With the introduction of "strategic trade policy" in the 1980's came two separate theoretical justifications for increased government intervention to promote national industries: first, argued by Brander and Spencer (1985), the government could alter the strategic interaction in oligopolistic competition to shift profits to a domestic firm; second, the government could promote key industries in order to capture the benefits of positive externalities, such as knowledge spillovers. But the creation of the WTO and the regulation of export subsidies soon limited the strategic trade policy options available to governments. This paper examines the case for providing R&D and capital subsidies to domestic firms as a kind of strategic trade policy in the increasingly global economy of the 21st century. This article is available in Undergraduate Economic Review: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol3/iss1/9 Undergraduate Economic Review A publication of Illinois Wesleyan University Vol. III – 2006 2007 Title "Industrial Policy as Strategic Trade Policy in a Global Economy" Author David DeCarlo Affiliation Yale University Abstract With the introduction of "strategic trade policy" in the 1980's came two separate theoretical justifications for increased government intervention to promote national industries: first, argued by Brander and Spencer (1985), the government could alter the strategic interaction in oligopolistic competition to shift profits to a domestic firm; second, the government could promote key industries in order to capture the benefits of positive externalities, such as knowledge spillovers. But the creation of the WTO and the regulation of export subsidies soon limited the strategic trade policy options available to governments. This paper examines the case for providing R&D and capital subsidies to domestic firms as a kind of strategic trade policy in the increasingly global economy of the 21 century. 1 DeCarlo: Industrial Policy as Strategic Trade Policy in a Global Economy Published by Digital Commons @ IWU, 2007 I Introduction When the concept of strategic trade policy was formulated in the 1980's, deeply entrenched notions of the desirability of free trade were undermined as new applications of the models of imperfect competition seemed to justify increased government intervention. There were two separate, but related theoretical justifications for the government to actively promote the interests of domestic firms. The first, established by Brander and Spencer, argued that the government could alter the strategic interaction in oligopolistic competition to shift profits to a domestic firm. The second, borrowing from the economic development literature of the postwar period, suggested that the government could promote key industries in order to capture the benefits of positive externalities. In both cases, perceived market failures provided intellectual justification for the government to make a strategic choice to increase national welfare. With the creation of the WTO, however, the strategic choices available to governments were limited by regulations on export and domestic production subsidies, making what was once conceptually desirable as a strategic trade policy now rather impractical. Current literature emphasizes that there still remains a scope for governments to use R&D subsidies to achieve both theoretical justifications for strategic trade policy. While this kind of industrial policy as strategic trade policy is therefore theoretically alluring and practically feasible, in reality the benefits of R&D subsidies are likely to accrue to foreign as well as domestic firms. Furthermore, since the rival promotion of national champions can lead to escalating costs and even all-out trade war, I argue that focusing on economic development fundamentals and perhaps maintaining a spirit of international cooperation remain the most viable strategies. 1 James A. Brander and Barbara J. Spencer, "Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry," Journal of International Economics 18 (1985): 83-100. 2 Paul Krugman, "Strategic Sectors and International Competition," U.S. Trade Policies in a Changing World Economy, ed. Robert M. Stern. (London: MIT Press, 1987) 221. 2 Undergraduate Economic Review, Vol. 3 [2007], Iss. 1, Art. 9 https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol3/iss1/9 II – Brander and Spencer Revisited Before showing how WTO regulations have limited the strategic choices available to governments, I will briefly outline the theoretical framework and practical limitations of the type of strategic trade policy proposed by Brander and Spencer. Generally speaking, the importance of the Brander-Spencer argument for international trade theory is that it makes an exception to the rule of classical economics that export subsidies must decrease national welfare by lowering the terms-of-trade. The model shows that in the case of duopoly competition between a domestic firm and a foreign rival in a third market, export subsidies can be used to encourage the domestic firm to increase production. Because it is assumed that the firms are competing simultaneously in quantities, the foreign rival perceives the subsidy as a credible threat and will be forced to respond to the increased production by reducing its own output, thus allowing the domestic firm to capture market share. This increased market share will translate in the form of increased profits for the domestic firm as well as greater domestic welfare if these profits turn out to be greater than the amount of the total export subsidy. Although the analysis is slightly more complicated for reciprocal competition in which each firm competes in each other's home market, the "central game-theoretic insight" remains the same: governments can intervene as a third player to alter the strategic interaction between oligopolistic firms. The assumptions leading to this conclusion, however, have been challenged on a number of theoretical and practical grounds since it was first proposed. First, the nature of the strategic interaction between firms is centrally important to the Brander-Spencer rationale, as a different assumption about the strategic variable can lead to a different conclusion about the optimal trade 3 James A. Brander and Barbara J. Spencer, "Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry," Journal of International Economics 18 (1985): 83-100. 4 James A. Brander, "Strategic Trade Policy," Handbook of International Economics, eds. Gene M. Grossman and Kenneth Rogoff. (New York: Elsevier, 1995) 1397. 3 DeCarlo: Industrial Policy as Strategic Trade Policy in a Global Economy Published by Digital Commons @ IWU, 2007 policy. As Grossman argues, an export tax turns out to be the best policy in the case of simultaneous price competition between the two firms. The reason is that competition in prices tends to lead both firms to produce too much output, and thus the profits of the domestic firm can be maximized if both governments impose an optimal export tax – or at least increased if the domestic government unilaterally imposes an export tax. The problem for policymakers deciding whether an export tax or subsidy is the optimal policy, then, is to determine in which strategic variable, prices or quantities, the firms are actually competing. Otherwise, the wrong judgment can lead to the enactment of a policy that is diametrically opposed to both the interests of the domestic firm and national welfare. This brings up the second major objection against the Brander-Spencer argument, which is the practical difficulty of obtaining reliable information. In deciding whether or not it is worthwhile to subsidize a domestic firm, it is critical for the government to have near-perfect information about the cost functions, expected payoffs, and strategic behavior of the domestic firm as well as the foreign rival. Lacking this information, it is possible for a government to invest in a potentially disastrous and costly program of subsidies. An early example of the possible pitfalls of strategic trade policy arising from the lack of precise information is the subsidization of the Airbus A300 versus the Boeing 767. European governments gave Airbus an implicit subsidy in the form of a reduced-rate loan of approximately $1.5 billion in 1975 dollars, but Airbus ultimately ended up losing money on the launch of the A300. This kind of example shows that strategic trade policy does not always translate into instant returns for corporations or greater national welfare, but may in fact lead to losses by encouraging overproduction by the domestic firm or failing to discourage production by the foreign firm. For this reason Grossman 5 Gene M. Grossman, "Strategic Export Promotion: A Critique," Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics, ed. Paul R. Krugman. (London: MIT Press, 1986) 54. 6 "The economics of managed trade," The Economist 9/22/90: 19-25. 4 Undergraduate Economic Review, Vol. 3 [2007], Iss. 1, Art. 9 https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol3/iss1/9 concluded as early as 1986, only one year after the introduction of the Brander-Spencer model, that "we do not now (and may never) have sufficient knowledge and information to merit the implementation of a policy of industrial targeting." Yet the argument that there are practical limitations to strategic trade policy does not necessarily reduce the theoretical attractiveness of the relatively simple conclusion reached by Brander and Spencer in their groundbreaking work. As Brander argues, "the basic insight that strategic interaction between firms creates an opportunity for government action to modify the terms of that interaction is very robust." The analysis can be adapted to provide for a wide range of policy instruments (tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and R&D subsidies) or different assumptions about which strategic variable the firms compete in (price, quantity, R&D, etc.). The poin


For the first time, a simple but general mathematical treatment for the production of rate-temperature-conversion charts for a class of reversible chemical reactions is presented. The agreement between the results and the chart in Levenspiel (1972) for the reaction the only one available in the open literature)provides justification for the formal analysis. The approach was then extended to other types of reactions Additionally, analytical expressions for the optimum temperature progression for all the types of reactions considered were also obtained (in the case of exothermic reactions). The predicted optimum temperatures were in agreement with those obtained from graphical procedure in Levenspiel (1972). The paper also illustrates how these formularies may be used to generate the charts and to procure the ideal optimum reactor size. Even so, the analysis is restricted to only constant density systems.


Urease activity is often used as one of biochemical indices to assess soil organic nitrogen transformation and mineralization because of its vulnerability and sensitivity to soil temperature,surface cover,moisture dynamics.In order to determine impacts of litter and snow cover on topsoil urease activity dynamics of subalpine forest in southwestern China in the cold season,based on homogenized soil columns incubated in situ under four treatments(i.e.,bare soil without snowcover,bare soil with snowcover,litter without snowcover,and litter with snowcover),soil of 0—10 cm and 10—20 cm layers of the four treatments were sampled in October,December,January,February,March and May,respectively,and their urease activities were analyzed.The results showed that:(1) urease activities were relatively higher in subalpine forest soil during the cold season from November to May,and it increased gradually in the initial period,then reduced sharply,and reached to the summit by the end of the cold season;(2) soil urease activities were impacted significantly by litter and snow cover in 0—10 cm and 10—20 cm layers during the cold season,and interaction of snow cover and litter cover on URE activity were significant.Soil urease activity could be used as one of soil biochemical indicators of short-term response to environment changes in subalpine cold ecosystems.


My-my disease was described in 1966 as a clinical and radiological syndrome by Japanese authors. Life-time diagnosis of this disease is possible only with the help of angiographic examination, which reveals its main symptom - stenosis of the supra-sphenoid section of the internal carotid artery, often on both sides. As a rule, stenotic changes also extend to the first segments of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The distal branches of these arteries are not affected and allow collateral blood flow.


