This study aims to analyze the effect of the variable budget pressure, auditor independence, and professional care due on the audit quality variable moderated by the auditor's experience variable with the help of the SPSS application program. Data was collected through a questionnaire method with 43 respondents using convenience sampling technique to determine the respondents' responses to each variable. The analysis shows that time budget pressure and auditor independence have no partial effect on audit quality, while "due professional care" has partial effect on audit quality. Time budget pressure, auditor independence, and due professional care simultaneously affect auditor performance. Auditor experience is not a moderating variable, but a moderating predictor. Auditors are expected to improve audit quality by continuing to work independently and be responsible for the agreed/determined time. Future researchers are expected to be able to expand the scope of the research object so that it is expected to add variables that affect audit quality


In recent years, the debate over the loss of quality or the reversal of liberal democracies has strengthened. Yasha Mounk (2018), one of the main scholars of this agenda, considers that in several countries the enthusiasm for democracy has decreased, and that this can be seen from the low turnout in elections or the decline in confidence in institutions. The election of Donald Trump in the USA contributed to a greater debate on democratic reversal. An example of this is the bestseller How Democracies Die (Levitsky and Ziblatt 2018), arguing that democracies would be losing quality or failing with the election of populist governments. There is no convergence between scholars. Norris (2017), for example, argues that there is no robust empirical evidence that civil and political rights have deteriorated in western democracies. The book How Democracy Ends by David Runciman – professor in the Department of Politics and International Studies at Cambridge University – participates in this debate. Although it does not develop an open debate with the aforementioned authors (since everyone is practically writing at the same time), the book makes clear Runciman's knowledge of the agenda in question. First published in 2018 in the UK, the work is divided into four chapters and aims to discuss what the author considers the main current threats to democracies. The main criticism that the book brings to contemporary studies on how democracy can fail is that scholars tend to see the end of democracy as a setback or a relapse. Runciman argues that history does not go back, and that is why democracy never returns to what it was before. In addition, studies generally look at experiences from the historical past as a parameter to explain what could cause the collapse of a current democracy. One of the main criticisms developed by Runciman in the book is that, although democratic institutions can maintain themselves, the expected results and guarantees may not be the


To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Sohal et al.1 It mentioned that the number of patients requiring hospitalization for severe alcoholrelated hepatitis had risen sharply during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We strongly agreed with this opinion. As reported in many articles, alcohol-related digestive diseases were raised since alcohol consumption patterns were changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.2–5 There are several reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and restrictions had caused tremendous disruptions for people. Many people had to stayat-home because a lot of industries were shuttered or stay-at-home orders, which causing social isolation, loss of nonalcohol activities.2–4,6 Especially for young people, the alcohol increases may be attributed to college campus closures, transitions to purely online education, lack of communication with peers.1 Secondly, COVID-19 led to the economic dislocation, many people's incomes reduced or even lost jobs while prices rise, which caused financial worry. A survey found that African American suffered higher rates of alcohol-related digestive diseases during the pandemic. Possible causes included lack of a secure environment, job loss, increased poverty, lower education, and health literacy.5 Thirdly, women had more psychological stress and a higher likelihood of developing alcoholic liver disease.3,5 Fourthly, COVID-19 led to a global disruption in medical systems. Many people delayed seeking medical care due to the fear of infecting COVID-19 in medical visiting.1 Medical workers were reallocated since the number of COVID-19 patients rising, many hospitals were already beyond capacity to offer same per-pandemic services and care, such as face-to-face consultation, alcoholcessation counseling, which might increase alcohol intake reasonably. COVID-19 has influenced both physical health and mental health, and alcohol-related digestive diseases has had imposed burden on the capacity and cost of strained health care system.1,3,5 It is important for the healthcare to raise attention and awareness to the growing pandemic of alcohol use disorder, and increase health education and prevention for alcohol-related digestive diseases.


The Canadian Entomologist Published studies have shown inconsistent effects of proteinaceous bait sprays against apple maggot flies, Rhagoletispomonella (Walsh). Explanations of inconsistency could involve the presence of natural food such as bird droppings competing with bait sprays for attraction of flies. Under field, semi-field, or laboratory conditions, we found that: (I) aqueous solutions of 10% proteinaceous bait (Nulure) were significantly more attractive than water to protein-denied but not to protein-provided apple maggot flies; (2) addition of 2% toxicant (malathion 50 EC) did not affect attractiveness of Nulure droplets but did significantly deter feeding by arriving protein-provided flies (though not protein-denied flies); (3) droppings collected from barn swallows, chickens, and unidentified birds on apple trees were significantly more attractive than solutions or droplets of Nulure to protein-denied flies; (4) droppings that were freshly deposited or fresh from cold storage were significantly less attractive than droppings held under ambient conditions for 1 or 2 days; (5) droppings allowed to dry for I day at 25OC, 60% RH were no less attractive than droppings that received water to simulate dew or rainfall; and (6) droppings treated with antibiotics were significantly less attractive than droppings not treated with antibiotics, indicating that bacteria may be involved in generating attractive volatiles. Together, these findings suggest that in situations where natural sources of protein such as bird droppings or insect honeydew are abundant, apple maggot flies may be relatively unaffected by addition of proteinaceous bait to insecticide sprays. The close correspondence in pattern of R. pornonella response to substances tested under field conditions in apple trees and semi-field conditions in a field cage lends support to the validity of results obtained under the latter conditions.


