Section 1-Principles* Chapter 1 How to use the Maitland Concept of Manipulative Physiotherapy in Clinical Practice: An overview* Chapter 2 How to explain the Maitland concept to patients and to colleagues* Chapter 3 How to define Mobilisation and Manipulation* Chapter 4 The evidence which supports the use of mobilisation /manipulation in clinical practice* Chapter 5 Paradigms and Models: The overall role of mobilisation and manipulation in rehabilitation and clinical practice* Chapter 6 Clinical Reasoning and the Maitland Concept of Manipulative Physiotherapy* Chapter 7 How and when to assess and reassess the effect of each technique* Chapter 8 How to carry out an ordered, structured, and individualised NMSK [Movement] Examination*8a-Format and aims of examination*8b-Communication*8c-Subjective Examination [C/O]*8d-Planning Physical Examination *8e-Physical Examination [P/E]* Chapter 9 How to decide when to use mobilisation and manipulation techniques* Chapter 10 How to select and progress the most appropriate technique[s]* Chapter 11 How to perform mobilisation and manipulation techniques effectively* Chapter 12 Neuromusculoskeletal disorders which are more likely to respond to mobilisation and manipulation* Chapter 13 How to integrate the gains made from mobilisation and manipulation to help restore Functional Capacity and Performance* Chapter 14 The role of mobilisation and manipulation for patient who have chronic/chronic severe problems Section 2-Practice* Chapter 15 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Cervical Region* Chapter 16 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Temporomandibular region* Chapter 17 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Shoulder/Shoulder girdle region* Chapter 18 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Elbow region* Chapter 19 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Wrist and Hand region* Chapter 20 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Thoracic/ribcage region* Chapter 21 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Lumbar/Pelvic [SIJ] region* Chapter 22 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Hip region* Chapter 23 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Knee region* Chapter 24 How to Examine, Treat and Assess the Foot and Ankle region* Chapter 25 How to record Examination, Treatment and Assessment/Re-assessmentAppendices * Appendix 1 An example of electronic recording template* Appendix 2 Planning and reflection sheets* Appendix 3 Psychological assessment: An integral part of good patient handling skils* Appendix 4 Communication strategies: Further detail


Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larval form of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. We present a rare case of a 25-year-old adult presenting with neck swelling in the upper part of neck appearing to arise from sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. A definitive diagnosis could not be established on the basis of computed tomography and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The patient was taken up for incision biopsy, which confirmed cysticercosis. The case is reported to reinforce the fact that parasitic etiology should be kept in mind while dealing with a case of neck swelling.


Objective: We aimed to investigate the association of BMI in late adolescence and BMI trajectories in adulthood with chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) later in life. Design and method: Two cohort analyses were performed, firstly evaluating the link between adolescent BMI and CKD, ESKD and AKI throughout life, secondly assessing the link between BMI change from adolescence to midlife, and the risk of CKD, ESKD and AKI thereafter. Data from the Swedish Conscription Register, the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study, the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register were included. Patients were stratified into quintiles of BMI in adolescence and BMI change until midlife. Data were analysed using Cox proportional hazards model. Results: 1 324 831 subjects met the inclusion criteria for BMI evaluation in late adolescence. The mean age at conscription was 18.3±0.8 years and the average BMI was 21.6±2.6 kg/m2. 5593 subjects developed CKD, 2358 developed ESKD and 8029 developed AKI. In the adjusted analyses, an increased risk of developing CKD and ESKD was seen from the fourth BMI quintile (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.15-1.36 for BMI 21.9-23.6 kg/m2; HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.97-2.31 for BMI >23.6 kg/m2, for CKD), whereas the risk of AKI was increased already from the third BMI quintile (HR 1.15, 95%CI 1.15-1.24 for BMI 20.7-21.9 kg/m2). 32 221 subjects in a regional cohort had an additional BMI evaluation at mean age 42.1±8.6 years. The mean change in BMI between assessments was 4.8±3.2 kg/m2. We found that BMI increase of >7 kg/m2 from late adolescence to mid-life was associated with higher risk of CKD (HR 2.78, 95%CI 1.45-5.30) and AKI (3.49, 2.23-5.47) in non-adjusted analyses; only AKI persisted after adjustment (HR 2.60, 95%CI 1.58-4.28). Conclusions: To conclude, BMI in late adolescence is associated with CKD and ESKD, with increased risk from BMI levels >21.9 kg/m2. BMI increase during adulthood was only associated with an increased risk of AKI after covariate-adjustment, suggesting that adolescence is a critical period for the association between BMI and future kidney disease.


Adaptive fuzzy PID controllers, combining fuzzy controllers which are highly adaptable with conventional PID controllers which have no control error, have been used in vector control systems of permanent synchronous machines(PMSM). In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy PID controller of which membership functions are dramatically improved is designed and applied to a PMSM. Then, simulation in Simulink and practical experiment verify that the controller is well-suited for the system. Finally, a novel stability analysis method for those systems based on adaptive fuzzy PID is proposed and it proves that the PMSM control system in this paper is stable.


Exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) attenuates intestinal injury and decreases mortality in a peritonitis model. However, the role of EGF in sepsis caused by extraabdominal infection is unknown.


Early Pennsylvanian trace fossil-bearing deposits from the Crescent Valley Mine of Walker County in Alabama are correlated with those from the nearby Minkin Paleozoic Footprint Site. These represent end- members of a megatracksite that spans an environmental gradient from the inland, freshwater part of a deltaic system at the Minkin site to more near shore environments at Crescent Valley, where variable salinity conditions and tidal processes prevailed. This is reflected by preservation of a depauperate ichnofauna at the Crescent Valley mine. Recorded trace fossils are identified and interpreted as amniote trackways (Attenosaurus subulensis and Cincosaurus cobbi), apterygote insect trackways (Stiaria) and jumping traces (Tonganoxichnus), myriapod trackways (Diplichnites -Diplopodichnus), invertebrate burrows (Arenicolites and Treptichnus), and bivalve resting traces (Lockeia). A continuum of trail morphologies from chevronate, to feather-stitch and leveed forms is also observed. These are interpreted as recording the activities of juvenile xiphosurans and possibly bivalves in a shallow-water tidal environment. Arborichnus, present in deeper-water facies, is interpreted as recording the combined resting and swimming activities of adult xiphosurans. In contrast to the Minkin site, Kouphichnium is absent. The spatial and environmental separation of these different trace fossils attributed to xiphosurans reflects that of different phases in their life cycles. The environmental distinction from the Minkin site may explain the apparent absence of temnospondyl amphibians. The fish-fin trace Undichna is common at the Minkin site but absent from the Crescent Valley mine, which may be due to interrelated environmental and preservational conditions.


Purpose

This paper aims to provide evidence of an unintended observable consequence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption by examining opportunistic use of earnings management through revenue as well as expense items classification shifting in the year of transition.

Design/methodology/approach

To document classification shifting, the authors take advantage of the Korean mandatory IFRS adoption in 2011, when broad discretion was given to publicly traded companies' managers to present operating profits.

Findings

It is found that companies strategically use both revenues and expenses to manage core earnings at the time of transition by shifting other income as a common tactic to improve their operating performance and special expenses just to meet or beat earnings targets.

Originality/value

Given the concerns of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) about classification shifting behavior and the debate over whether the SEC should mandate the use of IFRS for US companies, the findings of this study are timely and contribute to authors' understanding of the unintended consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption.


This work investigates kinetics and thermal decomposition behaviors of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and two polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) samples created from PETN (named as PBX-PN-85 and PBX-PP-85) using the vacuum stability test (VST) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) techniques. Both model-free (isoconversional) and model-fitting methods were applied to determine the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition. It was found that kinetic parameters obtained by the modified Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method (using non-isothermal TG/DTG data) were close to those obtained by the isoconversional and model-fitting methods that use isothermal VST data. The activation energy values of thermal decomposition reactions were 125.6–137.1, 137.3–144.9, and 143.9–152.4 kJ·mol−1 for PBX-PN-85, PETN, and PBX-PP-85, respectively. The results demonstrate the negative effect of the nitrocellulose-based binder in reducing the thermal stability of single PETN, while the polystyrene-based binder seemingly shows no adverse influence on the thermal decomposition of PETN in our presented PBX compositions.


There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that patients with obesity face stigma in the NHS

 A multiple-choice survey was sent out to consultants in a university teaching hospital with an established bariatric surgery unit. Respondents provided information on demographics and perceptions of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results were presented as frequencies and this was analysed.

 There were 167 consultant respondents with M:F = 114:53. 58% belonged to medical speciality and the rest belonged to the surgical speciality. 90% had over 10 years of NHS experience. 46.7% were in the normal BMI range and 3.5% had BMI 35 and above. 1.8% were not aware that obesity is classified as a disease. 42.5% felt that obesity is a self-inflicted disease. 73.4% agreed that bariatric surgery should be funded by the NHS, but 12% disagreed. 4.2% were of the opinion that bariatric surgery is a waste of money. 97% agreed that bariatric surgery resulted in weight loss and resolution of comorbidities.

 There is a significant negative perception that obesity is a self inflicted life style disease even amongst the consultant work force reinforcing the premise that perhaps obesity is the last bastion of prejudice in the NHS.