Thoracic impedance (TI) drops measured by implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) have been reported to correlate with ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF). The aim of our study was to assess the temporal association of decreasing TI trends with VT/VF episodes through a longitudinal analysis of daily remote monitoring data from ICDs and cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT‐Ds).


The safe operation of fossil-fuel-fired boilers is dependent to a large extent on the stability of the combustion process. Flame instability can be both inefficient and pollutant forming. but in extreme cases flame extinction can occur. Unless immediate action is taken in such circumstances, large quantities of unburnt fuel can be admitted to the combustion chamber and subsequently re-ignite explosively with serious consequences to both personnel and equipment. To eliminate such potentially dangerous situations. a need has been identified for reliable monitors capable of rapidly detecting the loss of flame. This review shows how advances in combustion systems have necessitated the continuing development of improved methods of flame failure detection to maintain acceptable performance characteristics.


selected from more than one thousand in the collection. 2Bigelow, Frontier Eden, p. 3. 3Bigelow and Monti, Selected Letters, p. 37. MKR to Editor of Ocala Star, January 31, 1931. MKRMSS. All correspondence hereafter cited is from the MKR MSS Collection unless otherwise noted. 4MSS dating from summer of 1930. MKR MSS. 'Francis Harper and Delma E. Presley, Okefinokee Album. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981. pp. 24, 60, 109, 135. 6MKR to Maxwell Perkins, August 31, 1932; November 17, 1934. 7MKR to Maxwell Perkins, November 4, 1931. ""Invisible Florida," A talk given by MKR at Florida Southern College in 1935. MKR MSS. 'Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, South Moon Under. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933. pp. 38,45. 10MKR to Maxwell Perkins, February 17, 1934; June 1, 1936; June 20, 1937; September 21, 1938. "Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, "A Mother in Mannville," Saturday Evening Post. December 12, 1936. l2James Still to Author, February 17, 1985; James Still to MKR, October 31, 1936. "James Still to MKR, September 21, 1938. l4Chicago Daily News, December 3, 1941. l5James Still to MKR, December 11, 1941. 16MKR to Maxwell Perkins, September 22, 1936. 17MKR to Aunt Ida, September 22, October 1, 5, 15, 1936. '"Rawlings, "A Mother in Mannville." l9Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, "Mountain Prelude," Saturday Evening Post. April 26, May 3, 10, 17, 31, 1947. 20James Still to MKR, September 21, 1938. 2lLouisville Courier-Journal, October 5, 1939, p.l. 22Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, "Regional Literature of the South," College English. February, 1940. pp. 381-389. "Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Cross Creek. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1942. 24Bigelow, Frontier Eden, p. 153. 25EUen Glasgow to MKR, April 20, 1942. 26Dean Cadle, "Man on Troublesome," Yale Review, Winter, 1968. 'James Still to MKR, December 11, 1941; James Still to Author, February 17, 1985. 'Jesse Stuart to MKR, March 8, 1953. 'Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, "Mountain Rain," Scribner's Magazine, July, 1938. This is a poem:


The load-relaxation technique is reviewed using the energy approach for four-point-bend chevron-notched samples. The influence of the sample and bending geometry and the stiffness of the testing system on the strain-energy release rate is considered. Proper experimental design allows the study of fracture initiation, propagation, and arrest, Special attention is paid to the effect of overload at fracture initiation on crack propagation. It is concluded that the chevron–notched sample offers great flexibility for gaining information on the fracture properties of ceramic materials.


This paper brings together the perspective of social production of space as a 'category' which creates the 'inter-subjective' world of virtual reality where interaction is subjected to individual's virtual 'privacy' and in turn shapes their extended 'self and identity'. This reality keeps on negotiating with the actor as an external entity which can be identified as 'identity' and also as an internal entity which is often categorised as 'self'. The perspectives on extension of space blurred the notion of reality and imagination by identifying itself with Baudrillard's (1983) notion of 'hyper-reality'. And this is being considered to study the 'intersubjectivity' of virtual reality. Empirically, the paper focuses on young Facebook user's behaviour to understand major questions like young users concern on the issue of 'privacy' in virtual space and their presentation of 'self and identity'. For the construction of the young user's notion on "privacy, self and identity", we have considered the qualitative explanation provided by 80 young users across different parts of the country.


Chronic pain is a health condition that can seriously impact quality of life. To develop better treatments for chronic pain, a better understanding of the mechanisms behind pain perception is needed. Current models of descending pain modulation show the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (plPFC; area 32V) synapsing onto cells within the periaqueductal grey (PAG) which then synapses onto the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). The RVM contains 'on' and 'off' cells which respond to pain stimuli by respectively activating or inhibiting pain perception. We aim to functionally characterize a hypothesized direct projection from the plPFC to the RVM first described in 1997. Anterograde tracing was performed in the plPFC to determine the anatomical connectivity of the two regions. Similarly, we transfected the plPFC with hM4Dq DREADDs fused with mCherry under the control of CaMKIIa promoters to label glutamatergic Layer 5 projection neurons and determine functional connectivity of the purported circuit in animals with a spared nerve injury (SNI). These receptors are inert unless acted on by a designer drug, such as CNO. We used reverse microdialysis to locally deliver CNO into the RVM and activate DREADDs on neurons with direct projections from the plPFC while collecting released neurotransmitter and performing reflexive pain behaviors assays. This strategy allowed for avoidance of systemic/off target activation of plPFC neurons projecting to a different CNS region. Anatomical and microanalysis pilot data indicate a direct connection from plPFC to the RVM.


ABSTRACT Does sexuality shape electoral behavior in British elections? Relying on data from 10,290 individuals, this article provides the first case study analysis of a sexuality gap between heterosexuals and self-identified lesbian, gay and bisexuals in Britain. Testing the assumption that LGB voters are electorally incentivized to vote for socially liberal parties that advocate pro-LGBT+ positions, empirically I find that Britain's lavender voters are significantly more supportive of the UK's socially liberal parties. The sexuality gap is substantive with LGBs 9.65 percentage-points more likely to vote for Labour and 13.64 percentage-points more likely to vote for any socially liberal party via-à-vis their heterosexual peers. Importantly, the sexuality gap holds across the youngest cohort of the electorate who became of political age after the introduction of same-sex marriage. Finally, whilst there is a strong amount of support for the Liberal Democrats who acted as an entrepreneurial advocate of LGBT+ rights in the UK, evidence suggests that a lack of significantly increased electoral support from LGBs at the polls may be the result of strategic concerns. The results are important as they highlight the substantive role of sexuality in shaping electoral choices which has hereto not been considered in models of British electoral behavior.


: a -CF 3 -substituted a -amino phosphonates with two alk-ene chains, 1,7-dienes and 1,8-dienes, were obtained by nucleo-philic addition to highly electrophilic imines PG-N=C(CF 3 )P(O)(OR) 2 . They were treated with the ring closing metathesis catalyst [Ru=C=C=CPh 2 (Cl)(PCy 3 ) 2 (p-cymene)]OTf to give the a -CF 3 -substituted phosphorus-containing analogs of dehy-dropipecolinic and tetrahydroazepin-2-carboxylic acids.


This paper probed into the research-oriented learning based on topic-based learning websites in the context of internet,and put forth the design strategy of research-oriented learning by analyzing the functions of topic-based websites in research-oriented learning and the features of research-oriented learning.


: In the Bioeconomy chain, Biogas is already a reality for large producers. However, there are still difficulties in taking this technology to medium and small producers. Among the difficulties is the issue of sludge temperature. In Brazil, for example, the two states that have the largest swine population (Paraná and Santa Catarina, located in the south of the country) have an average air temperature below 20°C during seven months of the year, which difficult the Biogas production, keeping most of the time in psychrophy range. This research work presents the advantages of an innovative project of a hybrid geothermal/air heat pump for heating the sludge and increasing the production of Biogas. A Biodigester used for 30 cows generated 75 kW/day of gross energy using a 15kW electric power to supply the heat pump


The surface microlayer (SML) represents a unique system of which the physicochemical characteristics may differ from those of the underlying subsurface seawater (SSW). Within the Arctic pack ice ar ...


This study reveals the less known role of CCTV camera security project on the sustainability of tourism industry in Zanzibar. This study attempted to answer the following three research questions: firstly what is the level of awareness of CCTV camera security project practices? secondly what are the impacts of CCTV camera security project on tourism industry? and thirdly what are the factors influencing the effectiveness of CCTV camera security project? The study applied a descriptive case study method of cross-sectional research design. Various data collection methods including observation, interviews and questionnaire survey were used to collect information from 120 respondents from the study area. The analysis of the collected qualitative and quantitative data was done through content analysis and descriptive statistics respectively. Based on the analyzed data, the findings revealed 33% of all 120 respondents were very much aware of CCTV camera security project practices in Zanzibar. Also the study revealed the presence of six major common types of crimes in the study area namely stealing, robbery, vehicles disorders, theft by servants, breaking and assault. The study findings further revealed the main impacts of CCTV camera security project on tourism industry including ensuring secured business environment, crime prevention, decline in private security costs and increase opening hours for business. The study finally concludes CCTV security project being of high usefulness in ensuring secured business environment. Finally the study recommends the use of public-private partnership model to enhance access and adoption of CCTV security cameras in many areas of Zanzibar.


BACKGROUND
Tumour-derived supernatants are comprised of bioactive substances that have the capacity to transform host systems rendering them more supportive of tumour growth. Certain chemotherapies are able to alter the make-up of these supernatants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We explored the effects that vaccination with supernatants derived from tumours may have on tumour growth in a BALB/c model.

