Bruce Weide's survey of contemporary research in the analysis of discrete algorithms illustrates numerous useful analytic techniques. [See Comput. Surv. 9, 4 (Dec. 1977), pp. 291-313]. However, the paper does not develop the theme that experimental techniques are potential useful complements to analysis. I think it is useful to cite several examples. There seem to be two broad classes of experimental techniques for analyzing combinatorial algorithms: the "brute force" techniques, which use exhaustive enumeration of cases, and the statistical techniques, which sample the algorithm's behavior under various conditions. Perhaps the most notable example of case enumeration is the use of a program to prove the Four Color Map Theorem [1] by enumerating all the maps that previous analysis had revealed to be in need of testing. A second example of case enumeration arose in the analysis of the so-caUed Alpha-Beta algorithm, which is often used in game-playing programs. The objective was a formula for the average number of nodes expanded by the algorithm in searching uniform trees of depth D and branching factor AT. Fuller, Gaschnig, and Gillogly wrote a paper analyzing this algorithm [2]. Knuth and Moore sent Fuller et al. a proposed formula; Fuller et al. wrote a program to enumerate 8! cases and discovered an error in the proposed formula in one of the cases. Knuth and Moore subsequently derived a correct formula, which was reported with this story in [3]. There are two examples showing that experimental techniques helped find a proof that eluded available analytic techniques. Weide cites the same Alpha-Beta papers [2, 3] to illustrate that Monte Carlo simulations may lead to incorrect conclusions. Fuller, et al. conjectured on the basis of such experiments that the formula O(N °'72D) approximated the average number of nodes expanded [2]. Knuth and Moore subsequently proved (correctly) that an actual upper bound is O((N / log N)D). The latter bound grows more slowly than the former.


In this paper, a cavity-backed full-corporate feed slot array antenna based on ridge gap waveguide at 140 GHz is presented. In order to fabricate the proposed slot array by computerized numerical control (CNC) milling technology, the length of metallic pins is selected as large as possible. Since the full-corporate feed networks are very dense, and only one row of metallic pins is required to isolate the coupling effect between any two neighbored distribution networks. In the work, height value of the bed nails are well selected so that the mutual coupling are below -20 dB. The simulated results show that the proposed array antenna has an input impedance bandwidth of 11% better than -10 dB. The bandwidth covers 135-150 GHz frequency band. The simulated gain is higher than 38 dBi over 135-150 GHz.


Crack propagation behavior is a fundamental issue of fatigue properties for steel structures.A new method-beach marking method is introduced for the detection of fatigue crack propagation in steel structures. Basic principles of beach marking method are described,and an example for the application of this method is given to stress the main factors for successful use with an experimental case.Beach marking method is applied to record crack propagation indirectly by applying proper designed fatigue load spectrum to the specimen so as to produce certain fatigue curves on the fracture surface,which is proved to be an effective method for the measurement of fatigue crack propagation of steel structures.


The main objective of this work is to identify and analyze the themes of the comics that deal with current topics. Today's comics authors include Allan Sieber and Andre Dahmer, who appear on the internet media scene as comics' creators for virtual domains. The study intends to analyze the phenomenon of the passage from one support to another, an aspect that constitutes a great innovation of the language of comics.


Abstract : This paper examines the potential cost and personnel savings from wider use of Interactive Courseware (ICW) relative to current instructional delivery methods. Such potential savings are important because 6.7% of the total DoD budget is devoted to instruction and one in every seven military personnel are involved in individual instruction as a student, instructor, or in instructional support. The hypotheses are that wider use of ICW would (1) decrease the cost of training personnel to a given level of skills and knowledge and (2) decrease the number of students in training at any given time. The data support these hypotheses. Using conservative estimates of training costs and ICW savings, we estimate annual savings from wider ICW use to be $130 million to $160 million. The primary source of these savings is less student time under instruction, which should result in a lower training load and allow for less of the overall military personnel ceiling being used on those receiving, giving, or supporting individual training. The student time savings would mean 9-11 thousand fewer students with no loss of training throughput. The paper also discusses the institutional conditions that impede wider ICW use, and recommends ways to overcome these impediments and foster wider use of cost-effective ICW technology.


Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play significant roles in tumour angiogenesis which prominently facilitates pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) progression. Methods: The clinical PAAD data were obtained from TCGA database and clinical specimens of 122 PAAD patients. The Molecular Signatures Database v4.0 was used to identify angiogenesis-related long non-coding RNAs (ARLNRs). Survival-related ARLNRs (sARLNRs) were further validated by univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses. The expressions of CASC8, AC015660.1, Z97832.2 and PAN3-AS1 in PAAD cell lines and tissues were examined by qPCR. The correlations between sARLNRs (CASC8 and AC015660.1) and clinicopathological characteristics of the 122 PAAD patients were analyzed by the chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability method. Results: 590 lncRNAs were identified as ARLNRs, of which four sARLNRs were further used to establish an angiogenesis-related risk score model (ARRS), by which patients in the low-risk group have better survival probabilities than those in the high-risk group. The expression levels of CASC8 and AC015660.1 were significantly higher in PAAD cell lines and tumor tissues especially in patients with advanced grades and T-stages, while Z97832.2 and PAN3-AS1 were inverse. In addition, the higher expression of CASC8 and AC015660.1 prominently associated with the larger tumour size, and the more advanced grade and T-stage. However, the relevance between the sARLNRs (CASC8 and AC015660.1) expression and lymph node metastasis status was not significant. Conclusions: In the study, we illuminate the clinical significance, angiogenesis relevance and prognosis-predictive value of four sARLNRs for PAAD. The results build a bridge between sARLNRs and tumour vascularization, and also establish a reliable and accurate risk scoring model for PAAD antiangiogenic strategy.


We identified 60 species of copepod, three species of cladoceran, and others such as hyperid amphipod, euphausiid, mysid, polychaete, chaetognoth, tunicate, medusa, and planktonic larva in the Zhelin Bay, eastern Guangdong, during the period of April 2001 and April 2002. This bay was characterized by micro zooplankton. The dominant species such as Paracalanus crassirostris, Oithona brevicornis and Penilia avirostris, accounting for 57.1% of the total abundance, were small with body lengths being less than 0.6mm. The biomass in terms of dry weight, species diversity and abundance of zooplankton were higher in the samples collected from outside the bay than those within the bay. Similarly, samples of the outer and eastern boundaries of the bay had higher biomass, diversity and abundance than those of the inner and western boundaries. Monthly average abundance and biomass of dry weight varied with water temperature. Maximum values were observed in August and September when the water temperature is high, and in February when the water temperature is low. The high annual abundance (15.8×10 3 ind/m 3) and biomass (227.8 mg·dW / m 3) indicated a rich zooplankton community of this bay. In the same year, the abundance of zooplankton was positively correlated to water temperature and the abundance of phytoplankton, but in different years a negative relationship was observed between the abundance of zooplankton and phytoplankton.


In order to make international visitors to search education web sites and study online at any time, anywhere by mobile handsets, the mobile communication principle of remote learning system on mobile Internet is given. The implementation method for the dynamic production of tests on a home page of the learning system are elaborated by using the programming technology of the Active Server Pages 3.0 and wireless makeup language. The query of exam information and automatic marking of test questions can be easily realized by the developed learn system under mobile Internet environment according to users' requirements.


Signs of aging in non-corona spark counters of the Rosenblum type (thin anode wires in front of a flat cathode plate) containing CH/sub 4/ and other organic gases as counting gas can only be avoided in counters which are filled with non-soot-forming gases. A report is made on the counting properties of such counters with methane gas filling. The constancy of the counting rate is better than in the case of the counter with a CH/sub 4/ filling; response capacity and discrimination between fast neutrons and gamma rays are not different from those of a counter operated with methane. (auth)


ABSTRACT Molecular markers are helpful to efficiently protect the plant breeders' rights. Fluorescent simple sequence repeats (SSR) based on DNA sequencing is a powerful and automated platform for the detection of genetic polymorphism. Here, we first reported 13 SSRs using a fluorescent SSR panel according to the reference genome information, and detected the genetic diversity and population structure of 136 pomegranate varieties. The average number of alleles per locus was 6.31, gene diversity ranged from 0.16 to 0.37 with an average of 0.28, and polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.14 to 0.29 with a mean value of 0.22. The mean genetic distance (GD) between varieties was 0.32. Population structure analysis divided the varieties into three different subpopulations (Q1, Q2, and Q3). The cultivars in Q1 all came from China, and almost all cultivars came from foreign countries combined with Chinese were grouped into Q2. The only accession originated from Myanmar was grouped to Q3. The results indicated that 13 SSR markers were polymorphic. The varieties originating from the same geographical region were more closely related, and extensive gene flow had taken place between the varieties from different regions. The results may be useful for the efficient selection breeding and variety protection.


