The results of a study of the self-efficacy of 59 male and 71 female students, at a midsized western university, using a psychometric assessment instrument called the Career Attitude Survey (CAS) developed for the study, may be summarized as follows: (1) females but not males exhibited greater self-efficacy for traditional female occupations than nontraditional occupations; (2) females were more confident that they could combine home/family responsibilities with a traditional career than with a nontraditional career, whereas males showed no differences in confidence in their ability to combine family responsibilities with traditional or nontraditional occupations; (3) females considered traditional occupations, more frequently than nontraditional occupations, whereas males considered nontraditional occupations more frequently than traditional female occupations. (Self-efficacy was considered to be the belief in one's ability to perform a given behavior successfully.) The CAS included descriptions of 10 traditionally female occupations and 10 traditionally male occupations. Subjects used a five-point Likert scale to rate themselves along the three dimensions for each occupation. Internal consistency coefficients (alpha) for the CAS were .8914, .9123, and .6324. (A 17-item bibliography concludes the document.) (CML) ** ****** **** ********* **** ********** * ********* ************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made Zrom the original document. ******* ***** * ***** *** ****** *********** ******** **** ******* i::************ Sex Differences in Career Self-Efficacy Sue A. Stickel Shippensburg University Rhonda M. Bonett University of Wyoming Paper presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco March 27 31 U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Once of Educational Research and Improvement EI)U TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IER,C) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points ot view or opinions mate° in this docu ment do not necessarily represent official OE RI position or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEE( BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE


24 Conclusion Considering the lack of good quality studies, we could not determine an optimal fixa-tion technique regarding the prevention of complications to the SRN. However, based on our data, a trend towards pin fixation being the safest technique for fixating com-plex wrist fractures is present. Pin fixation did not only induce the lowest incidence of complications in absolute numbers, but also showed the highest rate of resolving complications of the SRN. More research has to be done to determine whether pin fixation can be considered best and if pin fixation is best for all types of distal radial fractures. High quality RCTs are needed.


A vibrating structure and a container partially filled with fluid are considered coupled in a free vibration mode. To simplify the mathematical analysis, a pendulum model to duplicate the fluid motion and a mass-spring dashpot representing the vibrating structure are used. The equations of motion are derived by Lagrange's energy approach and expressed in parametric form. For a wide range of parametric values the logarithmic decrements of the main system are calculated from theoretical and experimental response curves in the linear analysis. However, for the nonlinear analysis the theoretical and experimental response curves of the main system are compared. Theoretical predictions are justified by experimental observations with excellent agreement. It is concluded finally that for a proper selection of design parameters, containers partially filled with viscous fluids serve as good vibration dampers.


socialist transformation and social costs is considered in detail. Conclusions are made on the current situation of socio-economic system in Ukraine in the context of post-socialist transformation and the level of social spending.


Irradiation of O-alkylmaleimide, prepared by the reaction of silver maleimide with alkyl bromide, resulted in Norrish type II elimination presumably initiated by γ-hydrogen abstraction of excited carbon–nitrogen double bond.


It establishes the self-innovation system model of region industry through applying system engineering theory and method.Analyzes the system functions of every element,expounds the reciprocity of the self-innovation system and region industry,and analyses the operational process of the self-innovation system of region industry.At the end,analysis is made on the operational mechanism of self-innovation system from numerous aspects,including market-mechanism,power-mechanism,risk-mechanism and so on.


A 0.6-2.7-Gb/s phase-rotator-based four-channel digital clock and data recovery (CDR) IC featuring a low-power dispersion-tolerant referenceless frequency acquisition technique is presented. A quasi-periodic reference clock signal extracted directly from a dispersed input signal is distributed to digitally controlled phase rotators in the CDR ICs for phase acquisition. A multiphase frequency acquisition scheme is employed for the reduction of the clock jitter. The measurement results show that the proposed design offers a lower frequency offset and clock noise floor under channel dispersion, as compared with conventional designs. The proposed four-channel digital CDR IC is fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process. The figure of merit for a single channel is 8 mW/Gb/s such as a feedforward equalizer, a decision-feedback equalizer, and a referenceless CDR.


The progress of preparation and application of o-phenylphenol(OPP) was summarized in this paper.The main synthetic routes were compared and analyzed,and some advices for the development trend of synthesis of o-phenylphenol were put forward.


Along with economic globalization, the shoes and clothing market is undergoing huge changes and is facing increasing individualized demands. To realize personalized customization, we propose a social manufacturing pattern for the shoes and clothing industry. On the customer side, we collect costumer information with the help of 3D scanning and virtual fitting. On the production side, we replace human labor with intelligent production equipment. On the enterprise management side, we construct a cloud platform to realize source maximization. Through this social manufacturing pattern, we expect to accelerate the intelligent reform of the shoes and clothing industry.


The murder of the envoy, placed by Plutarch in Pericles' time, should not be transferred to the mid-fourth century dispute over the orgas , for Didymus in his commentary on the latter is unaware of the event.


This study aims to described the analysis of difficulties and efforts of teachers in online learning at SDN Airlangga III/200 Surabaya. This research uses qualitative descriptive method research, information collection method using online observation, interview, and documentation. The data analysis method used in this study is data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Researchers act as data collection instruments. The results showed that the difficulties that teachers felt in online learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic were insufficient facilities, material completion and assessment. The efforts that teachers try to overcome the difficulties felt is by sharing supporting internet access, various assignments, as well as cooperation with the school, teachers and parents of students. The impact obtained after efforts to improve online learning problems is a significant transformation in online learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic grade IV SDN Airlangga III/200 Surabaya.


We provide a brief overview of recent advances in the use of mechanochemical techniques for the synthesis of organic molecules and materials, highlighting selected examples of mechanochemical organic transformations and mechanistic studies, and especially those that illustrate chemical reactions or syntheses of molecular targets that have remained elusive to conventional solution techniques.


In order to address vulnerabilities in LTE security and the objective to strengthen the implementation of encryption and decryption algorithms in LTE, we proposed a method for integration of an algorithm with a dynamic matrix generation scheme of 16*16 elements during AES implementation. Implementing such algorithm eradicates the vulnerability that causes a hacker to access plain text. The vulnerability arises within the implementation of AES. This research explores Enriched Ciphering algorithm for number of scenarios based on function calls and time metrics that increases 3.9 times when there is a change in size of the plain text. We evaluated the proposed algorithm referred to as Enriched Ciphering Algorithm based on various use cases, including compression and decompression of cipher text that provides an extra layer of complexity to strengthen the security, and provides performance improvements of 13.9 percent when executing the Enriched Ciphering algorithm with big data size.


In this paper, we analyse the developsment of micro friction torque' s measurement techniquenowadays in home and aboard, and introduce a firstinventive measurement principle of relative back swingmethod and its application in this instrument. It is important that we state step by step how the instrumentmeasures micro friction torque automatically and exactly from hardware-software device of information processor. we also introduce brifly and totally its auxiliary functions.


Methacryloxylethyl hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide was grafted onto chitosan using ceric ammonium nitrate as an initiator,and the chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium salts was obtained.The chitosan derivative was investigated by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The antimicrobial properties of the chitosan derivative against selected microorganisms were tested by the quantitative suspension method.The results revealed that methacryloxylethyl hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide can be grafted onto the surface of the chitosan.The obtained chitosan derivative has significant inhibition effect on the growth of microorganisms,and the bactericidal rates in 15 min for S.aureus(ATCC 6538),E.coil(8099) and C.albicans(ATCC10231) were 99.99%,99.99% and 99.96%,respectively.


Treatment of CpFe(CO)2SiR3 (Cp = η5-C5H5; R3 = pTol2Cl, pTol2H, pTol2Me, MePh(1-Nap), and (n-C5H11)2H; 1-Nap = 1-naphthyl) with LiAlH4 in ether or THF at room temperature gave CH3SiR3 as the major product in moderate to high yield together with HSiR3. Reaction of CpFe(CO)2SiMes2H with LiAlH4 afforded only H2SiMes2. Labeling experiments using LiAlD4 gave the deuterated methylsilanes. These results proved that the hydrogen source for the methyl group is LiAlH4. Furthermore, the reduction of CpFe(*CO)2SipTol2R' (*C = 13C enriched; R' = H, Me) produced *CH3SipTol2R' where the methyl group introduced on Si was 13C-enriched. These experimental results suggested that the carbonyl ligand was reduced by LiAlH4 and coupled with the silyl group to give the methylsilane. Cp*Fe(CO)2SipTol2H (Cp* = η5-C5Me5), having a Cp* ligand which is bulkier and more electron-donating than a Cp ligand, did not react with LiAlH4 at room temperature, but it did so at 50 °C to give CH3SipTol2H and HSipTol2H, probably because nucleophi...


