............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... v Vita .................................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. xvii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... xxix Chapter 1 : Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Problem ........................................................................................................................... 1 Hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 7 Dissertation organization................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 : The first Americans in the New World .................................................... 12 Colonization of the New World .................................................................................... 13 Place of origin ............................................................................................................ 13 Route(s) of migration................................................................................................. 16 Number of migrations ................................................................................................ 18 Date of arrival ............................................................................................................ 20 Paleoamerican lifestyle ................................................................................................. 26 Demography and mobility ......................................................................................... 27 Subsistence ................................................................................................................ 30 Early Archaic societies .................................................................................................. 38 Food production ......................................................................................................... 39 Mobility ..................................................................................................................... 42 xi Summary ....................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3 : Lagoa Santa................................................................................................. 47 History of research in Lagoa Santa ............................................................................... 52 Craniometric tradition in Lagoa Santa .......................................................................... 61 Osteological indicators of health in Lagoa Santa .......................................................... 63 Recent Lagoa Santa research......................................................................................... 68 Archaeology ............................................................................................................... 68 Paleoenvironment ...................................................................................................... 74 Santana do Riacho site .................................................................................................. 77 Prehistory of central Brazil ........................................................................................... 78 Models for lifestyle and health: summary ..................................................................... 81 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 4 : Bioarchaeology and health ........................................................................ 87 Definition ...................................................................................................................... 87 Theoretical context ........................................................................................................ 89 Bioarchaeology in a global context ............................................................................... 95 Osteological markers of health ...................................................................................... 99 Oral health and diet .................................................................................................. 100 Activity (workload, mobility, and accidental injury) .............................................. 106 Infectious disease ..................................................................................................... 112 Systemic stress in growth and development ............................................................ 115 Interpersonal violence and warfare .......................................................................... 121 Temporal variation in health ....................................................................................... 123 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 125 Chapter 5 : Materials and methods ............................................................................. 126 Museum collections..................................................................................................... 127 Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) ........................................................... 127 Museu de Historia Natural da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (MHN-UFMG) ................................................................................................................................. 134 xii Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP) ........................................................................... 141 Summary .................................................................................................................. 146 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 148 Comparative sample ................................................................................................ 148 Sex and age estimation ............................................................................................ 155 Statistical analysis.................................................................................................... 158 General methodology .............................................................................................. 164 Inter-observer error .................................................................................................. 167 Oral health and diet .................................................................................................. 169 Degenerative joint diseases (DJD) .......................................................................... 173 Mobility ................................................................................................................... 176 Trauma ..................................................................................................................... 178 Infections ................................................................................................................. 181 Infection versus trauma ........................................................................................... 184 Stature ...................................................................................................................... 185 Linear enamel hypoplasias ...................................................................................... 190 Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis ................................................................. 191 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 193 Chapter 6 : Results........................................................................................................ 195 Oral health and diet ..................................................................................................... 196 Caries (tooth count) ................................................................................................. 196 Caries (individual count) ......................................................................................... 213 Caries (tooth type) ................................................................................................... 218 Caries (position) ...................................................................................................... 219 Caries (dental tissue) ............................................................................................... 221 Pulp exposure .......................................................................................................... 223 Abscess (alveolus count) ......................................................................................... 224 Abscess (Individual count) ...................................................................................... 243 Abscess (tooth type) ................................................................................................ 248 xiii Antemortem tooth loss (AMTL).............................................................................. 250 Tooth wear ............................................................................................................... 256 Summary ..............................................................


The objective of the research was to investigate the effect of root fertilizers NPK (Nitrogen, Phospor, and Potassium) combined with leaf fertilizer (Multimikro) and Growth Regulating Substance (Ethrel) to the vegetative growth of pepper plants. The results of the research showed that the use of root fertilizers NPK (dosage: 2.5; 5.0; and 10.0 g/plant) increased the plants height of 12,0 cm, 19,8 cm, and 23,1 cm respectively. The use of root fertilizers NPK (dosage: 2.5; 5.0; and 10.0 g/plant) combined with leaf fertilizer Multimikro (dosage 1.5 ml/l) increased plant height significantly 15.4 cm, 23.3 cm, and 26.9 cm respectively. Moreover, the use of root fertilizer NPK (dosage: 2.5; 5.0; and 10.0 g/plant) combined with Growth Regulating Substance Ethrel (dosage 1.5 ml/l) increased the vegetative growth of pepper plants significantly to a high of 18.4 cm, 28.4 cm, and 32.5 cm respectively. Conclution of the research indicated that the combination between NPK fertilizer and Ethrel was better than the combination between NPK fertilizer and Multimikro to the vegetative growth of pepper plants.


Comments and framework of a due (or lack off) process of law. Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights. (Right to a Fair Trial) AFFAIRE COMPANHIA AGRICOLA DE PENHA GARCIA, S.A. ET 16 AUTRES AFFAIRES «REFORME AGRAIRE» C. PORTUGAL. ECTHR 19/12/2016 (Definitif 19/03/2007), application no. 1999/04. The interesting part of this case law that was filed against the Portuguese State is that it was the author´s family, among others, that moved this case law. We will describe the social, political, and economic context that gave rise to the facts and comment on the court´s decision and its framework. The Portuguese State lost this case law and was condemned to pay more fair compensation for economic and moral damages. This case law can serve as a future example in which similar situations occur, emphasizing the fact that it is always worth fighting for our rights, even if the other side is much more powerful.


This paper reflects the architecture of the methodology for to achieve the statistical modeling of the trend concerning the shares of the research-development expenditures from G.D.P. in Romania, between 2005-2014. with the help of the "Least Squares Method". Also, this research reflects the manner in which we can to reflect that there is a significant diferrence between the values regarding shares of the research-development expenditures from G.D.P. in Romania and the values concerning the shares of the research-development expenditures from G.D.P. in French, respectively in Germany, in the period 2005-2014 by means of the "t" test.


Due to that dense coordinate grid in raster image is an important cause influencing the effect and velocity of vectorization,we proposed to fast eliminate first the coordinate grid with greyscale less than chosen threshold value according to line detecting templates with ±45° and then to recognize curve endpoints by the difference between current image with coordinate grid eliminated and the filtered image.Curve pixels eliminated jointly are scanned and recognized along the change directions of each curve endpoint and to be reconstructed.For those curve endpoints can't be recognized due to some image blemishes,curve gap region would be chosen by computer technique and the jointly eliminated curve pixels can be recognised by scanning along the change directions of every point in the region and then to be reconstructed.Experiment shows that the above algorithm has better effect on eliminating dense coordinate grid.


To increase wheat yield in middle Henan province,Zhoumai 22 and Zhengmai 9023 were used and planted in field under four planting densities(180×104,270×104,360×104 and 450×104 plants per hectare),and their photosynthetic performances,light utilization efficiency and yields were investigated.The results showed along with that the increase of planting density,the relative chlorophyll content and dry matter weight of single plant decreased,while the leaf area index of population increased for both varieties.The dry matter weight of single stem and light utilization efficiency of Zhoumai 22 was higher than that of Zhengmai 9023,and the chlorophyll content of flag leaf declined slowly during filling stage.It was suggested that the high yield of Zhoumai 22 and Zhengmai 9023 could be obtained at plant density of 270×104 and 360×104 plants per hectare,respectively.


Induced-torque anisotropies observed in single-crystal spheres of potassium prove that the Fermi surface is multiply connected. Cyclotron orbits which intersect heterodyne gaps created by the charge-density-wave broken symmetry lead to an anisotropic Hall effect having longitudinal components. Thereby the theoretical induced torque (in a 360° magnet rotation) has four evenly spaced minima and four maxima with a staggered spacing. The maxima grow almost ∼H 2 and can be 30 times higher than the minima. All such features have been observed. (Details depend on crystal growth and orientation.) All are impossible in a spherical crystal with a simply connected Fermi surface.


We present the first fully quantitative compositional maps of lunar meteorite NWA 2995 using electron microprobe stage mapping, and compare selected clast mineralogy and chemistry. NWA 2995 is a feldspathic fragmental breccia containing numerous highland fine grained lithologies, including anorthosite, norite, olivine basalt, subophitic basalt, gabbro, KREEP-like basalt, granulitic and glassy impact melts, coarse-grained mineral fragments, Fe-Ni metal, and glassy matrix [1]. Chips of NWA 2995, representing these diverse materials, were analyzed by INAA and fused-bead electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA); comparison of analytical data suggests grouping of lunar meteorites NWA 2995, 2996, 3190, 4503, 5151, and 5152. The mean composition of NWA 2995 corresponds to a 2:1 mixture of feldspathic and mare material, with approximately 5% KREEP component [2]. Clast mineral chemistry and petrologic interpretation of paired stone NWA 2996 has been reported by Mercer et al. [3], and Gross et al. [4]. This study combines advances in quantitative EPMA compositional mapping and data analysis, as applied to selected mafic clasts in a polished section of NWA 2995, to investigate the origin of mafic lithic components and to demonstrate a procedural framework for petrologic analysis.


SSR (simple sequence repeat), or microsatellite, was used to test the authenticity of nulli-tetrasomes lines of wheat and this procedure proved to be convenient to handle. The identified lines were then used to localize some unknown loci on the chromosomes.