Ankle fracture management continues to be an evolving process, particularly with regards to identifying unstable fracture patterns, improving fixation techniques, and optimizing postoperative management. The most accurate method to identify unstable ankle fractures based on preoperative imaging remains controversial and further prospective studies with functional outcomes and welldefined instability parameters are still needed. Several studies have investigated advanced fixation techniques, however, standard nonlocking, one-third tubular plates can still be used for the majority of fractures. Locking plates may provide a biomechanical advantage in patients with osteoporotic bone and intramedullary fibular nails may be beneficial in patients at risk for postoperative wound complications. With regards to postoperative management, the long-term benefit of early weight-bearing has yet to be proven and the need for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis remains without consensus and should be based on individual patient risk stratification. Level of Evidence: See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


The frequency threshold (FTH) is vital for the switching frequency regulation (SFR) of resonant dc–dc converters to restrain the fluctuation range of the output dc voltage and eliminate the low-voltage and overvoltage issues. Therefore, a step-by-step FTH design method is proposed in this article for a generalized resonant dc–dc converter. The mathematical model of the normalized voltage gain is established to reveal the function of the FTH in the SFR scheme. After then, combining the resonant circuit feature and the permitted fluctuation range of the output dc voltage, the specific upper and lower values of the FTH are derived within three steps. A design example is also detailedly presented to facilitate the proposed design. Experimental results verify the performance of the proposed step-by-step FTH design using a resonant converter prototype.


This paper considers the behaviour of environmentally aware consumers in response to the introduction of international eco-labelling programmes. The principle result is that, for a global environmental resource, the equilibrium level of damage is independent of the number of countries that have eco-labelling policies. This result highlights the potential limitations of eco-labelling policies as a tool for environmental policy. In particular it emphasises that eco-labelling policies may be undermined by fee-riding behaviour, since they do not force consumers to internalize external environmental costs.


We present an update of our analysis [1] which includes additional ensembles at different quark masses, lattice spacings and volumes, all with high statistics. We use $N_f=2$ mass-degenerate quark flavours, employing the non-perturbatively improved clover action. The lattice matrix elements are converted to the $\overline{\rm MS}$ scheme via renormalization factors determined non-perturbatively in the RI$^\prime$-MOM scheme. We have systematically investigated excited state contributions, in particular, at the smallest, near physical, pion mass. While our results~(with much increased precision) are consistent with Ref.~[1], comparing with previous determinations we find that excited state contributions can be significant if the quark smearing is not suitably optimized, in agreement with other recent studies. The difference with respect to the value for $\langle x\rangle_{u-d}$ extracted from experimental data is reduced but not resolved. Using lattice sizes in the range $L m_\pi\sim 3.4-6.7$, no significant finite volume effects were observed. Performing a controlled continuum limit that may remove the discrepancy will require simulations at lattice spacings $a< 0.06$ fm.


This paper addresses common assumptions about bilingualism and language acquisition which are relevant to special educators concerned with learning difficulties among minority students. Two opposing assumptions have dominated the policy debate about the effects of bilingual education: the linguistic mismatch and maximum exposure. The former holds that because students cannot learn in a language they do not understand, a home-school language switch will result in academic retardation. According to the maximum exposure assumption, the more exposure minority students receive to English in school the more academic progress they will make. Both assumptions are refuted by the research data which consistently support two theoretical principles that (a) first- and second-language cognitive/academic developments are interdependent and (b) language acquisition is largely dependent on students receiving sufficient comprehensible input in the target language. These principles are discussed in terms of their implications for program planning and pedagogy for language-minority students who are academically at risk.


Abstract : This is the final report under contract F19628-70-C-0072 and summarizes the research performed in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Science, Michigan State University. Topics investigated were (1) the radiation and circuit properties of backfire antennas and open-cavity radiators, (2) the characteristics of impedance loaded slot antennas, (3) the properties of a multi-loaded cylindrical antenna, and (4) the modification of scattering by a multi-loaded slotted cylinder. (Author)


The treatment of four cases of chronic or subacute severe shoulder strain was reported. In each case, there was found severe inflamation at the corresponded side of the upper part of esophagitis was always followed by the complete removal of shoulder strain. The auther said that almost all cases of shoulder strain of uncertified origine could be connected with the oesophagitis of this type.


Welfare state regimes vary in their redistribution strategies. Some welfare states have extensive taxable social insurance schemes, while others rely more on non-taxable means-tested benefits. In order to assess the distributive effects of different program types, it is necessary to analyze social insurance after taxes, something rarely practiced in comparative research. In this paper, we evaluate distributive effects of social insurance after taking taxes into account in ten welfare states. However, a study of net social insurance raises estimation problems in countries where spouses are taxed separately and income data only is reported on household level. The paper therefore includes a series of validity tests of estimated levels of social insurance after taxes. The main conclusion is that it is possible and necessary to estimate social transfers net of taxes in order to not misspecify the redistributive outcome of social insurance in both inter-country and intra-country analyses of income distributions. The analyses are based on micro level income data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LLS) and the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) including ten countries.


AbstractThe polar regions have been attracting more and more attention in recent years, fueled by the perceptible impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Polar climate change provides new opportunities, such as shorter shipping routes between Europe and East Asia, but also new risks such as the potential for industrial accidents or emergencies in ice-covered seas. Here, it is argued that environmental prediction systems for the polar regions are less developed than elsewhere. There are many reasons for this situation, including the polar regions being (historically) lower priority, with fewer in situ observations, and with numerous local physical processes that are less well represented by models. By contrasting the relative importance of different physical processes in polar and lower latitudes, the need for a dedicated polar prediction effort is illustrated. Research priorities are identified that will help to advance environmental polar prediction capabilities. Examples include an improvement of the p...


Definition Information networks have been intensively studied in recent years, ranging from community detection to graph classification. Typical applications of information networks include web mining, social network analysis, bioinformatics, etc. Most previous research on information networks focuses on homogeneous networks, which involve one type of nodes and one type of links, e.g., social networks with friendship links, webpage networks with hyper-links. With the recent advance in data collection techniques, many real-world applications are facing large scale heterogeneous information networks [12], which involve multiple types of objects interconnected through multiple types links.


The purpose of this research is to study empirically the effect of autonomy in joining and legitimation of succession towards successors' commitment to a family business. This research is conducted with a sample of 109 successor family businesses at the UC Family Business Community. The research shows that autonomy or the freedom in making choices has a significant effect on forming affective commitment, while legitimation also has a significant influence at a lower level. Autonomy in joining or freedom in making choices has a significant effect to form normative commitment, while legitimation of succession also has a significant effect at a lower level. Thestudy further shows that legitimation must be supported by autonomy to form an affective commitmentto the successor.


The study of happiness or subjective well-being has traditionally been studied within the disciplines of psychology or sociology. Although economics has contemplated happiness in research terms, it has only recently been studied in any depth. In this paper we offer several proposals in order to investigate the relationship between water access and happiness, suggesting some situations that would merit further research. Moreover, we have included some methodological notes in order to achieve this objective. This relationship can be useful in two ways. Firstly, it can favour the contemplation of water access as a human right. Secondly, it can serve as a framework for the decision-making process carried out by Governments and NGOs in developing countries.


This paper is focused on the investigation of capabilities and limitations (advantages and disadvantages) of GC-ECD and GC-MS methods used for identification and quantitation of the trace content of chloroorganic compounds present in petroleum distillates (fraction up to 200°C). The methods routinely applied in petroleum industry (crude oil refineries) for determination of organic CI were considered. They include procedures based on sample combustion followed by microcoulometric determination and direct X—ray fluorescence determination of total chlorine as well as GC-ECD and GC-MS procedures for identification and quantitation of individual volatile chloroorganic compounds. The total chlorine content calculated on the basis of GC-MS data was in agreement with that obtained by means of sample combustion followed by microcoulometric titration. which is regarded accurate and precise. However, significantly higher organic chlorine content was estimated using GC-ECD. WD―XRF method is very easy and useful for everyday monitoring of organic Cl content in petroleum distillates. However, quantification limit is generally too high (3―5 ppm Cl) and the results are of relatively low precision.


With the inevitable depletion of the world energy supply,there has been an increasing worldwide interest in the alternative energy.In recent years,growing attention has been paid to the conversion of biomass into fuel ethanol,which is considered as the cleanest liquid fuel alternative to fossil fuels.This review provides the current status of ethanol fermentation from dilute-acid hydrolysate of lignocellulose including main yeasts,bacteria,as well as construction of recombinant strains.


A printing apparatus and a printing method using the same, wherein an air pocket is formed in a plate holder in order to prevent penetration of a cleaning solution into a space between the plate holder and a cliche plate, thereby preventing that a lower surface of the cliche plate is stained, the printing device a plate holder for fixing a cliche plate, a plurality of formed in the cliche holder vacuum holes for vacuum suction and fixing the cliche plate and a plurality of vacuum holes having surrounding air pocket to prevent penetration of a cleaning solution into a space between the cliche plate and the plate holder.


The study empirically examined the effect of audit committee composition on tax planning in Nigeria. The study made use of ex-post facto research design for the collection of secondary data. The population for the study consisted of quoted non-financial firms in Nigerian Exchange Group (NSG) as of 31st December 2020. The sampled firms must fulfill the responsibility of disclosing their financial statements for eight consecutive years for the period 2013- 2020. The Ewododhe (2011) sample selection method was used to select 25 firms. The study adopted the use of robust least square regression technique in the analysis of data. The regression results revealed that audit committee gender diversity and audit committee size have insignificant effect on tax planning, but audit committee meeting has a negative significant effect on tax planning. In this study audit committee independence has a positive significant effect on tax planning.


The article is devoted to the problem of communicative strategies from the viewpoint of functional linguosynergetics and shows that the choice of tactical means of achieving the communicative goal in Business English discourse is influenced by the ways interlocutors' pragma-semantic subsystems interact.


