The Echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that uses high pitched sound waves through a transducer. This device picks up the echoes that bounce off from different parts of the brain. These echoes are converted to sequence of moving pictures with limited information. Echocardiogram videos are used to detect the valvular and muscle damage problems. These moving pictures have lots of vulnerability where prediction and decision making is a tedious process. An automated detection, diagnosis and classification of DCM and HCM disease using DPSO-FCM based segmentation is analyzed in this proposed work. The Echocardiogram videos or frame sequences are subjected to preprocessing using Gaussian filter. The preprocessed image is segmented by DPSO-FCM clustering, which effectively segments the Left Ventricle region. GLCM and DCT features are extracted from the segmented Normal, Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) regions. The extracted features are analyzed and are classified for normal and abnormality using BPNN, Naïve Bayes, SVM and Random Forest classifier. Simulation results clearly show better results which obtained 95% of segmentation accuracy and 90% of classification accuracy for the SVM classifier.


(57) Abstract: support material, the catalyst system comprising at least one transition metal complex and optionally at least one cocatalyst. Transition metal complexes, reduced transition metal selected from 4-6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (e.g., titanium) consists and multidentate monoanionic ligand and two monoanionic ligands. The present invention also relates to the preparation and the resulting polymeric material of the polymer using the catalyst system.


The paper describes reforestation issues based on selection and genetic approaches to forest cultivation and seed production. It also deals with the structure of the existing objects of the unified genetic and breeding complex of the main forest-forming species, the state and prospects for developing selective seed production to increase the volume of high-quality harvesting seeds. The state and growth regularities of Scots pine plus trees are analyzed. The best individual trees with high indicators for creating forest seed plantations and further breeding are identified. The paper presents the study of the genetic variability of Scots pine trees carried out on forest-seed plantations. ISSR markers were used to identify the existing gene pool and confirm the true origin of forest-seed plantations of this species.


OBJECTIVES
To describe and analyze spontaneous reports of central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease including multiple sclerosis, following vaccination with GenHevac B vaccine, from 1989 to December 31, 1998.

METHODS
Descriptive analysis of adverse event reports in the vaccinated population, including the number of cases of CNS demyelinating disease, their frequencies, their dates of onset in relation to dates of report and their distribution according to age, sex and the number of injections. A Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze the time period between the last dose of vaccine and the onset of CNS demyelinating disease.

RESULTS
Overall, 187 cases of CNS demyelinating disease were spontaneously reported, (0.54 reports per 100,000 doses of GenHevac B distributed). The average time period between the occurring date of onset of the disease and its subsequent report was 24 months. The average age of onset was 31.7 years old and 73% of cases were women. The time between the last dose of vaccine and the onset of disease was regularly distributed from 1 day to 5 years (median: 60 days).

CONCLUSION
These results, together with available clinical, epidemiological data regarding multiple sclerosis, do not suggest a causal relationship between CNS demyelinating disease and vaccination with GenHevac B.


Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a longitudinal evidenced-based medicine (EBM) curriculum to improve resident knowledge and skills in evidence-based practice measured by the Fresno Test.Methods: Residency program director and clinical pharmacist preceptors in a community teaching hospital developed a longitudinal EBM curriculum for a postgraduate year one pharmacy practice residency. The program was offered as a yearlong series of one-hour meetings to train residents in evidence-based practice. A pre/post study design was used to evaluate the program. The full 12-item Fresno Test was used to measure specific EBP skills: Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply and Assess. Pre/post composite and item mean scores were compared using Student's paired t-test with p< 0.05 a priori.Results: A total of 43 residents completed pre and post Fresno Test evaluations between 2008 and 2014 with a mean increase in pre- and post-training scores from 125.9 (SD=32.9) to 138.5 (SD=33.6), p = 0.02.Conclusions: A longitudinal t...


Data: Patient: Female, 21-year-old, and pregnant
Final diagnosis: Carbuncle of the left kidney
Symptoms: Acute pain in the lumbar region, radiating to the left inguinal region, and weakness
Clinical procedure: Ureteroscopy with stenting of both kidneys and kidneys decapsulation.
Objective: Rare coexistence of disease or pathology
Background: Here we present a patient who was admitted with a clinical suspicion of urinary system infection during pregnancy and was finally diagnosed with Carbuncle in her left kidney.
Case report: 21-year-old 26-week pregnant women with complaints of acute pain in the lumbar region radiating to the left inguinal region along with weakness was admitted to the Hospital No 7 Kalkaman Almaty on 18.05.2022. In her anamnesis, she was infected with SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to the admission. Based on the complaints, anamnesis and gynecological examination data preliminary diagnosis was made as urinary system infection at pregnancy 26 weeks. Further examination revealed that she had carbuncle of the kidney and perirenal tissue, carbuncle of the left kidney, paranephritis on the left, acute obstructive pyelonephritis on the right. Lab results showed elevated leukocytes, anemia, and lymphopenia.
Conclusions: This case shows us how woman's weakened immune system from COVID-19 along with pregnancy, which can further weaken the immune system made her susceptible to a kidney infection, which progressed to a kidney carbuncle and perirenal tissue involvement.


the psychological and political gap between rural and urban areas and prevented the discontinuities in the political system which have led to what Samuel Huntington has called "the green uprising." The book contributes essential knowledge to our understanding of political development and shows how diverse the path may be. This particular study, however, reads somewhat like a doctoral dissertation. Many details (such as anthropological background, oral traditions of origin, notes on methodology, names of various scholarship winners, etc.,) are important to the rare scholar interested in Abiriba and Mbaise but are not necessary to the general thrust of the text; these details would better have been relegated to the footnotes. And, material on other voluntary associations in other areas is somewhat irrelevant since these associations were different in both form and function from the Ibo unions. The attempt to follow rather rigidly the standard models (Almond and Powell, Huntington, Dahl) results in some distortion and much repetition of material. In addition, there are a few errors of interpretation of both oral tradition and earlier sources, but on the whole the book in an important contribution to the literature on political development. BARBARA OLLAWAY California State University, Los Angeles


Trudy Govier offers a sweeping moral critique of revenge, arguing that even non-violent, limited, acts of revenge are wrong, insofar as they necessarily treat the target as an instrument of the revenger's satisfaction (offending against respect for persons) and thus morally diminish the revenger. I challenge Govier's critique by broadening her account of revenge, focusing in particular on its communicative complexities. Revenge aims to address rather than use its target, I argue, for the revenger to be satisfied. It is plausibly described as a kind of forcible persuasion, in which the revenger aims to convince her target of the target's moral desert and the revenger's moral authority. Nevertheless, the unilateral nature of this address and the morally simplistic worldview on which it depends present significant (and likely fatal) moral risks to any project of vengeance.


We report the results of theoretical studies on the self-assembled monolayers of benzenethiolate (BT) and benzyl mercaptide (BZM) on a Au(111) surface. A few relevant potential energy parameters were determined. We have performed annealing type molecular dynamics simulations where the minimized initial configurations are heated to 1000 K and then cooled to room temperature, assuming two types of unit cells:  √3 × √3R30° and 2 × 2. The results of the simulations showed that BZM formed a nearly perfect herringbone structure, while the apparent herringbone type structure of BT was somewhat disordered in the √3 × √3R30° unit cell. For the 2 × 2 unit cell with larger area per molecule, both monolayers did not form well-ordered structures, but the BZM showed some local ordering with herringbone structure. In both cases, the molecules of BZM are found to be nearly vertical to the surface, while those of BT are tilted from the surface normal. All these theoretical results are consistent with recent experimental f...


The present invention relates to one kind of integral high concentration waste water processing apparatus. The apparatus has aerobic baffle plate reactor, water collecting settling tank, aerobic reaction tank or biological contact oxidizing tank and settling tank connected via vertical baffle plates. The unique separating structure and the plug flow mode make each reactor capable of domesticating and culturing microbe colony adaptive to the water quality and environment condition. The present invention is favorable to utilizing the activity of the anaerobic bacteria colony, raising the processing effect and stability of the system and simplifying the system structure. The present invention has small coverage area, low system cost, low power consumption and no frost crack of pipeline.


The application of Information and Communication Technologies to learning and teaching processes has caused several effects,such as the emergence of new educational software systems or the use of different technologies to carry out educational activities.One of the most popular trends on this sense is the use of mobile devices to learn, in which is known as mLearning. It facilitatesthe participation and the interaction of students anywhere and anytime through such kind of devices. However mLearning shouldnot be considered as a replacement of eLearning (understood as the Internet application to learning). It supports eLearning;therefore it should take into account the existing eLearning landscape. This implies that it is necessary to take into account theapplication of 2.0 Web tools, which enables an online implementation of the student-centred learning paradigm, where the learnerhappens to have a more central role in her training. This, joined to the necessity to take into account the learning obtained notonly in the institutions, leads to definition of the Personal Learning Environments that need to coexist with the traditional learningplatforms, the Learning Management Systems. So, in this case mobile learning should facilitate the use of mobile devices tosupport these two learning ecosystems.To do so, this paper describes a service-based framework approach to implement a mobile Personal Learning Environment,which allows the integration of functionalities from the institutional learning platforms. With such system the learner can combineinstitutional tools with others she use to learn in a mobile system and reflect the activity carried out on them into the institutionalside. This system is implemented and validated through its application into a Computer Science subject. The paper will show thedifficulty of such application and some of its benefits such as the increase of student motivation and participation because of theuse of the PLE and the mobile tools.


