This review departs from current practice in reviewing tests in that it employs an 'argumentbased approach' to test validation to guide the review (e.g. Bachman, 2005; Kane, 2006; Mislevy, Steinberg, & Almond, 2002). Specifically, it follows an approach to test development and use that Bachman and Palmer (2010) call the process of 'assessment justification'. This process focuses on investigating the extent to which the intended uses of a particular test can be justified to stakeholders. The justification process includes two interrelated activities. The first is articulating an assessment use argument (AUA; Bachman, 2003, 2005; Bachman & Palmer, 2010), which makes explicit claims that link test takers' performance to the consequences of test use. The second activity consists of collecting evidence to support the claims that are articulated in the AUA. The structure of an AUA consists of a series of statements – claims and warrants – through which the test developer articulates, or makes explicit, her or his intended inferences: from test takers' performance to their test scores, to interpretations about their ability, to the decisions that are made, to the consequences of test use. These claims and warrants are subject to rebuttals, or counterclaims that the test developer may anticipate and articulate, or that various stakeholders may articulate at any point during the operational life of the test. Rebuttals may occur when evidence that weakens the claim or warrant (what we will call 'negative evidence') is observed. Rebuttals may also be anticipated when the observed evidence that has been provided to support the claim or warrant ('positive evidence') is judged to be of dubious quality or insufficient to fully support the claim or warrant. As with claims and warrants in an AUA, rebuttals, whether articulated by the test developer or by one or more stakeholders, need to be supported by evidence. In particular, rebuttals articulated by stakeholders call for further investigation by the test developer. Thus, when a rebuttal is articulated by a stakeholder, the test developer will need to evaluate the extent to which this is supported by evidence, and respond by taking appropriate action to mitigate the 448619 LTJ29410.1177/0265532212448619Wang et al.Language Testing 2012


We give an alternative treatment of the foundations of parametrized spectra, with an eye toward applications in fixed-point theory. This treatment includes most of the central results from the book of May and Sigurdsson, sometimes with weaker hypotheses, and a new construction of the bicategory $\mathcal Ex$ of parametrized spectra. We also give a careful account of coherence results at the level of homotopy categories.
The potential audience for this work may extend outside the boundaries of modern homotopy theory, so our treatment is structured to use as little technology as possible. In particular, many of the results are stated without using model categories. We also illustrate some applications to fixed-point theory.


The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of liquid-based cytology test in the diagnosis of lung cancer in exfoliated airway epithelia cells of sputum specimens.A total of 118 sputum specimens of patients suspected of lung cancer in clinic were detected with liquid-based cytology test.The result was compared with the result detected with the traditional cytology test.Malignant tumor cells were discovered in 39 patients,suspected malignant tumor cells were discovered in 3 patients,and 19 patients were missed diagnosis with the traditional cytology test.The increased sensitivity was up to 24.5%.The preparation quality liquid-based cytology test is significantly better of compared with the traditional cytology test in this preliminary study.


Assessment of fundus changes has to an increasing extent become a necessity where patients with arterial hypertension are concerned, for both diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Recording of hypertensive fundus changes before, during, and after an instituted treatment gives valuable information on the efficacy of the treatment. The treatment of arterial hypertension is causal in a small proportion of cases only (unilateral renal diseases, coarctation of the aorta, endocrine diseases, etc.), the great majority of the patients belonging to the group of essential hypertension. In a great number of these cases regulation of the habits of life, administration of mild sedatives, etc. will suffice. Only the group presenting pronounced symptoms requires further treatment with hypotensive drugs, especially the small, but very important group comprising cases with malignant hypertension. An effective hypotensive therapy was obtained with the introduction, about 1935, of lumbo-dorsal sympathectomy (Smithwick, Peet). This therapy has, however, within recent years to an increasing extent been replaced by drug treatment. Since 1951 a number of potent drugs have been available, of which some have a peripheral action (ganglion-blocking, acting in other words, as a kind of medicamental >>sympathectomy<<), and others a central action (on superior vasoconstrictive centres). No detailed account will be given here of these various substances, their modes of action, range of indications, side-effects, etc. Only, attention may be called to the fact that combined treatment with ganglion-blocking drugs (Ansolysen, Mevasin, etc.) and centrally acting drugs, such as hydralazin (Apresolin) and/or the Rauwolfia alkaloids, especially the pure reserpin (Serpasil), often is employed with advantage. Hypotensive drug treatment requires scrupulous selection of suitable patients, individualisation of the drugs (increasing in number), and careful control of


The research is based on a phenomenon that shows Indonesia ceaselessly
into the target country for foreign intelligence operations, including the CIA.
Where a lot of cases that suck the public attention and determine the direction of
travel this nation is always followed by foreign interests through its intelligence
agents. With a strategic position of Indonesia, Indonesia became the target of
attempts to control a country that no longer carried out by physical occupation, it
is conventional, but with control or intervene constitution or rules of law in the
target country.
The research was conducted to determine the meaning contained in the
illustration "CIA KUASAI RI" on the front cover of the magazine September
2011 issue of Intelijen magazine.
The method used is included in the semiotic analysis of qualitative
descriptive study. Here using semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce, who
divides signs into three categories: icon, index and symbol.
Result of this study, which became an icon in the illustration "CIA
KUASAI RI" on the front cover of theIntelijen magazine of September 2011 is
shown in the picture the eye, the eye contour is seen from the right eye, red fabric
wrapped around and layered in the over the image the eye, white fabric wrapped
around and layered at the bottom of the image the eye, eyelids, eyelashes. The
index is the article "CIA KUASAI RI", eyes staring straight ahead. While that
includes the symbol is illustrated with black background, the CIA's symbol is in
the middle of eye picture, eye picture, the light vague shining eye image, the
color of the flag motif on the "CIA" in writing "CIA KUASAI RI", the color of
the flag motif on the "RI" in writing "CIA KUASAI RI", the color motif on the
"KUASAI" in writing "CIA KUASAI RI "


The invention relates to a capacitor charger system (100) comprising a capacitor charger module (110), an isolated acquisition module (120), and a digital control module (130). The isolated acquisition module (120) is configured for sampling an output voltage level of said capacitor charger module (110). The digital control module (130) is connected to the isolated acquisition module (120) via a bi-directional link and connected to the capacitor charger module (110) via a control signal interface. The digital control module (130) is configured for generating control signal information and synchronization signal information based on data representative of sampled output voltage levels received via the bi-directional link from the isolated acquisition module. The digital control module (130) is further configured for sending the control signal information to the capacitor charger module (110) via the control signal interface and for sending the synchronization signal information to the isolated acquisition module (120) via the bidirectional link. The capacitor charger module (110) is controlled based on the control signal information from the digital control module, and the isolated acquisition module (120) is configured for performing sampling based on the synchronization.


Purpose: Sudan has been at war with itself following a conflict that has "consumed the country of 34 of its 45 years of independence and remains the only constant factor in a land whose population has repeatedly been devastated. The study sought to establish the Sudan North –South conflict and civil war.
Methodology: The research was purely qualitative. Desktop literature review was conducted. Critical analysis of the literature was conducted.
Findings: The study found out that the war in Sudan was caused by both economic and non-economic motives. It can be noted from this study that indeed, that war is caused by many factors. However, the most argued about cause of war is the economic agenda. For example, this study hypothetically argues that the economic agenda was a main cause of war in South Sudan. To begin with, the Government of Sudan was interested in the South due to the numerous oil deposits that are located there. That's why, as observed by Prendergast, the Government of Sudan used helicopters and gunships to displace the southerners from oil rich areas. Consequently, any move towards self-determination would be uneconomical for the Government of Sudan. In addition, the Sudan war can also be described as a war of visitors as various Governments supported the two warring parties.
Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study the study strives to promote academic qualifications and the building of capacities, for an informed academic exchange, intercultural learning and cooperation among researchers in the appropriate academic specializations under which Sudan's north-south conflict would be best studied and discussed. The study is envisaged as being useful for policy inputs for future relief situations and/or improving the quality of the much needed 'raw material' for sustainable conflict management and/or resolution in countries or communities that experience violent conflict situations, which often also demand for humanitarian aid interventions.


Abstract:  We studied three new incentive‐based programs for restoring endangered species on private lands in the United States: safe harbor, Environmental Defense's Landowner Conservation Assistance Program, and conservation banking. For each program, we gathered data on the number of participating landowners, the number of species targeted for assistance, and the cumulative acreage of enrolled land. Measured in this way, both safe harbor and the Landowner Conservation Assistance Program have been remarkably successful. Landowners are drawn to three aspects of these programs: (1) the removal of regulatory burdens associated with attracting endangered species to their property; (2) technical guidance on how to restore habitats for endangered species; and (3) cost‐share assistance for habitat restoration. Technical guidance appears to be more important than either regulatory relief or financial assistance in securing the cooperation of some landowners. Assessing the success or failure of conservation banking proved more difficult, given the relatively small number of banks created to date and the lack of any centralized database on them. However, nearly half of the 47 endangered‐species conservation banks we surveyed have sold credits, indicating some success in either acquiring or restoring essential habitats.