Magnetometers are low-cost sensors that are widely used for orientation sensing in consumer electronic devices. The sensor is affected by non-idealities that can be greatly compensated by proper calibration and determining parameters, such as bias, non-orthogonality, gain, and hard/soft iron. This paper presents a magnetometer calibration method, with the aid of a gyroscope. The algorithm is designed on a principle that the variation of magnetometer output should be aligned with device rotation, which can be sensed by the gyroscope. Based on this notion, an extended Kalman filter is established to estimate calibration parameters. The method evaluation is achieved by first running numerous simulations, followed by a series of experiments on real devices. The result shows that the proposed method can achieve within ten degrees of accuracy, with less than 5 s of convergence. Compared with least square ellipsoid fitting, our proposed method delivers five times better accuracy and avoids over fitting on ill-distributed calibration data sets. This advantage is especially useful for autonomous dynamic calibration in consumer electronic devices.


We propose a method that uses near-infrared plus uvby photometry to identify potentially extensive circumstellar dusty environments around F and A stars. The method has been applied to a sample of ~900 metal-rich reddened F stars with 2 Micron All Sky Survey and uvby data, suggesting the presence of circumstellar dust emitting in the near-infrared for ~70 stars. The log Te-MV diagram suggests that most, if not all, are likely pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars. They seem to be a continuation of the class of Herbig Ae/Be PMS stars in the spectral type F. Their number drops sharply downward of log Te ~ 3.84 (spectral types later than ~F5), which may provide new clues to the PMS evolution of 1-2 M☉ stars. We present a list of 21 of the most conspicuous candidate stars with circumstellar dust. About half of them are associated with the extended star-forming region around ρ Ophiuchi. The brightest of these 21 stars, with V ≲ 7.5, turn out to be IRAS sources, suggesting the presence of heated dust emitting in the far-infrared. Also in this list, HD 81270 is reported as a very unusual star moving away from the Galactic plane at a projected speed of 70 km s-1.


We consider a sequence { X n } n = 1 ∞ of independent Hilbert-space valued random variables and extend the Hoffmann-Jorgensen and Pisier Strong Law of Large Numbers (SLLN) in a way similiar to Teicher's extension of the classical Kolmogorov SLLN.


The 1947 Seelisberg "Address to the Churches" was a groundbreaking document in the history of Jewish-Christian relations. Its character was shaped by the personal experiences of its signers. Many of the Jewish signers had suffered directly in the Holocaust; many of the Christians had been engaged in advocacy and rescue.


Since the Manifesto of the Communist Party came out,the capitalism has changed a lot in the 160 years.The international Soviet Union which the revolutionary teachers predicted didnt appear,and the huge changes in Soviet Union and East Europe oc- curred.The reason for all these is that we used to take the capitalism and market economy as the same thing,mistake the features of market economy for the manifestation of capitalisms basic contradiction,and result in the misapprehension of capitalism accordingly. Since the naissance of capitalism,it has experienced the stage of free capitalism,private monopoly capitalism,national monopoly cap- italism,and has reached the stage of international monopoly capitalism,which has some new features in aspects of productive forces, production relation and superstructure.The new changes of capitalism is challenging the contemporary socialism,and urges people to make innovation in socialism theory,as well as the conversion in the model and strategy of development.In spite of the adjustment and transformation,the essence of capitalism never changes,and therefore the basic contradiction and other derivative contradictions exist all the time.The basic contradiction of contemporary capitalism manifests itself in the contradiction between center and periph- ery,the contradiction between human and nature,the contradiction between man and society.These contradictions have become more and more severe,and brought international fluctuations and crises,and finally,capitalism will be converted into socialism in many ways.


At present in pedagogics there is no generally-accept notion of «innovation behavior». In the article some meanings of the term are considered. In the article, the author analyzes the grounds of others authors understanding characteristic feature of subject of innovation activity, considers characteristics of innovation behavior, the problem and facility development innovation behavior at modern teenagers.


A low ratio of general practitioners (GPs) to population in rural areas is a concerning issue as it reduces access to primary health care. This issue is exacerbated by the compensation structure of fee-for-service remuneration that adversely affects the financial viability of practicing in small-sized settlements. In this article, we investigate whether the payment of a salaried component addresses this issue. We use panel data encompassing the population of Bulgarian settlements and employ a panel data fixed effects model. We find that a larger amount of salaried financial incentives increases the ratio of GPs to population as well as the likelihood that at least one GP is practicing in a given settlement. We also disentangle several policy interventions with a difference-in-difference empirical strategy. We find that the intensity of treatment due to a change in a settlement's eligibility status to pay GPs salaried compensation has a larger effect on the ratio of GPs to population relative to a change in the intensity of treatment for those settlements that remain eligible. A diff-in-diff-indiff estimation reveals that the larger immediate effect for the settlement entered into the program relative to those dropped out of the program. Our results suggest that a salary-based remuneration is an effective policy tool that should be used permanently, albeit larger salaries might be used to initially to induce physicians to practice in rural areas.


Breast cancer is characterized by a fundamental heterogeneity, the extent of which has been demonstrated in numerous scientific studies. Currently, breast cancer is divided into three major subgroups: luminal, Her-2 positive, and triple negative breast cancer. Despite considerable advances in the therapy of patients with breast cancer, further optimization of current therapeutic strategies is necessary and possible. While the therapy of luminal and Her-2 positive breast cancers focuses on preventing and overcoming tumoral resistance, research into triple negative breast cancer concentrates on developing and establishing novel targeted therapeutic agents.


The financial crisis in the world over the past years has taken a heavy toll not only on most of the global economies, but relentlessly impinges on the financial markets as well. This has affected the globalized banking system to an abrupt collapse and led the worldwide initial public offer (IPO) activity to plummet. However, the landscape has been transforming since the later part of 2009 with the emerging markets dominated the proceedings both by value and in volume. Momentum has also been building rapidly in the revival of global economy as the Governments are taking steady initiatives to mitigate those damages and shield themselves from the next crisis. The paper aspires to make a comprehensive look at the global IPO market during the pre and post financial crisis period. Keywords: Global IPO activity, global financial crisis, domestic IPO activity, macro-economic variables


The US military has been an effective proponent of digital imaging and teleradiology for the past 15 years (J.A. Thomas, 1991). A digital imaging network that eliminates the use of X-ray film makes military medicine requirements simpler. X-ray film requirements include storage of new, unexposed films, storage and use of chemicals and water for processing, and disposal of chemicals. In some deployed situations, the chemical discharge needs to be collected and shipped out of the area. Therefore, the ability to implement electronic imaging, and eliminate or greatly reduce the dependence on film, chemicals, and water are intrinsically important to military medicine. In December 1995, the US government began deployment of 20000 US troops to Bosnia-Herzegovina as a part of NATO's peace keeping implementation force (IFOR) operation. A full complement of military medical support facilities was established in Bosnia. An army base in Hungary was the location from which the deployment was staged. The project to deploy telemedicine and teleradiology capabilities to the medical treatment facilities (MTF) in Bosnia and Hungary became known as PrimeTime III. The paper deals with the deployable teleradiology (DEPRAD) system that was installed by the ISIS Center at a number of facilities to implement filmless radiology and teleradiology services in support of PrimeTime III.


It provides a dishwasher. The dishwasher includes a tub (18), a steam generator (20), and a connecting channel. Barrel storage dishes. Steam generator (20) generating steam to be supplied to the tub (18). Internal steam generator connecting channel (20) and the discharge end of the tub (18) is connected.


This study is performance thesis to examine structure of excessive consuming culture of modern people's desire turning away from modern people's original purpose of aiming life that is well-being. Method of the research is theological examination of people's desire into consuming and well-being culture is critically analyzed by creation of meanings and differences of showcase that symbolize consuming culture. Also my piece of work 'Well-buying Shop 1' that above theory is applied is selected for focused analysis of concept realization method in video configuration method and technique. The symbol Showcase in the animation represent laboratory of consuming culture and desire for ownership. The animation runs for 3 minutes and 50 seconds focused on animal characters raised in well-being farm. Through cut out animating environment, animal characters have life in the animation and they are completed with long take method and temperament editing type for effort of liberal devotion between audience and the animation. Lithographic technique is used for characters and background images for trial of pictural density by pressures and variety of colors. This study was conducted with the basis of above animation showing opportunity and it has significance on trial of various color of lithographic expression technique that are not commonly used in animation image production.


In reverse logistics,due to the various uncertain factors of recovery environment,it reflects the randomness of the design parameters in its network design.In order to designing a reasonable reverse logistics network,in this paper,using the robust optimization method,a network optimization model was set up based on the integration of forward logistic and reverse logistics in view of the uncertainty,which was proved and analyzed by an numerical example.


In this article we have attempted to determine various assets that could provide a possible hedge against inflation. The data for the period 1980-81 to 2000-01 used in the study is collected from RBI website namely rbi.org.in and the Handbook of Statistics on Indian economy. The returns on seven assets were considered. The wholesale price index is used to compute inflation rate. The results indicate that gold is an over hedge against total inflation as well as on the expected and unexpected inflation. Silver is an over hedge against only expected inflation. The BSE sensex index is an over hedge against total as well as the expected inflation when the return on asset versus the inflation rate measure was used as computed on a continuously compounded basis. None of the remaining assets are hedges against inflation. The study concludes with suggestion for future research.


