This report is a review of the chemistry of inorganic sulfur during recycle retorting of shales. Our goal was to learn what could be done utilizing conventional carbonate-based technology to minimize SO/sub 2/ from processing of eastern oil shale. Pyrite is the source of most of the sulfur in eastern shale. Pyrite decomposition during shale pyrolysis results in H/sub 2/S production, and during retorted-shale combustion both pyrite and pyrrhotite yield SO/sub 2/. We have measured the rate of capture of H/sub 2/S by carbonates and iron oxides. Iron oxides reacts with H/sub 2/S to form pyrrhotite, and the reaction is faster than the reaction of H/sub 2/S with dolomite. We have also measured the rate of SO/sub 2/ capture by mineral carbonates. We conclude that higher retorting and combustion temperatures and the circulation of high-surface-area dolomite or lime are necessary to reduce SO/sub 2/ emissions from the combustion of retorted eastern shale. Others have proposed to lower the sulfur content of retorted shale in preparation for combustion by steam oxidation of pyrrhotite. We suggest the use of CaO to accelerate this reaction by decreasing the concentration of the H/sub 2/S produced. 62 refs., 15 figs., 5 tabs.


In spite of what the title of this article suggests, I shall not concentrate exclusively on the memorials created on the sites of former National Socialist extermination and concentration camps in Poland. This does not mean, however, that I shall put aside the problem of spatialities of traumatic memory in Poland and of memorial architecture designed as Holocaust commemoration. I should rather like to explore and analyse memory work undertaken on the sites of former National Socialist camps in the broader context of Polish politics of memory as exercised with respect to different cultural trauma, or rather, historical and cultural traumas. I believe that focusing on historical events other than the Holocaust but nonetheless central for Polish national identity building and on the character of public memory shaped by monuments that commemorate those events can be very productive when interpreting Holocaust memorials. Crossreferencing and juxtaposing various sets of collective memories (and places), even though they almost never meet to create "sites of multidirectional exchange" – as Michael Rothberg would say2 – can nonetheless open the space for some kind of illuminating and perhaps critical encounter. Since I am concerned here with the politics of framing and reframing, "looking awry" or just suddenly changing a frame seems to be the best way to do it. In order to justify


Through analyzing the relations between actuality of out-flourishing people in China and the city development,it points out China has the trend of bursting city scale caused by floating population.And it brings forward that we must take city and village planning as the guidance,so as to build rational city system,and solve the population pressure of big cities.


Among the ocean energy resources, wave power takes a growing interest because of its enormous amount of potential energy in the world. However, suitable turbine type is not normalized yet because of relatively low efficiency of the turbine systems. A Savonius type turbine runner is adopted for CFD analysis on the turbine performance and internal flow characteristics, The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance and internal flow characteristics of a Savonius type direct drive turbine.


Abstract This paper is concerned with the Kirillov map for a class of torsion-free nilpotent groups $G$ . $G$ is assumed to be discrete, countable and $\pi $ -radicable, with $\pi $ containing the primes less than or equal to the nilpotence class of $G$ . In addition, it is assumed that all of the characters of $G$ have idempotent absolute value. Such groups are shown to be plentiful.


A phenomenological model of broadband impedance containing two free parameters has been recently proposed. This paper attempts to assign physical characterizations to these free parameters by relating them to the geometric dimensions of a stand-alone cavity structure.


A water-soluble hexadentate ligand H4bedik was reproduced and employed to synthesize the corresponding mononegative [FeIIIbedik]− complex core. In the complex formation process, NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2 bases were used in order to have the corresponding cations as the counterpart of the mononegative complex core. Thus, formed complexes were designated as complex 1·H2O, Na+ ion as the countercation; complex 2, K+ ion as the countercation; and complex 3·H2O, 1/2 Ca2+ ion as the countercation. Complexes were characterized by IR and mass spectrometric techniques. Additionally, the complexes were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In complex 1·H2O, where the Na+ ion was present as a countercation, a two-dimensional (2D) zigzag layer structure was formed along the bc plane. The two adjacent layers were parallel to each other and propagated along the same direction, and the adjacent layers were connected to each other by H-bonding. Thus, a three-dimensional (3D) network was fo...


There is no question nowadays as to the international and powerful status of English at a global scale and, consequently, as to its presence in non-English speaking countries at different levels. Linguistically speaking, English is one of the languages which have mostly influenced Spanish throughout its history and especially from the late 1960s. In this study, the impact of English on Spanish is considered in the language of sports; particularly, sports Anglicisms and false Anglicisms are analysed. Due attention is paid to the different forms that an Anglicism may adopt and to which of those forms are more widely accepted or rejected by prescriptivists and speakers at large, in the light of a contrastive analysis of their appearance in the Nuevo diccionario de anglicismos, the Diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola and the Corpus de Referencia del Espanol Actual.


Candida albicans, the most commonly isolated yeast species, is typically identified by its green colony‐colour on CHROMagar Candida plates. We here report four cases of Candida albicans infections, in which the initial identification was non‐albicans isolates due to a clear pink colour of the colonies on CHROMagar Candida plates. However, classical phenotypic criteria, biochemical assimilation pattern and molecular characterisation identified all four isolates as C. albicans isolates.


Objective  Thyroid hormone concentrations outside the normal range affect brain development, but their specific influence on behaviour and mental abilities within normal values is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether thyroid hormone concentrations are related to neurodevelopment and ADHD (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder) symptoms in healthy preschoolers.


Analysis of the affect factors of elderly osteoporotic fracture in Shihezi.On-site survey methods was conducted by a questionnaire survey over 60 years of age and osteoporotic fracture in patients with one to one survey at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University of Medicine and the Shihezi City People's Hospital in October 2010 ~ July 2011.By univariate analysis,gender,age,father history of hip fracture,mother history of hip fracture,current smoking,diabetes,hypertension,rheumatoid arthritis,history of previous fractures,whether daily consumption of tea,whether physical activity is affecting the region of factors of osteoporotic fracture.The multiple linear regression analysis,gender,father history of hip fracture,mother history of hip fracture,current smoking,and history of rheumatoid arthritis is affecting the region of osteoporotic fracture of the main factors.Affecting osteoporotic fracture of many factors in Shihezi regional,the affect factor can provide scientific reference for intervene elderly at high risk of fracture in community.


Preface 1. Why Are They Growing So Fast? 2. Developing Human Capital 3. Finance: Sharper Scissors Required 4. From Latecomers to Technology Titans? 5. Sprints, Spurts, and Stumbling Blocks 6. As Gravity Shifts 7. The New Asian Powerhouses and the World Economy in 2030 Notes Bibliography Acknowledgments Index


An efficient and high quality underground network is a vital component of an integrated public transit system. The underground system in London carries 2.6 million passengers a day, 50% of which are commuting to and from work. In addition to moving people within the city, large numbers of passengers are transported to Heathrow Airport. As an even larger role is predicted for the underground system in the future, a number of improvements must be planned and made so the system can meet the rising demand and quality expectations. The article outlines some of the priorities for the future, with the first one being the provision of the best service possible. The first two year program for 1999-2000 includes the following: refurbishment of numerous escalators; increased track renewal; refurbishment of nine stations; improved security; new trains; refurbished trains; acceleration in the strengthening of embankments and tunnels; and start of a step-free access program. Priorities also include substantial expansion of the rail network, initially by at least 16 km (10 mi) and integration of the underground with the rest of the transit system. The funds necessary for the maintenance/improvement/expansion program are in billions of British pounds, and the continued cooperation with private sector partners is essential.


The chronological age of members in an organisation has been found to be one of the determinants of their effectiveness, efficiency and performance, and organisational planners find it advantageous to monitor the age distributions in the hierarchical grades of the organisation, to maintain homogeneity and proper flow of personnel up the hierarchy. In this paper, methods have been devised to maintain specified age distributions for hierarchical systems in general, and also for a class of hierarchical organisations which follow 'proportionality' policies. Proportionality policies are those that restrict the recruitment to every level of the hierarchy to be in proportion to the promotions into that level, and are of relevance to organisations which outsource a part of their work, the outsourced workforce being notionally viewed as recruits to the system, and also to those which ostensibly aim to protect the career interests of their existing employees through such policies. The required or specified age characteristics are maintained by selecting recruits of the appropriate ages to the system. The theoretical analyses have been illustrated with numerical examples, and validated with real-world data. The results extend in an identical and simple manner to aggregate tenure distributions also.


TINA aims to provide an architecture based on distributed computing technologies that will enable telecommunications networks to support flexible introduction and control of new advanced services. The provided services and the supporting network and computing infrastructure will be managed in an integrated fashion. Network management aspects in TINA are addressed by its Network Resource Architecture (NRA), which has so far concentrated on Connection and Configuration management, with Accounting, Fault and Performance management aspects to follow.


The hemispherical spectral reflectance and the hemispherical total emittance were measured for copper oxide films produced by anodic oxidation. The anodic copper oxide films are shown to have desirable selective surface properties for use as solar absorbers.


This paper addresses the lack of theoretical work on young children in sociology by presenting an interpretive approach to childhood socialization. This approach extends traditional psychological views of human development by demonstrating that socialization is a collective process which occurs in a social rather than a private realm. The interpretive approach argues that children, through their participation in cultural routines, creatively appropriate information from the adult world to produce their own unique peer cultures


Territory loss and uninhabitability characterize the current environmental background conditions of the international state system. Such conditions present pressing moral questions about our obligations to protect those who are displaced by anthropogenic climate change. By virtue of our participation in the territorial state system, understood as a social practice, we have principled grounds to address some of the consequences of the uninhabitability conditions brought on by climate change. By assuming territorial instability and employing a practice-based method of justification we can identify a fundamental, basic right protected under the state system—the right to a livable locality—which grounds a moral obligation to protect against climate change-induced displacement. Assuming territorial instability and uninhabitability compels us to recognize that the causes generating climate-displacement are not merely natural but rather deeply political and that displacement is a foreseeable failure that results because of the state system's organizational structure.