"Combined Turbine Equipment Performance" represents the combined performance of the Gas Turbine-Generator(s) and the Steam Turbine-Generator(s), while disregarding or holding the performance of the remaining equipment in the Power Plant at its design levels. The lack of established industry standards and methods addressing the manner in which combined turbine equipment performance should be determined has invited confusion and has created opportunities for technical errors to go undetected. This paper presents a method and the supporting theory by which the corrected performance of the turbine-generators within a combined cycle plant can be combined to gauge their combined performance levels for either contractual compliance or for diagnostic purposes. The Combined Turbine Equipment Performance methodology provided in this paper, allows the performance engineer to easily separate the performance contribution of each turbine generator from the overall plant performance. As such, this information becomes a powerful diagnostic tool in circumstances where a reconciliation of overall plant performance is desired. Individual (gas or steam) turbine performance can be determined by conducting a test in accordance with the respective test code (ASME PTC 22 or PTC 6.2). However, each of these test codes corrects the measured equipment performance to fundamentally different reference conditions. Where the gas turbine-generator measured performance is corrected primarily to ambient reference conditions, the steam turbine-generator measured performance is corrected to steam flows and other steam reference conditions. The simple mathematical addition of the corrected performance of each turbine ignores the well-known fact that the steam turbine-generator output in a combined cycle plant is impacted by the gas turbine exhaust conditions, in particular the gas turbine exhaust flow and temperature. The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for the determination of "Combined Turbine Equipment Performance", review the supporting theory, highlight the assumptions, and develop useful transfer functions for some commonly used combined cycle plant configurations, and bound the uncertainty associated with the methodology.Copyright © 2007 by General Electric Company


Interpretation of radiographs can be challenging. Many factors are involved, but these steps all relate to one central idea ... be systematic. It begins with production of good quality radiographs, moves to detection of radiographic abnormalities, coalesces into creation of differential diagnoses and a radiographic diagnosis and concludes with a plan for achieving a definitive diagnosis. Making quality radiographs involves correct radiographic technique. Using a technique chart that is tailored to your x-ray machine and film/screen combination or digital detector best facilitates this task. Proper patient positioning is important for consistent projection of anatomy. Even slight obliquity of structures may create a very different appearance of normal anatomy. A significant part of image interpretation is pattern recognition. To facilitate pattern recognition, images should be displayed in the same manner every time. A complete radiographic study has a minimum of 2 radiographic projections allowing for more precise localization of lesions. Making only one radiographic projection often leads to more questions than it answers. Viewing images in a dark room without extraneous light is ideal. A systematic approach starts with pattern recognition from which a list of differential diagnoses is derived. Next the list of differential diagnoses is prioritized based on signalment, physical examination findings, clinical data and other radiographic signs. Sometimes, the diagnosis is evident after this step, but often a plan must be formulated to arrive at a more definitive diagnosis. This plan may involve more imaging (contrast medium procedures, ultrasound, CT, MRI), additional lab tests or tissue aspirates/cytology. Without prioritization of the differential list, the correct plan for definitive diagnosis cannot be formulated. The ability to describe lesions will lead the interpreter to the correct conclusion. The best method for describing lesions is using Roentgen signs. The Roentgen signs are number, size, opacity, position/location, margin/contour, and shape. These signs should be described for all anatomy on the radiograph. Thankfully, most of the structures on a radiograph are normal and are usually not described. Next, each type of radiographic series is reviewed in a systematic manner to ensure that all structures are evaluated. Many methods for evaluating each study are available and should be tailored to the individual. A method for evaluating the thorax, abdomen and musculoskeletal system are provided below. Ideally, radiographs are interpreted without knowledge of clinical history. This helps avoid bias when interpreting radiographs. However, this is impractical for most veterinarians. One must be cautious and not try to make radiographs fit other clinical signs or laboratory data. Each set of radiographs record a disease process at one specific, short instant in time. Comparing the current radiographic study to any and all radiographic studies of the same patient helps establish trends. One can evaluate if a disease is improving, worsening or staying the same.


Summary This article provides an overview of factors relevant to dementiacare today. The number of people experiencing dementia is increasing and dementia is at the forefront of health policy. The evidence base for person-centred approaches andinterventions in dementia is expanding and nurses are central to implementing these across care settings. This is an exciting and challenging time for dementia care and nursing has a majorrole in leading and developing these changes in practice. Thearticle discusses the importance of wellbeing and the MentalCapacity Act in assessing and caring for people with dementia.Psychosocial and pharmacological approaches to dementia careare described and the need to support carers of people withdementia is emphasised. Authors Juanita Hoe, senior clinical research associate, Research Departmentof Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, andRachel Thompson, dementia project lead, nursing department, RCN,London. Email: email@example.com Keywords


Summary The software that performs engineering and economic calculations for reserves' audit has been developed. The calculation process is carried out according to the methodology adopted by the company and meets the official guidelines of SPE (PRMS) and SEC. Modern tools were used for development of the software, including the use of one of the most popular programming languages, well-known libraries and machine learning tools.


Perturbed Runge--Kutta methods (also referred to as downwind Runge--Kutta methods) can guarantee monotonicity preservation under larger step sizes relative to their traditional Runge--Kutta counterparts. In this paper we study, the question of how to optimally perturb a given method in order to increase the radius of absolute monotonicity (a.m.). We prove that for methods with zero radius of a.m., it is always possible to give a perturbation with positive radius. We first study methods for linear problems and then methods for nonlinear problems. In each case, we prove upper bounds on the radius of a.m., and provide algorithms to compute optimal perturbations. We also provide optimal perturbations for many known methods.


This volume brings together sixteen essays by Louise Antony that reflect her distinctive approach to issues at the intersections of feminist theory, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language. Antony proceeds from the Quinean precept that we treat knowledge as a natural phenomenon. This approach offers feminists and other progressive theorists vital tools with which to expose and dismantle ideological conceptions of knowledge, human nature, and objectivity. Naturalism's focus on the actual (as opposed to hypothetical) circumstances under which human beings acquire knowledge illuminates and responds to feminist calls for a "situated" account of human knowledge. At the same time, Antony defends a number of views that have been the object of feminist criticism: psychological individualism, cognitive nativism, and the autonomy of semantics. These views are in no way incompatible with feminist commitments, which is good, because they enjoy broad empirical support. This volume also addresses a number of practical issues of concern to feminists: Does pornography silence women? Are we ethically entitled to moral partiality? Is legitimate authority possible? Why are there so few women in philosophy? Finally, Antony argues that genders are socially constructed and multiply realized categories that bring into concordance sets of properties that have no natural or rational connection to each other. Genders must not be identified with the categories "female" and "male," but human sexual difference is the material, explanatory basis of gender systems: But for the existence of differences in reproductive role between females and males, gender regimes would not exist.


This paper examines the impacts of recent Australian welfare to work reforms for low-income parents of school-aged children who had been in receipt of Parenting Payment – the main welfare payment for this group – for at least one year. Specifically, the reforms introduced a requirement to engage in at least 15 hours of work-related activity per week from the youngest child's seventh birthday. As was the case for similar reforms introduced by US states in the 1990s, these reforms had large, statistically significant and positive impacts on the hazard rates for exiting the welfare payment. Two thirds of these exits were exits from welfare altogether and one third were exits to other welfare payments.JELI38, J22


Towards the end of the first world war it used to be said that the situation in Berlin was serious but not hopeless, whereas in Vienna it was hopeless but not serious. I have often lightly used the Vienna situation as an analogy when discussing India with those who 'know' it only from the press and television, and so can have no appreciation of the capacity of India and its people to survive. In fact, of course, Berlin is really the correct analogy, for India's environmental situation is serious, very serious; but it is not hopeless. The gravity of the deterioration of land, water, forests, and air, and of the quality of life of a high proportion of Indians, has now been neatly documented by a dedicated group of non-official men and women, who have ransacked official and non-official reports and added personal observations of experts. Their achievement is part of the reason why the situation is not hopeless. The State of India's Environment [1982]—A Citizen's Report, has been produced by the Centre for Science and Environment, a recently-established private organization which operates an information service on science, technology, and development, and whose address is given in the heading to this review. The book is well summed up by the Editors themselves, as 'a dramatic picture in which the misery of the human condition in our country is mirrored by the sweeping degradation of its environment.' Each of the 11 chapters, dealing with various aspects of the environment, is preceded by half-a-dozen highlights calculated to chill the blood of anyone who cares about the future of India and its people. Here are some examples: Land—From a quarter to a half of the lands brought under irrigation could go out of cultivation permanently because of soil salinity and waterlogging. Water—Seventy per cent of all the available water in India is polluted. About 73 million man-workdays a year are lost owing to water-related diseases. In a 158-km stretch of the Hoogly, the average annual yield of fish in the unpolluted zones was 719.25 tonnes as opposed to only 124.94 tonnes in the polluted zones. Forests—Although the forest department controls 23% of India's total area, only about 10-12% of the country has adequate tree-cover. Dams—Siltation rates in the reservoirs behind major dams are from three to four times as high as the projected rates. The lifetime of the Tehri Dam may be just 30 to 40 years instead of the proposed 100 years. Atmosphere—India's premier pollution research institute claims that 60% of Calcutta's residents suffer from respiratory diseases because of air pollution. 'Habitat'—India's urban population has doubled in the last 20 years. In the 30 years from 1951 to 1981, Calcutta and Hyderabad have doubled their populations, Greater Bombay, Madras, and Ahmedabad, have tripled, while Delhi and Bangalore have quadrupled.