RESULTS
A number of cytokines were detected in the supernatants capable of increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) protein expression in cancer cells; of note, significantly higher levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were detected in chemotherapy-treated supernatants compared to controls. Vaccinating mice with supernatants from untreated tumours significantly impeded the growth of sub-cutaneous-implanted tumours. However, this anticancer effect was significantly diminished if the supernatants used were from cancer cells treated with gemcitabine.

CONCLUSION
The study lends in vivo support to the idea that tumours produce bioactive components that can influence host biology and that certain chemotherapies can negate these.


The article analyses the popularity of self-tracking as one cultural phenomenon. The practice of tracking one's activity and controlling life parameters is not new, but nowadays it has been popularised and entered into a group of new, cultural trends. This process is strongly related to the development of technology, the Internet of Things and mobile solutions. On the other hand, to outline the full picture of the phenomenon of self-tracking, it should be considered in different cultural contexts, taking into account social factors and current fashions and trends.


There has been concern about the possible effects on marine life of acoustic disturbance from seismic surveys and other operations where acoustic energy is released. Modern large-scale surveys are carried out using towed arrays of 'air-guns' - compressed air cylinders which are discharged simultaneously causing a pressure pulse which travels down into the seabed. Little is known about the extent to which these procedures may affect cetaceans. However, being inquisitive and attracted to areas of human activity may increase the risk to these mammals. In the worst case, there is some risk of physical damage if cetaceans are close to discharging air guns, but there is no evidence that this has occurred in UK waters. These guidelines set out procedures to help minimize the risks of acoustic disturbance. Their application is required in some sea areas but member companies of the UK Offshore Operators Association and the International Association for Geophysical Contractors will be applying them in all waters of the UK continental shelf.


The International Monetary Fund is often perceived as imposing harsh policies on countries facing financial crisis. A comparison of six countries affected by the pressures of the 1990s suggests more subtle effects. In Malaysia, India, and South Africa, policymakers kept the IMF at arms length to permit a more gradual and heterodox adjustment, including capital controls in India and Malaysia. By contrast, Argentina, Turkey, and Indonesia were bound tightly into the embrace of the IMF. However, this did not push policymakers to take tough decisions. Rather, IMF loans to Argentina and Turkey permitted policymakers to postpone difficult choices as both they and the IMF sought to protect previous policies and loans. In Indonesia, by contrast, borrowing from the IMF opened up a conduit for larger political pressures that brought down the Suharto regime. KEYWORDS: International Monetary Fund, financial crisis, conditionality, capital markets, policy space, emerging economies.


China's economy has been growing fast since its entering into WTO,and the foreign trade repeatedly hit the record high.Meanwhile,China has encountered trade remedy more than ever.From the perspectives of the concept and connotation of trade remedy,this paper analyzed the deficiency of China's trade remedy system under WTO framework,and put forward suggestions for improvement.


This paper proposes a method and an original index for the estimation of fog density using images or videos. The proposed method had the advantages of convenient operation and low costs for applications in automatic driving and environmental monitoring. The index was constructed based on a dark channel map and the pseudo-edge details of the foggy image. The effectiveness of the fog density index was demonstrated and validated through experiments on the two existing open datasets. The experimental results showed that the presented index could correctly estimate the fog density of images: (1) the estimated fog density value was consistent with the corresponding label in the Color Hazy Image Database (CHIC) in terms of rank order; (2) the estimated fog density level was consistent with the corresponding label in the Cityscapes database and the accuracy reached as high as 0.9812; (3) the proposed index could be used to evaluate the performance of a video defogging algorithm in terms of residual fog.


The modelling of biofilm development on MK-40 and MA-41Π ion-exchange membrane coupons was conducted in skim milk, sweet whey and acid whey ultrafiltration permeates. The membranes were suspended in permeates for up to five days at the room temperature. The incubation was followed with cleaning procedure including water rinsing, acidic, enzymatic and alkaline steps. The efficiency of each step was estimated by the optical densities of waste cleaning solutions relative to original values prior to cleaning. Cleaning efficiency was influenced by the growth medium, type of membrane and incubation time. The biofilms formed in acid whey permeate showed the highest resistance to the introduced cleaning procedure. Moreover, no increase in the optical density of cleaning solutions was observed for 24-h-old biofilms formed in acid whey permeate. Generally, biofilms demonstrated better attachment to MA-41Π membranes. The acidic cleaning step appeared to remove the highest amount of biofilm material from the membrane. However, in some cases, the full cleaning procedure was insufficient to remove a biofilm.


Navigation in virtual environments is important because it allows the exploration of the virtual worlds. This paper presents an objective performance evaluation (based on the Steering Law) of two types of navigation: natural (real walking) vs. not natural (gamepad). Steering Law was the objective performance metric chosen since it captures the relationship between the time to travel a path and the difficulty of that path. In addition to the performance, subjective metrics were also considered, namely the feeling of presence, cybersickness and user satisfaction. The participants had to complete a series of paths with different difficulty indices and the time that a participant took to go through each one was measured. Overall results show that navigation through real walking had better performance, presence, cybersickness, and satisfaction than the gamepad interface.


.... ,.,It is inte""'~ling to nole Ihal tl\ll reform whid! !l<OI'ghl about Ihi, d1~n!18 in penal pol~ c,,;,,~iOOd almo" Jlfed... ly with the development 01 _papers as medi~ of public i"fonnat'on An ellOrmou~ ~mount 01 mndern '_' i. df>votad to repon, ~bnul dmti"'ll behavioul alld it, nuni,llmen!..,,,. (such repon,) cUIl'titute OIIr main $lIUtaI of inlorm~tion about the contour,; of ~ocie1V. In a figurative _. ~t leau. morality and immorality meel at the public scaffold and it is during thi' meeti"9 that the commullity declam het'll the Ii"e belWe<ln them $hould 1md,awn",


The electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption properties of the nanocrystalline powder mixed with 5 to 20 vol% of Ni-Zn ferrites has been investigated in a frequency range from 100MHz to 10GHz. Amorphous ribbons prepared by a planar flow casting process were pulverized and milled after annealing at 425 for 1 hour. The powder was mixed with a ferrite powder at various volume ratios to tape-cast into a 1.0mm thick sheet. Results showed that the EM wave absorption sheet with Ni-Zn ferrite powder reduced complex permittivity due to low dielectric constant of ferrite compared with nanocrystalline powder, while that with 5 vol% of ferrite showed relatively higher imaginary part of permeability. The sheet mixed with 5 vol% ferrite powder showed the best electromagnetic wave absorption properties at high frequency ranges, which resulted from the increased imaginary part of permeability due to reduced eddy current.


A novel hardware-programmable and scalable SDM/WDM ROADM architecture is proposed with a heuristic hardware-planning algorithm for multi-dimensional networks. Availability and performance of the proposed architecture and algorithm are evaluated by simulation and experiment.


We have proposed a new approach for photonic-assisted arbitrary waveform generation in beyond 5G taking advantage of low frequency technology. The generated signals in low frequency technology can be temporally compressed by a chromatic dispersion toward millimeter wave and terahertz band high frequency region. To the best of our knowledge, our recent proposed approach for beyond GHz-class AWG using the MHz-class low-frequency technology with photonic assistance based on chirped pulse compression is first proposed to remodel it to obtain competitive performances in signal frequency, as well as analog resolution, cost, and power consumption. Various use cases in beyond 5G, a large number of signal from massive edge subsystem should be bundled. This requires a signal processing for aggregation of multi-data from vast multi-user information as well as data compression. The data signal is digitally processed for segmentation and tuning so as to accommodate it in the stretched carrier pulse according to the length of signal. Since signals become sparse in beyond-GHz region after signal compression, the produced temporal free space in a frame could be used for accommodation. Such a produced temporal free space can be used for accommodation of overflowing data and users. This requires an additional signal processing for aggregation of multi-data from vast massive user information as well as data compression. In this work, we propose the photonic data aggregation technique for millimeter wave and terahertz band high frequency migration technology for beyond 5G.