Abstract: The effects of various annealing temperatures and durations on the structure and physical properties of polypropy-lene (PP) slit-film yarns were investigated. Annealing led to a more developed crystal structure, even when the yarns weredrawn before heat treatment. Annealing at 140 o C led to better developed crystal structures than that at 100 o C. Annealing pri-marily affected the crystalline structure, whereas little change was observed in the molecular orientation of the yarns. The sl it-film yarns annealed at 140 o C showed less than 1% shrinkage. A very low-shrinkage slit-film yarn was obtained on annealingfor 10 min at 140 o C or 20 min at 100 C.Keywords: annealing, polypropylene, slit film yarn, crystalline structure, thermal shrinkage 1. Introduction Polypropylene (PP) is used in materials as diverse asengineering plastics, packaging, medical equipment, andtextiles [1-4]. Most fibers are produced by extrudingpolymer melts or solutions through spinneret holes. Fiberscan also be made from slitting polymer film into film yarnsor tape yarns [5]. Rectangular fibers with high width toheight ratios are easily produced in this way, with flat filmyarn made by slicing such films. Polymer melt extrudedthrough T- or annular dies can be solidified and sliced intofilm yarns. Slit film yarns are used, for example, to makefabrics for container bags, carpet backings, twines and ropes. Thermal shrinkage is an important property related to amaterial's thermal stability during post processing [6,7].Annealing has been shown to reduce thermal shrinkage inmaterials obtained from fiber spinning processes. Thermalshrinkage is also an important consideration for packagingmaterials such as container bags consisting of PP slit filmyarns, as the container bags should not deform uponexposure to hot or humid environments especially for longterm transport via marine transportation. Oriented molecular structures of polymers have beenfound to shrink and relax easily when annealed withoutconstraint. Studies on annealing effects of PP spun fibers anddrawn cast films on molecular structures and physicalproperties are easily founded elsewhere [8,9], however,research on the effects of constrained annealing on slit filmyarns is lacking. This work reports the annealing of polypropylene (PP) slitfilm yarns under constrained conditions at different tem-peratures and durations to reduce thermal shrinkage. Thematerial's structural changes and physical properties wereexamined.


Abstract : The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) is a new Air Force operational concept and a new way of presenting forces to an operational commander. The historically unique characteristics include: operating at forward locations that maintain minimal infrastructure, launching combat missions 24 to 48 hours after execute order from anywhere in the world, and tailoring the force using sub-squadron size modules of aircraft. The biggest risk factor associated with the use of the AEF is forward base access. Regional commanders need to begin now to make the AEF a viable option by exercising the concept in host nations prior to a time of crisis and by prepositioning equipment. Exercising the AEF in targeted host nations prior to times of crisis offers the U.S. government and regional commanders the opportunity to further policy objectives by engaging selected countries. Logistic constraints: fuel & munitions.


The advent of the so-called high temperature superconductors (HTS) which are superconducting at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K) prompts a reexamination of the various uses of superconductors. Here we consider superconducting magnetic energy stores (SMES). A significant feature of the new HTS materials that they are not quite perfect superconductors in contrast to the older types of superconductor which are effectively resistanceless until the current reaches the critical value. The voltage drop in HTS is approximately proportional to the 20th power of the current. This creep loss affects the economic time of storage: for long term storage the economic capacity of the store may be 50-80% of the acceptable capacity for short term storage.


As a second-year student nurse who was a healthcare assistant (HCA), I agree that some registered nurses could learn from HCAs (letters March 26). But an NVQ does not compare with nurse training. NVQs teach you to provide care; nurse training prepares you to use your skills, make decisions and justify your actions.


In this study, five oximes were synthesized, characterized, and their antioxidant activity investigated experimentally and theoretically. Labeled OX1–OX5, our oximes were subjected to three antioxidant activity assays (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity test [CUPRAC], and ferric reducing antioxidant power test). The related results were very fulfilling presenting certain antioxidant properties for the majority of the studied compounds, especially with CUPRAC test where OX1 and OX2 presented a better result than the used standard antioxidants. Besides, the thermodynamic molecular descriptors (bond dissociation enthalpy, ionization potential, and proton affinity) of our molecules were calculated with the density functional theory to elucidate the experimental results. The resulting values were in a good agreement with the experimental results. The second part of this work consisted of an anti-tyrosinase activity evaluation of the five oximes where three of them displayed an inhibitory effect against this enzyme. To analyze this result, a molecular docking was conducted and the obtained values were in accordance with the experience. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties were also assessed via Molinspiration software and all our molecules satisfied the related conditions. Thus, the conducted theoretical and experimental studies were in excellent harmony, together supporting the antioxidant power of our compounds, which could permit their use in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or food industry domains, after further clinical tests.


The Paper, guided by Object-Oriented Design methodology, analyses the relationships among objects of Inherit, Aggregation, Commission and Use, and then put forwards object-oriented models about astrodynamics. The models can provide support on various complexity simulation and the application question-oriented can be built expediently.


This study reports the antibacterial evaluation of selected medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine in Yemen. Ninety crude extracts, including dichloromethanic, methanolic and aqueous extracts from 30 plants used in Yemeni ethnomedicine to treat common infections, were screened in vitro for antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Three Gram-positive bacteria and two Gram-negative bacteria, have been used as test organisms. Extracts of Acacia nilotica, A. tortilis, Commiphora foliacea, Ficus vasta, Ocimum forskolei, Plicosephalus carviflorus, Salvadora persica, Sansevieria aff. ehrenbergii, Solanum nigrum and Tamarindus indica showed antibacterial activities against at least four bacterial strains. Methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica flowers was the most active, followed by the methanolic extract of the fruits from Ficus vasta . The extracts of 5 plants, e.g. Plicosephalus curviflorus and Commiphora kua , exhibited remarkable cytotoxic activities against cultivated FL cells. The results confirm the great potential of ethnopharmacological plants of Yemen and are useful for rationalizing the use of medicinal plants in primary health care in Yemen. They could be of interest also for dermatology and cosmetics. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) for a grant enabling the stay of Dr. Al-Fatimi in August and September 2007 at Ernst-Moritz– Arndt University Greifswald, that was used to carry out this research.


The objective of this article is to discuss the concept of the nation in the work of Jose CarlosMariategui. It attempts to interpret in his work the place of the Indian in the construction ofthe nation, analyzing racism as a mechanism of domination and a constant attempt, by thecolonizers as well as the imperialists, to subordinate indigenous groups through the occultationof history. Mariategui, after admitting to being a socialist, appropriated Marxist tools inorder to present his conception of the nation. He also analyses imperialism in Peru, examininghow political forces contrary to imperialist domination opposed the process of domination andhow their subordination impacted the development of the nation.


A lack of understanding of the importance of land registration for the first time that was issued, lead to a limited ownership of the land certificate of rights. Until now, the land owned by the society are largely uncertified. This study aims to know and analyze the role of the Land Deed Official in the performance of land registration, and also to analyze the importance of land registration in assigning legal theories of certainty. The research method uses empirical juridical, with a sociological juridical approach. The location of the research conducts in the National Land Agency of Kabupaten Mojokerto, using the primary and secondary types of data. The data analysis is qualitative. In the first phase of land registration, the roles of the Land Deed Official are particularly important when it comes to legal transitions of land rights, the imposition of land rights which are used as the basis for land rights registration. In the perspective of a legal certainty theory, listing land is essential in order to obtain legal certainty over land ownership. The land that has been listed will avoid any act of arbitrariness.Keywords: Registration, Land, Legal Certainty.


This study explores a strategy for environmental and sustainable stormwater runoff reduction in cities by analyzing the case study of the Green Infrastructure Plan for New York City. Firstly, Green Infrastructure is a natural system that reduces stormwater runoff through evapotranspiration, infiltration, and restoration which is the way nature handles water. Secondly, Green Infrastructure is a multi-scaled system that is comprised of small-scaled rain gardens, bioswales, green roofs, blue roofs, rain barrels, cisterns, and permeable paving as well as large-scaled natural or green spaces such as forests, rivers, and parks in cities. Thirdly, Green Infrastructure planning is a cost-effective strategy compared to Grey Infrastructure which is composed of costly tunnels, tanks, and extensions. Green Infrastructure planning could cost-effectively reduce stormwater runoff and increase water quality. Forth, Green Infrastructure planning is a decentralized system which is applicable to various types of land use which include buildings, residential areas, open spaces, and streets in cities. Finally, Green Infrastructure planning could provide sustainable environmental, social, and economic benefits which are not provided by Grey Infrastructure.


The invention discloses an integrated circuit and a method for determining pin connection conditions of the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit comprises a sensing output pin, a driver, a first sensing input pin, a second sensing input pin, and a sensor. The driver is used to output pulse width modulation signals through the sensing output pin. The first sensing input pin is coupled with the sensing output pin through a first external circuit, and is used to receive the pulse width modulation signals. The second sensing input pin is coupled with the sensing output pin through a second external circuit, and is used to receive the pulse width modulation signals. The sensor is used to respectively compare the pulse width modulation signals received by the first sensing input pin and the second sensing input pin with clock rate signals, so as to generate a first comparison result and a second comparison result.


Urban monitoring implies multi-temporal observation and measurement of transformations or consistencies within cities. The urban context is highly complex, as cities consist of a large number of people living in close proximity and conditions of relative density and diversity in dynamically interrelated processes. Most of the conditions and processes are related to space. Thus, for measuring, analyzing and understanding the urban context, the dynamic interrelations and its permanent changes, spatial information are crucial. As one data source, remotely sensed data are inherently suited to provide information on urban land cover characteristics, and their changes over time, at various spatial and temporal scales. This paper gives an overview and examples on current applications at DLR to demonstrate capabilities and limitations for monitoring in cities based on remotely sensed data.