Background
Medical data in the form of radiographic routine scans is steadily accumulating. The analysis of such data through automated quantitative methods is believed to produce new information which would allow for more personalization of therapy. The present thesis investigated the use of such methods in head and neck cancer.

Material and methods
Pretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) scans from 74 patients present with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed quantitatively and a total of 92 image-based features were calculated. These features attempt to describe the shape and size of the tumor, as well as the heterogeneity within. The prognostic value of these features, as well as common clinical variables, was investigated for tumor recurrence and disease-specific mortality, respectively. Additionally, prediction of treatment failure was attempted using an artificial neural network. All patients received intensity-modulated radiation therapy and there were thus treatment plans for each patient in addition to the PET/CT scans. The non-uniformity of the dose distribution was studied using custom features based on the gray-level size zone matrix. These custom features measured the number of disconnected regions receiving either too low or too high of radiation dose, and differences in the sizes of such regions.

Results
One PET- and two CT-based features were found to significantly differ between responders and non-responders. The PET-based feature was the correlation (p = 0.0011), which is a texture feature derived from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix. It described the irregularity in radiotracer uptake on a voxel-to-voxel basis and results suggest that non-responders have more irregular patterns of uptake. The CT-based features were the variance (p = 0.0012) and skewness (p = 0.0027), where the former was found to be significantly larger among responders and the skewness more negative. However, image-based features performed quite poorly in treatment failure prediction, as compared to clinical variables, which had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.73—0.96) for primary tumor recurrence and 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.52—0.87) for disease-specific mortality. Three image-based features did, however, contribute significantly when included to the model utilizing clinical variables, which suggests that they may contain additional information that is likely to be of value. Of the five custom features calculated on the dose distribution, the one emphasizing differences in the number of disconnected regions was observed to be significantly higher among non-responders. No statistical differences were found in the sizes of low-dose and high-dose regions, respectively, between the two groups.

Conclusion
Quantitative analysis of routine scans may provide additional information regarding tumor phenotype, which is likely to be of value when used in conjunction with clinical variables. Additionally, texture analysis of the dose distribution reveals differences between treatment plans that are not captured by dose-volume histogram metrics. These methods are, however, relatively new in use on medical data and there are certain details that require further investigation.


Access to modern energy among Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries has not been evenly distributed and some member countries are still in a status of energy poverty. Therefore, ASEAN has initiated the integration of energy markets. Indonesia is one of the ASEAN countries that still needs to overcome the problem of inequality in access to energy, especially in remote, isolated, underdeveloped, rural and border areas. ASEAN Energy Market Integration (AEMI) is based on the logic that integration of energy markets would allow national governments to address energy policy challenges more effectively and efficiently than they are able to do on their own; it therefore emphasizes interconnectivity through trade and energy investment. This study analyzed the linkage between the points of agreement in AEMI and the implementation of Indonesian policies in the context of harmonization of regulations, development of energy infrastructure, and subsidy policies. Using qualitative research methods, this study sought to rationalize whether the linkage between AEMI and Indonesian policies was convergent or divergent. This study concluded that there was a convergence between the AEMI agreement and the implementation of policies in Indonesia to address energy poverty.
Keywords: AEMI, energy poverty, Indonesia, policy, electrification, new and renewable energy


This study is an empirical examination of possible differences between female and male college seniors' perceptions between male and female college professors. Subjects were presented with three variations of a scale designed to measure students' perceptions of university professors in general, female professors, and male professors. These students, both male and female, perceived that both male and female professors resembled university professors in general to a greater degree than female professors resembled male university professors. When females were compared with males using positive and negative items from the measurement scale, fifty three positive items could be used to describe female professors and only forty eight could be used to describe male professors. ********** No one would argue that there are differences between males and females. However, some segments of society have made the fact that women are different from men synonymous with the belief that women are, in some ways, inferior to men. One such area may be in higher education and the evaluation of professors by students. Several studies have looked at gender bias in student evaluations of professors. Such studies have had a variety of results. For example, Feldman (1993), Bachen, McLoughlin, and Garcia (1999) and Basow (1995) reported little or no, or inconsistent gender bias. Basow (1998) reported that students reacted differently to professor behavior based on their (student) gender. She also reported that professors behave differently in the classroom based on their gender. In a more recent study, Basow (2000) found that gender factors were involved in students' perceptions of and reactions to professors. In this study, she used a questionnaire consisting of two open-end questions: 1- "Think of the best professor you've had in college"; and, 2- "Describe what made him or her the 'best' in your opinion." The same questions were then asked with the term "worst" substituted for "best." Female professors were chosen "best" more frequently by their female students and less frequently by their male students than expected. Gender differences in choice of "worst" professors were not present. Students criticized the same things regardless of the sex of the professor. The purpose of the present study was to extend the Schein's (1973, 1975) original "male managerial stereotype" concept to include university professors. Is there a "male professor stereotype" which has the same negative effect on the careers of aspiring female professors as does the male managerial stereotype on women's careers in management? In addressing this question we wished to see whether outcomes would be different from Basow's (2000) results, which used a retrospective technique. METHOD The sample consisted of 242 students enrolled in the capstone course (Business Policy) within the business school of an AACSB accredited university located in the eastern part of the United States. Descriptive Index forms were distributed randomly and participation in filling out the questionnaire was voluntary and anonymous. There were three variations of the questionnaire dispensed. Students did not know that three variations existed. Of the total of 121 questionnaires distributed, 234 usable forms were returned. The average age of the group was 23.4 years. The sample consisted of 134 male students (average age: 23.6) and 100 females (average age: 22.8). MEASURING INSTRUMENT The 92-item descriptive index originated by Schein (1973, 1975) was used in this study. This index has been used several times, (including Brenner, Tomkiewicz and Schein (1989); Heilman, Block, Martell, & Simon (1989); Dodge, Gilroy, & Fenzel (1995); Tomkiewicz and Brenner (1996); Tomkiewicz and Bello (1997); Tomkiewicz, Brenner and Bello (1998), and Tomkiewicz (1999) to define male, female, African American, white, and Hispanic race stereotypes and the characteristics of managers and successful middle managers. …


Pentamethyl-monohydro[60]fullerene C60Me5H has been synthesized through five-fold addition of methylcopper reagent to C60. The anion C60Me5− generated by deprotonation of C60Me5H forms organometallic complexes with K+ and Tl+ ions with stronger metal-carbon interaction than that in the corresponding pentaphenylated ligand C60Ph5−.


Level routing LEACH protocol has uneven cluster head distribution, and each cluster head rotation takes place throughout the network, which will cause excessive energy consumption. However, the application of ant colony algorithm in multi-hop routing still has the problem of unbalanced energy consumption. By dividing the network nodes into regions, we can use the residual energy of the nodes as a reference factor to improve the method. By introducing node energy into transfer probability, this paper improves ant colony routing algorithm. The simulation results show that the improved algorithm can overcome the shortcomings of classical ant colony algorithm, which will achieve efficient and real-time optimal routing.


This study is driven by two separate but interrelated issues. First, it is driven by the desire to explore the effectiveness of assistive technologies in the structure of professional development of trainee teachers. Second, it seeks to explore the extent to which such technologies, as reflected in the use of digital recordings in the process of self-reflection by trainee teachers, can contribute to the promotion of a dialogic (Alexander, 2008) and cooperative (Edge1992, 2002 and 2006) approaches in the use of feedback for the development of trainee teachers with a focus on problem solving. The anchor for this exploration is the desire to move away from the teacher (educator) –centred role (Copland 2010) that is prevalent in the use of feedback in contemporary teacher training programmes.
The study surveyed the views of trainee teachers in two colleges through the use of a questionnaire and through a focus group discussion in consonance with the integrative approach to action research which acknowledges the importance of the voice of the third person (Coghlan and Brannick, 2010). The findings were subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the former through the use of the SPSS statistical analysis tool and the latter through an ethno-linguistic approach (Copland 2010). The study found that in the views of trainee teachers (third person), the use of assistive technologies can significantly facilitate the promotion of the dialogic/cooperative approaches to giving and using feedback in the professional development of trainee teachers if certain conditions were met. The study concluded that while these approaches are highly desired by trainee teachers who see them as more helpful than the prevalent teacher-centred approach, there is the need to develop a conceptual framework for its implementation.


Along with the development of the tourism electronic commerce, we started using advanced computer network and communication technology. At the same time, scholars began to widespread concern about tourism enterprise's internal and external resources, and then expand the tourism information dissemination and promotion. In this paper, we built the curriculum theory and the practice teaching system of tourism electronic commerce based on internet, and make empirical analysis of teaching evaluation system. The result shows that multimedia teaching and management informatization is the important part of education system innovation. For tourism management, how to make use of multimedia and the practice teaching to improve students' ability is especially important. On this basis, we put forward the construction of tourism electronic commerce course, such as a combination of teaching theory and practice.


PURPOSE: A method for forming oxide thin film, an electrical device using the low-temperature pressure annealing, and a thin film transistor are provided to manufacture elements on a glass or flexible substrate by forming oxide semiconductors in a low temperature under 350°C with use of a liquid. CONSTITUTION: An oxide thin film is formed on a substrate by coating a precursor liquid(P2). A heat process 100°C through 400°C in a pressing atmosphere is performed by using a gas(P3). The pressure atmosphere has 5bar through 20 bar conditions. The gas includes at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and hydrogen. An organic residue is removed by using a vacuum pump before and after the heat process(P4).


