It is well established that offenders' routine activity locations (nodes) shape their crime locations, but research examining the geography of offenders' routine activity spaces has to date largely been limited to a few core nodes such as homes and prior offense locations, and to small study areas. This paper explores the utility of police data to provide novel insights into the spatial extent of, and overlap between, individual offenders' activity spaces. It includes a wider set of activity nodes (including relatives' homes, schools, and non-crime incidents) and broadens the geographical scale to a national level, by comparison to previous studies. Using a police dataset including n = 60,229 burglary, robbery, and extra-familial sex offenders in New Zealand, a wide range of activity nodes were present for most burglary and robbery offenders, but fewer for sex offenders, reflecting sparser histories of police contact. In a novel test of the criminal profiling assumptions of homology and differentiation in a spatial context, we find that those who offend in nearby locations tend to share more activity space than those who offend further apart. However, in finding many offenders' activity spaces span wide geographic distances, we highlight challenges for crime location choice research and geographic profiling practice.


The invention relates to the field of textile machines, in particular to an automatic double-track screen printing device transmitted through connecting rods. The automatic double-track screen printing device comprises printing tables used for supporting printed materials, and a track which is used for supporting the printing tables and moves forwards along the path of the track. The track is of the double-track structure of an inner track and an outer track which are arranged in an equally spaced mode, and the track is in the shape of a closed curve with the end portions being semicircular and the middle being straight. Two sets of bearings are arranged on the bottom faces of the printing tables, one set of bearings is clamped on the two sides of the outer track, and the other set of bearings is clamped on the two sides of the inner track. Two adjacent printing tables are hinged through one connecting rod, and the connecting rod is placed on the inner side of the inner track. According to the automatic double-track screen printing device, the transmission structure of the double tracks together with the connecting rods is adopted, compared with a traditional connection transmission structure of a single track together with a chain, the connecting structure is greatly simplified, and the movement velocity is low; due to good rigidity of the connecting rods, the tables can not shake easily, movement is more stable, and printing precision is higher; the bearing sets are arranged so that running noise can be lowered, and the impact of the tables is reduced when the tables pass through the arc outer track.


The aim of this chapter is to survey his publications in rhetoric and dialectic in order to determine Juan Luis Vives?s original contribution and to discuss whether or not his subsequent neglect was justified. It begins with a chronological survey of the works in question and a consideration of how they might be thought to fit together as a unified treatment of the two subjects. Then the chapter analyses some detailed examples of Vives?s significant contributions. Finally it considers the factors in the texts and the context of their reception which may explain their lack of success in the sixteenth century. Most of Vives?s publications date from the 1530s when he had returned to Bruges, having lost the patronage of Henry VIII and Queen Catherine in the course of the royal divorce proceedings. Keywords: De censura very ; Henry VIII; Juan Luis Vives; Queen Catherine


Glutathione (GSH) is one of the targets to overcome chemotherapy resistance. Cancer cells adapt by increasing the production of GSH which acts as an antioxidant to reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing of chemotherapy agents. GSH can bind to chemotherapy agents that are electrophile resulting a conjugate of electrophile-GSH which is more polar so it is easily excreted out of the body. Butionine sulfoximine (BS) is a GSH inhibitor that decrease the concentration of GSH in cells. BS is a γ-glutamyl- cysteine ligase (GCL) enzyme inhibitor that catalyzes the first steps of GSH synthesis. This literature review aims to evaluate the use of BS to sensitize cancer cells against chemotherapy in vivo. The literature search was carried out of two databases (Pubmed and Sciendirect) resulting in 357 journals. Furthermore, a selection process was carried out which yielded in 10 journals. BS synergize with chemotherapy of alkylating groups, vincristine, geftinib, and cytarabine+doxorubicin and significantly increases the effectiveness of therapy compared to chemotherapy only. However, BS delay cancer in initiation phase, and not in tumor progression phase. In vivo, the combination of BS and chemotherapy of alkylating groups, vincristine, geftinib, and cytarabine+doxorubicin reduce the tumor volume, cancer cell proliferation and also increasing the survival of experimental animals.


Abstract Efficacies of topical applications and dry residues of 9 common ready-to-use (RTU) insecticides were evaluated against brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) at intervals of exposure of 1 and 48 h. Permethrin and acetamiprid, were further evaluated to determine if H. halys recovered after an initial exposure. Topical applications of carbaryl, permethrin, insecticidal soap, petroleum oil, and acetamiprid, and residues of permethrin and acetamiprid increased mortality of adults. Topical applications of spinosad, essential oils, carbaryl, permethrin, insecticidal soap, petroleum oil, and acetamiprid, and residues of carbaryl, permethrin, and acetamiprid increased mortality of nymphs. Topical applications of carbaryl, neem oil, insecticidal soap, and acetamiprid increased egg mortality. In general, nymphs were more susceptible to insecticides than adults. Adult H. halys recovered after exposure to topical applications, but not dry residues of permethrin. Clearly, several RTU insecticides in the marketplace demonstrated potential to help gardeners manage H. halys.


Patient: Female, 19-year-old Final Diagnosis: Internal gastroduodenal hernia through the fundoplication wrap Symptoms: Anorexia • epigastric pain Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Exploratory laparoscopy Specialty: Surgery Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition that may be refractory to medical treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is the recommended surgical treatment for GERD and is safe and effective. This report is of a rare case of internal gastroduodenal hernia as a late complication of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for the management of GERD in a 19-year-old woman. Case Report: A 19-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with a three-day history of epigastric pain, anorexia, and altered bowel habit. She had a history of GERD that was treated two years previously by laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. On the most recent hospital admission, abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed an internal hernia of the gastroduodenal junction through the tissues used as a fundoplication wrap of the abdominal esophagus. The imaging findings were confirmed at exploratory laparoscopy, at which time surgical takedown of the fundoplication was performed. Conclusions: This report is of a rare case of gastroduodenal hernia through a fundoplication wrap two years after a Nissen fundoplication. However, clinicians should be aware of this rare diagnosis in patients with a history of Nissen fundoplication who present with acute upper gastrointestinal symptoms.


D-Ribose is a five-carbon sugar used for the commercial synthesis of riboflavin, antiviral agents, and flavor enhancers. Batch fermentations with transketolase-deficient B. subtilis JY 1 were carried out to optimize the production of D-ribose from xylose. The best results for the fermentation were obtained with a temperature of 37C and an initial pH of 7.0. Among various sugars and sugar alcohols tested, glucose and sucrose were found to be the most effective for both cell growth and D-ribose production. The addition of 15 g/l xylose and 15 g/l glucose improved the fermentation performance, presumably due to the adequate supply of ATP in the xylose metabolism from D-xylulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate. A batch culture in a 3.7-1 jar fermentor with 14.9 g/l xylose and 13.1 g/l glucose resulted in 10.1 g/l D-ribose concentration with a yield of 0.62 g D-ribose/g sugar consumed, and 0.25 g/ 1-h of productivity. Furthermore, the sugar utilization profile, indicating the simultaneous consumption of xylose and glucose, and respiratory parameters for the glucose and sucrose media suggested that the transketolase-deficient B. subtilis JY1 lost the glucose-specific enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate transferase system.


Nowadays, "Google Translation" is an extremely popular service by Google. As it is easier and quicker than manual translations, "Google Translation" is being used all over the world. Although the program supported for several languages, Sinhala language has been newly introduced to "Google Translation". When comparing Sinhala and English sentence structures, some differences can be identified. By examining "Google Translation", it can be seen that the program is able to recognize those differences. Though it can translate according to the structure of a particular language, there are problems in some circumstances. Confusions of understanding the nominative case, word order problems and the problems regarding particles are examples for those situations. When translating a complex sentence with a main clause and a subordinate clause, it is difficult to get a proper output because identifying the subordinate clause is not easy for the program. As conjugations of Sinhalese verb is more difficult than English, there are problems when translating English verbs into Sinhalese. Introducing Sinhala language to "Google Translation" is absolutely important not only for the Sinhala language community, but also for every person who is interested in Sinhalese. Thus, the problematic situations should be identified and they must be corrected to get a better service for the program. As Sinhala language has been newly introduced, there is an option for the users to correct the mistakes by giving their comments. The ultimate goal of this research is to examine the problems with "Google Translation" in order to solve them and get a better service from the program.


A seemingly uncorrelated regression (SUR) model is a special case of multivariate models, in which the error terms in these equations are contemporaneously related. The method estimator (GLS) is efficient because it takes into account the covariance structure of errors, but it is also very sensitive to outliers. The robust SUR estimator can dealing outliers. We propose two robust methods for calculating the estimator, which are (S-Estimations, and FastSUR). We find that it significantly improved the quality of SUR model estimates. In addition, the results gave the FastSUR method superiority over the S method in dealing with outliers contained in the data set, as it has lower (MSE and RMSE) and higher (R-Squared and R-Square Adjusted) values.


In Children, Religion and the Ethics of Influence, John Tillson develops a theory concerning which kinds of formative influence are morally permissible, impermissible or obligatory. Applying this theory to the case of religion, he argues that religious initiation in childhood is morally impermissible whether conducted by parents, teachers or others. Tillson addresses questions such as: how we come to have the ethical responsibilities we do, how we understand religion, how ethical and religious commitments can be justified, and what makes children ethically special.