This book has been published thanks to the financial support of the Ministry of education, science and technological development of the Republic of Serbia.


Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted a great deal of interest because of their potential low cost and high efficiency. However, in most publications, solar cells were fabricated in a highly controlled environment (glove boxes). To reduce the production cost, it is suggested to fabricate PSCs under ambient air conditions; however, some of the materials are highly sensitive to the humidity of ambient air conditions. Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) is one of these materials that usually is used as a dopant in hole-conductor solutions. In this paper, we have studied the performance of PSCs fabricated under ambient air conditions without using LiTFSI in hole transport material (HTM) solutions. This means we have stored the materials, prepared the solutions, and fabricated the devices all under ambient air conditions. In this work, spin-coating speed for deposition of the HTM layer, HTM solution preparation, the effect of HTM exposure to air and light, and the repetitive measurement of cells are investigated. We found that exposure of samples to air and light is both crucial for fabrication of solar cells with larger current density and better fill factor. These results are important toward fabrication of low-cost high-efficiency PSCs under ambient air conditions.


In the complex wafer fabrication processes, there are many steps with time links constraint defined. These time links are necessary for better yield and quality performance. In the very early days of manufacturing, these constraints are conformed to purely by the operator's memory. When basic manufacturing execution system (MES) was introduced, built-in timers were able to alert the operator on those lots whose time links were expiring. In this paper, a time links management system through the real-time lots dispatch system is being discussed. With the implementation of this system, there is an 83% reduction in the total number of time links lots expired per month. Challenges and limitations of this system will also be discussed.


Aiming at the problem of low accuracy in the water boundary automatic extraction of islands from GF-2 remote sensing image with high resolution in three bands, new water edges automatic extraction method in island based on GF-2 remote sensing images, genetic algorithm (GA) method, is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the GA-OTSU threshold segmentation algorithm based on the combination of GA and the maximal inter-class variance method (OTSU) was used to segment the island in GF-2 remote sensing image after pre-processing. Then, the morphological closed operation was used to fill in the holes in the segmented binary image, and the boundary was extracted by the Sobel edge detection operator to obtain the water edge. The experimental results showed that the proposed method was better than the contrast methods in both the segmentation performance and the accuracy of water boundary extraction in island from GF-2 remote sensing images.


Abstract Though they are geographically close, England and France's underlying philosophies regarding education and, for the focus of this paper, mathematics education, exhibit differences worth considering. The English system, influenced by the humanism school of thought, can be characterised by its desire to treat each student as an individual--and to guide the students in their social, emotional, as well as cognitive developments. In contrast, the French system places less emphasis on affective concerns, but rather focuses on the rational and functional aspects of educationfor all its citizens--areflection of the encyclopaedic roots of French education. The results of these distinctive philosophical orientations can be seen in the practice of mathematics education in the two countries. For example, differences exist in their views on "setting", the availability and use of textbooks, and in the day-to-day school culture. An examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the two European systems suggests potential changes could be made in New Zealand. These changes include: making mathematics an explicit, rather than implicit, gatekeeper; addressing the roles of the teacher; and changing the structure of the school day. Introduction Every country is unique--defined by its history, its values, and its people--but that is not to say it does not share similarities with other nations. England and France are two countries that share an intermingled history and geographical proximity, yet that are philosophically quite different when it comes to the principles governing education, and in this instance, mathematics education. I believe it is these differences that should be explored further in our consideration of the New Zealand curriculum and its development. Such international comparisons enable us to get a better appreciation of where New Zealand is from a global perspective, and provide an avenue for assessing what we are doing well, and what lessons can be learnt. The initial inquiry into the similarities and differences of education in an Anglo-Saxon context, in comparison with a French one, stemmed from a personal visit to France in the summer of 2004/2005. I discovered that, despite having a poor level of French, I was generally able to understand the mathematics studied in the classroom. It soon became evident that the linguistic differences were not the problem; the challenges were adapting to the socio-mathematical norms established in the class. While the mathematics itself appeared to be much the same, there are nevertheless pedagogical differences between the French and Anglo-Saxon cultures, which I aim to address in this article. First, some contributing influences to the philosophy and practice of education in both countries today are examined. Second, examples of differences in classroom realities within these countries, including the manner in which the mathematics is taught, the use of teaching resources like textbooks, and the implications surrounding homework activities are considered. These cultural differences, however, are simply examples of political, social, or philosophical influences which manifest themselves in each of the countries. Moreover, there have been significant political, philosophical, and pragmatic shifts in the course of each country's educational and social history--which can have profound effects on the educational practices we see in today's classrooms. Therefore, it is not intended to suggest that these differences are generalisable for the whole of England, France, and New Zealand. In today's context, it is first and foremost interesting to analyse the French and the English approach to mathematics education, given the blurring of geographical boundaries, and the prevalence of educational comparisons between European countries, in addition to the "Europeanisation" that is allowing for much greater mobility of teachers (Broadfoot, Osborn, Planel, & Sharpe, 2000; McLean, 1990; Pepin, 1998, 1999c; Planel, 1997; Ravn, 2002; Robertson, 2000). …


Catalyst free synthetic method was developed for di and tri substituted oxazoles from α -haloketones and urea/phenyl urea in Nonionic liquid like PEG 400.The reaction was carried out at ambient temperature and the product were obtained in excellent isolated yields (80-90%). Additionally, PEG could be recovered easily and was reused without evident loss in activity.


A 56-year-old man was admitted in the emergency room for an episode of aphasia. A preliminary diagnosis of stroke was made, but neurological examination and brain scan did not support this diagnosis and a possible diagnosis of meningitis was made. During the last 3 months the patient lost 15 kg of weight. Laboratory tests revealed: hemoglobin 10.3 g/dl (reference value (RV): 13.0 – 17.5), leucocytes 8.7 (cid:1) 10 9 /L (RV: 4.0 – 11.0), platelets 354 (cid:1) 10 9 /L (RV: 150 – 450), cre-atinine 3.52 mg/dl (RV: 0.7 – 1.2), lactic acid dehydrogenase 471 U/L (RV: 100 – 250), C-reactive protein 21.2 mg/dl (RV: <0.5), procalcitonin 2.32 ng/dl (RV: <0.5). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed: protein 32.4 mg/dl (RV: 15 – 45), glucose 51 ng/dl (RV: 40 – 70), <1 leu-cocytes/mm 3 (RV: <5) and some images of an encapsulated yeast (uni-cellular and with an abundant capsule), suggestive of Cryptococcus spp. (Figure 1). In the peripheral blood film, were observed some iso-lated black to blue circular inclusions inside of


Background: Anemia related to adjuvant chemotherapy might predict compromised survival in patients with breast cancer. The present population-based study wasto investigate the impact of pretreatment anemia on pathological response and long-term prognosis of breastcancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT). Methods: From 1999 to 2011, atotal of 655 patients with operable or locallyadvanced breast cancer who underwent NCT beforedefinitive surgery were reviewed. The patients were subdivided into anemic (baseline hemoglobin (Hb)<12.0g/dL) and non-anemic (Hb>=12.0g/dL) groups. Comparison was made between anemic and non-anemic groups concerning the rate of pathological complete response (pCR), relapse-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Logistic and Cox regression models were utilized to determine the predictive value of pretreatment anemia in outcomes of patients undergoing NCT. Results: 166 women (25.3%) were anemic before treatment. Patients in the anemic group were less likely to achieve pCR in NCT than their non-anemic counterparts (odds ratio (OR) 0.428, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.198-0.927, p=0.031). Patients with baseline anemia displayed inferior 10-year RFS (59.1% vs 66.0%, p=0.022 by log-rank), OS (75.3% vs 90.9%, p<0.001) and CSS (82.4% vs 94.4%, p<0.001) compared to thosewithout. After adjustment forconfounders, pretreatment anemia was demonstrated to correlatewith elevated risk of relapse (hazard ratio (HR) 1.517, 95% CI 1.120-2.055, p=0.007), cancer-specific mortality (HR 3.152, 95% CI 1.784-5.569, p<0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR 2.886, 95% CI 1.766-4.716, p<0.001). Conclusion: Pretreatment anemia exerted a moderately adverse impact on pathological response to NCTas well as survival status in breast cancer. Further studies are warranted to optimize treatment strategyof cancer-related anemia and improve the prognosis of this subgroup.


A national study is reported which proactively engaged 1365 Canadian consumers and solicited their opinions concerning new transgenic salmon and pork products which have not yet entered the marketplace. Respondents were methodically requested to provide initial free-association responses, and then scaled responses to product concepts about which progressively more information was revealed. This combined qualitative and quantitative method was pursued in order to determine initial knowledge levels and subsequent responses with a minimal amount of cueing via question probes. The results indicate that disclosure concerning benefits and risks of these new technologies did not harm judgements about them or estimates of purchase intent. A significant determinant of opinions was the gender of the respondent. Females were more negatively predisposed overall to the concepts and more sensitive to specific information regarding product benefits and risks. The research offers a methodological template for public consultation and communication pre-testing for new biotechnological products. Implications for regulatory policy and information dissemination for new food biotechnology products are discussed.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Stainless steel products were polished with hydrogen peroxide-oxalic acid series at room-temperature.The effects of various components of the solution,polishing temperature and polishing time are discussed.Stainless steel can be polished satisfactorily with this solution under suitable conditions,which can be found from the experimental results.