Variable resoltion methods can be divided in two groups, bridging and zonal methods. The bridging method is aimed to provide the best possible physical fidelity on any given numerical grid while varying seamlessly between Reynolds averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) model and Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). Two of the most developed bridging methods are the partially integrated transport model (PITM) and partially averaged Navier‐Stokes (PANS) model. The PANS model was choosen here as the basic approach for the further theoretical extension but the conclusions derived in this work can be applied to the PITM model as well. It was shown in earlier studies that the implied cut‐off for the PANS method can be placed in any part of the spectrum including the dissipation range. This is done by varying the unresolved‐to‐total ratios of kinetic energy and dissipation. In the practice, the parameter which determines the unresolved‐to‐total kinetic energy ratio is defined by using the grid spacing and calculated integral length scale of turbulence. When the grid size is smaller, then more of the turbulent kinetic energy can be resolved. In the previous approach, the integral scale of turbulence is obtained by using resolved turbulence calculated as a difference between the instantaneous filtered velocity and the averaged velocity field. Such approach is impractical for cases with moving geometries or with transient boundaries. An alternative solution is to solve an additional equation for the resolved kinetic energy and then, the resolution parameter can be directly calculated as the equation for the unresolved kinetic energy is anyway solved. It must be only ensured that a modeled cut‐off length scale is larger than a numerical grid cell size. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Recent estimates of intergenerational income transmission suggest that there are vast cross-country differences in economic mobility. Under the most common models this is attributed to a combination of credit constraints and failure of some nations to adequately invest in the human capital of poor children. These models sometimes lead to the presumption that intergenerational mobility measures capture indices of fairness or opportunity and to policy recommendations to lower them. In this paper we show that such reasoning is premature. We present an alternative model, which makes many of the same observed predictions as educational underinvestment models, but has the opposite normative conclusions. In this model the disincentive effects of labor market taxation and redistribution, not public educational underinvestment, drive cross-country differences in intergenerational mobility. We test the predictions of our model using data on income mobility, tax rates, and public expenditures. The data largely supports the model predictions.


The general reader will need the Introduction which gives the historical background and some account of the life and personality of the author. A glossary of terms and a chronological outline of events are useful appendices. Nevertheless, de l'Estoile must be read with great caution. He did not frequent the court; he was not a high official in the government; he was a bourgeois trained in the law, a typical Parisian, ever eager to see and to hear some new thing; an inveterate gossip; a collector of trifles of all kinds; shrewd, practical, with a very limited experience and of only average attainments. He was attached to his home and resolutely refused to leave Paris during the siege (7 May to 30 August 1590). The Jowmaux give vivid descriptions of the privations and sufferings of the people of Paris during those four months. The important events of the time are described as he sees them: the Day of the Barricades (12 May 1588) and the flight of the king; the murder of the Guises (23, 24 December 1588); the assassination of Henry III (1 August 1589); the siege of Paris (1590); the murder of Barnabe' Brisson by the extreme faction of the League (15 November 1591); the conversion of Henry IV (July 1593), his entry into Paris, the pacification of France and the publication of the edict of Nantes (1599). Pierre de PEstoile represents the educated bourgeois of the time: Catholic but strongly Gallican, royalist yet opposed to the League because it was in revolt against the king and was being subsidised by Spain. He longed for peace and to see France united; also to see the rights of the Parlement, the independence of the crown and the liberty of the citizen restored. The Jowmaux contain much criticism of various religious orders and practices, details of many sermons preached by the fanatics of the League and mention of many religious leaders of the period. The author is not always strictly orthodox in the matter of the invocation of saints and the papacy. A critical edition of the historical portions of these Memoires-Journaux with references to MS. sources and contemporary writers would be of considerable value; it is a pity to have to accept the repetition of all the gossip, particularly about Henry III. This book is well produced with good illustrations and may induce the reader to turn to the complete edition of the Joumaux and to a further study of one of the most complex periods in French history.


A Novel Role for Arginine in Enhancing Neonatal Thermogenesis. (August 2011) Sorin Meredith Greff, B.S, Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Michael C. Satterfield Maintenance of body temperature is one of the first and most important physiological processes that must be initiated after birth. Failure to sustain homeothermy leads to hypothermia and death. Indeed, in sheep, 40% of non-predator lamb deaths are attributed to cold and cold-related causes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an essential mediator of thermogenesis in many species and is responsible for 50% of the heat generated in the newborn lamb despite comprising only 2% of body weight. Previously, we found that maternal arginine supplementation increased fetal peri-renal BAT by 62%. This observation led us to test the hypothesis that increased the amount of fetal BAT will enhance neonatal thermogenesis at birth and thus combat the effects of cold stress. Thirty-one multiparous Suffolk ewes gestating singletons and twins were assigned to receive either intravenous injections of L-arginine (27 mg/kg bodyweight; n=17) or sterile saline (n=14) three times daily from Day 75 to Day 125 of gestation (term=147). Following parturition lambs were removed from their dams, placed in a thermoneutral environment, and fed artificial colostrum on a per body weight basis. At 4 hours of age, lambs were cold challenged at 0°C for 2 hours. Rectal temperatures were recorded at 15 minute intervals. At 6 hours of age all singletons and one lamb of each


Objectives: Multi-drug resistance (MDR) remains one of the major obstacles to successful chemotherapy in patients with cancer. BRAF-activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) has been reported to be regulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, the researchers investigated the effects of ultrasound on BANCR expression, and its possible mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The Adriamycin-resistance of A549/ADM cells and the transplantation tumor model of A549/ADM in nude mice were established. Real-time PCR was used to quantify BANCR expression in cells and in mice examined with or without ultrasound. P-gp and MRP protein expression were measured by western blot. The cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Results: ANCR expression was significantly elevated by ultrasound in A549/ADM cells and tumor tissue from xenograft mice. In in vitro experiments, P-gp and MRP levels were markedly reduced by ultrasound. When the cancer cells up-regulated BANCR by transfection of pCDNA-BANCR, P-gp and MRP levels were inhibited. In addition, the down-regulation of BANCR by si-BANCR transfection elevated their expression. Conclusion: Ultrasound reversed adriamycin-resistance in A549/ADM cells by regulating BANCR expression, and P-gp and MRP regulation were involved in this process.


Delivering unsettling news to patients and families demands at least as much listening as talking, said Emma Jones, MD, and Christopher Collura, MD, during their interactive session "Breaking Bad News: A Roadmap for the Most Difficult Conversations," which allowed attendees to role-play these skills.


As the basic curriculum of the computer specialty in colleges and universities,Webpage Design provides the necessary basic knowledge and skills for the following professional curriculums.At the present stage,the textbooks and curriculum of the course in many schools still continue the traditional teaching mode which has many drawbacks.This paper expounds the teaching mode reform of the course so as to realize the talents training target.


Milk and diary products have demonstrated an anticariogenic potential in human and animal models, mainly assigned to the effect of a milk-phosphoprotein (casein) in combination with the calcium-phosphate components of these products. It has been shown that casein phosphopeptides (CPP) have the capacity to stabilize calcium phosphates in solution through binding amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to their multiple phosphoserine residues, forming small CPP–ACP clusters. The anticariogenic effects of CPP–ACP on hard dental tissues may be attributed to suppression of demineralization, enhancement of remineralization, or combination of both. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro and in situ the interaction mechanism of a commercially available remineralizing agent based on a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CCPACP) system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The agent tested was Tooth Mousse (GC International). The in vitro studies performed were: Α) Micro MIR-FTIR study of the extent of demineralization and remineralization on dentin specimens. Forty dentin specimens were prepared by horizontally sectioning the crowns of sound extracted third molars with hard tissue microtome. The specimens were divided in four groups (A-D, n=10 each). All the specimen surfaces were subjected to surface analysis by Fourier transform micro-multiple internal reflectance infrared spectroscopy (micro MIR-FTIR). The agent was applied on dentin surface specimens of group A, whereas no agent was applied on the specimens of group B (control). All the specimens (groups A-D) were immersed in a demineralizing agent according to tenCate and Duijsters (1982). After 7 days immersion the surfaces of specimens were subjected to micro MIR-FTIR and the mineral (P=O str of hydroxyapatite ~1000 cm- 1) to the organic matrix (C=O str of R1-NCO-R2 or amide I ~1655 cm-1) ratio was used to assess the percentage extent of dentin demineralization of each sample relative to its intact control. The agent was applied on dentin specimens of group C, while the specimens of group D received no treatment (control). Finally, the specimens of groups C and D were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days according to Smith et al. (2005), subjected again to micro MIR-FTIR and the mineral to matrix ratios were calculated again to assess the extent of dentin remineralization of each sample. Statistical analysis was performed by Student t-test (a=0.05) 154 Β) Micro XCT evaluation of the remineralization capacity of natural carious lesions, without cavity formation. Twenty carious premolars and molars with 2, 3 or 4, caries ranking according to ICDAS II criteria were used in this study. The teeth were imaged by high resolution micro-XCT and divided randomly in two groups (A and B, n=10). Tooth Mousse was applied on the carious surfaces of group A, while the carious surfaces of group B received no treatment. All the teeth were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days and imaged again by micro-XCT. The tomographic sections were recorded and reconstructed using the…


Design Golden Loop (DGL) can be used in the Design Process (DP) by the Development and Design Process (D&DP). General paradigm of the DGL is based on the iterative steps in the design process. Iterative process has been known since 1983 as a model. The model presented iterative work between a general task determination, depending on the problem. In the development process we used the generative model, which presents the basic function, values and parameters used in the design process as a framework of a task. Specification and function request, evaluation with iterative comparison between the function and form in general, experts assessment with product improvement and decision of results used is the essens of iterative design process. In the paper shown the detail steps using by the real project. The DGL was not generated at the end of the pump search but we start with the searching when the real problem has been recognized. The results are useful and the methods give opportunity as a model for the future design task.