Adipocytes express inflammatory mediators that contribute to low‐level, chronic inflammation found in obese subjects and is linked to the onset of cardiovascular disorders and insulin resistance. We examined if curcumin or resveratrol can inhibit NF‐κB activation in adipocytes and in doing so reduce expression of inflammatory mediators. Both preadipocytes and adipocytes express the genes for TNFα, IL‐6, and COX‐2, key mediators of the inflammatory response. Preadipocytes were found to express IL‐1β; however, IL‐1β expression was absent in differentiated adipocytes. TNFα treatment activated NF‐κB signaling in adipocytes by inducing IκB degradation and NF‐κB translocation to the nucleus. This treatment increased IL‐6 (6‐fold) and COX‐2 (2.5‐fold) mRNA levels. TNFα also activated IL‐1β gene expression in differentiated adipocytes, but had no effect on TNFα mRNA levels. Curcumin or resveratrol treatment inhibited NF‐κB activation resulting in a reduction of TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and COX‐2 gene expression (IC50 ∼ 2μM) and a reduction in secreted IL‐6 and prostaglandin E2 (IC50 ~20μM). These data establish the antiinflammatory properties of curcumin and resveratrol in adipocytes and suggest these natural products may provide a novel and safe avenue to reduce or inhibit the chronic inflammatory properties of adipose tissue. This research was supported by a Grant‐in‐Aid from the American Heart Association.


Engineers and other construction professionals need to take the lead to clarify the facts when a possible fraud in public infrastructure procurement is identified. A robust approach for producing scientific evidence to determine the presence of collusive bidding where questionable confessions need to be proven in court is presented. The concepts of game theory are used to demonstrate that economic principles support the confessions of senior executives from a cartel of 16 large construction companies. Relying on the confessions and defendants' statements from the Brazilian Federal Police's anti-corruption investigation referred to as "Operation Car Wash," the article demonstrates that the behavior of criminals was conscious and intentional rather than incidental, proving the mens rea necessary to establish the white-collar crime of collusion.


The rolling of a disk (or hoop, etc.) on a horizontal plane – without dissipation – is a classical problem. Many second-year undergraduate students of the author's generation, studied the stability of the motion in which the disk rolls steadily in a straight line. The problem is treated in the text book [1], the author used as an undergraduate 40 years ago. Current mathematical software, e.g. Matlab, makes work on the problem accessible to present-day second-year engineering mathematics students. This paper is partly a composite of assignment and exam questions used in 2006. There are research topics surrounding the problem. A catalyst for some recent work on the problem is the toy marketed under the name 'Euler's disk'.


The preparation of high quality YSZ thin membranes on porous substrates to be used as solid electrolyte in solid state devices such as SOFC and oxygen sensors and generators, is still an unsolved problem with conventional methods [1]. In the present investigation, YSZ films were produced by the Pulsed Injected-MOCVD technique [2]. Particular emphasis was given to demonstrating the potential of this method as a viable processing route for dense coatings deposited at high growth rate on porous substrates. The injected solution consist in the desired amount of Zr(tmhd)4 and Y(thd)3 metalorganic precursor solved in monoglyme. The reaction chamber was maintained at 10 torr with a gas flow rate of 600sccm Ar and 400 sccm O2. Other experimental parameters used are described in the following table. Tdeposition Inj. opening (msec) Inj. frequency (Hz) concentration Zr(tmhd)4 550-800oC 1 3 1 a 2 Hz. 100 mg/ml


Plant pathology involves the study of plants and pathogens at the genetic, biochemical, physiological, cellular, population, and community levels, and how the knowledge derived is integrated and put into agricultural practice. Prerequisite to effective research, teaching, and extension in plant pathology is a breadth of interdisciplinary interest and knowledge, in a department and in its individual members, reaching from ecology to microbiology, from meteorology to applied mathematics, and from molecular biology to communication skills.


After simply analyzing the background in traditional electromagnetic environment test items, a computer-based data acquisition (DAQ) system coupled by means of a general purpose instrumentation bus (IEEE488/ GPIB) with a signal generator is used to create a virtual instrument system with electromagnetic filed strength measurement capability. The software signal-processing capability of the data acquisition system was used to compensate instrument measurement deficiencies and to enhance signal capture. And the virtual instrument is shown to provide auto-increment frequency signals as the test required. The virtual instrument software module is applied to develop the front panel and background calculation and controlling program. The system is programmed in modules, and can be transfer or extended to the other systems. The design theory and technology of this automatic measurement system can also be applied to the other electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test items, to overcome the difficulties in manual operation, and enhance the test quality and efficiency.


Consider a complex one-dimensional foliation on a complex surface near a singularity $p$ . If ${\mathcal{I}}$ is a closed invariant set containing the singularity $p$ , then ${\mathcal{I}}$ contains either a separatrix at $p$ or an invariant real three-dimensional manifold singular at $p$ .


One of the worldwide key comparisons performed at present under the auspices of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) covers the time‐averaged ultrasonic power emitted by an ultrasonic transducer into water. The ultrasonic power value is particularly important in characterizing the output of diagnostic and therapeutic medical equipment. Nine national metrology institutes participate in the comparison. The time schedule is from July 1999 to November 2001. The aim is to demonstrate the international consistency of calibration and measurement certificates. An ultrasonic standard transducer is circulated and power measurements are to be made at frequencies of 2, 6 and 10 MHz and at five power levels in the milliwatt and watt ranges. The measurement procedures applied and the main details of the technical protocol will be discussed.


Solid solutions of composition M 1 / 3 Co 2 / 3 C 2 O 4 .2H 2 O (M = Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd) were synthesized. Isothermal diagrams for the M 1 / 3 Co 2 / 3 C 2 O 4 .2H 2 O-N 2 H 4 -H 2 O (C 2 H 5 OH) systems were constructed. Two new hydrazineoxalato complexes with one or two hydrazine molecules are formed in each of these systems. X-ray diffraction patterns and IR spectra were recorded for these complexes, their density was measured, and their structure discussed.


Now a day the waste material from industry are speedily growing. To utilize such materials and to reduce such type of waste in environment, the sand is replaced by the coal bottom ash contain of bacteria species called bacillus pasteurii in M40 design mix in this study. This thesis was study the material properties (cement, sand, coarse aggregate, coal bottom ash), way of preparation, procedure of test and ingredients used for culturing of bacteria species in laboratory and with all procedure. This study provides results on experimental investigations carried out to evaluate the effects of replacing aggregates (fine or sand) by coal bottom ash 20%, 30% and 50% in bacterial concrete with all other ingredients as constant. An experimental program was designed by analyzing the flexural strength and compressive strength properties of normal concrete, bacterial concrete with and without coal bottom ash at curing period 7, 28 and 56 days. As a result of this study bacterial concrete with 30% coal bottom ash has been maximum compressive strength and flexural strength than all concrete including in this experiment. Generally bacterial concrete with coal bottom ash has been better flexural strength and compressive strength than bacterial concrete and normal concrete. Improved the strength of bacterial concrete by coal bottom ash therefore, recommended that utilize coal bottom ash as replacing fine aggregate in bacterial concrete that gives the environment to eco-friendly. IndexTerms Bio concrete, coal bottom ash, flexural strength, compressive strength, Sporosarcina pasteruii


The invention relates to a preparation method of carbazochrome sodium sulfonate, belonging to the technical field of preparation of vascular hemostatics. The method comprises the following steps: raw materials dissolution and reaction: putting purified water, carbazochrome, sodium bisulfite and ascorbic acid into a reaction tank, heating while stirring until the solid substances are completely dissolved, and continuing keeping the temperature to react, thereby obtaining a reaction solution; decolorization and separation: adding a decolorant into the reaction solution, keeping the temperature while stirring for decolorization, after finishing decolorization, carrying out centrifugal filtration, washing residues with purified water, carrying out centrifugal drying, and merging the centrifugal filtrates to obtain a solution to be crystallized; crystallization: regulating the pH value of the solution to be crystallized with an alkaline matter, freezing to cooling, and standing to precipitate crystals; and refinement: carrying out centrifugal filtration on the crystals, washing, carrying out centrifugal drying, and drying in a vacuum drying oven to obtain the carbazochrome sodium sulfonate. The invention has the advantages of accessible reaction raw material, short reaction steps, mild reaction conditions, high reaction yield (up to more than 90%), better reaction product quality and high purity (up to more than 99%), and is convenient and simple to operate.


Presents a contribution to the theoretical and numerical treatment of the stability of a positive column in a diffusion dominated low pressure discharge with longitudinal homogeneous magnetic field. Proceeding from the basic equations of three fluid theory, the dispersion equation for the propagation of cylindrical electrostatic waves with azimuthal mode m=1 are derived. In order to discuss explicit examples, analytical expressions for growth rate and frequency as functions of wave number k have been derived in a first approximation. Regimes of stable and unstable behaviour of the positive column are plotted in the k-B plane. With the aid of such stability diagrams, the influence of the finite length of the positive column on its stability can be investigated. In the mathematical solution of the boundary value problem, the amplitude functions of density and potential are developed for the complete orthogonal system of first order Bessel functions of the first kind. In the general case, the dispersion relation D( omega , k)=0 results in a doubly infinite determinant equal to zero. This determinant is solved numerically up to tenth order.


The Construction of pre-warning mechanism to "underachievers" is an important measure for the construction of style of study and improving the quality of undergraduate teaching in Colleges and universities.This paper analyzes the various reasons of causing the emergence of "underachievers",proposes that institutions of higher learning should build pre-warning mechanism to "underachievers",and gives assistance measures.