Revisionist takes on the Cold War have entered public discourses and rendered understanding of the lead-up to, and unfolding of, the long game of brinkmanship between the US and USSR unintelligible. While this work does not seek to redress the meta-problems of current treatments of the Cold War, it does seek to examine some of the undercurrents during that period of international relations history. Specifically, this work presents a theoretical assessment of the small states that comprised the rank and file members of the Cold War blocs. The states of the Caribbean Basin, Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe are used to illustrate the theoretical underpinnings of this work. Ultimately, this work deviates from more conventional understandings of the Cold War by intellectually reflecting on the manner in which small states were treated by their bloc leaders.


ABSTRACT This paper presents a methodology aimed to acquire traffic flow data through the employment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The study is focused on the determination of driving behavior parameters of road users and on the reconstruction of traffic flow Origin/Destination matrix. The methodology integrates UAV flights with video image processing technique, and the capability of geographic information systems, to represent spatiotemporal phenomena. In particular, analyzing different intersections, the attention of the authors is focused on users' gap acceptance in a naturalistic drivers' behavior condition (drivers are not influenced by the presence of instruments and operators on the roadway) and on the reconstruction of vehicle paths. Drivers' level of aggressiveness is determined by understanding how drivers decide that a gap is crossable and, consequently, how their behavior is critical in relation to a moving stream of traffic with serious road safety implications. The results of these experiments highlight the usefulness of the UAVs technology, that combined with video processing technique allows the capture of real traffic conditions with a good level of accuracy.


: Understanding an image goes beyond recognizing and locating the objects in it, the relationships between objects also very important in image understanding. Most previous methods have focused on recognizing local predictions of the relationships. But real-world image relationships often determined by the surrounding objects and other contextual information. In this work, we employ this insight to propose a novel framework to deal with the problem of visual relationship detection. The core of the framework is a relationship inference network, which is a recurrent structure designed for combining the global contextual information of the object to infer the relationship of the image. Experimental results on Stanford VRD and Visual Genome demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a good performance both in efficiency and accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the value of visual relationship on two computer vision tasks: image retrieval and scene graph generation.


In this study,a pair of primers were designed according to the published DNA sequence of MDPV and was used to amplify the NS2 gene of MDPV by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The PCR product was then cloned into the vector pMD18-T.In order to construct a prokaryotic expression vector containing the NS2 gene of MDPV,double digestion(BamH I and Sal I)were performed to deal with pMD18-T and pET-32a respectively for the directional ligation of the two fragments.The following restriction endonuclease analysis has proved the correctness of the expression vector.Construction of the prokaryotic expression vector has laid the foundation of the expression of NS2 protein and the development genetically engineering vaccine.


Increases in educational level tend to increase income. Higher community income in tum can enable more resources to be put into education. However, increases in population tend to spread scarce educational resources over more children, thereby inhibiting the rise in level of living that can come through increasing the educational investment in each individual. This paper analyzes for a developing economy how changes in birth and death rates affect population growth and educational and economic development. A simulation model of these demographic, educational, and economic processes, based on empirical data from the Buganda tribe in Uganda, is used to study the extent and timing of the responses. Both the method and the empirical results should have relevance for readers concerned with growth and development.


'Nordic noir' has increasingly become the prevalent term in the English-speaking world when referring to contemporary crime fiction – books, television serials and feature films – from the Nordic countries. With its unexpected international appeal and unforeseen longevity, the phenomenon has been the subject of, for instance, popular guide books and television documentaries for international audiences. The cycle has also attracted academic research which recently has grown into an international field. In this particular article, the genre, and mainly its audiovisual part, will be considered from the perspective of how it has paved the way for new and increasing financial and artistic collaboration within the audiovisual industries, not only in the Scandinavian countries, but also attracting mounting interest from mayor players from the broadcasting and film sectors in Germany, the UK and the US. Additionally, the question of why 'Nordic noir' exports so well while most popular culture from the region does not will be posed and discussed. After all, during the last decade or so crime fiction has developed into a major popular culture export in a way that is historically unprecedented, at least with regard to the fields of literature, film and television from the Nordic region. (Less)


Perhaps because Hegel rarely mentions Hobbes as an important precursor to his own philosophy of right, the systematic relation between Hobbes and Hegel has not been thoroughly investigated so far. In his fine book, Alfredo Bergés aims to show that Hegel's philosophy of right can best be understood as operating within the philosophical space opened up by Hobbes, and as responding to the problems that beset Hobbes. For Bergés, Hobbes is a 'radical' thinker who for the first time systematically formulates a 'new legal thought' appropriate for modern times. The radicalism of Hobbes only gets 'stabilized', Bergés holds, in Hegel's philosophy of objective spirit, which is finally able to provide an adequate conceptual foundation for modernity. To show the conceptual development from Hobbes to Hegel, Bergés also includes a discussion of Kant's conception of 'rational law', which he regards as a necessary stage in this development. The book consists of thirteen chapters, six on Hobbes and six on Hegel, as well as an introductory chapter and a conclusion. Given the space of a review, I have to be very selective. According to Bergés, in modernity 'the activity of the free will is the ultimate origin of all legal relationships', and indeed its sole origin (17). Because this point is the central theme in Bergés's interpretation, it is worth emphasizing that his account of free will is much broader than the contemporary Anglophone discussion of the topic in analytic philosophy. In the Introduction, he consciously characterizes his work 'in opposition to the contemporary dominance of preoccupation with the abstractions of ethics and ahistorical conceptions of reason' and sets as his aim an analysis of the objective structure of legal institutions that shows 'the necessity of including history in the immanent logic of law' (16). Bergés identifies two major elements in the modern conception of law, which frame his approach towards Hobbes and Hegel. Both are centred upon the activity of free will. (1) Whereas in pre-modern conceptions of law obligation is central, in modernity right is not dependent upon the fulfilment of some obligation, but logically and politically precedes obligation. The exclusive source of obligation in modernity is the free will. The obligation based on freedom is in doi:10.1017/hgl.2016.22 Hegel Bulletin, 37/2, 324–329 © The Hegel Society of Great Britain, 2016


1. A method for production of oligosaccharides containing at least one sialic acid residue, which are called sialylated oligosaccharides, comprising the step consisting in culturing the microorganism in a culture medium, optionally containing an exogenous precursor, wherein said microorganism comprises heterologous genes encoding CMP-Neu5Ac-synthetase , sialic acid synthase, GlcNAc-6-phosphate 2 epimerase and a sialyltransferase, and thus have been deleted or inactivated endogenous genes encoding aldolase sialyl nd acid (NanA) and ManNac-kinase (NanK), wherein said microorganism is capable of producing internally activated sialic acid. ! 2. The method claim 1, wherein the heterologous sialyltransferase gene is selected from genes for α-2,3-sialyltransferase, α-2,3- and α-2,8-sialyltransferase (cstll), and α-2,6-sialyltransferase. ! 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the heterologous gene GMR Neu5As synthetase - is neuA, the heterologous sialic acid synthase gene - is neuV and heterologous gene GlcMAs-6-phosphate 2-epimerase - is neuS. ! 4. The method of claim 3, wherein neuA genes neuV neuS and isolated from bacterial strains that contain sialylated structure in their cell envelope, such as S.jejuni strain ATCC 43438. № access! 5. The method of claim 1, wherein genes nanT, nanA, nanK and nanE deleted or inactivated (nanKEAT-). ! 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said microorganism further encodes a protein that promotes the inclusion of lactose in the cells and has no enzyme inducer lactose. ! 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said microorganism is a strain of E. coli, which is lacY + (β-galactoside-permease), lacZ- (β-galactosidase) and, possibly, melA- (α-galactosidase). ! 8. The method claim


The computed behaviour of pitched roof portal frames composed of single cold- formed zed sections attached together at the eaves and apex by stiffened plates is described. The behaviour is compared with that of channel section portals which were tested previously. A simplified design procedure based on a plane frame linear elastic analysis is proposed for the design of zed section portals. (Author/TRRL)


I think this is a situation where angels fear to tread, but then, nobody has ever accused me of being an angel. More seriously, the function I think of a general discussion is to try to favor some perspective, and I suppose that is probably one of the reasons I was asked. It is not really necessary, however, (even though it has didactic advantages) to be as iconoclastic in posture assome of us have been, if one looks back with pharmacological and biological perspective and thinks of a few things that are fairly well known. For example, many of you who have tried to help students with a curarized nerve-muscle preparation know perfectly well that they usually obtain curare block of conduction. You also know perfectly well that substances, these substances that we think are akin to neurohumors and that we use exogenously as drugs, can act on tissues that, so far as we know, have never been innervated, such as many smooth muscle fibers. We know that in smooth muscle no one has ever been able to demonstrate a nerve-to-muscle fiber ratio of better than 1 to 100. So, obviously, there are many fibers that are acted upon and never been innervated; and, all smooth muscle is not a syncytium. What I am really saying then is that, if we do go back to first principles, we shall realize in dealing with a cell that the cell has in it all the properties that will ever be exhibited later, except that when networks appear, functions are manifested in more complex ways. They are nevertheless all inherent to the cell. That means that wherever you have membranes, and all membranes have these nice properties that everybody has been talking about, they are polarized, they are affected by ionic environment, and they are affected by ionic pumps. This is true of all cells insofar as we know, and biologically we can make that assumption, which is, I think, at least a constructive one, even though it may not have been demonstrated in detail in all cells. If this is true, then it is not so iconoclastic to believe that anything that acts at a junction, that acts postjunctionally, will also act pre-junctionally and will also in suitable doses act in non-innervated as well as in denervated tissues, as we know is the case. Furthermore, you must remember that the very interesting pre-synaptic action has really been only demonstrated in relation to skeletal muscle; and this is really an action of one neuron upon another neuron, which happens to be a pre-synaptic neuron; but it's still a junctional action. So, here not only can we invoke the fact that all membranes are sensitive, but that these membranes actually form a junction. Now, what about the sensitivity of all membranes? You see, what I am doing is to propose a generalization, and then I want to ask some specific questions. We know that, oh as far back as Buchthal, who took the nice lizard muscle preparation and by micropipette application mapped discrete acetylcholine effects, which is quite possible to do easily in a lizard muscle, that there is a differential sensitivity between the areas under the motor neuron endings and the areas adjacent to them, and that the greater sensitivity under the motor neuron remains after the nerve has degenerated. Of course, this doesn't say that there isn't a pre-synaptic action. Surely, there are all these actions and, as was finally concluded, it is important to try to assess the relative intensities.