We report experiments and analysis of field emission from metallic knife-edge cathodes, which are sputter-coated with thin films of lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6), a low-work function material. The emission current is found to depend sensitively on the thickness of the LaB6 layer. We find that films thinner than 10 nm greatly enhance the emitted current. However, cathodes coated with a thicker layer of LaB6 are observed to emit less current than the uncoated metallic cathode. This result is unexpected due to the higher work function of the bare metal cathode. We show, based on numerical calculation of the electrostatic potential throughout the structure, that the external (LaB6/vacuum) barrier is reduced with respect to uncoated samples for both thin and thick coatings. However, this behavior is not exhibited at the internal (metal/LaB6) barrier. In thinly coated samples, electrons tunnel efficiently through both the internal and external barrier, resulting in current enhancement with respect to the uncoated...


Since 2007, more than half of the world's population live in urban areas. Megacities, urban agglomerations with more than 10 million inhabitants, are rapidly increasing in number: in 1950 there were only two, New York and Tokyo with ~12 million, while by 2005 there were already 20, with Tokyo ranging the 35 millions. The urban atmospheres of these megacities are dominated by pollutants associated with vehicular emissions, as well as the formation of secondary pollutants responsible for photochemical smog. A comparative assessment of emissions and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) ratios in London (L) and Paris (P) is hereby presented. The work is based on three recent studies by Baker et al. (2008), Parrish et al. (2009) and von Schneidemesser et al. (in press) where concentrations of these compounds were analyzed for 28 US cities in the former and some global megacities in the second and third studies. Considering the fact that VOC provide information on the main emissions sources of cities, these studies found that even though concentrations of VOC varied greatly among cities, the ratio with the combustion tracer CO remained rather constant and was very useful for city comparison, as well as a good indicator of traffic emissions. VOC patterns in ambient air concentrations were observed to be similar in most cities, being able to consider that deviations from those patterns could be the result of measurement problems. Nevertheless, the representation of these emissions in global inventories has large uncertainties. The goal of our study is to compare and contrast emission inventory estimates with measured ambient concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and CO, as well as NMHC:CO ratios. Within the European CityZen project we have built an updated global emissions inventory with the best available datasets of anthropogenic, biomass burning and natural sources. As part of this research we will follow the same approach to compare emissions ratios between NMHC and CO for the megacities region of Paris and London and to compare these trends with measured ambient concentrations from three monitoring sites: Eltham (L) suburban station, Marylebone Road (L) kerbside station and Les Halles (P) urban station for the period 1997-2006.


ABSTRACT Response surface methodology was applied to determine optimal conditions for lipid extraction from shrimp. Box-Behnken Design including independent variables such as extraction time, extraction temperature, and ratio of mixed solvents was used. The optimal conditions for lipids extraction were the use of petroleum ether:ethyl acetate (2.3:1, v/v) with 62 min of extraction at 52ºC. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yields of lipids from Euphausia superba, Penaeuschinesis, Macrobranchium nipponense, and M. rosenbergii were 4.39, 2.80, 2.98, and 3.30%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that M. rosenbergii presented the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (48.28%) among the shrimps studied. In addition, the 20:5n3 (EPA) + 22:6n3 (DHA) value (26.43%) was second only to E. superba (31.27%). The finding suggests that M. rosenbergii is a potential PUFA source for food supplementation.


Title of Document: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION INVOLVING RETROFIT AND INSURANCE Xijun YAO, Master of Science 2015 Directed by: Professor Miroslaw Skbniewski Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Public-private Partnerships (PPP) involving governments and insurers have been used globally in natural hazard mitigation. Yet high expense on building retrofit and catastrophe insurance still prevents government from providing effective mitigations. This thesis introduces a new framework that governments can utilize to motivate insurers to insure property owners with an affordable premium and receive a high proportion of reimbursement on retrofit investment. Two case studies in the thesis show a high feasibility of this partnership on hazard-prone areas and a higher total benefit than similar methods. The case study result indicates a wide feasibility of the proposed framework in risk mitigation of various natural hazards by providing building retrofit and catastrophe insurance incentive to property owners. This solution is likely to provide policymakers with a PPP program as a new tool for motivating the insurers and the property owners to undertake building retrofit and mitigation of natural disasters. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION INVOLVING RETROFIT AND INSURANCE


The temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient of homoepitaxial metal organic vapor phase (MOVPE) grown, silicon doped $\beta$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ thin films was measured relative to aluminum. For room temperature we found the relative Seebeck coefficient of $S_{\beta\text{-Ga}_2\text{O}_3\text{-Al}}=(-300\pm20)\;\mu$V/K. At high bath temperatures $T>240$ K, the scattering is determined by electron-phonon-interaction. At lower bath temperatures between $T=100$ K and $T=300$ K, an increase in the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient is explained in the frame of Strattons formula. The influence of the different scattering mechanisms on the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient is discussed and compared with Hall measurement results.


Today trend is circuit characterized by reliability, low power dissipation, low leakage current, low cost and there is required to reduce each of these. Increase of chip complexity is consistently higher for memory circuits. The salient features such as low power, reliable performance, circuit techniques for high speed such as using dynamic circuits, and low leakage current, most of these have get give a better advantage. Power must be added to the portable unit, even when power is available in non-portable applications, the issue of low-power design is becoming critical. Thus, it is evident that methodologies for the design of high-throughput, low-power digital systems are needed. Since there is no additional circuitry needed for power reduction in this circuit design technique, there is no additional circuitry needed for power reduction Here 3T DRAM is implementing with self controllable voltage level (svl) technique is for reducing leakage current in 0.12um technology. The simulation is done by using microwind 3.1 & dsch2 and gives the advantage of reducing the leakage current up to 57%.


Structured beams of light can move small objects in surprising ways. Particularly striking examples include observations of polarization-dependent forces acting on optically isotropic objects and tractor beams that can pull objects opposite to the direction of the light's propagation. Here we develop a theoretical framework in which these effects vanish at the leading order of light scattering theory. Exotic optical forces emerge instead from interference between different orders of multipole scattering. These effects create a rich variety of ways to manipulate small objects with light, so-called photokinetic effects. Applying this formalism to the particular case of Bessel beams offers useful insights into the nature of tractor beams and the interplay between spin and orbital angular momentum in vector beams of light, including a manifestation of orbital-to-spin conversion.


The cause of Graves's disease is still unknown, though there is now substantial evidence that it has an immunological basis. Hyperthyroidism is an important part of the syndrome, and much progress has been made towards establishing the cause of that aspect, but the pathogenic mechanisms which produce its extrathyroidal manifestations remain obscure. Current views on hyperthyroidism in Graves's disease date from the seminal observation by Adams and Purves' that a thyroid stimulator distinct from thyrotophin (T.S.H.) is found in the serum of some patients. This substance, the long-acting thyroid stimulator L.A.T.S., derived its name from its bioassay characteristics and has been identified as an IgG immunoglobulin :2 its activity can be neutralized by anti-IgG and to a large extent by anti-kappa and anti-lambda lightchain antisera.3 Attempts to identify the L.A.T.S. antigen have met with mixed success. A neutralizing factor (L.A.T.S. absorbing activity, L.A.A.) is found in thyroid microsomes and cell sap.4 5 Recent evidence has suggested that L.A.T.S. binds to thyroid membranes6 at a site close to, or identical with, the T.S.H. receptor.7-9 The debate about L.A.T.S. in Graves's disease has mainly revolved round three points. Firstly, there are major discrepancies in its reported frequency in hyperthyroid patients, ranging10 from 6% to 760°, and L.A.T.S. is absent in at least 2000 of patients even if the assay is performed using IgG concentrates." Secondly, there is no consistent evidence that the presence or concentration of L.A.T.S. correlates with any laboratory variable which reflects the severity of the hyperthyroidisM'2 13 or the spontaneous fluctuations of the disease.14 15 Thirdly, however, there is one strong piece of evidence that L.A.T.S. can cause hyperthyroidism in man: it is almost invariably present in maternal and fetal serum in cases of neonatal thyrotoxicosis, and it disappears as the disease remits. The confusion generated by the discovery of L.A.T.S. was compounded by the discovery16 of a further species ofimmunoglobulin (L.A.T.S.-protector, L.A.T.S.-P), which is present in the serum of more than 90%o of hyperthyroid patients with Graves's disease, and which gained its name from its ability to inhibit the absorption of L.A.T.S. by L.A.A. This substance stimulates human thyroid tissue in vitro17 and in vivo,I8 it is species-specific, and it has been proposed that it should be renamed human thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (H.T.S.I.). Subsequent work has confirmed that H.T.S.I. is


This work presents an analysis of the grid-forming Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), in the frequency domain, when it is controlled through single or dual-loop implementation. The dual-loop approach presents an inner current-loop control gathered with the external voltage-loop control, whereas the single-loop only presents a voltage-loop control for the grid-forming capability. In both cases, the control algorithms were implanted in a natural reference frame, including resonant controllers. The paper follows an impedance-modeling approach for introducing the analytical representation of the MMC in the frequency domain. These representations are, in fact, the linearized Teéenin-equivalent models of the single- and dual-loop grid-forming MMC. The results showed that the inner current-loop control is a feasible approach for damping specific resonant peaks of the Thevenin-equivalent impedance. In other words, the current-control loop adds a resistive parcel in MMC impedance in the frequency range in which the resonant peaks appear. As a consequence, the LC resonance between this impedance and the capacitor bank in the main bus is damped. The article also contains some switching-level EMTDC/PSCAD simulations to validate the work.