T h i s 5tbyear-old man developed a nonproductive and the patient became febrile. His temperature cough accompanied by retrostemal chest pain. was 38' C. Physical examination revealed a slightly A week later, swelling appeared at the first costodehydrated man with swelling of the upper right sternal junction on the right. The cough intensified parasternal region. The skin in this area was hot *Department of Pneumology, University of Liege, School of and slightly painful to touch. Blood sugar was 280 Medicine, Liege, Belgium. mg percent. The sedimentation rate was !34 mmlhr.


In this paper, a novel hierarchical modulation symbol sharing scheme for multiuser cellular networks is proposed. In order to achieve the maximum channel capacity, various modulation and coding schemes have been developed on Wireless Communication Systems. With good modulation and coding schemes, very high channel capacity could be achieved for 1-to-1 communication systems. Due to different channel conditions of multiple users, high channel capacity of multiple user network systems cannot be achieved with modulation and coding schemes used for 1-to1 communication technology. By exploiting the characteristics of multiple users in cell based multiuser networks, a novel hierarchical modulation symbol sharing scheme for cell based multiuser network systems is proposed. The proposed scheme not only achieves high network capacity but also substantially reduces channel access overhead for cell based multiuser systems. In the proposed symbol sharing scheme, multiple users are able to share one symbol by allocating bits in proper bit positions for each user. Since the proposed scheme allows to provide extra bits to its cell users, multiuser channel access delay could be substantially reduced. The simulation results corroborate the benefits of the proposed scheme. By exploiting the proposed scheme, very high network capacity of the next generation cell based multiuser networks can be achieved.


Reducing water and energy consumption is an essential condition for reducing the operational costs of water supply systems (WSS). The use of pumping systems driven by variable frequency drives (VFD) is one of the most suitable alternatives to optimize the pressurization of the distribution networks and, consequently, reduce the consumption of electricity and water losses. This article aims to analyze the performance of oversized pumps, driven with variable frequency drives, from WSS. The work was carried out in two experimental setups that have oversized pumps. The methodology consisted of evaluating data collected in experimental tests using hydraulic and electric meters. Tests were realized for different operating conditions of the systems, with the variation of the rotation of the pumps, in order to obtain the pump efficiency curve according to the VFD output frequency. The results demonstrated that the use of variable frequency drives proved to be an alternative to increase the energy efficiency of the evaluated systems. It was observed that the highest efficiencies were recorded in the lowest frequency bands (30 Hz and 35 Hz), while in the values close to the nominal frequency (45 Hz to 60 Hz) there is little variation in the efficiency values.


I am both surprised and delighted to be invited to provide this foreword. I am surprised because, while I am interested in small firms that grow rapidly – some of which do so by selling overseas – I have never undertaken any original work specifically on those SMEs with an international focus: instead my research on entrepreneurship is much more about individuals undertaking activities such as widow cleaning, car repairing and hairdressing – hardly sectors likely to spawn 'born global' enterprises. My delight comes from being required to read a set of papers and familiarize myself with a literature and data with which I was previously unfamiliar. The evidence proved interesting – at least to me! Starting with the data, I found that the EU SME Observatory reports that the proportion of SMEs that exported varied considerably from one country to another. While the EU-15 average was 8 per cent, it was much higher, at 19 per cent and 17 per cent respectively, for Finland and Denmark, but much lower for the larger countries – particularly France. However, a somewhat different picture emerges when export performance by size class or firm data, taken from Eurostat (2003), are used. Here, for example, large enterprises in Finland supply 80 per cent of exports by tonne value, whereas micro firms provide only 2 per cent. Of course it is possible that the SME Observatory and Eurostat findings are compatible with one another – Finland could have large numbers of SMEs exporting but still only making, in aggregate, a very modest contribution, but superficially the findings are curious. My curiosity was further stimulated when the Eurostat data compared Finland with another small country – Belgium. In that country micro enterprises provided virtually 40 per cent of all export sales, compared with the Finland figure of 2 per cent. The data therefore appears to tell different stories depending on its source, but my interpretation is that the likelihood of exporting increases with firm size and falls with country size, but that the variance is considerable. A second interesting question is whether 'internationalization' has increased in recent years. Reliable data on this is very scarce and so confirmation is difficult. Despite this, the general assumption is that small firms are more likely to 'internationalize' than was the case in the past, and that they do so at an earlier stage in their development. This is justified on four grounds: first, globalization is all pervasive and inevitably affects smaller firms. Second, the development of electronic communications means that international contact is easier. Third, smaller firms have played an increasingly important role in economic development and, finally, it is based on cases of individual firms that were 'international from conception' (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994, p. 46). While justifications one and two seem widely accepted, I have more reservations about justifications three and four. For example, the evidence of a general increase in entrepreneurship is patchy: business ownership rates were in fact higher in 1972 than in 2002 in Austria, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and Norway (Van Stel, 2005). As for justification four, Oviatt and McDougall say 'Actually, international ventures have existed for


INTRODUCTION In a recent article within this journal that discussed campus planning issues over the last 100 years, Crawford (2014) asserted that colleges and universities are important resources that lend themselves quite readily to advancing sustainable communities. While Crawford's focus was centered largely on how the physical assets of higher education institutions can and should be shared with their host communities, it must be emphasized that colleges and universities make critical contributions within the human capital dimension as well. Another relatively recent article published in this journal by Shugart (2013) discussed higher education's need for deep culture change in the face of demands to "do more with less." Tracing the lineage of the conceptual models (monastic, polytechnic, post-war industrial, retail) and related business practices that have shaped colleges and universities over time, Shugart invited leaders to participate in "courageous conversations" about the frameworks that can be used to guide higher education's future. With the "disruptive innovation" work of Christensen et al. (2011) as a backdrop, Shugart (2013) warned that higher education will either change itself internally to meet contemporary demands or else those alterations will be driven by external forces. The present article strikes somewhat of an amalgamated pose in this discourse about the future of higher education. On the one hand, it does seem to be the case that academia will either choose its own destiny or have its destiny chosen for it by others. However, on the other hand it can be argued that certain external forces can and should play a co-creative role in determining the collective fates of colleges and universities. Ground zero for this sort of dialogic process is thought to be the interaction of campus and community members, as often as not described in terms of town-gown relationships. Regrettably, when the town-gown relationship is not a primary focus of senior campus administrators and municipal leaders, all too often a steep price is paid when complicated issues arise. Sungu-Eryilmaz (2009, p. 6) wrote: The competing interests of the university, the neighborhood, and the city have three implications. First, even in the era of the engaged university, land use and development processes at the campus edge will repeatedly put town-gown relations to the test. Second, nearly all real estate activities of universities and colleges are multifaceted and have multiple stakeholders, including residents, businesses, and local governments. Third, land uses at the campus edge have become a crucial element in both the physical and socioeconomic character of cities and neighborhoods. The assertion that higher education leaders should engage their host communities before major problems arise has been made pointedly (Weill 2009) and repeatedly over many decades, as is discussed next. What is different now, however, is the availability of technology that can provide standardized and longitudinal documentation of the quality of town-gown relationships, which in turn can drive more effective and evidence-based campus planning activities. CAMPUS ENGAGEMENT WITH THE COMMUNITY A number of prominent organizations dedicated to the advancement of higher education have encouraged colleges and universities to invest in the development of viable campus-community relationships. This includes, but is not limited to, the call for more "engaged institutions" by the Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities, the classification for community engagement by the Carnegie Foundation, the focus on "regional stewardship" offered by the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, and the conceptualization of "anchor institutions" in communities as promoted by the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities. Because of its centrality to many of the other efforts noted above, the Kellogg Commission's work warrants a bit more attention here. …


The analytical framework of 'Europeanization' is used to assess whether and how European Union (EU) conditionality has compelled Albania to curb irregular emigration. Engaging the countries of origin and transit in the control of migration flows is a policy issue of high priority on the EU agenda. I select the case of a target country where the domestic equilibrium is not conducive to an interest of policy-makers in the strict control of emigration to EU states, i.e. a case of significant misfit that allows for the isolation of EU influence. The article accounts for Albanian migration policy change by testing the explanatory factors of Europeanization research in this particular context.


The goal of this studt is to review the literature of risk factors in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The factors are patient dependent age > 50, malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, systemic corticosteroid therapy, and presence of septic focus. Thefactors surgeon and or dependent are: presence of preoperative site shaving, flash steriliration, intraarticular corticosteroid injection, prolonged tourniquet time, and failure to prepare the surgical siie again before conversion to anhrotomy, procedure complexity, and history of previous procedures. We also analized the centerfor disease control of atlanta guidelines lo prevent the surgical site irfection. Conclusion: We have to effort multidisciplinary to diminish our infections, and should utilire the CDC guidelines sistematicatilly:


We have design a private-information game to incorporate independent experts' assistance. With the better information provided by experts, the mistrust of the uninformed party might be dissolved. And we may get an effective and efficient resolution outcome. We will investigate conditions under which the experts' information may help the economy to get an efficient outcome or an effective resolution result.


By a [Formula: see text]-decomposition of a graph [Formula: see text] we mean a decomposition of [Formula: see text] into [Formula: see text] copies of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] copies of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] copies of [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] are non-negative integers. In this paper, it is proved that the necessary conditions for the existence of a [Formula: see text]-decomposition of [Formula: see text] are sufficient, where B, the bowtie, is the graph with two triangles having exactly one common vertex. Further, it is shown that the line graph of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] has a [Formula: see text]-decomposition except for [Formula: see text].


