This paper presents a comprehensive system architecture which adopts a multi-layer approach and is based on the web-based platform for environmental monitoring data management, ranging from data collection to applications. This architecture is designed in a modular and flexible fashion. As an example of practicality, the second phase Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network (TAQMN-2) has been implemented using the proposed system architecture to justify its feasibility. The overall structure of TAQMN-2 is described, and two major subsystems, data collection manager (DCM) and data access manager (DAM), are illustrated in detail. Taiwan EPA benefited greatly from the results of TAQMN-2, not only in terms of streamlining the air quality data management but also in upgrading work performance on improving the air quality in Taiwan. The usage of proposed architecture is not restricted to air quality data management; it is also suitable for other domains of environmental science with limited tuning, adjustments, or augmentation.


Purpose. Age-‐‐related degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in developed countries. The molecular pathogenesis of early events in AMD is poorly understood. We investigated differential gene expression in samples of human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid from early AMD and control maculas using exon-‐‐based arrays. Methods. Gene expression levels in nine early AMD and nine control human donor eyes were assessed using Affymetrix Human Exon ST 1.0 arrays. Two controls did not pass quality control and were removed. Differentially expressed genes were annotated using DAVID, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed on RPE-‐‐specific and endothelium-‐‐associated gene sets. CFH genotype was also assessed and differential expression was analyzed with respect to high AMD risk (YH/HH) and low AMD risk (YY) genotypes. Results. Seventy-‐‐five genes were identified as differentially expressed (raw p-‐‐value 50% fold change, mean log2 expression level in AMD or control ≥ median of all average gene expression values); however, no genes were significant (adj. p-‐‐value < 0.01) after correction


Bio-manoeuvring-type underwater vehicles (robotic fish) have been developed for needs related to mineral resources, ocean structure maintenance and environmental measurement. These robotic fishes are propelled by 'fin' movement, like fish and other aquatic life. Utilizing the latest dynamic system theory and mechatronics technology, a flexible oscillating fin propulsion system was built to realize flexible movement of fish. Furthermore, advanced autonomous control logic was developed to create a life-like swimming robotic fish capable of three-dimensional autonomous movement without cables.


This paper describes simple physical hydraulic laboratory models that are able to communicate with computer via both the standard USB interface and through converter cards. They show to be appropriate for evaluating different control approaches to linear and nonlinear controllers design and for demonstrating basic control features in both university laboratories as well as via Internet.


A new droplet breakage criterion and a modified model of droplet breakage frequency which account for the effect of dispersed phase viscosity on drop deformation and breakage were presented.By the stochastic approach of Monte Carlo simulation the drop size distribution and Sauter mean diameter d_ 32 in turbulent agitated liquid-liquid dispersions were obtained.The calculated results showed that predicted values of d_ 32 were in better agreement with the experimental ones reported in literature, so the modified droplet breakage frequency model is superior to that proposed by Coulaloglou and Tavlarides in the case of viscous dispersed phases.The calculated results also showed that for viscous dispersed phases the viscosity of dispersed phase would restrict droplet deformation and drop breakage frequency would be decreased considerably.Consequently drop sizes would increase obviously and drop size distributions would also be shifted to the right.


The use of existing measurements of the received signal level (RSL) at existing communication microwave networks (CMLs) for rainfall 2-D mapping has been recently shown to be a powerful tool. While previous contributions have focused on the rain mapping algorithms and their performance, in this paper we discuss their robustness. As the use of the RSL of microwave links as virtual sensors for rainfall monitoring is an unintended one, the signals are not optimized for best sensing conditions, and the signal processing algorithms need to deal with practical problems. Here we focus on the problem of outliers in the RSL measurements, which can be caused by technical failure or other reasons. We analyze the effect of outliers on the standard rain mapping algorithms, showing that the improved algorithm proposed by Goldstein et al. has inherent robustness. Then, we propose to modify it to further improve its robustness and we demonstrate how. The results are demonstrated with real data and simulations.


A downside of producing oil is that it can never be fully recovered. After the end of a well's life span, the residual oil remaining in the reservoir on average can be over 30%. This residual oil can be extracted using enhanced oil recovery techniques, one of which combusts the oil in the formation where the average reservoir temperature can increase to 400⁰C for light oil and over 600⁰C for heavy oils. This method can become a significant catalyst in solving Pakistan's energy need and increasing power production. This paper aims to estimate the thermal energy production by combusting this residual oil using in-situ combustion by air injection technique. The study deals with the well Kahi-01 located in the upper Indus basin having three formations. The main target is the Hangu formation and its three reservoir blocks. This formation is characterized by its high residual oil percentage of 76-85% at depths of about 1691-1741 meters. The results show that the highest thermal energy output among the three reservoirs was 34.6e6 Megajoules. The highest power output from the binary plant was 38.5e4 Kilowatt hour.


With the development of education in professional institutes, some new problems about mathematics teaching appear. To these problems, combining the students' study and the teachers' teaching, this paper puts forward some new views to improve the methods of teaching and make results better.


It is not uncommon for individuals and corporate entities to employ the services of lawyers in recovering debts. A common mode of payment for this professional service is for payment to be based on the amount of debt recovered. This form of payment is not free from disputation. One possible cause of dispute may be the penchant of some litigants to frequently change counsel, which the court in Peterside v. IMB (Nig) Ltd. (1993) 2 NWLR (Pt. 278) 712 at 733D-E highlighted by noting that "in some cases, parties change counsel in the way children change their dress during Christian or Muslim festivals."
This article examines the attitude of Nigerian courts to cases where counsel are debriefed before the recovery of debt but when payment of debt is imminent. This is a contractual gap that counsel and their clients may not anticipate at the time of agreeing payment terms. The article further explores possible remedies open to counsel.


We report the first record of the colonial tunicate Clavelina lepadiformis (Muller, 1776) in the northwest Atlantic. Populations were found along the eastern Connecticut shoreline in October 2009. At one site C. lepadiformis had a mean percent cover of 19.95% (±4.16 S.E.). A regional survey suggests that the invasion is relatively localized. Genetic analysis confirms our morphological identification and places the introduced population in the previously described 'Atlantic clade'. While it appears Clavelina lepadiformis is currently in the incipient stage of introduction in eastern Connecticut waters, its spread to other areas in the region could lead to competition with resident members of shallow water epifaunal assemblages and shellfish species.


INTRODUCTION
Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) of childhood are rare inflammatory disorders, involving various organs and tissues including respiratory system. Pulmonary involvement in patients with CTDs is uncommon but may cause functional impairment. Data on prevalence and type of lung function abnormalities in children with CTDs are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to asses pulmonary functional status in children with newly diagnosed CTD and follow the results after two years of the disease course.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
There were 98 children (mean age: 13 ± 3; 76 girls), treated in Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw and 80 aged-matched, healthy controls (mean age 12.7 ± 2.4; 50 girls) included into the study. Study procedures included medical history, physical examination, chest radiograph and PFT (spirometry and whole body-plethysmography). Then, the assessment of PFT was performed after 24 months.

RESULTS
FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC and MEF50 were significantly lower in CTD as compared to control group, there was no difference in FVC and TLC. The proportion of patients with abnormal lung function was significantly higher in the study group, 41 (42%) vs 9 (11%). 24-months observation didn't reveal progression in lung function impairment.

CONCLUSIONS
Lung function impairment is relatively common in children with CTDs. Although restrictive ventilatory pattern is considered typical feature of lung involvement in CTDs, airflow limitation could also be an initial abnormality.


Associated to any complex Wishart matrix W of parameters (dn, dm) and any linear map φ : Mn(C ) → Mn(C ) is the "block-modified" matrix W̃ = (id ⊗ φ)W . Following some previous work with Nechita, we study here the asymptotic ∗-distribution of W̃ , in the d → ∞ limit, in the case where the modification map φ is "easy", or more generally super-easy, in the quantum algebra/representation theory sense. Under suitable assumptions on φ we obtain in this way a compound free Poisson law. Introduction One of the guiding principles of Random Matrix Theory is that "you can get anything inside a usual random matrix". Indeed, the random matrices are known to encode a bewildering quantity of interesting mathematical and physical phenomena. See [1], [19]. A particularly efficient construction, which leads to a vast and beautiful combinatorial landscape, which has been barely explored so far, consists in looking at the asymptotic distribution of the block-modified Wishart matrices. To be more precise, consider a Wishart matrix W of parameters (dn, dm), with d, n,m ∈ N . Associated to any linear map φ : Mn(C ) → Mn(C ) is then the "block-modified" matrix W̃ = (id ⊗ φ)W , and the problem is that of computing the ∗-distribution of W̃ , in the d→∞ limit. All this goes back to a 2012 paper of Aubrun [3], where the case of the transposition map φ(A) = A was considered. Aubrun's computation, leading to shifted semicircles, was generalized soon after in [8], with a result leading to certain free differences of free Poisson laws. A further generalization, leading to large classes of compound free Poisson laws, covering as well the result of Marchenko-Pastur [18], and some computations from [14], [15] was worked out in [9]. A number of supplementary results on the subject, sometimes obtained in different asymptotic regimes, are now available from [2], [16], [20]. According to the general theory in [9], the 4 "basic" computations, corresponding to results in [8], [14], [15], [18], come from the following 4 diagrams: π1 = [ ◦ • ◦ • ] , π2 = [ ◦ • • ◦ ] , π3 = [ ◦ ◦ • • ] , π4 = [ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ] 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 60B20 (46L54).


In the article the analysis of existing methods for the determination of deformation properties of knitted fabrics. A new method of estimating the deformation characteristics of paintings under biaxial tension and its application to design tight-fitting products.