Photonic crystals (PCs) exhibit a periodic modulation of the dielectric constant, leading to the formation of a photonic band structure, analogous to the electronic band structure of ordinary semiconductors. With an embedded internal emission source, PCs have been suggested as promising materials for tailoring the emission properties of internal light sources, and have been the subject of recent intensive investigations. For example, suppression of light in a PC may be controlled by a stop band whereas enhanced emissions are observed on modes with reduced group velocity at a photonic band edge. Tunable transmission or reflectivity can be achieved through artificial defects within PCs. For realizing good control of the photonic properties of the emitting PC, several PC host materials have been studied, such as polymers or silica. Among these, the unique properties of silica colloidal crystals have been investigated by placing a luminescent source inside photonic bandgap (PBG) crystals. Fluorescent organic dyes or quantum dots (QDs) incorporated in or among silica colloidal spheres are commonly used to study the properties of PCs on spontaneous emission of excited atoms. However, there are several disadvantages for the existing PC emitting materials: a) the emission bands of organic dyes are often broader than the characteristic photonic bands, and the matching between the PBG and emission band is partial; b) organic dyes may be bleached easily; c) the placing of dyes or QDs, either interor intraparticle, is random and lacks precise control. In this paper, we report a synthesis of monodisperse lanthanide-hydroxide-at-silica (Ln(OH)3@SiO2) core/shell nanoparticles. The size of the colloidal particles can be controlled precisely and self assembled into a PC. The advantages of lanthanide hydroxide are as follows: a) the emission bands of lanthanides, terbium for example, are strong and are narrower than the photonic band of PCs; b) they are very stable, and c) the emitting Ln(OH)3 are all located at the centers of the core/shell spheres in the PCs, which allows one to study the local density of the states of the photons. Over the last decade there have been enormous efforts to fabricate core/shell materials, with SiO2 as the shell for many inorganic core materials. The SiO2 acts as a protecting insulating layer that prevents coalescence and controls the shape and size of the final particles. The facile surface functionalization is an additional advantage of SiO2; this is especially useful in controlling interparticle interaction and in biologicaltargeting research. However, often the size is not uniform. No monodisperse core/shell sphere with a Ln core that could form a PC has been reported. We also note that the unique electronic, optical, and magnetic properties arising from the 4f electrons make the Ln elements very useful in various applications, such as their use as catalysts, laser materials, phosphor emitters, and biological markers. Ln-doped hybrid materials have been made mainly by using ion implantation, the sol-gel method, and sonochemical synthesis. However, in order to investigate the properties of luminescent probes in PBG crystals, there is a critical need to have homogenous centers with controllable particle size and low polydispersity. In this paper, a one-pot synthesis of monodisperse core/shell Ln(OH)3@SiO2 colloids under basic conditions is reported, using Tb as an example. The corresponding PC materials were synthesized, and their absorption and emission properties were studied. SiO2 spheres prepared using the ammonia-catalyzed Stöber method are relatively uniform with smooth surfaces. However, a strong base is used in the synthesis, and lanthanides precipitate as insoluble hydroxides. Although acid-based syntheses of Ln doped SiO2 spheres have been reported, [18] the spheres are apparently too sticky to form a PC. Hence, synthesis under basic conditions is desired, and protection of the metal ion is necessary. Citric acid is well-known for its ability to protect nanoparticles. It has been used to synthesize colloidal gold and La(OH)3 [20] nanoparticles. Thus, citrate was chosen to protect Ln(OH)3 nanoparticles in the present synthesis of core/shell spheres. In the synthesis, the citrateprotected lanthanide hydroxide nanoparticles (Ln(citrate)m(OH)n) were formed first, and the surface –OH groups could then condense simultaneously with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), forming the core/shell structure spheres. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image in Figure 1a shows the Tb(OH)3 particles at the SiO2 core/shell. We can see the smooth surface of the core/shell structure, with the Tb(OH)3 core-sphere diameter of (11 ±2.3) nm (determined by the diameter of more than 250 particles). Every sphere had a core, C O M M U N IC A IO N


Court Order 7 February 1606 REQ 1/22, fo. 141v 217 Court Order 19 May 1606 REQ 1/23, p. 39 217 Court Order 30 May 1606 REQ 1/23, p. 65 217 Court Order 1 July 1606 REQ 1/23, p. 157 218 Court Order 8 July 1606 REQ 1/23, p. 266 218 Court Order 4 November 1606 REQ 1/23, p. 296 219


The surface passivation properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon suboxides (a-SiOx:H) deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) have been investigated. The process gases were nitrous oxide and a mixture of silane and helium at a deposition temperature of ∼ 250 °C. Minority carrier lifetimes up to 270 us on 4·Ω·cm p-type float-zone silicon wafers were obtained. With thermal annealing, the carrier lifetimes of the a-SiOx:H passivated silicon wafers exceed 670 us, correlating to surface recombination velocities of 30 cm/s. Optical analysis revealed a distinct decrease of light absorption in the a-SiOx:H films compared to commonly used intrinsic amorphous silicon passivation used in heterojunction solar cells.


Background: Viscosity affects flows by increasing resistance to movement, therefore, blood viscosity (BV) could modify the pulsatility index (PI). Objectives: To determine the correlation between BV and PI. Design and setting: A cross-sectional study was conducted in clinically healthy young adults residing in Cusco (a city located at 3399 masl). Methods: A venous blood sample was taken to determine their BV levels, and a transcranial Doppler of right middle cerebral artery (R-MCA) was performed, with which the min, maximum and mean flow velocity (MFV), resistance and pulsatility indices (PI) were obtained. The BV levels were measured in centipoises (cP) using acone-plate viscometer at 40RPM. We present medians with interquartile ranges (IQR), the correlation was evaluated using the Spearman test. Results: 42 participants were included, 25 women (60%), the mean age was 26.2±5.5 years. The median of BV was 5.08cP [IQR: 4.55-5.77cP], the MFV was 56 m/s [IQR: 49- 61 m/s], and the PI was 0.94 [0.85-1.02]. BV was positively correlated with PI (r:0.38, p=0.045) and negatively with MFV (r: -0.37, p=0.011) Conclusions: The increase in blood viscosity has a small but significant impact on cerebral vascular resistance (PI) and its fluxes (MFV) in clinically healthy and young people. This could have a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction in the elderly. The results presented here are preliminary and we intend to gather more data and increasing our number of participants.


The objective of this study is to investigate the GTAW repairing fatigue crack of automobile engine connecting rod.According to the practical situation,three-dimensional thermal,metallurgical and mechanical finite element model was established.The distribution of temperature,stress and deformation field induced by GTAW repairing fatigue crack of automobile engine connecting rod were numerical simulated by a finite element analysis software,and welding stress and deformation were predicted.The simulation results was analyzed theoretically,and distribution of temperature field and welding deformation were predicted.


Abstract Chitin, a polymer composed of β(1–4)‐linked N‐acetyl‐glucosamine monomers, and its partially deacetylated analogue chitosan, are abundant biopolymers with outstanding mechanical as well as elastic properties. Their degradation products, chitooligosaccharides (COS), can trigger the innate immune response in humans and plants. Both material and biological properties are dependent on polymer length, acetylation, as well as the pH. Without well‐defined samples, a complete molecular description of these factors is still missing. Automated glycan assembly (AGA) enabled rapid access to synthetic well‐defined COS. Chitin‐cellulose hybrid oligomers were prepared as important tools for a systematic structural analysis. Intramolecular interactions, identified by molecular dynamics simulations and NMR analysis, underscore the importance of the chitosan amino group for the stabilization of specific geometries.


This study  examines the effect of  reserve  requirements changes and bank-specific  factors on  the profitability of  Indonesian state-owned banks.  The  bank profitability is measured by  return  on assets (ROA) and  return  on equity (ROE). Fixed effect model is used in order to analyze the balanced panel data. The result shows that the  reserve  requirements changes only affect ROE, negatively and significantly. NPL has a negative and significant effect on both ROA and ROE, while NIM has a positive and singifikan effect. Deposits  has a positive and significant effect on ROE, while loans has a negative and significant effect. These results suggest that banks respond negatively to the increse in reserve requirements, even though not quite much. It is because banks can maintain their interest income. On the other side, the negative relationship between loans and profitability suggests that banks cannot manage to regain their own resources that have been lent to their customers. It indicates a poor credit quality. Keywords: reserve requirements changes, bank profitability, Indonesian state-owned banks


Slope steepness (S) and runoff discharge (q w ) are two major factors in determining sediment delivery rates (q s ) from interrill areas. Under the current interrill erosion model concept, these two factors are assumed to have independent effects on q s ; thus, each factor can be quantified individually if the other factor is kept constant. This study was conducted to show the effects of S and q w on q s and their interdependency. Sediment discharge rates, measured under different rainfall intensities and slope gradients, for eight soils from two laboratory studies were analyzed empirically with curve-fitting procedures. Results showed that there was a pair of empirical equations for each soil : q s =A 1 q w 2 + A 2 q w + A 3 and q s = B 1 S 2 + B 2 S + B 3 , where A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 are functions of S and B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 are functions of q w . In other words, effects of slope steepness and runoff on sediment delivery are dependent on each other. When S and q w were combined together as stream power, Ω, and plotted against sediment concentration, q s /q w , a unique nonlinear relationship existed for each soil : q s /q q = D 1 Ω 2 + D 2 Ω + D 3 , where D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 are soil-dependent coefficients. The stream power, which encompasses both slope and runoff effects, may provide improved estimates for interrill erosion. Although not based on theory, this result may be useful in process-based erosion models.


Heart rate level (HRL) and both dorsal and palmar skin conductance level (SCL) of Psychopathic, Mixed, and Non-psychopathic prison inmates were measured while the inmates were engaged in the Buss aggression task which requires subjects to shock a learner for making errors. The Mixed and Psychopathic groups evidenced HRLs which were significantly higher than those of the Non-psychopathic group during the later trial Mocks. The Non-psychopathic group increased palmar SCLs across trial blocks, while no such changes were observed for Mixed and Psychopathic groups. No differences between groups were observed in the dorsal SCL measures. This pattern of low SCL together with elevated HRL, reported previously for psychopaths in conditioning or "count-down" situations with electric shock, may also appear in psychopaths engaged in a mildly stressful social interaction.


We analyze the mass dependence of the chiral condensate for QCD at nonzero $\theta$-angle and find that in general the discontinuity of the chiral condensate is not on the support of the Dirac spectrum. To understand this behavior we decompose the spectral density and the chiral condensate into contributions from the zero modes, the quenched part, and a remainder which is sensitive to the fermion determinant and is referred to as the dynamical part. We obtain general formulas for the contributions of the zero modes. Expressions for the quenched part, valid for an arbitrary number of flavors, and for the dynamical part, valid for one and two flavors, are derived in the microscopic domain of QCD. We find that at nonzero $\theta$-angle the quenched and dynamical part of the Dirac spectral density are strongly oscillating with an amplitude that increases exponentially with the volume $V$ and a period of order of $1/V$. The quenched part of the chiral condensate becomes exponentially large at $\theta\ne0$, but this divergence is canceled by the contribution from the zero modes. The oscillatory behavior of the dynamical part of the density is essential for moving the discontinuity of the chiral condensate away from the support of the Dirac spectrum. As important by-products of this work we obtain analytical expressions for the microscopic spectral density of the Dirac operator at nonzero $\theta$-angle for both one- and two-flavor QCD with nonzero quark masses.


