(VNS) method to solve it.Preliminary numerical results are reported,which show that this VNS method is effective for the extended UFCLP.


A method for estimating limits of toxic elements for soil environmental quality standard was proposed based on the Cd content in the surface soils and corresponding vegetables collected from the suburbs of some main cities of Fujian Province.Three steps were included in this estimation procedure,selection of indicative parameter,selection of highest-risk crop and estimating the limit value.The available Cd extracted by diethytenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-CaCl_2triethanolamine(TEA)(pH=7.3) was better than total Cd in predicting the Cd bioavailability in these soils and consequently adopted as the indicative parameter for Cd limit.It was shown that water spinach(Lpomoea aquatica Forsk.) was much stronger than the other 14 vegetables in accumulating Cd from the soils,so it was chosen as the highest-risk vegetable for estimating the Cd limit. The DTPA-extractable Cd limit value estimated from the regression equation between the Cd concentration in the edible parts of water spinach and the available Cd in the soils was 0.1 mg·kg~(-1).The corresponding total Cd limit value was 0.6 mg·kg~(-1) calculated from the correlation equation between the DTPA-extractable Cd and total Cd of the vegetable soils.


In 1985, Mirvis reported on a significant spatial variation in QT intervals in normal individuals and patients with acute myocardial infarction. More recently, there has been an increasing interest in what has become known as QT dispersion, which is defined as the diVerence between the maximum and minimum QT interval of the 12 lead ECG. A number of publications has shown a relation between increased QT dispersion and death from a cardiac cause. Other studies have shown that QT dispersion can be reduced as a result of certain drug treatments. 7 On the other hand, increased QT dispersion has been shown not to be associated with increased cardiac death in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. It has also been suggested that increased QT dispersion may be a marker of arrhythmia risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, long QT intervals, and sustained ventricular arrhythmias. All of these studies have involved relatively small numbers of patients and, with the exception of one report, sensitivity and specificity of criteria have not been considered. Even in this study, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve assessing diVerent cut oV values for abnormal QT dispersion was essentially developed on the basis of a training set. A major question arises—is a single measurement of QT dispersion of any clinical utility despite the fact that trends in QT dispersion can be linked with adverse outcome or improvement? To know whether a single measurement is reliable enough to have any prognostic value requires an understanding of the accuracy of measuring QT dispersion. In this connection, the articles by Kors and van Herpen and Yi and colleagues in this issue are of relevance. They provide an interesting sequel to earlier studies on QT dispersion assessed by manual or semiautomated methods, and a series of papers dealing with reliable detection of the end of the T wave, which is intimately related to measurement of QT dispersion.


Through investigation of photoelectron emission from the surface of mica with ultraviolet irradiation, it has been clarified that the surface states of mica play an important role not only in the electron emission but also in the electronic conduction of the surface. To study this in more detail, photothresholds of the electron emission from the surface have been measured for Muscovite mica treated with fast atom bombardment (FAB) under various conditions caused by contact charging generated by contact with a biased conductive brush. In addition, another static approach was performed with corona charging for deposition of charges on the surface of mica. The photothreshold for FAB-treated specimens increased markedly from 5.0 eV to 5.8 eV with respect to an increase of negative contact charging. Such change of the photothreshold has not been observed for FAB-treated specimens after corona charging. Such a phenomenon is concluded to be caused by the transport of electrons between the conductive brush and the surface states of mica in the range of 5.0 to 5.8 eV. In this paper, we will demonstrate that the surface states of mica are closely related to contact charging as well as to the electronic conduction state of the surface.


Recently, power gating technique is being adopted in many designs for minimizing power consumption (MTCMOS). This paper mounts new hybrid-logic circuit design for inverted 4–16 decoder invented using sleep transistor capable of lowering power dissipation and power-delay product(PDP). Two circuit designs are proposed here using DEC-14 topology and DEC-15 topology at supply voltage of 1V and 10MHz frequency. Also, pulse input is provided to sleep transistor for switching action at 10MHz frequency. Employing this technique, considerably reduces leakage power, benefitting circuit design by improvising its key parameters. Later, various simulations results are represented on 32nm technology showing brief comparison between distinct circuits.