The substrate processing apparatus, a substrate processing apparatus comprising: first processing means for forming a first process for the belt-like sheet substrate; a second processing means for the sheet substrate is performed after the first treatment second treatment; substrate transfer It means having the substrate unloaded from the first sheet processing apparatus in the longitudinal direction of the drum unloading, loading and unloading will be the sheet substrate after unloading the drum to the drum carrying a second processing apparatus; and a vibration removing device is provided between the first and the second processing means the processing apparatus, the substrate is conveyed vibrating the substrate sheet conveyance means removal.


Owing to a growing reliance on information, technology and connectivity, Cyberspace has become the lifeline and interactive place for modern life. As such, Cyber security challenges are a global phenomenon whose adverse implications are catastrophic. Cyberspace is complex and unpredictable; its global connectedness and an explosion of data increases the threat surface as cyber infrastructures become highly complex and dynamic. Managing, i.e. ensuring and assuring security in cyberspace requires inspiration from advanced complex systems. Through evolution, nature has developed natural propensities in complex systems (including animalia and plants) that enable survival through adaptation. Predation-avoidance and anti-predation techniques employed by non-extinct preys could be exploited/adopted as mechanisms for adaptation through their application in Cyber security. This chapter presents an overall review of the current state of the Cyber security landscape. In addition, it demonstrates through further review, significant trends towards bio-inspired approaches as unconventional solutions to problems in other fields. Drawing from survivable preys in nature, the chapter speculates solutions for Cyberspace and Cyber security as follows; given an old problem (Pold) with an old solutions (Sold), a new problem (Pnew) can be conceptualized with new partial and perhaps null solutions (Snew) in the solutions space Sold to Snew.
Keywords: Bio-inspired, Artificial Life, Cyber security, Cyberdefense, Autonomic Computing, Survivability, Cloud Computing, Machine Learning, Predator-Prey.


This research aims to identify the food adequacy level of students from low-income families at Universiti Putra Malaysia of Serdang campus. There were 250 students selected purposely for this study. The students must be living in-campus or off-campus and must be Malaysian. The Malaysian Food Variety Indicator (MFVI) was used to determine the food adequacy of respondents while Food Variety Score (FVS) was used to measure the food consumption pattern of respondents. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. The results show that 52.8% of respondents were male and 47.2% were female students. 92.8% of respondents had a low category of FVS (0 to 90 scores), while 97.6% of respondents had a low level of MFVI. Pearson Correlation Test showed a significant relationship between FVS and MFVI (r=0.593, p=0.000). This proves that the level of food adequacy is affected by the food consumption pattern of respondents. It can be concluded that the low consumption of food will affect the food adequacy level of B40 students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. The management and related agencies can provide programs to ensure that these students had adequate food for them to safely undergo their studies at university.


Transportation is one of the fastest-growing sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States and is responsible for a large share of criteria pollutants as well. This paper describes the methodology and results from a project to analyze the potential national-scale effectiveness of transportation control measures in reducing GHG and other pollutant emissions through changes in travel activity. As part of the analysis, a peer-reviewed methodology was developed, and data were obtained from the regional travel demand models of 15 metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). The regions covered a variety of city sizes, transportation profiles, and geographical regions of the country. The travel activity and emissions impacts of multiple strategies at the regional and national levels were estimated to 2050 with the data obtained from the MPOs. The strategies selected for analysis were travel demand management, land use policies, transit-related strategies, parking-cost changes, and road pricing in the form of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) fees. The long-range transportation plans of participating regions contributed to the creation of scenarios that combined the most widely considered strategies as well as more aggressive strategies such as road pricing for the analysis of impacts on regional trips and VMT. Although other research efforts have focused on this topic in recent years, this study is unique in its use of a bottom-up approach that employs data from a travel demand model for several metropolitan areas as inputs to a standard analysis tool. It helps to illustrate how the emissions impacts of transportation strategies can be estimated on a national scale by using regional information.


The present study formulated a hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated lipid nanoparticle loaded with zoledronic acid to treat patients with osteoporosis (OP). HA-coated zoledronic acid loaded lipid bilayer nanoparticles (HZL NPs) were prepared using methods of extrusion and precipitation. Nanosized particles were prepared with the aim of increasing gradual and prolonged drug release and inducing toxicity of osteoblasts. Cellular morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed clear spherical shaped NPs ~200 nm in size that could treat osteopores in the bone. In addition, a typical biphasic release pattern was observed that could be attributed to the presence of drug on the outer surface as well as on the inner core of the NPs. There was sustained release behavior [38.17±2.12% (pH 7.4) and 64.2±3.75% (pH 5) at 48 h] of the drug that maintained the drug reservoir effect at the bone site. Furthermore, HZL NPs increased the cytotoxicity of HFOb 1.19 cells and increased the proportion of cells in the early (18.1±12.4%), late (28.7±3.7%) and necrotic (67.5±1.2%) phases of apoptosis. Most importantly, HZL in the lipid nanoparticle exhibited a strong affinity towards HA, further enhancing its efficacy in the treatment of OP.


BACKGROUND
Bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity occurring during sleep or wakefulness, involving grinding and clenching of teeth and/or jaw bracing. As yet, the etiology, epidemiology, and consequences of awake bruxism (AB) are largely unknown.