There are hemolytic anemias of different origin. For instance, these states may be induced by means of some exogenic hemolytic factors: by different organic and unorganic hemolytic toxins (phosphorus, phenylhydrazin, saponins, arsenicum, lead and biotoxins – snake venom, mushroom poisons, mycotoxins, etc.), some medical preparations, radiations, some infectious agents and haevy burns. Besides, in some cases, hemolytic anemias are induced by antibodies and immunocompetent cells against own tissues (autoimmune hemolytic anemia).


Chrysichthys species have been characterised by previous investigators. Most often, characterisation has been based on morphological and meristic characters. These characters may be modified by environmental factors, thus making them difficult to use in characterising species. There is the need therefore to refine or supplement taxonomy based on morphological and meristic characteristics. In the present study, variation in meristic counts and twelve body proportion variables in three species of the Catfish, Chrysichthys from two river basins (Volta and Densu) in Ghana were evaluated for their reliability in separating the species. Position of the longest dorsal soft fin ray and the number of branched pectoral fin rays were found to be stable and dependable in the identification of the three species. Body proportion values showed wide ranges which overlap so much that they do not give precise identification of species. In addition to the moiphometric study, variation at 15 loci involving eleven proteins were studied by allozyme electrophoresis in each of the species to (i) identify loci that discriminate between species, (ii) estimate levels of genetic variation among C. auratus, C. nigrodigitatus and C. maurus, (iii) estimate phenetic relationships among populations and species, and (iv) indicate whether there are any significant differences in the genotypic frequencies of populations. Seven discriminating loci were found between C. auratus and either C. nigrodigitatus or C. maurus. At the loci investigated, genetic variation was generally low in all the species. It was highest in C. auratus and least in C. nigrodigitatus [Polymorphism, P,(l% criterion) = 0.178 in C. auratus, 0.133 in C. maurus and 0.089 in C. nigrodigitatus-, Heterozygosity, He, = 0.029 x i i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh


Background: The acceptable challenges at ongoing comorbidities burdens at the good quality of basics stratify the rate of given 6 tops surveys of common infections in Health associated infections (HAIs) adjusting the population-based study disabling the modeling of confirmed HAIs risk factors. Method and Findings: The additional pneumonia-related health care factors including surgical infection site, Clostridium difficile, neonatal-sepsis, catheter-associated UTI and bloodstream are observed in relation to Health associated infections (HAIs) burden systematically converting the estimation between age group, gender and applied formula of Sudderth and Rhame in life-expectancy of the scoring data population. The Economic Union of 6 cumulative studies with the proportion of 100,000 represents 60% highest associated subtotal. The actual limitation lies in the parameter of disease modeling, fatal cases, and conceptual framework of the number of incidences proportional to the significance of prevalence modifications. Conclusion: The conducted Health associated infections (HAIs) study trial in 2015-2019 based on the transparent allowance of evidence-based approval targeting the ranking in ascending order at suitable prioritization between most affected and least affected subgroup relative to control group potentially equalizes the site of infection causes that may remain beneficial at some extend in newer cases. Author Summary: The health-associated infections (HAIs) care disability in the yearly based life adjustment measure cases reference to statistics conveniently analyzes the contributable face underlying causative factors initializing the hospital-related complications. Research Findings: The 6 chosen pneumonia-related health infection risk factors, extract the modified data from European sources to conclude the final consumption of anti-microbial effects with acute hospitalized causes. Furthermore, corresponding to >1.5 million cases in the Economic estimated European region it remained target surveillance similarly to TB suspected survey. Interpretation: Very few strategies of declined risk ratio in epidemiology at developed medical devices in MRSA, were analyzed at a wider range of micro-organism resistance to handle with imperative efforts in taking preventive measures to reduce the risk of etiology related death.


The invention discloses a lifting support for a pet dog and belongs to a pet appliance. The lifting support for the pet dog is related to pet products and can be loosened or be used for lifting the pet dog at any time so as to facilitate carrying and control. The technical scheme is that the lifting support comprises frame-shaped lifting handles, neck supports and chest supports are connected with the lower portions of the lifting handles, the neck supports and the chest supports are semicircular when viewed from the front side and are distributed in a mode of a fore-and-aft left falling stroke when viewed from lateral side, the neck supports are narrow and short, and the chest supports are wide and long. The lifting handles, the neck supports and the chest supports are respectively divided into a left group and a right group and are assembled through hinged shafts in a crossing symmetry mode. The lifting support is suitable for various pet dogs.


The purpose of this study is to define the taxpayer types that are existing through determining the effects of tax sanctions and incentives (TSI) on taxpayer behaviors that are bonded with trust and power relations in the interaction of the society. TSIs existing in the tax system are tax policies that are used to regulate the tax world. These policies have the potential to change the relations and social interactions between government and taxpayers along with the increase in tax revenues. While the interaction derived from "clash" between government and taxpayer renders dominance and power as a prominent factor, a collaborative interaction provides more trust. In this context, establish tax compliance, together with taxpayers being homo economicus, the perspective of a social human setting forth the interaction and relations with its social environment should be taken into account as well. It could be seen that voluntarily compliant taxpayer type emerging in a modern tax system is a consequence of tax authority's policy choices relying on relations with trust. Theoretically, the effects of new rules that TSIs' have brought into the tax world on taxpayer behaviors presents the existence of taxpayer types that are; compulsorily compliant, compliant, and voluntarily compliant. It has been determined that strategic and compliant taxpayer types have emerged by relying on relationships with trust, while compulsorily compliant taxpayer types have emerged by relying heavily on relationships of power.


Objective To explore the spatial distribution of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis( ECM) in Anhui province using geographic information systems( GIS). Methods Epidemiological data of ECM were collected from 2004 to 2013,and relevant GIS databases were established. Geo Da software was used to describe the spatial autocorrelation. Results Global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that ECM cases were aggregated in Anhui province from 2005 to 2010. A total of 54 regions of high-high aggregation by local spatial association analysis were explored in Anhui province from 2004 to 2010; most cases occurred in Hefei city. No high-high aggregation regions existed during 2011-2013. Conclusions We used spatial autocorrelation to explore spatial distribution of ECM and develop a theoretical basis for identifying additional prevention and control strategies.


The purpose of this study is to know the implementation of exposition text learning based on the 2013 curriculum (K13). This research is a descriptive research. The focus of this study is the implementation of exposition text learning based on the 2013 curriculum (K13) The data collection technique of this research is done by direct observation (observation), in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis technique, namely analyzing the implementation of exposition text learning based on Curriculum 2013 (K13) in Class VIII Students of Bengkulu City Junior High School 1 Academic Year 20182019. The results showed that the implementation of exposition text learning was based on 2013 Curriculum (K13). The application of the model used by the teacher is quite effective and the use is in accordance with the problem-based learning steps. In text-based Indonesian language learning using problem-based learning models, discussion models, and task sharing models, the communicative approach model is not found to be difficult. The application of the learning model used by the teacher by considering the conditions of the students is appropriate and relevant to the 2013 curriculum that focuses on students.


The scalability and cost effectiveness of general-purpose distributed-memory multiprocessor systems makes them particularly suitable for ray-tracing applications. However, the limited memory available to each processor in such a system requires schemes to distribute the model database among the processors. The authors identify a form of coherence in the ray-tracing algorithm that can be exploited to develop optimum schemes for data distribution in a multiprocessor system. This in turn gives rise to high processor efficiency for systems with limited distributed memory.<<ETX>>


Papanis E (2010) carried out an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of traditional teaching as compared to e-learning. Fifty students of various departments were divided into two subgroups – in-vivo instruction and e-learning and were taught negotiation skills. Knowledge and application of knowledge were A Comparative Effect of Lecture Method and Multimedia Teaching on Students' Achievements and their Satisfaction in Selected Nursing Colleges of Bhopal (MP)


This article studies expressive syntax as a type of stylistic devices and illustrates its use in publicistic style economic oral and written media reports. The relevance of the research is that syntactic expressive means have not been thoroughly studied and analyzed in economic mass media. The work aims to identify the techniques that apply syntactic expressive means to evoke emotiveness in economic media reports. This article also addresses the recurrence of usage of expressive syntax in written and oral speech involving economic discourse. Using the method of text analysis on the bases of theoretical linguistic statements evaluating functional style, media stylistics, and stylistic devices in the English language, we determined the diverse usage of expressive syntax in both videocasting and written articles. From analyzed syntactic expressive means, we identified the frequency and common usage of such syntactic expressive means as rhetorical question and simple repetition in oral and written reports. The sample analysis indicated that a paragraph in any economic report might restrain more than one occurrence of expressive syntax; these carry a manipulative function through psychological phenomena represented via syntactic expressive means.