Plants show two principal responses to gravity: one is gravimorphogenesis and the other is gravity resistance. Gravitropism is a typical response of gravimorphogenesis, which enables the plant to orient their photosynthetic leaves to sunlight and to develop a root system for anchoring and absorbing water and minerals. Gravity resistance is a response that enables the plant to resist the gravitational force by developing a tough body. Plants increase the rigidity of their body locally in gravimorphogenesis and entirely in gravity resistance. The cell wall provides the protoplasts with the structural rigidity and is the major source of mechanical strength of a plant body. Thus, the cell wall plays an important role in both gravity responses, as do the bones and muscles in an animal body. Plant cell walls consist of fibrillar cellulose, a variety of matrix polysaccharides, structural proteins, and phenolic substances such as lignin. These cell wall constituents are differently involved in determining the rigidity of the cell wall in gravity responses, depending on the level, structure, and interactions with other constituents. Functions of the cell wall in gravity responses are sustained by various constituents of the plasma membrane including arabinogalactan-proteins, and the cytoskeleton such as microtubules. Also, a great number of cell wall-related genes are involved in gravity responses, via regulation of the metabolism of cell wall constituents. Hypergravity produced by centrifugation has been used to clarify the mechanism of gravity responses, in particular that of gravity resistance. The study with hypergravity has unveiled the fundamental roles of the cell wall in gravity responses. However, it is uncertain whether the knowledge obtained is applicable to responses of plants to 1 G gravity, as to those to hypergravity. To clarify this point, space experiments using plant materials have been carried out or are now underway (Table 1). Out of these experiments, the Cell Wall and the Resist Wall experiments have been just conducted in the European Modular Cultivation System of the Columbus Module on the International Space Station (ISS). The outline and scientific significance of the Cell Wall and the Resist Wall experiments has already been described in the previous Issue (Biol. Sci. Space, 2007). Other experiments are ready to be carried out in the Kibo Module on ISS within a couple of years. In the present Issue, five articles review the function of the cell wall in gravity responses of plants, which has been clarified by both ground-based and space experiments.


The present invention includes a stretched PTFE (ePTFE), the environmental conditions, has the following thermal conductivity of 25 mW / m · K, relates insulating material containing PTFE. In one embodiment, insulation material of the present invention comprises airgel particles and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Insulating material is a hydrophobic, highly permeable, has high strength, and may be formed to be an article used in a dynamic bending nonstatic applications such as. Insulation article, flexible, stretchy, can be bent. Also, insulation material, little or no shedding or dusting of fine particles. And less than the particle density of about 100 kg / m .FIELD 1


Modeling inaccuracies can have adverse affects on a control system of a system, especially when there are significant flexible dynamics. Sliding mode control can provide good trajectory tracking of such systems, even in the presence of disturbances. Command generation has proven beneficial for eliminating residual vibration from motion induced dynamics. In an attempt to utilize the best aspects of these two control methods, the paper proposes a control scheme that combines command generation and sliding mode control.


The safe operation of 110 kV substation is of great significance to ensure the supply reliability of city power grid, and many of the 110 kV substation are facing challenges including aging and high failure rate of electrical equipment, thus live working is an important technical means to ensure the safety operation of electrical equipment in the substation. The electrical equipment layout is compact in the 110 kV substation, thus live working clearance are difficult to satisfy the safety requirement of the electrical safety code. A 1:1simulated air gaps of a 110 kV substation were established and switching impulse voltage discharge tests were conducted to investigate the insulation barrier and cover to increase the discharge voltage of the air gaps. Tests results showed that insulation cover were more effective than insulating barrier to enhance the insulating level of the live working gaps. Based on the discharge characteristics of the typical 110 kV air gaps and the over-voltage levels for live working in the substation, the minimum approach distance were determined accordance with the requirements of live working risk.


In this era of globalization, there is a multidimensional crisis in all aspects of life in our society. The progress of science, technology and art is not matched by appropriate and quality culture and civilization, so that science and technology only gives birth to less civilized humans. This situation encourages educational institutions to have a responsibility to provide knowledge, skills and develop them both through formal and non-formal education. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the type of case study research. The data collection methods in this study were observation, documentation and interviews. The data analysis used includes data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results obtained are that the Nahdlatul Ulama Student Association organization, the Nahdlatul Ulama Women's Student Association (IPNU-IPPNU) is very important in instilling the religious character of teenagers in Pacuh Village, Balongpanggang District, Gresik Regency. because their activities are religious or religious. In addition, it is also the front line of NU regeneration and is one of the autonomous bodies in NU. Then members of IPNU-IPPNU are also pioneers of the younger generation in carrying out religious activities and as uswatun hasanah (good role models) for other students. IPNU-IPPNU is also a means to reduce the level of juvenile delinquency that often occurs in Pacuh Village.


In ancient Athens,despite the democratic political system,those political elites were still outstandingly active.Though the means and channels for political elites to establish their authority and play an essential part in politics were idiosyncratic due to the fact of equal participation of common people,the formation and development of democratic political system was largely safeguarded and driven by the political elites in Athens,whose prosperity could not do without those elites.The political system of ancient Athens was a democracy under the auspices of the elites.


Communities around the new 18 000 acre Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport are trying to plan ahead for the impact of the new airport facility. An "Airport Zoning Ordinance" was developed that included the control of land use by noise sensitivity, as well as the normal height restrictions. The types of land use permitted in areas exposed to aircraft noise are increased when a "soundproofing addendum" to the building code is utilized. The building code is a "material‐oriented" code to assist the small builder. The Zoning Ordinance also contains performance specifications which can be used in lieu of the material specifications. If an architect elects to use different materials, he must prove to the city building inspector that the building was designed to meet the required performance by a person competent in the practice of architectural noise control.


There is reason to believe bounded aggressive processing (limiting the degree to which processes act on conditional knowledge) may be a good alternative to unbounded processing. Simulations characterized by substantial variance in logical process processing times can lead to conditions where, without bound, some processes may cause frequent repairs (e.g. rollbacks) to occur. We present an algorithm, SRADS/LR, in which we bound aggressiveness and discuss its expected impact on performance.


GaAs nanowire (NW) self-catalyzed growth on GaAs (111) B and GaAs (100) substrates was carried out by molecular beam epitaxy. A mask for the self-catalyzed NW growth was created by oxidizing an epitaxial silicon layer grown on the GaAs surface by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Silicon oxidation was realized in an atmosphere of purified air under normal conditions without moving the structures out from the vacuum system volume of the molecular beam epitaxy chamber. The oxidation process of a silicon layer was studied using single-wave and spectral ellipsometry and the surface morphology of oxidized silicon was studied by atomic force microscopy. Substrates with NWs were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The NW density was demonstrated to be 2.6•107 cm-2 and 3•107 cm-2 for (111)B and (100), respectively.


of ox-LDL, (ii) This inhibitory effect was dose-dependent and was re]ated to the degree of oxidation of LDL, (iii) As this inhibitoTy effbct was not prevented by antioxidants, it is suggested that it does not occur via oxidation of substrate HDL These results suggest that cholesterol reyerse-translK)rt via HDL may be affbcted by ox-I.DL and they are noteworth}' in suggesting a new physio]ogical function for ox-I.DL.'


The serpentine leaf miner, Liriumyza  trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera : Agromyzidae) is a  polyphagous pest attacking several plant species  of Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Liliaceae,  Cucurbitaceae, Leguminaceae, Malvaceae,  Umbelliferae and Solanaceae (Spencer, 1973). In  India,-L. trifolii an accidental introduction, Was  recorded on 48 species of plants in and around  Saurashtra region (Kapadia, 1994), 79 species of  plants in South India (Srinivasan et al., 1995) and  50 host plants in Tamil Nadu with severe  infestation on six economically important plants  (Natarajan et al., l994).


The purpose of this research was to study an integrated model of the relationship of tourist loyalty in the Andaman coastal provinces, test the model by determining whether with the empirical data analysis on the causal relationship among destination image, place attachment, perceived value, satisfaction, tourist loyalty. A research model was proposed in which nine hypotheses were developed. The research employed qualitative research method. The empirical data was collected in a major foreign tourist in the Andaman coastal provinces. A total of 371 questionnaires were returned and complete, and the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results supported the proposed integrated model: (1) destination image have direct positive influence on place attachment, and perceived value; (2) perceived value have direct positive influence on place attachment, satisfaction, and tourist loyalty; (3) place attachment have direct positive influence on satisfaction, and tourist loyalty; (4) satisfaction have direct positive influence on tourist loyalty; and (5) The path pattern of the relationship that is constructed according to the hypothesis and empirical data, the good of fit index has a good level of acceptance. The theoretical and managerial implications were drawn based on the study findings, and recommendations for future researches were made.


Hai Jin is a Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in China. He is now the Dean of School of Computer Science and Technology at HUST. He received his Ph.D. in computer engineering from HUST in 1994. In 1996, he was awarded German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) fellowship for visiting the Technical University of Chemnitz in Germany. He worked for the University of Hong Kong between 1998 and 2000 and participated in the HKU Cluster project. He worked as a visiting scholar at the University of Southern California between 1999 and 2000. He is the chief scientist of the largest grid computing project, ChinaGrid, in China.