OBJECTIVES
The aims of the study were to AB behaviors using a novel bruxism screener (BruxScreen) questionnaire part and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA; BruxApp©) on AB behaviors, and to investigate AB's prevalence among masticatory muscle myalgia patients and non-patients.

METHODS
Altogether, 115 participants (masticatory myalgia patients referred to a specialist clinic (n=67) and non-patients (n=46)) filled in a bruxism screener questionnaire to report bruxism behaviors and jaw symptoms. A selection of both groups did a week-long EMA (patients n=12, non-patients n=11) to report AB behaviors. The chi-square test was used to determine group differences in categorical variables. A logistic regression model was fitted to study the probability of AB.

RESULTS
According to BruxScreen, bruxism behaviors and jaw symptoms were more frequent in patients than in non-patients(p<0.001). Based on EMA, 14.6% of the behavior in patients was tooth clenching; for non-patients this was 0.5% (p<0.000). Relaxed muscles were reported by patients and non-patients at 20.6% and 56.4% respectively (p<0.021). Logistic regression, adjusted by age and sex, revealed that patients reported AB 5 times more often than non-patients (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.1-11.2).

CONCLUSION
AB behaviors are significantly more frequent in masticatory muscle myalgia patients than non-patients, and associate with frequent bruxism-related symptoms. Self-reported teeth clenching seems to be the most significant sign of AB behavior.


A novel low profile and dual-band antenna for terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) and ultra high frequency (UHF) applications is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of a folded inverted-L antenna and two open stubs. The designed low profile antenna occupies an antenna volume of 148 x 49 x 11 mm 3 . The length of the folded radiating element is about 0.09A at the resonant frequency of T-DMB application (180-210 MHz). The parasitic open stubs are utilized to obtain the wide bandwidth (50%) for UHF application (470-740 MHz). The maximum gains at the frequencies of T-DMB and DTV applications were -5 and +5 dBi, respectively. The radiation patterns are near omnidirectional at frequency of interest.


Otsu's method has a disadvantage of time-consuming for image segmentation. In this paper, a simple but fast multilevel thresholding approach is proposed by means of extending the Otsu's method. We advocate that the gray-level range of an image is first divided into smaller sub-ranges, and that the multilevel thresholds are achieved by iteratively invoking this dividing process. Initially, the gray range of the object image is divided into 2 classes with a threshold value. Following this, the two classes are divided into 4 classes again by applying the Otsu's method to each of the divided sub-ranges. Our experimental results show a possibility that the proposed method could be used for detecting eye positions.


This paper presents some design aspects of the cloud tier of a generic multi-service cloud-based IoT
operational platform EMULSION, which is developed as a non-expensive IoT platform primarily to serve the
needs of small and medium business enterprises (SMEs). The EMULSION is a representative of the new
horizontal type, next-generation, IoT platforms that come as a replacement of the existing vertical type platforms.
The architectural design and main characteristics of the platform are presented and its multi-tiered structure is
explained with particular attention paid to the cloud tier. This proposed cloud tier, with a Data Management
Platform (DMP) based on a three-layer Lambda architecture, achieves improved high throughput and low latency.
This is done through the inclusion of two distributed 'publish-subscribe' Kafka-based modules which are
designed for data processing, and for data subscribing and message storage, respectively. Initial trials have begun
with two pilot platform-demonstration IoT systems, utilizing this EMULSION platform. These are shortly to be
presented in separate research papers.


An electromagnetic gun and rotating pulsed network system (PNS) 102 that includes a gun barrel 101 coupled to a gun mount 105 coupled on a rotating deck 106 of a navel ship. A pulse forming network 102 provides pulsed energy to the electromagnetic gun and the pulse forming network 102 is cylindrical in shape so as to be rotatable within a cylindrical bulkhead within the ship. The pulse forming network 102 may rotate in unison with the gun barrel allowing pulse feed cables 110 to couple the pulse forming network and the cable barrel. The pulse forming network 102 includes wedge shaped capacitors that, when positioned sided by side, collectively form a substantially circular shape other identified elements include cable conduit 103, Turret 100, gun armour 107, Mount deck 108, Bulkhead 112, service port 114 and recoil mechanism 104. A method of operating the system, and a capacitor module for a pulse forming network are also disclosed.


Dynamic load balancing is one key adaptation mechanism often deployed in networking and computing systems. Numerous proposals exist for load balancing in peer-to-peer networks. These schemes either focus on good balanced namespace and balanced stream, or work on the minimum balancing overhead. All of them will enhance the availability of P2P system to some extent. However, few attentions have been paid on security threats introduced by the load balancing. In this paper, we build the framework model of two main categories of load balancing schemes in P2P system: ID manipulating and virtual server. Vulnerability analysis is conducted for both solutions and attack tree model is proposed which will help designing countermeasures to thwart attacks toward load balancing system in P2P.


We derive a framework for quantifying entanglement in multipartite and high dimensional systems using only correlations in two mutually unbiased bases. We furthermore develop such bounds in cases where the second basis is not characterized, thus enabling entanglement quantification with minimal assumptions. To demonstrate the experimental feasibility of the approach we develop an experimental proposal with state of the art cameras and optical lenses and show that these methods enable a reliable characterization of sources of entangled photons with minimal effort.