In the era of the 4th industrial revolution, convergence of content IP has become important, and effective support is needed to activate convergence. In order to propose a solution for this, an analysis of policies and trends for the establishment of an IP convergence content cluster was conducted. The purpose of this thesis is to propose an efficient and competitive plan based on this by analyzing Korea and other countries status and policy implications. The research was conducted with Korea and other countries policy analysis, content industry, cluster, and Korea and other countries analysis. In the policy analysis, the high-level policies of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and related ministries were analyzed, and related policies of other countries' were analyzed. Content industry analysis derives the changing aspect of the content industry and the direction of convergence. Cluster trends analyzed the recent trends pursuing social innovation. The Korea and other countries case analysis investigated the general status and location environment of existing facilities and content convergence support organizations. As the content industry is planning to actively nurture the content industry as a new growth engine for the future, We hope that it will be established as a landmark for global content convergence through cooperation between each ministry and local governments. As the content industry is planning to actively foster globally as a new growth engine for the future, we hope that it will be established as a landmark for global content convergence through cooperation between each ministry and local governments.


The passive and transpassive films on a Ni electrode have been studied by UV‐visible potential‐modulated reflectance (PMR) spectroscopy over a wide range of pH—1–14—and polarization potentials. PMR is a very sensitive in situ technique, although an established interpretation theory is still lacking for the results obtained with anodic oxide films. Here we follow the criterion that the PMR maxima of the films correspond to absorption edges of compounds present in them. The PMR results indicate that is present in the passive and transpassive film, both in acid and alkaline media. Two higher Ni oxides are also present in the transpassive film in alkaline media, but they could not be identified, owing to the existing confusion about bulk Ni higher oxides.


This paper reports an interview with Professor C Wright, Head of the Transport Management Research Centre at Middlesex University Business School, about his ideas to 'demarket' the car. He personally believes that road pricing is essential, but also recognises that car owners are strongly attached to their vehicles and resent interference with their freedom to use them. He does not believe that investment in public transport alone will persuade people to leave their cars at home. He and his colleague J Egan propose to use propaganda to persuade key sections of the community that car use is unfashionable. They are exploring the potential for advertising themes that appeal directly to the emotions, especially of young drivers. 'Demarketing' has already worked in areas of advertising, such as the Government campaign against tobacco, animal rights group campaigns against wearing fur, and Greenpeace's campaign against French nuclear tests. Wright and Egan conclude that it is very hard to demarket cars in general, but target two types of journeys where a campaign might have an impact: (1) 'frivolous' journeys over a short distance; and (2) commuter journeys. They think that cars should be presented as desirable possessions for their owners, so that they should be protected from the abnormal wear and tear of certain types of trip.


Specialty trainees and newly qualified GPs are experiencing rising levels of stress and a deteriorating work-life balance, while changes to the structure of the NHS and to the NHS pension scheme are eroding morale, research published on Thursday 2 May has found.

Nearly half (44%) of the 368 doctors that the BMA surveyed last September said that their stress levels were worse or much worse than they were a year before, while similar proportions said that work-life balance and morale had worsened (39% and 40%, respectively).

The BMA suggests that the "rapid, evolving change" that the NHS experienced in 2011 and 2012—with the reorganisation of …


Now-a-days rules and regulations are becoming strict regarding environmental protection in industrial sectors. The quantity of waste water generation from the industries are rapidly increasing as production of goods and material increases, as per demand of increased population. The corrugated cardboard boxes are extensively used for commercial, industrial and domestic goods packaging. Extensive application of cardboard boxes rather than plastic, enhance the eco friendliness and pollution free environment. In the process of cardboard manufacturing, printing process and washing of machines, thereby generating large quantity of waste water. This waste water typically contains various contents viz. cornstarch adhesive, colored ink, oil and solids. The direct disposal of this type of waste water is never ever allowed under the environmental regulations and laws. The main purpose behind this review paper is to find out the appropriate and reliable method to treat colored waste water and allow the treated water disposed in land without danger to human health, well-being of the plants and surrounding areas of industry. The second important aim is reuse of treated water in industry for all secondary purposes like washing of machines, flushing and for gardening purposes. The aim of this paper is to focus on past and present treatment option available for ink waste water treatment.


There is a real need to develop a superior high yield target system for the production of large quantities of 18F-fluoride with the increasing numbers of clinical PET centers worldwide. Therefore we have investigated a route to higher yield target system for 18F-fluoride production which relies on gas target designs. (1)


Precise positioning using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) requires the GNSS receivers to compensate for the errors caused by distortion in the GNSS signal's path due to atmospheric conditions. The Real Time Kinematics (RTK) technique uses terrestrial reference stations that continuously monitor the quality of GNSS signals and provide information that can be be used by the GNSS receivers in the vicinity of a reference station to compensate for the errors. In this paper, we explore the performance of disseminating the RTK correction information using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol over 5G. We also compare the indirection costs (latency overheads) of using MQTT over 5G to Ethernet and Wi-Fi, our baselines for high-speed and wireless connectivity respectively, and we highlight the impact of 5G power savings when disseminating GNSS RTK using MQTT.


Presently, many coast protection structures built in the 20th century along the coastline of the Black and Azov seas are in the emergency state. The pre-set term of their service life has expired, as they were designed to withhold substantial storm loads occurring every 25 years. These structures were repeatedly exposed to design storm loads. Besides, during severe winters, they were exposed to ice loads. Passive coast protection structures designated for protection of areas accommodating industrial and civil buildings close to the shoreline need urgent restructuring.New design of a passive coast protection structure is presented in this paper in detail. The proposed structure can efficiently resist both the load of sea waves and ice in rare severe winters. Thus, this structural solution can reliably protect areas accommodating industrial and civil buildings close to the shoreline.Currently, artificial islands are used to extract hydrocarbons from sea deposits in the shallow waters of the continental shelf. New passive coast protection structures can be used to protect slopes of artificial islands and earth dams from waves and ice.


An acoustic device (200, 300) comprising an oscillatory compound membrane (201) comprising a plurality of layers (202, 203, 205), wherein one of the plurality of layers (202, 203, 205) is a thermoplastic layer (203, 205), wherein the thermoplastic layer (203, 205) is joined to at least one further component (204, 206, 207) of the acoustic device (200).


Convention of Paris for the protection of industrial property of March 20, 1883, as revised. Done at Stockholm July 14, 1967. Articles 1 through 12 entered into force May 19, 1970; for the United States August 25, 1973. Articles 13 through 30 entered into force April 26, 1970; for the United States September 5, 1970. TIAS 6923, 7727. Notification from World Intellectual Property Organization that ratification of articles 1 through 12 deposited: Finland, July 21, 1975.


Thisis not coincidence. The frequency of SDM-related research,policy, and affirmation increases annually, and some say it isreaching a tipping point.Shared decision making in the modern era began as in-formeddecisionmaking,areversereificationofinformedcon-sent promulgated in President Reagan's Commission for theStudyofEthicalProblemsinMedicineandBiomedicalandBe-havioralResearch.Runbyleadinglawyers,theybasedtheirrec-ommendationsforinformeddecisionmakingonautonomyandbeneficenceandmainlinedthemintomedicine.Compellingearlyclinicalevidencetosupportinformedde-cision making came from Greenfield et al,


Research has indicated that energy mobilization in the body is associated with lowered anabolism, which promotes the repair and restoration of damaged or worn out tissues. Problems may arise when adversity requires energy mobilization for a long period of time. Increased tissue vulnerability can be anticipated. There is evidence that growth hormone has anabolic activity, as do the male and female hormones testosterone and oestradiol and a precursor of both these anabolic steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-s). The levels of these in serum/plasma may be lowered during periods of adversity. It can therefore be hypothesized that due to the lowering of anabolic activity, tissues are at risk during periods of stress (part of the 'anabolic hypothesis') and that this will be reflected in musculoskeletal symptoms. Furthermore, low anabolic activity predicts more long-lasting illness/disability. In the present study, blood samples were drawn from representative groups of men and women with musculoskeletal disorders. The participants, who were engaged in various occupations in the Norrtälje area of Stockholm, Sweden, were followed up at 3 and 6 months, and development with regard to disability and pain was related to the hormone levels at the acute phase. Results indicated that a low level of DHEA-s was associated with persistent disability in women with acute low-back pain, which partially supports the hypothesis that low anabolic activity predicts more long-lasting illness (the second part of the 'anabolic hypothesis'). Also, a low concentration of g endorphin, which indicates activity of the pain regulation system, was found to be associated with long-lasting disability in this group.