In the ballast tank of oil tanker and offshore structures, corrosion damage caused by the sea water and fatigue damage occurring by wave-induced forces are induced simultaneously. So the fatigue cracks are often initiated in the members of such structures, even if stress lower than the fatigue limit in the air acts on those in the sea water. In this study, fatigue crack initiation life N sub c of a notched steel plate subjected to pulsating tensile load in the air or sea water was analyzed theoretically by applying Neuber's rule with stress-strain function D proposed by Topper et al as a parameter of damage. Experiments were carried out with notched plate specimens, of which the elastic stress concentration factor K sub t were varied from 1.0 to 6.0, under pulsating tensile loading fatigue test in order to verify the theoretical analysis. The completely reversed strain controlled fatigue test was conducted with a smooth round-bar specimen in consideration of a reversed stress state induced at the notch root under pulsating tensile loading. Results of pulsating tensile loading fatigue test of the notched specimen were in a good agreement with theoretical values evaluated with stress-strain function from completely reversed strain-controlled fatigue test results. The corrosion effect factor K sub c of notched specimen was expressed as an exponential function of corrosion time T sub c corresponding to N sub c irrespective of K sub t value, and the K sub c of smooth specimen was less than that of notched specimen because of the difference of corrosion action.


One-color two-photon excitation spectra of the 7F0→5D0 and 7F0→5D2 transitions of Sm2+ in SrF2 have been measured at low temperature and their dependences upon photon polarization analyzed. Linewidths on the order of 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 cm-1 are obtained for the 7F0→5D0(A1g), 7F0→5D2(Eg), and 7F0→5D2(T2g) Stark components observed at 15 K, respectively. The 7F0→5D0(A1g) transition is observed to be isotropic within experimental error, while the Eg and T2g components of the 7F0→5D2 transition exhibit the anisotropic patterns expected in Oh symmetry. Calculations of two-photon transition intensities are conducted within the framework of the phenomenological model previously used for Sm2+ in MClF (M=Ba,Sr) and Eu3+ in LuPO4, where the rare-earth ion occupies sites of C4v and D2d symmetries, respectively. The present results are compared and contrasted with those obtained in these previous cases.


Objective To explore the parental perception of school-age children's body images and its influence factors among parents of school children in Changsha city,Hunan province,and to provide reference for childhood obesity prevention. Methods A survey with anthropometric measurement(height,w eight) was conducted among 2 224 elementary school students of grade 4-6 in Changsha city in April,2012. Body image was categorized based on the WHO 2007 body mass index(BMI) reference standard. The parental perception of the body image was examined with a questionnaire among the parents of the school children and the influence factors of the perception were analyzed with logistic regression. Results The body image rating scale results show ed that 56. 1% of the parents underestimated their children' s body image size. Multiple-factors logistic regression show ed that the risk factors for underestimating the children's body image was child's big body image(odds ratio [OR]= 35. 763,95% confidence interval [95% CI]= 23. 745-53. 863), w hile the protective factor was female parent(OR = 0. 623,95% CI = 0. 400-0. 969). Residing in the countryside(OR =1. 464,95%CI =1. 090-1. 966),with the child in senior grade(OR =1. 272,95%CI =1. 067-1. 517),and with the child having big body images(OR = 32. 089,95% CI = 16. 810-61. 255) were risk factors for parental underestimation of children's body image,w hile high parental education(OR = 0. 870,95% CI = 0. 773-0. 979) and overw eight or obese of the parents(OR = 0. 578,95% CI = 0. 403-0. 830) were protective factors. Conclusion Parental perception of school children's body image prensents an underestimation trend among the parents in Changsha. We should reinforce the communication and education in the parents to promote the correct evaluation on their children's body images for the control of overw eight and obesity in the school children.


By using laser reduced fluorescence techniques, molecular absorption from the first relaxed excited excimer states of krypton is obtained in the 960--990-nm wavelength range. Five bands are observed and analyzed by comparison with an [ital ab] [ital initio] calculated spectrum. The fine structure is thus evidenced.


On the face of the rapid advances in genome editing technology and greatly expanded knowledge on plant genome and genes, there is a strong demand to develop an effective tool to guide designing crops for higher yields. Here we developed a highly mechanistic model of Whole plAnt Carbon Nitrogen Interaction (WACNI), which predicts crop yield based on major metabolic and biophysical processes in source, sink and transport tissues. WACNI accurately predicted the yield responses of so far reported source, sink and transport related genetic manipulations on rice grain yields. Systematic sensitivity analysis with WACNI was used to classify the source, sink and transport related molecular processes into four categories, i.e. universal yield enhancers, universal yield inhibitors, conditional yield enhancers and weak yield regulators. Simulations using WACNI further show that even without a major change in leaf photosynthetic properties, 54.6% to 73% grain yield increase can be potentially achieved by optimizing these molecular processes during the rice grain filling period while simply combining all the 'superior' molecular modules together cannot achieve the optimal yield level. A common macroscopic feature in all these designed high-yield lines is that they all show 'a sustained and steady growth of grain sink', which might be used as a generic selection criteria in high-yield rice breeding. Overall, WACNI can serve as a tool to facilitate plant source sink interaction research and guide future crops breeding by design. One sentence summary A mechanistic model of source, sink flow model is developed and used to demonstrate that optimization of the whole plant carbon nitrogen metabolism can dramatically increase crop yield potential.


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In this paper, we review POM-based research related to prevention of terrorism. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) terrorist attacks have the potential to be prevented. Consequently, the focus of this paper is on security enhancement and improving the resiliency of a nation to prevent terrorist attacks. Accordingly, we review articles from the 25 top journals, [following procedures developed by Gupta et al. (2016)], in the fields of Production and Operations Management, Operations Research, Management Science and Supply Chain Management. In addition, we searched some selected journals in the fields of Information Sciences, Political Science and Economics. This literature is organized and reviewed under the following seven core capabilities defined by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS): (1) Intelligence and Information Sharing, (2) Planning, (3) Interdiction and Disruption, (4) Screening, Search, and Detection, (5) Forensics and Attribution, (6) Public Information and Warning, and (7) Operational Coordination. We found that POM research on terrorism is primarily driven by the type of information that a defending country and a terrorist have about each other. Game theory is the main technique that is used in most research


Abstract : The proposal by Aircraft Systems Division to acquire a manned aircraft research and support simulation facility is outlined here in a background briefing document for use at a preliminary planning workshop being held in June 1992. It is envisaged that MARSSF will comprise a series of simulator stations with various degrees of fidelity networked together in a simulated tactical environment thus providing flexible, scenario-driven tools for future research, development and support to the ADF.


The purpose of this study examines the effect of financial distress, company age, and good corporate governance on the speed of publication of annual financial statements. This research was focused in the food and beverage companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Samples are determined by non-probability sampling, purposive sampling technique. Sample criteria, the company reports its annual financial statements in a row from 2014 to 2017. The samples were 12 companies with four years of observation. Methods of collecting data with non-participant observation, accessing annual financial reports. The data analysis technique is multiple linear regression. Based on the results, found that financial distress had a negative effect on the speed of publication of annual financial statements. The age of the company does not affect the speed of publication of annual financial statements. Good corporate governance has a positive effect on the speed of publication of annual financial statements.
Keywords: Publication, distress, good corporate governance, age


Kerr cell techniques have been used to obtain spectra at 10.6 μm of the radiation backscattered from a CO2 laser plasma interaction. The spectrum is strongly red‐shifted at high energies, with spectral modulation. These aspects of the backscattering suggest that the scattering is occurring from ion quasimodes produced by the strong coupling of the laser to the plasma.


As the role of the long head of the biceps tendon becomes increasingly recognized as a component of rotator cuff pathology, indications for biceps tenodesis have expanded. Historical techniques of biceps tenodesis often have been tedious, involving keyholes and/or transosseous sutures. We have been using a technically simple technique for biceps tenodesis employing a bioabsorbable interference screw since 1995 with excellent clinical success. This article details that technique.


The subject innovation relates to a housing of a directional coupler, a structure having a protrusion to be parallel in the same direction as the output port of the coupler constituting a coupling port, to facilitate the installation of the feeder line connected to the coupling port and the bending prevention of the feed line to that order a support as an extension to maintain that the coupling line and the electrical properties and to an extension for connecting the coupling port of the directional coupler of the intaglio structure, characterized in that it has a recessed structure, the isolation port fastening part a directional coupler (directional coupler) comprising the support on the Teflon material.


The paper presents the results of a comparison of the statistical properties of ciphers submitted to the Ukrainian competition for a new standard of symmetric block encryption. Also substantiated the hypothesis that small models of symmetric block ciphers repeat prototype properties.


We recorded pattern‐reversal electroretinograms, flash electroretinograms, pattern‐reversal visual evoked potentials, and flash visual evoked potentials in 6 patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and 6 age and sex matched control subjects. The mean amplitude of the pattern‐reversal electroretinogram in the Alzheimer patients was significantly less than that of the control group (p = 0.004). This anomaly of the pattern‐reversal electroretinogram may be a reflection of documented axonal depletion within the optic nerve and the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells seen in Alzheimer's disease. We found Alzheimer patients to have normal pattern‐reversal visual evoked potentials and flash electroretinograms, but a delayed second positive component of the flash visual evoked potential. This combination of findings may be of diagnostic import in Alzheimers disease.


This paper expounds the basic concepts of mobile learning,discusses the developing situation of mobile learning,analyzes the features of mobile library,and introduces some domestic and foreign cases of establishing the mobile library.