In la nouvelle justine and histoire de juliette, sade creates the bodies of victimes and libertines, and represents to the extreme the details of violence and orgical en joyment. The sadic universe constituted in that way relies on an aesthetic and ethical crisis. Our study is organized around two themes : "the seduction" and "the body" which appear to structure this universe. The representation of the body, which occupies the center of the description of frenzy scenes, reveals a special aesthetic project of shock which has nothing to do with the mimetic "reproduction" of art. The will of seduction, which is a perverted relation between master and pupil, dictates the relation between the caracters in the sade's novel. It is a subversive undertaking through which the libertine establishes a new "ethic" on the ruin of the traditional moral norms. Beyond the varied conceptions about sade, like "agressor" or "liberatoir", we find in his universe a very coherent aesthetic and ethical process: to seduce and convince the others with a strange beauty and a lucid but delirious intelligence. By his writing, the author intends to give expression to "all the dark spots of the human heart" and thus to draw to his world the reader's attention and to let him undergo, in his turn, the venture of seduction.


We demonstrate broadband supercontinuum generation (SCG) in a dispersion-engineered silicon-germanium waveguide. The 3 cm long waveguide is pumped by femtosecond pulses at 2.4 μm, and the generated supercontinuum extends from 1.45 to 2.79 μm (at the -30  dB point). The broadening is mainly driven by the generation of a dispersive wave in the 1.5-1.8 μm region and soliton fission. The SCG was modeled numerically, and excellent agreement with the experimental results was obtained.


The geoecological analysis of the current state of arid landscapes of the Chechen Republic has shown that the natural and climatic conditions of their functioning are extremely diverse, despite the relatively small territory. However, starting from the second half of the last century, climatic conditions began to change sharply in the direction of aridization, which coincided with the stage of the greatest anthropogenic impact, mainly grazing of small cattle. This has intensified the processes of desertification, taking on an irreversible character in the Central and North-Eastern parts, which is reflected in the maps.


The novelty of an Oriental Museum in America.The influence of the East through biblical literature on the West.-No distinctions in the forum ol science between life and death.The fhilanthropfy of true science.-It brings the ages near unto each other.--The Semite's important role in history.-His modern piosition.The necessity of studyinghis literature in order to understand our own re2zgion.-Rabbinical literature and its importance.The traces of the East in modern thought and institutions.The Semite as the gobetween.-The Semite as the afostle of relzgion.The aims and methods oJ the science of religion.-Scientifc research helfful not harmful to true religion.The true profhet revives. The museum's opportunity.


The number of online courses being offered at the postsecondary level has constantly increased. However, online instructors are still investigating ways to translate their pedagogical instruction into the online forum, while maintaining a strong presence instructionally. This paper aims to address how to build teaching presence in online courses. An example of how teaching presence was increased in an online graduate research methods course is shared focusing on the constructs of designing organization, facilitating discourse, and direct instruction. This paper concludes with implications and best practices for applying a similar model to build teaching presence in other online courses.


Semiempirical PPP-SCF-SCI calculations support the assignment of the triplet–triplet absorption spectra of 2-anthrylethylenes to the planar trans conformations, which act as a key intermediate in adiabatic cis-to-trans one-way isomerization on the triplet energy surface.


ABSTRACT This special issue marks the bicentenary of Percy Bysshe Shelley's death by presenting ten new readings of his major poetry by some of the most innovative voices working in the field of Romanticism today. Contributors have been invited to offer a concise essay on a single poem, being free to determine the critical parameters of their interpretation. Throughout the special issue, Shelley's own generic and formal range is matched by the diverse critical energies (comparatist, formalist, historicist, decolonial, ecological) that contributors have brought to bear on his poems. The result is a series of original and provocative readings grounded in radically different methodological intuitions.


The purpose of the present study is to analyse the distribution of arsenic in the soils of the Verkhnekamskoe potassium salt deposit (Perm Krai, Russia). The danger of arsenic pollution is determined by its high toxicity and carcinogenic hazard. Being a technophilic element, arsenic enters the environment primarily as a result of mining activities. Mining and processing sites for arsenic-containing ores are the most prone to technophilic arsenic accumulation. Solid wastes from potash production also contain elevated concentrations of arsenic. The content of arsenic in soils was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical methods were used to analyse the features of arsenic distribution in soils of background areas and potash mining areas near production facilities. Three types of landscapes were studied within each territory, which were each distinguished by the leading processes of substance migration. Arsenic concentrations in both the background areas and the potash mining territories vary considerably, ranging from n × 10−1 to n × 10. The study found no statistically significant differences in arsenic concentrations in soils of potash mining areas and background areas. Arsenic concentrations in soils from various types of landscapes also do not differ statistically. Arsenic concentrations in soils of saline areas were found to be higher than in the rest of the territories. Outside of saline areas, the identified patterns of arsenic distribution in the soils of the Verkhnekamskoe potassium salt deposit indicate that potash operations are not a determinant in the technophilic accumulation of arsenic.


framed, and it would be difficult to add anything appreciable to them. It is interesting to note, however, that Titchener," having reviewed the evidence and taken his stand, says that we would all welcome a crucial experiment. It would be worthwhile, I believe, to study the methods of describing color as a function of the mode of appearance, and to search for pertinent stimulus-variables and functions of them correlating with reports of the colors by direct visual estimation. Such a study would constitute a whole series of crucial experiments. Let all abstractions, including those of black and white sensations, be tested for usefulness in color description for all modes of appearance. On this account, we should watch with particular interest the further development of Professor Dimmick's proposal to specify color in all modes of appearance by the seven primaries: red, yellow, green, blue, white, gray, and black, taken four at a time, two chromatic and two achromatic.31 In the meantime, the tentative definition of black and white with which this note was introduced may as well be taken. Its usefulness is exemplified by the psychophysical relation given in Equation [2), and its validity has not been questioned by anyone. Whether it be possible to extend with similar validity and usefulness the definition of black and white to modes of appearance other than surface remains to be decided by further study. National Bureau of Standards DEANE 8. JUDD Washington, D.C.


After the Russian financial crisis of 1998 issues such as the sustainability of economic growth, economic inequality and poverty have become points of contention both in Russia and in the world. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate economic disparity and inequality and their influence over market transition in Russia, and to consider how people behave under conditions of economic inequality. First of all, globalisation and the market transition in Russia has brought about increased international disparity. As a result of the investment gap, the real disparity in economic power is greater than it seems. At the same time, domestic economic disparities in Russia have expanded during market transition. There is a striking contrast among industries. There are growing sectors like exports, resources and energy, average sectors and stagnating sectors such as light industry and machine assembly. Equipment age structure and investment capacity also gives an account of industrial disparities. In addition, regional differentiation is striking with Russia's economy often referred to as •gone metropolis capitalism•h. We can observe an increase in regional disparities in unemployment rate and in the share of loss-making enterprises, which suggest different levels of adaptability to the market. Is Russia egalitarian in relation to income and assets? Considering the Gini coefficient, inequality increased in Russia during the transition process. It is important to appreciate that changes in inequality were very large and occurred during the early years of transition. Income and expenditure of households indicate such changes. Revenue from business activities and property income are increasing, while wage differentials have maintained their influence. Among expenditures, the share of savings is increasing. Consumption differentiation can be observed among non-basic goods like consumer durables. These phenomena suggest the existence of a segmented market. The redistribution effects of social transfer, however, have been preserved and we cannot neglect them under the flat income tax system. Thus, empirical evidence suggests heightened inequality and social stratification has accompanied government failure.


We don't have any convincing materials to demonstrate that the separation of investigation and taking into custody has been the major pattern to manage detention house in most countries. Based on such theories as the separation of powers,the neutralization of litigation,the protection of human rights and the presumption of innocence,no conclusion has been reached that the separation of investigation and taking into custody takes advantage over their combination. The choice between them has close connection with the legal system in one country,and the separation of investigation and taking into custody is not suitable for China,although Chinese detention house keeps neutral in the criminal litigation. And we should focus on the substantial neutralization of detention house rather than its formal neutralization.


Students at many universities often fail to reach their full potential as English language learners due to low motivation. Some of the factors that affect their motivation relate to the country's education system in general. Others reflect institutional and cultural views of language learn ing in particular. Although this article will draw examples from the South Korean context, it is assumed that the problems described and the solutions proposed can be applied to contexts worldwide.