Electron counting rules are developed to describe the bonding at interfaces between covalent networks and ionic oxides. These rules are used to describe the bonding at various idealised interfaces of Si(100) with various high dielectric constant (k) gate oxides such as HfO2, ZrO2, SrTiO3 and LaAlO3. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Family studies is a hybrid. Its sources range from national statistical collections to experimental studies; interpretations depend on theory based in diverse disciplines – from clinical psychology to economics; research questions derive from policy concerns such as employment, housing, family law and child protection; and findings inform policy development. Family studies in Australia has its own characteristics, too. It is less tied to home economics/family science than is the case in the United States, and it is identified more with service evaluation and applied goals than linked with basic sociology, law, and economics, as tends to be the case in the United Kingdom and Europe (Funder et al. 1996). Both the richness of family studies and some of the dilemmas inherent in its diversity were reflected in the program for the Institute's Fifth Australian Family Research Conference – Family Research: Pathways to Policy. A family research conference cannot, however, be all things to all people, and the 1996 Brisbane conference will appropriately suggest future directions for conferences and family studies generally. Whatever the new directions, maintaining quality


Handbook of Rock Art Research. DAVID S. WHITLEY (ed.). AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA, 2001. 863 pp., 250 figures, tables, biblio., index, glossary. $99.95 (cloth), ISBN 0-7425-0256-2. This remarkable book represents the first comprehensive overview of world rock art ever published. It is ambitious in its goals, encyclopedic in its coverage (more than 800 pages long), and mostly successful in presenting what we know right now about how to study prehistoric rock art, how to give it meaning in both specific and general contexts, and how it looks to us in its varied forms around the world. There is very little in this book about southeastern North America (and what there is isn't very good), but that should not detract from its value as a resource to the readers of this journal. Handbook of Rock Art Research will be rewarding to specialists in rock art study, resource managers, and archaeologists who are interested in the theories and methods at large in the discipline today. For those not current with the topic, rock art studies today are a microcosm of archaeology as a whole, and this book provides a fine, detailed overview of the field. David Whitley opens the volume with a long introduction that ranges widely over the history of rock art studies in North America, its place in the modern world of American archaeology, and current issues and problems in the study of rock art sites. I found his presentation insightful for the most part, illuminating central problems with chronology, constituency, and interpretation, though it was obviously written by an American from an American point of view and doesn't reflect much of an international perspective. 1 don't ' agree with Whitley's presumption, running through much of his discussion, that there continues to be an opposition between "scientific archaeologists" and some other, presumably nonscientific, archaeologists at the root of modern intellectual debate; this is a straw man that obscures, in my view, fundamental issues in basic rock art archaeology. In the end, though, I agree that rock art research cannot be divorced from archaeology more generally in theoretical or methodological realms. I have long held rock art to be an archaeological problem first and foremost, to be addressed with proper archaeological methods and techniques. After the introduction, the Handbook is divided into three coherent sections. The first, perhaps the most useful to a general audience, deals with "Analytic and Management Methods." Larry Loendorf offers a cookbook on recording and documentation techniques that both encompasses the meager available literature on rock art recordation and provides useful insights from Loendorf's own considerable experience in the field. Johannes Loubser gives his view of management and conservation. James Keyser considers relative dating techniques, including the stylistic and stratigraphie methods that have always been the core of rock art chronology; like Loendorf's paper, this is a fine reference for general techniques employed by rock art students. The next two chapters deal with absolute dating of rock art. Marvin Rowe gives a complete and authoritative overview of direct ^sup 14^C age determination of organics in pigments by AMS, a discussion that will be of use to all concerned with understanding the requirements, strengths, and weaknesses of the method, not just rock art scholars. Ronald Dorn presents an honest appraisal of the various techniques heretofore proposed to provide absolute ages for engraved petroglyphs. As Dorn, who developed some of the methods, freely admits, most of these techniques are problematic at best; he concludes his review with pessimism for the current state of the art and optimism for the potential of future technologies. Marvin Rowe returns with another encyclopedic chapter, this time to review physical and chemical techniques for analyzing production and taphonomic histories of rock art. …


Do people discover their world or create it? If people discover the categories of nature, then folk taxonomy of living things should have formal similarities cross-culturally because of the biological integrity of our planet. If people create the categories of nature, each culture should order living things uniquely (see Berlin 1992, Brown 1984, Hunn 1990, Ellen 1993). The universalist or intellectualist school claims that some living things are so perceptually salient, so biologically real, that they are "crying out to be named" (Berlin 1992:53). American college students faced with a pile of bird skins from the Peruvian Amazon classify them the same way as Jivaro and ornithologists on the basis of the birds' morphology (Boster 1987, Boster, Berlin, and O'Neill 1986). The cultural relativist or utilitarian school observes that plants and animals are named because people use them; "survival placed a premium on knowledge of utilitarian value" (Hunn 1990:117; see also Conklin 1962:129). The Sahaptin of the Columbia River have an extensive folk taxonomy of edible plants, while hundreds of species of culturally insignificant flowering plants are peremptorily dismissed as "just a flower" (Hunn 1990:198–99). We try to reconcile the utilitarian and universalist perspectives by showing how cultural importance and the ease of observation of animal morphology interact in influencing which species are named, which are lumped into residual categories (Hays 1983), which are confused, and which are ignored in ethnobiological systems. Many researchers have noticed that cultural importance and morphological attributes are key to folk classifications (Hays 1982; Brown 1984; Posey 1984; Arioti 1985; Atran


Awareness of mental events as mere representations rather than as accurate depictions of reality, also known as dereification, is one of the key features of mindfulness meditation. Dereification is juxtaposed to subjective realism, the process of being lost or totally immersed in the contents of one's mind. Excessive subjective realism is a hallmark of several psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated whether a "mindful" (dereified) compared with an "immersed" (highly subjectively real) attitude, induced by instructions, differentially modulates approach‐avoidance tendencies when processing visual stimuli. We presented novices and experienced meditators with neutral and attractive food images under both mindful and immersed states. Then, participants performed an approach–avoidance Task (AAT) during which we obtained behavioral data, salivary volume, EEG recordings, and self‐report measures. The approach bias toward attractive food was correlated with N2 amplitude, a marker of response inhibition, and the regulation of this bias by the mindful instruction compared to the immersed instruction was associated with a modulation of the visual N1 amplitude, a marker of early selective attention. Individuals with more expertise in mindfulness meditation engaged in less late affective reappraisal during mindfulness than during immersion, as measured by lower amplitude in the late positive potential (LPP). Additionally, the ERPs sensitive to the AAT manipulation was also associated to self‐report measures of subjective realism, food bias, and mindfulness meditation expertise but not to salivation measures. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which mindfulness‐based interventions could be effective in a range of psychiatric conditions.


This article begins with a reflective journey with one person who was diagnosed with early onset dementia. It then turns to reflect on the subsequent journey of research with other people who have dementia and where they find meaning in life, through the process of spiritual reminiscence. The article views dementia through a theological lens that sees those who have dementia as people made in God's image and the implications this has for the lives of those living with dementia and those who care for them. One of the important findings from research conducted in the small group process was that meaning was almost synonymous with relationship and connectedness for participants, just as it is for people who don't have dementia.


This set of notes corresponds to a mini-course given in Villa de Leyva in July 2015. It does not contain any new result and is meant to be an elementary first introduction to formal Deformation Quantization, hoping it will be an incentive to learn more advanced topics in the subject. Quantization of a classical system is a way to pass from classical to quantum results. There exist several mathematical attempts to formulate possible quantization methods. Formal deformation quantization was introduced in the seventies by Flato et al. and understands quantization as a deformation (called a star product) of the structure of the algebra of classical observables. After an introduction to the concept of quantization in Sect. 2.1, we introduce formal deformation quantization in Sect. 2.2, the description of Fedosov's construction of a star product on a symplectic manifold in Sect. 2.3, an introduction to classifications of star products in Sect. 2.4 and a brief introduction to the notion of formality and its link with star products on a Poisson manifold in Sect. 2.5. Various notions of group actions in the context of deformation quantization are given in Sect. 2.6, along with the study of the invariance of a Fedosov's star product, and classifications of invariant star products on a manifold endowed with an invariant connection. We present in Sect. 2.7 the concept of reduction in the formal deformation quantization setting, and show how quantization commutes with reduction, considering here only the simplest form of reduction and following a simplified version of Bordemann– Waldmann's approach. We conclude by briefly mentioning in Sect. 2.8 convergence issues in the deformation quantization programme. S. Gutt—Also on leave from Université de Lorraine, Ile du Saulcy, 57045 Metz Cedex 01, France. S. Gutt (B) Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 218, bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium e-mail: email@example.com © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 A. Cardona et al. (eds.), Quantization, Geometry and Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics, Mathematical Physics Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-65427-0_2 17


The invention relates to jasmine flower duck meat particles. The jasmine flower duck meat particles are prepared from the following raw materials by weight: 400-420 parts of duck meat, 60-70 parts of yellow rice wine, 60-70 parts of onion juice, 10-15 parts of jasmine flower, 40-50 parts of popcorn, 80-100 parts of watermelon, 50-60 parts of wheat seedlings, 50-60 parts of chilli powder, 10-15 parts of bee pollen, etc. The jasmine flower duck meat particles and a preparation technology thereof are provided. A propolis liquid and the bee pollen have the effects of tonifying weakness and resolving turbid lipid; and extracts of radix codonopsis, ganoderma spore powder, chrysanthemum, cassia bark and albizzia flower have the effects of soothing nerves and preventing radiation, thereby improving nutritional conditions of the body.


Based on the classification of fluorite deposits, this paper divides the metallogenic units of fluorite deposits, and briefly describes ore-forming features of every unit according to the geotectonic background, distribution features, ore-forming conditions and ore-controlling factors. In addition, the metallogenic regularities of fluorite deposits in China are summarized. Fluorite deposits are mainly distributed in northern and southeastern China. The faulted fractures constitute the common and essential ore- forming factor. The deposition-reformation type fluorite deposits are genetically related to limestone and volcanic rocks. The most intrusive rocks related to the formation of fluorite deposits belong to Yanshanian period. Most deposition- reformation, hydrothermalreformation, associated, large and gigantic fluorite deposits are genetically related to limestone. The deposits with three ore-forming elements of limestone, Yanshanian intrusive rocks and faulted fractures are generally large or gigantic fluorite deposits. Fluorite deposits in China were mainly formed in Yanshanian period.