Active fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy (FLRDS) can achieve a high-finesse fiber cavity by introducing the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain for highly sensitive detection. However, gain saturation behavior of the EDFA induces pulse-to-pulse gain fluctuations, which cause the ring-down signal to deviate from the exponential-decay law and greatly destroy the detection accuracy of active FLRDS. In order to analyze active FLRDS more accurately, a theoretical model of active FLRDS considering the gain saturation behavior of the EDFA is established. The performance of the active FLRDS system is simulated and discussed by using the model. The dependence of the system performance on the initial optical power, the inherent cavity loss, the test-gas concentration and the EDFA location is deeply researched. The model is applicable to the active FLRDS systems used for many sensing applications, such as trace gas, temperature, refractive index, strain, and pressure.


Access to adequate and appropriate transport options enables older people to continue as thriving community participants, to reach services and to maintain social connections. While transport needs are diverse, and tend to change over time, there is little information on current and future transport patterns, and the awareness, acceptance and adoption of new technologies. A national online survey was administered to current drivers in Australia. A sample of 705 drivers provided information on available travel modes and use of these modes, awareness of in-vehicle technologies and future use of vehicle technologies. The findings revealed high use of private vehicles, walking and taxis but little use of other travel modes (bicycles, motorcycles, rideshare, community services and public transport). Age, gender and residential location influenced the availability and use/potential use of some transport options. Overall awareness of in-vehicle technologies was generally low and particularly so amongst older and female participants. There was some appetite to use emerging technologies in the future. The findings inform the development of effective strategies and initiatives aligned with healthy ageing and wellbeing targets, increased sustainability, resilience and connectedness, creation of healthier travel choices and healthier environments to promote acceptance and use of a range of transport options and uptake of safer vehicles equipped with in-vehicle technologies to ultimately enhance safe and sustainable mobility of older road users.


Abstract An aqueous gel permeation chromatographic method for the determination of soluble polymer in aqueous acrylamide monomer has been developed. Polymer content can be determined in four minutes with consecutive analyses every twenty minutes. The relative precision of the method is better than 2.5% at the 95% confidence level in the range of 100 to 600 ppm polymer. The detection limit for the method is 5 ppm.


NUMEROUS authors have outlined the importance of preventing sucrose entrained in condensate from entering the boilers particularly where higher pressure boilers are in use. The condensate from a raw sugar mill, sugar refinery or a raw sugar mill with an attached back end refinery contains different types and quantities of impurities. Because of this, the appropriate technology to measure impurity levels varies between applications. This paper is a review of the different techniques to detect the contamination of sucrose in boiler feed water.


We describe a multivariate rational function (ratio of polynomials) arithmetic simplification system written in Common Lisp. These programs form one module in a sequence of packages written with an aim to develop an efficient, freely-distributed computer algebra system. In this report, we discuss the representation of rational functions in the system and the programs for rational addition, multiplication, and exponentiation. We also describe a package that converts between expressions in Lisp prefix form and the representation of rational expressions in the system.


The temperature dependence of the free energy barrier to nucleation of cobalt disilicide crystallites in amorphous CoS${\mathrm{i}}_{2}$ thin films is determined based on a newly developed model-independent method. Contrary to prevalent views, we found that the free energy barrier to nucleation of cobalt disilicide crystallites is dominated by the entropic barrier, and the nucleation enthalpic barrier is relatively small. The results suggest that the nucleation of CoS${\mathrm{i}}_{2}$ crystallites is essentially a process of topological rearrangement of the amorphous disordered structure into an ordered structure.


Multi-section-DFB lasers can be designed for several signal processing functions. Digital switching for decision as well as clock recovery up to ultra high speed has been demonstrated. Schemes, fabrication and functionalities of these devices are presented in this paper. Multi-section DFB lasers are very promising for high speed signal processing in future all-optical networks.


Camellia oleifera is one of the important oil tree species in south China,and C.oleifera industry is quickly developed with the support of the national policies in recent years.The disorder of C.oleifera varieties is one of the key issues restricting the development of C.oleifera industry.Because of high polymorphism,good repeatability,less use of DNA and so on,SRAP as a new marker was used in identification of cultivars,analysis of genetic resources and genetic diversity in recent years.In this paper,the orthogonal design was used to optimize SRAP-PCR system for C.oleifera by 5 factors(Mg2+,dNTPs,primer,Taq polymerase,DNA template) and 4 levels,respectively.The data were analyzed by software SPSS V13.0.A suitable SRAP-PCR system(20 μL) was established as: 75 ng DNA template,1.5 mmol·L-1 Mg2+,0.15 mmol·L-1 dNTPs,1U Taq DNA polymerase,0.4 μmol·L-1 primer,1×PCR buffer.The result of optimal SRAP-PCR system will provide a foundation for the identification of C.oleifera cultivars.


Excerpt Although most cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States continue to occur in homosexual or bisexual men and intravenous drug abusers, concern about widespr...


Fujian urbanization has achieved high-speed development,which puts forward new demands to the rural basic education.Only by proceeding from the reality of our province,can we solve the problems that appear in rural basic education during the course of urbanization,realize positive interaction between urbanization and rural basic education,and promote a healthy development of Fujian urbanization and rural basic education.


At present,the affect of financial crisis on China's social and economic aspects is appearing gradually.The financial crisis disseminate of its negative effects mainly through the trade channel.As the financial crisis,the growth rate of China's import and export trade,foreign investment and foreign economic cooperation have emerged the decline in varying degrees.It result in employment and its structure change in the number of related areas greatly exacerbated.It increases the severe employment situation in China.Therefore,the positive response measures is essential.


Among the modern Chinese folk lyrics,those in the Great Southwest have demonstrated strongest,boldest,most openwest are characterized by 1)the expression of not only unrestrained passion fervor but unabashed sexual desire;2)the singers and lovers being pursued having involved not only the unmarried but the married;3)not only males but also females striving to express their sexual frustration in the lyrics;and 4) the liberty on love and selfdetermination of marriage outbreaking the hedge of the feudal formality.There factors have contributed to the upgrowth of the folk lyrics in the Great Southwest;1)natural factors;2) Human factors; and 3) social factors.


Modified nucleic acids have a wide range of applications in many areas of biochemistry. In particular, fluorescence-based nucleic acid systems have been studied extensively for their implementation...


We developed a frequency shift keying (FSK) light label receiver prototype that enables to detect a Path-ID superimposed on 112 Gbps DP-QPSK signal, and demonstrated the light path tracing capabilities in color-less, non-directional, contention-less and grid-less (CNCG) ROADM network.


Ideological and institutional framework of the European energy policy, which is still work in progress, is crucial to the EU as it faces new political and economic challenges related to the recent Ukrainian crisis. Even if key energy policy issues are still decided by member states as the EU only seeks to speak with one voice in energy matters externally, much progress has been made over the last two decades in terms of the EU's energy policy formulation and institutional development. The Lisbon Treaty made the energy policy a sphere of "shared competence" of EU institutions and member states. The European Commission's numerous policy documents ("White" and "Green books" 1995, 2000 and 2006) provided a basis for the development of an integrated energy market. Substantial progress has been achieved in the area of energy policy harmonization between the EU and neighboring countries (Energy Charter Treaty, European Energy Community). The Union's key energy policy areas also included supply diversification (trans-European energy networks), development of unconventional energy production, climate change and energy efficiency. Over the last decade climate changes has become a cornerstone of EU energy policy and is regarded by the EU as key to moderating energy demand and reducing import dependency.


[Objective]The present study was carried out to elucidate the relationship of physical properties of flue-cured tobacco leaves with its nicotine content.[Method]The methods of stepwise multiple regression,path analysis and grey relation analysis were used to analyze the correlation between physical properties and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves.The experimental data included average nicotine content and physical properties of flue-cured tobacco leaves(C3F and C3L) which were planted in 12 counties of 7 major flue-cured tobacco planting provinces in China.The varieties of flue-cured tobacco and cultivation practices were the same at all locations.[Result]The most important physical property of flue-cured tobacco leaves which affected the nicotine content was the single leaf weight,followed by single leaf area and foliar density.The stem percentage and length-width ratio were found slightly correlated to nicotine content.Further,the single leaf weight and foliar density showed significantly positive effect on nicotine content,but the single leaf area was found to negatively affect the nicotine content.[Conclusion]In practice,the nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves can be controlled by regulating its single leaf weight and single leaf area.Further,by controlling the development of various physical properties,quality flue-cured tobacco leaves may be obtained.


The dynamic vehicle routing problem (DVRP) is a variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) in which customers appear dynamically. The objective is to determine a set of routes that minimizes the total travel distance. In this paper, we propose a monarch butterfly optimization (MBO) algorithm to solve DVRPs, utilizing a greedy strategy. Both migration operation and the butterfly adjusting operator only accept the offspring of butterfly individuals that have better fitness than their parents. To improve performance, a later perturbation procedure is implemented, to maintain a balance between global diversification and local intensification. The computational results indicate that the proposed technique outperforms the existing approaches in the literature for average performance by at least 9.38%. In addition, 12 new best solutions were found. This shows that this proposed technique consistently produces high-quality solutions and outperforms other published heuristics for the DVRP.


A going concern audit opinion is an unqualified audit opinion with an explanatory paragraph that contains a great deal of doubt about the sustainability of the company's business. The purpose of this study is to determine (1) The effect of financial conditions on going concern audit opinion (2) The effect of company size on going concern audit opinion. This study uses secondary data in the form of audited financial statements originating from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The population in this study is the coal industry subsector mining company during the 2015 - 2018 observation period. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling method. Data analysis techniques used in this study were descriptive analysis, logistic regression analysis test, overall model test, coefficient of determination and hypothesis testing (F test and T test). Based on the results of data analysis the influence of the company's financial condition on going concern audit opinion obtained a negative coefficient and significant effect. The effect of company size on going concern audit opinion obtained positive coefficient and no effect. Suggestions in this study are to expand the object of research on mining companies on the Stock Exchange, use a longer span of research and add variables in subsequent research.