Metastasis to the sternum from follicular thyroid carcinoma is very rare. Because of a resistance to radioactive iodine therapy, skeletal metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer are difficult to treat. The surgical resection of skeletal metastatic lesion can be a valuable complement to radioactive iodine therapy and it can offer cure with prolonged survival. We recently experienced a case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with metastasis to the sternum in a 60-year-old woman, who presented with anterior chest wall mass and pain. We present this case with a review of the literature. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:390-3 Key WordsZZFollicular carcinoma·Sternal metastasis·Thyroid cancer.


Abstract : Occupational Specialty Code (OSC) core tasks, MAJCOM, organization, and other duty position core competencies as required. AFSPC organizations will develop written guidelines for IPT. At a minimum the procedures will address items trained, proposed schedule for training and evaluation of the program. Base the training and training methodology on: AFSC/OSC core tasks, unit specific core competencies, duty position core competencies as required.


The invention belongs to the technical field of radioactive detection instruments, and specifically provides a portable gamma spectroradiometer. The portable gamma spectroradiometer comprises a power supply system (4), a detector system (5) and a signal processing system (6), wherein the detector system (5) comprises two single-layer CZT detectors (1) which are laminated together up and down; the electric signals of the two single-layer CZT detectors (1) are connected into the signal processing system (6) after being connected in parallel; the power supply system (4) is connected with the detector system (5) and is used for supplying power for a laminated CZT detector consisting of the two single-layer CZT detectors (1). The portable gamma spectroradiometer overcomes the problems that the efficiency of a single detector is not high and the precision of a final dosage value is not high caused by the fact that a portable gamma spectroradiometer in the prior art uses the single CZT detector in a single energy spectrum analysis manner.


Dozens of NASA-themed summer camps engaged and excited students with astronaut appearances, rocket launches, space food exhibits and even underwater training simulations.


Emily Schultz seeks in ''Fear of Scandalous Knowledge'' (Schultz 2010) to bring important approaches in science studies, along with recent developments in related fields, to the attention of fellow anthropologists. She also seeks to counter lingering misunderstandings and misrepresentations of the views involved. Her conscientious efforts to both these ends should, I think, be applauded and I am glad that she found my book Scandalous Knowledge (Smith 2006) useful along the way. There are, however, a number of places where Schultz's phrasing or emphasis may itself be misleading. I note some of these below and offer a few additional comments.


JEM © The Rockefeller University Press $15.00 Vol. 204, No. 3, March 19, 2007 467–474 www.jem.org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20060465 467 On the cell surface, TGF-β superfamily growth factors, including TGF-βs, activins, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), bind to type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. Upon association with the ligand, type II receptors form a complex with their respective type I receptors. Subsequently, TGF-β and activin signals progress through phosphorylation of receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads) 2 and 3, whereas R-Smads 1, 5, and 8 mediate BMP signaling. R-Smads of both pathways eventually heteroligomerize with the common mediator Smad4, and the resulting complex translocates to the nucleus and recruits transcriptional cofactors to control gene expression. Additionally, in a negative feedback mechanism, Smad6 and 7 inhibit TGF-β superfamily signaling by competing with R-Smads for Smad4 interaction and receptor binding and by targeting receptors for ubiquitination and degradation. In addition to the canonical Smad circuitry, TGF-β superfamily members have been reported to signal through other pathways, predominantly including members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family (1). In the hematopoietic system, numerous TGF-β family members have been established as modulators of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate decisions (2–4). BMP-4 is critical for mesoderm formation and, thus, hematopoietic development in various model organisms, as well as from human embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, BMP stimulation aff ects proliferation and diff erentiation of human hematopoietic progenitors and can prolong the maintenance of functional human cord blood HSCs in vitro through as of yet unidentifi ed mechanisms. Conversely, the TGF-βs are generally context-dependent, potent inhibitors of primitive hematopoietic cell proliferation in vitro. The mechanisms behind TGF-β–induced growth arrest in hematopoietic progenitors are intricate, involving both downregulation of cytokine receptors and modulation of genes involved in the cell cycle. Previously, it has been reported that TGF-β1–null mice and inducible TGF-β receptor (TβR) knockout models develop a transplantable lethal infl ammatory disorder aff ecting multiple organs (5–7). Smad4 is critical for self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells


Philadelphia, May 1, 1899. To the Editor: —In accordance with instructions given by resolutions passed at the National Convention for Revision of the Pharmacopeia of the United States of America, held in Washington, in 1890, I herewith give notice that a general convention for the revision of the pharmacopeia of the United States of America will be held in the City of Washington, D. C., beginning on the first Wednesday in May, 1900. It is requested that the several bodies represented in the convention of 1880 and 1890, and also such other incorporated State medical and pharmaceutic associations, and incorporated colleges of medicine and pharmacy, as shall have been in continuous operation for at least five years immediately preceding this notice, shall each elect delegates, not exceeding three in number; and that the surgeon-general of the army, the surgeon-general of the navy, and the surgeon-general of the marine-hospital service shall


OF THE DISSERTATION Modeling and Control of Single-Track Vehicles: A Human-Machine-Environment Interactions Perspective by Yizhai Zhang Dissertation Director: Dr. Jingang Yi Single-track vehicles, such as motorcycles and bicycles, not only provide an everyday transportation means and recreational sport, but also offer an excellent platform to study physical human-machine-environment (HME) interactions. The main goal of this dissertation is to present a modeling and control system design framework for HME interactions in single-track vehicle systems. The dissertation focuses on three aspects: autonomous vehicle design, vehicleenvironment interaction, and human-vehicle interaction. First, we propose novel modeling and control designs for riderless single-track vehicle to achieve agile maneuver navigation and stationary balancing. To achieve agile maneuver, the zero lateral velocity nonholonomic constraint at the tire contact point is relaxed. An empirical tire-road friction model is explicitly considered in the dynamic model. An external/internal convertible (EIC) model-based controller is designed for both trajectory tracking and path following strategies. Two different control designs are then presented to balance


Two field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of Nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of improved maize variety in the teaching and research farm department of Agronomy Obubra, Cross River University of Technology during the 2003 / 2004 cropping seasons. The experiment comprised seven rates of Urea (46% N) fertilizer at 0, 50, 90, 130, 170, 210 and 250 kg/ha with three replications. Urea application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves and ear weight, ear length and ear diameter per plant. The use of 210kg/ha Nitrogen produced the best maize grain yield of 2.43 and 2.96 tons/has in 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons respectively. Keywords: efficacy of nitrogen, growth, yield Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences vOL 3(1) 2005: 35-40


This essay proposes that an Islamic aesthetics and the modes of visuality to which they appeal can be characterized by the use of haptic space and abstract line, terms that Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari derived from the work of late nineteenth-century art historians. It argues that abstract line and haptic space traveled in ceramics on the Iberian Peninsula and in the western Mediterranean basin. I examine how Andalusian ceramics engage haptic space and abstract line, how Christian clients took up these designs, and how, in Spanish and Italian adaptations, haptic space and abstract line gradually deepened out and thickened up into optical representations. The essay also examines traveling concepts: gaze theory, from cinema studies to art history; and the haptic image, from art history to cinema studies.


This paper presents a novel method of applying Rule Induction mining algorithm for analysing the Telemetry Data received from a satellite in orbit. Health of a satellite in orbit is very important for it to deliver its intended space-based services. It is monitored by a set of house-keeping parameters which is received as telemetry by Satellite Ground Control Centre. This data is received continuously throughout the mission life of the satellite. Hence a huge repository of data is accumulated and archived. Analysis of this data by conventional means is tedious and time consuming. In addition, manual analysis can give information about related parameters. Data Mining techniques can be applied to explore the performance relationships by looking for unknown relationships between apparently unrelated telemetry parameters. The parameters of interest are collected in a multidimensional database. From the inputs provided, RuleInduction Algorithm generates a set of rules which are found to be meaningful and giving new knowledge. The results obtained from the implemented algorithm show relationships between related and unrelated parameters that can lead to emergence of new knowledge consistent with satellite design philosophy.


Graph Signal Processing is a promising framework to manipulate brain signals as it allows to encompass the spatial dependencies between the activity in regions of interest in the brain. In this work, we are interested in better understanding what are the graph frequencies that are the most useful to decode fMRI signals. To this end, we introduce a deep learning architecture and adapt a pruning methodology to automatically identify such frequencies. We experiment with various datasets, architectures and graphs, and show that low graph frequencies are consistently identified as the most important for fMRI decoding, with a stronger contribution for the functional graph over the structural one. We believe that this work provides novel insights on how graph-based methods can be deployed to increase fMRI decoding accuracy and interpretability.