As the installed capacity of wind power continues to increase, the problem of curtailed wind power is becoming serious in China, especially in the northern region during the winter heating season. To solve the problem of wind‐heat conflict during the heating period in the Three North area, an electric boiler with thermal storage (EBTS) is installed at the end of the grid where wind power is difficult to accommodate and using curtailed wind power to supply heat promotes local accommodation. In this paper, a multi‐objective optimization model of wind power accommodation based on the wind power–EBTS system for heating is established. The goals of maximizing wind power accommodation, minimizing the number of times EBTS must be adjusted, and minimizing operating costs are presented, and a bi‐level optimization scheme is designed. An improved multi‐objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve these functions, and an optimal compromise solution from the generated Pareto solution set is filtered using the fuzzy membership method. Based on actual data from a demonstration project in China's Jilin Province, the simulation results verify that this method can effectively reduce operating costs and improve wind power accommodation.


The invention discloses a workpiece supporting mechanism of a boring machine special for an engine body shaft hole. The workpiece supporting mechanism of the boring machine special for the engine body shaft hole comprises a V-shaped supporting base used for supporting a bulge at the side face of the workpiece and a supporting mechanism used for supporting the V-shaped supporting base, the supporting mechanism comprises an upright support rod and two diagonal rods which are parallel to each other, the lower ends of the two diagonal rods are rotatably connected to a feeding work table, and the upper ends of the two diagonal rods are rotatably connected to the two ends of the bottom of the V-shaped supporting base respectively; the upright support rod intersects and penetrates through one of the diagonal rods, and the upright support rod can slide along a sliding groove inside the diagonal rod; the lower end of the upright support rod is arranged on the slide in a sliding mode, and the upper end of the upright support rod makes contact with the bottom of the V-shaped supporting base. According to the workpiece supporting mechanism of the boring machine special for the engine body shaft hole, the two diagonal rods can rotate through sliding the upright support rod, and the rotation of the two diagonal rods drives the motion of the V-shaped supporting base, so that the position of the V-shaped supporting base can be adjusted, and needs for processing different engine bodies are met.


This work investigates the variation in material properties of steel upon friction stir processing through its magnetic response. The steel plate of grade IS 2062 having a thickness of 3 mm have been friction stir processed (FSPed) using a tool of tungsten carbide with a 15 mm shoulder diameter along with 3 mm pin diameter with traverse of 150 mm/minute and a 800 RPM revolving speed. Magnetic response of these processed plate and base metal has been recorded using Barkhausen noise (BN) analyzer in terms of BN signal parameters i.e . the rms value and pulse count or number of pulses. Barkhausen noise analysis results have been validated with micro-hardness testing and metallographic study of as received metal and the processed samples. Higher microhardness has been found in processed sample in comparison to the as received metal due to grain refinement owing to the combined effect of plastic flow of material during stirring action of the rotating tool and the frictional heat. Barkhausen noise analysis has been performed in a wide range of magnetic field intensity (MFI) and excitation frequencies to study their effect on variation in rms value and the number of pulses.


Singapore has fairly powerful animal protection laws. In practice, however, these laws are only powerful to the extent that they are actually enforced. In Singapore, the low number of prosecutions for animal cruelty is a cause for serious concern. While there can be a myriad of reasons for this phenomenon, this paper argues that one primary cause is the insufficient understanding of what amounts, or may amount, to cruelty at law. This results in an unsound enforcement policy which reduces the protection afforded to animals. By highlighting this problem, this paper hopes to draw attention to the importance of the study and development of animal law, which has a direct impact on the extent to which animals are actually protected.


Kombucha is a renowned fermented drink for its diverse health benefits. This research aims to evaluate sweetened red ginger extract as an alternative substrate in making kombucha by observing the chemical properties (pH, total acid, total sugar, total polyphenol, chemical compound profile using LC-MS/MS) and the antioxidant activity. Three variables were varied, i.e., red ginger concentration (1, 5, and 10%), kombucha culture concentration (10 and 20%), and fermentation time (0, 6, and 12 days). The total sugar and pH declined during fermentation while the titratable acidity, polyphenol, and antioxidant activity increased. The kombucha prepared with 20% culture concentration resulted in a greater reduction of pH and increase of titratable acidity, total polyphenol, and antioxidant activity than the one prepared with 10% culture concentration. The red ginger kombucha prepared with 10% ginger and 20% culture in 12 days displayed the highest antioxidant activity. It revealed ten active compounds under the LC-MS/MS investigation, i.e., 3',4',5',5,7,8-hexame-thoxy flavone, 6-gingerol, evodin, isosakuranetin-7-rutinoside, methyl ophiopogonanone A, narirutin, neohesperidin, ononin, sinensetin, and shogaol. This research shows that red ginger extract fermentation using kombucha culture can be an alternative technology to produce red ginger-based functional drinks with healthy organic acids, healthy polyphenols, and antioxidant activity.


An eye-catching full-color reproduction of Builders-Family by renowned African American artist Jacob Lawrence graces the paperback edition of Quintard Taylor's impressive study of Black Seattle. This wonderful cover illustration vividly evokes the work's central motif: the community's historical development from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries. The highly stylized image of the black family (mother, father, daughter, and son) elegantly attired and proceeding arm-in-arm before an integrated crew at a construction work-site strikingly visualizes Taylor's focus on the institutions and processes of community building. Throughout, the central emphasis on the political economy of black community development in Seattle drives a cogent structural analysis. The bedrock issue has been how best to achieve economic opportunity for blacks within a system built around the maintenance of white dominance. In addition to institutional maturation and the struggle for economic and political empowerment, Taylor offers a revealing interpretation of Black Seattle's spirit. Black investment in the ideology of that city's "free air"-its racial liberalism-has envisioned Black Seattleites as integral participants in a progressive and multiracial western urban frontier. For them, serious antiblack obstacles notwithstanding, Seattle has represented a race relations reality superior to anywhere else in the United States, especially in the period before World War II.


In this study, we analyze the effects of thermal annealing by calculating the optical gain in the InGaN/GaN quantum well. The interdiffusion of Ga and In atoms across the interface of the well and the barrier resulting from thermal treatments is described by Fick's law. The strong piezoelectric effect due to lattice mismatch in the InGaN/GaN quantum well is also considered in the calculation. The results confirm that the thermal annealing can induce an increase of the optical gain. However, an excessive annealing might result in decreasing the optical gain in the InGaN/GaN quantum well. The maximum optical gain can be obtained at a diffusion length of 4A of In and Ga atoms. There is a good agreement between the experimental data in literature and the optimized diffusion length studied in this work.


In the summer of 1987, a pilot constructed wetland was built at the Big Five Tunnel in Idaho Springs, Colorado. The report details the theory, design and construction of wetlands receiving acid mine drainages, based on the second and third year of operation of this wetland, which was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the SITE Emerging Technologies Program. The text is divided into two broad sections: Part A - Theoretical Development, and Part B - Design Consideration. In the latter sections of Part A and through all of Part B the focus is on removal of metals by precipitation of sulfides through the activity of sulfate reducing bacteria.


With the development of tourism industry,the competition of tourism market has become more and more serious.As a new tourism form,the festival tourism is playing a more and more important role in the tourism market.However,for some reasons,the development of festival tourism in the west falls behind.Based on the analysis of the current situation of festival tourism in the paper some interrelated policies for the the festival tourism in western region to be developed were proposed.


Popular theory understands intimate partner violence (IPV) as gendered, and stresses the integral role of a patriarchal society and approval of male to female aggression in the aetiology of men's IPV to women. This thesis set out to explore this hypothesis using a gender inclusive methodology, and examines the relationship between participants' approval of men's and women's use of controlling behaviours and physical violence in heterosexual intimate relationships. Undergraduate university students (N = 515) completed an online questionnaire about their use and experience of aggression and controlling behaviours, and their beliefs about dating violence. Bivariate analyses found that conflict tactics and controlling behaviours were perpetrated and experienced at equal rates by the sexes. ANOVA found that male and female participants approved of female to male violence significantly more than male to female violence when the aggressor was provoked via infidelity or physical violence, indicating a collective chivalrous belief pattern. Violent students also approved of male and female violence significantly more than non-violent students. Applying Johnson's (1999) typological approach, latent profile analysis found that 77.7% of violent relationships could be classed as Situational Couple Violence (SCV), 10.4% as Coercive Controlling Violence (CCV), 2.1% as Violent Resistant (VR), and 9.8% as Mutual Violent Control (MVC). Bivariate analysis revealed a greater frequency of women than men in the SCV group (n = 92, 61%) with a small effect; no other significant differences were found between the groups. ANOVA also found that the typology groups approved of female to male violence significantly more than male to female violence with CCV men endorsing the highest approval of male and female violence. Further research is required to determine why this group hold high approval in general compared to other groups. The need for interventions to address the approval of a person's own violence and approval of their partner's violence is discussed in addition to implications for theory, practice, and policy.