Three-component (cyclosporin A, corticosteroids and azathioprine) immunosuppression has been widely introduced in the treatment of recipients of renal transplants because it allows a significant reduction of the components' doses in greater effectiveness. The analysis of the results of 83 puncture biopsies obtained in the immediate postoperative period after kidney transplantation has shown that administration of an imidazole derivative allows raising therapeutic concentration of cyclosporin up to 200-300 ng/ml, thus preventing rejection crises. However, increased blood concentration of cyclosporin does not increase its toxicity as a result of a significant fall in the overall level of the metabolites.


With the statistics obtained from field investigation of 437 land-lost farmers from 12 villages scattering in 5 cities and 1 zone located in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province(Xi'an,Baoji,Xianyang,Weinan,Tongchuan and Yangling Agricultural High-tech Industries Demonstration Zone),this paper applies Logistic Regression Model to analyze the influential factors for farmers' willlingness in the amount of compensation and the acceptance of non-monetary compensation.The results suggest that the influential factors for the lost-land farmers'willness as to the amount of compensation include non-agricultural employment rate,rank of the family income among the village,the acreage of expropriated land and un-expropriated land,as well as land-lost farmers'access to information in the course of land expropriation,while the influential factors for farmers'acceptance of non-monetary compensation include non-agricultural employment rate,average age of family labor force,the family annual income after the land expropriation and the amount of compensation.


In mobile communication system, adopting smart antenna can decrease system SIR ( Signal-Interference Ratio ) and enhance system capacity. This paper discusses effects of smart antenna on capacity based on analysis of capacity for cellular CDMA system.


The operating principle and process of a new type of microthrust measurement stand were presented.The measuring range of the thrust stand is 0~200 mN with ±1% measuring precision.Cold N2 and N2O thruster was employed to ground experiment in vacuum to simulate the working environment.The operating parameters which include thrust,mass flow rate of propellant,pressure and vacuity were tested.Test data was also compared with theoretical prediction and results show that the thrust stand is steady and reliable.The thrust stand can measure mN grade thrust accurately.


Single-wall carbon nanotube ~SWNT! bends, with diameters from ;1.0 to 2.5 nm and bend angles from 18° to 34°, are observed in catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons at 600‐1200 °C. An algorithm using molecular dynamics ~MD! simulation techniques is developed to model these structures that are considered to be SWNT junctions formed by topological defects ~i.e., pentagon-heptagon pairs!. The algorithm is used to predict the tube helicities and defect configurations for bend junctions using the observed tube diameters and bend angles. The number and arrangement of the defects at the junction interfaces are found to depend on the tube helicities and bend angle. The structural and energetic calculations using the Brenner potential show a number of stable junction configurations for each bend angle with the 34° bends being more stable than the others. Tight-binding calculations for local density of state and transmission coefficients are carried out to investigate electrical properties of the bend junctions. @S0163-1829~98!05620-3#


To improve tracking pattern control accuracy of the working parts of a hydraulic excavator robot,analysis was conducted on the working parts which were simplified into the two-dimensional robotic arm composed of arm and bucket and two joints.When establishing an inverse kinematics model,terminal position and orientation space of the bucket and joint space and cylinder space of the working parts should relate to the tracking pattern and should control the excavator robot in each space.To improve precision in tracking the desired pattern,two adaptive neural-fuzzy inference systems(ANFIS) were used to determine inverse mapping relations between the x and y joint coordinates and joint angle,and an ANFIS inverse mapping model was established.I/O curve data of inverse mapping was selected to train ANFIS structure,with an I/O mapping curve of a fuzzy model used to obtain a corresponding joint angle based on a given desired excavation trace.Finally,the proposed fuzzy model was used to trace an expected motion pattern,and simulation results showed that tracking precision met actual demands.