Yellow sweet pepper ( Capsicum annum. L) were dried in a microwave-assisted drying system with four levels o f microwave power (0.35, 0.70, 1.05, 1.4 W/g) and three levels of air temperature (30, 45 and 60 o C) at constant air velocity of 1.5m/s. Color parame ters viz. Total Colour Difference (TCD), Browning Index (BI) and Total Carotenoid (TC), along with drying efficiency and sensory scor e of dehydrated capsicum were analyzed by means of response surface methodology. Analysis of variance showed that a second-order pol ynomial model predicted well to the experimental data. The system microwave power level strongly affected quality attributes of dehyd rated capsicum. The result showed that a power level of 180 (0.90W/g) a t a process temperature of 60 o C were sufficient to draw optimum product.


Qimen's black tea loaning from Shanghai Transportation Bank indicates that the activities of production and sales of farm product became being controlled under financial capital.Within the relations of regional economy before the war,the fact was also suggested close relationship between manufactures of farm products and trade organization.This paper focuses on reviewing of(1)the process and causes of establishment of business relation between bank and Qimen's black tea,whick was main trading product in China,(2)financial governing mechanism and impacts on production and exportation of traditional agriculture,(3)the development of agriculture organizational management and formation of bond relationship between the region along the ocean and in-land.


Game players of different skills expect different challenge levels in game to be filled with enjoyment and fulfillment. Thus intelligent game opponent can be made adaptive to match different player strategies and different player skills. Traditional difficulty adjustment setting the status of the opponent often fills players with a feeling of being cheated, which cannot perfectly satisfy the player. In this paper, we demonstrate that by adjusting the challenge level of opponents through Computational Intelligence (CI) approach including Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and Upper Confidence bound for Trees (UCT) algorithms, we can realize Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA) and make players' game experience more personalized. However, as one character of CI approach is computational intensiveness, it may only be practical for offline game. Compared to that, another proposed DDA approach: adaptive Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controlled opponents can extend dynamic difficulty application to online field.


Research on rural route selection of cooperative monetary organization's development is extremely important theoretical value and practical significance for China's rural financial system in a multi-level building and cooperative financial organizations. This paper analyzes rural cooperative monetary organization's problems and build development path of the China's new rural cooperative financial organization.


Nurses are key health professionals involved in the frontline care of elderly patients. WHO predicted that the proportion of people aged over 60 years will increase from 11% to 22% between 2000 and 2050. Aligned with this increase in the ageing population is a greater demand for nursing care. Nurses' perceptions of caring for elderly is of global interest because of many reported negative perceptions and limited number of qualified nurses interested in the field of caring for elderly patients. This study aimed at exploring the nurses' perceptions of caring for elderly patients at University Teaching Hospital and Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka. The study used a mixed methods approach. Data were obtained from 148 randomly and 18 purposively sampled nursing staff. Binary Logistic Regression and content analysis of main themes were used to identify factors associated with perceptions of caring for elderly patients. Majority of the nurses (81%) had negative perceptions towards care of elderly patients. There was no statistical significance between social demographic data, knowledge of caring, availability of resources, staffing levels and management support and perceptions of caring for elderly patients. This could have been due to a small sample size which was used. The negative perceptions about caring for elderly patients in this study could be associated with the lack of knowledge specific on care of elderly patients, training units and geriatric specific guidelines for care of elderly patients. Therefore, the nursing curriculum content should be reviewed to include care of elderly patients, guidelines including hospital infrastructure, staffing and equipment friendly to care of elderly patients should be developed.


Domain Framework is an example of a very strong structure, high-level abstractions are identified and shared across a breadth of the system while specialization occurs in modules. This would generally be applied within a unification context (and, indeed, can help to manage the unification) but it can also apply across contexts when specialization within the modules diverges or the framework is very conceptual. Here I'll explore in depth one such structuring pattern, layers of responsibility, that I have used to good effect on two large projects. It can range from a strong structure to medium strength. Layers of Responsibility This pattern for structuring a model is built upon layering, one of the most successful architectural design patterns, and responsibility driven design, one of the most fundamental and successful object design philosophies. Some domains have a natural stratification. Some concepts and activities take place against a background of other model elements that change independently and at a different rate for different reasons. How can we take advantage of this natural structure, to make it more visible and useful? It immediately suggests layering. Layers are partitions of a system in which the members of each partition are aware of and able to use the services of the layers "below", but unaware and independent of the layers "above". (Or vice-versa, but I'll use the convention that "higher" layers depend on "lower" layers. Physical arrangement does not have any meaning in UML,


Transportation information sources have the characteristics of multiple and heterogeneous.To construct integrated transpor-tation information platform(ITIP) is an important way to achieve various transportation information integration,intelligence and infor-mation management.It has become a hotspot of intelligent transportation system research.Based on analyzing the technology of CORBA and XML,an ITIP is designed by using XML technology as the common data model to integrate the heterogeneous distributed transport information systems,and by using CORBA technology network communication is implemented.The platform implements collection,sharing and exchange of transportation information.This platform also provides information release and aided decision.


out an archival study in an attempt to begin to answer the following question: Does the quality of parent-child interaction improve when handicapped children show marked developmental progress? Stated differently, the staff attempted to find out if improved family interac tion was a correlate of distinct developmental progress among handicapped/developmentally delayed children. Clearly, the study was an initial investigatory attempt of a purely empirical nature; it was not derived from any particular conceptual framework.


Complexes of beryllium chloride and nitrate with (Me2N)2P(O)F were characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and in some cases by IR spectroscopy and conductimetry. 31P and 19F NMR spectra were informative of changes associated with complex formation revealing resonances consistent with different species in solution and suggest an equilibrium between these species in both beryllium derivatives. These compounds show narrow lines in the solution 9Be NMR spectra, indicative of a highly symmetric environment for beryllium. The presence of the different species was more pronounced in beryllium chloride complexes. The results are compared to those reported in the literature for hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA).


The present paper studies the boundary-value problem in a finite segment generating with the discontinuous Sturm-Liouville equation and periodic(antiperiodic) boundary conditions. We prove completeness of the system of eigenfunctions and generalized eigenfunctions in the space L2(0, π; ρ), obtain the asymptotic formulas for the solution and prove the asymptotic formulas for the eigenvalues of the periodic and antiperiodic boundary value problems


Summary

Length–weight relationships are given on six freshwater fish species (Phoxinus phoxinus, Cobitis vardarensis, Neogobius gymnotrachelus, Proterorhinus marmoratus, Petroleuciscus borysthenicus and Gambusia holbrooki) from four streams flowing into Lake Sapanca, north-western Turkey.


15 The study of the intracrystalline Fe-Mg exchange between M1 and M2 crystallographic sites in clinopyroxene on 16 samples from a variety of geological settings has provided a framework to understand the thermal history of 17 pyroxene-bearing rocks. The Fe-Mg exchange reaction has successfully been exploited as a geothermometric tool in 18 the study of orthopyroxene and pigeonite-bearing rocks, but relatively few data are available for clinopyroxene. A 19 strong correlation between total iron content and the slope of the Fe-Mg equilibrium distribution coefficient (kD) as 20 a function of temperature has been found for orthopyroxene and pigeonite, and we investigate this relationship in 21 augite. 22 We carried out new equilibrium annealing experiments at 800, 900 and 1000°C followed by single-crystal X-ray 23 diffraction and structural refinement in order to obtain a new geothermometric calibration for augite from a 120-m24 thick lava flow from Ontario, Canada [Theo's Flow, En49Fs9Wo42 hereafter also referred as Fs9 where 25 Fs=100*ΣFe/(ΣFe+Mg+Ca) with ΣFe=Fe+Fe+Mn]. This new calibration enabled us to evaluate the 26 compositional effects (mainly Fe content) by comparison with the data previously obtained on augite from MIL 27 03346 Martian sample (En36Fs24Wo40 hereafter referred to as Fs24). 28 The extremely good agreement observed between the data obtained on Theo's Flow and Miller Range (MIL 29 03346) augite demonstrate that for the range of compositions between Fs9 and Fs24, total iron content has a negligible 30 or null influence on equilibrium behavior. Furthermore, linear regression of data from Theo's Flow and MIL 03346 31 gave a single calibration equation: 32 ) 988 . 0 )( 17 . 0 ( 12 . 1 ) ( / ) 180 ( 4040 ln( 2 = ± + ± − = R K T kD . 33 Intracrystalline geothermometer for augites This new calibration describes the equilibrium behavior of augite and can be reliably used to determine the closure 34 temperature (Tc) of augite with composition ranging between Fs9 and Fs24. 35


Melatonin (MEL) the hormone of the pineal gland provides temporal information on diurnal and seasonal variation to the body and brain and it is involved in the synchronization of many different aspects of circadian systems with the light-dark cycle. In addition to these receptor-mediated functions MEL may act as a modulator of intracellular signal transduction to enhance or suppress the responses of many different cells to other incoming signals. Melatonin is also a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species and may thus protect cells and tissues against radical-mediated damages. The production of MEL declines with increasing age and circulating MEL levels are affected by certain pharmacological or physiological manipulations. Animal and cell culture experiments suggest that MEL may have beneficial effects on certain aspects of aging and age-associated diseases. The sole sufficiently investigated indication in humans involves the treatment of certain sleep disorders. There are great inter-individual variations of MEL levels. The nocturnal levels of MEL are relatively constant from 20 to 60 years of age. Some parameters of circadian rhythm differ and in women the values are higher than in men (17.08 +or- 0.6 vs. 14.02 +or- 0.6; p = 0.005). MEL is nontoxic and the endogenous production rate in human adults is approximately 28.8 mcg. It facilitates sleeping and increases the sense of tiredness. Its antioxidant activity protects the organism from the damage of free radicals. Its contraceptive activity in combination with norethindrone is being evaluated (Oval-B). It stimulates the production of interleukin 4 T-helper cells and macrophages. Its oncostatic effect is controversial and it may even promote neoplasms. The clinical aspects of hypomelatoninemia and hypermelatoninemia are present in several conditions: low levels of MEL have been implicated in depressive syndromes and in alcoholism while anorexia nervosa has been associated with high levels of MEL.