In this presentation selected examples will be considered characterizing the breadth of their interests in LM applications. So, InGaSn eutectic was used as a modeling liquid for investigation of MHD effects typical to some LM-blanket configurations. LM coatings proposed for the protection of divertor plates were considered too. Experiments were performed on a superconducting magnet providing a 5.6 T magnetic field in a 30 liters bore. In a large vacuum chamber (12 m{sup 3}; 6.65 10{sup {minus}4} Pa) lithium cooling system for high temperature reactors was examined. Electromagnetic pumps and flowmeters able to work at lithium temperatures up to 960{degrees}C were tested. A Na loop, where two mounted in line electromagnetic pumps are delivering a 25 atm. pressure. The main Na loop equipped with em. pumps is based on a d=10 cm tubing. LM devices were installed in the Latvian 500 MW nuclear research reactor IRT-5000 too. First, a equipped with conductive e.m. pumps loop, where InGaSn serves as a {gamma}-carrier from activity generator (placed close to the core) to two outer 20 Mrad/h irradiators. Second, a LM system for rector control, where contained in InGaSn indium is used for neutron absorption and reactivity control. A closed cylindrical LM containermore » was installed in the core instead of a traditional control rod. The container is divided in two chambers by means of elastic membranes. The one chamber contains InGaSn, the second GaSn (without In). By means of e.m. pumps the proportion between InGaSn and GaSn in the active zone can be changed ensuring a possibility to control the amount of introduced in the core absorbing material. Long term tests of the system were performed on a zero-power assembly. But for a shorter time the system was inserted in the core of the acting main reactor too and the efficiency of the control was confirmed.« less


The relation of the concept of paiticles with the concept of fields is discussed. Postulates in the coNonencept of particles and fields are listed. It is shown why in contrast to potential theory, relativistic local field theory treats all particles on the same footing. (M.C.G.)


The transport of nutrients, xenobiotics, and signaling molecules across biological membranes is essential for life. As gatekeepers of cells, membrane proteins and nanopores are key targets in pharmaceutical research and industry. Multiple techniques help in elucidating, utilizing, or mimicking the function of biological membrane-embedded nanodevices. In particular, the use of DNA origami to construct simple nanopores based on the predictable folding of nucleotides provides a promising direction for innovative sensing and sequencing approaches. Knowledge of translocation characteristics is crucial to link structural design with function. Here, we summarize recent developments and compare features of membrane-embedded nanopores with solid-state analogues. We also describe how their translocation properties are characterized by microchip systems. The recently developed silicon chips, comprising solid-state nanopores of 80 nm connecting femtoliter cavities in combination with vesicle spreading and formation of nanopore-suspended membranes, will pave the way to characterize translocation properties of nanopores and membrane proteins in high-throughput and at single-transporter resolution.


Background – Supraspinal sympathetic control of leg vascular tone is lost in spinal cord-injured individuals but this does not result in a reduced leg vascular tone: leg vascular resistance is even increased. The aim of this study is to assess the α-adrenergic contribution to the increased vascular tone in the lower extremity in patients without central sympathetic control of leg circulation. Methods – Upper leg vascular resistance responses to local infusion of incremental doses of phentolamine (a competitive antagonist of the α-adrenoceptor) into the femoral artery were determined in 10 spinal cord-injured individuals (SCI) and 8 healthy age-matched controls during local β-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol. Results – Basal leg vascular resistance was higher in SCI than in controls (41 ± 6 AU versus 24 ± 4 AU; P=0.034). The same accounts for minimal leg vascular resistance, assessed during reactive hyperemia, which was higher in SCI compared with controls (6.9 ± 1.0 AU versus 2.5 ± 0.2 AU; P<0.01). The maximal phentolamine-induced reduction in leg vascular resistance normalized to each individual's minimal resistance did not diff er between the groups (68 ± 17% and 51 ± 4% for SCI and controls, respectively; P>0.1). A decline in mean arterial pressure was observed in both groups with increasing dosage of phentolamine. In response, baroreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction was observed in the non-infused leg of the controls, whereas in SCI individuals this reaction was absent. Conclusion – These results indicate that the α-adrenoceptor-mediated vascular tone in the leg is preserved in spinal cord-injured individuals without sympathetic supraspinal control. Chapter 2 Preserved α-adrenergic tone in the leg vascular bed of spinal cord-injured individuals


In a series of 100 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients defined by cytochemistry and immunophenotyping, 20 expressed T-lymphocyte associated antigens on the surface of their blasts. While 15 expressed two or more T-cell antigens, five were found to express only CD7. All patients belonged to the French-American-British type M4, and four were under the age of 40. Despite intensive chemotherapy, four never obtained a complete remission and the fifth died of relapse after an allogenic bone marrow transplantation. While 12 randomly selected T-cell antigen negative AML patients showed only few rearrangements in Ig- or T-cell receptor (TCR) genes, such genetic alterations were demonstrated in four of five patients for the TCR delta gene and in all patients for the TCR beta gene. Interestingly, DNA fragments of similar size were demonstrated in three of five patients for both the beta and delta genes. These data suggest that the solitary presence of CD7 among T-cell antigens in otherwise clearcut AML cases identifies a group of patients with similarities in antigen receptor gene configuration as well as outcome.


Bounds are derived for the space–time averaged temperature 〈T〉 of a fluid layer in the Boussinesq approximation between fixed-temperature horizontal boundaries subject to uniform heating H throughout the volume. The analysis is carried out for both finite and infinite Prandtl number fluids. While the average temperature 〈T〉∼H in the purely conductive state, convection enhances the heat transport beyond static conduction reducing the temperature. Lower bounds to the average temperature of the layer scale with the magnitude of the imposed heat flux, with one scaling exponent for the arbitrary Prandtl number case and another for the infinite Prandtl number model. Specifically, it is proven here that at large heating rates where convection is important, 〈T〉⩾c1H2/3 for finite Prandtl number fluids and 〈T〉⩾c2H5/7 for infinite Prandtl number fluids. Explicit prefactors c1 and c2 for the scaling bounds are computed as well.


Parasitic memory effect can occur due to the impact of parasitic node capacitances and faulty node voltages on the electrical behavior of SRAMs. This memory effect can cause detectable faults to become undetectable using existing industrial tests. This paper analyzes, evaluates and identifies the unique detection conditions for faults in SRAMs. It demonstrates the limitation of existing industrial tests that do not take the impact of parasitic memory effect into consideration. Finally, the paper presents March SME, a memory test that detects SRAM static faults in the presence of parasitic memory effect.


Abstract This paper continues the work of reference [1], evaluating shear test results of Cu ball bonds over a variety of probe marks in two different pad aluminum (Al) thicknesses (0.8μm and 3μm). The presence of invasive probe marks on thick Al bond pads lowers certain shear force results.. Lower values of shear force imply reduced Cu bond reliability. Physical factors are investigated relating to poor intermetallic (IMC) formation in the Cu wirebond and bond shear force. Optical microscopic image analysis of Cu bonds, bond contact areas and Al "splash" are studied for correlation with the shear test results. Percent IMC coverage of bond contact areas decrease when invasive probe marks are present beneath the bond, which in turn may reduce the shear force. Probe mark features are studied to discover the characteristics of greatest influence on % IMC coverage and shear test values in each of the pad metal thicknesses.


The subject of this research is primarily focused on the analysis of North Korean corporate governance after the 1990s. It will reveal and organize the actual conditions of corporate governance, as well as analyze the background and causes of the emergence and preservation of this type of corporate governance. This research will reveal the meaning of this type of corporate governance, as well. At the same time, it will examine what kind of transforming guidance exists following the so-called July 1st Economic Improvement Measures. Analysis of corporate governance is analysis focused on the various stakeholders and on how an enterprise's management and control are carried out. In this research, the concept of insider control is used to explain North Korea's corporate governance. North Korean enterprises' insider control, and the reasons and measures behind its emergence, are central to this research. To look at this work another way, it is an examination of the initial conditions of North Korea's economic reform and system transformation. The aim of this paper is to serve as a resource for the preparation of a plan to develop utilitarian and economically practical corporate governance, applying a methodological, systematic economic plan, especially addressing principal-agency theory.


The present study investigated the effect of feedback in Cantonese tone perception training in naïve listeners. Fifteen male and 15 female Americans without tonal language background were trained to identify 4 Cantonese tones. One group of participants received training with feedback while the other group did not. Significant improvement was found in both groups after training. Feedback group was argued to have better performance due to the faster completion of training session and the success of all participants in completing the whole training program. This result supported Vollmeyer and Rheinberg's (2005) cognitive-motivation process model which emphasized that augmented feedback triggered deeper processing of learning task and guided learners to employ a more systematic strategy that contributed to better performances. of only 16.5% and 10.5% were shown in conditions of block and partial feedback respectively. Only 2.8% and 4.3% were shown in uncorrelated and manipulated block feedback. study with yielded a larger improvement than with no


In this paper, a low-complexity linear precoding algorithm based on the principal component analysis technique in combination with the conventional linear precoders, called Principal Component Analysis Linear Precoder (PCA-LP), is proposed for massive MIMO systems. The proposed precoder consists of two components: the first one minimizes the interferences among neighboring users and the second one improves the system performance by utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique. Numerical and simulation results show that the proposed precoder has remarkably lower computational complexity than its low-complexity lattice reduction-aided regularized block diagonalization using zero forcing precoding (LC-RBD-LR-ZF) and lower computational complexity than the PCA-aided Minimum Mean Square Error combination with Block Diagonalization (PCA-MMSE-BD) counterparts while its bit error rate (BER) performance is comparable to those of the LC-RBD-LR-ZF and PCA-MMSE-BD ones.


The world community has recognised the relationship of social and economic growth with environment in the recent times. The concept of sustainable development seeks to draw attention of mankind to this relationship. Sustainable development implies development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Tremendous economic progress has been seen by the mankind in recent times, but this has come at the cost of deterioration of natural resources. Further, only a small section of the society has cornered the fruits of economic development. This entails that sustainable development is required to be revisited in terms of inclusiveness. The government and bureaucrats will have to work towards making the growth more participatory and inclusive so as to ensure sustainable development. There ltas to be a change in the mind set of politicians and bureaucrats to ensure that governance is viewed and shaped to extend to the grassroots to influence well-being of all sections of the society.


Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in cognitively normal individuals is a relevant predictor of future cognitive decline, dementia, and neurodegeneration. Previous studies showed that the cognitive decline cannot be captured by objective neuropsychological testing in SCD. However, whether sophisticated multivariate approaches such as graph theory can potentially capture subtle cognitive abnormalities in SCD individuals is unknown. This study aimed to assess the cognitive connectome in a relatively large cohort of SCD individuals, in comparison with healthy controls (HC), and assess whether such a connectome differs in SCD across age groups.


After analyzing the intrinsic properties of the network coding, we consider the problem of minimizing the resource used for linear network coding while achieving the maximum multicast rate. Since this problem is NP-hard, we propose an improved genetic algorithm that works in an algebraic framework, combined with randomized polynomial identity testing methods, which reduces the number of nodes participating in the network coding. Some new members are added into the genetic algorithm when the new loop begins in order to avoid localized problem. Because the optimization time of the traditional genetic algorithm is too long, this paper introduces binary mutation operator to replace the traditional mutation method. We demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method over simple genetic algorithm by carrying out simulations on a number of different sets of network topologies. The experiment results show that the improved genetic algorithm has faster convergence speed and optimization speed, so it could be applied to the network coding optimization.


Nematodes in the genus Abbreviata (Physalopteridae) were the dominant gastrointestinal helminths in the eight smallest species of dwarf varanid lizards (subgenus Odatria, Varanidae). All host species supported infection with encysted physalopterid larvae, which provoked minimal pathological changes in the host. The mean number of cysts in host tissues increased with host size across species. There were moderate prevalences of infection of adult A. hastaspicula in Varanus (O.) brevicauda (50%) and V. (O.) storri (32%), and of A. levicauda in V. (O.) pilbarensis (46%). There were no adult Abbreviata sp. infections in V. (O.) bushi. Intensity of infection was low in almost all hosts. Sympatric larger species of Varanus (subgenus Varanus) (V. gouldii, V. panoptes, and V. (O.) tristis) support heavy infections of these nematodes which may be a source of infection for dwarf varanids. The presence and species of adult Abbreviata in dwarf monitors could not be related to sympatry, host size, or host geographical range. Liability to infection is probably determined by a combination of phylogeny (in A. levicauda in V. pilbarensis and V. tristis, dwarfism being derived), and habitat (A. levicauda occurring in other arboreal species). Other facets of the physiology or ecology, not yet understood, are also probably involved. This study reveals a complex situation where evolutionary history and contemporary environments interact. Physalopteroides filicauda, Maxvachonia brygooi, Wanaristrongylus ctenoti, Hastospiculum gouldi, the cestode Oochoristica vacuolata, and a species of pentastomid were also recovered in low numbers.


In the rapid economic development of our country in recent years,tourism market has become more and more popular. For Jilin tourism,there are both opportunities and challenges. Through analyzing the Jilin City tourism market development,find out problems existing in the tourism market development,and discussed some countermeasures,in order to help to Jilin City tourism market development.


Key points  •  Muscles below a human spinal cord injury start to contract involuntarily a few weeks after trauma. The basis for this spontaneous activity is still unclear. •  We show motor units in these muscles exhibited regular or irregular activity for several minutes. The regularly firing motor units had longer estimated afterhyperpolarisation potentials, higher mean firing rates and generated weaker forces. •  These observations suggest that regularly firing motor units are more excitable than those that fire irregularly. •  Spontaneous firing of motor units at regular rates may reflect active properties (such as persistent currents) within motoneurones, visible here in the absence of voluntary drive. •  This basic motor unit firing behaviour may underlie the firing patterns typically recorded during voluntary contractions.


This study surveyed 46 school workers in order to investigate factors that can impede youths' engagement in civic activities at school in the Province of Quebec. The results confirmed that structural impediments and the lack of information represent hurdles to the development of civic engagement activities. Other barriers related to employees and work conditions emerged. Moreover, school workers' justification of the system can havean indirect effect on their own civic behaviour, thus potentially diminishing their civic mobilization in school settings. These results suggest courses of action to promote civic activities to youths within school settings.


AimTo set up the method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for detection of actarit in plasma. MethodsThe concentration of actarit in plasma was detected by high performance liquid chromatography and SPD-6AV detector.Results Under the condition of the test, actarit in plasma was well separated,and didn't have the obvious interactive peak. The result of detection can represent concentration of primary drug. In linear range 0.098~12.5 mg·L~ -1 ,there was a regressive equation -Y-=32315.5-X--100.9(-r-=0.9994,-P-0.05).The lowest concentration was 0.098 mg·L~ -1 ,and the lowest limit of detection was 4.9 ng. The return rate of the method was 86.7±3.36%~90.7±1.06%; intra-day, inter-day relative standard deviation(RSD) were under 7.2%.Conclusion The method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for detection of actarit in plasma can satisfy analytical requirement of biological preparation.


described in a communication network (100), wherein the communication network comprises a master node (110; it is a method for searching an identifier (UID) or part identifier of a slave node (170 '130', 150 ', 130, 150, 170) ) and one or more slave nodes (130, 150, 170) which are interconnected via a communication link (102), each slave node having a memory by a multi-digit identifier (UID) is stored, a unique identification of the slave node in the communication network allows each location having a predetermined value; the method comprising the steps of: defining (412, 422) a location of the identifier (uid) or partial identifier by means of an index (idptr) in the master node and the slave node or one of the plurality of slave nodes; Sending (414) a first test command (DIP0) from the master node to the slave node or to the plurality of slave nodes, wherein the first check command at the by the index (idptr) defined location of the identifier (UID) or partial identifier a first value to be checked ( "0") is defined; Comparing the first to be tested value ( "0") with a value (uid [idptr]) defined on the by the index (idptr) place its own identifier (uid) or partial identifier in the slave node or in the plurality of slave nodes ; Sending an acknowledgment signal (IRQ) from the slave node or one (130, 130 ') of the plurality of slave nodes, when the comparison indicates that ...


Passive and active noise cancellation headphones' performance is a very important issue when we want to use them in some applications. The ANC commercial headphone has passive and active noise cancellation features, making it suitable for health applications such as Pure Tone Hearing Screening. It can replace the sound-treated booth and standard headphones then reduce the test cost and make the test run in remote area. Bose headphone has better active and passive noise attenuation compared to Sony headphone. Bose headphone has 3.2 dB noise attenuation better than Sony headphone at 500 Hz. Bose headphone also provides quite zone. Bose headphone is also cheaper than Sony headphone. In term of passive attenuation TDH-49 better than Bose and Sony headphones. Therefore, Bose headphone is more suitable for health applications to protect the workers from ambient noise. If it can be calibrated to an accurate hearing cut off level, it can be used for pure tone hearing screening test (PTHST) outside sound-treated booth As such, 500 Hz test tone can be included for hearing screening because it has a good performance to attenuate low-frequency noise.


The pioneering local economic strategies developed by the GLC and Metropolitan County Councils prior to their abolition in March 1986 frequently drew upon comprehensive research and analysis. The West Midlands County Council was the only local authority using forecasts derived from a national economic model as an input to research for local economic development. This article discusses the West Midlands' experience in using forecasts derived from Cambridge Econometrics' model of the UK economy for sectoral analysis, strategic land-use planning and evaluation of the regional impact of national economic policies.


O ne country? One film industry? No. As recent immigrant from Australia and key B. C. movie producer Richard Davis points out, " It seems to be like a patchwork quilt, each patch made separately, but with no one looking at the master plan. " That's the theme of this second annual West Coast issue of Cinema Canada: our constantly ripped-apart and stitched-together quilt of many shapes, colors and thicknesses. This being Canada, we'll make it an electric quilt, one that behaves like a television with 12 channels of information to flip between, 12 patches to watch. The patches Davis was referring to are the provincial and federal funding and production agencies with their various agendas, some hidden, some not. The patchwork analogy also extends to the extent Toronto is separate and different from Vancouver. Or how Vancouver's indigenous film industry, which spent $31 rniIlionin '88/89, is completely separate from the much larger American import industry in B. c. , which last year spent $127 rniIlion in the province. Then there's the total separation of the alternative filmmakers who refer to their work as "art, " in contrast to the mainstream filmmaker's " product, " or the cOinrnercial side collectively referring to itself as an " industry " as opposed to the artistic " community". To make one story out of all these disparate elements would be stretching the point, but Cillema Canada once again focuses on the faces of a few people who have had particular influences on their respective patches. We will sew in some meaning, place the work done by B. C. film movers and makers into context within the rest of Canada, and try to see what this quilt particularly the Western part olit wjlliook like in the next few years. After years of persistent political lobbying, public protesting, centralist guilt, Western whining, Telefilm traumas, a federal election, and film fund follies, B. C. had a bumper crop of films for 1989. But the rest of English Canada has suffered a sparse year. No one can make accurate predictions for 1990. As the B. C. films unleash, Ontario and Quebec try to outdo each other in benefits to film investors; the federal Telefilm funds remain up in the air with rumors of a shift back east to deal with the backlog of Ontario productions and supply broadcast funds for the CBC's goal of95 per cent Canadian content in prime time. But official word is there is no word, that Telefilm's new ll-employee Western office was not created to do nothing, and that projects will be approved on merit, not on region. But the big question remains as to whether the fickle funding formulas feeding this country's patchworkers can stabilize and work in concert long enough, and soon enough, to allow Canadian, particularly B. C. -based, filmmakers to make a dent in the great American melting pot. Viewing this question from a different perspective entirely is Richard Davis, a veteran of years of TV and movie production and management in his native Australia. His stint there as head of the New South Wales Film Commission, and involvement in the making of Phnr Lnp and The Pirate Movie, gives him an interesting perspective on B. c. 's since he is so familiar with Australia's recent film bust. Davis came to Vancouver three years ago, just before the start of the Vancouver boom, to co-produce The Olltside Chance of Maximilian Glick, with Stephan Foster of Northern Lights. He was also Executive Producer of Summit Entertainment's Matinee. Davis sees the building up of international credibility, through critical and box office successes, as the way to convince the investors and audiences to come, see, and pour money into B. C. -produced films. David is currently a director at Summit and Head of Production 'at Northern Lights, where he is in pre-production for the American-financed, but B. C. -produced, Catch a Lonely Cade/lce, starring Charlie Sheen and directed by Martin Sheen. Cadence is the first project following Northern Lights restructuring under Vancouver video company, Vidatron. A complicated share swap lvith Los Angelesbased, but Vancouver Stock Exchange-listed, foreign rights distributor The Movie Group, now gives Davis and NL access to money and the markets. In addition to Cadence, there' are still several distinctly Canadian documentary and film projects on NL's burners. They are also engaged in serious bidding for a TV series version of Paper Route, the Family Pictures' anthology dramatic short they produced last year. Davis and company seem to have something to do in a number of different patches, as well as two or three quilts. Getting too big for his patch, Shane Lunny and his production company Shane Lunny Productions are cautiously moving across the qililt from rock videos into dramatic film. Benefitting from 30 freelance and full-time production staffers, a steady bread-and-butter Q