1. A device for preparing a beverage, comprising a casing (3) and a removable tank (9) for water adapted to be coupled to said housing (3) in the operating position in fluid communication with a compound (17, 19) at the inlet water during use, said removable tank (9) for water formed detachably from said connection (17, 19) at the inlet of the water and placement in the inoperative position in the recess (27) formed in said device when the device is not used, when this apparatus is obtained Ia beverage soderzhit- support (23) for a cup projecting from the front side (3A) of said housing (3); - an upper projection (3U), extending from said front side (3A) of said housing (3); - at least one tube (25) for dispensing the beverage, mounted in said upper protrusion (3U) and spaced from said support (23) for the cups, wherein said upper protrusion (3U) and said support (23) for the cup forming between them said recess (27) for said removable tank (9) for vody.2. The apparatus of claim. 1, wherein said container (9) in said operative position for water is situated at least partially outside said shell (3) .3. The apparatus of Claim. 1 or 2, wherein said recess (27) is formed by said casing or chastey.4. The apparatus according to claim. 1, comprising a unit (5) for the beverage, disposed in said casing (3) and in fluid communication with said connection (17, 19) at the inlet vody.5. The apparatus of claim. 1, wherein when said container (9) for water is installed in said recess, said water container contained within the housing base (3) .6. The apparatus of claim. 1, wherein said container (9) for water


Atomic force microscopy (AFM) lithography has been investigated in La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 (LBMO) films. Unexpectedly, AFM lithography can be performed in LBMO film not only under a positive sample bias, but also under a negative sample bias. Under a positive sample bias voltage, grooves can be obtained directly with poor controllability and reproducibility. However, under a negative sample bias, controllable nanosized patterns were obtained with excellent reproducibility and a high etching selectivity. It is expected that various nanodevices will be fabricated by AFM lithography and etching techniques with perovskite manganites.


The 5 K superconductor La 2 Sb shares some structural similarities with the iron‐pnictides and ‐chalgogenides, especially the so‐called 122‐compounds, despite lacking a 3d‐metal component. In order to look for similarities and dissimilarities of this layered metal pnictide with the higher‐ Tc Fe‐based superconductors, we have performed a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the effects of hydrostatic pressure. Magnetic measurements reveal a linear increase of Tc with pressure at a rate d Tc /d P=(0.71±0.01)KGPa−1 . Band  structure  calculations show that (i) the states at the Fermi level have predominantly La 5d character and (ii) that the density of states increases linearly with increasing pressure. By using these theoretical results and a BCS formalism, a quantitative description of the experimentally revealed pressure dependence of Tc is possible within a reasonable range of parameters. Our results indicate that La 2 Sb, despite its structural similarities to the 122 Fe‐based superconductors, exhibits a BCS‐type of superconductivity.


This study examines the relationship between multidivisional (M-form) structure and productivity. The relationship is hypothesized to vary with diversification strategy. Findings based on longitudinal analysis of productivity data from 62 firms in industries, indicate that following M-form implementation, productive efficiency decreases for vertically integrated firms and increases for related diversified firms. For unrelated diversifiers the moderate increase in productivity is not significant. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1997.


We study numerically the chromoelectric-chromomagnetic asymmetry of the dimension two gluon condensate as well as the longitudinal gluon propagator at T ' Tc in the Landau-gauge SU(2) lattice gauge theory. We show that substantial correlation between the asymmetry and the Polyakov loop as well as the correlation between the longitudinal propagator and the Polyakov loop pave the way to studies of the critical behavior of the asymmetry and the longitudinal propagator. The respective values of critical exponents and amplitudes are evaluated.


Graphene nanoflakes have unique magnetic properties. Their so-called zigzag edges are spin-polarized. The reason is that this kind of edge introduce edge states, which can form a degenerate shell at the Fermi level. The degeneracy of this shell, and, in consequence, the magnetic properties of the flake are determined by its size and shape. Also, the magnetic ordering is geometry-dependent: it can be ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic [1].


The invention discloses a vertical deformation detection method and device. The method includes the steps of installing a part containing liquid at the position of a detection point, wherein when the vertical displacement of the detection point changes, the liquid level of the liquid can change; detecting the liquid level of the liquid, and converting the liquid level into the vertical displacement change amount of the detection point. The device comprises a cavity, a conduction system and a data acquisition system. The cavity is filled with a liquid medium. The conduction system comprises a float bowl, a measurement rod, a limiting device and an inclination angle sensor. The float bowl floats in the liquid medium. One end of the measurement rod is connected with the float bowl, and the other end of the measurement rod is hinged to the limiting device and connected with the inclination angle sensor. The float bowl drives the measurement rod to rotate around the hinge point along with liquid level changes, and the inclination angle sensor senses angle changes and outputs corresponding electric signals. The data acquisition system obtains the vertical displacement change amount of the detection point according to the electric signals. The method and the device have the advantages of being small and light in structure, convenient to install, capable of easily conducting tests, high in test precision, stable and reliable in a long time, and the like.


Working with complex data is one of the important updates to the 2014 ASA Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Programs in Statistical Science. Infusing "authentic data experiences" within courses allow students opportunities to learn and practice data skills as they prepare a dataset for analysis. While more modest in scope than a senior-level culminating experience, authentic data experiences provide an opportunity to demonstrate connections between data skills and statistical skills. The result is more practice of data skills for undergraduate statisticians. [Received November 2014. Revised July 2015.]


The study was undertaken: (a) to categorize the contents of educational computing articles using a taxonomy developed by Knezek, Rachlin, and Scannell (1988), (b) to examine the trends in educational computing subject matter addressed in community/junior college journals between 1977 and 1991, and (c) to identify and analyze specific characteristics of contributing authors and their employing institutions which might explain writing and publication biases.


approved: ___________________________________________________ Claudia Häse Haemonchus sp. is known to be present in geographical regions of Oregon that are more arid and warm, which has been the preferred climate of this parasite. However, it was not detected in Western Oregon bovine until recently. Haemonchus sp. was first detected in Western Oregon bovine from a fecal sample submitted to the Oregon Veterinarian Diagnostic Lab on August 6, 2014. This study was aimed to determine whether there are significant numbers of cattle from Western Oregon affected with Haemonchus sp. as well to obtain a geological understanding of where the parasite is located throughout the state. It was found that Haemonchus sp. is no longer isolated to eastern arid and warm regions of Oregon. This parasitic worm is currently being detected in noteworthy numbers in many different areas around Oregon year round. The rising prevalence of Haemonchus sp. is a concern due to the economic losses that can result from Haemonchosis. One hundred bovine fecal samples from Oregon, with a focus on those from Western Oregon, were examined during the duration of this study; thirty-eight tested positive for Haemonchus sp., six tested negative, and fifty six did not contain a significant number of Trichostrongyle eggs to be tested.


Our understanding of the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre Syndrome(GBS) has developed rapidly over the last 20 years. GBS can now be classified by clinical, neurophysiologic, pathologic, infectious, and immunologic criteria, and the interrelation of these variables is becoming clearer. Clinical and pathologic studies have divided GBS into demyelinating, axonal(motor and motor-sensory), and Miller-Fisher categories. Research has led to two immunotherapies, plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, with proven efficacy in GBS.1,2

Infections and vaccinations have long been known as frequent antecedents of GBS, but the special importance of the gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni was only first noticed in the early 1980s.3 The frequency of prior C. jejuni infection in GBS varies in different parts of the world, being 25% in a British and 45% in a Japanese study.4,5 An infection could trigger a neuropathic process such as GBS by direct infection of nerves (e.g., poliomyelitis or herpes zoster), production of a neurotoxin(e.g., diphtheria or botulism), or by triggering an immune response, either specific or nonspecific, which could then produce a secondary neuropathic effect. Indirect evidence for an immune mechanism in GBS includes the presence of lymphocytic infiltration of nerve and the ability of GBS serum to produce demyelination. The autoimmune experimental model of GBS, experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), is …


In contrast to AL amyloidosis, where clonal plasma cells in bone marrow produce immunoglobulins that are amyloidogenic, and familial amyloidoses in which a mutant protein forms amyloid fibrils, the incidence of AA amyloidoses has been reduced since the treatment of infectious diseases and rheumatoid arthritis improved. AA amyloidoses are due to amyloid formed from serum amyloid A, an acute phase protein produced in response to inflammation. With the reduction of chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis or osteomyelitis from the western hemisphere, AA amyloidosis is rarely seen; however, it still occurs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease or untreated Mediterranean fever. We report an unusual case of chronic hidradenitis suppurativa leading to AA amyloidosis.


Abstract The effect of mass transfer resistance on the reaction kinetics of immobilized glucose isomerase was studied, using a commercially available enzyme Swetase (Nagase Co., Japan). The effective diffusivity of glucose in the support matrix of Swetase was first determined experimentally with the Horowitz method. Using the concept of effectiveness factor encountered in reaction kinetics, a method for estimating the intrinsic kinetic parameters for immobilized glucose isomerase from reaction rates of the enzyme system was proposed. Knowing these intrinsic kinetic parameters along with the diffusivity of glucose within the enzyme particle, we can simulate Swetase's behavior in a CSTR, with a mathematical model. The simulated results compared very well with experimental values, indicating that the methods for determining enzyme kinetic parameters and substate diffusivity within the enzyme system were quite reliable.


Circadian rhythms describe biological phenomena that oscillate with an 24 hour cycle. These rhythms include blood pressure, body temperature, hormone level, the number of immune cells in blood, and the sleep wake cycle. The aim is to introduce common genes between species that are responsible for determining the circadian behavior, especially some transcription factors that serve to regulate many circadian rhythm genes. And the common molecular mechanism of biological clocks between fly and human will be introduced.