This paper focuses on the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms for greenhouses temperature forecasting. We use a new approach called TinyML, an emerging technique with high potential for a low-power environments. Our focus in this work was to understand which are the limits of this approach and how much complexity can the ML models have with the used devices. Our results reveal that a TinyML-based device such as an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense can execute easily low computational constrained ML models while consuming very low power compared to a high-end device. In particular, a simple multilayer perceptron (MLP) is targeted, offering accurate predictions in terms of RMSE, MAE and R2, which is remarkable considering that the models under study are extremely light and simple.


Low efficiency is a problem in most developing agriculture, and is one of the reasons for food insecurity. This paper provides information on smallholder production efficiency in one of the developing Sub-Saharan Countries: Kenya. It applies Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to farm-level seasonal panel data. The estimated indexes indicate high levels of inefficiency between farm sizes, seasons, and adopters and non-adopters of 'modern' farming technologies. A comparison of various farming practices shows that use of modern inputs and livestock-based capital could significantly improve farmers' performance. Tobit estimations show that the major factors influencing performance are the level of education, gender, market access and off-farm capital. Thus, policies aimed at improving education, rural infrastructure as well as assuring farmers of income through improved livelihood opportunities, and therefore reduced perceived uncertainty, could improve farm-level efficiency. The findings also provide support for prioritizing issues of farm production associated with women in policymaking.


Wireless sensor network has attracted considerable research attention as the world becomes more information oriented. This technology provides an opportunity of innovations in traditional industries. Management and control of streetlight system is a labor-intensive high-cost task for public facility operations. This paper applies wireless sensor network technology in streetlight monitoring and control. Wireless sensor networks are employed to replace traditional physical patrol maintenance and manual switching on every lamp in the street or along the highway at the aim of reducing the maintenance and management expense. Active control is used to preserve energy cost while ensuring public safety. A proof-of-concept network architecture operated at 900 MHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band is designed for a two-way wireless telemetry system in streetlight remote control and monitoring. The radio architecture, multi-hop protocol and system interface are discussed in detail. MOTES sensor nodes are used in simulation and experimental tests. Simulation results show that the sensor network approach provides an efficient solution to monitor and control lighting infrastructures through wireless links. The unique application in this paper addresses an immediate need in streetlight control and monitoring, the architecture developed in this research could also serve as a platform for many other applications and researches in wireless sensor network.


The prefatory lanugage to the inpatient neonatal and pediatric critical care codes is revised for 2018. The revision is intended to clarify when it is permissible to separately report critical care services provided by more than one physician or provided before and after admission on the same date.


The first mitral valvotomy in Sully Hospital was carried out in November 1950 (D.M.E.T.) and was successful. Subsequently mitral valvotomy was performed routinely from July 1952, and this paper includes all patients operated upon between July 1952 and July 1963. The total number of surgical corrections of mitral stenosis is 565. Four hundred and seventy-seven valvotomies were performed in addition to 69 revalvotomies, seven valvotomies combined with aortic valvotomies, and three valvotomies combined with other cardiac operations. Nine valvotomies were attempted but for various reasons were not performed. Of the patients who underwent surgery in this series, 426 were women and 139 men (Table I). The youngest patient was a girl aged 13 years, and the oldest, a woman aged 59 years. The average age of the women was 37 years and the average age of the men 39 years.


The project concerns the documentation of Florentine historical shops and commercial activities carried out through a census and a survey aimed at developing tools for the promotion, enhancement and dissemination of knowledge on the theme. These shops, connected with the history and the identity of the city, are in danger of disappearing due to the changes occurred with the liberalization of the control of commercial licenses and the development of competitive modern activities, heavily conditioned from mass tourism flows. The work, which referred to a previous research carried out by the University of Florence at the end of the eighties, has foreseen a preventive and fundamental phase of data sheet census of those activities, recognized as identities of the economy and the tradition of the city, aimed at defining the parameters for the protection. The census was accompanied by the acquisition of photographs, videos and digital surveying campaigns and it is aimed at understand, manage and displaying the image of business activities, manufacturing processes and the relationship between the activities, the urban front and their influence on the image of the city. Using different types of content the intent of the project is to develop a platform that is configured as a "widespread museum", in order to provide the user with knowledge, accessibility and use of this heritage. The aim is to develop thematic itineraries of cultural tourism, emphasizing the surplus value linked to the "intangible good" that craftsmanship, local tradition and their social function reflect on the historical center of Florence.


Wage and salary management is at a cross-road. After following the same path for almost half a century, a growing number of corporations are moving in a new direction. They have largely abandoned the traditional program concepts and are building new programs around ideas that are still being refined. There is a high level of interest among public employers in moving in the same direction. But at least in the public sector those new concepts are not wholly compatible with the values and beliefs that have served as the foundation for public pay programs. That makes program planners hesitant to take the new path. The hesitancy is not surprising. Public employers feel the pressure to change but, thus far, very few have implemented and lived with the new program model. Charlotte, NC seems to be the only example of a comprehensive "new pay" program in government. There may be few defenders of the traditional program model, but managers and employees alike are comfortable with that model. The transition from that model to the new one is not going to be easy. As the leader of the IPMA/AC A workshop on broad banding, I have now had the opportunity to discuss the new pay model with human resource managers from all levels of government. The discussions evidence considerable interest in new ideas in the abstract, but there is also a realization that their organizations may not be ready for the new pay model. This article looks at some of the issues that go into that decision.


The article discusses the features and functions of metaphor as a central component of image system of Leonid Gubanov's poetry and as one of the main coordinates of the artistic world of poet's lyrics.


VICTORIA'S terrestrial orchids are extremely varied in form and habitat, and comprise nearly one third of the orchid species found in Australia. These orchids are well adapted to a temperate but variable climate, growing each year from underground tubers, flowering during autumn, winter and spring, and surviving the harsh summer months in dormancy. Although some are capable of self-pollination, Victoria's terrestrial orchids are mainly insect pollinated, attracting native bees with scents and bright colours, fungus flies with sour odours, and wasps with chemicals resembling pheromones. In many spider orchids (caladenia spp.) the relationship between the orchids and the pollinating thynnine wasps appears to be highly specific, with each orchid species attracting only one species of wasp (Bower 2007). Symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi are required for germination and growth of most Victorian terrestrial orchid species, the fungi assisting with the uptake of nutrients and the host orchid providing the fungi with carbon compounds. There appears to be a wide range of specificity and dependence, with some orchids requiring a specific mycorrhizal fungus, while others can host and utilise a wide range of fungi (Backhouse & Jeanes 1995). With such complex ecological interactions necessary for growth and reproduction, these orchids are extremely vulnerable to ecosystem disturbance (Hopper and Dixon 2009). It is no surprise then, that Victoria's terrestrial orchids are in serious decline. At least 10 native orchid species have become extinct in Victoria since European settlement, and nearly half of the approximately 400 Victorian orchid species, of which 40% are endemic, are considered threatened (Jeanes & Backhouse 2006). In response to this significant decline, the Victorian Threatened Orchid Recovery Project was established in 1996. This represents a partnership between the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE), Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne (RBGM), the Australasian Native Orchid Society–Victorian Group (ANOS-Vic), Parks Victoria, Melbourne Zoo, University of Melbourne, Victoria University and RMIT University, and is assisted by a network of agencies, community groups and individuals from both within Victoria and interstate. The Threatened Orchid Recovery Project in the North Central region forms part of this state-wide project.


Wandering, ectopic, splenoptosis spleen is a mobile spleen without peritoneal attachments. It is attached with an elongated vascular pedicle which permits it to move to any part of the abdomen or pelvis. Wandering spleen is uncommon and results due to congenital mal-development or due to acquired laxity of peritoneal attachments including the lienorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments. Ectopic, migrating or splenoptosis are synonymous with wandering spleen. Spleen can move to the lower abdomen or pelvis. It is more commonly encountered in women of reproductive age, and may be misdiagnosed as an abdominal or adenxal mass. Ultrasound imaging is least invasive and more effective for diagnosis. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment is mandatory to prevent complications. The first case of wandering spleen was reported by Hatfield et al in 1976. We present a 40-year-old woman with a painful abdominal lump. Her ultrasound showed an enlarged ectopic hypoechoic mass in the right iliac fossa with a large vascular pedicle and was treated by laparotomy.