Float charging of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries is a complex combination of various electrochemical reactions: internal-oxygen cycle, hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode, corrosion of the positive grid, and also discharge reactions of positive and negative electrodes that can occur in unfavourable circumstances. To derive general rules for temperature compensation, a mathematical model was applied, that describes the effects of float conditions and kinetic cell parameters on electrode potentials and electrode-reaction rates. The required kinetic parameters were determined in meticulous measurements with two quite different types of test cells, one with high, the other one with low oxygen reduction efficiency. The model assumptions were verified by experimental results within reachable accuracy. Optimum float voltage is determined by certain polarisation of positive and negative electrodes. Effects of float voltage and temperature on electrode polarisation were simulated in the range between 0 and 50/spl deg/C.


Allergic disease following quickly after ingestion of a single food has been recognized for centuries, established by Prauznitz and Kiistner, and well handled largely by the patients themselves. IgE antibody levels to causative foods may be raised, but these are usually not needed diagnostically, and a pathogenetic role is not established for them. Slow responses to any combinations of any foods are much more difficult to diagnose, but treatment by antigen avoidance is possible and effective, so it is important. This has been established by double blind placebo-controlled trials in eczema, migraine and behaviour disorder, and the parallel recovery of many other symptoms in the same patients suggests a far wider range of application, which is being studied. Infants with eczema have a wide range of disturbances of immunity, and the disease has apparently been transferred by bone marrow transplant in severe combined immunodeficiency, so the disease is probably an immunopathological one, though the mechanism is unknown. Some eczema is induced by contact agents and some by inhalants; complete avoidance of them, unlike foods, is impossible. With eczema, the case for immunopathogenesis is strong. For some other slow food allergies it is less so, but the combinations of foods causing illness in each individual suggests allergy rather than idiosyncrasy. Diets avoiding single foods, empirical diets, oligoantigenic diets and antigenfree feeding permit diagnosis and treatment but are difficult and dangerous. Exclusive breast feeding will probably reduce the prevalence of such disease, probably partly by antigen-non-specific mechanisms. Drugs which influence the uptake of antigen in the gut (sodium cromoglycat e) or which may have an anti-inflammatory effect in the gut (beclomethasone) also protect the sensitized subject from such diseases.


Optical sensor arrays typically require a large set of chemically responsive colorants to enhance discrimination capability. Conversely, we have proven that by using multiple concentrations of one indicator, the discrimination of various analytes could be realized.


We present a general extension of a field-theoretic approach developed in earlier papers to the calculation of the free energy of symmetrically layered electrolytic systems which is based on the sine–Gordon field theory for the Coulomb gas. The method is to construct the partition function in terms of the Feynman evolution kernel in the Euclidean time variable associated with the coordinate normal to the surfaces defining the layered structure. The theory is applicable to cylindrical systems and its development is motivated by the possibility that a static van der Waals or thermal Casimir force could provide an attractive force stabilizing a dielectric tube formed from a lipid bilayer, an example of which is provided by the t-tubules occurring in certain muscle cells. In this context, we apply the theory to the calculation of the thermal Casimir effect for a dielectric tube of radius R and thickness δ formed from such a membrane in water. In a grand canonical approach we find that the leading contribution to the Casimir energy behaves like −kBTLκC/R which gives rise to an attractive force which tends to contract the tube radius. We find that κC∼0.3 for the case of typical lipid membrane t-tubules. We conclude that except in the case of a very soft membrane this force is insufficient to stabilize such tubes against the bending stress which tends to increase the radius. We briefly discuss the role of the lipid membrane reservoir implicit in the approach and whether its nature in biological systems may possibly lead to a stabilizing mechanism for such lipid tubes.


The method of detecting aberrations associated with a projection lens used in the optical lithography system is provided. The method includes the steps of forming a mask to transfer the lithographic pattern onto the substrate, the method comprising: forming a plurality of non-resolvable features arranged so as to form a predetermined pattern on the substrate, printing a mask on a substrate disposed on the mask to analyze the plurality of positions of non-resolvable features disposed on a position and a mask having a predetermined pattern formed on the step, and the substrate for exposing the mask using an optical exposure tool in a step of determining whether any aberrations. If different from the estimated position when the position of the pattern formed on the substrate is determined from the position of the plurality of non-resolvable features, is displaced from the expected position indicates the presence of an aberration.


Who is a stakeholder? In this paper, stakeholders are defined in terms of who has a stake in an issue instead of who has a stake in a firm, and in so doing introduces the idea of an "issue network." Drawing on concepts familiar to the social movements (sociology) and interest groups (political science) literatures, I argue that members of an issue network can be identified as those with grievances, resources, or opportunities. To illustrate this argument, I consider the issue of land use in the western United States, showing how various environmental organizations might fit into such a land use network. I conclude with the INSPIRE model, which locates my argument in this larger model of stakeholder management currently being constructed in the stakeholder literature. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The Bolshevik collective farm in the Shostkinsk region of the Sumsk district is a large multi-branch enterprise. It has 5,667 hectares of land alloted to it, of which 3,498 hectares is arable land, 1,009 hectares meadows and pastures, 105 hectares orchards and gardens and 440 hectares woods. In 1957 this collective farm had 1,000 head of cattle (including 350 cows), 1,800 pigs, 665 sheep, 1,200 head of poultry and an apiary with 350 swarms of bees, etc. In this social enterprise more than 800 able-bodied farmers are occupied. The basic direction of the economy is grain, hemp and animal breeding.


We present an extensive analysis on the performance of Raman- Parametric cascade configuration in a narrow spaced WDM system. The analysis has been done in terms of Raman and Fiber Optic Parametric (FOPA) pump powers. The number of pumps used for Raman as well as parametric amplifier, their frequency and power are very critical to achievement of flat gain. Focus of this work is optimizing the pump powers. It has been found using single pump FOPA at 27 dBm helps in better FWM generated idler suppression against conventional FOPA power of 33.4 dBm. Using the cascade configuration of Raman-FOPA in 25 GHz, 96 channels L-band system, a maximum gain of 34.9 dB with the gain ripple less than 3.5 dB has been achieved. In terms of average Raman pump to FOPA power ratio of 1.1 gives the optimum signal gain.


Skeleton models are important in facilitating student's easy retention and recollection of information in the future. These may assist students carry out hands-on practice in order to acquire and practice new skills that are relevant to first aid. The increasing number of medical institutions and medical students attracts the challenge of inadequate facilitation of the teaching and learning processes. This warrants a study and/or an exploration of an alternative solution such as wooden models in order to solve the problem of scarce and ethically restricted human teaching aids. Wooden pieces (50cm length x 20cm diameter) from a Jacaranda mimosifolia tree were prepared for the carving process and wooden replicas of human skulls were made. Two experimental groups of randomly selected medical students (60: Active and 60: Control) were separately taught using wooden and natural skull models respectively. The two groups were assessed and evaluated using the natural skull models to compare their understanding of the Anatomy of the skull. Additionally, opinion statements were collected from participants in the active group during the oral examination. Six (6) wooden skull models were produced and used for experimental study. Comparisons of academic scores (mean and median) between Active (students using the wooden skull) and control (students using natural skull) groups showed no statistical significant difference (P ≥ 0.05). Concerning the enhancement of learning skills; the wooden model was constructed in a way that would be able to enhance learning as it would be the natural skull. The wooden skull model, with more improvement in structural formation, can adequately facilitate the teaching and learning of anatomy of the Human skull. This project and the experimental study about utilization of the wooden skull model provides a good potential of using the wooden models to supplement the use of the natural human skull.


The method of 3, 5, 5 - triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) determining biofilms activity was improved, and the problem that the standard curve of determination on TTC - dehydrogenase activity can't be made conveniently and stably was resolved. The factors which influence the determination were studied. The results showed that sodium sulfide as reducer, toluene as TF organic extractant, Tris - HCl as buffer solution, pH 8.6 and 38 degrees C were the best condition on the developed method, and the optimum reaction Lime to cultivate biofilms is 6 h.


Many developing countries exhibit imbalanced spatial development, but corrective policies are hampered by lack of adequate sub-regional development data. Building on the insights of the factor price equalization theorem and by applying measures of spatial autocorrelation on land values, patterns of local development and linkages in the Philippines are traced. Evidence of convergence in provincial and urban land values is found in 1986-2000, although the clustering is more local than global. Thus, greater infrastructure investments and use of land values by local governments as policy guides should be made to facilitate in-country trade and migration, and to disperse growth.


A two-fluid Eulerian-Eulerian model accounting for the contact interactions between obstruction and hummock, stopped before a structure, and ice floes has been developed. In this work the ice cover is considered to behave as a continuous stream of drifting ice surrounded by the water phase. The technique accounts for the «ice-to-ice» interactions. Consequently, a multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is formulated and used for the numerical modeling of the process. The input ice data were obtained from the full-scale observations of the ice conditions in the Piltun-Astokhskoe deposit area during 1989÷2002. Some preliminary results and discussions are presented.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Investment funds became very popular for investors in Croatia in this decade. Special interesting are open-end investment funds, in which investors can invest when they want, how much they want and they can sell their share any time. Open-end investment fund is not limited in the sense of growth and number of investors. This paper analyzes open-end investment funds' assets' change and the market concentration. Concentration will be analyzed using concentration ratios C3 and C5. This should help to make conclusion about the influence of global crisis on investment funds' market and concentration in Croatia


A cutting table includes a cutting surface, an opposing surface, a cutting table outer wall, and one or more slots. The cutting table outer wall extends from the circumference of the opposing surface to the circumference of the cutting surface. The slots extend from a portion of the cutting surface to a portion of the cutting table outer wall. The cutting table is leached to form a thermally stable cutting table. One or more slots are positioned in parallel with at least another slot in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the slots are positioned circumferentially around the cutting surface. In some embodiments, at least one slot is backfilled with a backfilling material to increase heat transfer or impact resistance. In some embodiments, the cutting table is coupled to a substrate to form a cutter. The slots are formed either after or during the formation of the cutting table.