Abstract There is a growing consensus among urban analysts that inner‐city neighborhoods suffer from a lack of social capital. Because these areas do not have a strong social infrastructure in place to support successful revitalization efforts, urban policy recommendations now call for developing social capital in the worst‐off parts of our cities. However, this consensus has been reached without any empirical analysis of the effect of social capital on urban neighborhoods. Moreover, there have been few, if any, efforts to show how to measure social capital at a neighborhood level. This article proposes a social capital model of neighborhood change that measures social capital as a function of two constitutive elements: sociocultural milieu and institutional infrastructure. In addition, we present a theoretical model to show how social capital affects neighborhood stability and an empirical analysis that provides evidence of the positive effect social capital has on neighborhood stability.


This paper considers the role of strategic assets in the generation of company competitiveness. It takes the position that the resource-based view/dynamic capabilities explanation of competitiveness is tautological and ex post facto in its approach and proposes that competitiveness is derived from permanent infrastructural characteristics of organizational design providing a source of a continuous stream of temporary strategic assets or successful products, services and processes.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Progressive movement, whatever that was, and to what extent did it represent a significant shift? From the perspective of the late 1960s, historians who emphasized the changes rather than the continuities seemed to have the better of the argument. FDR and many other New Dealers considered themselves the heirs of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, but, as Otis L. Graham, Jr. showed, most "old progressives" who remained active during the 1930s judged the New Deal welfare state too coercive. And whether or not New Dealers were generally less moralistic than the typical Progressive, as Richard Hofstadter contended (and I would maintain that they were equally moralistic about different issues), they were-out of necessity-more hospitable to urban ethnic groups and political machines.1 Although the question was not resolved, it elicited so much interesting scholarship that a corollary inquiry looked like a historiographical natural: To what extent was Great Society liberalism continuous with the New Deal and to what extent did it represent a significant shift? With political history in eclipse, however, the answers have lately been left to pundits and ideologists. Neoliberal commentators like E. J. Dionne join Newt Gingrich and other conservatives who have made their peace with FDR in arguing that the Great Society brought decisive changes--often for the worse. Specifically, beginning with the Johnson administration, the federal government grew too big, economic entitlements eroded the work ethic, and demands for rights superseded acceptance of personal responsibilities. To his credit, Gareth Davies takes this second question seriously and understands that research is required to reach sensible answers. Unfortunately, his own answers are unduly influenced by current neoliberal conven-


Coal as the basis of energy,the price changes are passed to the various sectors of the national economy.The input-output price model estimated that the coal price movements generated by various industries as well as the consumer price index CPI,fixed asset investment price index,wholesale price index,WPI,GDP deflator,the three industries price index macroeconomic price index to deepen the coal industry continue to promote the reform of the significance and determination.


Many SMEs are affected by fewer business transactions due to the Covid-19 pandemic. These closures have made many workers lose their jobs while employers suffer lower economic income, forcing increased work intensity for those still with jobs. Whether people are employed or not, such daily stress would make single adults in China face more daily stress. Without family support, the physical and mental health stress will be more compounded in the single adult population. Hence, the need to extend non-clinical support to reduce their daily stress. This desktop survey aims to understand the effect of daily stress on China single adults, which will contribute to a more extensive study to create happy toys for this population group. Results from a systematic literature review synthesis on traditional reduce stress way, happy toys for stress relief and the benefits of reducing stress in China single adults are presented. They include findings on traditional stress reduction methods such as consciousness transfer, interacting with animals, musical audio, mindfulness, physical activity, and slow breathing. However, results also highlight cuddling happy toys with comfortable touch, cute images, and plush material are potential alternatives non-clinical approach to this study. These happy toys could indirectly benefit the SME producers who had lost their workers and designers who could create opportunities to earn lost income instead of helping the single adult individual only. Future studies include developing critical criteria for designing appropriate happy toys for single adults.ude developing critical criteria for designing appropriate happy toys for single adults.


This paper discusses the management system of environment emergency monitoring from two aspects of institutional improvement of environment emergency monitoring and emergency response procedure of accidental environmental events.Commenting on the institutional improvement,the authors of this paper mainly introduce some questions and solutions that should be paid attention in case there are accidental environmental events,and put forward their own ideas and views based on Department in Charge of Environment,enterprises,Staff,equipment,coping strategies and other aspects.While Commenting on emergency response procedure of accidental environmental events,contents that should be contained,formulate requirements and drill process are introduced.On the Pertinence of emergency response plan formulating,government department in charge of environment,principles and methods that various dangerous chemical goods producing enterprises formulate are commented.


THE following case is of interest owing to the unusual sequence of events, and also owing to its recovery following the isolation of the Streptococcus haemolyticus from a large abscess in the left temporo-sphenoidal lobe. C.N., a schoolboy, aged 10, was admitted to the Gloucestershire Royal Infirmary on June 16th, 1932 with a fortnight's history of pain and discharge from the left ear, accompanied by left-sided headaches. The previous year there had been an attack of suppuration from the same ear lasting a week. The left meatus was full of pus which rapidly reappeared when cleaned away ; the drum was red with a small posterior perforation and showed marked pulsation. There was no mastoid tenderness, the temperature was normal and the pulse rate 108. A definite paralysis of the left external rectus muscle was also present. The simple mastoid operation was immediately performed under ether anaesthesia ; extensive pneumatisation of the mastoid process was present, the antrum and cells being filled with pus under pressure and granulation tissue. The sinus plate was intact as was the tegmen antri. The following day the headaches were less severe, and three days later the external rectus palsy had cleared up. Progress was uneventful until June 29th, 1932, when there was a return of the external rectus palsy and the headaches, accompanied by vomiting and slight cervical rigidity. Lumbar puncture was carried out, the cerebrospinal fluid was under increased pressure and was reported on by Dr. Davey as " Cloudy fluid. Cells 1617 per c.mm. (polymorphs). Globulin increased. Tubercle bacilli not found. Culture sterile. Wassermann negative. This appears to be a case of localised inflammation." 30.6.32.—-Patient restless, headaches extremely severe, temperature raised to 99 • 4° and pulse rate to 104, vomiting more frequent and cerebral in character, and a definite " naming " aphasia was present for the first time.


This study was conducted to describe the perceptions of nursing applicants about their chosen profession and to explore the factors which influenced their understanding.


This paper presents a method for estimating the upper and lower bounds of eigenvalues of structures with uncertainties. The uncertain parameters are described by the convex model. A numerical example of the frame structure is given to illustrate the efficiency of the method.


Energy and, in particular, the clean energy, is an important scientific topic that needs special attention by the scientific community Worldwide and, more so, in the context of the developing countries. Amongst different kind of renewable energy sources, bioenergy has to play an important role in the future energy supply scenario. It is in this context that ENEA, in the framework of a project financed by the Italian Ministry for the Economic Development, has focused its attention on the performance, costs and market prospects of technologies used for the production, transformation and final efficient use of bioenergy. The work is addressed basically to the energy experts, stakeholders and decision makers as well as consumers who have to make choices on energy technologies.


Informal care provided by family and friends is widely recognized as one of the key factors in keeping long-term care financially manageable for individuals as well as for public programs. Sociodemographic trends predict that the demand for formal and informal home care services among the elderly will increase faster than the supply. Programs that allow volunteers to earn credits later redeemable for comparable services when they may be required are beginning to be examined as a way to help fill the need for respite services and other basic home care services. This paper examines key considerations of the service credit concept in the context of existing programs and initiatives designed to encourage its development.