Abstract A water‐extraction procedure which is specific for a pool of P defined by a sorption model based on the Langmuir equation was evaluated in a glasshouse experiment using perennial ryegrass grown in three contrasting soils. For each of three harvests, water‐extractable P values determined at the beginning of each period of growth gave a very much better relationship with dry matter yield responses than did Olsen and Truog P values. Also, the initial water‐extraction values were as useful as the Olsen or Truog values in predicting responses over three harvests. Water extraction appears to have potential as a soil‐testing procedure for determining the P status of soils which have received fertilizer P.


Teachers of post-calculus courses frequently lament their students' proficiency in calculus. While research outlines the topics mathematicians consider to be the core concepts and skills of calculus, there is no consensus on what calculus might be needed for students in different disciplines nor how we might want our students to understand these ideas. We argue that teachers may be lamenting the fact that students were not prepared to know calculus in a way that it is compatible with how it must be used post-calculus. Using differential equations as an exemplary post-calculus course, we explore the consequences of an analysis of foundational calculus topics in terms of how such topics are used. We present evidence and characterize elements of an epistemological mismatch between calculus and post-calculus.


We present the results of a recent analysis to study the nucleon's charm sigma term, $\sigma_{c\overline{c}}$. We construct a minimal model in terms of light-front variables and constrain the range of possibilities using extant knowledge from deeply inelastic scattering (DIS) and Bayesian parameter estimation, ultimately computing $\sigma_{c\overline{c}}$ in an explicitly covariant manner. We find a close correlation between a possible nonperturbative component of the charm structure function, $F^{c\overline{c}}_{2,\, \mathrm{IC}}$, and $\sigma_{c\overline{c}}$. Independent of prescription for the covariant relativistic quark-nucleon vertex, we determine $\sigma_{c\overline{c}}$ under several different scenarios for the magnitude of intrinsic charm (IC) in DIS, namely $\langle x \rangle_{c+\overline{c}} = 0.1\%$, $0.35\%$, and $1\%$, obtaining for these $\sigma_{c\overline{c}} = 4 \pm 4$, $12 \pm 13$, and $32 \pm 34$ MeV, respectively. These results imply the existence of a reciprocity between the IC parton distribution function (PDF) and $\sigma_{c\overline{c}}$ such that new information from either DIS or improved determinations of $\sigma_{c \overline{c}}$ could significantly impact constraints to the charm sector of the proton wave function.


The nature of magnetoelectric (ME) interactions has been investigated under a dc electric field E in Ni-lead zirconante titanate bilayer for bending and acoustic modes. Both the ME voltage and the resonance frequencies are sensitively dependent on E and are attributed to variations in the permittivity and piezoelectric coefficient. A 40% increase in the ME voltage and 12% increase in the resonance frequency in comparison to zero bias were observed for bending modes. A similar behavior was observed for ME coupling at acoustic modes. The results are of interest for enhancing the sensitivity of magnetic field sensors based on ME composites.


The specific activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 220.127.116.11) was measured from the crude extracts of five C3 plants consisting of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Maris Mink), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Greenfeast), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Jattilaismeloni) and Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid., and two C4 plants, maize (Zea mays L. ETA F1) and sugar sorghum [Sorghum saccharatum (L. emend, L.) Moench]. The amount of Rubisco in the crude extracts was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis with the Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining procedure. The amounts of the dye bound to the purified Rubisco of different higher plants were similar. The method gave a linear response for both purified enzyme and crude extracts, and the results agreed with those observed by immunochemical methods. The addition of positive effectors such as inorganic phosphate was necessary to obtain maximal activity in the crude extracts of all the studied plants except in that of maize. No significant differences in the specific carboxylase activity at 25°C were found between the C3 and C4 plants.


Abstract Landscape can be seen as a set of signs, landscape is foreground rather than background, and signs are semiotic items rather than just forms of public signage (Pennycook 2021), therefore the present research moves away from the traditional, text-centred approach of landscape analysis in order to examine not only the linguistic signs but the non-linguistic elements as artefacts, which take place in the brand identity construction of a local small and medium-sized enterprise (SME). The article argues that these elements as assembling artefacts become parts of semiotic assemblages inhabiting the space and represent a key feature of brand identity construction with a focus on the commodification of languages, cultures, and identities. The data consist of observation notes, photographs, and interviews obtained from an ethnographic fieldwork in Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania. The analysis presents a case study based on the concept of semiotic assemblages. The assemblage of linguistic and other resources, such as the smell of smoked meat products, the tune of Szekler folk songs, together with assembling artefacts such as sausages and other Szekler products attract customers to participate in meaning making. The effects generated by an assemblage have the ability to make something happen, in our case attract customers to SMEs.


We examine the nonlinear dynamics of the optical field that arises from two-wave mixing in a single-mode photorefractive unidirectional ring resonator. We describe the interaction between the photorefractive material and the optical field with a complex intensity-dependent time constant and a complex coupling constant. Assuming an undepleted uniform pump and in the mean field limit, the dynamic equations for the refractive-index grating and the electric-field amplitudes are shown to reduce to a complex Van der Pol equation. An analysis of the limit-cycle solutions to this equation yields new analytical expressions for the asymptotic mode intensity, the asymptotic mode frequency, and the oscillation condition and produces a stability condition for the limit cycle. In the real time constant and real coupling constant case, our results reduce to those of previous investigations that have considered an intensity-independent time constant.


The paper deals with the application of H∞-design of a moment controller for the plantarflexor muscle group. This is part of a programme of work in rehabilitation engineering which aims to provide control of unsupported standing in paraplegia. A very popular model of iso-metrically contracting muscle follows the Hammerstein hypothesis. The Hammerstein hypothesis means that the muscle can be modelled by a static nonlinear recruitment curve followed by an LTI-transfer function. But this assumption inadequately reflects the physiological conditions. The first section describes the motivation to apply an H∞-design; this is due to the existence of motor units with varying dynamic properties. In the second section the polynomial approach to H∞-design is summarized, following the work of Kwakernaak [7, 8, 9]. The third section contains experimental results of a complete laboratory session including muscle identification, controller design and controller tests.


Modern teaching method such as multimedia teaching was mode the most of in the course of advanced technology of food engineering. The multimedia courseware combined with traditional fashion of teaching, were play and explained. By holding the leading status of teacher, exerting principal parts of students and practising some new attempt of teaching means, a right effect was received in the classroom.


Based on the theory of planned behavior in the framework of managerial entrenchment,with the financing intention of manager as the starting point,capital structure's forming path is analyzed.And it is concluded that the forming path is a process of the managerial entrenchment's financing intention up to the firm's financing decision,and then to the firm's financing action,evidently to the firm's capital structure.The results on the structural equation mode show that the manager's financing attitude,subject norm and perceived behavioral control affect capital structure evidently,but the effect of each factor on the capital structure is different.


In order to ensure the safety of the subsea tunnel during its construction and operation, unlike the underground structures on land, the special monitoring system is essential which considers the characteristics of subsea tunnels in addition to conventional stress and displacement measurements applied to existing land tunnels. Therefore, the concept applied to NATM is reorganized to evaluate the stability of subsea tunnels. And the observation system for making a monitoring plan, the critical strain theory for tunnel safety management and MS monitoring methods for detecting the local failure and crack initiation of rock and supports, are introduced. Finally, the scheme of monitoring and management for subsea tunnels by using these methods is suggested.


The Balkhash metallogenic belt in Kazakhstan,with the occurrence of many porphyritic Cu-Mo deposits and some quartz-vein greisen W-Mo deposits,is a very famous porphyritic Cu-Mo metallogenic belt in the Central Asian Metallogenic domain which is represented as a multiple core metallogenic system controlled by the boundary strike-slip fault system. In this paper 11 molybdenite samples from the western Balkhash metallogenic belt were selected for Re-Os isotopic dating. The molybdenites from the porphyritic Borly Cu-Mo deposit,and East Kounrad,Zhanet and Akshatau quartz-vein greisen W-Mo deposits,gave average model Re-Os ages of 315.9 Ma,298.0 Ma,295.0 Ma and 289.3 Ma,respectively. Meanwhile,the molybdenites from East Kounrad,Zhanet and Akshatau W-Mo deposits gave a Re-Os isochron age of 297.9 Ma,with MSWD of 0.97. Re-Os dating of molybdenites indicates that the Cu-Mo-W metallogenesis in the western Balkhash metallogenic belt formed during Late Carboniferous to Early Permian (315.9~289.3 Ma),while the porphyry Cu-Mo deposits formed at ~315.9 Ma,and quartz-vein greisen W-Mo deposits formed at ~297.9 Ma. The Re-Os model and isochron ages suggest that Late Carboniferous porphyry granitoid and pegmatite magmatism during Late Hercynian movement. Comparing to the Juggar-East Tianshan porphyry Cu metallogenic belt in northwestern China,the time of the Cu-Mo metallogenesis in Balkhash metallogenic belt,is between that of Tuwu-Yandong and Baogutu porphyry Cu deposits in East Tianshan and west Junggar. Concluded,the large-scale porphyry Cu-Mo metallogenesis in Central Metallogenic Domain centralized in Late Carboniferous due to Hercynian tectonic-magmatic activities.