In the field of international development, different decades seem to usher in new champions of change: the developmental state in the 1960s and 1970s; free market forces and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the 1980s and 1990s. The new millennium has offered up a hybrid variant of public-private partnerships (PPPs)... partnership has become a mobilising term implying all manner of desirable objectives can be achieved. (Utting and Zammit 2006, p. 1)


The aim was to analyze the reason and epidemic trend of PRRSV, and provide theoretical basis for preventing and controlling PRRSV. According to the sequence of ATCC VR-2332 strain porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus published by the GenBank, the primers were designed and synthesized. ORF5 gene sequences of seven prevalence strains were amplified by RT-PCR. The sequences of ORF5 genes were analyzed by DNAStar and compared with those of ATCC VR-2332, CH-1a, BJ-4, TV-M96262 and MTV vaccine strains, phylogenetic tree among isolates was analyzed. The variation of prevalence strains was great in the ORF5 gene region, the homology of ORF5 gene sequence was higher and genetic relationship was nearer during prevalence strains in the same region, or was far in different regions.


This paper deals with hunting-themed rock art from the Stone Age in North Fennoscandia. The dominant perspective in archaeological studies of the past 15 years has been that most of the rock art should be interpreted as shamanistic. This is problematic as there is very little support for shamanism in the archaeological record, including the rock art itself. Shamanism has been taken for granted in a surprisingly uncritical manner. The animals, predominantly elk, which dominate most sites in northern Fennoscandia were once seen as evidence for hunting magic. Recently they have more or less been ignored in published interpretations. Several papers on rock art and religion are also based on a destructive dichotomy between religion and subsistence, nature and culture, and sometimes even rationality and irrationality. This paper discusses the reasons for this trend. It also offers an attempt to sort out scholarly misunderstandings of shamanism, hunting ritual and religious thought among circumpolar peoples who have been subsistence hunters. It is finally argued that most rock art sites in northern Fennoscandia can be understood as expressions of a profound and multiple reciprocity between humans and game animals. This relationship does not necessarily exclude shamanism.


This disclosure depicts method and apparatus for the optical detection at distinct detection planes of a plural number of distinct images from a record encoded with a plu rality of superimposed images multiplied, respectively, with a unique spatially periodic modulation. More particularly, this disclosure depicts method and apparatus for optical image de tection which is especially useful in color television film reproduction, simultaneous color separation photography, or the like. The depicted method and apparatus involves Fourier transforming a modulated record to separate in optical chan nels in transform space spatial frequency spectra of stored images encoded on the record, spatial filtering the transform pattern, and simultaneously detecting distinct images carried in the separated optical channels. Cathode ray pickup tubes and photosensitive emulsions are shown and described as al ternative ways for separately photodetecting the images car ried in the respective channels formed. PATENTED PR 697 3,573.353


In Song of Solomon, the author tries to find a way out for black American people. As a symbol of his nation, the protagonist Milkman is faced with different ways of his father, his aunt and his friend Guitar. Influenced by the great woman Pilate, he finally returns to his ancestor's land and realizes the value of his national culture. His choice conveys the author's opinion: the black American people should base on their traditional culture to get the strength and confidence to build up their own nation.


The purpose of this work was to compare the shear bond strength of an adhesive system in human enamel and dentin, as well as in bovine and swinish, after 24 hours and 7 days storage at 37oC water and 100% of relative humidity. Sixty human upper premolars, sixty bovine upper incisors and thirty swinish molars were used. Rigth after the extractions the tooth were cleaned and stored in 0,09% physiologic solution with 0,05% thymol, at 4o C until they were used. The teeth were divided into 12 groups made by 15 specimens, according to the kind of tooth, the surface to be tested and storage period. The surfaces to be tested were planed by using 180 followed by 400 and 600 wet sandpaper and received Prisma Universal Bond 3 adhesive system according to the manufacturer. A polyethylene cilinder 3 mm in diameter was fixed over these surfaces to limit the area and matrix which was filled with Prisma AP.H/Compules resin. Using an Kratus testing machine the bond strength in MPa were: enamel 24 hours 37.6 ± 7.81(H); 30.77 ± 5.68(B); 25.54 ± 6.72(S); enamel 7 days 36.17 ± 4.83(H); 36.94 ± 6.72(B); 23.33 ± 25.54 ± 6.72(S); enamel 7 days 36.17 ± 4.83(H); 36.94 ± 6.72(B); 23.33 ± 7.72(S); dentin 24 hours 8.49 ± 2.25 (H); 6.04 ± 2.51(B); 7.99 ± 3.03(S); dentin 7 days 9.37 ± 4.21(H); 7.83 ± 3.15(B); 8.45 ± 4.33(S). Analysis of the values by to Tukey-Kramer test (P


Online product reviews can greatly affect the consumer's shopping decision. Thus, a larger number of unscrupulous merchants post fake or unfair reviews to mislead consumers for their profit and fame. The common approaches to find these spam reviews are analysing the text similarity or rating pattern. With these common approaches we can easily identify ordinary spammers, but we cannot find the unusual ones who manipulate their behaviour to act just like genuine reviewers. In this paper, we propose a novel method to recognise these unusual ones by using relations among reviewers, reviews, commodities and stores. Firstly, we present four fundamental concepts, which are the quality of the merchandise, the honesty of the review, the trustworthiness of the reviewer and the reliability of the store, thus enabling us to identify the spam reviewers more efficiently. Secondly, we propose our multimode network model for identifying suspicious reviews and then give three corresponding algorithms. Eventually, we find that the multi-view spam detection based on the multimode network can detect more subtle false reviews according to our experiments.


This work deals with transient natural convection around a horizontal wire having a constant heat flux. The problem arises from the determination of the thermal conductivity of fluids by the transient hot-wire method. Although finite difference solutions of natural convection heat transfer around a heated horizontal cylinder having a constant temperature at the surface of the cylinder were reported for steady-state and transient conditions it appears that no detailed numerical results have been published on the transient heat transfer around a heated cylinder having a constant heat flux. In this work the isotherms and streamlines for Pr = 7 and 0.12 < Ra* < 20 are calculated from the beginning of heating to the time when a steady state is reached. The calculated transition time from conduction to convection agrees very well with experimental results obtained by other authors.


Objective To investigate the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on LPS- induced acute lung injury in rats and its mechanism. Methods A total of 30 clean healthy male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into groups A,B,C,each of 10 rats. Rats of A group were given sublingual venous injection of 0. 9% sodium chloride injection( 0. 5 ml / kg),rats of B group were given sublingual venous injection of LPS( 5 mg / kg),rats of C group were given intraperitoneal injection of Na HS 28 μmol / kg before 15 minutes of sublingual venous injection of LPS( 5 mg / kg). Protein level and IL- 10 level of BALF,ICAM- 1 level of lung tissue were detected. Results Protein level and IL- 10 level of BALF,ICAM- 1 level of lung tissue of groups B and C were statistically significantly higher than those of A group, and above index of C group were statistically significantly lower than those of B group( P 0. 05). Conclusion Hydrogen sulfide has certain protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury,its mechanism is possibly related with decreasing of IL- 10 level and ICAM- 1 expression.


In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. E 52, 681 (1995)] we showed that in the absence of an external field, the twisted structure of substrates with weak anchoring can induce a deviation of the director at the surfaces from the easy axis and that the anchoring energy can be evaluated by measuring this deviation. To test the prediction, the anchoring energy for nematic 4-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl and polyimide Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) substrates with thicknesses in a range less than 10 nm has been measured. The anchoring energy is found to increase and saturate with the number of LB layers. This result, unlike that expected for the isotropic van der Waals interaction, reveals the anomalous anisotropic interfacial tension between a liquid-crystal slab and polyimide LB films with nanometer thickness. The generalized nonretarded van der Waals energy for the chain-chain interaction is proposed to explain the experimental result.


A technique integrating the noise analysis based testing and the conventional power supply current testing of CMOS analog integrated circuits is presented for bridging type faults due to manufacturing defects. The circuit under test (CUT) is a CMOS amplifier designed for operation at ± 2.5 V and implemented in 1.5 μm CMOS process. The faults simulating possible manufacturing defects have been introduced using the fault injection transistors. The amplifier circuit is analyzed and simulated in SPICE for its performance with and without fault injections. The faults in the CUT are identified by observing the variation in the equivalent noise voltage at the output of CUT. In power supply current testing, the current (IPS) through the power supply voltage, VDD is measured under the application of an AC input stimulus. The effect of parametric variation is taken into consideration by determining the tolerance limit using the Monte-Carlo analysis. The fault is identified if the power supply current, IPS lies outside the deviation given by Monte-Carlo analysis. Simulation results are in close agreement with the corresponding experimental values.