In a recent seminar in Lethaia, Kaufman & Smith (2002) indicate a number of statistical problems with the methodology of multiple regression analysis used by Palmqvist et al. (1999) for predicting the body mass of Pleistocene canids from cranial and dental measurements. SpeciŽ cally, they cite their inability to reproduce the equation published by Palmqvist et al. (1999, p. 78) or calculate the values adjusted for the regression coefŽ cients with the same metric data. The discrepancy arises because the mean estimates of body mass used by Palmqvist et al. (1999) for extant canids were not those reproduced in their table 1, but slightly different ones which included corrections for averaging the mass of both sexes for each species. The correct values are presented here (Table 1). There are slight differences between the regression coefŽ cients provided by Palmqvist et al. (1999) and those supplied by Kaufman & Smith (2002); even so, the estimates of body mass obtained for Pleistocene canids with both sets of equations are remarkably similar. A more important issue outlined by Kaufman & Smith (2002) is that the ratio of samples (N) to predictor variables (P) used in the multiple regression equation of Palmqvist et al. (1999) is low (10:7) and should have been limited to at least 10:1 (Darlington 1990). Partly to avoid this problem, Kaufman & Smith (2002) provide a regression equation that combines only two dental measurements, the mesiodistal length of the upper canine and the buccolingual breadth of the lower fourth premolar. This equation, however, is virtually identical to the one obtained by Prevosti & Palmqvist (2001, p. 379) using a stepwise procedure for selection of variables to be included within the regression function; unfortunately, the latter article was not available for Kaufman & Smith (2002). Kaufman & Smith (2002) recall that 'decisions need to be made in analyses of this kind (i.e. the estimation of body mass for extinct taxa) that require expertise in the biology and ecology of the animals under consideration', but state that they 'are both primatologists, and do not feel qualiŽ ed to seriously evaluate Carnivora'. They select the best predictor for body mass from metric data in Palmqvist et al. (1999), the mesiodistal length of the upper canine. The body masses predicted with their equation for Canis (Xenocyon) falconeri and Canis etruscus are, respectively, 31.9 and 7.8 kg. However, they Ž nd reason to question these values (but a wrong reason, as explained below), because according to the data in table 1 of Palmqvist et al. (1999) the length and width of the canines of C. falconeri are greater than twice the corresponding values for C. etruscus, while for every other tooth measurement the difference between both species is much smaller. Because of this difference, and given that the canine teeth are sexually dimorphic in some carnivores (e.g. big cats and bears; see Van Valkenburgh & Ruff 1987), they suggest the possibility that the mean values for canine dimensions provided by Palmqvist et al. (1999) for each Pleistocene species 'happen by chance to represent mostly male size for the larger species and mostly female size for the smaller species. If this is the case, then body masses determined from canines would magnify true species differences'. The latter suggestion, however, is incorrect. It is true that the great apes show a high level of sexual dimorphism in the size of the upper canines, which correlates well with differences in body mass between both sexes, re ecting the level of competence among males (see Plavcan & van Schaik 1997). However, the estimates of dimorphism provided for canids in Table 1 show that the canines of these carnivores are not as dimorphic as those in primates. The dimorphism in body mass for each canid species, calculated dividing the logarithm of the mean mass for males by the corresponding log-value for females (i.e. the procedure described by Plavcan & van Schaik 1997), ranges between 0.65 and 1.18. The dimorphism for upper canine length has a narrower range,  uctuating between 0.92 and 1.16. The latter range is similar to those for other tooth measurements, such as the length of the upper and lower carnassial teeth (Table 1). The comparative study of tooth measurements in modern canids by Palmqvist et al. (1999) revealed a close relationship between craniodental morphology and feeding behaviour in hypercarnivores (i.e. those species that hunt large prey in packs, with diets consisting of >70% vertebrate meat) and carnivores/omnivores (i.e. those canids of solitary habits, in which meat represents <70% of diet, with fruits and insects making up the balance). Using principal components and discriminant function analysis, Palmqvist et al. (1999: Fig. 1) found that the upper canines were disproportionately larger in C. falconeri than in C. etruscus, because the former species had a diet based exclusively on  esh (i.e. similar to that of modern Eurasian and North American gray wolf (Canis lupus), Indian dhole (Cuon alpinus), African painted dog (Lycaon pictus) and South American bush dog (Speothos venaticus)), while the latter had a more omnivorous diet (i.e. as in African jackals (Canis adustus, C. aureus and C. mesomelas) and North American coyote (C. latrans)). This subsequently is also supported by biogeochemical analyses of carbonand nitrogen-isotope ratios from bone collagen and trace-element ratios of bone hydroxylapatite, used for determining the dietary niches of fossil mammals from Venta Micena (Grocke et al. 2002; Palmqvist et al. in prep.). C and N values of canids suggest an open environment for both species and record their trophic level, indicating a diet based exclusively on  esh for C. falconeri, similar to that of contemporaneous sabre-tooth felids, and a more omnivorous feeding behaviour for C. etruscus. Although the ecomorphological study of Palmqvist et al. (1999) revealed that the upper canines of hypercarnivorous canids are comparatively larger than those in omnivores, for other variables (e.g. the size of the talonid basin in the lower carnassial or jaw length) such a trend is reversed. There are two morphometric indexes, the buccolingual breadth of upper canine teeth and jaw depth measured at the level of the second molar, divided by mandible length in both cases, that illustrate the differences between both feeding groups: Fig. 1 shows that hypercarnivorous canids have larger canines and more stoutly built mandibles than omnivorous species, with the only exception of the South American red fox (Dusicyon culpaeus), in which the canines are disproportionately wide. For this reason, the regression equation adjusted by Kaufman & Smith (2002), based exclusively on upper canine length, is inadequate, providing non-randomly distributed deviations between observed and predicted values of mass for living canids, and thus biased estimates for fossil species. Using metric data in Table 1, a regression analysis was performed in a large data set of canid species (N = 28) that includes representatives of 14 genera of the three extant canid subfamilies Lethaia Discussion Lethaia, Vol. 35, pp. 358–360. Oslo, 2002 12 15


BlowformingcharacteristicsofAZ31Mgalloyrecycledbysolid-staterecyclingwereinvestigated.Cylindricalscrapsandmachinedchipswere recycled by hot extrusion and hot rolling in air. Oxide layers were observed in the recycled specimens by oxygen mapping with EPMA(Electron Probe Micro Analyser). The interval of the oxygen layers for the specimen from machined chips was much shorter than that for thespecimenfromcylindrical scraps.Asaresultoftensiletests,themechanicalpropertiesofthespecimenfromcylindrical scrapswerefoundtobealmost the same as those of a rolled specimen from a virgin ingot. On the other hand, at elevated temperatures, the elongation of the specimensfrom machined chips was low, compared with those of the rolled specimens from a virgin ingot. The large amount of oxide contamination islikely to be responsible for the lower elongation of the specimens from machined chips. In blow-forming tests, the specimen from cylindricalscraps exhibited excellent formability similar to the rolled specimen from a virgin ingot. However, the specimen from machined chips showedpoor formability. Thus, oxide contamination adversely affected the formability of recycled Mg alloy.(Received November 5, 2003; Accepted January 6, 2004)Keywords: magnesium alloy, solid-state recycling, tensile tests, superplasticity, blow forming


In this work, the spectrum of the second‐order difference equation f(n+1)+f(n−1)=[E−φ(n)]f(n) in the l2 Hilbert space is studied for the case in which the limit of the sequence {φ(n)}n=1∞ exists. By means of a simple representation the problem is transferred to one about the spectrum of an abstract operator in a separable Hilbert space. This operator T has a form analogous to the Schrodinger operator, namely T = T0 + A, where T0 is self‐adjoint with a purely continuous spectrum but bounded, while A depends on the sequence {φ(n)}. In fact, A is of Hilbert‐Schmidt type for any {φ(n)} in l2, and of trace class if the series ∑n=1∞|φ(n)| converges. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a discrete spectrum and more generally, of proper values, are found. Using the theory of the wave operators Ω±=s−lim lim t→±∞exp (iTt) range exp (−iT0t), results on the existence of a mixed spectrum are obtained.In this work, the spectrum of the second‐order difference equation f(n+1)+f(n−1)=[E−φ(n)]f(n) in the l2 Hilbert space is studied for the case in which the limit of the sequence {φ(n)}n=1∞ exists. By means of a simple representation the problem is transferred to one about the spectrum of an abstract operator in a separable Hilbert space. This operator T has a form analogous to the Schrodinger operator, namely T = T0 + A, where T0 is self‐adjoint with a purely continuous spectrum but bounded, while A depends on the sequence {φ(n)}. In fact, A is of Hilbert‐Schmidt type for any {φ(n)} in l2, and of trace class if the series ∑n=1∞|φ(n)| converges. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a discrete spectrum and more generally, of proper values, are found. Using the theory of the wave operators Ω±=s−lim lim t→±∞exp (iTt) range exp (−iT0t), results on the existence of a mixed spectrum are obtained.


The invention related to a resonance inverter comprising a resonance circuit with at least one inductance and one capacitors, a switch circuit electrically connected to the resonance circuit comprising at least one power electronic component, as well as a control circuit for controlling each power electronic component in accordance with a given control algorithm or strategy, the control circuit being electrically connected to the switch circuit. The unique feature of the invention is that the resonance inverter additionally comprise a pulse generating circuit (12'; 15; 32', 31) having at least one control inductance (12', 32') which is inductively coupled to at least one of the inductances (12; 32) of the resonance circuit, whereby energy is transferred inductively to the resonance circuit.


In this paper we present some counterexamples to show that an uncritical application of the usual methods of continuous‐time portfolio optimization can be misleading in the case of a stochastic opportunity set. Cases covered are problems with stochastic interest rates, stochastic volatility, and stochastic market price of risk. To classify the problems occurring with stochastic market coefficients, we further introduce two notions of stability of portfolio problems.


A common tradeoff, encountered by a Brand Manager, is whether to invest in the brand or to allocate resources to sales promotion. The sales promotion would have the advantage of quick results in sales volumes but this short term focus on sales volumes, may result in an erosion of the brand in the long term. In this paper, we address the question of whether the differential advantage gained by investing in brand equity is likely to translate into tangible savings on sales promotions. An experimental set up measures brand equity of two brands in the Panel TV segment first and purchase intentions in the backdrop of a sales promotion. The results of the study show that building brand equity provides substantial advantage over sales promotion and brand managers would thus be well advised to allocate more resources to building brand equity.


Temperature-dependence and excitation-intensity-dependence of photoluminescence spectra for both disordered and ordered Ga 0.52 In 0.48 P are measured. The disordered sample is characterized by its single peak photoluminescence spectrum which is excitation-intensity independent and has different activation energy at different temperature region. The ordered sample shows double peaks, the intensity of the high-energy peak has an anomalous increase firstly and quenches afterwards. The relative phenomena are reasonably explained in terms of lattice ordering and orientation superlattice model.