An algorithm for embedding compression in the Baptista-type chaotic cryptosystem is proposed. The lookup table used for encryption is determined adaptively by the probability of occurrence of plaintext symbols. As a result, more probable symbols will have a higher chance to be visited by the chaotic search trajectory. The required number of iterations is small and can be represented by a short code. The compression capability is thus achieved. Simulation results show that the compression performance on standard test files is satisfactory while the security is not compromised. Our scheme also guarantees that the ciphertext is not longer than the plaintext.


Therapeutic gene therapy has offered a useful strategy for treatment of acquired and inherited diseases through transfection of malfunctioning cells by specific defective genes[1,2]. Gene therapy could help to correct genetic deficiencies in many genetic diseases including, malignant melanoma, cystic fibrosis and Gaucher's disease[3]. Owing to the fact that the efficiency of naked DNA injection is insufficient for applications, such as DNA vaccination, one of the main challenges in this field is how to deliver nucleic acids to target cells and tissues. Therefore, reliable carrier systems are required. Hence, different viral (include retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, pox virus and so on) and 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Human Genetic Research Centre, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran


Objective To study the expression and distributing of RANTES in nasal mucosa and lung tissue in model of allergic rhinitis.Methods Twenty SD rats were randomly divided into allergic rhinitis(AR)group and normal control group.Ovalbumin(OVA)sensitized and challenged rats were used as the model of allergic rhinitis.The expression of RANTES in nasal mucosa and lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results RANTES positive cell and the expression in nasal mucosa and lung of AR group were significantly higher than that of normal control group(P0.01).The number of RANTES positives cells in nasal mucosa was significantly positively correlated with the number of RANTES positives cells in lung tissue of ARgroup(r=0.94,P0.01).Conclusion High expression of RANTES in nasal mucosa and lung tissue of AR of rats,revealed there was distinct consistency and correlation in respect of inflammatory reaction of the upper and lower respiratory tracts.


The author examines the proposition that the maximum platform angle for biade cores is 90°. He notes the presence of Mesolithic microblade cores in Denmark that exhibit obtuse platform angles, as high as 113°. The paper presents correspondence on this matter between the author and several colleagues, and extensive experimental replication is also reported


Cristian Morales, an economist by training, has dedicated his career to improving health and health equity in the Americas through his work with PAHO/WHO. This has taken him from hurricanes, earthquakes and epidemics in Haiti to PAHO's Washington DC offi ces, where he was instrumental in achieving consensus on a resolution aiming for universal health-coverage plus access-approved by all governments in the Americas. In 2015, he was appointed PAHO/WHO Permanent Representative in Cuba, and in 2018 to the same post in Mexico.


nancial losses, and unavailability of organs for transplants. The intensive care physician plays an essential role in this diagnosis. This study intended to evaluate intensivists' knowledge concerning brain death. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 15 intensive care units (ICU) in eight hospitals in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six intensivists were interviewed in a consecutive sample between April and December 2005. The prevalence of lack of knowledge regarding the concept was of 17%. Twenty per cent of the interviewees ignored the legal need for complementary confi rmatory tests for their diagnosis. Forty-seven per cent considered themselves


The authors respond to various comments concerning their article "The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research." They state that they have little interest in building walls between the fields of entrepreneurship and strategic management but instead feel that the field of entrepreneurship needs to create its own conceptual framework that is different from frameworks in other fields such as organizational behavior, operations management, and strategic management. They feel that focusing primarily on small or new businesses leads entrepreneurial research to focus too much attention on questions more pertaining to strategic management than entrepreneurship. They suggest that research can't be focused on profitability of new internet ventures due to the instability of this industry.


This paper introduces a system which can monitor the environment of the garbage center in a city. Comparing with developed countries, they have technologies to process garbage, while those technologies are still difficult to be implemented in developing countries. In Indonesia, garbage are mostly placed in a wide-open area called landfill, where methane gas could be produced by a decomposition process. The gas has a characteristic that it can be burned easily. However, it is potentially to be used as an alternative energy for gas stoves. Considering this characteristic, the gas should be managed appropriately for both of distributing and monitoring gas leakage. Since the production of methane gas is plentiful enough, the gas can be distributed among the households surrounding the garbage center. Monitoring of methane gas has to be done continuously and real time during producing and distributing, without generating pollutions to the environment. Here, the monitoring system has been developed using a micro controller equipped with a methane gas sensor, i.e., TGS 2611. The data of monitoring will be distributed using an Internet-based system, where a Wi-Fi module is attached to the micro controller to send and communicate with the web-based server. Furthermore, information of monitoring the gas can be accessed by using android application. The advantage of the proposed system is that the user can monitor, record, and get the information of gas level. The system can also be used as an early-warning system when the gas exceeds the limit and when a danger situation occurs. The proposed system was tested using the black box method to evaluate the functionality. Finally, the system is used to optimize the Waste Management program through the utilization of methane gas. Hence, the utilization of methane gas monitoring system is tested to the user, whether they can use it easily.


Microbial organisms are key pathogens for plants, animals, and humans. The elimination of pathogenic microbes is an essential topic for researchers. Non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) can potentially inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. This paper draws the results of the biocidal effect study in pre-treatment of barley seeds by NTAP. The effect was observed in 7-day-old seedlings. The results of reducing the total microbial number (by 36.7% after 5 minutes of exposure) were obtained. Thus, treatment with non-thermal plasma can reduce the microbiological contamination of agricultural plant seeds.


We present a topology optimization based procedure aiming at the optimal placement (and design) of the supports in problems characterized by a time dependent construction process. More precisely, we focus on the solution of a time-dependent minimal compliance problem based on the classical Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) method. In particular, a continuous optimization problem with the state equation defined as the time-integral of a linear elasticity problem on a space-time domain is firstly introduced and the mean compliance over a time interval objective functional is then selected as objective function. The optimality conditions are derived and a fixed-point algorithm is introduced for the iterative computation of the optimal solution. Numerical examples showing the differences between a standard SIMP method, which only optimizes the shape at the final time, and the proposed time-dependent approach are presented and discussed.


An apparatus is described, involving the use of the katharometer and the Haldane blood-gas apparatus, by means of which the carbon dioxide evolved and the oxygen absorbed by small quantities of living tissue can be measured. The measurement is accurate in each case to 1 cu. mm., and readings may be made at desired intervals without in any way disturbing the course of the respiration.


Report of an 1 1/2 year old boy with Hand‐Schüller‐Christian disease. A dose of 3 mg cortisone per kg of body weight per day, injected intramuscularly, initially resulted in conspicuous improvement. Thus, the general condition improved, the hepatomegaly and splenomegaly decreased, as did the protrusion of the eyeball, polyruia and polydipsia. Oedema subsequently developed and became increasingly severe; no changes were found in the blood chemistry to account for it. It was necessary to discontinue cortisone therapy after 3 weeks. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly and he died after a further 5 days.


Summary 1) It has been demonstrated that garter snakes are susceptible to infection with WEE virus. This is the first evidence, to the best of our knowledge, that a virus which is an important parasite of avian and mammalian hosts can infect a cold-blooded vertebrate and cause viremia of high titer and long duration. 2) The possibility that snakes may play a role in overwintering of the virus is being investigated.


Motion capture systems are widely used for virtual reality, motion acquisition for medical researches, for humanoid robots, for video games, etc. Several types of them have been developed and used for applications considering their advantages and restrictions. Another type of motion capture system that uses alternating magnetic field is proposed in this paper. The system uses a field exciting coil that covers measuring area and a pickup coil attached to target. First, six alternating fields are generated simultaneously in measuring area, and signals are induced on pickup coils according to attitude and position of it. These signals are processed to extract amplitude of exciting components, and state of the pickup coil is calculated from those components. It can detect attitude and displacement of target with high resolution and fast response speed. The principles of detection and brief experimental results are described.


A flapping-wing micro air vehicle was built that mimics the control strategy utilized by fruit flies which indirectly modulate wing angle of attack to generate yaw torques. This prototype could also generate roll torques by oscillating the wing hinge at the flapping frequency with an appropriate phase. The roll, yaw and pitch torque generation capability was characterized using a custom single-axis torque sensor. The vehicle could produce torques with magnitudes of 0.8/μNm, 1/μNm and 0.8/μNm of roll, yaw and pitch torque respectively. Based off the known inertial properties of the robot, we estimate that it is capable of achieving turning performances comparable to fruit flies.


Criticism of influences in medical education supposes at the very least an awareness of what these influences are. Some are readily identified; others are so subtle or disguised that they defy easy recognition; and all of them change almost as soon as they are recognized. The editor of the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences recently wrote 1 : In a time of rapid changes, when almost all institutions assume new forms or show evidence of strain in seeking to accommodate themselves to unprecedented situations, there will always be a certain amount of disagreement about what in fact is taking place. There will seldom be disagreement that what is taking place will be resented by persons or agencies whose presumed interests are served by continuing circumstances without change. A story is told about a man who lived in a village outside Paris. During the revolution he met a


The design of a low-voltage and low-power /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is presented. A third-order single-loop /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator topology is implemented with the differential modified switched op-amp technique. The modulator topology has been transformed as to accommodate half-delay integrators. Dedicated low-voltage circuit building blocks, such as a class AB operational transconductance amplifier, a common-mode feedback amplifier, and a comparator are treated, as well as low-voltage design techniques. The influence of very low supply voltage on power consumption is discussed. Measurement results of the 900-mV /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ A/D converter show a 77-dB dynamic range in a 16-kHz bandwidth and a 62-dB peak signal-to-noise ratio for a 40-/spl mu/W power consumption.