Single crystal superalloy DD3 was diffusion bonded at 1250℃ for 10,30min,1,2,4h with two interlayer alloys D1P and D1F.The compositions of these two interlayer alloys are similar to those of DD3 substrate and boron was added as melting-point depressant.The microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints were examined.Results showed that holding for such short time,there were a lot of blocky γ′phases in the bonding seam with D1P interlayer alloy,causing a lower stress rupture property of about 60% of the DD3 substrate at 980℃.However,for the D1F interlayer alloy, homogenious joint microstructures were obtained showing a higher stress rupture property of about 70% of the DD3 substrate at 980℃.


THE INVENTORY BUILDUP came to a screeching halt during the first quarter of this year. This halt was dictated by a substantial inventory bulge which popped out in the last quarter of 1966, and which accounted for more than a third of the total rise in GNP. The increase in nonfarm inventories in the fourth quarter of $17.6 billion (seasonally adjusted annual rate) was the highest for any quarter in the postwar period. So it was expected that in the early months of this year businessmen would make every effort to reduce substantially the rate at which their stockpiles were climbing. They did it. Why? Why had inventories soared in the first place? Why was it such an ominous thing, requiring such a drastic reaction? And most important of all, what are the economic consequences that are likely to result from a sharp cutback? These are important questions, and ones which the investment analyst must attempt to answer intelligently.


We calculate temperature and pore pressure rises along a steadily propagating shear crack, assuming a given shear stress profile along the crack (i.e., initially neglecting effects of pore pressure on shear stress). In the limit of a singular crack, temperature and pore pressure rises are a step function in time. We verify that pore pressure can indeed be neglected at the tip and in the cohesive zone of the crack in the case of strong velocity weakening of the friction coefficient (e.g., as governed by flash heating of asperities, like analyzed in a recent numerical simulation of spontaneous rupture). In such cases, the local fracture energy needed to increase the crack length is thus likely to be governed by "dry" frictional processes with effective slip weakening distance of the order of 20 μm, while thermal pressurization may affect the later stages of slip and hence the overall fracture energy attributed to the propagating rupture.


The features,applications and methods of recovering the raw phenol from coal_tar_phenolic water are introduced,especially the way of gravity_sedimenpation,rectifying and solvent_extracting,the influence of all kinds of factors on recovery.This comprehensive process of recovering raw phenol is profitable in economics,society and environment.


The article uses the views of outstanding English philosophers and politicians of the 17th century T. Hobbes and J. Locke as an example to show the process of development of the natural law approach as an independent concept of legal consciousness that has greatly influenced further establishment of the theory and philosophy of law.


This paper examines the social media strategies of candidates seeking their party's nomination for the 2016 U.S. presidential election. We use textual analysis to understand what candidates focused on. We assess eight themes covered in Twitter posts. For example, Clinton focused on GUN CONTROL, while Sanders focused on climate change. Using Facebook data, we introduce a topic modeling approach, latent Dirichlet allocation, to the political marketing literature. This allows us to uncover what topics the candidates focus on without researcher intervention and, using a dynamic model, show how this changes over time. We note that Clinton's focus on Trump increases toward the end of the primary campaign.


Derivatization of methyl 9-hydroxyoctadec-12-ynoate (I) was done to obtain the industrially important fatty compounds. Methyl 9-hydroxyoctadec-12-ynoate (I) was subjected to mesylation and demesylation reactions in which an unknown compound, methyl 9-ethoxyoctadec-12-ynoate (VII), was furnished in good yield, in addition to an inseparable mixture of enynoic esters. In another set of reactions, methyl 9-hydroxyoctadec-12-ynoate (I) was oxidized with trimethyl chlorochromate wherein the resulting methyl 9-oxooctadec-12-ynoate (II) was subjected to three condensation reactionswith 1,2-ethanedithiol, ethylene glycol, and β -mercaptoethanol, separatelyto yield diethyl 9,9-ethylenedisulfide octadec-12-ynoate (III), 9,9-ethylenedioxyoctadec-12-ynoate (IV), and 9-oxathiolaneoctadec-12-ynoate (V), respectively, in excellent yields. Their structures have been established using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectral studies.


We compute crustal motions in Alaska by calculating the finite element solution for an elastic spherical shell problem. The method we use allows the finite element mesh to include faults and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) baseline rates of change. Boundary conditions include Pacific-North American (PA-NA) plate motions. The solution is constrained by the oblique orientation of the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte strike-slip faults relative to the PA-NA relative motion direction and the oblique orientation from normal convergence of the eastern Aleutian trench fault systems, as well as strike-slip motion along the Denali and Totschunda fault systems. We explore the effects that a range of fault slip constraints and weighting of VLBI rates of change has on the solution. This allows us to test the motion on faults, such as the Denali fault, where there are conflicting reports on its present-day slip rate. We find a pattern of displacements which produce fault motions generally consistent with geologic observations. The motion of the continuum has the general pattern of radial movement of crust to the NE away from the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte fault systems in SE Alaska and Canada. This pattern of crustal motion is absorbed across the Mackenzie Mountains in NW Canada, with strike-slip motion constrained along the Denali and Tintina fault systems. In south central Alaska and the Alaska forearc oblique convergence at the eastern Aleutian trench and the strike-slip motion of the Denali fault system produce a counterclockwise pattern of motion which is partially absorbed along the Contact and related fault systems in southern Alaska and is partially extruded into the Bering Sea and into the forearc parallel the Aleutian trench from the Alaska Peninsula westward. Rates of motion and fault slip are small in western and northern Alaska, but the motions we compute are consistent with the senses of strike-slip motion inferred geologically along the Kaltag, Kobuk Trench, and Thompson Creek faults and with the normal faulting observed in NW Alaska near Nome. The nonrigid behavior of our finite element solution produces patterns of motion that would not have been expected from rigid block models: strike-slip faults can exist in a continuum that has motion mostly perpendicular to their strikes, and faults can exhibit along-strike differences in magnitudes and directions.


IN THE FUTURE HEAVILY TRAVELLED STREETS AND HIGHWAYS PROBABLY WILL BE DESIGNED BY A COMPUTER IF A THREE-YEAR-OLD EXPERIMENT UNDERWAY NEAR SAN DIEGO, CALIF. PROVES SUCCESSFUL. THE PROGRAM, FULL SCALE AND UNDER ACTUAL OPERATING CONDITIONS, MAKES USE OF RESULTS FROM THE AASHO ROAD TEST OF 1956-58. THE POSSIBILITY OF A DESIGN FORMULA THAT WOULD TAKE ACCOUNT OF PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS BY MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE, TENSILE STRENGTH), AND OF CALCULATED STRESSES, STRAINS AND DEFLECTION QUICKLY EMERGED. SUCH A FORMULA COULD BE USED BY A COMPUTER, AND RESULT IN A PAVEMENT DESIGN THAT WOULD PERFORM TO EXPECTATIONS. /AUTHOR/


This paper focuses on searching the best k objects with more attributes according to user preferences in the Web environment. Attributes of an object type are distributed on servers in a disjunctive way, i.e. values of one attribute are stored in only one remote server on the Internet. In our work, every user can express his/her preferences for each attribute by a fuzzy function and mutual relations between the attributes by an aggregation function. We use client/server architecture and communication via Web Services. We deal with the usage of Fagin's NRA algorithm, which can find the best k objects without accessing all the objects. Because of support of sorting objects according to a fuzzy function, an indexing method based on B+-tree is used in each remote server. Moreover, each server is stateless, i.e. independent from any previous request. Our solution is based on cache memory, which loads objects from remote servers in batches and thus reduces the amount of network communication. In this paper we present a system TOPKNET, which can efficiently find the best k objects for various users with data on remote servers.


An optimization framework for maximum wireless power transfer efficiency in the near-field adapted for far-field gain maximization under impedance matching constraints is applied on a dipole antenna array to verify its performance on both maximum gain and impedance matching in practice. As shown, the result is well-realizable in practice. Beyond that, the effect of manufacturing tolerances and actual loading component values is analyzed.


Connell J Bali revisited: death, rejuvenation, and the tourist cycle 641 Cooke P, Morgan K The network paradigm: new departures in corporate and regional development 543 Corbridge S Marxisms, modernities, and moralities: development praxis and the claims of distant strangers 449 Cox K R The local and the global in the new urban politics: a critical view 433 Cream J Child sexual abuse and the symbolic geographies of Cleveland 231 Crewe L, Forster Z Markets, design, and local agglomeration: the role of the small independent retailer in the workings of the fashion system 213


Focuses are placed on different problems found in the ERP system at home and abroad, analyzing the features and needs of small and medium-sized enterprise. By a case study, it proves that the ERP system, which is specially designed, meets the need of enterprises. In this way, managers are ready to accept as well as guarantee the essence of the system. The performance of the system will bring great benefit to enterprises.


This review of A development framework for Gazankulu by the Institute of Development Studies, Rand Afrikaans University, 1983, has three parts. In the first I take issue with the notion of assessing Gazankulu within a 'national development policy' context, and argue that doing so muddles our understanding of the problems and policy possibilities. In the second part the goals of the Framework, its data base and recommendations, are considered more directly. Having noted certain problems, the third part of this review is devoted to a more technical evaluation of what should be done.