The recent United Kingdom (UK) Fraud Review Final Report made 62 recommendations on a wide range of issues across the breadth of the criminal justice system, all of which were accepted by the government. This paper aims to generate further debate on the recommendations vis-a-vis the future of fraud investigation. The paper begins by examining some of the main recommendations of the UK Fraud Review before exploring the growing pressures on fraud investigation in the UK. The paper argues that the Fraud Review, combined with these growing pressures, is laying the foundations for the further centralization of fraud investigation. The authors argue that there are two potential models for the centralization of the policing of fraud: a National Fraud Police or National Counter Fraud Executive, and the authors also argue that the latter offers the best model for the longer term, for effectively tackling fraud in the UK.


THE purpose of this paper is to attempt an analysis concerning certain characteristics of the Kissy Mental Hospital population in Freetown, Sierra Leone, with particular reference to the incidence of institutionalised mental illness in Sierra Leone, possible effects of rapid social change on the incidence of psychological abnormality, and tribal differences in the ability to adjust successfully to the new social situation. This study represents part of a more complete analysis of the psychological effects of social change carried out in Sierra Leone from May 1961, to May 1962, and reported by Dawson (1963 a). The overall study was centred on the urban area of Lunsar and the nearby iron-ore mine of Marampa although in order to analyse problems of social change in a wider context comparative material was obtained in other parts of Sierra Leone. This included the study at Kissy, the only psychiatric hospital in the country.


The present work measured and analyzed changes in the acoustics of a sound field which has a retractable ceiling. An 1/20 scale model of an openable space was built and measurement was carried out by varying the opened area of a ceiling. The most widely used room acoustic and design parameters, RT, EDT, and D50 were investigated. The results suggest that the use of RT as an acoustic design parameter may not be proper in an openable space and further it is likely to mislead the initial acoustic design of such spaces. It is mainly due to the characteristics of RT in which non-exponential decay processes are linearly fitted. Early decay times were found to be decreased in proportion to increaing the ratio of opened area. D50, an index of speech intelligibility, was effectively shows the influence of openings on the acoustics. It is also found that EDT and D50 at the seats, not directly exposed to the opened part of a ceiling, were almost linearly decreased in proportion to the ratio of opened area, while little influence was found for the opening ratio larger than 40% at the directly exposed seats to the opened part of a ceiling.


This paper addresses using information derived from Built-in-Test (BIT) to fault diagnose Units Under Test (UUTs), wherever possible. This philosophic approach to diagnostic testing is not new. It has been studied over and over again over the past 20 years under the visor of "Integrated Diagnostics", but it has yet to be truly implemented in a "real life" military diagnostic test environment. The mindset of TPS design engineering, along with customer and contractor management alike, remains "complete diagnostic testing based upon single catastrophic component failure modes". If we are to generate cost efficient TPSs under reduced military budget constraints, this will have to change. The test engineer must be encouraged to use methodologies to speed up development time and decrease TPS run times. Using present technology, this is possible now, and as the technology matures, will become a truly viable approach in the future. For the purpose of this paper, the author relies heavily on his extensive US Navy ATE and TPS experience, as well as on previous studies performed on using BIT to fault diagnose UUT failures on US Naval Air weapon systems.


This research was held on March, 2016 at the Fish Hatchery and Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Riau Pekanbaru. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of different incubation temperatures to the rate of yolk absorption, rate of growth in length, the efficiency of yolk utilization, survival of endogenous feeding phase and to know the right time to start feeding in the larval Catfish (Mystus nigriceps) stage. The research method used in this research was complete randomized design (CRD) with one factor, four treatment temperatures which were 260C, 280C, 300C and 320C and three replications.The results showed the highest rate of yolk-sac absorption was at temperature of 320C 20,07% (52 hours) but the maintenance medium temperatures 28°C and 30°C was the best temperatures for the rate growth in length, efficiency of yolk utilization and survival of endogenous feeding phase.Key words: Mystus nigriceps, temperature, yolk absorption


The article offers information the art scene of Lima, Peru, as of 2016. Topics examined by the author include the work of the Lima, Peru-based artist Pedro "Monky" Tolomeo, the PromPeru arts initiative in Peru and its spiral logo and art events in the city including the Mercado Indio craft bazaar.


Everyone knows that DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms. Its double helical structure has become an icon for our age. The publication of its double helical structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 revolutionized biology. Its most prominent applications today are in clinical diagnosis of genetic diseases and pathogenic organisms and in forensics. The key element of DNA is that it contains information – information in a form that is easy to understand, utilize, and manipulate. The central feature of this information is that it is linearly encrypted in the sequence of the DNA polymer. There are four different elements to this information, known as A, T, G, and C. We'll get into the chemical details of what those letters mean a little later. The important thing is that the molecule is in its most stable state (has the lowest free energy) when A on one strand is opposite T on the other strand, and when G on one strand is opposite C on the other strand. As Watson and Crick famously put it, it did not escape their attention that this complementary pairing leads immediately to a mechanism for replication: an A on the parental strand means you put a T on the daughter strand, and vice versa; similarly a G on the parental strand means you put a C on the daughter strand, and vice versa. It is important to realize that strands exhibiting this complementarity can be put together in vitro , a fact first noted by Alexander Rich and David Davies. A key and often unvoiced aspect of this mechanism is that the helix axis is linear, not in the geometrical sense of being a straight line, but in the topological sense that it is not branched. This book is about what happens when the helix axis is branched and how we can use it to make new and interesting molecules and materials on the nanometer scale. The chemical details of the classical structure of DNA are shown in Figure 1-1, and the backbone structure of DNA is shown in Figure 1-2. The double helical structure has many interesting features that need to be mentioned. First, the backbones are antiparallel. What do we mean by that? There is a chemical polarity to the molecules, so that the strands have directionality.


The paper reviews specific features of pharmacotherapy and pharmaceutical care in the population of aged people. Following topics are discussed: process of aging and its genetic background, qualitative and quantitative changes in the function of different organs which take place in an aging process, as well as specific issues of pharmaceutical care in the elderly. In the context of pharmaceutical care a special attention is paid to the polipragmasy and how to avoid it, groups of drugs which cause more often drug-related problems (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cardiovascular drugs and psychotropic drugs) and advicing healthy style of life.


Through wet desulfuration,coal-fired power plants reduce air pollution of the smoke.The paper introduces the characteristic and strong corrosion of the smoke after wet desulfuration.Through a project case,the paper discusses with chimney selection and anticorrosive material appliance;compares with widely used anticorrosive material in technique and economy,proposes an economic and practical chimney anticorrosion plan.


We discuss the development of two open path IR absorption instruments for eddy correlation measurements of fluxes of atmospheric trace gases which impact greenhouse and acidic dry deposition problems. One instrument, designed for CH4 measurements, uses a tunable IR He-Ne laser operating at 3.39/µm. The second, based on a tunable diode laser system, will be used to detect a variety of molecules including N2O, O3, and HNO3. Since these measurements are made in the free atmosphere, the instrument must discriminate against spectral features of the atmospheric background, especially water vapor. The chosen approaches to this problem are described, including the use of a frequency-modulated source and detection at both the first and second harmonic of the modulation frequency. The multipass cell must exhibit minimal sensitivity to the expected vibration of its supporting structure; methodsof achieving this are described.


Background: Skin is one of the major organs of our body. With time people have started taking due care of their skin. Also with changing civilization, there are new problems up springing every now and then. Even prevalence of skin diseases is different from place to place. No precise data is available to know the exact occurrence of dermatological conditions in Timbi. Hence a study was undertaken to know the burden of the disease in that area. Methods: A study of 9500 cases, was undertaking in tribal area of Timbi. Males and females were included in the study . Results: It was observed that occupation and the literacy level has somewhat co-relation with the nature, occurrence, and pattern of disease that was seen. Also it was noted that skin diseases were directly or indirectly related to systemic diseases. It was observed that once the systemic diseases were treated, the skin condition improved drastically. Also it brought into the limelight, the nuisance of irrational and improper usage of steroid. As per our observation, half of the complications seen were due to steroids. Majority cases were of Tinea, along with eczema and psoriasis. Cases like pellagroid dermatitis were also seen along with zinc dermatitis. Conclusions: This study was helpful in understanding the nature of diseases which prevailed, helped in planning of an effective healthcare system and also brought into the notice how commonly the steroids are being used for irrational case. Also it helped in emphasizing the need of educating people and creating awareness amongst them.


1 We used a series of removal experiments to examine how species response to competition and climatic differences varied in three different years. We tested the interaction between removal of the dominant grass species, Festuca rubra, and year‐to‐year environmental variation in a mown mountain grassland. 2 In each year, we quantified shoot frequency and above‐ground biomass of all remaining plant species. Above‐ground responses were tested both by analysis of covariance and by redundancy analysis with randomization tests of changes in total species composition. 3 Analysis of above‐ground biomass data showed that other species compensated for the removal of F. rubra biomass within 2 years and that the response in total biomass of the community did not differ among years in which the experiment was started. 4 Multivariate tests showed that species composition changed as a result of the removal; grass biomass and frequency increased more than that of dicotyledons. However, response of species composition to removal of F. rubra was significantly different between onset years. Specific conditions in individual years thus affect the competitive ability of individual species in a non‐additive way. 5 Our results indicate that the year‐to‐year variation at the site has the potential to affect species coexistence and richness. As a consequence, year‐to‐year variation of climatic parameters may be an important driving factor in community dynamics and should be taken into account in studies of ecosystem response to climate.