Flood Disaster May Be Greatest in China's I .History , By LLOYD LEHRBAS SHANGHAI, J une 15 (Wednesday) (AP) 'The Yellow river Iwirled over hundreds of square mUes of Honan province today, threatening one of the greatest flood disasters in China's history. Japanese mlli tary engineers reported 150,000 Chinese civi lians already had been drowned where the river broke through a 50-mile stretch. of weakened dikes on Its south bank. Fate of a large number of Japanese troops scattered through the area was not known. It was believed, however, that thousands nilght be trapped and drowned throughout the area. 'Japanese military officials sold their engineers were directing To Leave Iowa


The present work highlights the forms of procedures in Brazil, pointing out that it is not always the effectiveness must be placed ahead of legal certainty.


The Korea Customs Service has enacted and enforced the HS classification criteria to ensure consistency and uniformity by providing clear interpretation of HS and to provide predictability of classification to importers based on Customs Act Article 85 and 86. The purpose of this study is to review necessity of the classification criteria and problems in enacting and enforcing the criteria and to consider the improving methods. With regard to enacting the classification criteria, clear definition of preparation and exhaustive prediction of food processing method are needed and concrete and clear terms should be used in stead of abstract terms to prevent different interpretation. With regard to enforcing the classification criteria, the system to ensure the immediate reflection of the HS amendments and the timely revision for improving problems of criteria. Also training for balanced thinking in both side of natural and social science which makes possible to link the knowledge of goods and HS classification is needed


Many real-world phenomena can be intelligently modeled with complex networks. In this study, the most important optimization issues in complex networks are reviewed including network modeling, network sampling, network partitioning, link prediction, and influence maximization. For each issue, some conventional methods are firstly studied. Then, the most important challenges and future directions would be discussed.


The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an external phleboextractor (EP) in improving the results of total and short stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV) with particular reference to saphenous nerve injury occurring during the operations. Two hundred fifty-seven consecutive patients affected by varicose veins in the lower limbs (of which 22 had bilateral diseases) underwent total (Group A) or partial (Group B) saphenectomies by means of the Corcos' EP. The interventions were selected on the basis of type of reflux diagnosed by clinical and Doppler ultrasound examinations. The results were assessed 6 months and 3 years after operation. One hundred four limbs were evaluated in Group A and 160 limbs in Group B. After 3 years, 101 limbs in Group A (97.1%) and 155 in Group B (96.8%) had excellent-to-good results in terms of recurrent varices. Neurological examinations were comparable between Group A (11 saphenous nerve injuries = 10.6%) and Group B (10 nerve injuries = 6.3%). This study shows that total or short stripping of the GSV reduced varicose vein recurrence and neural compli cation using the EP.


Due to the increasing constraint on the use of veterinary drugs as growth promoters in nonruminants nutrition there is a need to develop alternatives in supporting the microflora of the digestive tract in their approach to control pathogenic bacteria. The prebiotics are resistant compounds to digestion in the animal digestive tract, but selectively fermentable by intestinal microflora. These compounds can beneficially affect native microbiota, immune system and intestinal mucosal improving the digestion and absorption of nutrients. However, not always the use of the prebiotics causes alterations in the biological response. There may be several factors involved that partly explain the lack of response, such as: differences in the chemical composition of the ingredients of the diet, differences in the levels (percentage) of the prebiotics used in the diet, adaptation and the selectivity of the microflora and stress factors.


In a large network environment it could take hours to confirm that routers are securely configured. Imagine a tool that could reduce this process to only a few minutes. The Center for Internet Security (CIS) has provided a tool to do just that. The Router Audit Tool or rat was designed to help audit the configurations of Cisco routers quickly and efficiently. The Router Audit Tool performs a baseline test on the configuration of a Cisco Router. The tool provides a list of the potential security vulnerabilities discover...


The enthusiasm for laparoscopy in general surgery was stimulated by the development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy'S2, in which, apar t from using a different system of visualization and some new instruments, the procedure is effectively the same as the open approach. Laparoscopic removal of the colon has been performed using either an extracorporeal resection and anastomosis or a totally intracorporeal procedure3v4. However, there are concerns that complete cancer resection may not be obtained or that the operative field may be soiled by faecal content. One colonic procedure that is ideally suited for the laparoscopic approach is abdominoperineal resection of the rectum, especially for benign disease. Such a case for intractable incontinence and prolapse is presented.


Frank Scott's recent and welcome article on this subject in The Mariner's Mirror focuses on memoirs written by those who sailed exclusively under Gustaf Erikson's flag.1 I would like to broaden the focus a little by high lighting some additional memoirs from the 'Erickson Era' by those whose experiences were gained in comparable ships with other owners during the same period including one or two under Erickson's flag missed by Scott. Examples in English include:


We derive, in a density-wave framework, the 'invisibility condition' for dislocations in quasicrystals. Our results should be essential for a correct analysis of dislocations in these systems, in particular for measuring their six-dimensional Burgers vectors.


Penile cancer is rare, comprising less than 1% of all male cancer. The commonest age of presentation is the 6 th decade and the most common variety is squamous cell carcinoma. Penile cancer has been found to be associated with poor personal hygiene and phimosis. Premalignant lesions include: Leukoplakia, balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) and giant condylomata acuminata. The most common presenting symptom is a lesion which is either ulcerative, exophytic, or papillary. Inguinal lymphadenopathy is a common finding in about 60% of cases, but half of the time it is reactive. Fluorouracil cream or neodymium:YAG laser treatment is effective for carcinoma in situ and helps in organ preservation. Surgery, either in the form of partial or total penectomy, is the cornerstone of treatment of penis carcinoma.


This work focuses on understanding the influence of temperature on correlations between thermal conduction and mechanical strength in material interfaces including a high temperature material interface. Analyses examine single crystal ZrB2, single crystal SiC, and a <0001>-<111> ZrB2-SiC interface using a framework based on Car Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) ab-initio simulation method from 500 K to 2500 K. Analyses indicate that the strength reduction with increase in temperature is strongly correlated to phonon and electron thermal diffusivity change. With increase in temperature, phonon thermal diffusivity increases in the case of ZrB2 and reduces in the cases of SiC as well as the interface. Electron contribution to thermal diffusivity increases with temperature increase in the case of interface. Examination of change in thermal properties at different mechanical strain levels reveals that the mechanisms of strength and thermal property change with increase in temperature may be similar to the mechanisms responsible for property change with change in applied strain.


Image denoising problem has attracted a large number of researchers. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of image priors considering the source of training sets, external priors and internal priors. The realistic image priors can be obtained from a large number of external example images or the corrupted internal image itself. However, external priors cannot give accurate image representations towards various corrupted images because the total number of example images is limited. While internal priors may bring too much noise along with useful information for denoising, which leads to unexpected denoising results. The most common assumption in denoising problem is that the image noise obeys Gaussian distribution, which is simple and ideal. If there are outliers in the corrupted images, Laplace distribution is more suitable to model the image noise. This paper proposes a denoising model towards image noise in Laplace distribution utilizing both external priors and internal priors. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is used to model external priors and l1 norm is aimed to deal with outliers. Experiments on some publicly available databases show the performance of proposed method, resulting in denoised image of high quality.


Neural network training requires a large amount of computation and thus GPUs are often used for the acceleration. While they improve the performance, GPUs are underutilized during the training. This paper proposes out-of-order (ooo) back-prop, an effective scheduling technique for neural network training. By exploiting the dependencies of gradient computations, ooo backprop enables to reorder their executions to make the most of the GPU resources. We show that the GPU utilization in single- and multi-GPU training can be commonly improve by applying ooo backprop and prioritizing critical operations. We propose three scheduling algorithms based on ooo backprop. For single-GPU training, we schedule with multi-stream ooo computation to mask the kernel launch overhead. In data-parallel training, we reorder the gradient computations to maximize the overlapping of computation and parameter communication; in pipeline-parallel training, we prioritize critical gradient computations to reduce the pipeline stalls. We evaluate our optimizations with twelve neural networks and five public datasets. Compared to the respective state of the art training systems, our algorithms improve the training throughput by 1.03--1.58× for single-GPU training, by 1.10--1.27× for data-parallel training, and by 1.41--1.99× for pipeline-parallel training.


The results of study of SHF influence on the officinal raw material of vegetable and animal origin are described. Comparative analysis of the results of SHF-heating and conventional thermal influence was carried out. Universal vacuum SHF installation for study of the influence of SHF radiation on officinal raw material and the results of study of it in pharmaceutics and food industry are described.


This study aims to find out whether there is an effect of using Quizizz learning media on the learning motivation of fifth grade students at SDN 3 Lemba, Soppeng Regency. This study uses a quantitative research approach with the type of experimental research using a True Experimental Design research design. The results showed that there were differences in students' learning motivation between the experimental class and the control class. Then continued with the N-Gain test, the N-Gain Score for the experimental class was 0.4 in the medium category and the N- Gain Score for the control class was 0,2 is in the low category. It can be concluded that the use of quizizz learning media has a significant effect on the learning motivation of fifth grade students at SDN 3 Lemba, Soppeng Regency


We test the two most commonly used lightning return stroke models, Bruce-Golde and transmission line, against subsequent stroke electric and magnetic field wave forms measured simultaneously at near and distant stations and show that these models are inadequate to describe the experimental data. We then propose a new return stroke model that is physically plausible and that yields good approximations to the measured two-station fields. Using the new model, we derive return stroke charge and current statistics for about 100 subsequent strokes.