The magazine Growing Green International, focused on plant-based agriculture, is free for everyone to read online until the end of the covid crisis.


Background: The CDK 4/6 kinase inhibitor palbociclib is approved for first line treatment of metastatic breast cancer in combination with hormonal therapy and investigated within clinical trials for melanoma. In metastatic disease frequently palliative radiation treatment is necessary. Due to recent findings of radiosensitizing effects of palbociclib in HNSCC and HCC, a possible influence of palbociclib on radiosensitivity was studied in malign and non-malign cells. Methods: Different tumor cells and primary fibroblasts were treated with palbociclib and ionizing radiation (IR) in 2D and 3D cell cultures. Clonogenic assays were performed to study the sensitizing effect of palbociclib on irradiation induced cytotoxicity. Apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell migration was studied with scratch assays. Results: The effect of irradiation on skin cancer cells could be slightly decreased by palbociclib in four out of eight cells comparing 2 Gy vs. 2 Gy + 1 µmol/L in the 2D cell culture model. The 3D cell culture model detected differences in cell death more sensitive than the 2D model. Necrosis was increased in primary fibroblasts (0.2 µmol/L + IR vs. IR; p = 0.0041), whereas apoptosis was decreased in skin cancer cells ICNI (0.2 µmol/L + IR vs. IR with p = 0.0005 // 2 µmol/L + IR vs. IR with p = 0.0072). Overall palbociclib attenuated radiation induced cell death in skin and breast cancer cells. In malign cells combination therapy seems to rise senescence in clonogenic assays, whereas healthy controls showed more cell death. Palbociclib did not influence cell cycle distribution in the fibroblasts but led to an accumulation of the tumor cells in G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Additionally, palbociclib decreased migration behavior of the malign and non-malign cells, but without influence on e-cadherin expression during inhibitor treatment.Conclusions: Palbociclib increases the radiosensitivity of primary fibroblasts. In cancer cells palbociclib seems to be radioprotective. This effect in cancer cells is probably based on the accumulation of cells in the less radiosensitive G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Further studies are needed to assess whether a combined therapy of palbociclib and radiation is appropriate.


Date of submission:24.09.2019 Date of acceptance: 02.12.2019 Background: Rape is a very alarming situation in the context of Bangladesh. It is the most common form of violence against woman. In Bangladesh, rape is found as the second commonly reported form of violence against women, following dowry related harassment. However, sexual violence has a great impact on physical and mental state of health with an increased range of sexual & reproductive health problem.


This thesis analyses the question of the right to compensation for victims of racial discrimination. The purpose is first of all to determine whether or not victims of racial discrimination have a right to compensation under international human rights law and to establish the content and limits of such a right. In order to achieve this purpose four specific questions are examined, namely: 1. Is there a right to compensation for victims of racial discrimination under international human rights law? 2. Who is the holder of such a right? 3. Who is the part liable for compensation? and 4. What kind of damage is compensated? After a brief presentation of the practise of racial discrimination today and its legal definition follows a comprehensive analysis based mainly of jurisprudence examined according to the judicial method and on studies undertaken by Theo van Boven, expert and member of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. I conclude that at least art 6 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination entitle victims of racial discrimination a right to reparation, including compensation in appropriate cases. It is further the individual victim who is the holder of this right. The party liable for providing reparation is primarily the direct perpetrator, which in turn could be either the state or a private actor. In cases where the direct perpetrator is a person acting in his or her own capacity but where the victim is denied reparation because of failure on behalf of the state to provide an effective remedy can the state be held responsible for reparation. A reasonable interpretation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination means that pecuniary and physical harm and suffering shall be fully compensated. Regarding mental suffering is an affirmative judgement on the merits considered a form of reparation and jurisprudence is restrictive regarding additional relief. States further seem to have a margin of appreciation to require certain level of gravity of harm. This might be a consequence of the fact that art 6 is primarily a right to seek and obtain reparation in accordance with national law as long as national legislation or enforcement is not in conflict with international standards, and such international standards are still very vague.


The response of citrus cultivar on soil fertility under different locations has been known prior to its fertilizer application. The aim of this research was to study the effects of different soil fertility on the growth and development of citrus cultivars under two locations. This research was conducted at Langgam Subdistrict, Pelalawan Regency, Province of Riau, Indonesia from February to June 2020. The three-year-old citrus trees of Siam (Tangerine) cv. Pontianak/SP (C. nobilis) and Keprok (Mandarin) cv. Tejakula/KTJ (C. reticulata Blanco) were used in this study. A statistical comparison (Student's t-test) was used to compare the growth of two citrus cultivars planted into two locations. The nutrient contents in soil and leaves were determined; the growth parameters and leaf pigments were observed and the correlations were analysed. The results showed that status of soil nutrition in two locations ranged low to medium, with pH of 5.1-6.0. At the first location, SP absorbed elements of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn 24.1% higher than KTJ. On the other hand, KTJ could absorb the P, K, Na, S and B elements by 24.4% higher than SP. However, at the second location SP is more adaptive on absorbing the elements of N, Na, Mg, S, Zn and B by 26.9% higher than KTJ, while this cultivar could absorb only 10.3% higher of K and Mn. Status value of chlorophyl a and b of citrus cultivar grown in location I was higher. A positive linear relationship has been found between all growth variables with C organic, EC, CEC, Fe, P2O5, K, Ca, pH, and SO4 of soil. The same relation has been found with increasing trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) for growth of plant height and canopy of both cultivars. In general, the growth and development of Siam Pontianak was better than Mandarin Tejakula. The status of soil nutrition and the initial growth performance of each cultivar can be used as a guideline for the application of balanced fertilizers to produce plants that grow optimally.


The purpose of this research was to find some methods to grow up the productive life of cows for a good profitability in the farm. The research was had been conducted on 125 Friesian cows. The results show an average milk production of 4580.70 kg in the first lactation along 305 days, reaching maximum value (5694.84 kg) in the third lactation. The first lactation is 80.43% from the maximum lactation. Is to note the big variability of milk production which is situated between 18 and 22 %. The productive life was of 824.85 days for the cows which finished the production period and the life span of cows was up to 1769.52 days. The cows from this population were milked in average by 2.96 lactation and they were kept in population for about 4.85 years. The average milk production per productive life was 13266.14 kg with 518.42 kg pure fat and 359.90 kg protein and using index was 46.61%.


Plant community samples and analyze woods were investigated and analyzed in 2000 hectare plantation.The production situations were learned in different plantation woods.The results showed among the relationship of forest species growth,growth relationship of Asian White Birch is multinomial distribution between trees heights and its volumes.Cathay Poplar is exponential function distribution between trees heights and volumes.Qinghai Spruce and Prince Rupprecht are power function distribution between trees heights and volumes.Under the conditions of technique economy level,the productivity of Cathay Poplar Sarch mixed forest,Asian white Birch pure stand,Spruce pure stand can be standards of trees in the place stands.Forestation might be as above.But mixed forest is the more the better according to biological diversity.


Objective To observe the application of etomidate and remifentanil in total intravenous anesthesia for intervened treatment of neurosurgery,and analyze the merits and demerits of this method.Methods Eighty-two patients with cerebral aneurysm were randomly assigned to group A(etomidate) and group B(remifentani)l for interventional therapy.And they were anesthetized with etomidate and remifentanil for induction and maintenance,respectively.The mean arterial pressure(MAP) and heart rate(HR) were determined at six specific time points of pre-operation,before tracheal intubation,during tracheal intubation,after drug withdrawal,after extubation and before returning ICU.In addition,the operation time,extubation time and returning ICU time were recorded.Results In group A,the blood pressure before tracheal intubation and during tracheal intubation were lower than that of pre-operation,but there were no significant differences(P0.05);In group B,the blood pressure and heart rate before tracheal intubation and during tracheal intubation have significantly decreased as compared to pre-operation(P0.05),and the blood pressure and heart rate after extubation have significantly increased as compared to pre-operation(P0.05).Comparison among groups: the blood pressure and heart rate before tracheal intubation or during tracheal intubation in group B have significantly decreased as compared to group A(P0.05),and extubation time and returning ICU time in group B have significantly decreased as compared to group A(P0.05).Conclusions Total intravenous anesthesia of etomidate combined with remifentanil could effectively reduce circulation variation during anesthesia induction and extubation.It was a stable and reliable anesthesia method but postoperative emergence was slow.


Much attention has been paid to the problems in sustainable agricultural development by many countries in the world.China is a large developing agricultrual country.Since its entry into WTO,the problem of sustainable agricultrual development is becoming important day by day.This paper analyzes the hindering factors of sustainable agricultural development and putting forward some countermeasures.