The "space" of Lascar strong types, on some sort and relative to a given complete theory T, is in general not a compact Hausdorff topological space. We have at least three (modest) aims in this paper. The first is to show that spaces of Lascar strong types, as well as other related spaces and objects such as the Lascar group GalL(T) of T, have well-defined Borel cardinalities (in the sense of the theory of complexity of Borel equivalence relations). The second is to compute the Borel cardinalities of the known examples as well as of some new examples that we give. The third is to explore notions of definable map, embedding, and isomorphism, between these and related quotient objects. We also make some conjectures, the main one being roughly "smooth if and only if trivial". The possibility of a descriptive set-theoretic account of the complexity of spaces of Lascar strong types was touched on in the paper [E. Casanovas, D. Lascar, A. Pillay and M. Ziegler, Galois groups of first order theories, J. Math. Logic1 (2001) 305–319], where the first example of a "non-G-compact theory" was given. The motivation for writing this paper is partly the discovery of new examples via definable groups, in [A. Conversano and A. Pillay, Connected components of definable groups and o-minimality I, Adv. Math.231 (2012) 605–623; Connected components of definable groups and o-minimality II, to appear in Ann. Pure Appl. Logic] and the generalizations in [J. Gismatullin and K. Krupinski, On model-theoretic connected components in some group extensions, preprint (2012), arXiv:1201.5221v1].


The microstructure-macroproperty relation of electronic composites is studied by use of the Eshelby's method which has been extended to treat the inclusion problem of thermal and electromagnetic behavior. Eshelby's model has further been extended to the case of coupling behavior such as piezoelectric or pyroelectric behavior. When fillers embedded in the matrix are overlapped, the Eshelby's model may not be applicable. Then one must use a percolation model, which is also discussed in this paper. Finally, the predictions based on these models are compared with experimental data to check the validity of the analytical modeling.


box was put on the scanning trolley and strapped properly. Subsequently, it was moved into the gantry and the scan was performed. The procedure took 20-25 minutes and at the end of which the rectal temperature of the baby was 36.7°C. The room temperature was 20°C. We have been using thermocol box for transportation because of its insulating property (l). This time, its radioluscent property was also put to use.


Individually estimated hemagglutination inhibition titres (HI titre) of 3 examples were used to examine the applicability of variance analysis to the data. HI titre is the lowest concentration of serum sample with inhibitory activity towards hemagglutination of blood cell after adding a certain amount of Newcastle Disease virus.The error variance of HI titre of chicks was found to distribute normally, when the titre was transformed into logarithm. The variance on transformed HI titre of chicks of various ages on the various vaccine treatments was also found to be uniform.Accordingly, data of Example 2, in which HI titre of pullets of 3 groups was estimated at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after vaccination of 3 different vacines, A, B and C, were analyzed statistically by the procedure of split-plot design. It was confirmed that A was superior to C and B, and C was superior to B in increasing HI titre. Periodical change of HI titre after vaccination vaccination was similar regardless of the difference in the kind of vaccine.The reliability of ratio of HI titre before and after vaccination as an index of the effect of vaccine could be tested statistically by t-test with the null-hypothesis that the vaccine had no effect to increase HI titre. By this t-test, vaccine B in Example 2 showed little effect in increasing HI titre, while vaccines A and C in Example 2 and all the vaccines in Example 3 showed significant effect.


In this paper, a miniaturized D-band frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensor with 48-GHz bandwidth (32.8%, 122-170 GHz) and a high measurement rate of > 1 kHz for multi-target vibration measurements is presented. The sensor is based on a SiGe transceiver monolithic microwave integrated circuit manufactured via Infineon's B7HF200 bipolar production technology with an fT of 170 GHz and fmax of 250 GHz. Gilbert cell, push-pull, and varactor-based doubler concepts on manufactured chips are compared, and the most promising signal source is embedded into a transceiver chip, which forms the main component of the presented radar sensor. The maximum output power of the system is ≈ -10 dBm and a phase noise of ≈ -80 dBc/Hz is achieved. Measurements are provided to demonstrate the sensor characteristics and show the promising results of FMCW radar in highest precision distance and multi-target vibration measurement applications. Due to the covered wide bandwidth, a range resolution of 5.88 mm is achieved ( -6-dB width, Tukey window). The sensor's distance measurement repeatability is 290 nm (65 nm with 10 × averaging and 0.5-m target distance), and the distance measurement accuracy is m for a target in 65-cm distance moving 1 cm. Additionally, vibration measurement results and range-Doppler plots for advanced multi-target applications are presented.


The occupational closure experienced by solicitors drawn from 'outsider' groups (especially women) has been extensively documented. The growing importance of work experience as a gateway to the profession suggests that it may be playing an increasingly significant role in the processes of exclusion and the reproduction of professional identity. The lack of research into this 'hidden' moment in professional reproduction therefore represents a significant lacuna in our understanding of the (changing) solicitors' profession in England and Wales. This paper reports on a preliminary exploration of legal work experience. It analyses data generated through collaboration with the Law Society in a survey of law firms. This is complemented by qualitative analysis of material obtained from firms' websites and discussion boards. Throughout the paper we highlight the broader research questions suggested by this initial analysis.


Introduction / Research questions Skeletal stress markers are non-specific skeletal and dental anomalies which usually are adaptive responses to stressors working on the body during one's life and can be related for example to diet, diseases or traumas. Differences in stress marker patterns are said to be in association with different processes. e.g. infection, famine, and these processes may develop with different prevalence amongst different social status people (Roberts and Manchester: 2005). As the Bronze Age is the period with increasing differencies in social stratification, this seemed like a perfect period to examine the above-mentioned phenomena. Supplementing archaeological data with stress marker analysis may provide us more complex perspective on quality of life of past populations or possible social status of individuals. The main aim of our study is to compare the degree of development of stress markers in selected individuals from the Tápé-Széntéglaégető cemetery in relation to archaeological data about burial equipment of individuals examined to see if there is some kind of characteristic pattern. Is it possible to confirm that people buried with richer equipment are characterized with better biological condition (Roberts, Manchester; 2005)?


In this dissertation we will analyze theoretically and empirically, a factor that significantly affects consumer behavior. In particular, we address the Electronic Word of Mouth communication brought by consumers in various online social networks. In our effort to interpret the condition as best we will present the theoretical analysis of Word of Mouth and Electronic Word of Mouth as recorded in the literature. In this analysis we will try to present the theoretical background of this communication and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages accruing to consumers and businesses by exploiting the Word of Mouth and Electronic Word of Mouth Communication. We will present the findings of studies conducted and reported in the power of Word of Mouth and Electronic Word of Mouth Communication over the ad, its attitude toward consumer products has made a positive or negative impression through their consumption, and relevant recommendations made to friends and acquaintances. Then we will present the similarities and differences between the Word of Mouth and Electronic Word of Mouth communication and involvement Electronic Word of Mouth communication in various online social networks.
Additionally, we will present the results of the survey we conducted by collecting primary data that we can analyze the consumer behavior of young people and to assess the extent to which this factor, namely the Electronic Word of Mouth communication involved in various online social networks, it affects their purchasing decisions.
In conclusion, we will present the findings of the statistical analysis of the questionnaire as well as our proposals to the executives of the marketing department of various companies.


Population problems facing the Western Asian region include: lack of explicit policy due in part to lack of data for studying trends emigration of trained personnel and internal migration leading to a poor distribution of population and excessive urbanization. To study these problems the Commission adopted a work program on population matters including projects on the interrelationship between economic and demographic investments and meetings on techniques of evaluating demographic parameters internal migration and urbanization.


Approximately 25% of epileptics' convulsions are inefficiently controlled by currently available remedies; therefore the preparation of new antiepileptic drugs is of great interest. Aryl semicarbazones can be considered a new class of compounds presenting anticonvulsant activity. In addition, they can be orally administered. Semicarbazones derived from aromatic and unsaturated carbonyl compounds as well as from other precursors are reviewed together with their anticonvulsant profile.


Coverage of food journalism has increased in contemporary media and restaurant reviews are a regular feature in newspapers. The reaction to a rating of zero for a restaurant in The Weekend Australian newspaper in 2016 highlighted the role and expectations of critics. It also raised the issue of whether this form of lifestyle journalism included traditional journalistic objectives, or was influenced more by commercial factors. In this environment, it is therefore valuable to explore whether restaurant reviews are more aligned with detached journalism or an extension of marketing. Utilising a content analysis, this pilot study examines the ratings of food critics in four broadsheet/quality newspapers in Australia and the United Kingdom. During the three years of the data collection, 550 restaurant reviews were coded. The pattern of review marks suggested more supportive judgements than critical ones, and was consistent with the softer side of journalism.