Aim: Although hybrid closed loop insulin delivery systems simplify self-care with automated insulin delivery, it remains necessary for patients to enter planned carbohydrate intake for meals and snacks. We interviewed children, teens, and young adults with T1D and parents of youth with T1D about their willingness to trade off limiting carb intake to 50g if this would remove need to manually bolus for each meal/snack. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 youth, ages 10-25 years, and 44 parents of youth at 2 U.S. diabetes centers. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis. Youth (72% female, 82% white) were (M±SD) age 17.0±4.7 years, with T1D duration 9.4±4.9 years and A1c 8.4±1.1%; 79% were pump users and 82% were CGM users. Of parents, 86% were white and 91% were mothers. Results: Most youth and parents strongly preferred to manually bolus for meals/snacks rather than use a fully automated system that requires limiting carb intake at each meal/snack; many stated they did not want to feel restricted. However, both youth and parents said they would like automatic coverage for meals/snacks of Conclusions: Youth and parents agreed that a fully automated system that did not require manual bolusing would reduce physical and mental burdens of care, but not if it limited carb intake in order for the system to work effectively. AP designers should address patient and parent aversions to dietary restrictions in future AP devices. Disclosure P.V. Commissariat: None. L. Roethke: None. J.L. Finnegan: None. L.K. Volkening: None. D.E. McGill: None. E. Dassau: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., DreaMed Diabetes, Tandem Diabetes Care, Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Roche Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Roche Diabetes Care. S.A. Weinzimer: Consultant; Spouse/Partner; Tandem Diabetes Care. Consultant; Self; Zealand Pharma A/S. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Insulet Corporation. L.M. Laffel: Advisory Panel; Self; Roche Diabetes Care. Consultant; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ConvaTec Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Insulogic LLC, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi US. Funding National Institutes of Health (P30DK036836, DP3DK113511, DP3DK104057, K12DK094721, T32DK007260)


Background Baseline serum mast cell tryptase concentration (BTC) is thought to reflect the constitutive mast cell load or activity of an individual patient. Little is known about the individual stability of BTC during long‐term venom immunotherapy (VIT).


The Research included field screening of maize genotypes for Resistance to Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight (BLSB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii (Kuhn) Exner and Maydis Leaf Blight (MLB) caused by Bipolaris maydis. The field screening experiment was done in a experimental plot maintained at All India Coordinated Research Project on Maize-ANGRAU-Agricultural Research Station, Peddapuram, Andhra Pradesh. Fifty genotypes were evaluated in the field, under Leaf inoculated conditions and replicated three times in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). First disease incidence was observed on 60 days after sowing (DAS). Among fifty genotypes tested against BLSB, according to disease rating scale (1-9), 23 genotypes had shown resistant reaction with disease scoring of <3.0, 21 genotypes had shown moderately resistant reaction and remaining 6 genotypes had shown moderately susceptible reaction. Out of these fifty genotypes tested against MLB, 43 genotypes were found resistant with disease scoring of <3.0 and remaining 7 genotypes had shown moderately resistant reaction.


The remarkable discoveries made by Charles Darwin on the Galapagos Islands are now reviewed by a new generation of hardy bird-watchers who trace his steps. No place for the typical tourist, the Galapagos Islands reward rugged adventurists with an ornithologist's paradise. Because of centuries of isolation and strict control by Ecuadorian government, many birds are almost as tame as a pet budgie, and all the usual activities of birds are undisturbed by the presence of human visitors. The Galapagos Islands are located on the equator, about 700 miles due west of South America. There are around twenty islands in the archipelago, only a few of them with human inhabitants. Because of their isolation for millenia, the wildlife has developed into rare and interesting forms, including unique flora, mammals, reptiles, insect and marine life. It was this isolation that provided the foundation for Darwin's great insight, The Origin of Species. After more than a century, it is still widely read. He noted that there were thirteen species of finches that had apparently developed from a single source, adapting in each case to a different environment. He concluded that the best adapted individuals were able most successfully to reproduce themselves, hence the next generation was the outcome of only the individuals well suited to changing conditions, and this in time produced distinct species. The survival of the fittest, he called it. These finches can still be seen on the islands. More detailed treatment of them will appear in a subsequent Watcbbird article. The assortment of birds extant on the islands is formidable-one hundred thirty-eight species sighted in thirty-eight genera, ranging from a tiny finch to a six-foot-span Albatross. Although most are indigenous and many are unique, there are a few species that range elsewhere, as well. My first vermillion flycatcher I saw on Fernandina Island, but the species ranges from southwestern United States to Chile. Researchers are still exploring the finches. Would Darwin's contemporaries have believed him if he had reported a vampire finch? It was not known until 1963 that the sharpbeaked ground finch (Geospiza dificilis) feeds on drops of blood extracted from moulting feathers of the boobies and other larger birds. Each human visitor brings a different set of expectations, but few are not fulfilled by the broad spread of bird life. Being islands, seabirds dominate the scene, from the unbelievably anthropomorphic penguins-like little bell-hops awaiting your pleasure-to the displaying frigate bird males, with inflated ruby-throated pouches the size of a large grapefruit. There is never a moment when there is not a bird in sight. There will be an albatross, a frigate bird or a swallowtailedgull playing the air currents aloft, a red-footed or blue-footed booby sitting on the shore, a pelican skimming the waves, a smaller bird working the shrubs ashore, a hawk soaring above the landscape, or a mockingbird delivering his familiar aria from a tree top. Flightless cormorants and doves are common, and with reasonably good timing the visitor encounters herons, egrets, oystercatchers, gallinules, cuckoos, tropic birds, and several other finches. The Galapagos ("Gah-LAH-pahgose") Islands constitute an extremely carefully controlled national park of Ecuador. No one is permitted to set foot ashore without an accompanying licensed guide. These guides are well trained naturalists who take a course of preparation and have to pass reexaminations periodically. They come from various nations and speak numerous languages. The guide for my group was Bill Hendricks, from Seattle, and the companion group had a multilingual Belgian, Michel Kaisin. To serve the public, the Ecuadorian government permits various tour operators to schedule groups to visit the Galapagos. Normally, this means that the group lives aboard a ship, cruises from island to island and goes ashore. The islands have not been "improved" to fit tourists' convenience. A "wet landing" means that you get out of a small boat and wade ashore. A '' dry landing" may involve leaping from a pitching lifeboat onto a rocky ledge. On one island we had to crawl cautiously along a path ten inches wide carved into a stone cliff. Once on the island, paths are marked by stakes and no one is permitted to stray. The environment is extremely fragile and every precaution is taken to avoid tampering. Each visitor is given a plastic sack to hang around the neck, and all debris (film boxes, Kleenex, etc.) must be returned to the ship. No smoking is permitted, so wildlife will not fear fires nor will they swallow filters. Before returning to the lifeboat, shoes are rinsed in the ocean to avoid carrying contamination from island to island. Although birds have been the focus of this article, there are fascinating crustaceans, reptiles, and mammals to be seen also. Surely the most colorful crabs in the world speckle the black rocks along the waterline. Iguanas are common, and on some sunny banks will number scores of thousands. Sea lions are in every cove. All wildlife is perfectly fearless. For conservation reasons, touching wildlife is a no-no, but the wildlife do not know this and would permit it. A dose-up portrait of a calm sea lion and her pup at a distance of three feet is simple to manage. To an exotic-aviculturist, the experience is a rare venture in the joys of aviculture combined with the rewards of nature in its most free state. I have been trying (without success) to breed a Peruvian species similar to the Geospizinae of the Galapagos. It was a thrill and a revelation to encounter their global nests with underside entrance in the wild, and I came home with ideas as to how to encourage nest building. Because there are almost no natural enemies on the islands and human beings have rarely visited, the birds welcome visitors. Fearless, they go about everyday activities unabashedly.


The present study was undertaken to carry out a detailed comparative analysis of the parameters most conducive to generation in inbred mice of antibody responses of the IgG vs IgE class, and more specifically, helper T cell function participating in antibody responses of these two classes. The data presented in this paper demonstrate the complex factors, i.e., the immunogenic strength, dose of antigen, and the nature of adjuvant vehicle employed for immunization, which determine the magnitude of helper function generated for either one or the other (or both) antibody classes. Although immunization regimens may be defined which result in some dissociation of IgE and IgG antibody responses, the overall impact of the evidence obtained indicates that the existence of distinct T cells for the regulation of these responses will be most difficult to demonstrate directly in the context of the numerous factors contributing to the generation of helper functions. Moreover, such a conclusion must be viewed with considerable caution since the data can equally be explained by differences in sensitivity of IgE and IgG B cells to the effects of the same activated T cells.


This paper analyzes the aspects of space activities in its modern state, characteristics and trends of sustainable development. The importance and value of space activities and the space industry are defined in various aspects. A broad interpretation of the category "space activities" is marked by official sources. The main directions of space activities include: development, manufacture and operation of unmanned spacecraft; space exploration using manned spacecraft and manned space stations; provision of services to launch spacecraft to domestic and foreign customers; creation and use of land-based infrastructure. A brief description of each direction is given. The features of space activities based on the analysis of the scientific literature are formulated. The features of space activities are backed by official statistics. Stable trends of development of space activities include: globalization of space activities in view of expanding the number of participating countries; democratization of space activities as a process of reducing state control; increased use of public-private partnerships; advances in technology of space launch in the direction of the unification of launch vehicles; renewed interest in society to large-scale space projects implemented in the interests of fundamental science; increased economic attractiveness of the space market due to the empowerment of private capital; institutional development of space activities as a form of legal regulation of participants in space activities. The importance of the transformations which take place in the space industry and the relevance of the use of the project approach to the implementation of space activities are also noted.


After a critique of the traditional paradigms of regulation from the point of view of information economics, a canonical model of regulation under asymmetric information is developed. A survey of the main results obtained in the new economics of regulation is then provided, in particular concerning the implementation of optimal contracts by a menu of linear contracts, the dichotomy between pricing and cost reimbursement rules, the auctioning of incentive contracts, the dynamics of contracting under limited commitment, and the hierarchical problems in regulation. Empirical implications are then discussed and avenues of further research are described in the conclusion. Copyright 1994 by The Econometric Society.