Institute of Applied Statistics and Development Studies (lASDS), Lucknow conducted o survey based study' "Gender Bias in Intra-Household Food Consumption: Dietary intake and Pattern' for Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) to assess the difference in the dietary lntakes of different age-sex groups.


Culture is the soul of a nation, not only to strengthen the education to make the development of national traditional culture more rooted, but the present education of traditional culture there exists a certain difficulties and restricting factors. Traditional culture teaching actual effect is not obvious, so must be effectively improved, by adopting effective strategies, optimize the environment of the traditional culture education, innovate teaching way and method of traditional culture, implement the strategy of going out by traditional culture translation work to improve our country's cultural soft power, to ensure the new era of the traditional culture education to obtain the good actual effect. Cultural challenges faced by traditional cultural education First, input of foreign culture under the background of globalization and permeability make teenagers traditional culture education suffer a 'bank run' On the reform and opening-up, our country and quickening the pace of the world but the world is more of a single market, namely the input, output less under the background of the era of globalization, people's values and thinking mode behaviors dramatic changes have taken place in some ideas of western decadent lifestyle value orientation to fly into a world of teenagers, seriously affecting the healthy growth of teenagers. Especially since the 1990s, the western powers to use its strong economic and military power culture, or in pursuit of commercial profits as the goal, or for the purpose of conquering the world, with a cultural hegemonism, strongly promote the system of capitalism lifestyles and values such as western countries use the consumption of the cultural infiltration, cultural identity and cultural transplantation potential influence on the contemporary youth's life view and values that many youngsters in China has a long history of excellent traditional culture is not a cold, for Coca-Cola, McDonald's, KFC Disney CNN (CNN) MTV Popular Hollywood movies are popular. Second, the negative social culture under the restriction of market economy has influenced the traditional culture education of teenagers 30 years since reform and opening up, the rapid development of the socialist market economy to our country society politics, economy, culture, moral and ethos of injected new vigor and vitality the ethos of the current our country overall is good, but we should also see, because our country socialist market economy is not perfect, with the deepening of the reform and opening up, the society also produced many kinds of good and evil people mixed up of bad social culture. The bad social culture mentioned here refers to the culture that deviates from the dominant culture that conforms to social development based on the socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization, such as violating social norms, beautify violence, murder or crime passionnel, revenge, eroticism, gambling, etc. The bad social culture has seriously poisoned the young people's mind and psychology, and had a negative impact on their unformed outlook on the world, outlook on life, values and aesthetics. Third, the prevalence of youth pop culture makes the identity of traditional culture education of teenagers awkward 2020 International Conference on Education Reform and Innovation (ERAI2020) DOI: 10.38007/Proceedings.0001413 ISBN: 978-1-80052-009-7 105 In today's society is full of beautiful and variable compared with the past, today's teenagers live entirely in a bizarre stemming the diversity of the modern society the rapid rise of the popular culture and contribute, became the exotic scenery line in today's society all teenagers popular culture refers to the form in interact with society, have the independent value of the peer group identity and behaviour, including lifestyle, proposed by Chinese scholars Lu behavior patterns and psychological characteristics, from the youth culture. Youth pop culture is an organic part of youth culture and a special social and cultural phenomenon in modern commercial society. From the perspective of inter generational differences in cultural interests, especially from the perspective of cultural production and consumption, youth pop culture is not mass culture, nor is it completely popular culture. Fourth, the emerging culture represented by network culture makes the traditional culture education of teenagers lag behind 30 years of reform and opening-up, great changes have taken place in our social economy represented by network culture emerging high-tech culture catering to the psychological characteristics of the teenagers who are seeking for the new and difference. In today's society has been widely spread in Internet culture, for example, the implementation of the network culture, traditional culture education for young children to create a new cultural environment, provides superior platform and channel, but bring in advanced science and technology and ideas at the same time, also inevitable has brought the conflict with the social civilization progress of heterogeneous culture. In the face of those mixed network cultural information, if it can not be timely and correct guidance, it is difficult to avoid the youth's outlook on life and values do not change. The virtual characteristics of the network can easily lead to the indifference of interpersonal relationship among teenagers. The network culture will not only affect how teenagers view the society, but also how they view themselves, others and their mutual relations, and affect their physical and mental health. China has thousands of years of history, literature is the history of precipitation in the essence of the culture, the concentrated reflection of the spirit and values of Chinese culture of the Chinese classics is the historical precipitation of Chinese traditional culture, the load of the Chinese traditional factor and the basic elements of culture and thought, is the history of Chinese culture to go out and forward resources, passing on the values of the Chinese culture, Chinese culture texts should become an important part of world culture and human civilization to obtain international recognition in various media in the spread of Chinese culture, literature translation is one of the important part of Historically, Chinese literature began to translate and introduce works to the outside world in various ways very early. With the improvement of China's international status and the development of the strategy of going out, the number and types of foreign translations of Chinese classical classics have increased. It should be pointed out that there are still some regrettable aspects in the translation of traditional Chinese cultural classics: First, most of the translations of traditional Chinese cultural classics are done by foreigners (including churchmen, sinologists, ethnic Chinese etc.), and few Chinese translators are involved. Second, due to the extensive and profound Chinese culture, the subtle cultural and aesthetic significance implied in literary works is hard to be captured even by sinologists. In addition, due to the weak position of Chinese culture in a long historical period, many cultural images with Chinese national characteristics have been distorted to varying degrees in the translations of Chinese cultural classics, and some have been simply erased. Thirdly, the text of the classic books is polysemous, and its text value is various, but it is not fully reflected in the translation. Fourth, due to the development of the times, people have made some new achievements in the study of the texts of classical books, but they have not been reflected in the translation. In recent years, many scholars, including those in western countries, have felt that western modern culture is endangering our health, which gives us a good reason to establish a new set of values and belief systems in the relationship between western modern culture and other serious


Comparison of 10 co-receptor variant CARs revealed a requirement for CD28wt for optimal suppression by human regulatory T cells. Regulating the regulatory cells Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are antigen-specific immunosuppressive cells that help prevent undesired immune responses. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered T cell receptors that allow direct recognition of a target antigen without requiring antigen presentation. CARs, most often, have been used with conventional T cells, directing them to attack cancer cells, for example. CAR Tregs have also been developed for treating autoimmune disorders or transplant rejection, but their biology is not as well understood. Dawson et al. addressed this knowledge gap by systematically studying and optimizing CAR signaling domains in Tregs and then applying them to a mouse model of graft-versus-host disease. Antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a potent immunosuppressive cellular therapy in multiple disease models and could overcome shortcomings of polyclonal Treg therapy. CAR therapy was initially developed with conventional T cells, which have different signaling requirements than do Tregs. To date, most of the CAR Treg studies used second-generation CARs, encoding a CD28 or 4-1BB co-receptor signaling domain and CD3ζ, but it was not known if this CAR design was optimal for Tregs. Using a human leukocyte antigen–A2–specific CAR platform and human Tregs, we compared 10 CARs with different co-receptor signaling domains and systematically tested their function and CAR-stimulated gene expression profile. Tregs expressing a CAR encoding CD28wt were markedly superior to all other CARs tested in an in vivo model of graft-versus-host disease. In vitro assays revealed stable expression of Helios and an ability to suppress CD80 expression on dendritic cells as key in vitro predictors of in vivo function. This comprehensive study of CAR signaling domain variants in Tregs can be leveraged to optimize CAR design for use in antigen-specific Treg therapy.


Objectives:
 To compare electromechanical ventricular synchrony when pacing from different sites including right ventricular apex pacing (RVAP), right ventricular septum pacing (RVSP), His Bundle pacing (HBP), left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) and RVSP during unipolar pacing from the ring electrode of LBBP lead (RVSP
 ring
 ) in each patient during implantation.

 Methods:
 Twenty patients with complete atrioventricular block (AVB) indicated for dual-chamber pacemaker implantation were included. Unipolar pacing at different sites including RVAP,RVSP,HBP,LBBP and RVSP
 ring
 were successively performed in each patient while pacing characteristics and echocardiogram parameters were collected and compared.

 Results:
 Similar to HBP, narrower paced QRSd was found in LBBP as compared to RVSP
 ring
 , RVSP and RVAP(p<0.001). LBBP showed comparable pacing parameters to RVAP or RVSP and were significantly better than HBP, with maintained cardiac function. For ventricular mechanical synchrony, TS-12-SD was significantly improved in LBBP(27.00±21.53ms) than RVAP(54.05±34.21ms, p=0.004) and RVSP(47.56±33.26ms, p=0.029) but similar to HBP or RVSP
 ring
 . Among these pacing strategies, negative values of interventricular mechanical delay(IVMD) were only identified in LBBP(-20.16±18.47ms), significantly different from RVAP(33.68±30.98ms), RVSP (21.68±22.02ms), HBP (4.74±19.04ms) and RVSP
 ring
 (14.56±26.76ms(all p<0.001). Using Pearson's analysis, Sti-LVAT was found to be positively corelated with QRS, IVMD, TS-12-SD, LVEDV and LVESV while a negative relationship could be observed for LVEF.

 Conclusions:
 Similar to HBP, LBBP achieved better electrical and mechanical left ventricular synchrony than conventional RV pacing. For interventricular synchrony, only LBBP initiated earlier LV activation than RV among these pacing strategies, in consistent with the RBBB pattern of paced QRS during LBBP.