Radiation centers that are generated on the surface of SiC crystals [surface single-photon sources (SPSs)] have received much attention because they behave as high-brightness SPSs at room temperature. However, little is known about surface SPSs, such as their defect structure and radiation properties. To achieve a better understanding of surface SPSs, we investigated the impact of the formation processes of SPSs on the radiation properties. Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicated that the photon energies of the zero-phonon line (ZPL) were dispersed in the range of 0.33 eV. In comparison between the (0001) Si-face and (11–20) a-face, the energy dispersion for the a-face was smaller, which suggests that the energy dispersion was attributed to stacking faults at the oxide–SiC interface. The differences in the radiation properties of the surface SPSs were clarified according to the formation process in terms of the oxide thickness and post-oxidation Ar annealing. The results showed that the wavelength dispersion was increased with the oxide thickness, and Ar annealing caused various changes in the radiation properties, such as a reduction in the density of SPSs, and the radiation intensity of the ZPL as well as a shift in the ZPL wavelength. Notably, most of the changes in the defect structure occurred at the Ar anneal temperature of 600 °C, and we discuss some of the types of defects that change at this temperature.


Software Reusability is the scientific process applied at software design phase to use the existing software assets to reduce the development cost and speed up the development time. The criticality of software reusability increases when the design artefacts are not available. In this paper, a more intelligent model is proposed to validate the software system reusability from different technology system to a new software system. In the first stage of this model, the ontology extraction from existing object oriented software is defined. Different internal and external software components are extracted from software system. The process behaviour between these components is also validated using UML diagrams. In the second phase, these extracted artifacts information is considered for the design of new software system. The component based transition is defined at this stage and the transition is again validated by defining various metrics. Finally the new software system is designed by selecting the reusable components and integrating new components over it. The proposed framework is implemented on real time software system. The validation results shows that improvement in software system QoS by applying the reusability in an integrated form.


During its most recent meeting (November 2006), the International Working Group for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment (IWG-MRT) recommended the use of the name primary myelofibrosis (PMF) for the clinicopathologic entity otherwise known as chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, agnogenic myeloid


Within each of 18 classrooms, an average of 20% of the children were reported to classroom teachers as showing unusual potential for intellectual gains. Eight months later these "unusual" children (who had actually been selected at random) showed significantly greater gains in IQ than did the remaining children in the control group. These effects of teachers' expectancies operated primarily among the younger children.


Summary: The activities of plasma and fibroblast cytidine 5'-monophos-phate-sialic acid:glycoprotein sialyltransferases of patients with cystic fibrosis have been found to be within the range of activities of age- and sex-matched normal controls when asialofetuin served as the sialic acid acceptor. The use of desialylated preparations of purified human plasma α2-macroglobulin, as an acceptor, demonstrated 35 to 52% reduction in the incorporation of sialic acid into the α2-macroglobulin from patients with cystic fibrosis as compared to that of α2-macroglobulin from normal controls. The reduced sialylation was dependent upon the source of the α2-macroglobulin acceptor but independent of the source (cystic fibrosis or normal) of the sialyltransferase enzyme. Using radiolabeled precursors, the rates of the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid from N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, the release of sialic acid from glycoproteins and the conversion of free sialic acid into CMP-sialic acid have been determined in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis and found to be not significantly different from those of normal controls.Speculation: The reduced sialylation of desialylated preparations of purified α2-macroglobulin from patients with cystic fibrosis as compared to that of asialo-α2-macroglobulin from age- and sex-matched normal controls indicates a possible alteration in the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins in cystic fibrosis. The metabolism of sialic acid appears, however, to be normal in this disease and could not account for the observed differences. Additional glycoproteins and glycosyltransferases should be examined to find out if a general defect in glycosylation is involved in cystic fibrosis.


In the past few years, a rapid increase in the cost of the conventional form of energy, it also acts as a major contributor in environmental pollution and environment damage. Rapid and overuse of this form of energy has led to scarcity in resources, thus there is an urge for the utilization of the renewable form of energy. This research work deals with the power generation via wind energy with gear box connected between generator and the PMSG, so as to provide rated torque to the generator. The following model is implemented using Matlab/Simulink file. A control loop using PI control has been implemented so as to get and perfect optimized output which is then feed to the grid. This paper also discusses various steps taken to get the desired output


The 1045 steel with lamellar spacing of pearlite in nanometer was prepared by aluminothermic reaction casting and annealed at 873 K (600°C) with different time. Microstructures of steels were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Tensile properties of the steels were measured. The results showed that the lamellar spacing of the pearlite increased with the annealing time. It was found that the microstructure of steels consisted of nanocrystalline-ferrite matrix and laminar pearlite phase. The average grain sizes of the ferrite were 26.9, 27.0, 26.1, and 34.9 nm for the cast steel and samples annealed for 2, 4, and 6 h, respectively. As the annealing time increased, the volume fraction of the pearlite almost remained constant, while the laminar spacing of pearlite increased from 146 to 300 nm. The tensile and yield strength varied slightly; the elongation obviously improved. After annealing for 4 h, the elongation increased to be 33%, which was the reported highest value for the steel up to now and about twice of the conventional 1045 steel.


In wireless communication systems, multiple-access techniques introduce multiple access interference and which is one of the major factors that limit the system capacity. For CDMA/WCDMA systems, power is the main resource that is shared by multiple access schemes and thus the performance relies greatly on fast and accurate adaptive power control for both mobile and base stations. The objective of this work is to investigate a neural network-based noise-cancellation system that will further assist the power control techniques. The proposed neural network is trained using Backpropagation learning algorithm to find optimum weight matrix and then optimized weighted value is used to reduce the error level. This reduced error level increases the efficiency of the SIR-based power control system.