A comprehensive program is underway to evaluate the Westinghouse fluidized bed coal gasification system for a combined cycle power plant. Such a plant is expected to be lower in capital costs, lower in pollutant emissions and have the potential for higher overall plant efficiency when compared with conventional power plants. A 15 ton/day Process Development Unit (PDU) has been constructed at Waltz Mill, PA, to investigate the coal gasification process, and testing has been in progress since early 1975. Most of the reactor design criteria initially specified for the PDU have been realized in the test operations completed to date. Test runs have been conducted with a variety of coal and char feedstocks including non-caking or mildly-caking Wyoming and Indiana coals as well as highly caking Pittsburgh coals. Steady state tests of extended times have been achieved with high carbon utilization efficiencies and production of acceptable product fuel gas. Plans are in progress to demonstrate the process on a larger scale.


Inelastic recovery behavior introduced by plastic deformation is analyzed for transformation-induced plasticity steels.By uniaxial tension testing of transformation-induced plasticity steels under different strain levels,microstructures before and after deformation are detected by scanning electron microscope.The mechanism of inelastic recovery is analyzed with the dislocation theory.The emphasis is put on the composition of the inelastic strain recovery of transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) steel during unloading and its variation regulation with the plastic strain.An elastic modulus model is built through the fitting of test data.Then the model is introduced into finite element software to simulate the U-channel springback and lab springback experiments are carried out to verify the simulation precision.It is shown that the transformed martensite introducing the microstructure disturb gives the prominent inelastic recovery to TRIP steels.The total strain recovery is composed by the elastic strain recovery and the inelastic strain recovery,among which the percentage of the inelastic strain recovery can reach 20%.The springback simulation result calculated by the proposed elastic modulus model is consistent with the experimental result.


High-speed cinematography with synchronized oscillography has been used to analyze accurately the sound production by a rapidly moving structure during communicative behavior of insects (Walker & Dew, I972 Willey, I973, I974). However, this method involves expensive equipment and perhaps kilometers of film containing only a few hundred feet of analyzable sequences. Nevertheless, the accuracy and resolution of audio-visual synchrony by this method has been exceeded only by the use of minute magnetometers using the Hall-effect (Elsner, I97O; Elsner & Huber, I973) and by an ingenious method of flash-photography (Morris & Pipher, I972). On the other hand, studies needing an average synchrony accuracy of only 5 msec (essentially equivalent to motion picture framing rates of 60 pictures per sec) can utilize inexpensive or already available video-systems used commonly as educational tools. Video has several advantages over cinematographic methods" ) sound and picture are routinely recorded synchronously, 2) videotape can be erased and reused, 3) some video-cameras have great sensitivity and can be used even for nocturnal insects at very low light levels, and 4) the system can be used to monitor behavior for hours and then sequences can be selected, duplicated on another tape and then the original tape can be used again. There are disadvantages of video for high resolution work and these will be discussed in the Analysis (q.v.).


Vacuum hot pressing has been used for the development of titanium metal matrix composites using foil-fiber-foil method, and mechanism-based microstructural analysis has been presented to investigate the densification behavior. In order to determine the heterogeneous microstructures in consolidation process, digital processing technique has been employed for the test specimens prior to and following consolidation. As shown by the results, dramatic variations of the microstructures including equiaxed α transformed β and Widmanstatten α are obtained during the process according to the fiber distributions. The dependence of microstructures on the consolidation then has been explained in terms of the change in mechanisms such as grain growth and recrystallization that occur with changing levels of inhomogeneity of deformation.


Based on the World Bank (2015) information, the Arab/ MENA region has the lowest share of manufacturing added value in GDP. The average ratio for 2010–14 in the Arab world is 10.88 percent, versus a global average of around 16 percent. The total youth unemployment rate in the Arab/MENA region is the highest in the world (around 28 percent), while the average world rate is around 14 percent. These numbers for female youths in the Arab/MENA region are even higher (around 47 percent) compared to the world average of 15 percent. Dependence on resource rents with institutional deficits such as high corruption and rent-seeking, fragile rule of law and property rights and weakness of democratic institutions marginalize the private independent business innovators and entrepreneurs. The Arab world has the lowest new business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15–64) in the world (0.87) while the average world is 3.69 and in East Asia and Pacific (with very low rents dependency) at 5.34 (the highest in the world).


Background: Scoliosis cause changes in spinal alignment, mobility, flexibility rrecruitment of Paraspinal muscles and postural reflex mechanism. Ssubjects might have hump on one side of spine,functional difficulties, and pain in multiple regions of body, change in lung function, nerve compression,dysmenorrhea and constipation in severe curves. Some studies shows mood changes, depression,handicap and social involvement. Gradually it is becoming clear that if good non operative treatmentis given, only 1 in 25, or 0.1% cases may require surgery. Hence this study is aimed at effectiveness ofphysiotherapy on spinal mobility parameters.Methods: Study was conducted at Nizam's institute of Medical sciences, department of Physiotherapy.13 adolescent idiopathic scoliotic subjects aged between 12 to 40 years were taken into the study.Subjects had curve specific exercise for 25 weeks. Outcomes measures include 1.spinal mobility(flexion, extension, left bending right bending), 2. Flexibility of pectorals, Iliopsoas and hamstringson both sides, 3. VAS (Visual analog scale) for pain, 4. Cobb angle for curve measurement.Change inVAS scores were significant (P <0.0001) and mean changes from 5.23 ±1.64 to 1.384 ±0.65 with IQRwas from 6-4 to 2-1. Spinal flexion (p value: 0.003) and extension (P-Value: 0.007) showed significantresults on Wilcoxon signed rank test. The improvements in Cobb angle was were more at lumbar regionthan the other areas in this study.Conclusion: Though there is less curve correction may be up to 2 degrees, rate of progression wasreduced. Pain levels reduced along with improvements in flexibility and mobility with exercise program.In conclusion results of this study shows scope for consideration exercise program to improve pain,spinal mobility, Flexibility along with a Cobb angle improvement.


Abstract Artificial intelligence techniques have been applied to solve numerous real-life problems. Swarm algorithms (SA) are among the most effective techniques been widely used in feature selection. Firefly algorithm (FFA) is one of the increasingly used SA in optimization. In this work we utilized FFA in a feature selection problem to identify the thinking types attributable to academic achievement in mathematics. Among (19) different thinking types been measured for (49) academic students, five main thinking types have been identified to be more related to learning achievement mathematics. The possible influence of these types of learning mathematics has been considered and implications of our findings for teaching and research area are discussed.


Road segmentation from remote-sensing images is a challenging task with wide ranges of application potentials. Deep neural networks have advanced this field by leveraging the power of large-scale labeled data, which, however, are extremely expensive and time-consuming to acquire. One solution is to use cheap available data to train a model and deploy it to directly process the data from a specific application domain. Nevertheless, the well-known domain shift (DS) issue prevents the trained model from generalizing well on the target domain. In this article, we propose a novel stagewise domain adaptation model called RoadDA to address the DS issue in this field. In the first stage, RoadDA adapts the target domain features to align with the source ones via generative adversarial networks (GANs)-based interdomain adaptation. Specifically, a feature pyramid fusion module is devised to avoid information loss of long and thin roads and learn discriminative and robust features. Besides, to address the intradomain discrepancy in the target domain, in the second stage, we propose an adversarial self-training method. We generate the pseudo labels of the target domain using the trained generator and divide it to labeled easy split and unlabeled hard split based on the road confidence scores. The features of hard split are adapted to align with the easy ones using adversarial learning and the intradomain adaptation process is repeated to progressively improve the segmentation performance. Experiment results on two benchmarks demonstrate that RoadDA can efficiently reduce the domain gap and outperforms state-of-the-art methods. The code is available at https://github.com/LANMNG/RoadDA.


This article analyzes the relationship between normativity and reality in the different historical periods of Colombian's constitutionalism, from locating the development of said relation in the European context, as a historical reference; then, in a second moment, looking at it with its particularities and its connotations, in the Colombian context, from the period of the Spanish conquest through the independence and constitutional development of XIX and XX centuries, to end up analyzing how this relationship is reflected in the Political Constitution of 1991.


The CO2 absorption-desorption performance of non-aqueous solutions comprising a sterically hindered amine system (2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (AEPD): 1-hexanol) was investigated in a gas-liquid stirred cell reactor under sequential absorption-desorption cycles. The absorption capacity and initial absorption rate were calculated for different concentrations of AEPD: 1-hexanol at 303 K and 2 bar absolute pressure. Increasing the amount of AEPD increased the CO2 absorption capacity. The biocatalytic effect of a constant amount of carbonic anhydrase (CA) on the CO2 absorption performance was also investigated, and the CA enzyme was found to increase the total amount of absorbed CO2. The CO2 loading of AEPD: 1-hexanol and CA activated AEPD: 1-hexanol were 0.88 and 0.97 mol CO2/mol AEPD, respectively. CO2 desorption experiments were performed in different sequences of the same experimental set-up at 363 K and 1.1 bar absolute N2 pressure. The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the desorption performance of 0.1 g/L CA catalyzed AEPD: 1-hexanol system was also investigated. It was observed that ultrasonic assistance shortened the desorption time and enhanced the desorption rate. Furthermore, the effectiveness of regeneration, the reusability, and performance loss of AEPD: 1-hexanol, in the presence and absence of CA, were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry.