The title compound, tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]silane (SiAr′′′4, C32H12F24Si), is a minor product from the reaction of silicon(IV) bromide with lithiated 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Ar′H). The structure crystallizes with two half-molecules in the asymmetric unit, with each central Si atom positioned on a twofold axis in a pseudo-tetrahedral environment, with Si—C bond lengths in the range 1.873 (3)–1.879 (3) A.


Abstract A 2-year field experiment using a randomized complete block design with the treatments arranged as split-split-plot with three replicates was conducted to investigate the effects of different sowing dates. Different irrigation regimes and different triticale cultivars were tested during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Under cutting off irrigation at the milk development stage, Sanabad with 46.2% had higher relative water content on December 3 sowing date. Assimilate remobilization in cutting off irrigation at dough development was more than that at milk development and Sanabad had the highest assimilate remobilization on 3 December sowing date in both years. In both years, Sanabad had the highest remobilization efficiency. The highest contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain was obtained on 3 December sowing date in both years in Sanabad. Lower grain yield in Juanillo cultivar under cutting off irrigation, appeared to be due to reduction in remobilization efficiency, especially by cutting off irrigation at milk development stage in late sowing date. Overall, Sanabad was more tolerant to cutting off irrigation than Juanillo.


A problem of estimating the integral of a squared regression function and of its squared derivatives has been addressed in a number of papers. For the case of a heteroscedastic model where smoothness of the underlying regression function, the design density, and the variance of errors are known, the asymptotically sharp minimax lower bound and a sharp estimator were found in Pastuchova & Khasminski (1989). However, there are apparently no results on the either rate optimal or sharp optimal adaptive, or data‐driven, estimation when neither the degree of regression function smoothness nor design density, scale function and distribution of errors are known. After a brief review of main developments in non‐parametric estimation of non‐linear functionals, we suggest a simple adaptive estimator for the integral of a squared regression function and its derivatives and prove that it is sharp‐optimal whenever the estimated derivative is sufficiently smooth.


Standard budgets for household textiles were developed for rural farm and city families at low and moderate income levels and for small, medium, and large sized families. The budgets are based on data collected in interviews of 1,140 families in Iowa, Illinois, and Nebraska in 1971. After examination of several criteria for defining budget classes, data from 258 farm and 319 city families were selected for developing the budgets. All families were classified by income level and family size; in addition, for some items, families were classified by whether they had an infant under two and whether they had moved in the past year. Based on the data from these families, inventory of specific household textile items, number of items to be acquired new and from supplementary sources, and prices paid and total annual costs in 1970–71 dollars were established.

Eighteen items are common to all budget lists, regardless of family size, income level, or city or farm residence. Total annual costs are similar for farm and city families. At the low-income level, budget costs differ only slightly with family size but at the moderate level, there is a larger increment in total annual cost with increasing family size.


Tissue‐engineering techniques have been successful in developing cartilage‐like tissues in vitro using cells from animal sources. The successful translation of these strategies to the clinic will likely require cell expansion to achieve sufficient cell numbers. Using a two‐dimensional (2D) cell migration assay to first identify the passage at which chondrocytes exhibited their greatest chondrogenic potential, the objective of this study was to determine a more optimal culture medium for developing three‐dimensional (3D) cartilage‐like tissues using human cells. We evaluated combinations of commonly used growth factors that have been shown to promote chondrogenic growth and development. Human articular chondrocytes (AC) from osteoarthritic (OA) joints were cultured in 3D environments, either in pellets or encapsulated in agarose. The effect of growth factor supplementation was dependent on the environment, such that matrix deposition differed between the two culture systems. ACs in pellet culture were more responsive to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) alone or combinations containing BMP2 (i.e. BMP2 with PDGF or FGF). However, engineered cartilage development within agarose was better for constructs cultured with TGFβ3. These results with agarose and pellet culture studies set the stage for the development of conditions appropriate for culturing 3D functional engineered cartilage for eventual use in human therapies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Let G be a graph and W a subset of V(G). A subtree with the minimum number of edges that contains all vertices of W is a Steiner tree for W. The number of edges of such a tree is the Steiner distance of W and union of all vertices belonging to Steiner trees for W form a Steiner interval. We describe both of these for the lexicographic product of graphs. We also give a complete answer for the following invariants with respect to the Steiner convexity: the Steiner number, the rank, the hull number, and the Caratheodory number, and a partial answer for the Radon number.


There are many uncertain factors in aerospace structures, such as variations in manufacturing tolerance, material properties and environmental aspects. Although conventional robust design optimization (RDO) can effectively take into account these uncertainties under the specified robust requirement, it is less satisfactory in addressing these difficulties owing to the prohibitive numerical cost of finite element analysis of stiffened shells. To improve the efficiency of RDO of imperfect stiffened shells, a new hybrid surrogate model (HSM), taking full advantage of the efficiency of the smeared stiffener method and the accuracy of the finite element method, is developed in this article. Then, a new active learning method is constructed based on the HSM. Furthermore, a hybrid bi-stage RDO framework is proposed to alleviate the computational burden incurred by repeated structural analysis. An example of a typical 3 m diameter stiffened shell demonstrates the high efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.


This report investigates the requirement for CO 2 for colony formation by Bifidobacterium species in both anoxic and oxic environments. All tested Bifidobacterium species exhibited difficulty in developing colonies in an atmosphere of 100% N 2 but developed well when 1% CO 2 was present. In the presence of CO 2 , the oxygen tolerance of the tested species was not improved. In the absence of CO 2 , only B. boum , a microaerophilic species, could develop colonies under an N 2 -based 5% O 2 atmosphere, indicating that while CO 2 is not an essential factor for colony development, both CO 2 and O 2 have stimulatory effects on B. boum colony development. Bifidobacterium strains, known to be part of the beneficial flora in the human intestinal tract, were originally discovered by Tissier in 1900 (13), and more than 30 species have since been recognized. Bifidobacterium species are defined as gram-positive anaerobes, which do not grow under aerobic conditions (4); however, the O 2 tolerance depends on the species (1–6, 11, 12, 14), and some species are reported to show O 2 tolerance only in the presence of CO 2 (4, 7–10). The effects of CO 2 on the growth of Bifidobacterium species were tested with several species upon isolation and characterization.


Describes a method which combines the advantages of both systems already in use: nonlinear differential equations to allow for the nonlinear characteristics of the diodes, and use of variable topology using a breaker model for the diodes. The numerical simulation can easily and rapidly be carried out by the IBM 370-158 computer. The results are shown to be reliable.


Computer simulations are about to replace experiments in various fields. Regarding with this, the scale of model to be solved tends to be extremely large. In order to perform such large scale analyses, the authors propose the parallel use of several computers connected to a network. In other words, a computer network is regarded as a parallel computer. As a parallel numerical algorithm for the fimite element analysis, the present authors have proposed a domain decomposition method combined with an iterative solver, where a whole analysis domain is ficitiously divided into a number of subdomains without overlapping. The present algorithm is first implemented on a network composed of several engineering workstations, and the efficiency is confimed on the EWS network. The system is then successfully applied to the analysis of a sample problem of the order of one million degrees of freedom by using a supercomputer network which consists of several supercomputers.


For measurement of the concentration of oxidised cholesterols in foodstuffs, a method was developed by adapting the well-known enzymatic determination of cholesterol. A linear correlation was found between the absorbance measured after enzymatic reaction and the concentrations of 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, cholesterol-5α, 6α-epoxide in the range 1-12 μg. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by determination of the four cholesterol oxidation products separated by TLC from the non-saponifiable lipid fraction of 5-month-old whole-egg powder (stored under different conditions) and of biscuit enriched with egg powder. The main advantages of the combination of TLC and the enzymatic method, beyond its rapidity and sensitivity, are that the determination of cholesterol oxidation products can be carried out in parallel with many samples containing small amounts of oxidised cholesterols even in the presence of a large quantity of cholesterol.


@Pgogy It is also a balance of introducing too many tools with students. I tried really ahrd to reduce the number of tools my students


The conversion of [4-14C]7α, 12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one into 5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α-triol, catalyzed by Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from rat liver, has been studied in the presence of tritiated water and NADPH labeled with tritium in the A- and B-positions. It was concluded that the reduction of the Δ4 double bond involves a direct hydride ion transfer from the A-position of NADPH to the 5β-position of the steroid and the addition of a proton to the 4-position of the steroid. The reduction of the 3-keto group was found to involve a direct transfer of hydrogen from the A-position of NADPH to the 3β-position of the steroid.


Changes in land cover will always occur in forest areas either naturally or due to human intervention, changes for the better or damage. The Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimauis part of the Ambon City Protected Forest which was established in 1996, but there are still changes in land cover. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the land cover before and after the establishment of the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau. The research method used is a descriptive research method that explains the results of the map overlay of land cover changes. Changes in the land cover before designation as protected forest (1990-1996) contained 4 (four) land cover classes of Primary Dryland Forest, Secondary Dryland Forest, Shrub Bush, and Shrub Dryland Agriculture. There are 7 (seven) land cover changes after designation as protected forest (2000-2019), namely Primary Dryland Forest, Secondary Dryland Forest, Shrub Bush, Savana, Dryland Agriculture Mixed with Shrubs, Dryland Agriculture and Settlements. Changes in land cover are strongly influenced by social, economic, cultural and political factors, so there must be synergy from the bottom up and top down for socialization and affirmation of forest functions and their use by applicable regulation.The nearby study analyses the solid waste management in Tamil Nadu. Solid waste comprised all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded useless or unwanted. The increasing difficulty in managing wastes in different states in Tamil Nadu. On the basis of the results, it was recommended to increase public awareness through enlightenment campaign against danger of indiscriminate dumping of wastes as they affect human health.