The present invention relates to an automatic pallet changer which supplies and withdraws hydraulic oil between a shaft which is integrally formed with a vane and a stopper for restricting rotation of the vane, so that the shaft formed with the vane is rotated by a pressure of the hydraulic oil, and also supplies and withdraws the hydraulic oil between a housing for accommodating the shaft and the stopper and upper and lower hydraulic plates of the shaft, so that the shaft is moved up and down by the pressure of the hydraulic oil and thus a pallet is organically interlocked with the movement of the shaft.


Multiphoton infrared activation has been used to probe the potential energy surfaces for the reactions of stable Co(C5H10)+ adducts, formed by ligand exchange reactions in an ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer. These investigations are discussed in Chapter II. Infrared activation effected with a cw CO2 laser is highly selective, with dissociation occurring only by the lowest energy pathway. Chapter III describes the use of product translational energy release distributions to investigate the potential energy surfaces for elimination of H2 and small hydrocarbons from ionic cobalt and nickel complexes with alkanes. The measurements were made using a reverse geometry double focusing mass spectrometer. For dehydrogenation reactions, both the shape of the kinetic energy release distribution and the maximum kinetic energy release appear to be correlated with the reaction mechanism. Statistical RRKM theory is used to model the observed kinetic energy release distributions. The kinetic energy release distributions associated with loss of H2 and small hydrocarbons from Co(C5H10)+ complexes are presented in Chapter IV. The results from the ionic cobalt-alkene adducts are compared with the kinetic energy release distributions for the ionic cobalt-alkane complexes discussed in Chapter III. Collision induced dissociation is also employed to characterize the Co(C5H10)+ adducts. The formation and reactions of iron and nickel clusters containing up to four metal atoms with a varying number of CO ligands are discussed in Chapter V. Ion-molecule condensation reactions result in the rapid formation of polynuclear metal carbonyl clusters which lose CO when exposed to infrared or visible radiation. The reactivity of these ligated species is markedly different from that of the bare metal ion. The potential of this method for generating very specific unsaturated cluster compounds is demonstrated.


The aim of this study was to compare the influence of irritant and allergic reactions on the barrier function of the skin and to correlate disturbances of barrier function with macroscopically visible changes.


A broadband dual‐polarized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole filtering antenna is investigated in this letter. The antenna is composed of radiation patches, vertical shorting patches, feed microstrip lines and a ground plane. By properly changing the length of the feeding microstrip line, a radiation null is generated at upper passband edge. On the other hand, by nesting a parasitic patch inside the radiation patch, another radiation null is introduced into the upper passband edge successfully. The utilization of the inherent lower passband edge radiation null of ME‐dipole and the introduction of the aforementioned two radiation nulls make the antenna obtain a good filtering response. For verification, a prototype is designed, fabricated, and relevant measurements are obtained, which agree well with the simulated ones. The measured results show that the antenna achieves a relative bandwidth of 71.4% (2.7–5.7 GHz) and the out of band rejection level is higher than 13.36 dB. Moreover, the antenna has a peak‐realized gain of 8.43 dBi and stable radiation patterns are obtained in the whole passband.


Higher order modes (HOM) can have a destructive influence on the beam emittance in the future linear colliders. Therefore it is important that the quality factor of the high impedance modes be damped under a safe level. Although attentive care was taken in designing the superconducting 9-cell cavities and the HOM couplers for the TESLA collider, a high Q and high impedance mode was discovered in some cavities at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF). In order to discover the reason for which this particular mode is very little damped, a series of investigations have been carried out. The mode frequency is higher for the studied cavities comparatively to others, where this mode seems to be properly damped. Field distribution measurements at the separate cavities show a quasi-trapping of the mode. The simulations and measurements done at individual cavities show that for certain boundary conditions the field is minimum at the location of both HOM couplers in a tube.