The Vasco da Gama Movement (VdGM) has been organizing preconference workshops since Wonca Europe 2005. A day before the main Wonca Europe conference opens its doors, trainees and junior General Practitioners are welcomed to participate in an intense and inspirational day of ideas exchange. The participants have the unique opportunity to feel the vibe of what is going on in the European GP scene fi rst-hand, express their own viewpoints and values and extend their horizons learning from other countries, cultures and contexts. The attenders are divided into small work groups to facilitate individual interaction and enable everyone to share his/her own ideas and experiences as equally as possible. Each group is invited to work on a theme and to prepare a presentation based on its conclusions. What triggers the initiation of the group work is the Visionary Speech at the very beginning of the preconference. This year, VdGM had the honour and the pleasure to invite Professor Jan de Maeseneer, chairman of the European Forum for Primary Care, to conduct it. His inspirational lecture on Primary Care and Global Health was the driving wheel behind a passionate and productive preconference day. In fact, the groups presented their standpoints at the end, raising many issues regarding the role of GPs in Global Health, but also coming up with ideas and messages for the future. The patient and doctor characteristics at an individual, family, community, national and international level were discussed, and barriers such as the poor funding of community work and the lack of knowledge of PHC benefi ts were noted. According to the participants, the GPs ' role in Global Health is signifi cant and multidimensional, as they may be involved in key areas such as GP-led patient education, network building, experience NEWS


Summary Many observers regard the German system of codetermination as a very strong intervention into the working of the capital market. With the introduction of the codetermination law in 1976, employee representatives in limited liability companies with more than 2000 employees are entitled to occupy half of the number of seats and are granted nearly 50% of the voting rights on the supervisory board. We investigate the impact of the introduction of the German codetermination law in 1976 which implied an extension of co-determination from third parity to almost parity on return on equity. Our estimations are based on panel data for 179 companies from 1971 to 1976 and from 1981 to 1986, thus allowing for adjustment to the 1976 law. In contrast to frequently raised fears, no negative impact is found. Our empirical results suggest a positive influence from the 1976 strengthening of co-determination law on return on equity.


In this paper, the possibility of utilising foundry sand and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) obtained from a ready-mix concrete plant for making self-compacting concrete (SCC) was evaluated. In thi...


FLORENCE C. LADD, psychologist, Lecturer and Research Associate at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, is codirector of the research project, "Pathways to Identity," which is concerned with factors that influence the identities of black adolescents. The study of the influence of environmental factors such as neighborhood and housing on personal identity is one of the author's major concerns. Prior to her affiliation with the Harvard Graduate School of Education, Mrs. Ladd was a post doctoral fellow in Community Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School. She has taught at Simmons College, Robert College, and the American College for Girls in Istanbul.


I read Wiggins's article with interest, 24 hours or so into my third cycle of chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer.1 Our use of metaphor does seem to follow societial preoccupations—for example, the persistence of seafaring metaphor in common parlance and those of war and combat when used in biomedical practice and so beautifully illustrated by Susan Sontag in …


Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) mass spectra of different conformational isomers of n-propyl phenyl ether at 30 K give the same fragmentation patterns. Laser REMPI excitation spectra exhibit three principal conformers in a supersonic free jet expansion. The most abundant species in the jet happens also to contribute the longest wavelength 0,O band. SCF calculations suggest that the lowest energy structure corresponds to a gauche geometry in which all the carbons except that of the methyl group are essentially coplanar with the oxygen. This is confirmed by experimental observation of a predicted blue shift for a prominent vibrational overtone when the propyl group is partially deuterated (0,/3-d2 or a,a,T,T,T-d5). Time-of-flight mass spectra of deuterated analogues of each of three conformers exhibits propene expulsion to yield PhOH'+ and PhOD'+ (the principal fragment ions) in which all seven alkyl hydrogens have become randomized within the chain. REMPI of individual conformers (via intermediacy of the lowest vibrational levels of their excited singlet electronic states) therefore gives the same outcome as does field ionization or electron impact source mass spectra. The predominant decomposition mechanism of the radical cation involves an ion-neutral complex, nPrOPh*+ -. (iPr+ PhO'), in which the hydrogens of the iPr+ undergo rapid internal transpositions prior to the ultimate decomposition step. Ab initio computations on a model system concur with the experimental inference that this mechanism operates regardless of the conformation of the precursor neutral.


The primary objective of consultation is to provide a service that, in all aspects, matches the requirements of our users. As these requirements change constantly, it becomes necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the type of consultation offered from the point of view of the user.
 The questionnaire, discussed in this paper, covers three main areas: consultation, documentation and our Newsletter. In addition each area is subdivided into: time spent by the user to locate documentation and waiting to see a consultant. Furthermore, the effectiveness of each was measured by the percentage of problems solved by the user as a result of utilizing one, or any combination, of these services.


High-dose fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) is a safe, routine regimen used to treat patients with lymphoid malignancies. Although few side effects are associated with the regimen, a profound suppression of cell-mediated immunity is observed for several years after therapy, as judged by both in vivo and in vitro assays. A profound immunosuppression has also been observed in mice and rats given TLI. Recently, we have achieved similar results using TLI in nonmatched bone marrow transplantation in outbred dogs. The experimental work in animals and underlying cellular mechanisms are reviewed here.


Localization in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) is an active research topic, and many localization algorithms in WSNs have been proposed in the literature. Among them, approaches based on RSS (Received Signal Strength) are popular and useful for distance estimation, since it is simple and needs no extra hardware. However, RSS is greatly affected by the environment and cannot be precisely measured. To tackle this problem, this study proposes a mechanism for distance estimation using dependable RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) values. The threshold for selecting dependable RSSI values is determined by practical experiments. In the proposed approach, each node periodically broadcasts packets to its one-hop neighboring nodes and the neighboring nodes measure the RSSI values of the received packets. The dependable RSSI value is then used to estimate the distance between two nodes. By using the shortest path algorithm, distances between the blind node and the reference nodes can be derived with high accuracy. Thus, for a blind node, with distance information to at least three reference nodes, its location can be computed by the Minimum Mean Square Error algorithm. The proposed localization scheme is implemented with TI CC2430/2431 chips. Practical experiment results show that, with the proposed scheme, the average location error of the blind node is 0.76 meter in an indoor environment under the condition of the dependable RSSI threshold being -59.26 dBm, and 5.91 meters in an outdoor environment under the condition of the dependable RSSI threshold being -79.77 dBm.


The paper presents several aspects related to braking of a trailer equipped with inertial braking system with mechanical transmission, working in aggregate with tractor,being focussed on: influences of trailer on brake mechanism at whole system level; structure of times and braking parameters obtained for the single tractor and for aggregate; aggregate's dynamics; identification of parameters and conditions to be fulfilled for a safe brake. In order to obtain objective considerations and conclusions on basis of this study, the braking diagrams have been analyzed, identifying the values obtained for braking parameters for the single tractor and for aggregate, thus concluding on trailer's contribution at braking system within the whole system.


Disposal of poultry litter (PL) is one of the major concerns of poultry farmers. Burning of PL is an economically viable and environmentally safe method for poultry waste management. Phosphorus (P) fractionation in waste material is important for predicting its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different temperatures on the release of P fractions in the chicken litter ash (CLA) and duck litter ash (DLA). The material was ashed at five temperatures: 200, 400, 600, 800, and 900 °C. Phosphorus was fractionated into readily plant-available P, labile inorganic P (another plant-available fraction), sesquioxide-associated P, and Ca-associated P by sequentially extracting with deionized water, 0.5 M of NaHCO3, 0.1 M of NaOH, and 1 M of HCl, respectively. Total P was determined by acid digestion. The inorganic P was also determined using Peterman citric acid and citric acid extractions. Loss-on-ignition, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH were measured. The experiment showed that weight loss was highly varied under different temperatures. As expected, increasing temperature increased weight loss. Except water-soluble P, all P fractions in samples increased with the increasing temperature. For both manures, P release decreased in the order: Ca-associated P > labile inorganic P > sesquioxide-associated P > readily plant-available P. Regardless of the burning conditions, sesquioxide- and Ca-associated P were higher in DLA than CLA, whereas the labile inorganic P (NaHCO3-P) was higher in CLA. For CLA, the sum of inorganic P that was found at its peak at 600 °C was 4.2-fold higher than unburned CL, whereas for DLA, the sum of inorganic P was 4.7-fold higher than unburned DL. Total P was higher in CLA than DLA with its highest amount at 900 °C. Peterman citric acid and citric acid-extractable P was substantially higher in CLA samples. Citric acid P was found more than Peterman citric acid P, and highest values were recorded at 600 °C. Irrespective of temperature, water-soluble P significantly decreased with burning. The burning practice seemed to affect the exchangeable cations. Magnesium was highest, whereas Ca2+ was lowest at 600 °C. The K+ was enhanced by temperature. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents were higher in DLA as compared with CLA. Potassium was highest in CLA. The CLA exhibited higher EC and lower pH values than DLA. Both EC and pH increased with temperature. The low water-soluble P in ash could suggest that the use of burned PL would be less of a water pollution problem in the fields.


The design method of "centralized acquisition, time-sharing operation and array drive" has been proposed for the integrated and coordinated control of the black-body calibration mechanism, black-body radiation calibration source, focusing mechanism, filter wheel mechanism and thermo-threshold mechanism in an aerospace infrared remote sensor. Compared with the decentralized control of traditional components, this method uses FPGA as the main control chip to effectively realize the integrated function of multi-component control of movable and radiating mechanisms through pulse-width modulation drive control of heater band and semiconductor and servo control of the stepping motor. The independence of the drive array and the stability of the temperature control are verified through experiments, and the feasibility of the design is confirmed. The design reduces the volume, weight and complexity of the product, improves the integration, reliability and versatility of the product, and provides a technical reserve for platform load integration.


At present, more than in previous times, the professional exercise of teaching, in all levels, needs competition to do educational research. To fulfill such a requirement the design of programs of specific formation is demanded, which assure the acquisition of knowledge, the appropriation of concepts, and the development of skills that should allow the teachers to accomplish original and innovative studies, from different approaches and perspectives. In this essay, the characteristics and central concepts of the historical and cultural perspective of the educational research are mentioned. Among its principles the following stand out: sociogenetic character of the cognitive activity; appraisement of the causal effective links associated with the origin, the functions and the transformations relative to the socio-educational processes researched; and recognition of the need to join communities of active research, bearing in mind that research is learned investigating with others.