The utility model relates to a treatment device of a vertical static load test pile head, which comprises a pressure bearing plate. A jack is installed above the pressure bearing plate, and the treatment device of the vertical static load test pile head is characterized in that a pressure bearing hoop of the pile head is installed below the pressure bearing plate through a leveling device. Level meters are symmetrically distributed on two sides of the jack on the pressure bearing plate, and a load sensor arranged above the jack is fixed on an I beam and connected with a frequency meter. The pressure bearing hoop of the pile head, the pressure bearing plate, the jack, the load sensor and the I beam are located on the same axis. A dial indicator measuring rod clamping groove is arranged on a reference stake, and a dial indicator is fixed on the reference stake. The treatment device of the vertical static rod test pile head can avoid eccentric pressing of a pile and accurately control pile pressing force, and the dial indicator can accurately measure vertical deformation of the pile, thereby guaranteeing accuracy of static load test data.


Endotoxins are derived from cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria,and are stable molecules.However,many biological preparations,such as recombinant proteins,are produced by the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli.Exposure to endotoxins excessively lead to multiple pathophysiological effects,such as endotoxin shock,tissue injury,and death.For this reason,biological preparations must be as free as possible of endotoxins in order not to induce side effects when administered to humans.This paper summarized the methods for removing endotoxins from biological preparations,such as ultrafiltration,ion exchange,chromatography,and two-phase micellar system.The principles,characteristic,application and choice are included.


This study aims to understand and analyze the social capital and human capital Madura ethnic barbers in Makassar. This type of research is a qualitative case study approach. The subject was a barber Madura in Makassar. Selection of informants snowball, with a focus on issues of social capital and human capital. Researcher as research instrument. The collection of data through observation, interview and documentation, analyzed by a three-stage model of water, including data reduction, data presentation, and stage of development. The validity of data through observation extension technique, perseverance, member check and triangulation. The results showed that the social capital of the aspects of trust, people have to trust how the barber Madura. Aspects of the norm, uphold the norms as Madura seacoast, and the networking aspect, the barber form a network of kinship, ethnic, economic enterprises, and through the organization of Madura in the city. Human capital barber Madura in Makassar based on knowledge gained informally by way of self-taught, environment and hereditary from parents; aspects of the experience, gained since long (hereditary) with satisfactory results; aspects of the skills needed to improve their business and customers barber; aspects of creativity, creative enough to follow the model's hair and innovation aspects of the shaver is making progress, as part of the manual (gothok) to shaving machine (clipper).


We investigate domain-wall/quantum field-theory correspondences in various dimensions. Our general analysis covers not only the well studied cases in 10 and 11 dimensions, but also enables us to discuss new cases like a type I/heterotic 6-brane in 10 dimensions and domain-wall dualities in lower than 10 dimensions. The examples we discuss include `d-branes' in six dimensions preserving eight supersymmetries and extreme black holes in various dimensions. In the latter case we construct the quantum mechanics Hamiltonian and discuss several limits.


A fundamental understanding of an electrode material requires the elucidation of its phase transformation mechanism during charge and discharge. Ex situ methods, which are carried out under equilibrium condition, have been widely used in charactering the thermodynamic phases at different states of charge, from which a thermodynamic phase transformation pathway can be constructed. However, ex situ measurements do not always reflect the process occurred in an operating battery as the non-equilibrium operating condition might result in deviations from the thermodynamic process, especially for high-rate materials, such as LiFePO4, which is predicted to exhibit a fundamentally different phase transformation process at high rates [1,2]. To probe the process at high rate, an in situ method with reasonable temporal resolution must be employed. In this work, the high rate galvanostatic cycling process of LiFePO4 nanoparticle electrode in a customised AMPIX cell [3] was investigated in situ by time-resolved synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. Formation of continuous non-equilibrium solid solution phases between LiFePO4 and FePO4 was observed at 10 C rate. The in situ diffraction patterns were analysed by a refinement strategy that accounts for the asymmetrical diffraction peak profiles due to Li composition variations.


This paper describes the development of a control and monitoring system for a high power excimer laser within the framework of the joint European research project called EUREKA. As very high power excimer lasers become more attractive for industrial use, it is necessary to address the question of detailed monitoring and control. Remote monitoring of a variety of laser parameters, such as flow rates and flow performance is required in fast gas flow, multi-kilowatt devices, and the ability to monitor component performance over long periods of time is also desirable. Since the excimer laser environment is electromagnetically noisy, an overview of an approach that uses optical sensors and fibreoptic communication networks will be given. The paper will discuss the necessity to measure and control the timing of the laser, the gas composition, the alignment of the laser resonator, the uniformity of the discharge and the performance of the power supply. Examples of fibre optic sensor designs which could be used in the laser environment will be given. Hybrid devices with conventional sensor heads but using fibre optic communication links would be a possible short-term alternative where they would significantly outperform the all-optical solution.


The purpose of this study was to investigate select shop's VMD affects on store loyalty and was to provide the strategic store plan of fashion select shop. The data was collected from a questionnaire conducted on 215 of 20s-30s' consumer who live in Seoul and GyeongGi-Do area and was analysed by frequency, factor analysis, reliability, and linear regression. The study results suggest the following strategies for select shop stores: First, VMD was classified into four factors such as in-store structure, space & facilities, product performance, in-store environment. Second, Store Loyalty was classified into two factors such as store confidence and store satisfaction. Third, VMD factors influencing the 'store satisfaction' in store loyalty was store construction and product performance, VMD factors influencing the 'store satisfaction' in store loyalty was in-store environment, store construction, space and facilities, and product performance. Based on these results, select shop's VMD has direct influence on the store loyalty more weight should be put on VMD in order to increase the competitiveness of select shop.


A Pulsed Magnetic Field Generation Device based on Power MOSFET is introduced in this paper. Power MOSFET IRF640 is controlled by microprocessor to generate high current signal, which make coil load to generate pulsed Magnetic Field. The control of microprocessor and design of circuit are both given.


The grounding system design of the 150 kV substation have resolve affect in lightning strike area. The purpose of this study is to determine the duration of the potential difference penetration that occurs due to direct or indirect lightning strikes. The parameter method grounding system uses a combination of  R and L for the grid section and a combination of RLC for the rod section. Simulations due to direct lightning strikes in nearby areas greatly affect the spike in the amount of potential difference. The potential difference in the area closest to the lightning strike with a maximum surge of 57.42 V with a neutralization duration of 0.21 μs. At the furthest distance from a lightning strike, the maximum potential difference spike is only 3.14 V with a neutralization duration of 2 μs. The average duration of neutralization due to lightning strikes is 2 μs. In the simulation of a direct lightning strike striking electrical equipment, it causes a very high potential difference spike in lightning strike area of 992.96 V with a spike duration of 0.012 μs. The farthest area point at the location of the lightning strike has a spike of 31.07 V with a spike duration of 0.06 μs. The duration of neutralization at a potential difference below 1 V, has a duration of more than 2 μs depending on the distance from the location of lightning strike. The grounding system design is able to perform good performance with a fast potential difference neutralization duration in the event of a direct or indirect lightning strike. Lightning strikes that occur will not cause dangerous step and touch voltages for personnel in the 150 kV substation area.


Using the high pressure oxidation,in reaction,ration of liquid to solid=4 concrtvace in H\-2SO\-4=0.22 mol/L and in HNO\-3=0.2 mol/L,cupric sulphide concentrates are 800 kPa and 120 ℃.leached at the 4 g/kg mine soldium goulac are leached after 2h,the leached rate of copper can be high up to 97%-98%,By controlling pH values precipitating ferric,the impurity lead can be reduced to (0.9) μg.The forage-grade CuSO_4 crystal which contains a little amount ZnSO_4 is obtained.


Security guards as a form of concern from the company to assist the function of the National Police as security personnel to carry out security in the company so that they can run their business or business smoothly without any obstacles and obstacles from all situations and conditions that can harm the company, but the current condition of the data collection process The security guard in the South Sumatra region has not been fully integrated by the South Sumatra Regional Police so that the coordination and communication process between the security guard and the police has not run optimally. The purpose of this research is to improve the evaluation and monitoring of security guards in the area of South Sumatra by using information technology. The research uses the SDLC system development method. The results of improving communication and coordination using the Great Security Guard application have gone very well, it can be seen that data collection and supervision of security guards in the South Sumatra region can be found properly. The conclusion of the Great Security Guard application as an innovation in the use of information technology and to monitor security guards in helping to minimize crimes that occur, Great Security Security also provides visualization in the form of digitally mapping the position of security guards (geolocation), this aims to determine the position of the security guard who is on duty..


Recent studies show the importance of the private brand in the stimulation of retail sales. This paper has three main scopes: to evaluate the consumers' attitude towards the retailers' private brand according to the satisfaction and loyalty levels; to show the role of private brands in the consumers' preferences; and to identify the key factors of success in private brands commerce. The authors have selected the descriptive method, the questionnaire, by performing a survey among the loyal customers of four Metro Cash and Carry stores, which represent a representative sample. The final conclusion is that the private brand is the cornerstone completing the puzzle game on a strongly competitive consumer market.