Abstract : This thesis asks two major questions: (1) Does Mexican migration (authorized and unauthorized) pose a threat to the United States?; and (2) What are the major forces, or "push" factors, compelling migration from Mexico to the United States? The thesis focuses on a number of potential factors driving the migration: political change, crime, poverty, and Mexico's economic growth level and social inequality. It finds that illegal immigration from Mexico poses very little economic threat to the United States, but by complicating U.S. efforts to achieve border security, it may allow for an increased risk of undetected entry of terrorist or narcotrafficking elements into the United States. The economic crises of 1982 and 1994 increased migration by directly impacting the political system, economic reforms, and the social landscape. This caused a three-fold increase in migration from 1980 through 2000. In 2000, the Mexican economy recovered and the rate of increase for migration decreased. The upswing in the Mexican economy combined with the democratic transition of 2000 slowed the rate of migration. Instead of pouring more money into short-term solutions (i.e., apprehension and fences) the emphasis should be shifted to working on long-term solutions that focus on the source of Mexican migration: economic downturns. With a better understanding of the contributing factors to migration and the degree to which they affect the levels of all economically driven migration, the United States can work with Mexico to develop measures that will reduce and control illegal migration in the long run.


This paper describes and analyses the means by which the stipends of the established church's ministers in Scotland's capital city were financed from the time of the Reformation to the passing of the Church of Scotland (Property and Endowments) Act in 1925. Offering a preliminary calibration with commentary on the operation of the ministerial labour market, it throws new light on our understanding of the established church functioning as a business organisation, at a time when it was highly influential in the political, economic, social and religious life of the nation.


NEW MATERIAL: An amphipathic monomer having a mixed-chain structure, of formula I [wherein Y is -O- or -NH-; X is -(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 O-CH 2 ) n -; 1 is 0-10; n is 1-10; R 1 is H, methyl, Cl, cyano, F or Br; R 2 is a 1-24C alkyl, a 1-24C fluoroalkyl; and R 3 is a 3-24C alkyl or an 8-24C fluoroalkyl on condition that R 2 and R 3 have a different number of carbon atoms]. EXAMPLE: A compound of formula II. USE: Useful for the production of a multilayer structure with few defects. A film of this compound is useful for e.g. the production of a filter for optical wave guide or optical purpose. A polymer of this compound can form a layer at a relatively low temperature, and the layer is stable even at a high temperature. Further, a film shows excellent frictional properties as a material and is effective in the production of protective layers. PREPARATION: A compound of formula III is reacted with a compound of formula IV to obtain a compound of formula I. COPYRIGHT: (C)1990,JPO


The increasingly fierce competition in the business world, requires companies including banks to develop strategies in running their business. This strategy aims to create competitive advantage, growth and development of the company. This also happens in the banking world, therefore the author wishes to analyze Leverage and Company Growth at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Persero, Tbk. This research is a type of descriptive research, the object of this research is the financial statements of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk in 2014-2018 and this study uses quantitative and qualitative data types derived from the company's financial statements as qualitative and quantitative data types. The data collection technique in this research is through documents related to and supporting this research, namely the Financial Statements of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk. listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2014-2018. In this study, the data analysis technique used is through trend analysis assisted by graphs. The results showed that the DER of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk. For 5 years (2014-2018) it was 630,722 (720.52 + 676.49 + 583.62 + 573.00 + 599.98 : 5) or 6.3%, which means PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk. has sufficient capital of its own which is used to pay debts systematically. Growth of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Tbk. From 2014 to 2018 it tends to fluctuate. If seen in 2015 there was a significant decline in Bank BRI's profit growth from the previous year. This happened because of the economic conditions that occurred, namely in 2014 the percentage of BRI's credit reached 17.2%, but it turned out that in 2015 there were bad loans which ultimately suppressed BRI's profit in 2015. In general, the growth of BRI Bank in 2014-2018 was quite good because every year it always gives an increase of almost always double digits (percentage) except in 2015 which only rose 9.54% but this is reasonable because it has reasons that are in accordance with the economic conditions faced