According to the structural features,location and other factors of the rotating auditorium of the Show Impression of Da-Hong-Pao,based on the requirements of"Technical specifications for evaluation of lightning disaster risk"(QX/T 85—2007)and other lightning protection technical standards,the author calculated the risk of loss of human lives and economic loss of"the Show Impression of Da-Hong-Pao"caused due to lightning strike on the rotating auditorium.The author provides some methods and solutions to reduce the audience's life risk and economic losses,which also offer engineer guidelines that future lightning protection solution for the development of similar large-scale outdoor events.


Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the just-in-time (JIT) in-house logistics problem for automotive assembly lines. A point-to-point (P2P) JIT distribution model has been formulated to specify the destination station and parts quantity of each delivery for minimizing line-side inventory levels.

Design/methodology/approach

An exact backtracking procedure integrating with dominance properties is presented to cope with small-scale instances. As for real-world instances, this study develops a modified discrete artificial bee colony (MDABC) metaheuristic. The neighbor search of MDABC is redefined by a novel differential evolution loop and a breadth-first search.

Findings

The backtracking method has efficaciously cut unpromising branches and solved small-scale instances to optimality. Meanwhile, the modifications have enhanced exploitation abilities of the original metaheuristic, and good approximate solutions are obtained for real-world instances. Furthermore, inventory peaks are avoided according to the simulation results which validates the effectiveness of this mathematical model to facilitate an efficient JIT parts supply.

Research limitations/implications

This study is applicable only if the breakdown of transport devices is not considered. The current work has effectively facilitated the P2P JIT logistics scheduling in automotive assembly lines, and it could be modified to tackle similar distribution problems featuring time-varying demands.

Originality/value

Both limited vehicle capacities and no stock-outs constraints are considered, and the combined routing and loading problem is solved satisfactorily for an efficient JIT supply of material in automotive assembly lines.


Establishing winter cover crops may help capture residual N and thus be a valuable tool in efficient N management especially in areas with a predominance of winter precipitation. This study was conducted to determine (i) cover crop accumulation of biomass and aboveground N and (ii) the effectiveness of the cover crops to capture residual N in the fall after harvest of cash crops and prior to onset of winter precipitation. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), fall rye (Secale cereale L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) were planted in monoculture and in mixtures with crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), sole crimson clover and bare control. Cover crops were established in the fall at two different planting dates (late August and September) on a silty clay loam Rego Humic Gleysol. Biomass yield ranged from 0.9 to 2.4 and 2.3 to 4.1 Mega grams (Mg) ha in 1994 and 1995, respectively, for the early planted cover crops with clover producing the 1 least amount of biomass in both years. With the exception of rye and rye-clover treatment, late planted cover crops had insufficient biomass to be harvested in both 1994 and 1995. Dry soil condition at planting significantly affected cover crop establishment and biomass accumulation. Cover crop N concentration ranged from 25.6 to 32.4 and 31.1 to 42.0 g N kg in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Nitrogen accumulation ranged between 1 25.0 to 62.5 and 91.1 to 142.9 kg ha in 1994 and 1995, respectively. August-planted cover crops have a great 1 potential at lowering the amount of fall residual N and hence reduce N leaching during winter. Mixtures performed as well as cereal/grass monocultures in lowering the amount of residual N and are therefore best suited as cover crops for the Fraser river delta than sole legumes, as long as they are planted by late August.


Due to the increasing cost of asphalt binder and also due to environmental considerations, recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) are now being allowed to be added into hot mix asphalt (HMA). Recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) have been incorporated into hot mix asphalt (HMA) with the intent to achieve the potential benefits of cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability without compromising the performance of the HMA. This study investigates the performance of HMA with and without RAS based on the evaluation of field cores drilled from four experimental pavement sections that were constructed in 2009 in King County of Washington State. The performance of the asphalt mixtures and the recovered asphalt binders are evaluated with respect to rutting, fatigue and thermal cracking resistance via laboratory experiments. The test results show that the rutting resistance of the mixtures as well as the recovered binders is improved by the addition of RAS. However, the fatigue and thermal cracking resistance of the mixtures is not significantly affected by the addition of RAS. The field performance survey indicates excellent conditions for all test sections after three years of service.


Objectives: To assess the efficacy of the Bethesda System of Reporting Thyroid Cytology in evaluation of thyroidnodule according to guidelines.Material and Methods: The study was conducted in the departments of histopathology, Khyber Medical College andDepartment of ENT, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 2015 to March 2016. Study design wasprospective, cross sectional. 110 patients were inducted who were referred from different hospitals and clinics. Fineneedle aspiration of the thyroid nodule was done by the cytopathologist. The stained slides were evaluated accordingto guidelines proposed by The Bethesda System of Reporting.Results: In the present study age range was from 18-72 years, mean age was 36.74 years. 87.3% were females and12.7% were males. Majority of patients 52.7% were in age group of 31-50 years mostly presenting with benign lesion.According to Bethesda guidelines thyroid lesions were placed into six diagnostic categories, majority of patients 74.5%were in category 2.Conclusion: Reporting thyroid cytology according to Bethesda guidelines has made it convenient and easy. It hasstandardized the cytology reports improving the communication between laboratories, surgeons, radiologists, cytopathologistand clinicians towards management of patient.


T he implications of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction may be taken for granted in patients undergoing general anesthesia. While patients with TMJ fibrosis and restricted mouth opening can be recognized readily during the preoperative assessment, patients with hypermobility of the TMJ and a history of dislocation may be overlooked. Direct laryngoscopy is a risk factor for anterior dislocation of the TMJ (1); however, patients who undergo manipulation of the upper airway other than laryngoscopy are also at risk, as illustrated by the following case reports.


Gender is under focus in prehistoric archaeology, with traditional binary models being questioned and alternatives formulated. Quantification, however, is generally lacking, and alternative models are rarely tested against the archaeological evidence. In this article, we test the binary hypothesis of gender for prehistoric Central Europe based on a selection of seven published burial sites dating from the Early Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age. Results show that the binary model holds for the majority of individuals, but also supports the existence of non-binary variants. We address such variants as 'minorities' rather than 'exceptions', as only the former can be integrated in interpretive models. However, we also find that quantification is undermined by several sources of error and systematic bias.


H istoric landscapes are those landscapes which have been influenced by post,European settlement history. The identification, assessment and conservation of historic landscapes has traditionally been the role of heritage experts, both in Australia and throughout the world. These experts may represent only a small sector of the population. Yet despite this, it would appear that the broader community is appreciative of those aspects of historic landscapes which are conserved and protected. Often heritage experts are nominated by the broader community. For example, the National Trust of Australia regularly appoints expert panels and committees which represent a cross,section of the community. Although this is a necessary and fundamental procedure to ensure that the significance and value associated with a particular historic landscape is identified and ultimately conserved, it may unintentionally lead to a situation where the broader community's attitudes are not adequately represented or included in the conservation process. The study documented here compared the attitudes of heritage experts and those of the community towards historic landscape conservation.


Our design implements a dynamically merging algorithm,which is implemented under node-crossed and table-crossed paged real-time querying tow ards distributed structed data.Tables in a distributed database are splited into several sub-tables and storage in multiple nodes,data merging is necessary w hile proceeding no matter single-table querying or multi-table querying,our algorithm is designed to solve mid-data merging.Tw o w ay merging is adopted as the merging scenario in order to have the concurrency guaranteed,so that computing load is w ell balanced through all computing nodes;and w e schedule the merging process dynamically instead of determine w hich nodes w ould merge together at the beginning of the task,then the adaptivity of the algorithm w ill be guaranteed,and there w on't be any unnecessary data w aiting caused by fixing the merging stratege.Our experiment result show s that along w ith the increase of the node number,the execution efficiency is obviously higher than single-node-merging and multi-node-merging w ith pre-fixed merging scenario.


Some countries are developing their coastal areas mainly for beach area conservation. This improvement needs to be performed when the beach is eroded and the coastal line is moving toward the onshore area where the settlement and tourism area are located. One of the natural beach protection is applying the artificial beach nourishment. In order to get an optimum design of the stable beach slope, this paper studies the effect of wave period on the slope profile of the artificial sandy beach.


This paper presents an artificial spider-web topology model inspired by the structure and invulnerability of a spider web. A hierarchical clustering routing rule is accordingly established using the vibration transmission features of the natural spider web as a reference. Furthermore, the end-to-end delay is applied as the quantitative indicator of invulnerability for analyzing the communication performance and characteristics of the artificial spider-web topology. The simulation tests of a one-layer and 3-layer artificial spider-web model are implemented to obtain the importance and destructive tolerance of network components based on OPNET, with the change of communication conditions and fault types. This paper can provide a practical analysis method for the invulnerability of the artificial spider-web topology and offer important implications for the construction and maintenance of wireless sensor networks based on the topology.