As the load is increased on the steel-concrete composite structure, its interface begins to show nonlinear behavior due to the reduction of interaction, micro-crack, slip and separation, and it causes slip-softening, Therefore, it is essential to consider the partial-interaction analysis technique. Until now, however, full-interaction or, in some instances, the linear-elastic model, which are insufficient to simulate accurate behavior, are assumed in the analysis of composite structure since the analysis method and nonlinear model for interface are very difficult and complicated. Therefore, the design of composite structure is followed by the experimental method which is inefficient-because a number of tests have to be carried out according to the design environments. In this study, we carried out the nonlinear analysis according to various interface nonlinear models by interaction magnitude, and analyzed more accurate structural behavior and performance by maximum tangential traction and slip-softening at the interface. As a result of this study. we were able to prove that the nonlinear model of interface more exactly represents behavior after yielding, such as ultimate load: that initial tangential stiffness of interface has a significant effect on the yielding load of structural members or part: and that the maximum tangential traction and slip-softening mainly effects structural yielding and ultimate load. Therefore, the structural performance of composite structure is highly dependent on the steel-concrete interface or interaction, which may result in initial tangential stiffness, maximum tangential traction and slip-softening in nonlinear model.


Algae have the capacity to grow in polluted and unpolluted water and due to this property they are considered to determine the quality of water (Johnston, 1966). They are frequently used for determination of the impact of toxic substances in aquatic ecosystem (Jafari et al., 2006; Léonard et al., 1967). Various algal genera such as Chlorella, Euglena and Scenedesmus etc. are used for the prediction of the degree of pollution i.e. they act as indicator of water quality (Dwivedi et al., 2002; Shukla et al., 1983; Tamura et al., 1958b). Significance of macro and micro algae as a source of food supplement is well known (Burlew , 1953; Biswas, 1953; Borowitzka, 1988; Becker, 1994; Becker , 2007; Clément et al., 1967; Elenkin, 1931; Joubert ̧1980; Kay, 1991; Klausner, 1986; Sudhaker et al., 1994; Tamura et al., 1958a). Several fresh water and marine algae were usedworldwide by man from long period. Such algae are Chlorella, Ulva, Porphyra, Alaria, Chondrus, Rhodymenia, Codium, Spirulina and Fucus etc. These algae provide full supplements for food such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals etc. The genus Scenedesmus is also rich in protein and considered suitable for such purpose because of its simple structure, small size and easy to cultivate in vitro (Prescott, 1982).The S. obliquus is an ideal International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 8 (2016) pp. 584-592 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


DEAR PROFESSOR RHYS DAVIDS,—It will probably not have escaped your notice that the " Sutra of the Burden and the Burden bearer," which. Professor de la Vallee Poussin, in his letter in your last issue (p. 308), refers to as quoted by the Pudgalavadins as an authority on their side, is actually to be found in our Pali Pitaka, at vol. iii, p. 25, of the Samyutta Nikaya. The manner in which this ancient sutta was appealed to by the opponents of the Bauddhas as being against the Bauddhas' doctrine of the non-atman is very instructive. Far from being entitled, on the ground of this sutta, to consider the pudgala vada as a genuine portion of the ancient doctrine, it is just the other way. For we have in it a proof that puggala in the sense of a soul (atta) was unknown to the author of the sutta. He uses the word quite clearly as referring simply to the five skandhas, and indeed states so in so many words. To him bhdra and hara, Burden and Bearer, form one inseparable unity, and the laying down of the Burden, that is of the skandhas, is synonymous and simultaneous with the laying down of the Bearer (Bharanikkhepana = haranikkhepana). TJddyotakara, in his use of the sutta, is guilty of what we call, in logic, a mbreptio.—Yours sincerely,


Speech therapists and researchers are becoming more concerned with the use of computer-based systems in the therapy of speech disorders. In this paper, we propose a computer-based game with a purpose (GWAP) for speech therapy of Egyptian speaking children suffering from Dyslalia. Our aim is to detect if a certain phoneme is pronounced correctly. An Egyptian Arabic speech corpus has been collected. A baseline acoustic model was trained using the Egyptian corpus. In order to benefit from existing large amounts of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) resources, MSA acoustic models were adapted with the collected Egyptian corpus. An independent testing set that covers common speech disorders has been collected for Egyptian speakers. Results show that adapted acoustic models give better recognition accuracy which could be relied on in the game and that children show more interest in playing the game than in visiting the therapist. A noticeable progress in children Dyslalia appeared with the proposed system.


Trade's effect on the living standards of the poor is generally found to be the dominant channel through which trade influences child time allocation and schooling. Trade can influence the living standards of the poor by changing consumption prices and through altering labor and family asset income. It is this later channel, changes in labor and asset incomes, that researchers have highlighted as the primary pathway through which trade changes child time allocation.