Introduction Horst Hanusch 1. Development: theory and empirical evidence Wolfgang F. Stolper 2. Anti-Say's Law versus Say's Law: a change in paradigm Michio Morishima and George Catephores 3. Schumpeter and technical change Arnold Heertje 4. Luck, necessity, and dynamic flexibility Burton H. Klein 5. Enterprise ownership and managerial behavior Frederic M. Scherer 6. Schumpeterian innovation, market structure, and the stability of industrial development Gunnar Eliasson 7. An evolutionary approach to inflation: prices, productivity, and innovation Fritz Rahmeyer 8. Fiscal pressure on the 'tax state' Horst Zimmermann 9. The role of government in changing industrial societies: a Schumpeter perspective Peter M. Jackson 10. Following and leading Moses Abramovitz 11. On the coming senescence of American manufacturing competence Mark Perlman.


Background: Glioblastoma is a type of brain tumor with poor response to available therapies, and shows high rate of mortality. Despite remarkable advancements in our knowledge about cytogenetic and pathophysiologic features of glioblastoma, current treatment strategies are mainly based on cytotoxic drugs; however, these therapeutic approaches are facing progressive failure because of the resistant nature of glioblastomas. In the recent years, however, promising results have emerged owing to targeted therapies toward molecular pathways within cancerous cells. Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is a remarkable signaling pathway that triggers both apoptosis and survival pathways within cells, and therefore induces UPR-related apoptotic pathways in cancer cells by ER stress inducers.
Objectives: Recently, the role of Bee venom (Bv), which contains powerful bioactive peptides, in inducing UPR-related apoptosis was revealed in cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, currently there are no reports of Bv potential ability in induction of UPR apoptotic routes in glioblastoma. The aim of current study was to evaluate possible role of Bee venome in inducing of UPR pathway within A172 glioblastoma cell line.
Materials and Methods: We treated the A172 glioblastoma cell line with different Bv doses, and assessed UPR-related genes expression by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Results: The IC50 of Bv for the studied cell line was 28 μg/mL. Furthermore, we observed that Bv can induce UPR target genes (Grp94 and Gadd153) over-expression through a dose-dependent mechanism.
Conclusions: Our results suggest the potential role of Bv as a therapeutic agent for glioblastomas.
Keywords: Glioblastoma; A172 Cell Line; Unfolded Protein Response; Bee Venom


Kondrashov and Kondrashov (2001) point out that, although common in population genetic models, epistatic systems where the fitness of a genotype is a nonlinear function of the number of mutations it carries, which they term "unidimensional epistasis", are a limited subset of possible epistatic landscapes. They claim that more general "multidimensional epistasis" usually confers a disadvantage for sex. However, the evolutionary computation (EC) literature contains models that lie within the space of multidimensional epistasis yet demonstrate an advantage to sex. Here we provide modifications of the Kondrashov's model that connect with EC results and help to explore the space of epistatic models between the two disciplines.


Despite its shortcomings, Bergquist's book does have several strong points. After each phonological or morphological development from Latin to forms in the three languages in question, illustrative examples follow immediately, e.g., LATIN > Castilian, Portuguese, Catalan. The close proximity of the examples from the three languages makes it fairly easy to see the relationships that obtain among them rather than having to search through different sections of the comparative study in order to comprehend the similarities and differences among the forms (as in Entwistle, 1962). The various indices (by the Latin, Castilian, Portuguese, or Catalan word) in the latter part of Bergquist's book facilitate the use of this work as a reference tool. Moreover, the language of the book is clear and concise and very accessible to a beginning student of Ibero-Romance without a great deal of linguistic training. Overall, Bergquist's book fills a need in the field of Romance Linguistics for a parallel comparative approach to the systematic study of the three IberoRomance languages. BARBARA A. LAFFORD Arizona State University


Weapons development planning is an unstructured, complex multi-criteria decision problem, especially in antagonistic environments. In this paper, the decision in terms of the defender is modeled as a non-linear optimization problem with high complexity under limited resource constraints. More specifically, the operation loop is used to model the relationship among all weapons in the defense system. Considering the opponent, this paper uses accumulative threat to measure different development planning solutions. Then, the differential evolution algorithm combined with special constraints-handling mechanism is designed to find the optimal planning solution. Finally, the feasibility and validity of the proposed model are verified by an illustrative example.


The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable in the world and is cultivated in temperate, subtropical and tropical climates. Practically all planted area in Brazil uses seed potato of cultivars from temperate countries, causing low performance particularly due to higher temperatures. Therefore, genetic improvement aimed at obtaining cultivars more adapted to heat stress is essential for this crop in tropical regions. The purpose of this study was to assess the heat tolerance progress in the potato breeding program of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) in the period 1996-2016 and to identify clones with better performance than the commercial cultivars for the diverse market segments, both under heat stress and under cool temperatures. Four experiments were planted under different temperature regimes, which assessed 57 clones from UFLA's potato breeding program to heat tolerance and five control cultivars: Agata, Asterix, Atlantic, Cupido and Markies. The following traits were evaluated: tuber yield, large tubers yield, tuber dry matter content, duration of the vegetative cycle, percentage of tubers with secondgrowth and/or cracks, tuber bulking period and general tuber appearance. The evaluation of genotypes stability as well as the discrimination between environments was performed using GGE-Biplot (Genotype and GenotypeEnvironment Interaction) method. In conclusion, the UFLA's potato breeding program aiming to heat tolerance has generated clones better than commercial cultivars for the different market segments, both under heat stress conditions and cool temperatures. Twenty clones showing heat tolerance and responsiveness to cool temperatures were identified for tuber yield, dry matter content and general tuber appearance; two for the table market, four for the frozen french-fries market and seven for potato chips. Key-words: Abiotic stress. Plant breeding. Solanum tuberosum.


Results of 156 extended radical mastectomies on 151 patients, which included removal of the homolateral internal mammary node chain, are compared very favorably with results of 97 conventional mastectomies on 94 patients. All operations were done by the same surgeon, on consecutive patients, under uniform conditions. Extent of disease, as measured by axillary lymph node involvement, was essentially the same in both groups. There were no postoperative deaths. The five-year survival rate for patients having the conventional operation was 57% compared to 70% for those operated on during the era of the extended operation. On the basis of these findings, removal of the internal mammary lymph nodes as part of the radical mastectomy is strongly recommended.


Problem of social and family adaptation of patients with epilepsy remains insufficiently elabirated. In our country, its study and realization have become especially relevant because of social and economic changes which do not allow using the previous forms of re-adaptation of patients, having well recommended themselves under conditions of planned economy and ordered-administrative system. We have investigated level of adaptation of 1039 epileptic patients observed at Interdisciplinary Center of Paroxysmal States Prevention for 2001–2010 (MCPSP). Programs of psychological rehabilitation, successfully adding medication, promote better social and family adaptation of patients with epilepsy that significantly improves their quality of life.


A mathematical model, coupled to another one which was used to calculate the conductive heat transfer, was developed to predict the change of moisture distribution with time in the radial and axial directions in a simulated sealed cylindrical pit storing wheat. The finite difference method was used in the model to calculate the diffusive moisture transfer. The model predicts the grain moisture contents in the pit during the storage period using input data of initial grain temperature, initial grain moisture content, storage time and number of spatial elements in both radial and axial directions. Other input data include the finite difference spatial increment in both directions, the finite time increment, temperatures of soil surrounding the pit and the physical properties of grain, pit wall material and surrounding soil. To validate the model, predicted moisture contents were compared with measured data for wheat of Apollo variety being stored in a simulated sealed pit for a period of 70 days. The wheat was stored in a cylindrical mild steel tank with 0.6 m in both diameter and height. The initial uniform grain temperature was 15 °C and the initial uniform grain moisture content was 12.45% (w.b.). Both measured and predicted moisture contents show that the major change in wheat moisture content took place during the first week of the storage and an establishment of steady state under the storage conditions of the pit is unattainable i.e. moisture diffusion is a very slow process. At the end of the storage period, the grain moisture contents were increased by an average of 1.62% (w.b.) and the grain temperatures were decreased by an average of 2.63°C at the top layer of the pit. For the bottom layer of the pit, the grain moisture contents were decreased by an average of 0.50% (w.b.) and the grain temperatures increased by an average of 7.04°C. The diffusive moisture transfer model predicted the grain moisture contents with a standard error of estimate between measured and predicted of 0.18 -0.75% and of 0.18-0.74% (w.b.) using Chung's equation and modified Henderson's equation, respectively. There was no difference between the two sorption equations (Chung's and modified Henderson's equations) used in predicting grain moisture contents.


Guidelines for the treatment of persons with influenza virus infection were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The evidence-based guidelines encompass diagnostic issues, treatment and chemoprophylaxis with antiviral medications, and issues related to institutional outbreak management for seasonal (interpandemic) influenza. They are intended for use by physicians in all medical specialties with direct patient care, because influenza virus infection is common in communities during influenza season and may be encountered by practitioners caring for a wide variety of patients. Background Influenza virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in the United States each year [1, 2]. The majority of persons infected with influenza virus exhibit It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. The Infectious Diseases Society of America considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. self-limited, uncomplicated, acute febrile respiratory symptoms or are asymptomatic. However, severe disease and complications due to infection, including hospitalization and death, may occur in elderly persons, in very young persons, in persons with underlying medical conditions (including pulmonary and cardiac disease , diabetes, and immunosuppression), and in previously healthy persons. Early treatment with antiviral medications may reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, hospitalizations, and complications (otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia), and may reduce the use of outpatient services and antibiotics, extent and quantity of viral shedding, and possibly mortality in certain populations. Vaccination is the best method for preventing influenza, but antivirals may also be used as primary or secondary means of preventing influenza transmission in certain settings.