MELAS is a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy characterized clinically by recurrent stroke‐like episodes, seizures, sensorineural deafness, dementia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and short stature. The majority of patients are heteroplasmic for a mutation (A3243G) in the tRNAleu(UUR) gene in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In cells cultured in vitro, the mutation produces a severe mitochondrial translation defect only when the proportion of mutant mtDNAs exceeds 95% of total mtDNAs. However, most patients are symptomatic well below this threshold, a paradox that remains unexplained. We studied the relationship between the level of heteroplasmy for the mutant mtDNA and the clinical and biochemical abnormalities in a large pedigree that included 8 individuals carrying the A3243G mutation, 4 of whom were asymptomatic. Unexpectedly, we found that brain lactate, a sensitive indicator of oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction, was linearly related to the proportion of mutant mtDNAs in all individuals carrying the mutation, whether they were symptomatic or not. There was no evidence for threshold expression of the metabolic defect. These results suggest that marked tissue‐specific differences may exist in the pathogenic expression of the A3243G mutation and explain why a neurological phenotype can be observed at relatively low levels of heteroplasmy. Ann Neurol 2000;47:179–185.


This document is to describe the theoretical positions and disagreement among neoclassical economists and economists those found in physics much more consistent support for theorizing, to move his field of study to the second law of thermodynamics the law of entropy, to support their arguments in terms of the dissipation of energy and matter in the environment, in order to show that conventional economists to apply the circular pattern-market production-consumption and capital replacement, considered in their model the depletion of natural resources. In this way have been partakers with environmental degradation and pollution. For these reasons it was considered appropriate to note, from a systemic perspective, how is it possible to reconcile the two opposing schools of thought, thinking about the environmental situation as a relationship system / environment. For it was effected, a crawl from the 70s to the concern of international institutions and organizations, and civil society in general, by the search for alternative solutions to address the contemporary environment crisis, considering notions of sustainability and currents created from this category: the strong and weak sustainability. Understanding that the promotion of corporate social and environmental responsibility brought with devices that are directed to observe, monitor, and intervene afford actions impact these organizations to the environment such as: environmental auditing and environmental accounting.


A new micro-probe reflection high-energy electron diffraction technique has been developed for observing micro-structures on crystal surfaces. In this technique, an electron beam of diameter 20 nm at a beam current of 8 nA and a beam angular divergence of 2 mrad has been achieved by using a field emission gun, making it possible to obtain bright, sharp diffraction patterns from surface micro-areas. A diffraction spot on a fluorescent screen is focused on an apperture by an optical lens; and part of the intensity is used as a signal to produce a scanning electron microscope image. This image is very sensitive to changes in surface crystallographic orientation, and can show areas in which the orientation change is of the order of 0.1 mrad. When the technique was used to observe Si(111) surfaces and metal-deposited Si(111) surfaces, image contrasts caused by screw dislocations, atomic steps and domain structures on the surfaces were obtained.


The radiant efficiencies of four gas radiant burners were evaluated using total and spectral radiosity measurements as a function of fuel / air mixture and combustion intensity. Ported ceramic tile (C') and steel flame impingement plate (D) burners, with oxidation-resistant downstream steel screens, showed the highest levels of efficiency (53,9% and 52·1%, respectively). A reticulated ceramic burner (B) showed a moderate maximum efficiency (39·4%), and a metal fiber burner (A, without a downstream screen) showed the lowest maximum efficiency (28·4%). At combustion intensities above 250 kW/ m2, burner D exceeded burner C in efficiency, and maintained a close approach to the theoretical maximum efficiency. Design of high-efficiency burners required a combustion product flow pattern around solid surfaces which caused extraction of sensible heat until gas and solid temperatures approached. For burner D, surface temperatures measured by optical means compared sensibly with those from a thermocouple, while gray...


seshadri and Mehmet Yorukoglu have argued that married women could not enter the labor force in large numbers until housework had become less time-consuming. specifically, the authors focused on widespread adoption of advanced technology—e.g., washing machines, vacuums and dishwashers—that greatly reduced the time needed for housework. Greenwood, seshadri and Yorukoglu imagined a household made up of a male who always works in the labor market and a female who always does the housework. the couple decides whether the woman also should work outside the home. the authors then determined the effects on women's lFp of technological adoption, of the decreasing gap between men's and women's wages, of the interaction of technology and wages, and of the falling price of technology (which spurs widespread adoption). they found that more than half of the increase in women's lFp was due to labor-saving technology. only one-fifth of the increase was directly due to the declining gender-wage gap, while the remainder was caused by the interaction of the two variables. these results show that the technology was necessary to free women's time before a better outside option could encourage them to join the labor force.


Mathematical problems that contain a common condition and an ordered list of tasks are traditionally called cascade problems. Problems of this type are extremely popular during teaching of mathematics. At the same time, they can be used both in the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities (competencies) of students, and to assess their academic achievements. In the paper we give a thorough theoretical analysis of possible types of cascade problems, describe methodology and provide examples of their applications on different stages of studying mathematics at school, in particular, during the final attestation of graduates. According to our statistical survey of mathematics teachers in Ukraine and Republic of Moldova, we clarify their attitude to problems of cascade type, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using such problems. It is shown that the use of cascading problems in the school course of mathematics contributes to the adequate formation of important competencies of students in their learning process.


The Introduction Programme 2012 welcomes about 1000 new internationalstudents who follow anobligatory programme. Throughout a week of project work students make an acculturation plan and get familiarized with the Delft study method and working in multicultural groups.

The Guardian Angel Project is a Dutch student whos aim is to help new international students break language barrier and to get familiarized with the Dutch culture.
The results of our project are: a vocabulary booklet, a friendly Dutch mate and a play


This experimental study has been conducted to scrutinize the effects of an ultrasonic standing wave (USW) on the propagating velocity and structure of methane/air premixed flame. Propagating flame was caught by high-speed Schlieren photography, and the variation of flame-behavior was analyzed in detail. It is revealed that horizontal splitting in burnt zone is resulted by the USW, and the flame propagation velocity is augmented due to the strengthened chemical reaction. Evolutionary feature of the flame perturbed by USW, maintaining a pseudo-symmetry of top and bottom flame-front about the propagation axis tends to be free from buoyancy effect.


Darjeeling Himalaya is the Northern most district of West Bengal that covers the hills and mountains that includes the alpine zone in Sandakphu and Phalut to the foothills in Terai at Siliguri with vast stretches of the plains. This region is a home for number of orchid species including number of Bulbophyllum species. In the present investigation, 36 species of Bulbophyllum were found to occur in Darjeeling Himalaya. Of these all were epiphytic except B. odoratissimum Lindl. which was epiphytic and lithophytic. These species flower from April to August to December to January. They were found at 200m at Sevoke forest near Siliguri (B. crassipes Hook. f.) to as high as 2800m at Rachela forest (B. yoksunense J.J. Smith) and at 2700m at Lava range of forest (B. reptans Lindl.). There is no report by earlier workers on ecological status of Bulbophyllum from Darjeeling Himalaya. In the present investigation current ecological status of these species from Darjeeling Himalaya was taken and the following conclusions were drawn. Out of 36 species found in Darjeeling Himalaya, 8 species were common, 8 were sparse, 3 were frequent, 9 rare, 6 threatened and 2 endangered.


The surface of bisphenol-A-polycarbonate (BAPC) showing a stable amorphous state can be crystallized by the "vapor transportation method". Crystallized BAPC was employed as the novel simple storage medium and bit patternswere recorded on its surface by laser irradiation.


Multiphoton tomography with the clinical femtosecond laser system DermaInspect has become an important non-invasive high resolution imaging tool for skin research, melanoma detection, and in situ drug monitoring of pharmaceutical and cosmetical components. The detection of endogenous fluorophores and SHG active biostructures such as mitochondrial NAD(P)H, melanin in melancytes and basal cells, as well as the extracellular matrix components elastin and collagen is achieved with submicron resolution when using high NA focusing optics. So far, the working distance was limited to 200 µm. In addition, the focusing optics was large in diameter (2-3 cm). Here we report for the first time on clinical deep-tissue high-resolution imaging with a novel high NA rigid GRIN microendoscope which extends the potential of clinical multiphoton tomography significantly. We performed the very first clinical in vivo measurements with two-photon endoscopes and studied wounds of patients with ulcus cruris.


Technological developments in computers, microwave devices and CAD microwave software make it mandatory to review traditional courses involved in teaching microwave engineering and at the same time offers the opportunity to develop new courses which could not be taught in a reasonable manner without those advances. In this paper we describe the development of a new course in the microwave engineering program that we have made at Grenoble Polytechnic National Institute to take advantage of the availability of powerful CAD microwave software.


This article describes the development and use of Background Oriented Schlieren on a full-scale supersonic jet in flight. A series of flight tests was performed in October, 2014 and February 2015 using the flora of the desert floor in the Supersonic Flight Corridor on the Edwards Air Force Base as a background. Flight planning was designed based on the camera resolution, the mean size and color of the predominant plants, and the navigation and coordination of two aircraft. Software used to process the image data was improved with additional utilities. The planning proved to be effective and the vast majority of the passes of the target aircraft were successfully recorded. Results were obtained that are the most detailed schlieren imagery of an aircraft in flight to date.


The first results of the multidisciplinary expedition onboard research vessel Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov in the Barents Sea in August-September 2018 are given. On 41 stations the hydrophysical sounding was carried out, sampling of the bottom sediments was done using both grab and gravity corer. As a result of geophysical investigations the areas with the signs of modern dangerous natural processes were identified. Four seismic bottom stations were installed in the Pechora Sea.