As a rule of law, Indonesia is required to provide legal protection to all its citizens, including employers and workers. Legal protection for workers to ensure the basic rights of workers to create workers' welfare, including termination of employment. However, in practice, there are still cases of rights in terms of termination of employment. This journal will describe clearly the equality and guarantee of legal protection for workers' rights in cases of termination of employment in Indonesia and Singapore so that we can benefit from the legal protection offered by Singapore. This research is a juridical normative legal research using the comparative law method. Therefore, the data source used is a secondary data source collected by literature study techniques. After the data is collected, the data is processed and analyzed using descriptive qualitative analytic methods, meaning that the data is grouped according to the aspects studied and then drawn from the conclusions and described descriptively. Based on the research results, it is found that the legal protection of the rights of daily workers in Indonesia and Singapore has its own advantages


With the working frequency of wireless communication systems moving to a higher terahertz (THz) band, the design of high-performance THz wave modulators has become a pivotal issue to be tackled urgently in THz communication. In this paper, we design a high-performance dual-channel photonic crystal modulator to enable ON–OFF regulation of the THz wave based on the defect mode disappearance of combined microcavities. The modulator introduces Y-type line defects into silicon rod photonic crystals as a dual-channel waveguide and the point defects and ring resonator form a combined microcavity. Due to the refractive index of the ring resonator filler, gallium arsenide, it is tunable with pump light excitation, and the defect mode frequency of the combined microcavity can be dynamically changed. Under pump excitation with a wavelength of 810 nm and an intensity of 0.4 μJ/cm2, 1.34 THz and 1.83 THz dual-channel waves can be OFF due to the defect mode disappearance of the combined microcavity. This is simulated by the time-domain steady-state response and steady-state THz wave field intensity distribution of the modulator by the finite-difference time-domain method. The results indicate that the dual-channel modulator has large modulation depths of 100% and 99.7%, high modulation rates of 4.05 GHz and 4.17 GHz, and low insertion losses of 0.31 dB and 0.18 dB, which lays foundation for the development of high-speed and low-loss THz communication technology.


The physiological significance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in energy metabolism in adult humans has been recently re‐evaluated. The evidence from recent studies indicates a potential of converting white to brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT). Herein, we explored the regulatory effect of dietary fatty acids on this conversion in WAT. We found that BAT‐specific UCP1 was expressed at a significantly higher level in inguinal adipose tissue (ING) compared to epididymal adipose tissue in mice. High fat diet (HFD) modulated UCP1 expression in BAT and ING in a different manner. After one week of HFD, UCP1 was increased in BAT, but not in ING of mice. However, UCP1 was dramatically decreased after chronic HFD feeding in both tissues. Additionally, we examined the effects of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the differentiation of brown‐like adipocytes in primary culture of stromal‐vascular (SV) cells from ING of normal mice. Fatty acids were added to SV cell culture either during 8 days of differentiation or after differentiation for 24 hours. In differentiated adipocytes, 24h treatment with palmitate significantly reduced UCP1, while n‐3 fatty acid (EPA) treatment did not change UCP1 expression. However, UCP1 and PGC1α expression was significantly increased in SV cell cultures after 8‐ day EPA treatment. Our data suggests that EPA is capable of inducing the differentiation of inguinal SV cells into brown‐like adipocytes, but failed to induce UCP1 expression in mature white adipocytes. We conclude that HFD or saturated FA reduces UCP1, while EPA has a potential to increase the recruitment of brown‐like adipocytes in inguinal WAT.


In this paper, the author analyses the institute of divorce in the modern world. Given the fact that the institute of divorce is inseparable from the institute of marriage, in the introductory part the author points out to the specific characteristics of marriage in the contemporary society and discusses some factors which are presently perceived as the primary causes of instability of marital relations. In the central part of the article, the author provides an overview of divorce legislation in some European countries which are traditionally used as role models in the field of regulating family relations, thereupon focusing on the applicable divorce law in Serbia. In particular, the author looks into the process of liberalization of divorce legislation and examines its impact on the growing divorce rate in the contemporary societies.


In this multiple case study, we apply sensemaking theory to examine and compare how middle school special and general educators perceive and respond to teacher evaluation reform, including formal classroom observations, informal walkthroughs, and student growth measures. Our findings reveal that special educators experience conflict between the policy's main elements and their understandings of how to effectively teach students with disabilities. Furthermore, special and general educators held contrasting beliefs regarding the appropriateness of evaluation. Our findings illustrate the importance of acknowledging differences in special and general educators' roles and responsibilities and encourage policymakers to reconsider uniform teacher evaluation policies.


Today, a huge number of imaging sensors is available, gathering data in a variety of geometric, radiometric and thematic resolutions. In order to relate this data to each other they have to be registrated preferably to a general, absolute coordinate system. Such a registration can be gained on the one hand by direct measurement of the exterior orientation parameters during the acquisition of the image, or using ground-control objects on the other hand. Even if the exterior orientation of the sensor can be measured with very high accuracy integrating GPS and INS-data, there is still a need for (a limited number) of ground-control in the images. This is due to the insufficient camera models, and also to relate image and object space. The provision of ground-control is usually very time-consuming and also expensive, as the traditional approach is to create special targets which have to be visible and identified in the images. Therefore, there is a general tendency to use natural ground control features, like buildings, roads, forests, etc. The problem is the unambiguous definition of the objects and also their general availability. The idea of this approach is to use existing spatial data (e.g. from a Geographic Information System – GIS) as groundcontrol objects. Relating ground-control features with images is a matching problem. In order to solve it, similar features in the model (GIS-data set) and the image have to be defined and extracted. The approach aims at a high degree of invariance concerning the input data, thus the attributes to describe the features have to exhibit a high degree of translation, orientation, scale and shear-invariance. The matching is realized as a best-first backtracking algorithm, followed by an iterative closest point-refinement of the matching pairs. The examples verify the high degree of invariance and robustness of the approach, and point out that no approximate values are needed.


Abstract In this paper we study the predictor behaviour of the additive model. The prediction equation is introduced as well as the computational considerations to select the smoothing parameters through cross-validation. The additive predictor is compared with a partially linear predictor in a broad simulation study and an application to a real case, prediction of the atmospheric concentration of SO2 in sample stations.


Bloch has written an exciting and genuinely innovative study. By analysing Tacitus' famous (or infamous) excursus on the Jews (Histories 5.2–13, written .. 100–5, p. 129) in the wider context of Tacitean historiography and Greco-Roman ethnographical texts in general, B. meaningfully reintegrates it as a productive case-study of Tacitus' creative techniques as a writer and historian. Previous interpretations of the excursus have inevitably been complicated by the fact that the Histories breaks o¶ at 5.26, which leaves it tottering over a precipice (though B. tentatively reconstructs the missing part of Histories 5 on pp. 116–19, accentuating the likely interplay between the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem and the reconstruction of the Capitoline temple in Rome). This accident has exacerbated the tendency of many critics to read the excursus as an isolated unit. B. moves away from what he regards as the insoluble question of the sources for the excursus, proposing that Tacitus has blended together several di¶erent sources to create his own unique colouring (p. 15). B.'s μrst chapter (pp. 17–26) o¶ers a thorough survey of the pre-existing scholarship on Tacitus' Jewish excursus, starting with G. C. Kirchmaier and Ch. Worm in the seventeenth century, who analysed the text from a theological perspective, rather than as an interconnected part of Tacitus' whole work. B. devotes special attention to the important article of Y. Lewy, written in Hebrew in 1943. Lewy accentuates the political aspects of the excursus, arguing that Tacitus is not indulging in a blind outpouring of hatred (cf. B. on pp. 125 and 129), but composes the excursus thoughtfully and with a teleological aim, culminating in Titus' destruction of the temple. My only question is whether the material from this short chapter could have been integrated with Chapter 5, where B. systematically analyses the reception of Tacitus' excursus. In Chapter 2, B. μrst examines the Jewish excursus of Hecataeus of Abdera (pp. 29–41), preserved by Diodorus Siculus (40.3.1–8). He acknowledges that the question of how far Diodorus revised Hecataeus' version remains unanswered (p. 29), but seems to remain uneasy about this issue, speculating at various points about how Diodorus perhaps shortened or reformulated the original text. B. sees Hecataeus' version of Moses' foundation of Jerusalem as a colonization narrative, and argues that Greek ethnography at the end of the fourth century .. was undergoing intensive changes, triggered by the conquests of Alexander the Great, who brought new regions under the ethnographical spotlight. Next B. turns to Posidonius' excursus on the Jews, preserved (directly or indirectly) by Strabo (pp. 42–54). B. sees the original context as Posidonius' account of the siege of Jerusalem by Antiochus VII in 135-134.. (p. 43). For B., Posidonius is an innovator, who sought to put evolving Jewish history in a framework, rather than simply cataloguing what made the Jews di¶erent (p. 52). Finally B. discusses the only surviving Jewish excursus in Latin (apart from Tacitus') by Pompeius Trogus, preserved by Justin in the second to third centuries .. (pp. 54–63). Kingship, a leitmotiv of the Historiae Philippicae, becomes a crucial theme in this excursus, which follows the scheme of origo, mores, situs, and (brie·y) historia. B. characterizes Trogus as being better informed than other classical authors in his survey of Jewish history. In this chapter B. perhaps could    113