The Inertial Navigation System (INS) can provide a variety of high precision navigation parameters full independently, but there exists error accumulation. The geomagnetic navigation has the benefits of passive detection, autonomy, well concealed, high availability and low cost. So in this paper the geomagnetic aided inertial navigation method is introduced to enhance precision of the land vehicle navigation system. A nonlinear system model is developed, and the noise covariance is unknown random bias. In this condition, the traditional EKF method may be divergent, so an adaptive two-stage EKF algorithm is proposed that can resolve this problem. Simulation results show that, compared with the EKF algorithm, the adaptive two-stage EKF algorithm has the advantage of reducing the computational complexity and the result can be convergent.


Digital forensics is a science of laws and technologies fighting against computer crimes. It can be divided into two sub-areas, computer forensics and network forensics. Network forensics is still a frontier area of digital forensics and is the focus of this dissertation.
This dissertation proposes to classify network forensic investigations into three categories based on the time when law enforcement officers conduct investigations in response to a cyber crime incident. Proactive investigation is defined as the investigation before a cyber crime incident happens; real time investigation is the investigation during the cyber crime incident; retroactive investigation is the investigation after the cyber crime incident. This classification in terms of incident timing helps people understand related laws since laws are different if the investigation timing is different. This dissertation presents a holistic study of the relationship between laws and network forensic investigations and believes that this framework provides a solid guidance for digital forensic research.
With the guidance of the framework, this dissertation invents two techniques for real-time investigations. The first technique is to use the guidance to trace communications in anonymous network. Both wired and wireless networks environment are considered. Law enforcement can conduct real time investigation with a low level authorization. For other entities such as administrators in campus, the proposed technique is free for administrators without law issues. The second technique is to locate a suspect target in/outside a building with a hand-held device. Under the guidance of the framework, a wireless network forensic tool HaLo (Hand-held Locator kit) was developed for law enforcement in real time investigation. HaLo is transformed from a Nokia N900 smartphone and locates a suspect target in/outside a building with received Wi-Fi signal strength while the suspect is committing a crime.
Key Words: Network Forensics; Framework of Network Forensics; American Law; Technology; Digital Forensics; Cyber Crime; Law Enforcement; Investigation; Proactive; Real Time; Retroactive; Anonymous; Traceback; Localization; Smartphone; HaLo; Signal Strength.


Fluxes of the magnetic helicity density play an important role in large-scale turbulent dynamos, allowing the growth of large-scale magnetic fields while overcoming catastrophic quenching. We show here, analytically, how several important types of magnetic helicity fluxes can arise from terms involving triple correlators of fluctuating fields in the helicity density evolution equation. For this, we assume incompressibility and weak inhomogeneity, and use a quasi-normal closure approximation: fourth-order correlators are replaced by products of second-order ones, and the effect of the fourth-order cumulants on the evolution of the third moments is modeled by a strong damping term. First, we show how a diffusive helicity flux, until now only measured in simulations, arises from the triple correlation term. This is accompanied by what we refer to as a random advective flux, which predominantly transports magnetic helicity along the gradients of the random fields. We also find that a new helicity flux contribution, in some aspects similar to that first proposed by Vishniac, can arise from the triple correlator. This contribution depends on the gradients of the random magnetic and kinetic energies along the large-scale vorticity, and thus arises in any rotating, stratified system, even if the turbulence is predominantly non-helical. It can source a large-scale dynamo by itself while spatially transporting magnetic helicity within the system.


Spectral structures of the tiltgrams obtained by tiltmeters of the horizontal pendulum type at the Akibasan station in Wakayama City are discussed, especially in connection with meteorological changes. It is shown that the change of a period from 1 to 33 days in the ground tilt at the station is scarcely influenced by changes in the atmospheric temperature, pressure, its time derivative and loading of the water in the neighbouring sea. It is also shown that the effect of precipitation on the ground tilt is on the contrary very remarkable and that the ground tilt caused by an impulsive precipitation is approximately represented by at exp(—$t) with equal values of $ for both tilting components of the E-W and N-S directions. Corrected spectra for the disturbances are given, which suggest predominance of several oscillatory tilting motions of the ground. Introduction It is a well known fact that crustal deformations are observed before and after large earthquakes near their epicentral regions and that continuous observations of the movement of the ground are regarded as one of the promising ways of predicting the occurrence of earthquakes. However, the ground near the surface is also deformed by other external sources such as meteorological changes, loading effects due to sea water, underground water conditions and so on. Therefore it is essential for identification of the substantial deformation caused by the internal origin of the earth relating to earthquake occurrences to investigate the above-mentioned disturbing phenomena as circumstantially as possible and to bring their generating mechanism to light. In the previous work", Fourier spectra of the tiltmetric results observed at the Akibasan station were shown regarding the periodic range from 11 to 33 days. It is advantageous to investigate spectral structures of records observed by tiltmeters, extensometers or gravimeters, in order to obtain knowledge about the nature of the secular movements of the ground or that of the drift curves, and to construct appropriate filters for data processing. In this paper, a rough estimate of the contamination of the tilting movements due to meteorological origins in the tiltmetric data has been made from the spectral structures of the period from 1 to 33 days under some simplified assumptions.


Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from the secretion or deficient action of insulin, accounting for more than 90% of the cases of diabetes and is associated with macro and microvascular complications that are among the main causes of morbidity and total or partial disability in the 21st century. The objective of this study was to perform the screening for T2DM in pharmaceutical professionals from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, carried out with pharmacists from seven municipalities in the State of São Paulo, from March 2017 to June 2018. The method used to track T2DM was the self-application of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) instrument, which incorporates the following variables: age, BMI, waist circumference, hypertension, physical activity, diet, family history of diabetes and history of glucose intolerance. One hundred and fifty-three pharmacists were included in the study. Of these, 127 (83.0%) were female. Considering the results of the FINDRISC instrument, 9.8%, 13.1%, 25.5% and 51.6% demonstrated high, moderate, slight and low risk, respectively, of T2DM development within the next 10 years. The results indicated that approximately half (n=74; 48.4%) of the evaluated professionals demonstrated a risk of developing T2DM above the low risk classification. It is worth emphasizing the contributions of the study which orient the pharmacists related to the possibility of altering the modifiable risk factors identified in order to significantly reduce their risk of developing T2DM. Palavras-chave: Diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus. Tracking. Pharmacist. Metabolic Disease. *Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. **City Secretary of Health of Itaporã. Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. ***Court of Auditors. Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com DOI: 10.15343/0104-7809.2019430245647


A(cnA(dnA(2/n +Pn2/n-Jc))) + <}nf(y n — 77i J = e" are obtained. Existence of nonoscillatory solution and its asymptotic behavior axe also discussed. Examples illustrating the results are inserted.


Stress conditions in precast airfield concrete pavements are analyzed using the finite element method. The pavements analyzed were small concrete slabs connected at the joints by load‐transfer devices. The slabs were square‐shaped with dimensions varying from 3 ft (0.92 m) and up and slab thicknesses varied from 3–12 in. (11.8–47.2 cm). In contrast to the known fact that the installation of dowel bars and keyed joints in conventional highway and airfield concrete pavements can effectively reduce stresses in concrete slabs, it was found that stresses in small concrete slabs may actually be increased, depending on the loading position. The stresses in the small concrete slabs are increased and the deflections are decreased with increasing slab size. These changes cease when the slab size is increased beyond a certain value. This value increases with increasing slab rigidity, tire contact area, and gear spacing for multiple wheels.


1 Laxatives or methylnaltrexone for the management of constipation in palliative care patients (Review) Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In studies comparing the different laxatives evidence was inconclusive. Evidence on subcutaneous methylnaltrexone was clearer; in combined analysis (287 participants) methylnaltrexone, in comparison with a placebo, significantly induced laxation at 4 hours (odds ratio 6.95; 95% confidence interval 3.83 to 12.61). In combined analyses there was no difference in the proportion experiencing side effects, although participants on methylnaltrexone suffered more flatulence and dizziness. No evidence of opioid withdrawal was found. In one study severe adverse events, commonly abdominal pain, were reported that were possibly related to methylnaltrexone. A serious adverse event considered to be related to the methylnaltrexone also occurred; this involved a participant having severe diarrhoea, subsequent dehydration and cardiovascular collapse. Authors' conclusions The 2010 update found evidence on laxatives for management of constipation remains limited due to insufficient RCTs. However, the conclusions of this update have changed since the original review publication in that it now includes evidence on methylnaltrexone. Here it found that subcutaneous methylnaltrexone is effective in inducing laxation in palliative care patients with opioid-induced constipation and where conventional laxatives have failed. However, the safety of this product is not fully evaluated. Large, rigorous, independent trials are needed. P L A I N L A N G U A G E S U M M A R Y Laxatives or methylnaltrexone for the management of constipation in palliative care patients Palliative care patients commonly experience constipation. This is as a result of the use of medications (in particular opioids) for pain control, as well as disease, dietary and mobility factors. This review aimed to determine the effectiveness of laxatives for the management of constipation in palliative care patients. Two review authors assessed study quality and extracted data. Seven studies involving 616 people were included. The drugs evaluated were lactulose, senna, danthron combined with poloxamer, misrakasneham and magnesium hydroxide combined with liquid paraffin. Methylnaltrexone, a drug only recently licensed, was also evaluated for this updated review. There is some evidence that methylnaltrexone is effective (in comparison with a placebo) at inducing laxation (bowel relaxation) in patients taking opioids who have not had a good response to conventional laxatives. The evidence in the other studies was more limited due to lack of overlap in laxatives evaluated. Further rigorous, independent trials with longer follow up are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of laxatives, including methylnaltrexone. 2 Laxatives or methylnaltrexone for the management of constipation in palliative care patients (Review) Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S F O R T H E M A I N C O M P A R I S O N [Explanation] Methylnaltrexone compared to placebo for the management of constipation in palliative care patients Patient or population: patients with the management of opioid-induced constipation in palliative care patients Settings: Intervention: Methylnaltrexone Comparison: placebo Outcomes Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) Comments Assumed risk Corresponding risk placebo Methylnaltrexone Rescue free laxation within 4 hours 146 per 1000 543 per 1000 (396 to 683) OR 6.95 (3.83 to 12.61) 287 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⃝ moderate1,2 Rescue free laxation within 24 hours 195 per 1000 568 per 1000 (430 to 695) OR 5.42 (3.12 to 9.41) 287 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⃝ moderate1,2 *The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. 1 Four limitations unclear: allocation concealment, incomplete outcome data addressed, free of selective reporting, free of other bias; all other limitations not present. 2 Only two studies available, both with positive results, so publication bias cannot be ruled out. 3 L a x a tive s o r m e th y ln a lre x o n e fo r th e m a n a g e m e n t o f co n stip a io n in p a lia tive ca re p a ie n ts (R e v ie w ) C o p y ig h t © 2 0 1 1 T h e C o ch ra n e C o la b o ra io n . P u b ish e d b y Jo h n W le y & S o n s, L td .