Effective field monitoring systems are needed to improve the quality and increase the use of environmental monitoring. Most laboratory-based systems, although powerful tools for the laboratory analyst, are not well-suited for field applications. Continuous, in-situ sensors provide real time data with high accuracy and low cost for multiple analyses. Optical sensor technologies are highly accurate and sensitive, are capable of being used in-situ and are highly versatile in terms of their potential applications. Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors (FOCSTM) utilize the characteristics of optical sensors to provide an effective tool for continuous environmental monitoring. The FOCSTM technology has recently been adapted to a new platform: a chip-level, solid state, optical waveguide, chemical sensor. This new optical platform provides several advantages of the FOCSTM, and further improves the effectiveness of optical sensors for environmental monitoring. The chip-level optical sensor platform has been used with different optical sensing mechanisms (e.g., refractive index, absorbance and fluorescence) for the detection of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxygen and pesticides.


The concept of equality is a historical product.Only in concrete conditions can it be comprehended.The practical inequality in our country is not caused by the nature of socialism,but caused by temporary productive forces and imperfect system.This kind of inequality can be eliminated by developing productive forces and perfecting the social system.


Objective To investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in China in 2005, and evaluate the antimicrobial activities of linezolid, tigecycline, daptomycin, ceftobiprole.Methods From January to December 2005, 809 consecutive and non-duplicate Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected from 14 regions. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents were determined by agar dilution method.Results The prevalence of MRSA was 50.3%, the highest in Dalian (93.3%), followed by Shanghai (80.3%), Nanning (63.6%), Beijing (55.5%) and Qingdao (53.8%). Only 4.2% of MRSA were susceptible to erythromycin, 4.4%-12.6% susceptible to quinolones, 9.6% to gentamicin, and 11.1% to tetracycline. About 82.3% of the MRSA strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (78.6%). All isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline and ceftobiprole. Ceftobiprole, daptomycin, tigecycline, and linezolid had excellent activities with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 2, 2 mg/L; 0.5, 0.5 mg/L; 0.125, 0.25 mg/L; 1, 2 mg/L, respectively. The MIC range of these four antimicrobial agents were 0.125-2 mg/L, 0.125-1 mg/L, 0.064-0.5 mg/L, 0.25-2 mg/L, respectively.Conclusions The prevalence of MRSA is very high. The situation of multiple drug resistance is serious. Antimicrobial resistance pattern is different between regions. Ceftobiprole, daptomycin, tigecycline and linezolid show excellent activity against all MRSA isolates.


In this paper, a video watermarking scheme is proposed to make the watermarked video sequence robust against collusion attacks. Now the temporal correlation between adjacent video frames poses a severe challenges for video watermarking applications,. If the same or redundant watermarking is used for embedding in every frame of video, the watermarking can be estimated and then removed by watermark estimation attack., also if uncorrelated watermarks are used for every frame, these watermarks can be washed out with frame temporal filtering. The algorithm uses a method of high-precision motion compensation which presented in H.264.The experiment results shows that the algorithm can resist the collusion attacks effectively.


Spin defects in silicon carbide (SiC) have attracted much attentions in various quantum technologies. In this work, we study the optical manipulation of charge state and coherent control of multifold divacancy spins ensemble in SiC under resonant excitation. The results reveal that the resonantly excited divacancy ensemble counts have dozens of enhancements by repumping a higher-energy laser. Moreover, it has a similar optimal repump laser wavelength of around 670 nm for multiple divacancies. On the basis of this, the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiment shows that repump lasers with different wavelengths do not affect the ODMR contrast and line width. In addition, the repump lasers also do not change the divacancy spins' coherence times. The experiments pave the way for using the optimal repump excitation method for SiC-based quantum information processing and quantum sensing.


Whilst a double lumen tube (DLT) is the gold standard for one lung ventilation, its double curvatures and increased diameter can make intubation difficult, potentially compounded by a challenging airway. We describe the successful placement of DLT in a difficult airway, and confirmation of the appropriate placement of DLT by using flexible paediatric video-ureteroscope (digital Olympus URF-V2/V2R), without which the purpose of achieving lung isolation was not possible.