This study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical constituents of the root of Withania somnifera and the resin of Commiphora kataf. Investigation of the phytochemicals on the root of Withania somnifera was first performed with phytochemical screening of the secondary metabolites using the standard procedures. This was followed by chromatographic isolation of compound and structure elucidation. Phytochemical screening of the crude extract revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. One compound was isolated from the chloroform extract and its structure was characterized by using the spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, and NMR) and comparison with reported literature. The root extract of Withania somnifera yielded the pharmacologically active compound (1R, 3aR, 5aR, 5bR, 7aR, 9S, 11aR, 11bR, 13aR, 13bR)-3a, 5a, 5b, 8, 8, 11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7a, 9, 10, 11, 11b, 12, 13, 13a, 13bhexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol commonly known as lupeol, clerodol, monogynol B, or farganasterol. The essential oil of the resin from Commiphora kataf was isolated by hydro-distillation and the components were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis. The main components of the essential oil were the industrially important constituents: α-pinene (6.2%), β-cadinene (6.7%), α-copaene (29%) and trans-caryophyllene (33%).


The purification of detergent-solubilized rat histocompatibility antigens is described. The antigen may readily be incorporated into synthetic vesicles (liposomes) which appear to be unilamellar and between 0.1 pm and 0.2 pm in diameter. The addition of specific antibody leads to the agglutination and precipitation of the liposomes. An enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, may be incorporated into the trapped aqueous phase of the liposome, and its release by antibody and complement can be detected.


Gaps are important in a wide range of measurements in manufacturing, from the fitting of critical assemblies too cosmetic features on cars. There are a variety of potential sensors that can measure a gap opening, each with aspects of gap measurements that they do well and other aspects where the technology may lack capability. This paper provides a review of a wide range of optical gages from structured light to passive systems and from line to area measurement. Each technology is considered relative to the ability to accurately measure a gap, including issues of edge effects, edge shape, surface finish, and transparency. Finally, an approach will be presented for creating an optimize measurement off gap openings for critical assembly applications.


A non-intrusive quantitative laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique capable of simultaneously measuring preferential evaporation, temperature distribution, and fuel-mass concentration across a multi-component vaporized spray has been developed and investigated under engine-relevant conditions. The measurement technique is based on two-tracer LIF with single wavelength excitation.To assess preferential evaporation, a tracer pair with suitable co-evaporation and spectral properties was selected based on vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations repre-sentative for gasoline fuels. Evaporation studies have shown that one tracer (p-difluoro-benzene) co-evaporates with the high-to-medium-volatility end of the multi-component fuel while the other (1-methylnaphthalene) co-evaporates with the low-volatility end. For quantitative measurements the photophysical properties of both tracers (each tracer separately and the combined tracers) were determined under a wide range of pressure, temperature, and bath-gas composition conditions. 1-methylnaphthalene LIF shows a strong red-shift with temperature which enables measurements of the temperature distribution across the spray.Spray evaporation and vapor mixing experiments were performed in a high-pressure high-temperature vessel capable of simulating in-cylinder conditions. An ECN Spray-G and a piezo-electric outward opening injector were used in this study. Initial measure-ments were carried out with each tracer added separately to the fuel to assess signal cross-talk and to determine the best tracer concentrations. Once the proportions were determined, accuracy and precision of the method were determined from the LIF-signal ratio of spray images within identical spectral bands. Temperature fields, obtained by two-color 1-methylnaphthalene LIF and derived from fuel concentration maps based on the assumption of adiabatic evaporation, were examined for inhomogeneities in the area of interest since fluctuations potentially influence the two-color method. It was shown that the temperature is homogeneous in the measurement volume.To localize preferential evaporation, two-color two-tracer LIF images were evaluated. Taking into account the measurement accuracy and precision, variations in the spatial distribution of the fuel volatility classes were observed for 550–600 K. At higher tem-peratures, the effect is less pronounced, which is consistent with the fact that evapora-tion is faster. The localization of preferential evaporation varied with each injector used indicating the impact of injector nozzle geometry and jet structure on mixture formation.


Hypothyroidism is a frequently encountered endocrine disorder, and severe untreated juvenile hypothyroidism may manifest as precocious puberty with ovarian enlargement, a clinical triad first described by Van Wyk and Grumbach …


The purpose of this study is to investigate the Korean traditional music appreciation in music education by traditional children's songs and fork songs through an imagination theory in elementary schools. Imagination of students plays an integral role in elementary schools. This investigation was focused on several aspects : imagination theory in music, Korean traditional appreciation education, traditional children's songs and fork songs. Major points for this study are as follows : (1) The conception of imagination and feature of imagination in young students (2) The educational importance of imagination (3) The musical imagination through appreciation activities (4) The importance of Korean traditional appreciation in music education (5) The Korean traditional appreciation in music education for improvement of imagination. This study showed that students may expand their imagination based on experiences of Korean traditional appreciation activities by traditional children's songs and fork songs. Generally, the Korean traditional music-related activities ate the basis of various experience activities so that the students may expand the understanding of Korean traditional music by practicing Korean traditional music appreciation activities given in the schools. In addition, music appreciation activities in elementary schools are to extend the musical imagination of young students through musical experiences, and the Korean traditional music education of elementary schools must give various musical appreciation opportunities allowing an individual student to develop his/her musical imagination to the utmost extent. In this study, I supposed that the Korean traditional music appreciation education activities by traditional children's songs and fork songs can improve imagination of elementary school pupils, and it is also needed to study the educational effects of imagination in other education activities.