During the last decade of rapid environmental change in the Arctic multiple studies have been conducted in the region of the Chukchi Sea and Bering Strait, which is the only Pacific-Arctic oceanic gateway. Current paper provides an overview of the research based on the recent in-situ hydrographic observations in the Chukchi Sea. We discuss the properties of the major water masses, their pathways on the shelf and at the shelfbreak, and changes in the circulation patterns. Anomalously strong northerly winds account for the transposition of the water masses in Bering Strait, as well as cause the Alaskan Coastal Current flow into the Herald Canyon. Previously unknown Chukchi Slope Current has been described emanating from the Barrow Canyon and flowing westwards over the upper continental slope. Mutliple studies discuss the variability of the Pacific Winter Water on the shelf and at the shelfbreak; the circulation of the Pacific Winter Water on the shelf has been revised. Atlantic Water has been observed far south on the Chukchi shelf associated with high polynya activity in the region.


Abstract. The P-positions of the 2-pile take-away game of Wythoff Nim lie on two beams of slope and respectively. We study extensions to this game where a player may also remove simultaneously tokens from either of the piles and from the other, where are given positive integers and where t ranges over the positive integers. We prove that for certain pairs (p,q) the P-positions are identical to those of Wythoff Nim, but for they do not even lie on two beams. By several experimental results, we conjecture a classification of all pairs (p,q) for which Wythoff Nim's beams of P-positions transform via a certain splitting behavior, similar to that of going from 2-pile Nim to Wythoff Nim.


IT SEEMS appropriate during Ohio's 150th year to examine the early architectural history of the state, first, because it telescopes historic styles in an unusual manner and, second, because it shows vividly what happens when groups of immigrants with varied national and stylistic backgrounds settle together in a new region. This is an account of some of the architectural forms which were erected in the state between 1772 and the 1850's, when Romanticism had finally swamped the Classic Revival. Perhaps no other state has such a wide variety of architectural types as are found in Ohio between these dates. Since this paper is concerned with stylistic influences, we might first examine the region in terms of the backgrounds of its settlers and builders. The white population of the entire Northwest Territory, which later was to include Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, was only 5000 in 1790. Fifty years later the population of Ohio alone, the first of this group to be well settled, was one and a half million. This sudden increase in population brought immigrants with widely diversified social, political, economic, racial and national histories. And they brought their architecture with them-further to prove the architectural axiom that the migrant tends to construct in his new environment the architectural forms with which he is familiar and that re-


Statement of the problem. Despite the popularity of fashion makeover shows on TV and on the Internet, communicative strategies that are employed by expert teams to boost participants' self-esteem and motivate them to carry out actions that are beneficial for them have not yet come in the focus of research (e.g. participants could be encouraged to build a successful career). The paper argues that the discursive approach to analyse such shows makes it possible to identify communicative strategies to which experts resort on top of changing people's looks (wardrobe overhaul, new hairstyle, etc.). Results. Drawing on the discourse analysis of the British makeover shows, it has been identified that fashion experts use a range of discursive strategies. The most common of them are Generalisation Strategy, Confessional Strategy and Complimenting Strategy. The results also demonstrate that members of the fashion team apply general rather than specialist knowledge when implementing these discursive strategies as it helps them to gain trust from participants and make participants more open to changes. Conclusion. Discourse analysis of the fashion makeover shows has indicated that beauty experts who create a new style for a participant use Generalisation Strategy, Confessional Strategy and Complimenting Strategy on top of different fashion tools (e.g. new clothes). These strategies help them to motivate people to change their self-deprecating attitude and carry out certain actions that are beneficial for them. Both new looks and discursive strategies enable makeover shows to reach the global communicative aim which is to bring about positive changes into personal and professional lives of participants.


Wear resistance of cold work tool steel is critical in stamping manufacture.In this paper,comparison tests of dry sliding wear under different loads were carried out by using a ring-on-block friction and wear tester.Four kinds of Cr8 tool steels were evaluated and ranked in term of wear volume and friction coefficient.Wear mechanism was determined by observing and analyzing the morphology of the worn surface.Results indicate that abrasive wear can be always found under different loads.As load increased,surface oxidation became obvious and oxidation wear played a larger role in wear mechanism.The wear volume increased with the increasing load,average friction coefficient firstly increased and then decreased with the load.The positive linear relationship between total wear volume and M7C3 eutectic carbide content was revealed.


The objectives of this research was to find out whether there was a statistically significant difference of students' reading comprehension ability of narrative texts after the students were taught through CSR strategy and also to find out which aspect of reading comprehension improves the most after CSR was implemented in teaching reading at the tenth grade of SMKN 1 Terbanggi Besar . This research was a quantitative research and the method was one group pre-test and post-test design. In pre-test students mean score was 52.17 while in post-test it increase to 76.15; the gain obtained in pre-test to post-test was 23.98. The subjects of the research were 26 students at the tenth grade of SMKN 1 Terbanggi Besar . The reading comprehension test was used as the research instrument. The data were analyzed using paired sample t-test. The result showed that there was a statistically significant difference of students' reading comprehension of narrative texts. Determining main idea was the aspect that improved the most after implementing Collaborative Strategic Reading technique.


High resolution spectra of six giants belonging to galactic globular clusters and accurate abundance determinations of various elements, obtained by means of model atmosphere analysis, are presented. It is found that the Q 39 index becomes extremely sensitive to a change in metallicity in objects with [Fe/H] > −1, ruling out the linearity of the relation Q 39 = f([He/H]). The overabundance of α-elements found by previous authors is confirmed. The results are discussed in the light models of self-enrichment of globular clusters


Based on analyses of several typical trust valuation models and corresponding to the two different concepts of trust relationship,this paper analyzed two trust evaluation models.It proued rationality from which the two models exist form the perspectives of trust randomicity and uncertainty and discussed the defect of two models.This paper not only provided a valuable way to study trust valuation in grid vironment but also discussed future research fields of trust evaluation.


A protocol for in vitro acclimatization of citrus plantlets is described which ensures up to 97% ex vitro survival of plants following their transfer to polythene bag in the green house. In vitro grown microshoots were aseptically cultured in MS and B5 media supplemented with paclobutrazol (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/l). Paclobutrazol in the rooting medium reduced plant growth but led to reduction in wilting when plantlets were transferred to green house. Leaf number and leaf weight increased in lower concentration of paclobutrazol than its higher concentration. Addition of paclobutrazol in the growth medium increased survival of plantlets on transfer to green house.


Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards sustainable development has been identified as a marketing philosophy that businesses in developed countries should pursue in the post-Covid-19 era as these practices deal with urgent global social and environmental challenges. Such efforts contributing to sustainable development will enhance corporate image and reinforce strong bonds with customers. In developing countries like Vietnam, how CSR affects consumer behaviour and the mechanism regulating the relationship between CSR and consumer behavior are the research gaps that have not been widely investigated. This study explores the relationship between CSR and customer loyalty, with the emphasis on the mediating role of corporate image. Focusing on the Vietnamese aviation industry, the author surveyed 514 passengers and analyzed them using structural equation modeling. Our findings show that CSR has a positive impact on corporate image and customer loyalty. In addition, CSR also affects customer loyalty through enhancing corporate image. Research results have provided research implications and management implications for the future.


IGF-II and the IGF-II/M6P receptor are thought to play an important role in fetal growth and development. We have studied the expression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in fetal bovine tissues from 5 weeks through 36 weeks gestation. Tissues from bovine fetuses were extracted in buffer containing 2% Triton-X-100 and 2% SDS. Aliquots of the protein extracts were analysed by SDS-PAGE and the protein bands were transfered onto nitrocellulose. Immunoblotting was performed using anti-IGF-II/M6P receptor antiserum. In a subset of experiments, ligandblotting was carried out using radiolabeled IGF-II and subsequent autoradiography. IGF-II/M6P receptors were expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest amount of receptor being present in fetal lung and liver. Low amounts of receptors were measured in fetal brain. The amount of receptor was developmental regulated throughout fetal life. Developmental regulation of receptor expression varied among the different tissues. In conclusion, the IGF-II/M6P receptor is developmentally regulated during bovine fetal life. We hypothesize that this receptor exerts important biologic effects during fetal development, (supported by DFG grant, Ki 365 1.1).