Dear editor

We read with great interest the case report concerning a patient with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) reported by Manzon et al.1 In this report, they describe BRONJ complicated by a temporal abscess in an elderly woman with rheumatoid arthritis. We congratulate Manzon et al on their successful treatment of this patient. They briefly discussed the evidence for the relationship between bisphosphonate therapy and BRONJ, and the effects of co-occurring factors, such as rheumatoid arthritis, dental surgery, and concomitant corticosteroid therapy.

We would also like to add our experience of treating pain in a patient with BRONJ. A 71-year-old woman weighing 50 kg was referred to our hospital in February 2015 with difficulty opening her mouth, trismus, fever, headache, and severe pain. The patient's past medical history was relevant for rheumatoid arthritis, treated from 1995 with methotrexate, leflunomide, daily oral calcium, and vitamin D3 for 20 years and oral prednisone 0.1 mg/kg was added for the last 10 years. After a vertebral fracture caused by severe osteoporosis, the patient started treatment with alendronate sodium 10 mg daily in tablet form.

In March 2014, the patient underwent a lower right first molar extraction following development of an abscess. The patient had a noticeable right-sided mandibular abscess with a right-sided soft temporal swelling and redness, and severe pain on mouth opening. Oral examination revealed an abscess in the posterior mandible, in the area of the recent extraction, with pus leaking from the previous surgical site. Infection and swelling was extending distally to the lower right first molar.

We examined the patient and detected no laboratory abnormalities in liver and kidney function. She reported that her pain persisted throughout the day and that she was unable to eat due to pain. We ordered paracetamol 10 mg/kg intravenous and tramadol 1 mg/kg intravenously, four times daily. At the end of the 1st day, her pain resolved and she was able to return to her daily routines.

The etiopathogenic mechanism of BRONJ remains unclear, and no universally accepted therapeutic protocol is known to eradicate it; however, the treatment goal should be focused on eliminating pain and preventing progression to bone infection and necrosis.2 Rheumatoid arthritis is considered an important contributing factor for BRONJ, even though the relationship between the two diseases is not yet fully understood. Bone tissue damage and bone loss are typical features of rheumatoid arthritis.3 Osteonecrosis may develop for local or multifocal reasons. Malnutrition and general malaise can be found due to pain in elderly patients with BRONJ. These patients must be carefully evaluated, and weak narcotics like tramadol can be used safely.


This research makes experimental surveys on the deaf- and- du mb children through SCL- 90 in the deaf- mutes school. According to the statist ics, the elements of enforcement, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety are much superior to the National Standard; the elements of hostility and crank iness are conspicuously different from the National Standard.


Women who experience depression during pregnancy are at excess risk for obstetric and psychiatric complications. Pharmacologic management of depression requires careful exploration of the risks and benefits; and whether adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with some antidepressants are related to the agents or to the underlying maternal condition is unknown. Researchers used national birth and pharmacy registries …


The precise autonomous localization of the robot is one of the fundamental challenges in multi-robots systems. For this problem, we propose a UKF algorithm, which incorporates the static game theory for the cooperative localization. The static game theory can effectively eliminate the information conflicts among robots and the UKF algorithm has better localization accuracy than the traditional EKF algorithms. Finally, a simulation example shows that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the traditional EKF algorithm.


Public and professional perceptions of the prevalence of child sexual abuse have been influenced by studies which use vague and inconsistent definitions of abuse including non‐contact behaviours. Overestimates of the prevalence of child sexual abuse, like that of other social problems, have been used as a form of "claims making" in order to place this previously unrecognised problem on the political and social agenda. However, there are risks associated with such a strategy. One of these is that if the prevalence of child sexual abuse is seen to have been exaggerated, those advocating for the needs of sexually abused children may be discredited and the seriousness of the problem minimised. Another risk is that professionals may overdiagnose cases of child sexual abuse, with serious consequences for both children and their families.


We propose an efficient construction algorithm of the wavelet network which is proposed by one of the authors in 1994(1). The proposed algorithm is based on an adoption of only significant wavelet bases, and then the proposed algorithm can make the network size very small and the learning speed very fast com paring with the conventional one. The validity and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are verified by applying it to approximation of one-dimensional functions and classification of a two-dimensional spiral data.


This paper presents a new formulation of the problem of motion estimation which attempts to give solutions to classical problems in the field, such as detection of motion discontinuities and insufficiency of the optical flow constraint in areas with low intensity variation. An initial intensity segmentation phase partitions each frame into patches so that areas with low intensity variation are guaranteed to belong to the same patch. A parametric model is assumedto describe the motion of each patch. Regularization in the motion parameter space provides the additional constraints for patches where the intensity variation is insufficient to constrain the estimation of the motion parameters and smooths the corresponding motion field. In orderto preserve motion discontinuities we use robust functions as a regularization mean. Experimental results show that the proposed method deals successfully with motions large in magnitude, motion discontinuities and produces accurate piecewise smooth motion fields.


Static press molding method on graded gravel are not basically matched with the actual vibration rolling graded gravel base, the test results in the physical and mechanical properties of the graded gravel are unrevealed essentially. By comparison with the strengths of indoor test specimens and site construction core specimens, verify the correlation between vibration test method and the site actual effect is stronger. Based on the conclusions above, research the physical and mechanical properties changing laws of graded gravel and their influencing factors on the basis of variation method. Study results indicates that in condition of the specimen compaction degree is 97∼99%, it is increased by 1% will lead graded gravel's compressive strength in average increased by 19% and rebound modulus in average increased by 16%; And compared with the optimal water content, the specimens' internal water content when drying to half of the optimal, the compressive strength, rebound modulus and the CBR are respectively in average increased by 28%, 13% and 10%; the specimens' internal water content when drying to 0%, the compressive strength, rebound modulus and the CBR are respectively in average increased by 95%, 25% and 14%. Therefore, the research achievements can be referenced in design and construction of graded gravel.


The article detailedly describes and analyzes Xichang Sichuan dialect "yi xia", shows pragmatic cases of Xichang dialect " yi xia " as quantity phrase and adverb.


The black shank disease caused by the Phytophthora nicotianae fungus, is one of the main disease that still affects tobacco cultivation in different areas of the world, in which loss of UDS 18 908 000 have been reported. Cuba is also involved in this problem, and from the beginning of this last century, this is a vital problem for tobaccois agriculture. In order to avoid the risk of epidemics with their consistent economic lost, different studies about control alternatives were done that could allow establish a management of the disease, and diminish the risk of epidemics mainly in the seedbeds. A simple method, using tobacco leafs to the detection and quantification of the pathogen in soil was made. The role of the biotic and abiotic factors in the development of the epidemics was determined. The effectiveness of the different control methods was studied, such as field selection, solarization, crop rotation, the use of Trichoderma harzianum according to the level of soil infestation and Glomus spp. It was determined that the selection of areas for the seedbeds, and the crops rotation, contributed to reduce the affectation in the cultivation. Soil solarization for 30 days and the use of Glomus spp. were efficient to control the disease. The bait method was optimal to quantificate the soil infestation level before culture began, and to establish strategies in which the use of Trichoderma and fungicides applications were included. These results have allowed to establish the management of the disease, the reduction of the risk of epidemics, and lost in cultivation.


swidden agriculture in northern Laos uses personal, accessible language, writing from the viewpoint of one who has worked the land himself and trained as a Kammu shaman. Tayanin describes traditional agricultural practices from his home village, including landholding patterns, inheritance arrangements and links between the Kammu calendar and the field fallow cycle. In addition to the contributions directly concerning Southeast Asia, Ole Bruun discusses fengshui or geomancy and other Chinese concepts while Brian Moeran's Japanese advertising nature — ecology, women, fashion and art, describes aspects of Japanese popular culture which are beginning to impinge on the urban marketplace of Southeast Asian cities. A further group of essays concerns more theoretical issues ranging from the sociology of knowledge about nature (Poul Pedersen), the writings of Levi-Strauss on the perceived nature-culture dichotomy (Roland Anrup) and a crosscultural analysis of semantic problems in debating "nature" and "culture" (Anders Hjort af Ornas and Uno Svedin). Like many collections of papers, Asian Perceptions of Nature has uneven coverage. The papers are a mixture of synthesis, theoretical discussion and analysis of primary material from a number of inter-related disciplines. The coherence of the volume might have been improved by altering the sequence of the papers to group thematically related papers, but this is a minor shortcoming. The editors' introduction provides summaries of each essay and offers a framework for the topics under consideration, but there is little cross-referencing between the papers and little indication that the contributions were revised after the workshop. The text itself has only a few minor editorial flaws, but the reproduction of the hand-drawn figures is poor and their clarity would have been considerably improved had they been redrawn. Despite the problems associated with edited collections, Asian Perceptions of Nature serves its stated purpose, which is to initiate debate, and it succeeds in raising more issues than it answers. The editors' opening comments note that perceptions of nature are fundamental to a society's management of natural resources, but only some of the contributors integrate the theoretical, philosophical and historical perspectives with the contemporary policy-making frameworks. Perhaps implications for resource management will have a higher profile in future publications from the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.


of the Problem in 1948 THE NECESSITY FOR investigating the uranium content of the urine of atomic energy workers was considered as early as April, 1947. The fate of absorbed uranium had been widely investigated by animal experiment during the Second World War and it was known that, so far as chemtoxicity was concerned, the kidney was the main organ at risk. Thus, although there was a spate of information derived from animal experiments, there was only limited knowledge relative to man. It was therefore decided to commence an investigation entailing the collection of urine samples from employees exposed to uranium compounds in an attempt 1. to recognize and treat early 'any kidney damage, and correlate such damage with the level of excretion, 2. to collect data of individual and group excretion, 3. to correlate such data with occupation, and 4. to correlate such data with known concentrations of airborne dust.