ABSTRACT This article focuses on the metaphors at play in the construction of Brick Lane and its surrounding locale. It deconstructs the metaphors and mythologies which form an East End imaginary in order to explore points of friction. Rather than reading Brick Lane as a location that exemplifies a seamless and inevitable vertical sequence, in which each group of successive immigrants arrives, adapts and then moves on, the article explores the more horizontal interactions that take place between past and present and the sometimes jagged and lumpy interfaces that occur between Jews and other racial, ethnic and cultural groups.


The paper explores the delegation of state authority to non-governmental organizations. Such delegation is associated with the need of tackling a number of tasks, among which there are enhanced efficiency of public governance, budget savings, more citizen engagement in state affairs and quick response to fast-paced economic and political processes. It is assumed that the bureaucratic system based on the conservative principles of building the state fails to cope with them, which necessitates a large-scale administrative reform. The paper dwells upon the main provisions of authority delegation ideology set forth by the renowned scholars — representatives of the Libertarianism (F. Hayek, R. Nozick, M. Rothbard, E. de Jasay, R. Thaler, etc.). The author identifies the core ways of increasing the efficiency of public administration using such forms of power deconcentration as deregulation, co-regulation, self-regulation, quasi-regulation. Each of them relies on authority delegation to non-governmental organizations. The author provides examples of practical implementation of such authority deconcentration, classifies principles governing the process of authority delegation to non-governmental organizations.


Nowadays, social criteria such as economic situation, educational degree, and marital status and so on play a significant role in individual development and growth in community. Lack of such parameters provides background for mental tensions of individual and consequently appears mental disorders. It becomes more important that prevalence of mental disorders arising from lack of culture and social pathologies will occur in case of not being preventive strategies. This research tries to investigate economic status of mental patients and effect on crime considering statistical society of Azadi Hospital.Research methodology is descriptive- analytical. Economic status of families at the time of crime would occur in experimental group is included; 10.60 % of weak, 29.80 % of lower middle, 40.40 % of middle, 19.10 % of good economic status.On the other hand, economic status among control group is 10.50 % for weak class, 31.60 % for low class, 42.10 for middle class and 15.80 % for up class of economic status, there is a meaningful difference between then upon data obtained.


Abstract Electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermogravimetric behavior of compositions in the systems Y1-yCayMnO3 and Y1-yCayMnO3 were studied as functions of temperature and ambient oxygen activity in order to determine the mechanism of electrical transport and defect structure. Compositions in Y1-yCayMnO3 exhibited very slight oxygen activity-dependent behavior as the ambient oxygen activity was reduced. A defect model which includes the thermally excited disproportionation of Mn3+ into Mn2+ and Mn4+ pairs was applied to the oxygen-activity-dependent data for La0.80Ca0.20MnO3 and La0.60Ca0.40MnO3. For these compositions, the experimentally observed dependence of oxygen stoichiometry, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient upon ambient oxygen activity was explained using this model.


In order to ascertain the differences of biochemical components of Wuyi Ming Cong germplasm resources and suitable system,the tea polyphenols,amino acids,caffeine,water extract and flavonoids of ten different Wuyi Ming Cong germplasm resources were measured and analyzed.The results showed that the bio-chemical ingredients between different Wuyi Ming Cong were notable differences,some even reached extremely significant level.The range of variation was large,which could reflect the biochemical composition diversity of Wuyi Ming Cong germplasm resources.Acording to the phenol ammonia ratio,most of these ten Wuyi Ming Cong resources were suitable for producing oolong tea,a little part were suitable for making green tea,and onewas suitable for both black tea and oolong tea.It was worth mentioning that we had filtered out a high caffeine germplasm.


The level of political representation of female political party cadres in regional legislatures has not yet reached a minimum of 30%. This condition is caused by various internal and external factors that hinder the progress of female cadres to compete with male cadres. One of the obstacles and challenges faced by these female cadres is the weak leadership capacity. Female cadres cannot compete with male cadres in the contestation for the provincial legislative elections. The cadres must be able to increase their leadership capacity if they want to be able to compete with male cadres. The purpose of this training is to increase the leadership capacity of female political party cadres as a strategy to win seats in the DKI Jakarta Provincial House of Representatives. The methods used are education, training and simulation. The results achieved show that the training participants have gained understanding and skills in formulating strategies for winning the legislative elections for the next period.


Centroid algorithm, as relatively simple, depends upon the connectivity of WSN and nodes density, in which the error of node orientation is high, the calculation for the minimum error is too lager and the time which it takes too long. In this paper, a new node localization algorithm uses intelligent particle swarm optimization (PSO) to fast convergence speed based on the proposed weighted vector centroid algorithm. The simulation results show that the localization error of centroid algorithm is decreased rapidly and our proposed algorithm is efficient for WSN.


1 MJA 198 (9) · 20 May 2013 In 2011, we saw the Australian Census of Population and Housing recognise same-sex marriages for the fi rst time.1 However, we have also recently witnessed the winding back of civil union legislation in Queensland, which had previously allowed for legally recognised unions between same-sex couples, and there have been suggestions that same-sex couples should be written out of surrogacy legislation in that state. It is in this contradictory context that we are aiming to capture complete data on the physical, mental and social wellbeing of Australian children with at least one same-sex attracted parent through a national research project, the Australian Study of Child Health in SameSex Families (ACHESS).2 In developing this study, we considered what makes a same-sex parented family and how many of these families there might be in Australia. Here, we bring a fresh perspective to the concept of same-sex parented families in Australia by posing key research questions and drawing from the history of same-sex parenting and the present experience of these families in Australia. In the process, we identifi ed that this group comprises a very diverse range of family types, with possible implications for health care delivery.


Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential changes in choroidal vasculature in nodulocystic acne patients under isotretinoin treatment by using choroidal thickness (CT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and choriocapillaris (CC) flow area. Materials and methods This prospective study included nodulocystic acne patients under isotretinoin treatment and healthy controls. All patients underwent enhanced depth imaging–optical coherence tomography (EDI–OCT) imaging to assess the subfoveal CT and submacular CVI, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging to evaluate the CC flow area. Results A total of 25 patients with acne and 23 controls were included. The mean duration of the treatment was 7.20 ± 0.79 months and the mean daily isotretinoin dose was 38.7 ± 2.8 mg in the acne group. The mean CT and CVI values were significantly higher in the acne group compared to the control group (p = 0.005 and p = 0.027, respectively). The cumulative isotretinoin dose was positively correlated with subfoveal CT and submacular CVI (r = 0.434, p = 0.015 and r = 0.385, p = 0.033, respectively). Regarding the CC flow area, the values for area with a radius of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm were lower in the acne group than in the control group; however, the difference was not significant (p > 0.05, all values). Conclusion After a mean 7-month course of isotretinoin treatment, subfoveal CT and submacular CVI values were significantly higher in the nodulocyctic acne patients. Whether the choroidal changes are permanent or not should be investigated in future studies.


An optimized tracer-based approach for estimating organic carbon emissions from biomass burning in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia by Nirmalkar et al This paper by Nirmalkar et al analysed the chemical composition of daily PM2.5 filter samples collected in Ulaanbaatar during winter and spring, with the aim of determining the contribution of biomass burning to the PM2,5 load. The authors then applied multivariate correlation analysis (PCA) to determine the main sources based on the chemical composition and used diagnostic ratios to apportion the contribution from biomass burning. The authors con-cluded that biomass burning was a significant source, accounting for 68 and 63% of the organic carbon in winter and spring, respectively and that the very high contributions reflected the practice of wood burning for heating in the city. Ulaanbaatar has a well-C1 could more that the optimal ratio determined


The compression superplasticity of 1.4%C ultrahigh carbon steel(UHCS)was investigated,and the superplastic solid state welding of UHCS and 40Cr was conducted.The results show that the UHCS-1.4%C exhibits superplasticity compressed at 800℃ and at initial strain rate of(0.75~3.75)×10-4s-1,and the strain rate sensitivity is 0.31.The finer the martensite grain of 40Cr,the higer strength of the joint.With 40Cr sample's surface being laser hardened,the solid state welding of UHCS/40Cr can be achieved in about 3.5 min under the condition of 800℃,pre-compressed stress of 56.6 MPa,and initial strain rate of 2.5×10-4s-1.The joint strength is up to 460 MPa,which reaches 85% of 40Cr steel strength.The expansion rate of the joint is less than 4.5%,which indicates a precision welding.


Clean-coal power stations, with carbon capture, could provide an attractive solution for power generation in the future, since the world has enormous coal reserves. However, the clean-coal plants are expensive to build, so financial incentives will be needed to justify investment. Politicians will, therefore, need to establish an appropriate policy and regulatory framework if this advanced technology Is to gain a foothold. Jeff Crook reports.