The present work of research aims to determine the feasibility of a business idea through the elaboration of a plan for the creation of a thematic restaurant for women in the city of Quito. It starts off with a macroeconomic analysis of the sector of restaurants understanding the political, economic, social and technological factors, in order to diagnose the importance of the sector in the Ecuadorian economy. It then approaches a microeconomic analysis in which the five forces of Porter are evaluated, to conclude that the restaurant sector is decentralized by the great number of existing firms, though presenting a rather high degree of inequality, considering companies that concentrate more than thirty percent of the market. In addition, the SWOT analysis made it possible to identify the key factors of this business idea, such as the increasing demand for these services and the personalized service turning into an opportunity for profitable growth. Among the principal weaknesses identified, there was: the level of competition is fairly high considering technological advances, alternative services and a marked presence of multinationals. Towards the end, the market research highlighted women is acceptance and even fondness of this business idea, although it becomes clear that this demand is unsatisfied despite it being affordable. The raised business plan seeks to provide a warm, cozy environment where women can feel special, by living and sharing unforgettable moments at the bar - restaurant "Amitie". Finally, the study suggests three case scenarios for the financial analysis calculation. Nevertheless, the most viable and profitable ones are the awaited and optimistic. A rate of return of 41 percent is identified and an accurate estimation affirms that every dollar invested in marketing generates 0,90 dollars in return for the awaited case scenario, pointing to the implementation of this business idea as an economically feasible and practical one, throughout the initially estimated period of five years and under the analyzed conditions.


The ESC/ESH Guidelines for hypertension issued in 2018 identify resting heart rate (HR) values greater than 80 beats/minute as predictors of cardiovascular risk, with the undocumented evidence that this detection might represent the occurrence of a sympathetic cardiovascular overdrive.

 In the present study we tested this hypothesis throughout the use of direct and indirect markers of sympathetic neural function.

 In 167 untreated and uncomplicated mild-to moderate essential hypertensives recruited for different investigations and aged 51.8±3.2 years (mean±SEM) without other cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular disease, we measured clinic and ambulatory blood pressure (BP), HR (EKG), venous plasma norepinephrine (NE, HPLC assay) and efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve traffic (MSNA, microneurography). We then subdivided the study population in 2 groups according to HR values ≤ or >80 beats/minute.

 Sixty-eight patients displayed resting HR >80 beats/minute while the remaining 99 below this threshold value, the 2 groups showing superimposable age values and gender distribution. Body mass index, clinic and ambulatory BP were similar in the 2 groups this being the case also for LVMI and metabolic variables. In contrast MSNA values were significantly greater (P<0.02) in the former than in the latter group both when expressed as bursts incidence over time (49.2±1.8 vs 39.5±1.4 bs/min) and when corrected for HR (60.7±3.0 vs 51.4±2.5 bs/100 hb). NE showed a tendency to be greater in the former group without achieving, however, statistical significance. In the whole population there was a significant direct relationship between MSNA and HR values (r=0.61, P<0.01)

 Thus hypertensive patients displaying HR >80 beats/minute are characterized by a marked sympathetic overdrive, particularly when direct adrenergic markers are employed. This finding suggests that cardiac and peripheral sympathetic activation may participate at the increased cardiovascular risk detected in this group of patients.


HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. TB Centre and Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccins (IIV), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.


For the first time in nearly one hundred years, telephone companies are attempting to upgrade the umbilical cord that ties each household to the public switched network. This cord is currently a twisted pair of copper wires. The new cord could be a fiber optic cable. The number and complexity of fiber optic experimental distribution systems is growing every year.' The telephone companies allege they are introducing fiber because it has the potential to carry not only voice and data communications but also video programs and services. In order to bring the alleged benefits of this new technology to the public, the telephone companies are attempting to a secure a release from the legal restrictions that limit their involvement in the video industry. The release will enable the telephone industry to secure the additional revenues that are needed to support the introduction of the new technology. Cable television, the alternative video carriage industry, is also evolving towards a fiber environment. Cable television companies are reinforcing coaxial systems with fiber backbones. This innovation will not only improve the quality of cable television services, but will also enhance the two-way communications abilities of the cable systems. The author is a senior telecommunications economist with the Public Service Commission of the District of Columbia. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Service Commission of the District of Columbia or its Staff


31 Objectives: Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of Schizophrenia (SCZ) have 32 provided new biological insights; however, most cohorts are of European ancestry. As a result, 33 derived polygenic risk scores (PRS) show decreased predictive power when applied to 34 populations of different ancestries. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a large-scale data 35 collection in Hanoi, Vietnam, contribute to international efforts to diversify ancestry in SCZ 36 genetic research and examine the transferability of SCZ-PRS to individuals of Vietnamese 37 Kinh ancestry. 38 Methods: In a pilot study, 368 individuals (including 190 SCZ cases) were recruited at the 39 Hanoi Medical University's associated psychiatric hospitals and outpatient facilities. Data 40 collection included sociodemographic data, baseline clinical data, clinical interviews assessing 41 symptom severity and genome-wide SNP genotyping. SCZ-PRS were generated using 42 different training data sets: i) European, ii) East-Asian and iii) trans-ancestry GWAS summary 43 statistics from the latest SCZ GWAS meta-analysis. 44 Results: SCZ-PRS significantly predicted case status in Vietnamese individuals using mixed- 45 ancestry (R 2 liability=4.9%, p=6.83*10 -8 ), East-Asian (R 2 liability=4.5%, p=2.73*10 -7 ) and 46 European (R 2 liability=3.8%, p = 1.79*10 -6 ) discovery samples. 47 Discussion: Our results corroborate previous findings of reduced PRS predictive power 48 across populations, highlighting the importance of ancestral diversity in GWA studies. 49


The Brexit-vote shook both the United Kingdom and the rest of the European Union as UK is the first country that has ever voted to leave the EU. It is thus important to understand on what grounds the people have cast their vote. Previous research has mainly been focusing on the UK as a whole, or on England specifically, and has thus left a gap in the literature not explaining the vote in the different devolved nations. This thesis therefore aims to understand why Scotland and Wales, which in many regards are similar, voted differently in the referendum on UK membership in the EU, as a majority in Wales voted to leave the EU while a larger majority in Scotland voted to remain. While previous studies have shown socioeconomic factors to matter, this thesis aims to explain that economic evaluations in the EU, both national and personal, have a decisive power in citizens choice of voting leave/remain. This argument will be supported by using a logistic regression model, which will further reveal that the economic argument interacted differently with nationality factors in Scotland and Wales.


Outlier detection is a primary step in many data-mining applications. We present several methods for outlier detection, while distinguishing between univariate vs. multivariate techniques and parametric vs. nonparametric procedures. In presence of outliers, special attention should be taken to assure the robustness of the used estimators. Outlier detection for Data Mining is often based on distance measures, clustering and spatial methods.


This article describes an analysis of the key technologies currently applied to improve the quality, efficiency, safety and sustainability of Smart Grid systems and identifies the tools to optimize them and possible gaps in this area, considering the different energy sources, distributed generation, microgrids and energy consumption and production capacity. The research was conducted with a qualitative methodological approach, where the literature review was carried out with studies published from 2019 to 2022, in five (5) databases following the selection of studies recommended by the PRISMA guide. Of the five hundred and four (504) publications identified, ten (10) studies provided insight into the technological trends that are impacting this scenario, namely: Internet of Things, Big Data, Edge Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain. It is concluded that to obtain the best performance within Smart Grids, it is necessary to have the maximum synergy between these technologies, since this union will enable the application of advanced smart digital technology solutions to energy generation and distribution operations, thus allowing to conquer a new level of optimization.


ABSTRACT Homopolymerization of chloro-substituted N-phenyl maleimide monomer at ortho N-OCPMI, meta N-MCPMI, and para N-PCPMI was performed at 70°C in DMF using benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator. The average molecular weight of all homopolymers, namely, H-OCPMI H-MCPMI and H-PCPMI by gel permeation chromatography was found to be 1,806, 2,464, and 4,542 with PDI 1.07, 1.09, and 1.11. The controlled poly dispersity index by conventional free radical polymerization is achieved. The thermal analyses reveal that the initial decomposition temperatures for all types of homopolymers are close to each other. On increasing heating rates, the activation energy (ΔE*),entropy of activation (ΔS*), enthalpy of activation (ΔH*), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) increase for all types of homopolymers. The homopolymer of para chloro-substituted of N-phenyl maleimide, H-PCPMI has the highest thermal stability. All the synthesized monomers and homopolymers are found to show an excellent antimicrobial activity. Activity index is also evaluated. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is that the key in addition to of wisdom and is extensively utilized at interims the structures bolstered Internet of Things (IoT). The sharp indicator center points are utilized in applications like system perceptive, therapeutic thriving consideration structures, and so forth. Anyway these centers are essentialness constraint devices. Efficient bundle and adequate group head (CH) assurance plans are required, in choose to advance essentialness stinting of finder center points. Amid this paper, vivacious CH assurance procedure (DCHSM) is utilized wherever CHs are picked in 2 phases. This computation advances imperativeness stinting on far reaching scale thus are frequently utilized for IoT applications. At first, QB Cluster chart is utilized to segment the insightful point plane figure molded groups. CH assurance is performed in 2 phases. To begin with course of CH is picked bolstered seen shot and in this manner the minute course is picked on the reason of survival time estimation. Entertainment examination appears that DCHSM defeats the standard strategies regarding get ready life expectancy Index.