Climate change in cities has so far been underexposed in Dutch research on climate change adaptation. High population density and high economic values make Dutch urban areas nevertheless vulnerable to climate change. Even with stringent mitigation policies Dutch cities will be subject to warmer summers, more peaks in rainfall and wetter winters. Some scenarios project dryer summers. Impacts will be felt by various societal and economic sectors, such as households, building sector, transport and the health sector. As investments in the built environment (e.g. buildings, infrastructure) have a long depreciation period, it is efficient to take adaptation into account in current decisions. Possible synergies with climate change mitigation need to be explored. This paper summarizes possible urban adaptation measures and describes a systematic approach to their implementation. It concludes with elements for a research agenda.


[Objective] To assess the clinical and prognostic features of patients with the intracranial hemorrhage and diabetes mellitus.[Methods]Patients with the intracranial hemorrhage and diabetes mellitus were included,and the intracranial hemorrhage patients without diabetes mellitus,were selected as control group.We compared the clinical features between groups,and analyzed prognostic factors of patients with the intracranial hemorrhage and diabetes mellitus.[Results]We included 43 patients with the intracranial hemorrhage and diabetes mellitus and 69 patients of control group.Compared to control group,there was statistically significance in age(P = 0.011),GCS scores(P = 0.000),conscious disturbance(P = 0.035),hemorrhage in ventricle(P = 0.007),upper gastrointestinal bleeding(P = 0.007),pulmonary infection(P = 0.003)and mortality(P = 0.012)in intracranial hemorrhage with diabetes mellitus.In addition,the poor prognosis of these patients may be associated with older age,higher occurrence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding,hemorrhage in ventricle and massive hemorrhage volume,and less minimally invasive operation used.[Conclusion]Patients with intracranial hemorrhage and diabetes mellitus can have older age,more severe conscious disturbance and more complications;the poor prognosis of these patients may be associated with older age,higher occurrence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding,hemorrhage in ventricle and massive hemorrhage volume,and less minimally invasive operation used.A close monitoring and prevention should be needed.


vellianism and power politics—towards the end of his life he abandoned this school for a renewed stress on international law and organization. In part 2 Boyle uses the 1976 Entebbe raid by Israeli commandos to develop the "functional" theoretical propositions mentioned above. Among numerous other useful findings, he argues well that the U.N. Security Council debates on the Entebbe raid led to "a general consensus.. .that the taking of hostages violates a fundamental principle of international law and international politics" (p. 136), and generated the will to draft a convention establishing this rule. Since the confines of this review prevent further analysis, let it suffice to say that Boyle admirably demonstrates "why and how considerations of the international law and organizations are of critical relevance to real world crisis management decision makers" (p. 74).


Helping behavior was studied as a function of urban density. Four requests for help (for the time, for directions, for change of a quarter, and for the person's name) were solicited in three areas differing in population density (downtown in the Canadian city of Toronto, in the suburbs of the same city, in a small town outside of that city). On each measure the percentage of helping behavior decreased linearly as urban density increased. Normative data from New York City were also compared and found very similar to those from downtown Toronto. An absence of sex differences in either giving or eliciting help was noted.


Discusses the significance of organizational theory and formal organization to business success. Statements on the impressions of managers about the significance of organizational theory and formal...


Purpose – Problem solving and continuous process improvement are key elements to achieve business excellence. Many problem solving and process improvement methodologies have been proposed and adopted by organisations, with DMAIC being the most widely used. The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical application of a modified version of DMAIC which enabled a world-class organisation to achieve an optimum reduction in the lead time of its aerospace engine assembly process. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews the most commonly used problem solving and process improvement methodologies and specifically, DMAIC, its variations and limitations. Based on this, it presents define, measure, analyse, improve, review, control (DMAIRC). Finally, DMAIRC is empirically applied through a case study, in a world-class manufacturing organisation. Findings – The results obtained from the case study indicate that DMAIRC is an effective alternative to achieve the maximum improvement potential of a process....


This review explained the function of bile salt hydrolase(BSH) lowering cholesterol,and the characteristics of BSH and the impact ac-tivity of BSH on bacterium and the human;introduced genetic organization and regulation of BSH,homologues of bsh in bacterium;discussed the future direction and applied prospect of BSH.


Er Yuehe states the heyday unique about the three empires of Kanxi, Youngzheng and Qianlong. It combines the body with the three empires' literary talent and makes the novel style with new style and aesthetics. He renews the reading vision of readers.There are many eches for the present culture. Recent years although there are serial articles commenting on Er Yuehe' s novel, there are a few persons paying attention to his main topic about the depression of body life and revelry. So it reduces his achievement of creation. Er Yuehe' s explanation of his novel style is both about the subversion of the life depression and the tactics of cultural pluralism. His aesthetic search into the history novel, the laws of market and the needs of readers have profound historical significance and wide space of learning. It is worth summing up for the academic circles.


The storage location in a warehouse or distribution center is a key factor affecting order-picking. Under the class-based storage strategy, this paper studies all the historical orders during a certain period of time from a manual order-picking warehouse or distribution center. In this paper, we present a slotting optimization model that minimizes human energy expenditure caused by order-picking as the objective.A greedy algorithm is developed to solve this model quickly to achieve the objective of slotting optimization, thus reducing physical workload and improving labor productivity even further.


The efficiency of 12 VAM inoculants was evaluated through pot experiment on 6 forest tree species i.e. Albizialebbek, A.procera, Acacianilotica, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea and Pongamia pinnata . A singular design with different VAM fungi (Inoculated and uninoculated) was used in the present study. The observation included % root colonization, shoot height, dry biomass and P content in root tissue, after 150 days of plant growth. A significant increase in plant height, dry biomass and tissue 'P' was observed in the VAM inoculated plants. Data recorded during the experiment was treated with Duncun's multiple range test and VAM inoculants for the respective host were selected on the basis of this analysis.


The males of four species of the Asian frog genus Limnonectes [Limnonectes dabanus (Smith, 1922a), Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (Andersson, 1916), Limnonectes macrognathus (Boulenger, 1917), and Limnonectes plicatellus (Stoliczka, 1873)] exhibit remarkable ornamentation in the form of a swollen, or cap-like, structure (caruncle) on the top of their heads. These caruncles vary in their appearance among species, and neither their function nor their actual systematic value is known. We compared their anatomy via dissections, morphometrics, radiography, and histology, and analysed the available mitochondrial DNA sequences as well as new data to place these species within the context of a larger phylogenetic hypothesis for Limnonectes. Despite the externally different morphology, the underlying histological structure is virtually identical. Beneath skin that is densely packed with mucous glands lies a pad of connective tissue overlaying the parietal bone. The actual function of the caruncle, however, remains enigmatic. In addition to the presence of the caruncle, independent evidence from osteological characters and molecular data support the monophyly of a clade comprising of L. dabanus, L. gyldenstolpei, L. macrognathus, and L. plicatellus. The caruncles are therefore interpreted as a robust autapomorphy for this clade, and suggest that the subgenus Elachyglossa should be restricted to the four species in question. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London


Ion acceleration tests utilizing a superconducting split-loop resonator at accelerating potentials above 2.7 MV/m have been made on ions up to mass 29 and charge state 12. The velocity acceptance and transit time effects were measured and found to be in good agreement with theoretical estimates. Because of the very low energy content of this resonator, the rf power dissipation at low β is less than 10% of an equivalent reentrant cavity design thus relaxing requirements on the superconducting surface resistance and on the phase stabilizing system.


This white paper evaluates an assertion that is often made by proponents of judicial merit selection — i.e., that fewer unfit judges reach the bench through merit selection than through contestable elections — by comparing discipline rates for elected and merit-selected judges.


Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence is a simple, fast and nondestructive technique that is now being applied to the study of porcelain. The trace element analysis that results can determine whether or not a piece of porcelain is a modern reproduction.


The article presents an analysis of the concepts of knowledge management and intellectual capital, as well as the assessment of 12 models for measuring intellectual capital, which could be used, totally or partially, in Cuban hotel companies, due to their characteristics and application concepts. Some inadequacies in the above mentioned models are identified, which do not limit the use of their indicators in measuring intellectual capital in hotel companies. As a result, the decision is to use the indicators of the Skandia model, concentrated into 4 groups: client, human resources, renovation and development, and processes. Out of the 85 indicators of this model, experts consider that 23 can be applied in Cuban hotel companies.


In the article the author deals with the question why was it possible for William III of Orange to invade England in 1688 without serious problems and rule the country for couple of years in almost arbitrarily style. In order to explain this phenomena, it is very important to have in mind that, during the whole Seventeenth century, the Dutch were estimated very high in England and even celebrated for their courage, freedom and prosperity. Faced with the tyranny of James II Stewart and lacking the will to resist it, they were ready to accept even the conqueror on the throne - only if he proved to be the person capable of improving political, religious and social conditions in England. And for such a role, the Protestant, aristocratic and freedom-loving Dutchman was thought to be suited best.