Many low-cost platforms that support floating-point arithmetic, such as microcontrollers and field-programmable gate arrays, do not include fast hardware or software methods for calculating the square root and/or reciprocal square root. Typically, such functions are implemented using direct lookup tables or polynomial approximations, with a subsequent application of the Newton–Raphson method. Other, more complex solutions include high-radix digit-recurrence and bipartite or multipartite table-based methods. In contrast, this article proposes a simple modification of the fast inverse square root method that has high accuracy and relatively low latency. Algorithms are given in C/C++ for single- and double-precision numbers in the IEEE 754 format for both square root and reciprocal square root functions. These are based on the switching of magic constants in the initial approximation, depending on the input interval of the normalized floating-point numbers, in order to minimize the maximum relative error on each subinterval after the first iteration—giving 13 correct bits of the result. Our experimental results show that the proposed algorithms provide a fairly good trade-off between accuracy and latency after two iterations for numbers of type float, and after three iterations for numbers of type double when using fused multiply–add instructions—giving almost complete accuracy.


This paper analyses the evolution of norms of military intervention in the post-Cold War era from the perspective of international relations theory, wishing to offer a new understanding to the international interactions in which states decide to use military action and the extent to which they use legal, moral or normative arguments to justify and legitimize their intervention. From this perspective, the paper is trying to assess whether norms and principles such as "pre-emptive war","responsibility to protect" and "intervention by invitation" have emerged as a response to the legal inability of the international law system to answer and to solve crisis such as those that have required military intervention in the post-Cold War era, or whether they were shaped by state interests and interactions.


Air charge estimation is an essential task for gasoline engine control, as its performance determines that of the air-fuel-ratio control and torque control, thereby dictating the fuel economy and emissions of the vehicle. While the problem of air charge estimation has been addressed by the automotive and control communities for many years, assuring adaptivity and robustness of air charge estimation continues to be a challenge, especially as performance requirements become more stringent. In this paper, we propose a new air system model based on Support Vector Regression (SVR). The model leads to a new parameterization which facilitates effective adaptation with simple update laws. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate its real-time implementation performance, computational efficiency, and calibration simplicity.


Contradictory findings have been found with regard to attributions of praise and blame. In some cases, research points to a negativity effect whereby attributions of blame are greater for immoral behaviors than attributions of praise for similar moral behaviors (Knobe, 2003;Malle, 2006). Other researchers have demonstrated the opposite effect (Pizzaro, Uhlmann, & Salovey, 2003). In the current paper praise and blame attributions are investigated using Kant's morality distinction between perfect and imperfect duties. Participants were asked to respond as fast as possible to forty-eight positive and negative perfect and imperfect duty words by indicating whether the target word was blame or praise worthy. Results indicated that participants were faster to respond that positive behaviors were praiseworthy than that negative behaviors were blameworthy. Attributions about Praise and Blame 3 The Positivity Effect in Attributions of Praise and Blame The negativity effect, or the tendency for people to assign more weight to negative information, is a pervasive phenomenon in psychological literature. It is evident in research ranging from trait attributions to stereotyping and stigmatization (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Fickenauer, & Vohs, 2001). Recently, it has been implicated in moral judgments as well. Specifically, some researchers find that attributions of blame are higher following the performance of a negative behavior than attributions of praise following the performance of a similar positive behavior (Knobe, 2003; Malle, 2006). For example, Malle (2006) found that an unfriendly behavior was seen as more blameworthy than a similar friendly behavior was seen as praiseworthy. Contrary to Malle's (2006) findings, Pizarro, Uhlmann, and Salovey (2003) demonstrated that positive behaviors receive more praise than similar negative behaviors receive blame. For example, Pizarro and colleagues (2003) gave participants vignettes describing behaviors that were either positive or negative, and the target person either performed the behavior deliberately or impulsively. Participant assigned less blame for impulsive negative acts than deliberate negative acts, but assigned similar praise to impulsive and deliberate positive acts. Malle's studies suggest a negativity effect in the assignment of praise and blame, whereas Pizarro et al.'s (2003) research points to a positivity effect. To resolve this apparent contradiction we draw on research regarding trait attributions. In one set of studies, Trafimow and Trafimow (1999) found that certain types of negative behaviors carried more attributional weight than other types of immoral behaviors. Specifically, perfect duty violation carried more attributional weight than imperfect duty violations. Trafimow and Trafimow (1999) had drawn from Immanual Kant's ethical duty distinction. Attributions about Praise and Blame 4 Kant believed ethical agents must perform perfect duties, regardless of other considerations. In contrast, one's morality is irrelevant with regard to the performance or violation of imperfect duties. To illustrate, Kant suggested that honesty and loyalty are perfect moral duties and that friendly and charitable behaviors are imperfect moral duties. One must be consistently honest and loyal if one wishes to be ethical. However, one is not at risk for immorality if one chooses to be uncharitable or unfriendly. Interestingly, Trafimow, Bromgard, Finlay, and Ketelaar (2005) later found that violations of perfect duties produced more negative affect than imperfect duty violations. Trafimow and his colleagues (2005) research implies that the type of behavior that is performed confounds the negativity effect in trait attributions—perfect duty violations elicit negative affect whereas imperfect duty violations do not. Trafimow et al.'s (2005) findings also have implications for the current discussion. First, if negative affect is important for trait inferences, then it may also influence attributions of praise and blame. Second, Kant's duties can be used to efficiently categorize moral behaviors. Researchers interested in moral attributions may benefit from such a categorization, especially if certain behaviors, such as violations of perfect duties, produce greater negative affect than imperfect duty violations. The present study sought to examine the asymmetry in attributions of praise and blame by examining response time. Individuals' were asked to respond as fast as possible to a series of forty-eight behavior words by determining whether the behavior was praise or blameworthy. Half of the behaviors were positive (moral) and half of the behavior words were negative or immoral. Further, perfect and imperfect duties were counterbalanced across trials. Two different findings were possible. On the one hand, if immoral acts are weighed more heavily than moral actions, negative affect should influence the speed with which people attribute blame. On the Attributions about Praise and Blame 5 other hand, if there is a positivity effect in attributions of praise and blame, individuals should be faster to respond that moral behaviors are praiseworthy. Finally, if perfect duty violations, or negative behaviors such as dishonesty and disloyalty, produce greater amounts of negative affect than imperfect duties, then we would expect people to respond faster that violations of perfect duties are, in fact, blameworthy.


No generally accepted principles and guidelines currently exist to help engineers design local interaction mechanisms that result in a desired global behavior. However, several communities have developed ways of approaching this problem in the context of niched application areas. Because the ideas underlying these approaches are often obscured or underemphasized in technical papers, we invited representatives of several communities to review the role of self-organization in their work. These short articles round out this special issue by drawing a better picture of the status of the emerging field of self-organizing systems. Radhika Nagpal reviews the motivations, results, and possible future of amorphous computing. This research intends to lay the foundations of self-organization by developing principles and programming languages. It has a wide range of potential applications including microfabrication and cellular engineering. Nagpal uses the adaptive, flexible coordination of mobile robots to illustrate this approach. The feature article by Jacob Beal and Jonathan Bachrach (pp. 10–19) describes a practical way to implement the abstract ideas she presents in real systems. Franco Zambonelli offers thought-provoking ideas on what he calls the ecological approach to self-management. In this approach, a system is controlled by a small proportion of integral components rather than logically separate managers. Zambonelli also proposes considering humans as information system components—a view that the feature article by Sergi Valverde and colleagues (pp. 36–40) supports as well. Emin Gün Sirer describes important insights into a key problem: how to design local interactions to achieve good or optimal global performance in a predictable, informed way under different constraints. He argues that designers can and should apply mathematical optimization in distributed systems as opposed to "rule of thumb" heuristics. The feature article by David Hales and Stefano Arteconi (pp. 29–35) also targets optimality as a central issue with the system adapting its performance on the fly, and Tracy Mullen, Viswanath Avasarala, and David L. Hall (pp. 41–49) explicitly perform optimization in real time. Finally, Hakima Chaouchi and Mikhail Smirnov walk us through the bold vision of the autonomic communication community. They project a future networking infrastructure that is fully adaptive and capable of learning and evolving, as opposed to the currently deployed design based on strictly isolated protocol layers. This vision isn't about methods so much as a specific application area—networking. All approaches and ideas in this issue are relevant to fulfilling it. —Márk Jelasity, Ozalp Babaoglu, and Robert Laddaga


The study of assessment of nutritive value of Rabri the experiment was conducted in the department of A.H. & Dairying laboratory. Over all Moisture, fat, protein, lactose, sugar, ash contents were recorded to be 40.34, 9.22, 10.73, 15.53, 21.49 and 2.86 respectively irrespective of different fat and sugar levels, whereas these values ranged from 34.59–46.45%, 3.50–13.75%, 9.04–12.08%, 14.88–15.89%, 14.15–27.24% and 2.32–3.40% respectively due to different fat and sugar levels on account of 5, 7 and 9 per cent of sugar levels different constituents of rabri were found to be 43.70, 39.76 and 37.58 per cent moisture, 10.08, 9.42 and 8.16 per cent fat, 11.66, 11.01 and 9.52 per cent protein, 15.44, 15.36 and 15.80 per cent lactose, 15.23, 22.21and 27.04 per cent Sugar, 2.73, 2.87 and 3.00 per cent ash on account of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 per cent of fat levels different constituents of rabri were found to be 43.93, 39.52 and 37.58 per cent moisture, 4.66, 10.25 and 12.75 per cent fat, 10.94, 10.36 and 10.89 per cent protein, 15.75, 14.95 and 15.91 per cent lactose, 21.80, 20.60 and 22.06 per cent Sugar, 3.35, 2.66 and 2.59 per cent ash content, respectively. The effect of different fat and sugar levels were found to be significant at 1% on Moisture, fat, protein, lactose, sugar, ash content of rabri.