Abstract 5144 BACKGROUND Bortezomib is widely used to treat multiple myeloma (MM). It is also used in the management of recurrent, relapsed and chemotherapy-refractory other hematological malignancies. Bortezomib is considered to be a safe drug with manageable adverse side effects including peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia and gastrointestinal symptoms. Rare but severe pulmonary complication has been reported in four Japanese and two African-American (AA) patients after bortezomib treatment for multiple myeloma refractory to multiple other regimens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of chemotherapy-naive AA patient who developed severe pulmonary complication after receiving bortezomib. CASE REPORT A 51-year-old AA female known for hypothyroidism, was diagnosed with IgG kappa MM after she presented with low back pain and was found to have a lytic lesion and compression fracture at the tenth thoracic vertebra. She was started on palliative radiation therapy to T5 to T12 (to a total of 2500 cGY). Four days after starting the radiation therapy, she received bortezomib (1.3 mg / m2) on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 combined with low dose dexamethasone (40 mg IV weekly). On day 12, she developed a dry cough, dyspnea and fever of 101.4 0 F. On physical examination, she had coarse crackles in all lung fields. Her white blood cell count remained within normal limit. Computed tomography of the chest with contrast identified new diffuse patchy opacities throughout the lung fields and small bilateral pleural effusions, but no evidence of pulmonary embolism. She became progressively hypoxic and was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Echocardiogram confirmed normal left ventricular function . She was subsequently intubated. Bronchoscopy was done, bronchioalveolar lavage failed to show any infectious organisms or malignancy, whereas transbronchial biopsy showed organizing pneumonia. The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics and high dose steroid (methylprednisolone 1000mg/24hrs) for 3 days with rapid clinical improvement and was quickly weaned off the ventilator. DISSCUSION The incidence of serious side effects of bortezomib was reported to be less than 5%. Severe pulmonary complications after bortezomib treatment are particularly rare (Richardson PG et al, 2003). In 2006, Miyakoshi S. and colleagues described four Japanese patients who presented with severe pulmonary complication after bortezomib treatment. A genetic predisposition and previous auto peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) have been attributed to the adverse effect seen exclusively in Japanese patients. Ohri, Boyer and their colleagues reported similar pulmonary complications in two African-American patients treated with bortezomib (Ohri A et al, 2006; Boyer JE et al, 2006). The clinical symptoms and radiological manifestations of our patient are similar to the previously reported African-American patients. However our case is chemotherapy-naive whereas previously reported cases were pre-treated with various cytotoxic agents. Our patient had transient fever, no leuckocytosis and negative blood and urine cultures; she also had a negative bronchoalveolar lavage, all argue against the possibility of infection. She had rapid improvement after high dose steroids, which support drug reaction rather than infection. Moreover, organizing pneumonia is a recognized type of drug-induced lung disease (Vahid B et al, 2008) and confirms the adverse event of bortezomib since our patient had no prior chemotherapies and was not on other medication at the time of event. Even if we admit the possibility of spillover effect from the limited field radiation the patient received, the extent of the lung parenchyma injury was far more conspicuous to be explained solely by radiation therapy alone. CONCLUSION This report reinforces the possibility of predictable manifestation of severe pulmonary complication due to bortezomib therapy in chemotherapy-naive African American patients. Clinicians should be aware of this potentially fatal complication and need to cautiously monitor their patients for early signs of respiratory problems. It also highlights the reversible nature of the pulmonary complication with high dose steroids. Patients who get radiation therapy to the chest while receiving bortezomib may need special attention. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Since the term "pedal surface" has but recently been definitively adopted, it may be well to state that it indicates, simply, the locus of the feet of perpendiculars let fall from a fixed point, the pedal origin, upon all the tangent planes of a given surface. It is sometimes convenient, too, to regard the pedal surface as the envelope of a sphere, whose diameter is the radius vector from the pedal origin to any point on the primitive surface. The primitive surface remaining unaltered, the form and magnitude of its pedal vary, of course, with the position of the pedal origin.


The article,based on the groundwork of concluding the status quo and problems in the development of higher education of Myanmar,applied the theory of higher education demand into the analysis on the demand for higher education of Myanmar.Starting from the development situation of economy and society of Myanmar,the essay emphasized on the discussion of the social,individual,industrial and level demand for higher education in Myanmar,and put forward that,during the historic era that tends to stability in Myanmar,there is a large room in demand for higher education in the country,and a diversification in demand whatever industries or subjects.At the same time,the especially geographical advantage of Yunnan provides a good opportunity to meet such a demand to implement "go abroad" strategy.


In Hongjiang, there have been over 20 harmful invasive exotic species, they have taken over much growing space of the native species, seriously damaged the local natural ecosystem and species diversity, and caused some economic losses to agricultural production,even a certain threat to people's life security. This study was conducted to comprehensively analyze the distribution, damage and causes of main invasive alien species such as Eichhornia crassipes, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Pomacea canaliculata in Hongjiang, and put forward some related prevention measures in order to provide some scientific reference for the control of exotic invasive species in Hongjiang.


Elucidating mechanistic relationships between and among intracellular macromolecules is fundamental to understanding the molecular basis of normal and diseased processes. Here, we introduce jFuzzyMachine – a fuzzy logic-based regulatory network inference engine for high-throughput biological data. We describe its design and implementation. We demonstrate its functions on a sampled expression profile of the vorinostat-resistant HCT116 cell line. We compared jFuzzyMachine's inferred regulatory network to that inferred by the ARACNe (an Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory Networks) tool. Potentially more sensitive, jFuzzyMachine showed a slight increase in identified regulatory edges compared to ARACNe. A significant overlap was also observed in the identified edges between the two inference methods. Over 70 percent of edges identified by ARACNe were identified by jFuzzyMachine. Beyond identifying edges, jFuzzyMachine shows direction of interactions, including bidirectional interactions – specifying regulatory inputs and outputs of inferred relationships. jFuzzyMachine addresses an apparent lack of freely available community tool implementing a fuzzy logic regulatory network inference method – mitigating a limitation to applying and extending benefits of the fuzzy inference system to understanding biological data. jFuzzyMachine's source codes and precompiled binaries are freely available at the Github repository locations: https://github.com/paiyetan/jfuzzymachine and https://github.com/paiyetan/jfuzzymachine/releases/tag/v1.7.21.


Because of the special conditions in China,there are some similarity between moral and Marxism,such as function,purpose of regulation and object.For this matter,it provided new perspective for Marxist popularize.In the base of profoundly on the similarity between moral and Marxism,unearthing the usefull way in moral education,combined with the status of the Marxist popularize,put forward some effective measures to promote Marxist popularize.


One of the factors affecting on soil properties is elevation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of elevation on some physical and chemical properties of soil including texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and particle organic matter in Moghan to Sabalan rangelands. 73 samples were taken from five levels of elevations of 0-600, 600-1200, 1200-1800, 1800-2400 and above 2400 m. After preparation of soil samples in laboratory, pH, EC, organic matter, particle organic matter and soil texture were measured. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA in Minitab 18 software. Based on the results, elevation can have a significant effect on some soil characteristics. So, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and soil texture were different between levels of elevations of the study area. pH values was decreased with increasing of elevation and in range of 0-600 elevation has the highest value (7.292) and in elevations higher than 2400 has the lowest value (6.126). While organic matter values was increased with decreasing of elevation and in range of 0-600 elevation has the lowest value (2.062) and in elevations higher than 2400 has the highest value (5.182).


Summary Control of mistletoe, a cause of tree decline and death, was investigated in north-eastern Victoria because of reports that mistletoe infestations had increased in recent years. The potential of four herbicides to control mistletoe (Amyema spp.) by injection of the trunks of host eucalypts was evaluated. Eleven eucalypt species were injected in different months in 1984 and 1985 with solutions of the translocatable herbicides GARLON, LONTREL, ROUNDUP and VELPAR. Evaluation of mistletoe control in conjunction with host health at 12 and 24 months after injection showed that mistletoes could be partially controlled on most species with certain herbicides. The best results were given by ROUNDUP (diluted 1:3 in water) or GARLON (1:4) injected at the rate of 1 mL per cut, with cuts spaced at 10 cm intervals around the lower trunk of the host tree. LONTREL and VELPAR gave unsatisfactory results, though they received only limited testing. The particular herbicide and month of injection that gave the greate...


Abstract The most likely route for Islamisation in Pakistan is not Islamist political parties, or military officers, but its Supreme Court enforcing the Islamic provisions of the country's Constitution. In 1999, at the culmination of two decades of increasing Islamisation, the Pakistani Supreme Court ruled the country's entire banking system, officially Islamic since 1985, to be insufficiently so. It ordered its complete restructuring. Now direct equity participation by banks was the sole permissible financing mode. This happened mainly due to the constitutionally-mandated roles for sharia and the ulema in the legal system. Yet upon final appeal, the Court reversed its ruling and remanded the issue to a lower court for further study, thereby granting the banking system a reprieve. How permanent is this reprieve likely to be?


Devices authentication is one crucial aspect of any communication system. Recently, the physical layer approach radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting has gained increased interest as it provides an extra layer of security without requiring additional components. In this work, we propose an RF fingerprinting based transmitter authentication approach density trace plot (DTP) to exploit device-identifiable fingerprints. By considering IQ imbalance solely as the feature source, DTP can efficiently extract device-identifiable fingerprints from symbol transition trajectories and density center drifts. In total, three DTP modalities based on constellation, eye and phase traces are respectively generated and tested against three deep learning classifiers: the 2D-CNN, 2D-CNN+biLSTM and 3D-CNN. The feasibility of these DTP and classifier pairs is verified using a practical dataset collected from the ADALM-PLUTO software-defined radios (SDRs).