Denaturation profiles of 17 globular proteins were studied by the spectroscopic and chromatographic methods with high‐data‐point density. The denaturational transitions are broadly classified into three types according to their multiphasic characteristics. In general, more or less complex internal cooperative events seem to take place in the conformation transition of globular proteins.


The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has rejected [name removed]' petition for a writ of habeas corpus after concluding that [name removed] could have killed a prison guard by infecting him with saliva. [Name removed], a prisoner with HIV, will spend the rest of his life behind bars for spitting in the prison guard's face in June 1988. However, the prosecution never established that virus was present in [name removed]' saliva, and the guard tested negative for HIV antibodies. The appeals court decided to uphold the jury's decision to believe the witnesses who testified that HIV could be transmitted through saliva. Although the appeals court found that the defense presented enough scientific evidence to show that HIV cannot be transmitted by saliva, the court decided that as long as some evidence existed for the jury to draw its conclusions, they could not disturb the jury's assessment. The defense also contended that the trial judge gave improper instructions to the jury in how to evaluate whether an act tends to but fails to effect the commission of murder. The appeals court found the judge's instructions to be flawed, but not so much as to harm [name removed]' due process rights.


Background: The health of mothers and babies is rightly prioritised within our health system, but men have needs as they seek to, and become fathers, that are often overlooked. Fertility specialists are well placed to empower men and support meaningful improvements in psychosocial health in the planning for and transition to fatherhood. Aim: Healthy Male's 'Plus Paternal: a focus on fathers' project sought to establish the current situation in Australia in relation to paternal health, and to identify opportunities for improvement. Method: Evidence was gathered through surveys of men and health professionals, literature reviews, consultations and a review of national strategies and guidelines. This forms the 'Plus Paternal Case for Change' 1 . Results: Non-birthing parents, most commonly men, are poorly engaged by reproductive health services. They are often viewed as secondary to achieving pregnancy and child-rearing – welcome, but not active participants. There is no systematic approach to engage, recognise, or support their needs during this critical life transition. This leaves men feeling undervalued and overlooks their fertility and health needs, as well as their contribution to healthy pregnancies and families. The 'Plus Paternal Case for Change' sets seven goals for change, calling for the collective efforts to challenge traditional stereotypes and to improve the experiences, psychosocial health of men and families. An increasing number of organisations have endorsed these goals and joined the Plus Paternal Network to progress meaningful change. Conclusion: Policy, systems and practice-level changes are required to create a more inclusive health system — one that recognises the evolving roles, expectations and needs of both parents. Fertility services are asked to reflect on their systems and practice, and to take steps to ensure that fathers and prospective fathers are proactively engaged and supported as equal parenting partners.


In this paper an averaged electrochemical lithiumion battery model, presented and discussed in [2] and [3], is identified and validated through experimental data by a 10 Ah li-ion battery pack, during charge and discharge experiments.


We study resource allocation under private information when the planner cannot prevent bilateral side trading between consumers and firms. Adverse selection and side trading severely restrict feasible trades: each marginal quantity must be fairly priced given the consumer types who purchase it. The resulting social costs are twofold. First, second-best efficiency and robustness to side trading are in general irreconcilable requirements. Second, there actually exists only one budget-feasible allocation robust to side trading, which deprives the planner from any capacity to redistribute resources between different types of consumers. We discuss the relevance of our results for insurance and financial markets.


The procedure to obtain oligopeptide with soybean protein isolate by sequential treatment with two proteinases was described.The experiment were designed:technique one(T1) kept optimum pH of proteinaseⅠfor 3h by adding NaOH,technique two(T2) kept optimum pH of proteinaseⅠonly at first 30 minutes and hydrolysate are immediately hydrolyzed by proteinaseⅡon acid and neutral condition respectively.The results showed that protein recovery rate are 86.5 %,87.8 % and acid soluble nitrogen rate are 83.2 %,86.4 % and ash contents are 11.1% and 7.0% respectively.The molecular weight distribution of peptides obtained by T1 above 5000,about 3000 and between 500 and 600 are 20.6%,3.3% and 61.3% respectively;The molecular weight distribution of peptides obtained by T2 above 5000,about 2000 and between 700 and 900 are 12.8%,5.7% and 71.3% respectively.It showed that hydrolysis condition of T2 is better than T1's.