The purpose of this study is to explain how intercultural families interact in maintaining harmony within the family, especially the interaction between Indonesian Moms and Japanese Fathers. The method used in this study is qualitative with primary sources through in-depth interviews.Data analysis is done by reducing the data that has been obtained from the interviews, compared with the concept of intercultural communication and acculturation. The data is validated with secondary data that is the result of previous research. The results obtained show that the couple of Indonesian wives and Japanese husbands keep each other harmony interaction by choosing the appropriate language situation required. They use everyday language are: English, Japanese and Indonesian. The dominant language is the language in where they live. This result shows that they are showing respect for each other. The use of the chosen language as an effort to adapt to the culture in where they live includes also invited their children to always appreciate the cultureof their fathers and mothers equally in influence. So the three behavioral barriers do not occur as a priori, prejudice and authority that one against the other. There is a trust between them. Acculturation in this family is seen as a cultural enrichment,cultural differences do not create barriers to family interaction and with the environment. Father and Mother bequeathed culture to their children in a balanced and without dominance, there is balance in power.


This paper describes research into the perceptions of parents, early childhood centre teachers, speech-language therapists, early intervention teachers, and education support workers about their shared task in supporting children on early intervention programmes at three early childhood centres. The results are presented along three dimensions of a Community of Practice, namely: the domain, the community, and the practice. An overall conclusion of the study was that a greater degree of shared discussion among the parties would have enhanced their work.


A number of lipids known to be constituents of nerve‐ending membranes were tested for their ability to inactivate botulinum toxin. Inactivation of the toxin by a lipid was taken as presumptive evidence that the lipid might be the in vivo receptor for the toxin. Several sphingolipids (sphingosine, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, cytolipin K and cytolipin R), steroids (cholesterol and deoxycholic acid) and fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, prostaglandin E1) did not affect the potency of botulinum toxin, and thus were discounted as potential toxin receptors. However, the gangliosides did inactivate botulinum toxin rapidly (in less than 5 min), within a temperature range of 2°‐40°C, and at ionic strengths of 0.05‐0.40. Inactivation diminished as pH fell below 6. The activity of gangliosides in suppressing the potency of botulinum toxin was a function of the number of sialic acid residues in the lipid. Thus, the data suggest that a molecule containing sialic acid may be the receptor for the toxin.


Background: Virtual Reality (VR) is a promising technology in the field of medicine and neuroscience. E.g. in neuropsychological testing, paper & pencil tests may be replaced in future by VR tests which provide a better validity. In clinical use, diffusion of VR technology is still limited because of high costs for equipment and serious concerns about side effects during VR use with patients.Objectives: Development of an interdisciplinary medical VR laboratory at the University of Goettingen. As pilot project, the development and evaluation of a neuropsychological test system for visuospatial learning and topographical orientation was planned. In this context, usability, effects and side effects of VR had to be analysed.Methods: A technical analysis of existing VR equipment and medical VR applications was the first step for choosing the adequate techniques for the VR lab. Based on a structured system design, a VR supported neuropsychological test system was designed. For evaluation of the test system, a pre-clinical (PILOT; 22 healthy subjects) and clinical study (CLINIC; 75 healthy subjects, 40 before / 25 after surgery for intractable epilepsy, 27 patients w. stroke, 48 patients with suspected Alzheimer s disease) was performed. Side effects were documented with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). A post-test questionnaire was administered regarding usability, immersion and realism. The results were examined statistically to identify possible factors regarding the occurrence of side effects.Results: A PC-based virtual reality laboratory was established with the possibility of desktop (monitor) or immersive (head mounted display, HMD) VR. The neuropsychological test system was realized including tests for visual-spatial and topographical learning and executive memory. In the PILOT study, no user preference for any display type was observed. The initial HMD (VirtualResearch V8) was not suitable for use on a daily base with patients and was replaced in the CLINIC study by a light-weighted commercial HMD (Sony Glasstron). In total, few user problems were observed. No display type offered a significant advantage in terms of immersion and realism. 1.4% (CLINIC) to 4.8% (PILOT) of the participants cancelled the VR test because of side effects. Regarding the SSQ scores, only the disorientation-subscore showed a significant increase during testing (CLINIC). Further analyses revealed the HMD not the projection or desktop display mode as a significant facto! r for an increase of SSQ Scores during testing. No influence of gender, age, group (healthy subjects, patients) on the SSQ scores during the test course could be observed. In general, females showed significantly higher SSQ scores unrelated to the test course.Conclusion: Technically and from a organisational point of view the PC based VR lab proofed to be an economical and efficient concept. For a first time, side effects were analysed for a clinical project in the field of neuroscience. Safety of the test system for patients in non-immersive condition could be demonstrated, but the results of this study cannot be generalized for other applications. A substantial advantage of an immersive display interfaces (HMD) in comparison to less-immersive standard displays could not be demonstrated, on the contrary the incidence of side effects seemed to be higher. Due to ethical, legal and economical reasons the use of VR technology in clinical settings should be carefully evaluated for each application.


The t-butyldimethylsilylation of the allylic alcohol of 1-iodomorphine and 1-iodocodeine protects the double bond of these molecules from catalytic reduction while allowing the reduction of the aryl iodide. This selectivity has been applied to the preparation of tritiated morphine and codeine without complicating over reduction to the dihydromorphine and dihydrocodeine. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We study the innovation, efficiency and productivity response to intellectual property (IP) reform vis-a-vis manufacturing industry in India. Studying the response of IP-sensitive industries relative to a control group of IP-insensitive industries, and using the fact that the IP reform was largely exogenously driven,we correct for confounding factors and endogeneity bias. We find a significant outward shift in the innovation frontier and consequent increase in productivity post-reform.This aggregate effect is driven by improvements in the non-electrical machinery industries, and to a lesser extent the drugs and pharmaceuticals sector.The comprehensive reforms notified 2003 provided the stimulus, rather than the token 1999 reform.


We investigate the model of magnetized cosmology, and simplify the exact solutions on the perfect-fluid. We show that large-scale magnetic components of cosmological fields have mathematical connection to the angular-momentum. In the general case where cosmologies are generalized by magnetic components, it introduces some mathematical solutions for gravitational fields in a manner similar to Dirac's symmetrization of electromagnetic fields. We interpret the astrophysical bipolar outflow, accretion disk, and galaxy rotation curve as consequences of the magnetic components of gravitational fields while cosmic effects are provided according to the symmetrized formulism. In 1+3 dimensional spacetime and vacua condition, the Weyl tensor C abcd is the only term remained in Riemannian space R abcd to describe the gravitational field in source free field (see e.g. 3). Since,


The process of \(e^+e^- \to \mu^+\mu^-\) in the Randall – Sundrum model, Supersymmetric model and Unparticle physics were studied in detail. The differential cross section and total cross section with different transmitted when polarized and non-polarized are compared and the numerical evaluation shows that they depend strongly on different transmitted.


We present a combined radio/X-ray study of six massive galaxy clusters, aimed at determining the potential for heating of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) by non-central radio galaxies. Since X-ray cavities associated with the radio lobes of non-central galaxies are generally not detectable, we use Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope 610 MHz observations to identify jet sources and estimate their size, and Chandra data to estimate the pressure of the surrounding ICM. In the radio, we detect 4.5% of galaxies above the spectroscopic survey limit (M ∗ 𝐾 +2.0) of the Arizona cluster redshift survey (ACReS) which covers five of our six clusters. Ap-proximately one tenth of these are extended radio sources. Using star formation (SF) rates determined from mid-infrared data, we estimate the expected contribution to radio luminosity from the stellar population of each galaxy, and find that most of the unresolved or poorly-resolved radio sources are likely star formation dominated. The relatively low frequency and good spatial resolution of our radio data allows us to trace star formation emission down to galaxies of stellar mass ∼ 10 9 . 5 𝑀 (cid:12) . We estimate the enthalpy of the (AGN dominated) jet/lobe and tailed sources, and place limits on the energy available from unresolved radio jets. We find jet powers in the range ∼ 10 43 -10 46 erg s − 1 , comparable to those of brightest cluster galaxies. Our results suggest that while cluster-central sources are the dominant factor balancing ICM cooling over the long term, non-central sources may have a significant impact, and that further investigation is possible and warranted.