A peer-reviewed two-volume book of the memoirs was written by a person passionate about his work. Real, genuine speech is heard here, giving away both a Moscovite, a scientist, and a personality with a magnificent sarcastic flair. The memoirs of V. S. Veselovskiy Problems of Our Life are one of the most informative, noticeable and interesting publications of this kind in the 21st century Russia, and they should be included in the mandatory reading list for the students of humanities.


Abstract : In modern warfare, overwhelming the enemy with combat power and holding key terrain may not guarantee success. Modern warfare is taking place in urban areas populated with a mix of military forces, insurgents, religious groups, factions and tribes. This warfare focuses on interactions with the populace who are key to insuring military success. Leaders must understand both the strategic implications and the local cause and effect of their military operations. Damaging or destroying homes and religious facilities and injuring or killing civilians has significant effect on the relationships of these groups with each other and the U.S. Military. This paper investigates potential ways to use Army constructive simulations to help teach soldiers and leaders the intricacies of dealing with the diverse cultures of a populace, similar to what the military is experiencing today in Iraq and Afghanistan. Alternative solutions for providing these capabilities will be reviewed, concluding with a recommendation for a long-term solution to assist in training soldiers and leaders.


Based on the computer integrated and flexible laser processing system, an intelligent measuring sub-system was developed. A novel model has been built up to compensate the deviations of the main frame-structure, and a new 3-D laser tracker system is applied to adjust the accuracy of the system. To analyze the characteristic of all kind surfaces of automobile outer penal moulds and dies, classification of types of the surface、brim and ridge(or vale) area to be measured and processed has been established, resulting in one of the main processing functions of the laser processing system. According to different type of surfaces, a 2-D adaptive measuring method based on B?zier curve was developed; furthermore a 3-D adaptive measuring method based on Spline curve was also developed. According to the laser materials processing characteristics and data characteristics, necessary methods have been developed to generate processing tracks, they are explained in details. Measuring experiments and laser processing experiments were carried out to testify the above mentioned methods, which have been applied in the computer integrated and flexible laser processing system developed by the Institute of Mechanics, CAS.


Two species of Compsobuthus, C. klaptoczi (Birula, 1909) and Compsobuthus werneri (Birula, 1908) are confirmed for eastern Africa, and their taxonomic status is redefined. C. werneri is associated exclusively with populations inhabiting Sudan (Nubia), Egypt and parts of the Sinai. Other records of this species from western Africa and the Middle East are attributed to misidentifications. Compsobuthus schmiedeknechti Vachon, 1949 is considered as a distinct species, distributed in Lebanon, Israel and parts of the Sinai. A lectotype and paralectotypes are designated for this species. A new species is also described from the north-western region of Egypt, near the border with Libya.


: Thesis/Objective – The author focuses on data visualization in science and analyzes new methods and tools used for scientific data visualization. Research methods – New trends in data visualization were identified through the analysis of respective litera ture in Polish and English published from 2010 to 2015. The literature was searched for in the databases of National Library of Poland, WorldCat international union catalog and for-eign databases available through Google Scholar. The search was complemented with the analysis of web resources, in particular blogs and portals related to the field discussed. Re sults – The most often used and discussed new data visualization methods are: infographics, posters, holograms, 3D printing and visualizations built in the environment of virtual and augmented reality. Conclusions – Processing dynamic, large and unstructured pools of data which escape traditional analysis is a significant issue requiring some solutions. Data visu alization needs to be user-engaging, interactive and supporting user immersion.


In this work, we present an analytical model describing the density of states and spectral behavior of the ordered nanopore array diode laser. The nanopore structure consists of an ordinary quantum well perturbed by a periodic lattice of energy barriers. It is shown that such a perturbation leads to the formation of energy subbands in both the conduction and valence bands. The theoretically predicted gain spectrum shows excellent agreement with experimental results. Finally, the unique effects of in-plane quantization and periodicity on the intersubband selection rules are described in detail.


A present study investigated the correlation between experienced sexual harassment and anxiety, depression among working unmarried women. A purposive sample of 100 working unmarried women (25 to 35 years) was selected. Sample was collected from Mumbai. Sample involves unmarried women working in private sectors with same occupational background. The Sexual harassment experiences questionnaire, Beck depression inventory II, IPAT anxiety scale along with the personal data sheet were administered on the sample. The obtained score does not follow the normal distribution curve hence for correlation Spearman rho correlation method was used. Spearman non parametric test used to find out correlation between all variables. Result shows that there is positive correlation between experienced sexual harassment and depression. Also result shows that there is no correlation between experienced sexual harassment and anxiety.


There are many swarms of creatures in nature, which lead to a lot of highly ordered and beautiful "emergence" behaviors. For the modeling of self-organizing rules, most of the existing literature focuses on modeling according to special knowledge of physics or biology. Some self-organizing models are proposed in the literature which has been validated by the reproduction of certain "emergence" motion pattern, such as torus, or flocking. However, there are few studies about datadriven modeling of self-organizing rules of swarms. In this paper, we propose a prior knowledge free (i.e., data-driven) approach to learn the self-organizing rules of moving swarms. We use a Genetic Programming (GP) based two-layer framework to optimize the self-organizing model which is consist of neighbor selection rules and corresponding reaction rules. The proposed data-driven modeling method is validated by modeling of three typical collective behaviors (highly parallel group, dynamic parallel group and torus swarm behavior) only according to the simulation data generated from Vicsek and Couzin models. An analysis is conducted with expression tree simplification, swarm behavior reproduction and global metric evaluation. Results show that the proposed method can learn classic self-organizing rules effectively.


A point seismic energy source, with spatial support given by a three-dimensional (3D) Dirac delta function, is commonly utilized in seismic wave propagation theory and numerical modeling. However, there is increasing interest in spatially-extended sources, perhaps because they constitute more realistic representations of physical seismic sources. Aldridge (2002) summarizes an extensive body of literature dating back to Jeffreys (1931) and Sharpe (1942) treating the classic "pressurized spherical cavity" source. More recently, Blair (2007, 2010) has re-examined and improved Heelan's (1953) elastic radiation solution for a finite-length explosive column. A common aspect of these sources is that they are mathematically characterized as time-varying boundary conditions applied to the surface of a medium. In this investigation, we adopt the alternative point of view that a spatially-extended source may be considered a body source of seismic waves, and is thus represented by inhomogeneous terms in the governing system of partial differential equations. In effect, the source energy is instantaneously "deposited" within a portion of the medium supporting wave propagation. This may be a reasonable approximation in certain seismic source scenarios, as with large chemical or nuclear explosions.


In civil society, self-government as a form of social organisation occupies one of the central positions. The condition for the implementation of the development mission of local government is the participation of citizens and their co-responsibility for the shape of local social life. Recently, the participatory budget has become one of the most popular forms of participation. Its aim is to directly involve residents in the decision-making process regarding the choice of the scope of public tasks within the designated pool of funds and to take over part of the responsibility. The aim of the presented analysis is to show the dynamics of citizen involvement in consultations on spending part of the city budget on local tasks falling within the competence of local government – The civic budget. The adopted research hypothesis assumes that the participatory budget is the most popular form of consultation because in its formula it gives residents a sense of agency and subjectivity in expressing one's opinions and preferences and also gives tangible results of social engagement visible in the short term. The empirical basis for the analysis are reports on the implementation of the participatory budget of the city of Radom from the beginning of its creation, and literature on the subject. A participatory budget is an excellent tool for education about self-government – it is an element of a specific philosophy of functioning of self-government – as a community of authorities and residents of a given territorial unit, cooperating for its development. The example of the city of Radom indicates that the participatory budget supports, complements, and often replaces or increases the efficiency of public administration. The analyses carried out can be an indication when improving the implementation of the budget of Mazovia.


In the present study, the microstructure of substitutional-deposited Pd-Cu film was investigated. Results show that the composition of Pd-Cu substitutional-deposited film was Cu-16~18 at%Pd. High resolution TEM image and XRD measurements results shows that the Pd-Cu film consist of Cu and intermetallic compound (Cu3Pd). Cu3Pd intermetallic compound was existed at as-deposited film. The morphology of initial deposited Pd-Cu film was affected by crystallographic structure of Cu substrate.


Abstract : Previous reports by several authors have emphasized that learned behavior patterns are more vulnerable to disruption by drugs when there is an increase in the complexity of the discriminative stimuli that control a given response or sequence of responses. The effects of low concentrations of CO on a series of complex sequential problems were determined to establish baseline data for further research on relative cognitive tasks. The CO went on after 30 minutes, remained on for 90 minutes, and was off for the remainder of the session for all days of testing when CO was given. The subjects completed an average of about 12 single tests on any one day of testing (a session). Only the effect of 250 ppm of CO were tested. There were four sessions with CO, three without. The results of tests indicated that only with an exposure to 250 ppm is there a significant decrement in performance, and this only in one subject among four.