Opinion mining and sentiment analysis has recently attracting many studies in the field of text mining and knowledge discovery. Its task is to identify and analyze subjective information of customers' opinion from social media sources in the Web. The two kinds of objects of this study are products and product's aspects which are given in reviews from sources such as social networks, merchant sites, blogs, forums. This paper focuses on determining the important degree of aspects given a set of reviews. Suppose that each given review is assigned with aspects' ratings and overall rating. Under our opinion, the overall rating of a review is derived from its aspect ratings. This observation inspires us to formulate these factors in a neural network. This proposed model can generate the weights for aspects which reflect aspects' important degrees. Doing experiment for this model, we use a dataset of 397528 reviews of 2558 hotels which are collected from an well known tourist website - tripadvisor.com. Five common aspects are used include "cleanliness", "location", "service", "room" and "value". The obtained experimental result shows that our proposed method outperforms some well known studies for the same problem such as the probabilistic rating regression method or the frequency-based method.


This article discusses relevant information on teaching and learning scenario during the pandemic of COVID-19 which has resulted in the application of new norms in our daily lives especially in educational field. This research focuses on the issue of fear of COVID-19 and readiness towards online learning among 386 undergraduates in Northern peninsular of Malaysia. The longitudinal approach applied to this study when the data was collected two times to avoid common method bias issue. The descriptive analysis implemented to measure the level of fear and the level of readiness. Then the correctional analysis was applied to measure the relationship between psychological aspect namely fear of Covid 19 and readiness towards online learning during pandemic. The finding showed the negative correlation between both aspects. The undergraduate students are fearful of the deadly virus and its infection and are ready to use online learning as an alternative to face-to-face meeting. Even though full online learning is still in its early stage of implementation in Malaysia education system. This study provides the insights that are positive in relation to the use online platform in sharing of knowledge and proposes some aspects to be considered while implementing online learning in higher education.


Objective To investigate the role and the effect of epidermal growth factor(EGF) on the secretion of prolactin in the course of formation of pituitary prolactioma induced by diethylstilbestrol. Methods The pituitary prolactinoma was induced by implanting subcutaneous diethylstibestrol in ovariectomised Wistar rats. Adenohypophysis was weighted, and prolactin levels in serum and primary cultured hyperplasia adenohypophysis cells of rat were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results Both adenohypohysis weights and levels of serum prolaction in prolactinoma rat were obviously higher than those in control group. EGF enhanced the secretion of prolactin in primary cultured adenohypophysis cells of normal rats but had no influence over prolaction secretion in diethylstilbestrol induced prolactinoma cells in vitro.Conclusion EGF had no significant influence over prolactin secretion in Diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactinoma cells, the reaction of prolactinoma cells to EGF was declined.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect on the relative bioavailability (Fr) of a staggered single dose of ciprofloxacin given two hours after a morning dose of calcium carbonate given three times daily over the three previous days. DESIGN: Thirteen male volunteers participated in this randomized, nonblinded, crossover investigation; 12 subjects were included in the final analysis. SETTING: Data collection and ciprofloxacin administration occurred at Albany Medical Center, a tertiary-care teaching institution. Calcium carbonate administration was on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: For 12 volunteers, the mean ± SD Fr of ciprofloxacin staggered with calcium was 0.87 ± 0.23 (noncompartmental model) and 0.98 ± 0.27 (compartmental model). Other statistically significant findings were a decrease in the time to maximum concentration of ciprofloxacin staggered with calcium in serum compared with ciprofloxacin alone (from 1.76 ± 0.54 to 1.23 ± 0.52 h in the noncompartmental model; p<0.05), and a decrease in the same parameter (from 1.92 ± 0.96 to 0.77 ± 0.53 in the compartmental model; p<0.005). Maximum concentration of ciprofloxacin staggered with calcium was decreased in the noncompartmental model compared with ciprofloxacin alone (from 2.11 ± 0.72 to 1.60 ± 0.33, respectively; p<0.05). The elimination half-life and area under the concentration-time curve of ciprofloxacin were not significantly altered. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated doses of calcium carbonate, administered two hours before ciprofloxacin, did not significantly alter the Fr of this fluoroquinolone.


Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent, highly pruritic immune-mediated inflammatory disease, with an unmet need for additional effective therapies. Results from phase IIb and phase III clinical trials demonstrated that upadacitinib (UPA) was efficacious with a favourable benefit-risk profile vs. placebo (PBO) in the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD. Here, we analyse the efficacy and safety of UPA in adolescent and adult subgroups using data from three phase III studies. Data from three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase III studies [Measure Up 1 (NCT03569293), Measure Up 2 (NCT03607422) and AD Up (NCT03568318)] were used to assess the efficacy and safety of UPA in adolescents and adults. Across the three studies, adolescents (aged 12 to < 18years) and adults (aged 18-75years) with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized 1: 1: 1 to UPA 15mg (UPA15), UPA 30mg (UPA30) or PBO orally once daily, either alone (Measure Up 1 and Measure Up 2) or with concomitant topical corticosteroids (AD Up). This analysis includes prespecified efficacy endpoints in adolescents and adults at week 16: achievement of 75% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI-75), validated Investigator's Global Assessment-Atopic Dermatitis score of clear or almost clear (vIGA-AD 0/1), Worst Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale (WP-NRS) improvement of ≥ 4, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) or Children's DLQI score of 0 or 1 (DLQI 0/1 or CDLQI 0/1), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-Anxiety (HADS-A) < 8 and HADS-Depression (HADS-D) < 8. The primary approach for evaluating categorical endpoints was NRI-C (nonresponder imputation incorporating multiple imputation to handle missing data due to COVID-19). Safety was assessed as treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) in all patients who received ≥ 1 dose of study drug and analysed as an integrated dataset for all three studies. In total, 124, 104 and 116 adolescents plus 723, 732 and 785 adults were randomized and treated in Measure Up 1, Measure Up 2 and AD Up, respectively. EASI-75 response rates at week 16 across adolescent and adult subgroups for both doses of UPA were consistent with the overall study population results;treatment with UPA30 yielded numerically better results than with UPA15. Most patients in both subgroups achieved EASI-75 with UPA15 (> 55%), and numerically greater proportions of patients achieved EASI-75 for UPA30 (> 72%), with response rates for both UPA doses demonstrating significantly better efficacy than PBO (≥ 30%). vIGA-AD 0/1 was achieved by > 38% and > 50% of patients receiving UPA15 and UPA30, respectively, in both subgroups, with response rates for both UPA doses demonstrating significantly better efficacy than PBO (< 12%). A WP-NRS improvement of ≥ 4 was achieved by > 33% of adolescents and > 42% of adults receiving UPA15 vs. > 50% of adolescents and > 60% of adults receiving UPA30, with response rates for both UPA doses demonstrating significantly better efficacy than PBO (< 16%). CDLQI 0/1 was achieved by > 13% (UPA15) and ≥ 19% (UPA30) of adolescents aged 12 to <16years, while DLQI 0/1 was achieved by ≥ 0% (UPA15) and ≥ 27% (UPA30) of adolescents aged 16 to <18years;most adolescent rates for DLQI 0/1 and CDLQI 0/1 were not significantly greater than PBO. In the adult subgroup, DLQI 0/1 was achieved by > 24% and > 37% receiving UPA15 and UPA30, respectively, both significantly greater than PBO. Achievement of HADS-A<8 and HADS-D<8 was comparable for adolescents and adults, with response rates for both UPA doses being significantly higher than PBO: ≥ 40% for UPA15 and > 41% for UPA30 in both subgroups. Rates of serious AEs and AEs leading to discontinuation were generally similar across treatment groups for both adolescents and adults. Rates of acne-the most common AE-were higher with UPA than PBO, and similar for adolescents and adults. Serious infections were reported infrequently (< 1%) with UPA in both adolescents and adults. Opportunistic infections were reported in < 1% of adults, with n ne in adolescents. Rates of herpes zoster virus infection were higher with UPA than PBO in both adolescents and adults. No adjudicated gastrointestinal perforation, major adverse cardiovascular events or venous thromboembolic events were reported in the UPA groups. No malignancies were reported in adolescents. Adolescent and adult responses to UPA15 and UPA30 treatment were consistent across clinical, quality-of-life and patient-reported outcome assessments, with similar and acceptable safety in both populations.


In May 2011 the Australian Transport Council decided to amend the rule used to count driver work and rest hours in the Heavy Vehicle Driver Fatigue National Model Legislation to ensure the rule was applied consistently in the four model law states. In some states, transport departments and police expressed concern that the agreed rule could give rise to a lresidual fatigue riskr when a driver works extended shifts either side of a seven-hour break. The NTC commissioned a number of fatigue experts to provide advice on whether there is a residual fatigue risk associated with the rule. The NTC held a workshop with industry and governments to discuss the expert advice and next steps. This report explains the steps taken to date to assess the nature and extent of the residual risk. While stakeholders could not agree on the extent of lresidual fatigue riskr associated with the agreed counting time rule, the report proposes a recommendation to undertake a data collection project to further inform future fatigue policy.


While gearing into the rule-of-law modern spirit,Chinese traditional culture in law has found itself in a predicament,which resulted from stressing government-by-law over rule-of-law,the collective over the individual,compromise over conflict,tolerance over punishment,etc.these characteristics that have long been affecting people's thoughts and conception,against modern rule-oflaw spirit.Neither transplanting western laws nor generating from local culture and resource is a good solution.This paper suggests the following approaches: fostering modern legal consciousness to get rid of the concept of "rule by men" and forming democracy and equality to enhance a genuine "rule-of-law";building a citizen society to vitalize contract spirit;and propelling the reform of judiciaries and its modernization,by improving modern rule-of-law in the link of legislation.Through above measures,modern rule-of-law with Chinese characteristics can be strengthened and carried forward.