Green chemistry revolution is providing a number of challenges to chemists, in order to develop new processes, products and services able to achieve the now required social, economic and environmental targets. The achievement of these goals needs new approaches, in order to reduce materials and energy consumption, through the discovery and the development of innovative synthetic pathways, using renewable feedstocks and more selective chemistry, but also identifying alternative reaction conditions and media, in order to design less toxic and safer chemical processes.
In this context, lots of efforts are aimed to the development of innovative catalytic methodologies for industrially relevant applications. In this Thesis, different strategies have been used to implement benchmark transformations, such as oxidations, C-C bond formation and dehalogenation reactions.
The choice of the catalyst package has been established within the class of molecular polyanionic metal oxides clusters, known as polyoxometalates (POMs) with general formula [XxMmOy]q-, where M is the main metallic component (MoVI, WVI, VV) and X is an heteroatom (such as PV or SiIV).
These complexes offer a unique opportunity because of their prevalent inorganic, robust nature and high versatility in terms of structure, chemical composition, electron density and polyanionic charge. Moreover, a rewarding approach has been recently devised for the catalyst up-grade, by decorating the POM scaffold with tailored organic domains, yielding hybrid organic-inorganic catalysts with superior performances. Heterometals (such as Ru, Fe, Pd, Al,…) can also be incorporated in POMs structures (yielding Transition Metal-substituted Polyoxometalates, TMSPs), introducing diversification and opening new catalytic possibilities. Besides, POMs display high thermal, hydrolytic and oxidative resistance, as well as tuneable solubility. Heterogeneous catalysis is also possible, by anchoring POMs on solid supports.
Both hybrid POMs and TMSPs have been successfully used in this Thesis to implement benchmark oxidative transformations, C-C bond formation and dehalogenation reactions.
The research approach has been based on some key issues, involving the use of: (i) bulk reactants with low environmental impact; (ii) sustainable reaction media (ionic liquids and water); (iii) non conventional activation techniques, such as microwave (MW) irradiation; (iv) alternative reactors, as microchannel reactors.

In the specific, Chapter 2 will summarize the results of the combined use of a hybrid polyoxometalate, ionic liquids and MW-irradiation as an innovative strategy for the immobilization, recycling and activation of an efficient catalytic phase for the epoxidation of olefins with hydrogen peroxide. Both internal and terminal olefins can be epoxidized with yields and selectivities up to 99%. In particular, under MW-irradiation, epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene occurs in minutes, with unprecedented turnover frequencies (TOF > 200 min-1). Moreover, the proposed system is recyclable (quantitative production of cyclooctene epoxide in four consecutive runs) and its miniaturization is also possible, using microreactor technology coupled with continuous flow processing of the reaction mixture.
Chapter 3 will summarize the results of a collaboration with the University of Rome – Tor Vergata. The proposed catalytic system, combining the use of scandium triflate, ionic liquids and MW-irradiation, has resulted, at present, the most efficient protocol in Friedel-Crafts acylation of ferrocene.
Chapter 4 will focus onto different organic transformations, such as C-C bond formation and dehalogenation reactions. Our approach has regarded the synthesis of tailored hybrid multi-metallic catalysts, providing a synergistic interaction between the organic and inorganic frameworks and a fine tuning of the stereo-electronic properties of the resulting complexes, both instrumental to access multi-turnover catalysis. In particular, the covalently bound organic moieties have been accurately designed in order to afford a binding site for palladium. The resulting POM-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) palladium complex has displayed an interesting catalytic activity toward MW-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (also for less reactive aryl chlorides) and dehalogenation reaction.
Chapter 5 will describe a novel catalytic system for H2O2-based oxidations. A new aluminium-substituted POM has been synthesized and fully characterized, and it has displayed an interesting catalytic activity for oxidation of alcohols, olefins and sulfides in acetonitrile (yields and selectivities up to 99%). Changing the POM counteraction can yield water-soluble complexes, displaying high catalytic activity toward cyclohexanol oxidation in water (cyclohexanone yield up to 99%).


Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of action-observation training and task-oriented training on activities of daily living performance of stroke patients. Method : 30 stroke patients hospitalized in D hospital located in Busan and treated were randomly allocated to Action-Observation Training Group and Task-Oriented Training Group in fifteens. To compare activities of daily living performance before and after therapy intervention, Korea-modified Barthel index (K-MBI) was carried out. Result : In both groups, activities of daily living performance of stroke patients before and after therapy intervention showed statistically significant differences (p< .05) and activities of daily living performance between two groups after therapy intervention showed statistically significant differences. Conclusion : It was found that action-observation training and task-oriented training improved activities of daily living performance of stroke patients. It is considered that the application of action-observation training and task-oriented training to clinical occupational therapy will show a positive effect on the improvement of activities of daily living performance.


The recent outbreaks of pea aphid, Illinoia pisi Kalt., in southern California have followed mild winters with low rainfall, which allowed the survival of many viviparous females and their rapid multiplication with the advent of spring. The first growth of alfalfa in infested fields was destroyed, the second growth weakened, and weeds enabled to grow and mature in abundance as a result of the retardation of the alfalfa. The epidemics ended with the coming of hot weather, due to development of insect enemies, failure of food supply and shade, and direct killing effect of heat and low humidity. A number of artificial control methods were tested. Those of practical value were cultural practices for the purpose of eradicating winter alfalfa growth and attendant over wintering aphids in the fields, the use of burning machines, contact sprays or calcium cyanide for newly sprouted alfalfa, and early cutting. Those of no value were brush dragging, the Dudley aphidozer, and cultivation after active growth had commenced in the spring. Introduction of Hippodamia convergens lady-beetles was tried with negative though suggestive results.


Teachers think a lot about transitions- proceduralizing them, cutting them down, making them more efficient. Changing from one thing to another takes time and effort, and the time when students are between tasks or rooms or activities can sometimes feel chaotic. This is often the same kind of energy and upheaval reflected in the life transitions of upper elementary and middle grades students as they live between different contexts, developmental stages, and versions of themselves. Even within the larger journey from youth to adulthood, these 9- to 12-year-olds are classified as "tweens," indicating this transition period between childhood and adolescence. This sense of "betweenness" also characterizes the needs of tween readers. As Lesesne (2006) discusses, students at these ages are at a place "between children's books and young adult novels as reading fare; they are between dependence on parents and educators and self-direction in their lives and their learning" (p. 9). It can be difficult to find engaging texts for students in this age group because tweens will often reject books for younger kids while they may not be developmentally ready for young adult novels (Faris, 2009; Lesesne, 2006).But, of course, tweens are also a diverse group. Or, said another way, not all tweens are "between" the same things. Tweens of color face additional challenges as they learn to navigate life across a range of contexts structured by racism-challenges White children do not have to deal with. Think, for example, of Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old killed by police as he played with a toy gun in a park in front of his home in Cleveland. While much attention has been given to the plight of Black boys, many Black girls also find themselves navigating racism, violence, and criminalization, both in schools (Morris, 2016) and out.These tween years, therefore, become an important time for Black youth to build a racial identity and view of oneself as a Black person. Some developmental theories suggest that during the tween years of preadolescence and early adolescence, Black children's racial development involves a move from their parents' perspectives on race to their own racial self-concept and an authentication of their own beliefs. Cross and FhagenSmith (2001) suggest that Black youth who learn the value of Black culture at this stage are the most likely to develop positive self-concepts related to their Black identity, even as those self-concepts are redefined throughout later adolescence. In this way, tweens of color generally-and Black tweens specifically-can find themselves between various perceptions of themselves as racialized people as well as between their views and others' views on their race. They are in a stage where they learn from those around them but where those lessons can be continually reformulated and revised as they participate in ever-widening social circles.Books can play a role in this continuing development. More than 25 years ago, Rudine Sims Bishop (1990) suggested the importance of texts that function as mirrors for minority children's own identities and windows for all children to learn about lives different from their own. The potential for readers to benefit from such windows and mirrors, however, relies on having titles available that tell stories of diverse children's lives (Bishop, 2007; Hamilton, Anderson, Broaddus, & Young, 2006; Larrick, 1965; Sims, 1982). Unfortunately, diverse stories remain significantly underrepresented in children's book publishing. For example, the Cooperative Children's Book Council (2015) found that only 3% of the books they reviewed in 2012 were about African Americans, thereby limiting what children of other races can learn about the experiences of Black people and the ways that Black children can see themselves represented in the pages of a book.The number of representations of Black girls in books is even more limited. In keeping with scholars like Patricia Hill Collins (2000) and Kimberle Crenshaw (1991), Rountree (2008) acknowledges how African American females are more likely to have to contend with societal struggles relating to the intersectionality of race and gender, and she has analyzed how these overlapping identities are portrayed in young adult literature. …


The cervical spine is the most mobile section of the entire vertebral column. Cervical vertebrae, construct the neck skeleton, support the head allowing the appropriate orientation in all directions. Between the typical axial skeleton and differently built skull we can distinguish occipito-atlanto-axial complex. The maximum discretion of head movement is possible thanks to two highest lying vertebrae which are dissimilar shaped. In the lower part of the cervical spine are vertebrae with similar construction and functional abilities. The seventh vertebra has slightly different anatomy structure. The issues related to the examination of cervical spine range of motion can be applied to clinical tests which are subjective evaluation and research based on objectively collected results using computerized measurement devices.


This study identifies and compares quality perceptions and initiatives between the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) and the Brazilian Prison Service Santa Catarina State (BPS-SC). The two organisations have specific approaches towards quality management. The SPS is involved in a formal quality management programme, whereas in the BPS-SC quality is determined at a more abstract level. In the case of the SPS the impact of the quality management programme on the job structure (design and satisfaction) in different organisational levels, and in organisational control, is analysed in depth. In the case of the BPS-SC, significant structural aspects that determine quality perceptions and initiatives are identified and discussed. The study also considers the influences of the institutional environments in which each organisation operates in the shaping of quality perceptions and initiatives. Four case studies were conducted: two in Scotland and two in Brazil. The research strategy adopted is mostly qualitative, although some basic quantitative analysis is used. The case studies conducted were exploratory and descriptive. Data was collected by means of open-ended interviews, documentary analysis, informal interviews and participation in training sessions. The analysis of the data was conducted on a qualitative basis, and subjected to triangulation techniques. Clustering process techniques for qualitative data were also used in some cases. The results indicate that quality cannot be regarded as an universal concept. Quality definition and initiatives vary among and within organisational groups in the same context, as well as within the same organisational groups in different institutional contexts. In terms of the impact of the introduction of a formal quality programme on the job structure and control process of the SPS, the results demonstrate that quality management can provide a degree of job enrichment and can also contribute to a re-skilling process. Although this contributes to the increase in job satisfaction, the general work


BACKGROUND
Laparoscope-assisted gastrectomy in treating patients with gastric cancers developed with a background of highly invasive traditional surgery and is being increasingly performed in the Asian Pacific area. This study systemically investigated the technique and clinical results for comparison with traditional radical subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancers.