There are many overseas Chinese citizens who are facing serious situations under the background of globalization.How to protection their legitimate rights is our consideration questions and key respects in the practice of protecting human rights.In the tread of humanization of international law,protecting Chinese citizens abroad is not only the rights of their state,but also their obligation and responsibility.At present time,there exist some problems in the practice of protecting theirs rights.So,it is indispensable to perfect strategies of protecting overseas Chinese citizen's rights under the concept of diplomacy for the people and governing for the people to effectively protect their rights and interests from infringing illegally by foreign country.


The invention discloses a kind of symmetrical hydraulic cylinder with single-pole and double-acting of a kind of inner shift sensor. One end of the inner cylinder is connected with the outer cylinder, the piston is connected with one end of a hollow piston pole, which is set between the outer and inner cylinder, the piston matches with the outer and the inner cylinder with sliding way; there sets shift sensor in the piston pole and the inner cylinder, one end of the main body is fixed on the top of the piston pole, the shift sensor sliding cover is fixed on the inner top of the inner cylinder; the inner cylinder, piston and the piston pole forms the c cavity which is connected to the inner cavity a through the C aperture of the inner cylinder, the a cavity is connected to the an aperture through the outer cylinder bottom; the b cavity formed by outer cylinder, piston and the piston pole is connected to the B aperture of one end of the outer cylinder; the t cavity formed by the outer cylinder, the inner cylinder and the piston is connected through the T aperture of poleless end of the outer cylinder.


Global warming has become an issue more and more serious to the world with its effects being experienced by common man all over the globe. The alarming rise in this effect has also called for various attempts to combat it on a global level. One such attempt to combat global warming is the introduction of carbon trading through carbon markets. This paper attempts at understanding the mechanism of the model of carbon trading and analyse it for its various advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages thus realised would be scrutinised for further clarity into what the actual problem is, thereby, getting a direction on what must be the features of an effective model to combat climate change. The knowledge gained in this regard would then be used to propose a model that can overcome the limitations of the models that already exist. The research methodology employed is Applied research. Applied researches are often carried on a large scale incurring a lot of expenses aimed at solving modern world problems. All the information aiding this paper are secondary in nature and this paper is addressing the issue of climate change on the grounds of business structure (economic solutions). Study into the carbon trading model has found that the model is susceptible to frauds and it might not serve as an effective model to combat climate change. ACADEMIC PAPER: INTRODUCTION: Global warming caused by the rising levels of the greenhouse gas emissions has been a concern and an issue demanding the attention of the whole world. This is because it has become a global problem affecting every part of the world and caused by the whole world on different scales, in its attempt toward development at the expense of the environment. Nations and many civil societies have tried their hand at bringing attention to the issue and encouraging individuals and institutions to adopt environment friendly and sustainable practices. However, the effects of global warming became more and more evident by increasing global temperatures, changing precipitation pattern, more droughts, heat waves and strong intense hurricanes. The effects are also seen in many subtle yet alarming ways like rising sea levels etc.These alarming effects demanded the world to come up with a much more effective solution to the problem of global warming. This is where economic solutions gained attention as it would be much more structured and incentivized to reduce carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases rather than appealing to the moral responsibility of people to take action themselves. Incorporating an economic solution to counter climate change was the Kyoto protocol. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: 1. Carbon market: The United Nations Framework Convention on climate change briefs carbon market as follows, Emissions trading as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare – emissions permitted them but not "used" – to sell their excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. Thus, a new commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or removals. Since Carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading carbon.Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is known as the carbon market. www.ijcrt.org © 2018 IJCRT | Volume 6, Issue 1 January 2018 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRT1705289 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 337 2. Kyoto protocol: The United Nations framework convention on climate change is the agreement popularly in effect to fight global climate change and as of June 2013, 92 parties signed to the Kyoto protocol. The first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol was from 2005 – 2012. The united states did not ratify the first commitment period and Canada ceased to be a member effective 15 December 2012. The first Commitment period was lauded to be successful in its statements that between 1990 and 2012, the Kyoto parties reduced their CO 2 emissions by 12.5% which is well beyond the 2012 target of 4.7%(only CO 2 including Canada). This lead to the extension of the protocol and a second commitment period was established with new commitments for the period 2013 – 2020. As of September 2017, only 83 states have accepted this amendment. The above briefing might make us curious on how the economic solution of trading carbon as a commodity actually works. They are traded under different schemes in the following ways,