Axial involvement in patients diagnosed of Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in variable in previous studies. Axial involvement (according GRAPPA criteria) is based upon inflammatory spinal symptoms pain with loss of lumbar mobility and the presence of radiological sacroiliitis and other radiographic signs of spondylitis in patients with PsA.Evaluate the prevalence of axial involvement in PsA an their clinical features.All patients included in the monographic PsA consultation database of our second level hospital were analyzed. Demographic, clinical and analytical variables were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPPSS v.25We included 145 patients with PsA (fulfilling CASPAR criteria) with a mean age at diagnosis of 45,4 (±13) years and time of evolution of the disease 9,3 (±6,2) years. The proportion of the affectation types were: peripheral 94 (64,8%), mixta 31 (21,4%) and axial 20 (13,8%). Therefore, 51 (35,2%) patients meet criteria for axial involvement, of with 31 (21,4%) also had associated peripheral involvement. Table 1 shows the differences between patients with and without axial disease. Axial involvement was higher in males than women [OR=2,3 (1,1-4,7), p=0,023]. HLAB27, determined in 106 patients, was more prevalent in axial PsA than in exclusive peripheral patients, 35% and 4,5% respectively [OR=11,3 (3,0-42,7), p<0,0001] We didn't find any differences in other domains of psoriatic disease or gender. Age at diagnosis was lower in patients with HLA B27 positive [35,6 (±12,3) vs 46,2 (± 12,1) years, p=0,0001] and in the patients with dactylitis [40,2 (11,8) vs 46,7 (13) años, p=0,018] or uveitis [28,7 (8,5) vs 45,8 (12,8) years, p=0,02], respect patients who did not present them, regardless of HLAB27. No differences were found in age between patients with axial o peripheral disease [44,6 (±13,3) vs 45,9 (±12,8) years, p=0,56], neither other domains like skin psoriasis, onicopathy or enthesitis. Patients with axial involvement had overweight (BMI >25) less frequently than peripheral disease [OR=0,4 (0,2-0,8), p=0,01)]. We didn't find any differences in other comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, hyperuricemia, ischemic heart disease, depression) between patines with axial or peripheral disease.TABLE 1.Differences between axial and peripheral patternsWith axial involvement, n=51Without axial involvement, n=94OR (IC 95%)p valueAge at diagnosis, years (SD)44,6 (±13,3)45,9 (±12,8)0,6Time of evolution, years (SD)10 (±6,8)8,9 (±5,8)0,3Men, n (%)36 (42,9%)48 (57,1%)2,3 (1,1-4,7)0,02HLAB27, n (%)14 (82,4%)3 (17,6%)11,3 (3,0-42,7)<0,0001Skin Psoriasis, n (%)47 (36,4%)82 (63,6%)1,7 (0,5-5,6)0,4Onicopathy, n (%)11 (26,2%)31 (73,8%)0,6 (0,2-1,2)0,1Dactilytis, n (%)9 (32,1%)19 (67,9%)0,8 (0,3-2,0)0,7Enthesitis, n (%)13 (44,8%)16 (55,2%)1,7 (0,7-3,8)0,2Uveitis, n (%)2 (66,7%)1 (33,3%)3,8 (0,3-42,9)0,2Inflammatory bowel disease, n (%)2 (66,7%)1 (33,3%)3,8 (0,3-42,9)0,2Hyperlipemia, n (%)27 (31%)60 (69%)0,6 (0,3-1,3)0,2BMI >25, n (%)22 (26,5%)61 (73,5%)0,4 (0,2-0,8)0,01Hypertension, n (%)18 (39,1%)28 (60,9%)1,3 (0,6-2,6)0,5Hyperuricemia, n (%)16 (39%)25 (61%)1,3 (0,6-2,7)0,5Smokers, n (%)13 (50%)13 (50%)2,1 (0,9-5,0)0,08Ischemic heart disease, n (%)8 (53,3%)7 (46,7%)2,3 (0,8-6,8)0,1Depression, n (%)7 (30,4%)16 (69,6%)0,8 (0,3-2,0)0,6Diabetes, n (%)7 (30,4%)20 (74,1%)0,6 (0,2-1,5)0,3Prevalence of axial involvement in our cohort (35,2%) is found within the data reported in other studies (25-70%). Nevertheless, we found less prevalence of HLAB27 positive than other reports. Patients with HLAB27 positive, dactylitis or uveitis are diagnosed at earlier ages.None declared


Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) has long been proposed as a key solution for charging and communicating with low-cost and low-power devices. However, the employment of radio frequency (RF) signals for information/power transfer needs to comply with international health and safety regulations. In this article, we provide a complete framework for the design and analysis of far-field SWIPT under safety constraints. In particular, we deal with two RF exposure regulations, namely, the specific absorption rate (SAR) and the maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The state of the art regarding SAR and MPE is outlined together with a description as to how these can be modeled in the context of communication networks. We propose a deep learning approach for the design of robust beamforming subject to specific information, energy harvesting, and SAR constraints. Furthermore, we present a thorough analytical study for the performance of large-scale SWIPT systems, in terms of information and energy coverage under MPE constraints. This work provides insights with regards to the optimal SWIPT design and the potentials from the proper development of SWIPT systems under health and safety restrictions.


A leap of faith took Peter Thomson from years of service in the NHS to an Oral Health Alliance 'down under'. Here, he talks about oral health and the organisation of dental services in Australia, as well as the drivers of change in academic dentistry that led to the formation of the Alliance between the University and a large public healthcare provider to deliver excellence in teaching, research and clinical practice.


Abstract Medicinal feed additives bacitracin, chlortetracycline (CTC), laidlomycin, lasalocid, and salinomycin inhibited the transfer of multiresistance-conferring plasmid pBR325 (Tetr Ampr Cpr, 6.0 kb) into selected gram-negative strains with the use of an in vitro model. High concentrations of ampicillin-sensitive competence-pretreated Escherichia coli HB 101 cells were exposed to 10% (v/v) of 1:10 dimethyl sulfoxide/agent : water containing test mixtures for 0.5 hr prior to plasmid addition and transforming conditions. Transformation was inhibited for all antimicrobials and showed a positive association with higher concentration. Additional testing of ionophore compounds separately and in combination with bacitracin, chlortetracycline, lincomycin, roxarsone, tylosin, and virginiamycin at representative feed concentrations demonstrated 80.6% to >99.9% inhibition (P < 0.001) of resistance transfer. Bacitracin alone inhibited transformation within the range of 50–500 ppm. No increase in resistance transfer was observed when poultry-derived and reference gram-negative isolates having low or no transformation efficiency were additionally tested. The results suggest that these compounds, at relevant concentrations used in animal feed, may interfere with cell envelope–associated DNA uptake channels or other transformation competence mechanisms. Through these mechanisms, ionophores and cell membrane–interactive feed agents such as CTC and bacitracin may act to inhibit resistance transfer mechanisms within poultry and livestock.


High concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere may cause climate and environmental changes. Therefore, various research has been extensively performed to reduce CO2 by converting CO2 directly into hydrocarbons. In this research, CO2 electrochemical reduction was studied using boron-doped diamond (BDD) modified with copper nanoparticles to improve BDD electrodes' catalytic properties. The deposition was performed by chronoamperometry technique at a potential of -0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and characterized using SEM, EDS, XPS, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). CO2 electrochemical reduction on BDD and Cu-BDD was carried out at -1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 60 minutes. The products were analyzed using HPLC and GC. The product was mainly formic acid with a concentration of 11.33 mg/L and 33% faradaic efficiency on a Cu-BDD electrode.


Abstract Silt is widely distributed in North China Plain, especially in the Yellow River flood basin. Unfortunately, untreated silt cannot be directly used as a subgrade filler. Therefore, it is of...


The article deals with some issues of spelling in the Kabardino-Cherkess language of socially-political words borrowed from the Russian language or through the Russian language. It is noted that over the past decades the vocabulary of the Kabardino-Cherkess language have a lot, a large number of borrowed words, especially of socio-political meaning, appeared. It is shown that the main source of development and enrichment of socio-political vocabulary of the Kabardino-Cherkess language is the Russian language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that with such a large number of borrowings in the modern Kabardino-Cherkess language there is no uniformity in the writing of socio-political lexemes. The author analyzes the main disadvantages of the current rules of spelling. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the author suggests specific ways to overcome spelling instability in spelling of borrowed socio-political words. It is concluded that the current "Rules of spelling and punctuation of the Kabardino-Cherkess language" need to be reformed, it is necessary to develop scientific principles of spelling of borrowings in the Kabardino-Cherkess language. To solve this problem, it is proposed to establish a linguistic and terminological Commission in the Republic at the government level.


There are many stories from cultures across the world about how our Moon and its features formed. However, there are no stories about the features we observe on the Moon in different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum! Invite your students to write and illustrate a story or poem about our Moon using spectral data from the lunar missions. Images from lunar missions can be found through these and other websites:


Being fairly new to the forest industry, I hear the term 'mill waste' mentioned a great deal and in most cases with reference to sawdust, sander dust, veneer ends and hog fuel (bark). I wondered about this because the term 'waste' means: "Desolate; stripped; bare; unproductive and wild" To me the term did not fit the product. It seemed to be more of a 'residue' or 'by-product' because the definition of these two words are 'residue': "What is left behind; that which remains after a part is taken separated or dealt with in some way." 'By-product': "A secondary product, in addition to the principle product or material." These two terms seem to fit the material in question and give it more meaning. As the material which is left after the log has been processed through the plant, the only time it should be classed as a waste material is when it is disposed in a wasteful manner, such as burning and wasting the heat energy. For example, if a mill has 5 units of residue per hour to dispose of and it was burnt in an open incinerator (Tee Pee Burner), the 'wasted' energy would be approximately 100 million BTU per hour. An 8 hour shift would waste 800 million BTU and with two shifts, you are looking at over 1.5 billion BTU, and "they" say our countries are faced with an energy crisis, yet we waste energy in the range of over 100 billion BTU per hour. Think of the cost if these BTU were from your gas or oil burners. With the technology changes taking place and modern burners being developed, it now is possible to use your residue or by-product to heat your mill, dry kilns, veneer dryers, lime kilns, log ponds and boilers, etc. One of the modern and sophisticated burners is our Turbulator Residue Burner. We achieve a high degree of efficiency by processing the fuel by pulverizing the by-product and if the moisture content is above 20% (wet base) the fuel is dried with heat from the burner. We then store the fuel. The storage should be sufficient to run the burner for approximately 3 days. The fuel is transfered to the final control bin at the burner. The S. C. R. controller takes over and modulates the firing rate to your desired rating. A burner for one dry kiln would have a chamber approximately 5' in diameter by 8' in length, rated approximately at 20 million BTU/hr. The burners in operation to date are much larger 9' in diameter by 15' high. This unit modulates from 1/2 unit of fuel to 2 1/2 units or 12 million to 60 million BTU/hr. This burner will handle up to 4 dry kilns and a fuel dryer (direct fired). We had an independent engineering firm do a stack emissions test and their test showed we had 4 grains per 1,000 cu. ft. of air or .004 per cu/ft. We achieve this high efficiency with the turbulence and cyclonic action inside the burner. With the higher costs of gas and oil and in some cases where there is no fuel, the mills can supply their own and even make money.