METHODS
Clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness and side effects of laparoscope-assisted gastrectomy in treating patients with gastric cancers were identified using a predefined search strategy. Summary rates of effectiveness and side effects of laparoscope-assisted gastrectomy were calculated.

RESULTS
Thirteen clinical studies which including 1,412 patients with gastric cancer treated by laparoscope-assisted gastrectomy were considered eligible for inclusion. Systemic analysis showed that, for all patients, the pooled resection rate was 100%. Major adverse effects were anastomotic stenosis, abdominal abscess, abdominal bleeding, postoperative ileus. Treatment related death occurred in 0. 71% (10/1412).

CONCLUSION
This systemic analysis suggests that laparoscope-assisted gastrectomy in treating patients with gastric cancers is associated with good curative rate and acceptable complications.


Introduction: Discoid lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with mainly skin manifestations. Squamous cell carcinoma is a complication of discoid lupus on phototype VI and photoprotected area. We are reporting a case. Observation: It was a 52-year-old man, driver for 30 years, phototype VI, received for a budding lesion of the back evolving for 1 year on discoid lupus erythematosus followed for 10 years. On examination, there was a budding swelling with a bleeding surface of 5cm in diameter resting on a discoid lupus lesion in the lumbar region with discoid plates along the spine. Histology showed moderately differentiated tumor cells with volumeincreased nuclei; nucleolated. He benefited from a carcinological excision followed by chemotherapy and was then lost to follow-up. Discussion: Squamous cell carcinomas are rare on discoid lupus erythematous. The factors incriminated would be chronic inflammatory processes, atrophy, depigmentation, UV rays, microtrauma by friction related to the patient's profession. Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinoma on discoid lupus erythematous remains a rare cancer in photo protected areas.


We derive the geodesic equation for relatively Kähler metrics on fibrations and prove that any two such metrics with fibrewise constant scalar curvature are joined by a unique smooth geodesic. We then show convexity of the log‐norm functional for this setting along geodesics, which yields simple proofs of Dervan and Sektnan's uniqueness result for optimal symplectic connections and a boundedness result for the log‐norm functional. Next, we associate to a fibration degeneration a unique geodesic ray defined on a dense open subset. Calculating the limiting slope of the log‐norm functional along a globally defined smooth geodesic ray, we prove that fibrations admitting optimal symplectic connections are polystable with respect to a large class of fibration degenerations that are smooth over the base. We give examples of such degenerations in the case of projectivised vector bundles and isotrivial fibrations.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Regional Original Income, General Allocation Funds, and Special Allocation Funds on Capital Expenditures of the Regency/City Government of East Java Province 2019-2021. This research data uses secondary data obtained through the official website of the Ministry of Finance DJPK. The sample selection technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The number of samples in this study was 102 samples. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, Regional Original Income and General Allocation Funds have an effect on Capital Expenditures. Meanwhile, the Special Allocation Fund has no effect on Capital Expenditures.


A vertical spring-type micromirror was fabricated using a shielding screen structure. Unlike the micromirror that was fabricated using only shadow evaporation, the fabricated vertical springs in this case are well defined, using both shadow evaporation and a shielding screen structure. The static and dynamic characteristics of micromirror are measured by means of contact-free optical measurement system. The downward threshold voltage is 16 V and the step response time is 16.8 /spl mu/s. Images are projected onto a screen using a simple projection system with the fabricated micromirror array.


Disclosed are a method and apparatus for processing a resolution task, and a server. The method comprises: acquiring, from a cache queue of each domain name, an original resolution task of the domain name; generating, according to the original resolution task, combined resolution tasks having different priorities for each domain name, each combined resolution task comprising one or more original resolution tasks; and allocating resolution resources to the combined resolution tasks in an order from high priority to low priority. Because combined resolution tasks are generated according to original resolution tasks of each domain name, embodiments of the present invention reduce the overall quantity of resolution tasks needing to be processed, and different combined resolution tasks have different priorities, such that resolution resources can be allocated according to priorities, and important resolution tasks can be processed preferentially, thereby ensuring the generation progress of a domain name resolution, and guaranteeing that a user can have access to website resources preferentially.


Deformation measurements on man-made structures are important because they provide an independent check on whether or not the structure is exhibiting a safe deformation behavior. These measurements are especially critical for large structures of unusual design. The Olympic Speedskating Oval in Calgary, which is one of the largest concrete frame structures in the world, is such a structure. To measure deformations of the Olympic Oval, special types of survey instrumentation were designed. The instrumentation included a tiltmeter which measured the tilt using the automatic vertical circle compensation of a 1 in. theodolite, precise leveling equipment which measured vertical movement, a dedicated corner cube prism, which was used to measure lateral movement, and permanently installed reflector targets which were used to measure movements of the roof. The instrumentation is described along with the results obtained with the instrumentation, and the use of the results in an analysis in which the measured deformations are combined with a structural finite element analysis, are described.


Although previous research has explored the underlying theory of high-frequency behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and CNT bundles for antennas, there is a gap in the literature for direct experimental measurements of radiation efficiency. These measurements are crucial for any practical application of CNT materials in wireless communication. In this letter, we report a measurement technique to accurately characterize the radiation efficiency of λ/4 monopole antennas made from the CNT thread. We measure the highest absolute values of radiation efficiency for CNT antennas of any type, matching that of copper wire. To capture the weight savings, we propose a specific radiation efficiency metric and show that these CNT antennas exceed copper's performance by over an order of magnitude at 1 GHz and 2.4 GHz. We also report direct experimental observation that, contrary to metals, the radiation efficiency of the CNT thread improves significantly at higher frequencies. These results pave the way for practical a...


This paper travels along the border of different value systems, reading the title story of Munro's latest short story collection Too Much Happiness (2009) as a text about travelling and trading knowledge in 19 th -century Europe. It aims to examine the discourse of displacement, the clash of different value systems and the way in which travel implies both gains and losses. The narrator of Too Much Happiness, Sophia Kovalevsky, a 19 th -century Russian mathematician, goes to Sweden, at that time the only country willing to hire a female professor for their new university. The text is an elliptical historical fiction and a spiritual travelogue. My paper discusses the ways in which Munro's text relates to tropes of home and mobility and deals with the role of silence and gaps, the discourse of absence. It also focuses on a characteristic feature of Munro's storytelling: crossing the borders between history, personal memoir and fiction. th -century Europe; place and memory


Bayesian learning, for our purposes, is about finding the probability distribution that a stochastic mechanism is following. For instance, it is of interest in bioinformatics to learn the distributions of protein torsional angles to better predict new protein structures. The bayesian solution is to characterize the space of possible distributions and to assign subsets prior probabilities, quantifying uncertainty about what the true distribution may be. Observations are incorporated in the model through Bayes' theorem.


The invention discloses a method, system and device for displaying a screen image of a controller on a client side. A digital receiving terminal obtains an image captured through a camera of the controller and compares the image with a current image of the client side, and if the image is same as the current image, the screen image of the controller is obtained and then pushed to the client side to be displayed. Therefore, the controller can indicate the digital receiving terminal to obtain the screen image of the controller from the controller in the mode that the own camera is directed to the client side direction, push the obtained screen image to the client side, and achieve the process that the screen image of the controller is displayed on the client side.


Diffracting Virtual Realities: Towards an anti-theatre of VR offers a short manifesto for a diffracted, critical virtuality and for wider technological and related pedagogic practices, ones which eschew over determination and simplistic empathy rhetoric. The paper, or rather, manifesto, proposes, instead, a deliberately artificial VR, with a purposeful strategy of diffractive observation and commentary. The manifesto analyses a range of theoretical and critical approaches, evidencing their foundation in a power struggle between deterministic ontologies and what Barad frames as Agential Realism (Barad 2017). Agential Realism emerges from the entanglement and contingency of human and non-human relata, from objects and subjects and their performative co-relations, as explained in this manifesto. The manifesto aligns itself with Brecht's critique of empathy, and with a broader critique of humanist individualism. Diffracting Virtual Realities is positioned against the valorisation of individual, psychological representation, and instead argues for structural methods, conducive to systemic change. The manifesto is indebted to Stephen Unwin's book The Complete Brecht Toolkit (2014), from which many pragmatic and theoretical insights have supported the teaching of virtual reality, storytelling and performance against prevailing constructs of individual immersion and empathy.


We discuss the space-time structure for the process of decay of a bubble of hypothetic phase -- disoriented chiral condensate (DCC). The evolution of the initial classical field configuration corresponding to the bubble of DCC is studied both numerically and analytically. The process of decay of this initial configuration depends crucially on selfinteraction of the pionic fields. It is shown that in some cases this selfinteraction leads to the formation of sort of breather solution, formed from pionic fields situated in the center of the initial bubble of DCC. This breather looks like a long-lived source of pionic fields.