The invention is the online detection method of the machine vision system to the printing and dyeing color difference. It can solve the big working strength and the bad detection quality of detecting the color difference by human. The invention makes the standard image module of the detecting print-dyeing color difference according to the client sampling cloth, which the RGB value, saturation value and color value are as the standard value of detecting dyeing color difference; it uses the national nine-degree colorimetric card as the standard of dyeing color difference; the RGB value, saturation value and color value are set as the detection parameters and it sets the parameter precision range according to the user need. While the environment light changing, the invention can compensate the light strength of shoot image automatically to determine the production dyeing color difference precisely. The invention meets the practical condition of the user dyeing color difference detection and improves the precision and detection speed of the color difference detection.


Between Edmund Burke's 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France and Charles Dickens's 1859 A Tale of Two Cities, a cluster of antirevolutionary British works depicting the French Revolution that bridges periodisation divisions and often challenges the conventionally recognised political affiliations of the authors in question appeared. Recent work in recovering neglected Romantic and Victorian-era texts about the French Revolution has typically focused on radical and liberal works or the literary output of the 1790s, while disregarding the long-term antirevolutionary tradition my dissertation examines. I analyse canonical and well-known texts such as Burke's Reflections, Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution (1837) and Dickens's Tale with understudied and sometimes utterly neglected antirevolutionary novels, including Elizabeth Hamilton's Memoirs of Modern Philosophers (1800), Frances Burney's The Wanderer (1814), Anthony Trollope's La Vendée (1850) and Charlotte M. Yonge's Dynevor Terrace (1857), in order to reconstruct the political and representational contests surrounding the French Revolution that occurred across seventy years of British literature. My work reveals that by representing the Revolution as inherently and unavoidably violent, the antirevolutionary writers in this study take up their own violent positions against it. These writers are primarily concerned with the French Revolution's impact on British communities and identities, and construct their own versions of Britishness in the context of, and usually in opposition to, revolutionary violence and the French revolutionary state. These texts all politicise the family and the domestic community as models or microcosms of the broader national community, although they do so in diverse ways: Burney and Trollope turn to the political family romance to test out versions of the state modelled on patriarchy, fraternity or the heterosexual marriage contract. By contrast, Burke, Dickens and Yonge use middle-class domestic ideology to promote a national community rooted in private, social affections. However, as the home comes under threat by revolutionary violence in all of these works, each writer commits some kind of representational violence against revolutionary symbols, ideals and narratives. My analysis of these texts as a group demonstrates that the French Revolution was also a British event, generating decades of antirevolutionary reaction, histrionic paranoia and literary strategies for containing French and British radicalism. URI http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15772 Collections Faculty of Graduate Studies Online Theses DSpace software copyright © 2002-2013 Duraspace Contact Us | Send Feedback Theme by British Identity and the Antirevolutionary Novel: Nineteenth-Century British Novels about the French Revolution  resented its exclusion from political power and positions of honour; (2) the peasants were acutely aware of their situation and were less and less willing to support the anachronistic and burdensome feudal system; (3) the philosophes had been read more widely in France.