Procedures for estimating damage and remaining bearing capacity of RC structures after fire are presented in the paper. The paper describes the effect of fire on structures, the danger it poses for the loss of human lives, and financial losses it may generate. The damage to structural RC elements of a column, beam, slab, wall, and connection details, is presented in the paper. Although RC elements are generally considered to be fire resistant, their physical and mechanical characteristics are greatly influenced by temperature, while the bearing capacity before and after fire can be determined through a number of different methods that are presented in the paper. An overview of condition assessment for RC structures after fire is proposed, and methodology for taking further action is presented.


We give a characterization of Inoue surfaces in terms of automorphic pluriharmonic functions on a cyclic covering. Together with results of Chiose and Toma, this completes the classification of compact complex surfaces of Kaehler rank one.


This work was carried out to study the nature of mass attenuation and effective atomic numbers of bioactive glasses for gamma or X-rays. Bioactive glasses are a group of synthetic silica-based bioactive materials with unique bone bonding properties. In the present study, we have calculated the effective atomic number, electron density for photon interaction in the energy range 1 keV to 100 MeV of selected of bioactive glasses SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5, SiO2-CaO-P2O5 and SiO2-CaO. We have also computed the single valued effective atomic number by using XMuDat programme. It is observed that variation in effective atomic number (ZPI, eff) depends also upon the weight fractions of selected bioactive glasses and range of atomic numbers of the elements. The XMuDat calculates Zeff, XMuDat by assuming photoelectric absorption as the main interaction process where as Nel, XMuDat assuming Compton scattering as the main interaction process.


Institution of government spokesman is the outcome of information-based democratic society,and embodiment of people controlled sovereignty.Institution of government spokesman is conducive to safeguarding stability of society,helpful to realize the citizens' right of knowing,and good for optimizing people's interests.Institution of government spokesman in our country has been newly established and does not perfect and standardize,so it must be perfected and standardized as an important part in whole institution of information openness in order to bring it into active play.


The present migration situation in Europe is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the impact of migrants on the native populations in the countries concerned, with special reference to young people. Efforts being taken by governments to assist the integration of migrants are described, as are steps taken to reabsorb return migrants. Consideration is also given to illegal migration, the lack of coordination among governments at the international level, and the inadequacies of schooling and training for migrants. Priorities for action by governments in the field of migration are suggested.


Aiming to meet the higher demands for design databases in collaboration design systems in the architecture design domain, an architecture design system which supports collaborative work was proposed. According to specific domain characteristics, a study on security management and query methods for design databases was also covered.'


Abstract In an article written on the "History of Surveying in N.S.W." (The Australian-Surveyor, 1953, Volume 14) I stated that the first instructions by the Survey Department of the Department of Lands for the marking of Crown Surveys were issued in 1864. I have since found, at the Archives section of the Mitchell Library, copies of circulars from the Surveyor General's Office to staff surveyors dated 1836 relating to the marking of corners. The first circular No. 36/22 was expanded by circular 36/210. The later circular was republished in "The Surveyor" of June, 1925, as an article of general interest. (See "Letters from the Surveyor General to Surveyors"—Archives Reference 4/5425).


This chapter provides an assessment of the effects of the Great Recession on the Italian labour market. Two-thirds of the decrease in employment taking place during the 2008:4 to 2009:4 period were due to the fall in job-finding probabilities, while transitions out of employment significantly increased only for employees with flexible contracts. According to micro-level multiple stochastic imputations coherent with the evolution of the employment rate, income losses related to job terminations will be partially offset by the highly fragmented income support safety nets available. A stress test shows that income stabilization offered is pro-cyclical, while labour income inequality is driven by changes in employment: inequality among the employed seems to be rather insensitive to the composition of employment.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects children s neurodevelopment, impairing the ability for social interaction, communication and generating repetitive behavior. The treatment is performed according to specific methods, to practice social interactions, emotions and basic activities of daily living. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are collaborating as a complement to existing methods practiced by psychologists/therapists. Thus, this research seeks, through literature review, to find out what are the gaps in this theme and to know the applications of AR and VR concerning the treatment of children with ASD at national and international levels. The method chosen was the systematic literature review (SLR) and the narrative literature review. The database used was Scopus, where 39 articles were obtained, revealing a gap due to the low number of results, and finally, after using the filters, 19 articles were analyzed. The result shows great potential for using the technologies mentioned in support of the allowed therapeutic methods, allowing the treatment to evolve more efficiently.


Background: A recent large study found that over 2% of advanced cancer patients have unidentified germline alterations found incidentally during next-generation sequencing (NGS) for targetable somatic alterations. However, tissue-based NGS cannot definitively distinguish germline from somatic mutations without comparison to normal tissue. Because somatic variants typically occur in plasma at allele fractions 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than germline, liquid biopsy often enables differentiation of incidental germline mutations. Not uncommonly, high tumor burden or allelic imbalance from copy number variation or loss of heterozygosity complicates simplistic differentiation based on assumption of germline 50% allele frequency. We developed a novel statistical method for discriminating between somatic and germline variants in deep sequencing data, and applied to data generated from the Guardant 360 targeted cfDNA assay. Our model dynamically incorporates prior knowledge of germline SNP variants and observed allele frequencies within a sample, and gains power in larger panels like the GuardantOmni 500-gene assay. Methods: Our method uses common heterozygous SNPs to model local germline allele count behavior, and calls variants somatic if they deviate significantly from the observed germline mutant allele fraction (MAF). A betabinomial model is well suited to this problem, because it models both the mean and variance of mutant allele counts at common SNPs. This is important since simpler methods like fixed MAF cutoffs or Poisson models may not represent the variance in molecule counts appropriately. Results: We evaluated our method against variants from 361 clinical samples that were manually annotated by reviewers with expertise in cancer genomics. Of the 11,679 heterozygous variants considered in these samples, 7,221 (62%) had two or more common SNPs in the same gene, so that a local germline heterozygous MAF could be estimated and the betabinomial model could be applied. Using the manual annotation as ground truth, we created ROC curves for a classifier based on the betabinomial model with varying p-value cutoffs, as well as a classifier based on MAF cutoffs. The AUC for the betabinomial model was 0.996, as compared with an AUC of 0.985 for MAF cutoffs. The ROC curve allowed us to choose a betabinomial p-value cutoff that maintained a similar level of specificity as a 15% MAF cutoff (99.2% for MAF cutoff, 99% for betabinomial), but with significantly increased sensitivity (89% for MAF cutoff, 97% for betabinomial). Conclusions: We have developed a novel method for differentiation of somatic versus germline variants in a single plasma sample. Identifying incidental germline alterations in advanced cancer patients may identify new opportunities to apply targeted therapy such as PARP inhibitors for BRCA1/2, and may also serve to alert physicians and their patients to familial risk. Citation Format: Tracy Nance, Elena Helman, Carlo Artieri, Jennifer Yen, Thomas P. Slavin, Darya Chudova, Richard B. Lanman, AmirAli Talasaz. A novel approach to differentiation of somatic vs. germline variants in liquid biopsies using a betabinomial model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4272.


We have investigated the production potential of the spin-1/2 excited muons, predicted by the preonic models, at the four SPPC (Super Proton-Proton Collider)-based muon-proton colliders in different center-of-mass energies. For the signal process \mu p\rightarrow\mu^{\star}X\rightarrow\mu\gamma X, the production cross-section and the decay width values of the excited muons have been calculated. The pseudorapidity and transverse momentum distributions of the final state particles of muons and photons have been obtained to be determine the kinematical cuts best suited for discovery of the excited muons. By applying these cuts we have gotten the discovery, observation and exclusion mass limits of the excited muons for two compositeness scale values. It is shown that the discovery limits on the excited muons in case the compositeness scale equals to 100 TeV are 2.7, 3.9, 3.1 and 6.7 TeV for center-of-mass energies of 10.3, 14.2, 14.6 and 20.2 TeV, respectively.


We demonstrate transmission of seven wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) bit-parallel channels with a total of 15-nm spectral span over a 2.5-km standard single-mode fiber/dispersion-compensating fiber link with less than 3-ps timing skew. The synchronized WDM channels are generated by spectrally slicing pulses from a single femtosecond fiber laser using a femtosecond pulse shaper. The small residual timing skew arises from the residual dispersion slope of the link. We measure a dispersion slope of D'=0.017 ps/km/mn/sup 2/, which is roughly four times less than for an equivalent length of dispersion-shifted fiber. Our work shows that the dispersion-compensating fiber technique could significantly reduce the timing skew for WDM bit-parallel transmission over a several-kilometer fiber link.