Abstract. This paper proposes a method of implementation of automatic contour line extrac-tion from scanned digital topographic maps. First, color image segmentation is executed torecognize the features on digital topographic maps, second, morphological and flltering opera-tions are presented to eliminate all unwanted information from digital topographic map exceptfrom contour lines. Then, resolving the terminal and crossed points is processed, flnally, match-ing and reconnecting broken contour lines are proposed.Keywords: Digital Topographic Map, Contour Line, Color Image Segmentation, MorphologicalOperation, Filtering, Reconnection.AMS Subject Classiflcation: 62H35, 68U10, 94A08. 1. IntroductionTopographic maps essentially consist of color point, linear, and area features to representtopographic and geographic information about the Earth, or part of it. In topographic mapsthe shape of the Earth's surface is represented by contour lines. Contours are imaginary linesthat join points of equal elevation on the surface of the land above or below a reference surfacesuch as mean sea level.A traditional topographic map includes not only contour lines, but also symbols that representdifierent features such as buildings, rivers, roads etc. Difierent features are printed with difierentcolors. Usually brown is used to depict contour lines. Because of coloriflc dispersion, paper-based topographic maps own thousands of difierent colors after it has scanned. This comes intobeing the aliasing and false color. Furthermore, contour lines overlapped with other features onmap can also increase extraction di–culty.Nowadays, many applications require digital maps, such as urban/rural planning, geographicinformation systems (GIS), geology, water resources management, satellite imaging, etc. Espe-cially contour lines extraction and recognition is greatly signiflcant for the generation of digitalelevation modeling (DEM) data.But contour lines extraction is also a tedious and time-consuming process by using manualtechniques and procedures. Research on automated extraction of contour lines has been goingon for many years. However, it is still considerably di–cult to achieve accurate contour linesand clean up all other features from a scanned topographic map.As Khotanzad referred recently, there are four challenges [12].1) Aliasing is the major challenge, which is induced by the convolution of the input imageand the scanner's point spread function [11].


A convenient synthesis of novel 6-disubstituted 5-oxomorpholine-3-carboxylate derivatives (5) by stereoselective cyclization of Δ 1 -dehydrodipeptides, Boc-ΔVal-L-AA-OMe (AA=Ser, Thr, HyVal) with t-BuOCI or N-halosuccinimide is described. Furthermore, the configuration of 5 was determined by single crystal X-Ray analysis.


Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death worldwide. According to a recent report from the World Health Organization, an estimated 17.3 million people died from CVDs in 2008, representing 30% of all global deaths. Despite significant advances in surgical approaches and increased survival rate, congenital heart disease (CHD) is still the primary cause of birth defect-related deaths in the western world. More than half of all babies born with a cardiac abnormality will require at least one invasive surgery in their lifetime. As a result of improvement in surgical procedures, many babies who once would have died of CHD now survive into adulthood. In fact, the number of adults with CHD in the USA is now greater than the number of babies born with CHD. However, many adults with congenital heart disease are suffering from functional abnormalities, including arrhythmias and heart failure [1,2] and require lifelong care. The cardiovascular problems can be either intrinsic to the perturbation of developmental events that led to the structural malformations in the first place, or can result from acquired conditions related to scar tissues resulting from the surgical procedures. The primary goals of cardiovascular developmental research are to elucidate the mechanisms that govern normal cardiac development and to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the etiology of CHD. In addition, as it becomes increasingly clear that many so-called acquired heart diseases may also have developmental origins, an additional goal of cardiovascular developmental biologists is to identify the early events that may play a role in the pathogenesis of acquired diseases, such as mitral valve prolapse. [...]


Radiometer spectrometers, located in the "back-end" of a radio telescope receiver (as shown in Fig. 1) are used in millimeter-wave radio astronomy for the spectral measurement of molecular rotational transitions.


Existing anchor-free object detection methods have achieved some amazing results, but these methods are relatively complex and the inference speed is also slow. In this paper, an anchor-free lightweight object detection network is proposed. The proposed method effectively overcomes the limitation of detection model by anchor-free mechanism, and the lightweight backbone network reduces the computational cost. In addition, the proposed small object enhancement module can enhance the focus on small objects, which improves the detection capability of small objects. Besides, a label assignment strategy is proposed to determine the prominent feature, and a center correction mechanism is introduced to make the predicted bounding box closer to the ground truth to further improve the detection accuracy. Extensive experiments are conducted on MS COCO and Pascal VOC datasets, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better results than the existing detection methods on detection accuracy by increasing 0.5% on the MS COCO dataset, and has a detection accuracy increase of 0.4% on the Pascal VOC dataset, which proves the superiority of the proposed method.


This work analyses the hypernasal cleft palate speech for 4-point severity rating (0-normal, 1-mild, 2-moderate, 3-severe). Hypernasality results nasalization of vowels and some of voiced consonants. Addition of extra nasal peak in vicinity of first formant occurs due to nasalization. To resolve the closely spaced extra nasal peak and first formant, a high spectral resolution technique called zero time windowing (ZTW) is used. The speech signal is multiplied with a highly decaying impulse-like window of size approximately a pitch period. The loss in spectral resolution due to zero time windowing is restored by successive differentiation in frequency domain. Further the numerator of group delay is used to resolve closely spaced extra nasal peak and first formants. ZTW based spectrum captures the vocal tract changes even within an open and a closed phase of glottis and does not have the effect of pitch harmonics. Acoustic analysis of low vowel, high vowel and some voiced consonants, taken from the hypernasal speech, is done to rate the severity. The result shows no extra nasal peak in normal speech vowels. It appears in high vowel only for mild, both high and low vowels for moderate and severe, and in voiced consonants for severe only.


In this paper, scientometrics was adopted to analyze the citation data of multiple articles to identify the paradigm shift in nursing management. Nursing management is crucial in health care practice. By analyzing 120 656 citations of 5958 articles regarding security and privacy in the health care field, published from 2003 to 2012 and obtained from the Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index databases, the intellectual structure of nursing management in health studies was mapped to determine its development. After executing keyword analysis and tag cloud analysis, "nursing," "management," "care," "health," "quality," "research," and "education" were the emerging topics related to security and privacy in the health field. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights and implications regarding the nursing management of health. The mapping results can be used as a valuable tool for researchers to access the literature in this field.


A large number of weakly rigid parts are used in the progress of aircraft assembly, while it's deviation will affect the quality of the product finally. The assembly variation model of aircraft weakly rigid parts based on influence coefficient method are constructed for controlling assembly accuracy effectively. Based on the linear elastic hypothesis of small deformation, the model carry out the mechanical analysis of aircraft weakly rigid parts in the typical process of positioning, clamping, jointing and spring-back. Influence coefficient matrix of the key features affected by parts manufacturing variation and fixture variation is calculated through the Finite Element method and Monte Carlo simulation, then the assembly variation model is constructed. Finally, based on the above model, an engineering example of assembly variation prediction of aircraft panels was given.


Spinel lithium manganese oxide, LiMn2O4, is beset with problems of capacity fade upon repeated cycling. The loss in capacity upon cycling is attributable to Jahn–Teller distortion and manganese dissolution in the electrolyte in the charged state. One way to circumvent this capacity fade is to introduce other 3d transition metal ions in the LiMn2O4 lattice. In this paper, we report on the effect of partial substitution of manganese in the LiMn2O4 phase with copper (II) and chromium (III) ions. It has been shown that the higher octahedral stabilization energy of trivalent chromium imparts greater structural stability to chromium-doped LiMn2O4 spinels. Both copper and chromium reduce the capacity of the spinel in the 4 V region. In terms of its good reversible capacity and ability to sustain cycling with minimal capacity fade, LiCr0⋅1Mn1⋅9O4 may be considered as a potential cathode material for lithium rechargeable cells.


Previous studies of vigilance behavior have focused mainly on the influence of predation threat, whereas the influences of conspecific factors, such as within-group threats, are relatively unstudied. To elucidate the influences of conspecific factors, this study examined vigilance behavior in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Vigilance level was lower during foraging than during resting, which indicated a conflict between vigilance and foraging activity. In addition, vigilance level was higher when chimpanzees were on the ground where an encounter with leopards (Panthera pardus) is likely than when the chimpanzees were in trees. Males, but not females, increased their level of vigilance as the number of individuals within 3 meters increased. In both males and females, daily party size—an index of group cohesion—did not affect the vigilance level. The level of maternal vigilance was higher when a dependent infant was separated from its mother than when the offspring was in contact with its mother. Both males and females increased their vigilance when a less-associated group member was nearby, as compared to when there was no less-associated group member nearby. This finding suggests that variation in relationship quality influences the vigilance level and that individuals need to increase their level of vigilance when the level of within-group threats is high. This study indicated that variation in vigilance cannot be understood unless conspecific factors, such as variation in the relationship quality with associates, are considered.


Objective:To optimize purification technology of total phenolic acid from Mentha haplocalyx by macroporous resin.Method: With the content of total phenolic acid and adsorption-resolution rate as indexes,optimum resin model was determined by investigating adsorption capacity of five different macroporous resin on total phenolic acid,and optimized its purification technology conditions.Result: HPD-400 macroporous resin was selected,Optimum purification conditions were as follow:The concentration of sample liquid was 0.1 g · mL-1 and then turn to pH 3 with acetic acid,the amount of sample 6 BV,ratio of diameter-height 1∶9,2 BV 20% ethanol to wipe off impurity with flow velocity of 2 BV · h-1,3 BV 70% ethanol to elute with 4 BV · h-1,eluate collected,purity of total phenolic acid 53%.Conclusion: Optimized purification technology was fit for separating and easy to operate with good reproducibility,it could be used to separate and enrichment total phenolic acid from M.haplocalyx.