We present a discrete element model for the simulation, at the grain scale, of gas migration in brine-saturated deformable media. We account rigorously for the presence of two fluids in the pore space by incorporating grain forces due to pore fluid pressures, and surface tension between fluids. The coupled model permits investigating an essential process that takes place at the base of the hydrate stability zone: the upward migration of methane in its own free gas phase. We elucidate the way in which gas migration may take place: (1) by capillary invasion in a rigid-like medium; and (2) by initiation and propagation of a fracture. We find that the main factor controlling the mode of gas transport in the sediment is the grain size, and show that coarse-grain sediments favor capillary invasion, whereas fracturing dominates in fine-grain media. The results have important implications for understanding hydrates in natural systems. Our results predict that, in fine sediments, hydrate will likely form in veins that follow a fracture-network pattern, and the hydrate concentration in this type of accumulations will likely be quite low. In coarse sediments, the buoyant methane gas is likely to invade the pore space more uniformly, in a process akin to invasion percolation, and the overall pore occupancy is likely to be much higher than for a fracture-dominated regime. These implications are consistent with field observations of methane hydrates in natural systems.


FIELD: radio engineering, communication. SUBSTANCE: invention can be used when upgrading and designing new radio sounding systems with high accuracy, reliability and faster transmission of telemetric information from on-board an aerological radiosonde to a ground radar station. Disclosed is the unified atmosphere radio sounding system which enables to operate in three modes: radar location, radio direction-finding, radio navigation. EFFECT: high reliability and accuracy of transmitted telemetric information on meteorological parameters atmosphere of the atmosphere. 3 dwg


Estimating the current memory capacity of a neural network based recognition system is critical to maximally use the available memory capacity in memorizing new inputs without exceeding the limit of the capacity (catastrophic forgetting). In this paper, we propose a dynamic approach to monitoring a network's memory capacity. Prior works in this area have presented static expressions dependent on neuron count N, forcing to assume the worst-case input characteristics for bias and correlation when setting the capacity of the network. Instead, our technique operates simultaneously with the learning of a Hopfield network and concludes with a capacity estimate based on the patterns which were stored. By continuously updating the crosstalk associated with the stored patterns, our model guards the network against overwriting its memory traces and exceeding its capacity. We designed a fingerprint recognition system based on our dynamic estimation technique. With the experiment using NIST Special Database 10, the system achieves 2.7 to 8X larger memory-capacity as compared to the baseline systems using the static capacity estimates.


In order to provide new excellent germplasm resources for wheat breeding of China,agronomical characteristics and stripe rust resistance of some India wheat accessions were investigated,and principal component analysis and cluster analysis were done for agronomical characteristics.The results showed that most of these materials were springness,maturity and with bad resistance to freezing.The grains of most accessions were hard type and plump.Among those,1accession(DBW-14)with plant height under 80 cm,18accessions with 15 to 30spikes per plant,3accessions(LOK-I,RAJ-L1037,QW-273)with spike length from 11 to 12.5cm,10 accessions with over 30 spikelets,5accessions with grain number over 45 and 14accessions with 1 000-grain weight over 40 g.There were3accessions(HUW234,DBW-16,HD2932)immune to mixed races of stripe rust at adult stage and5 accessions highly resistant to mixed races of stripe rust at adult stage.The 23 tested materials were divided into 4groups by cluster analysis of agronomical characteristics.The materials of the first group were with high plant height and 1 000-grain weight,more spikelets and grain number,but with moderate spikes per plant and spike length.The materials in the second group were with high plant height,more grain number and spikes per plant,long spike length,but with moderate grain number and low spikelets.The materials in the third group were with high 1 000-grain weight and more grain number,but with less spikes per plant,spikelets,spike length and high plant height.The materials in the fourth group were with high 1 000-grain weight,but with moderate plant height,spikelets,grain number and low spike length and spikes per plant.


Bi Fei-yu has caught the eyes of many people among the other of the"Modern Generation".His novel is derived from the daily life,reflecting people's character,describing the complex society,playing much attention to the present,being deep realistic and including the philosophy though provoking.The Days of Loving Each Other,a new novel of Bi Fei-yu written in 2007,represents a life which is full of hardship,bitterness,loneliness and mortification after being out of job.It is swimming with deeply affection.In addition,being filled with sympathies,it's fully showing the other's communicative caring spirit in the usual way.


Developing countries, especially in Africa will continue to face the challenge of access to adequate food supply in the face of increased populations, reduced water, and arable land resources. Results of conventional breeding will not keep pace with the demand for food and the key to renewed growth in agriculture will be rapid technological change in food production. In recognition of the importance of maize in sub-Saharan Africa, the damage inflicted by stem borers, the difficulties in controlling these pests using traditional methods, and the availability of novel technology using the Bt endotoxins, three institutions came together to form the Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project. The IRMA project aims at increasing maize production and food security through the development and deployment of insect resistant maize to reduce losses due to stem borers. The objectives of the project are to: development of insect resistant maize varieties, establish procedures for deployment of the varieties to resource poor farmers, assess the impact of the varieties in the Kenyan agricultural systems, transfer technologies to participating countries through training and infrastructure development, document experiences and communicate on the technologies. Further successes are dependent on continued support by science, favorable policies, the involved institutions, and by other stakeholders. We are working to ensure that IRMA will serve the intended purpose, as a model of how major scientific and development projects will be carried out in future, through innovative partnerships and through institutional and disciplinary collaborations.


With the changing demographic and psychographic profile of consumers of print medium today, there has emerged on the American media scene some serious concern about the future of the newspaper industry. Other forces of change' such as political attitudes and opinions of rcaders, and these readers' educational orientation and social profile, too, have contributed to the concern, which has been further heightened by technological changes, economic factors, rapid urbanization and suburbanization, and proliferation of mass media of news communication. The most significant of all the


This research aims to review the influence of the quality of products and brand equity in a partial and simultaneous against the interest of consumers to buy products fashion zoya. Over the withdrawal of funds the sampling method of uses the method random sampling, by smeru within the of this research is there were thousands of visitors zoya boutique in the stall for as many as 154 respondents in the present study. The results of the study and reason 5 percent significance finds that: (1) product quality has a positive effect on buying interest, (2) brand equity has a positive effect on buying interest, and (3) product quality and brand equity have a positive and significant effect on buying interest.


Point of view:  At the time of writing this I am 58 years old--A cis-gender, white male who grew up in the US.  From my point of view, most anything I do or have done in the world can be considered produced by present day, and centuries of, systemic privilege and inequity from which I have and do benefit.  I have lived much of my adult life internationally in countries and cultures other than my own culture of origin.
Value: I cannot really speak to the value of the work.  I wrote this piece as the result of a very specific request from a friend and I feel it may have been valuable in some way in that context.  There is no attempt here to assert some generalized or authorized model or knowledge.  Whatever value this little piece may or may not have will arise between the work and the reader.  It is not for me to assert something about that.  In this way the primary value of the piece might be as a reflective surface that may help reveal, distinguish or elicit the reader's own models of learning and coaching.
Summary: This piece is the result of a request from a friend.  We use "coaching" in conjunction with work on systems thinking, community, systems leadership, complexity and generative social fields.  It is the process by which we support individuals within their own milieu.  In a certain sense the piece is itself a kind of summary.  I have not footnoted or attributed the work since it is really not meant to be an authorized model or definitive statement in any way.


The invention discloses a dismantling state recording system of a portable electronic device and the method thereof. The system includes: a trigger unit, a memory unit, a state output unit, a processing unit and an operation interface, wherein, the memory unit stores the dismantling recording and repair recording; the trigger unit is connected with the state output unit, which is communicated with the processing unit; the memory unit and the operation interface are communicated with the processing unit respectively; the trigger unit accepts external dismantling to generate trigger signal or the operation interface controls the processing unit to generate a reset signal; the state output unit accepts the trigger signal or the reset signal and generates a first state signal or a second state signal and inputs to the memory unit according to self state; the processing unit generates the dismantling recording or repair recording according to the first or second state signal and stores to the memory unit. The invention can effectively identify whether the portable electronic device has been dismantled privately.


The ideas of Alfred Schutz (1899-1959) have had only halting acceptance by social scientists. For a long time his work was little known outside sociology and, where known, was often regarded as making points already familiar. Schutz—a phenomenologist and an admirer of Husserl— stood out against theories and methodologies he considered inappropriate for social science: against behaviorism, faculty psychology, depth psychology, instinctivism, and all efforts to reduce social and experiential phenomena to other orders of being. In all of this, he had many predecessors and many contemporaries—several of them better known than he. His first major work, The Phenomenology of the Social World (1932), provided a clarification of Max Weber's notion of social action and a phenomenological foundation for the theory that Weber had built upon it. This was obviously valuable, but it seemed to social scientists more a contribution to philosophy than an extension of scientific theory. Schutz wrote extensively on the intersubjective nature of social life, on the distinctive nature of man as a human person, and on the extent to which our experiences as persons are constructed by us through our action—and constructed especially through social relations. But he was preceded in these matters by the American pragmatists and functionalists, especially by James, Dewey, and G. H. Mead, who made more explicit than Schutz the importance of these several points for specific pieces of research. There were, of course, Schutz's essays, many of them describing the system of constructs required to conceive particular social relationships, those of a stranger, perhaps, or a homecoming. Schutz's discernment was manifest in each of these essays, but each belonged to a genre that had had many skillful practitioners.