1. Introduction, Junji Nakagawa and Daniel Magraw 2. The Ordre Public Dimensions of Confidentiality and Transparency in International Arbitration, Florentino P. Feliciano 3. Transparency and the Role of Domestic Process, Yuka Fukunaga 4. Why Should There Be Public Knowledge and Understanding of East Asia's Regional Trade Disputes? , C.L. Lim 5. Webcasting, Sofia Plagakis 6. Transparency of Investment Awards, Federico Ortino 7. International Investment Activities, Peter L. Lallas


In this paper, we discuss a series of photoelectron-spectroscopy (PS) and photoelectron-diffraction (PD) studies utilizing magnetic x-ray circular dichroism and fully spin-specific, multiple-scattering calculations for analysis of the experimental results. The test system used was perpendicularly magnetized, ferromagnetic monolayer Fe/Cu(001), prepared and probed at low temperature. Two sets of states were used: the Fe2p at binding energies of over 700 eV (large spin–orbit and small exchange splittings) and the Fe3p at a binding energy of near 53 eV (spin–orbit and exchange splittings approximately equal). The PS and PD measurements made were angularly resolving and compared to calculational results which were similarly angularly dependent. Both "exchange shifts" and intensity variations of spectral structure were observed. The impact of "j-state mixing" was seen in both the Fe2p and 3p spectra. Our results indicate a ferromagnetically ordered FCC Fe with a lattice parameter near that of bulk Cu. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the multiple-scattering calculations of both the Fe2p and Fe3p simulations to local order has been used to show that the overlayer structure posseses some level of imperfection or disorder as well.


h = 4n = 137e. (1.1) e This is the value predicted by Schwinger [2], and twice the minimum value predicte d by Dirac [3]. The mass was reported to be beyond 600 times the proton mass. Certain models o f weak and electromagnetic interactions permit soliton solutions with a calculable magnetic charge and mass. One simple model due to Georgi and Glashow [4] gives a Schwinger monopole with mass between 1000 mp and 9000 mp [5], but the model is probably excluded because it contains no neutral currents. In this paper we will disregard the considerable scepticism against the claim that a monopole was seen. We here consider an important question that arises when we try to extend models with monopoles to hadronic interactions. We wish to describe quarks with electric charge +-~e and ++e that are confined by some color confinement mechanism. But these third4nteger charges apparently cannot coexist with magnetic monopoles, unless


Drug development is not a simple process. If honest, most newcomers to drug development will concede that their initial experience as a project team member for a development project is disconcerting. Unfamiliar technical acronyms fly around the room. Team members with greater development experience and knowledge of the project often dominate the discussion. The new team members probably will be glad to conclude their contribution to team discussion and to escape from their first team meeting without making fools of themselves. Drug development is more comprehensible if the team member has the good fortune to join a project team at its inception rather than, as is often the case, as a replacement team member. It is at the initial team meetings that the core early development strategy is decided. Successful drug development depends on the quality of the development strategy. Ultimately, successful drug development is about translating science into an optimal investment proposal that provides value to a variety of stakeholders and customers. This can be achieved only be establishing a strategy which recognizes who the customers for new medicines are and addresses their needs. This will mean moving increasingly from designing ''for'' to designing ''with'' the customer. Health care provided in most countries has experienced significant change in recent years. Probably the


This work carried out the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with nitrogen through the Pechini method using two different kinds of doping sources: ammonium nitrate and urea. Nine samples were synthesized using different proportions of each doping source; including a sample without doping and doping of 0.1; 0.4; 0.6 and 0.8 in mole fraction of nitrogen for each source, with the formula TiO2-xNx. The characterization of the powder were used analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), UV spectroscopy, analysis of surface area (BET), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS. Likewise, several degradative assays of malachite green solutions were made with concentrations between 6 and 8 mg/L in a reactor of visible light with a time of 200 minutes per test. Samples which had not a pure diffraction pattern were selected for a purification process with deionized water to remove its impurities. This process was subsequently verified through another analysis of X-ray diffraction. The samples synthesized from urea reduced its bandgap in 0.03 eV, suggesting the absence of an effective doping, because the degradation percentages were lower than the exhibited in the dye degradation without any powder. The samples synthesized from nitrate showed better characteristics and yields according to the results of the analyzes performed, showing a percentage degradation of 87.37%, a surface area of 17,309 m2/g, a pure rutile crystalline phase after purification process and a granular and uneven surface.


We propose that self-control failures, and variation across individuals in self-control abilities, are partly due to differences in the speed with which the decision-making circuitry processes basic attributes like taste, versus more abstract attributes such as health. We test these hypotheses by combining a dietary choice task with a novel form of mouse tracking that allows us to pinpoint when different attributes are being integrated into the choice process with millisecond temporal resolution. We find that, on average, taste attributes are processed about 195 ms earlier than health attributes during the choice process. We also find that 13-39% of observed individual differences in self-control ability can be explained by differences in the relative speed with which taste and health attributes are processed.


We studied double superconducting (SC) domes in LaFeAsO(1-x)H(x) by using 75As and 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance techniques and unexpectedly discovered that a new antiferromagnetic (AF) phase follows the double SC domes on further H doping, forming a symmetric alignment of AF and SC phases in the electronic phase diagram. We demonstrated that the new AF ordering originates from the nesting between electron pockets, unlike the nesting between electron and hole pockets, as seen in the majority of undoped pnictides. The new AF ordering is derived from the features common to high-Tc pnictides; however, it has not been reported so far for other high-Tc pnictides because of their poor electron doping capability.


Objective:To increase the information of three long-latency brain evoked potentials in heroin addicts. Methods:A test was conducted in 32 cases with heroin dependence using the technologies of event-related potential P300,auditory evoked potential and visual evoked potential. The data were analyzed using the main ingredients in SPSS statistical software. Results:There were eight main ingredients from 24 electric physiological indicators,which reflected 80.318% of the amount of original information. Conclusion:These eight main elements may delegate the majority of brain-electric information of heroin addicts,and a combination of nerves psychological test can further rely on the psychological activities.


In this paper, a tunable fuzzy logic based servo controller for monitoring and control of the micro-electro discharge machining (micro-EDM) process has been developed, which uses the behavior of discharge pulses. The fuzzy logic applies a heuristic approach in dealing with the non-linear and time varying nature of the micro-EDM process. The control parameters affecting the performance of micro-EDM include gap voltage and gap current discharge pulses. It is important to discriminate between different levels of pulses for proper operation of micro-EDM. Discrimination of pulses from an RC-type power source is still an ill-defined problem relying on heuristics. The choice of appropriate values of discharge pulses is generally based on the knowledge and experiences of operators. In this study experiments were carried out to distinguish the discharge pulses, which were then classified into open, sparking, arcing, off and short circuit. The classified pulses were utilized as the input fuzzy sets of the fuzzy logic based controller that drives the servo system to maintain the desired gap width. The simulated results obtained demonstrate that the fuzzy logic controller is able to provide stable machining and improve the performance of the micro-EDM process.


A technique is described that can remove a photo-resist effect in the region of a photo-resist pattern which is not exposed to light. A phase shifting mask includes a phase shifting material layer 25 formed on a transparent substrate 21 and defining a region of light exposure, a light blocking pattern 23 formed on the phase shifting material layer 25, and a sill 24 formed by removing the edge of the light blocking pattern 23 to a desired extent and whereby the light passes. The method for fabricating the same includes the steps of forming the phase shifting material layer 25 on the transparent substrate 21, forming the light blocking pattern 23 on the phase shifting material layer 25 and forming the sill 24 by removing thereof. Thereby, it is possible to improve the yield and reliability of a semiconductor device.


The survey done in Wuhan,Huangshi,and Guangshui found that floating population has little knowledge of China family planning policy and the ways of its implementation.This may be one of the major elements that have negative impact on the implementation of family planning for floating population.In terms of management and related service,research shows that floating population has some certain preferences.This paper argues that population and family planning administrative agencies should adjust or improve their management and service to meet floating population's different demands.


This paper explores the current limits to the complexity of design and manufacturing processes that can be reliably created or executed by humans, as well as exploring the general categories of products that can't currently can't reliably be manufactured as a consequence. This paper also explores how nature removes those barriers to complexity in its design and manufacturing, as well as how nature removes the barriers to the complex cooperation through which this complex design and manufacturing become sustainably viable, and how General Collective Intelligence replicates the adaptive problem solving processes by which nature does so. Finally, this paper explores why the type of products that can't currently be manufactured, and why the patterns of complex cooperation that can't currently be reliably executed, are both critically important, and therefore why General Collective Intelligence is critically important to the future of manufacturing.


Prior to the Asian economic crisis in 1997, Singapore's official projected medium-term GDP growth target was set at 7% per annum. Since then, the targeted growth rate has been reduced to 5%. This paper examines the implications of the 5% growth target on the labor requirements of the Singapore economy. It is shown that the projected resident labor force will not be able to keep pace with the increased labor demand and the share of foreigners in the labor force will increase significantly even under the most favorable scenario. Some implications of the increased dependence on foreign labor in Singapore are discussed. With permanent immigration fixed at the current level, various policy options and their effects on the demand for foreign labor are considered. These include improving labor productivity, raising the total fertility rate, increasing labor force participation of older workers and lowering the targeted rate of economic growth.


What is a scientic theory ? And how relevant is this notion for a study of scientic knowledge ? This thesis argues that an analysis of the content of theories - conceived of as tools for representing and drawing inferences - should pay attention to the way agents use and understand them, through learning and practice. From this perspective, the form in which theories are displayed, and the context in which they are used, are crucial. This thesis criticizes some classical approaches to the notion of theory, and denes tools of analysis for a study of theorizing ; this method is applied to two case studies - in classical mechanics and in genetics -, which show its fruitfulness.