Envelope tracking (ET) applications demand high tracking bandwidth and high efficiency using a DC-DC converter. Design based on small-signal models using fixed frequency digital pulse width modulator (DPWM) often results in limited closed-loop bandwidth. This paper proposes a mixed-signal hysteresis current control (MSHCC) in a DC-DC buck converter with an analog current-loop and a digital voltage controller Gc(z). This achieves robust stability and parameter insensitive current ripple by sampling the output voltage at the rising edge of high side gate signal. A fixed-gain power amplifier driven by a buck converter can be assumed to be a constant resistive load. Thus the load current information is directly obtained from the reference command, which further improves the tracking performance. The real-time tuning of Gc(z) using the proposed MSHCC achieves fast recovery with an inherent current limiting, and the use of the internal model control (IMC) further minimizes the tracking error. A fixed frequency operation can be achieved through a real-time band adaptation. The proposed controller is implemented using an FPGA device.


Background: Endocrine therapy(ET) plus CDK4/6 inhibitor (i) is the mainstay for the management of estrogenreceptor-positive (ER+)/HER2- mBC. However, most patients (pts) with ER+ mBCeventually experience disease progression, including development of ESR1mutations (mESR1). Elacestrant, an oral SERD, demonstrated preclinical activity,and clinical activity in a phase 1 trial in ER+ mBC, including responses in ptswith prior fulvestrant, CDK4/6i, and mESR1tumors (Bardia JCO 2021).. Methods: EMERALD(NCT03778931), a multicenter, international, randomized, open-label, controlledphase 3 trial, enrolled postmenopausal pts with ER+/HER2- mBC who had received 1-2prior lines of ET and ≤1 line of chemotherapy in the mBC setting and had prior progressionon a ET plus CDK4/6i. Pts were randomized 1:1 to elacestrant (400 mg orallydaily) or standard of care (SOC; investigator's choice of fulvestrant or anaromatase inhibitor). Stratification factors included mESR1 status (by central lab), priorfulvestrant exposure, and presence of visceral disease. The study had 2 primary endpoints of progression-free survival (PFS), by blindedindependent review committee, in pts withtumors harboring mESR1 and in all pts (mESR1 or mESR1 notdetected). Secondary endpoints included: overall survival (OS), safety, tolerability,and quality of life. An alpha-value of 0.0475 was used to determine statisticalsignificance (2-sided using the truncated Hochberg procedure).. Results: EMERALD enrolled 477 pts(228 with mESR1) between Feb 2019 - Oct 2020, with 239 pts randomized toreceive elacestrant vs 238 pts to SOC. Demographics and disease characteristicswere well-balanced across treatment arms [median age: 63 yrs vs 63.5 yrs; 2prior lines: 46% vs 40.8%; prior CDK4/6i: 100% in both arms]. The study met bothprimary endpoints. There was a 30% reduction in the risk of progression ordeath in the elacestrant arm in all pts (HR=0.697 [95% CI: 0.552, 0.88]; P=0.0018),and a 45% (HR=0.546 [95% CI: 0.387, 0.768]; P=0.0005) reduction in therisk of progression or death in pts with mESR1.For both endpoints, results in key prespecified subgroups, including visceral metastases,number of prior lines of therapy, pretreatment with fulvestrant, and geographicalregion, were consistent with the overall outcome. The PFS rate at 12 months was 22.32% (95% CI: 15.24%, 29.40%)with elacestrant vs 9.42% (95% CI: 4.02%, 14.81%) with SOC in all pts, and26.76% (95% CI: 16.17%, 37.36%) vs 8.19% (95% CI: 1.26%, 15.12%) in the mESR1 subgroup. The prespecified interim OS analysis plannedat the time of the final PFS analysis (allocated2-sided alpha level of 0.0001) demonstrated a trend in favor of elacestrant inall pts (HR=0.751 [95% CI: 0.542, 1.038]; P=0.0821) and in pts with mESR1(HR=0.592 [95% CI: 0.361, 0.958]; P=0.0325). The final OS analysisis expected next year. Common (>10%) treatment-related adverse events (AEs) withelacestrant vs SOC included: nausea (25.3% vs 8.7%), vomiting (11% vs 2.6%), and fatigue (11% vs 7.9%), mostlygrade 1/2. Treatment-emergent AEs leading to discontinuation of elacestrant orSOC were infrequent in both arms (6.3% and 4.4%). Grade ≥3 treatment-relatedAEs in the elacestrant arm vs SOC were 7.2% vs 3.1%, mainly driven by nausea(2.1% vs 0.9%). There were no treatment-related deaths in either group.. Conclusions:Elacestrant is the first oral SERD to demonstrate a statistically significantand clinically meaningful improvement of PFS vs SOC in a randomized phase 3study in pts with ER+/HER2- mBC in the 2nd/3rd-linesetting, including those whose tumors harbor mESR1. Elacestrant was well tolerated and hasthe potential to become the new standard of care for pts with ER+/HER2- mBC.
 Citation Format: Aditya Bardia, Patrick Neven, Guillermo Streich, Alberto J. Montero, Frédéric Forget, Marie-Ange Mouret-Reynier, Joo Hyuk Sohn, Peter Vuylsteke, Kathleen K. Harnden, Hung Khong, Judit Kocsis, Florence Dalenc, Virginia Kaklamani, Patrick Dillon, Sunil Babu, Simon Waters, Ines Deleu, José García-Sáenz, Emilio Bria, Marina Cazzaniga, Janice Lu, Philippe Aftimos, Javier Cortes, Shubin Liu, Dirk Laurent, Maureen G. Conlan, Francois-Clement Bidard. Elacestrant, an oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), vs investigator's choice of endocrine monotherapy for ER+/HER2- advanced/metastatic breast cancer (mBC) following progression on prior endocrine and CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy: Results of EMERALD phase 3 trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS2-02.


Abstract It is only since the 1960s and 1970s that the number of women in the grandes ecoles of engineers has increased significantly, and that they have had access to the top‐ranking and most selective schools. Neither academic policies nor general attitudes were ready for the entry of women; they benefited from the reform in curricula and teaching methods, and the wider changes that were taking place in society. This article focuses on the entry of women in the top French grandes ecoles; it especially analyses, in the case of the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, the changes that have taken place in engineering education and points out some important aspects of the engineer's identity and status.


In high-voltage substations, configurations such as double-bus double-breaker, breaker-and-a-half, and ring bus are commonly used because they provide reliability and operational flexibility in terms of equipment maintenance and network switching. Two breakers are used to feed a network element (e.g., a line, transformer, or capacitor bank) in these bus configurations. In a conventional substation, a line intelligent electronic device (IED) physically measures the current flowing through each breaker and calculates the total line current by summing two breaker currents. Line-protection functions like distance (PDIS) and directional overcurrent (PTOC) are executed using total line current and line voltage. During circuit breaker (CB) maintenance, test switches are opened to isolate the IED from the breaker under maintenance. The line is fed from the second CB and line-protection functions remain available during the maintenance period. In IEC 61850-based digital secondary systems (DSS), breaker currents are digitized by merging units (MUs) before they are subscribed by protective IEDs. When an MU fails or the communication link breaks, a DSS IED selectively disables protection functions that use analog signals from the failed MU. During maintenance, an MU installed in the breaker cabinet might be powered down. The loss of MUs will result in the unavailability of protection functions during maintenance tests and impact the overall reliability of an IEC 61850-based DSS. This paper describes a novel maintenance mode for IEC 61850based DSS IEDs to keep protection functions enabled during maintenance. It describes in detail how the maintenance mode can be implemented using the IEC 61850 standards. Use cases and benefits of all three maintenance mode components are provided. The proposed solution is intended to improve protection availability and assist in maintenance testing of an IEC 61850based DSS.


The switched capacitor filter (SCF) design procedure for the case when the oversampling ratio of the sampling frequency to the cutoff frequency is not much greater than 1 is proposed. The resulting filter yields a larger stopband attenuation than that traditional elliptic filter, and it compensates for the effect of the undesirable zero-order sample-and-hold. The design procedure increases the requirement of wideband signal processing, and it helps to design filters with low oversampling rates. Though the all-pole Butterworth-type transfer functions are used, the Chebyshev type or elliptic filter can be designed with little modification of the proposed procedure. >


In this paper we present a statistical approach to shallow linguistic analysis of word chains modeled with probabilistic methods. We reduce the linguistic analysis to the problem of extracting pairs of semantic attributes and corresponding values. This problem can be split up in two parts: (1) detection of semantic attributes in the sentence and (2) extraction of corresponding values to the attributes. Here, we concentrate on the rst problem and we use the well known polygram language models to determine the semantic attributes included in a word chain. We train diierent models for diierent sets of semantic attributes and apply a maximum{likelihood decision rule on these probabilistic measures. The results will show, that the idea of modeling the appearance of diierent meanings in a word chain with attribute{dependent language models is successful.


Based on the characteristics of BOQ(bill of quantities) valuation model,this paper elaborates on the risk analysis method for integrated unit price from the perspective of contractors.The contents of risks in integrated unit price are analyzed and evaluated,and a simple and convenient mathematical model is constructed.The author makes the risk quantitative analysis by Monte Carlo method and carries out the application study with an engineering case to bear out the effectiveness of the method.