Lightweight potential is a powerful indicator – but not as powerful as it could be. Current methods for analyzing a product's potential to be reduced in mass only deal with a few of the most important criteria for lightweight design. The amount of literature dealing with lightweight design is significant, yet it can help to understand these versatile criteria. Firstly, the literature on this topic will therefore be reviewed to derive a broad set of criteria used in contemporary lightweight design. Secondly, a further review will reveal the criteria used to derive lightweight potential. Subsequently, both sets will be compared to identify the missing criteria used for the derivation of lightweight potential. This will support designers in two ways. On the one hand, matching and combining both criteria sets will enable the most representative criteria for a particular design case to be chosen, thus leading to a more comprehensible derivation of lightweight potential. On the other hand, the combination set will provide a basis for designers and design teams to refine their understanding of their own motivations for conducting lightweight design.


The empirical research analyzes their effects of the economic development and income distribution on anti-poverty in 2002—2010,which estimates the FGT index of poverty it.The Model demonstrates that China's current economic development is still effective to decrease poverty,but the deterioration in income distribution has offset poverty-reducing effects of the growth.It's time to change the anti-poverty strategy so that poor farmer can share the achievement of economic development.


While only in minute quantities in the body, trace elements are crucial co-factors and regulators of normal metabolism. Commonly tested elements include calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper. Imbalance or deficiencies in trace elements can cause growth retardation, malnutrition, immune malfunction and other abnormalities in children. Because these elements are in trace amounts, sensitivity and reproducibility of detection methods are of paramount importance. Different methods for the same element can yield different reference intervals, which, in order to be applied in the clinic, would have to be independently established by individual laboratories. Clearly defined indications and good quality control to ensure accuracy and sensitivity are necessary for the measurement of trace elements to provide objective reference for clinical diagnosis.(Chin J Lab Med, 2016, 39: 240-242)

Key words:
Trace elments; Reference values; Child


The agent metaphor comes packaged with a number of powerful abstractions. Some of these are psychological, such as beliefs, knowledge, and intentions-abstractions that were traditionally studied in AI. However, there are a number of other abstractions that the agent metaphor brings to the fore. Of these, one has been emphasizing the social abstractions. Close cousins of the social abstractions are the ethical and legal abstractions. These too are being recognized as increasingly important in developing agents that are not only sociable, but also well behaved.


Objective To determine values of ECochG in identifying disorder locations in auditory neuropathy(AN) / auditory desynchronization(AD) via examining characteristics of alternating click evoked ECochG in individual with AN/AD.Methods Alternating clicks-evoked ECochG was recorded in 14 patients(28 ears) with AN/AD,who had absent or abnormal ABRs and normal OAEs,and in 28 normal hearing subjects(35 ear).CAP-N1 latency,-SP and CAP amplitudes,-SP/CAP amplitude ratio,and CAP threshold were measured and compared between the AN/AD and normal hearing groups.Results ECochG waves were induced in all 35 normal hearing ears.Four types of ECochG were identified in the AN/AD group: presence of both SP and CAP(60.7%),presence of receptor SP without CAP(10.7%),presence of CAP without SP(3.6%),and no discernable ECochG(25%).CAP latency difference between the AN/AD and normal groups was not significant(P = 0.052).CAP amplitudes were lower in the AN/AD group than in the normal hearing group(P 0.001).-SP amplitude,-SP/CAP amplitude ratio(P 0.001) and CAP threshold were higher in the AN/AD group than in the normal hearing group(P = 0.045,P 0.001 and P 0.001,respectively).Conclusion ECochG is a reliable tool in evaluating peripheral auditory function in the presence of a desynchronized ABR,and can be useful in diagnosing AN/AD.


thanks to preventive inoculation, diphtheria is so uncommon in this country Nowadays that few doctors in practice have ever encountered a case. But before the Second World War every doctor carried swabs to investigate any sUspicious case of sore throat. Following the introduction of antitoxin treatment by Von Behring in 1890, the mortality rate declined from over 30 per pent to 6-2 per cent in 1912, and to less than 5 per cent in children between the ages of five and ten treated within the first two days of the onset. Diphtheria was one of the most serious of infectious diseases, and its medico-legal lrfiportance lay in the fact that, by its effect on the heart, it was a cause of


EDITOR—Du Toit et al emphasise the importance of rectal bleeding in primary care and try to address this important management dilemma.1 One potential weakness of the study, however, was its assumption that bleeding was caused by any neoplasia found, rather than more common causes. The character of rectal bleeding (bright red v dark) was not mentioned, nor was the coexistence of …


In this paper we discuss the relationships between the characteristics c of a regular language L, the number n of the variables in the regular grammar generating L and the number S(NM) of the finite automata accepting L. The inequalities n≥[(Iog2c)-1] and S(NM)≥[(Iog2c)-1] are thus obtained. It is also shown that, for any integer c≥2, there is always a regular language which possesses the characteristics c and can be generated by a regular grammar containing [(Iog2c)-1] variables. For secondary characteristics there exist similar facts.


AGRICULTURAL cropland, forest, rangeland, wetlands, and urban ecosystems have significant potential to offset large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) through improved land management and increased productivity. To fully realize this potential, we must understand how to implement the proper management practices and technologies to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4); conduct appropriate national, regional, and local inventories of soil carbon levels; develop sound measurements and monitoring techniques; and apply the appropriate practices and technologies within economic constraints. Considerable research is currently ongoing in these areas and is the subject of this special section.


This visual essay is an experiment in the new use of production audio soundtracks to animate objects and effects in 3D space. Using Tibetan religious music as a metaphor, various audio amplitudes were extracted and converted into animation channels. Audio was then used to birth the particles, provide wind effects, and separately offset animation of both the individual curtains and sacred wall hangings. The drum segments were extracted to control the flame intensity, as well as to trigger the "mandela effect" at the climax of the piece.


June 2019 • Volume 128 • Number 6 www.anesthesia-analgesia.org 1071 DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004163 In recent time, the perioperative administration of high fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2) has been of great interest to surgeons and anesthesiologists alike. Surgical wounds tend to have lower oxygen tension than normal tissue, and impaired oxygenation is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Conversely, it has been hypothesized that increasing tissue oxygen tension might exert beneficial effects.1 This, in turn, can be achieved relatively easy by administering higher Fio2. After extensive experimental work, the first large randomized controlled trial was published in 2000.2 Investigators from Austria, Germany, and the United States collaboratively randomized 500 participants across several trial sites to receive 80% or 30% Fio2 and evaluated wounds for signs of infection. In the 80% group, surgical site infections fell to nearly half of that of the 30% group. However, subsequent trials could not consistently reproduce these results.3,4 Meanwhile, concerns on potential adverse effects such as atelectasis, respiratory failure, cardiovascular complications, and even mortality due to the use of high Fio2 were raised.5 In 2016, when both the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention independently strongly recommended the use of high perioperative Fio2 for the prevention of surgical site infections, it sparked an academic debate.6,7 The validity of the evidence for the benefits was challenged, and concerns of potential harms were raised.8 Not much later, the critical care world was shaken up by a systematic review that indicated liberal oxygen therapy increased mortality in critically ill patients.9 Although these data were not representative of the perioperative use of high Fio2, it did fuel the discussion. Since the initial recommendations, new evidence had emerged,10 and some published trials had come under scrutiny.11,12 The World Health Organization decided to update its analysis and issued an independent systematic review, specifically on the adverse effect of the use of high Fio2. The updated analysis did not show a definite beneficial effect of the use of high perioperative Fio2 overall, but there was evidence of a reduction of surgical site infection risk in surgical patients under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation.13 However, the evidence for this beneficial effect became weaker.13 The other review, specifically on adverse events, demonstrated no definite signal of harm with 80% Fio2 in adult surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia, and concluded that there is little evidence on safety-related issues to discourage its use in patients undergoing surgery.14 The guidelines got revised to reflect the new evidence, now suggesting—instead of recommending—the use of high Fio2 perioperatively in patients under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, and concluding that additional high-quality trials are needed.15 The discussion will likely continue. In this issue of Anesthesia & Analgesia, Cohen et al16 tested an interesting new hypothesis: does the use of high perioperative Fio2 reduce postoperative pain and opioid use? Postoperative pain is common and promotes opioid use. Surgical wounds have high lactate concentration, and the corresponding acidic environment has been associated with pain. Increasing tissue oxygen tension could reduce lactate concentration and possibly the related pain. Use of hyperbaric medicine has shown promising results in the past. The authors conducted a post hoc analysis on a large, singlecenter, alternating cohort study that assigned 30% (or the lowest Fio2 to maintain hemoglobin saturation at ≥95%) or 80% O2 to adults undergoing colorectal surgery. Further anesthetic management, such as the use of proactive recruitment manoeuvres or optimization of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), was not controlled. The primary outcome was pain and opioid consumption. After exclusion of patients with regional anesthesia or missing records of pain or opioid administration, a stunning 4702 patients were eligible for analysis who were well balanced across the 2 treatment assignments. No meaningful difference was found in pain scores or opioid use. The authors concluded that supplemental oxygen does not reduce postoperative pain or opioid consumption. Notably, the underlying study with a composite outcome of deep and organ space surgical site infection, healing-related wound complications, and Perioperative Use of High Fraction of Inspired Oxygen: Another Null Result?


Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) in HF radios allows channel selection between a sender and a receiver without human intervention. In the absence of a priori knowledge or control information exchange, the ALE procedure enables the source and the destination to select the best channel for communication. In practice, the main challenge of ALE resides in finding the best available channel for communication and as quickly as possible. In this paper, we propose a new generation of ALE mechanism capable of exploiting the new wideband capabilities being introduced for the different next generation HF radio proposals, in order to improve automatic link establishment in terms of likelihood and speed for finding a good quality channel for the transmission. 1.0 INTRODUCTION HF radio communications have been used during the l ast century to provide mostly voice or low-rate dat a communications with none or minimal infrastructure over short to very long (up to 10000km) distance. T he initial main focus was and remained for a long time on the communication waveform and its robustness, to overcome the extreme variability of the HF ionosphe ric propagation channel. However, due to the often poor knowledge of the channel conditions, as well as the varying requirements depending on the different se rvic s (typically voice vs. data), the establishment of HF links was for a long time dependent on the high sk illed radio operators who selected manually the best freq uencies to be used. This led unfortunately to the impression that HF communications were both often u nreliable and less efficient than they should when no such skilled operator could be present. The previou sly cited observations motivated to the development of automatic link establishment techniques in the 80's , with further refinement since, all targeting i)to ensure that HF could remain a reliable medium of communica tion, ii)to reduce the need for skilled radio operators, and iii)possibly perform even better thanks to quicker auto ma ic procedures. Currently, two generations of ALE mechanisms do coe xist in the field, that both try to answer these demands. Several comparisons between these two stan dards exist today in the literature [1][2]. The main differences can be highlighted as follow: the first standard, traditionally denoted as ALE 2G is the MIL-STD-188-141 [3]. The ALE 2G standard is completely asynchronous. In order to establish a co mmunication with a destination on a particular chan nel, the source transmits for a long duration. This tran smission time is computed in a way to enable the Empowering HF systems with cognitive wideband radio capabilities 2 12 STO-MP-IST-123 UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMIT ED – RELEASABLE TO PFP NATIONS destination to scan all the available channels duri ng the emitter transmission. Previous studies have pointed out the fact that 2G performs poorly due to its sim pl stic modulation scheme (8-FSK). Nevertheless, wh en signal to noise ratio is high this limitation has l ow impact on the observed performance. the second standard, traditionally referred to as ALE 3G is the STANAG 4538 [4]. The ALE 3G introduces synchronization between different ALE stations. Bec ause all stations are synchronized to listen at the same time to the same channel, an emitting station knows at time t over which channel it can reach its receiver. This procedure yields a faster ALE than the second generation. More practically, such features make th e ALE 3G more suitable for small messages exchange an d for highly loaded networks (close to saturation limit). The emergence of new solutions for high data rate t r nsmissions [5] [6] is leading the HF community to reconsider those existing mechanisms in order to ta ke into account 1) the ever-existing requirement fo r improving link establishment and 2) the fact that w ideband channels cannot be selected by the existing narrow band procedures. In particular, concerning t he improvement of the link establishment procedure, th increasing variety of modulations, from analog to h igh efficiency digital ones, lead to the necessity of better estimating the channel propagation conditions, in o rder to correctly estimate the performance the diff erent waveforms can offer. In this paper, we propose a new generation of ALE m echanism capable of exploiting the new wideband capabilities being introduced for the different nex t generation HF radio proposals, and that exploits wideband listening and transmitting capacities. In that aspe ct, the proposed ALE goes beyond proposal made in [7] which is only capable of 24 kHz contiguous analysis , and which does not offer an acceleration capabili ty with respect to existing 3G ALE procedure. Thanks t o the wideband capability, it becomes possible to m ake use of particular potential usually exploited in th e cognitive radio domain, such as adapting the tran smission and the reception band dynamically as well as sensi ng d fferent channels in order to characterize thei r availability. Our solution is not only promised to offer better performance in terms of delays and thr oughput but also ensures backward compatibility with today' s 2G or 3G standards. 2.0 WIDEBAND ALE MECHANISM 2.1 Rationale behind the ALE 4G mechanism Lots of work has been done since the 80's and the f irst version of ALE 2G mechanism to improve automat ic link set-up, whether at the modulation level, with the introduction of new modulations, both more robu st and easier to be detected with less false alarm rate, o r at the protocol level, with both the synchronous mechanism used in ALE 3G to improve the set-up time and the L ink Quality Assessment (LQA) usage to increase the probability to select quickly good channels. Yet, t he end-users regularly indicate their wish to have better ALE process capable to integrate in a standardized manner (meaning interoperable) the most recent evolutions or suggestions presented by the scientis ts. In particular, the following requirements appear de sirable in a future 4G ALE protocol: (C1) a better estimation of the ionosphere conditio ns, allowing to perform more efficient short term prediction based not only on monthly averaged value s. These refined estimations will allow to forecast the operational Maximal Usable Frequency ( MUF) and consequently to define the best frequencies, typically through total electron conte nt (TEC) estimation sensors relying on GPS transmissions [8]-annex 2 [8], (C2) a capability to listen to several channels in parallel, in order to overcome the main drawbacks i n the STANAG 4538 3GALE system, namely the potentiall y long link establishment time and the risk of calling collisions in a network with heavy traff ic load [9], Empowering HF systems with cognitive wideband radio capabilities STO-MP-IST-123 3 12 UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMIT ED – RELEASABLE TO PFP NATIONS (C3) an evolution of the Automatic Link Maintenance (ALM) mechanism coupled to the ALE one in order to anticipate the failure of a link before it actually fails [10], and consequently to avoid needing to redo the full ALE process in the middle of a transmission when said transmission was long/varying enough to see an evolution of the chan nel propagation conditions, (C4) a better quality of service management in orde r to consider the increasing differences between the different services offered over the HF link, fr om low latency to high latency ones, and from very low BER (e.g. data) to robust to errors services (e .g. voice), (C5) obtaining as an output not only a frequency to be used, but a set of frequencies, whether contiguous for usage with a waveform such as the so -called WBHF (MIL STD 188-110C-D), or non-contiguous for usage with a waveform such as th e so-called HFXL (under proposal for evolution of STANAG 4539). Obviously, it is also desirable that such a new ALE mechanism operates for a maximum of existing waveforms and in particular the new wideband commun ications solutions arising [5] [6], namely for waveforms operating up to 24 kHz and 200 kHz of ban d. I particular, it appears of interest to ensure the cohabitation of narrow band users with wideband one s, and as to investigate the feasibility of a mecha nism that could be at least compatible with legacy (3 kH z/6 kHz only) equipment. 2.2 Description of the ALE 4G mechanism steps In the following, in conformance with the objective (C5) given in section 2.1 of proposing an algorith m compatible with the different new wideband solution s (>6 kHz) currently under discussions within the H F community, we define wideband as going beyond the t raditional 3 kHz bands in the listening phase. Inde ed, with a larger listening band, it becomes possible t o analyse several channels simultaneously, and thus to establish a faster and more efficient ALE mechanism . In the sending phase, our ALE proposal adapts/exploits capabilities from the cognitive rad io omain to bond multiple possibly disjoint 3 kHz bands based on the quality estimation obtained during the ALE handshake. The overall procedure can be described in the follo wing 3 phases, and is synthetized in the flow chart presented in Figure 1: 1Offline channel estimation. Based on the destinatio , each station determines the channel that is most likely to have the best quality. The capability to predict on demand a list of best channels per destination already exist in some prod uct implementations. This list can be established based on predefined knowledge (such as atmosphere and propagation properties) as well as history informat ion and previous communications with other stations (incl. LQA). This should also be reinforced by usin g any information available on the propagation channel. In particular, knowing that the best quali ty frequencies in terms of signal to noise ratio (S NR) are generally the higher frequencies available (bel ow the MUF), we will consider the promising technique of estimating MUF through estimation of t he critical frequency (foF2) taking into account quas


Guangdong Province enjoys a very high economic status in China especially in terms of port construction. In response to the port development directions in China, the Guangdong government released a policy about the construction of Guangdong ports in the next 15 years. Based on the policy, this study proposes to evaluate the port efficiency of major ports in Guangdong Province during 2011–2020 using the Super-efficiency EBM-DEA model that considers undesirable outputs, and the spatial effect of port efficiency and its influencing factors is further analyzed using the spatial Durbin model. The empirical results shows that the overall port efficiency in Guangdong Province is not high and varies widely among port clusters, thereby lacking synergistic development. The results of the spatial Durbin model show that port efficiency is positively correlated with the level of economic development, port-city relationship and transportation structure, as well as negatively correlated with the efficiency of neighboring ports. The findings have a far-reaching impact on the development of port construction.


In the Czech Republic, clinical legal education is not very developed. It does not fit into the traditional view of legal education, which itself is based mainly on an Austrian and German legal tradition which emphasizes legal positivism, legal history and a lecture style of lessons. The university environment in the Czech Republic is very conservative. Open minded teachers (mostly young assistants) have very little space for their own creativity during the lessons. Most of the Czech law teachers do not have any training in teaching methodology. Moreover the general attitude is that there is no special need for practical courses because "the students will receive their practical training once they are in practice after finishing the law school". These attitudes result in very sceptical approach to the methodology of teaching, if we can speak about any methodology at all. To put it simply, the content of the lecture is seen as more important than the way the content is taught.