Abstract We study commutation properties of subsets of right-angled Artin groups and trace monoids. We show that if Γ is any graph not containing a four-cycle without chords, then the group G(Γ) does not contain four elements whose commutation graph is a four-cycle; a consequence is that G(Γ) does not have a subgroup isomorphic to a direct product of non-abelian groups. We also obtain corresponding and more general results in the monoid case.


The inconsistency of the battery modules will lead to overcharging and over-discharging of the grid connected energy storage system. For the modulation strategy of cascaded H-bridge inverter, this paper proposes a new state of charge (SOC) equalization control strategy, which can quickly realize equalization control in one phase and between phases without over-modulation. The simulation results show that the new control strategy has a significant effect, which greatly improves the speed of SOC balancing compared with the traditional SOC equalization control strategy.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of top taxpayer perceptions tax knowledge, tax socialization, tax sevice and awareness of taxpayer on taxpayer compliance SMEs in Bengkulu. The population in this study is the 4.065 SMEs in Bengkulu. The sampling method in this study is a non- probability sample selection performed by using the formula slovin total a minimum of 98 SMEs. Methods of data collection using questionnaires. Metode of data colletion using the quesionnaire. Analysis of the data used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. The result showed that variable tax knowledge, tax socialization, tax sevice and awareness of taxpayer had effect on tax compliance


Purpose – To report the highlights of the 2005 Online Information Conference.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a brief review of the conference.Findings – The conference offered a wide variety of timely presentations on online content and information management solutionsOriginality/value – This paper is a useful summary of a conference of interest to library and information management professionals.


Industrial wastewater classification is the basic work of water pollution prevention and control and water resources management, water chemical oxygen demand is the core indicator to measure the quality of water, compared with domestic sewage detection, the research on industrial wastewater classification is relatively lagging behind. Aiming at the shortcomings of COD classification model of industrial wastewater using convolutional neural network or long shortterm memory network alone, this paper constructs a hybrid model based on CNN and LSTM. The COD data of industrial wastewater were measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, abstract features were extracted from the data using CNN, and finally entered into LSTM, and the results of classification of industrial wastewater according to COD concentration were obtained, and the classification accuracy of the model reached 98.66%, which was 3.36% and 4.7% higher than that of CNN and LSTM alone.


1. Background This national-level assessment of the Rwanda Country Strategy Paper (CSP) is one of several activities being conducted under an initiative on "Streamlining poverty-environment linkages in the European Community's development assistance" – an initiative aimed to provide to the European Commission and its development partners recommendations to improve povertyenvironment integration in EC development assistance. This assessment builds upon results of a recently conducted multilevel evaluation in Rwanda that identified – from especially the local perspective – poverty-environment dynamics and the meso to macro level policy and institutional factors shaping these.


HIV-related life and health insurance claims have dropped to the lowest level in a decade according to a study by the American Council of Life Insurance and the Health Insurance Association of America. Claims peaked in 1994 and have dropped 39 percent in the 3 years since then. Several factors may have contributed to the decline. The use of protease inhibitors has kept patients healthier longer. Also, populations affected by HIV are increasingly poor or are in high-risk groups which generally do not have private insurance. In addition, managed care programs, which are common in employer-sponsored insurance plans, have found innovative ways to drive down costs.


Properties of the plasma plume in pulsed-laser deposition affect the quality of the deposited film. We show images of laser-produced plasma upon the ablation of a germanium target by a nanosecond laser and compare the shapes of plume at different nitrogen background pressures. Understanding the mechanism of laser-produced plasma is critical to control the quality of the deposited film.


BACKGROUND
The proliferation of social media in Plastic Surgery has posed significant difficulties for the public in determining legitimacy of information. In this work, we propose a system based on social network analysis (SNA) to assess the legitimacy of contributors of information within a Plastic Surgery community using academic Plastic Surgery and one social media outlet as a model.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to quantify the centrality of individual or group accounts on Plastic Surgery social media.

METHODS
To develop the model, we chose one high-fidelity, active, and legitimate source account in academic Plastic Surgery (@psrc1955, the Plastic Surgery Research Council) on one social media outlet (Instagram, Facebook, Menlo Park, CA, USA). We then recorded all follower-following relationships between accounts and used Gephi (https://gephi.org/) to compute five different centrality metrics for each contributor within the network.

RESULTS
We identified 64,737 unique users and 116,439 unique follower-followed relationships within the academic Plastic Surgery community. Among the metrics assessed, the in-degree centrality metric is the gold standard for SNA, hence we designated this metric as the Centrality Factor (CF). Stratification of 1000 accounts by CF demonstrated that all of the top 40 accounts were affiliated with a Plastic Surgery residency program, a board-certified academic plastic surgeon, a professional society, or a peer-reviewed journal. None of the accounts in the top decile belonged to a non-plastic surgeon or non-physician, however, this increased significantly beyond the 50 th percentile.

CONCLUSIONS
This study took a data-driven approach to identifying and vetting a core group of interconnected accounts within one Plastic Surgery sub-community for the purposes of determining legitimate sources of information.


Reliable measurement of ground distance between a host vehicle and nearby vehicles is needed for driver assistance and collision avoidance systems. Although Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensors provide accurate information over a narrow field of view, a single camera system could provide a more versatile, cost-effective alternative. We demonstrate improvement in monocular vision methods for application in automotive distance measuring. We do this with deep learning neural networks that provide well placed and sized bounding boxes on the targets enhanced by a Kalman filter assisted estimator. We compare this work using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) to demonstrate measurable performance improvement.


Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems generate trust information in a real-time and distributed manner. Predicting trustworthiness of IoT services in such an MEC environment requires new prediction strategies that cater for the aforementioned characteristics of trust information. More importantly, it is imperative to investigate how the real-time trust information could be effectively integrated into trust prediction strategies in order to capture the ever-evolving nature of trustworthiness of IoT services. In turn, such a strategy allows IoT service consumers to derive more relevant and accurate trust-based decisions. To that end, our work models trust prediction in MEC-based IoT systems as an online regularized finite-sum problem in a distributed MEC environment with a given MEC topology. We then adopt the Online Alternating Direction Method (OADM) to effectively train trust prediction models in parallel over the distributed MEC environment. OADM allows splitting the aforementioned finite-sum problem into multiple sub-problems that correspond to different local MEC environments. These sub-problems can then be solved iteratively within each local MEC environment by using the local trust data therein. This can avoid the movement of data across the core networks of mobile network providers. Experiments on real-world and synthetic datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed method.


Crit Care Med 2015 • Volume 43 • Number 12 (Suppl.) clotting time (ACT), antifactor-Xa (anti-Xa), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and heparin dose (U/kg) in the 6 h preand 6 h post-HF initiation. Transmembrane oxygenator gradient, as a surrogate of circuit clotting, was also measured preand post-HF. All data were analyzed by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Results: 36 patients were analyzed. Heparin dose to maintain goal anticoagulation (ACT 180–220, anti-Xa 0.3–0.6, aPTT 60–80) was higher after HF (p = 0.001). ACT was lower after HF as well (p = 0.04). No differences were noted between preand post-HF anti-Xa or aPTT. Transmembrane oxygenator gradient was unchanged. Conclusions: HF increased the heparin dose in ECMO patients at our center which was likely prompted by lowered ACT. The lack of change in anti-Xa and aPTT post-HF is perhaps due to the infrequency of measurement relative to ACT at our hospital, meaning adjustment of heparin based on ACT prevented changes in other measures. Our data support the conclusion that HF increases heparin requirement, likely thru increased clearance. Our data also suggest ACT trend has a role in management of ECMO patients undergoing HF or other interventions which can rapidly alter heparin dynamics.


The purpose of this study is to identify and categorize the perceptions of young adults before we allocate the resources to design, develop, and implement digital game-based learning in higher education institutions in Taiwan. Q-methodology was conducted for this study because it is a quantitative analysis of subjective data. Thirty young adults from a university were surveyed and asked to rank-order 30 statements about online games. Factor analysis was used to identify the number of factors and the correlation study attempts to identify the individuals who are highly correlated with one another in each specific factor. The data were processed and analyzed following the usual steps of Q-methodology by using the PQMethod software. Three operant factor types (i.e. New media resisters, Pajamasocializers, and Game value resisters) were identified. The findings of this study can help higher education institutions to be aware of the negative and positive attitudes toward online gaming.


Acidic waste waters from industrial and mining activities constitute a wordwide environmental hazard. 'Acid mine drainage' (AMD) waters are often highly acidic (pH < 4), contain elevated concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals, and are toxic to most life forms. Whilst bioremediation of acidic, metal-contaminated waters using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has been successfully demonstrated in pilot-scale and full-scale operations during the past decade, the sensitivity of characterised SRB to acidity limits their use in AMD remediation. In the current study, we have evaluated the potential use of novel acidophilic SRB for remediating acidic waste waters, in comparision with, and in conjuction with, neutrophilic SRB. Three SRB-populations (a mixed population of acidophilic isolates, a neutrophilic culture and a mixed acidophilic/neutrophilic consortium) were immobilised on porous glass beads, packed into perspex columns and the three bioreactors percolated with synthetic medium for several months. Energy and carbon source utilisation, and tolerance to acid stress of the different consortia were evaluated. Acidophilic SRB were more efficient than the neutrophilic culture in coupling ethanol oxidation to sulfate reduction and all of the substrates tested were oxidised to acetic acid. The bioreactors containing acidophilic SRB reduced sulfate and generated alkalinity when challenged with influent at pH 3 and above, indicating that such bacteria have potential for bioremediating highly acidic waste waters. Average conversion rates of 0.25–0.30 g SO42− reduced dm−3 day−1 were achieved with bioreactors containing acidophilic SRB, percolated with a pH 4 liquid medium.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry


Optical spectra of InAs quantum dot molecules show clear signatures of 2-photon absorption through sequential and simultaneous transitions. Biexcitons can be spatially direct or indirect, producing 2-photon transitions that are unique to molecules.


Self driving vehicle is capable of sense the surrounding environment with the help of sensors and fulfill the transportation without any human control. It is a promising technology to reduce the accidents, increase the reliability and improve the transportation in our society. Steering angle prediction is an important feature for self driving vehicles. The normal approach for self driving vehicle is dividing into several steps such as road marking detection, vehicle detection, path planning and motor drive control. These human selected features are poor reliable to the high traffic environment and hence End to End learning method is implemented to overcome this drawback. This work explains the End to End learning method to predict the steering angle to keep up the self driving car in the lane by using the Convolutional Neural Network. The CNN architecture takes input images and predicts the steering angles consequently. This system is automatically learns inside representations of the imperative steps such as identifying beneficial road features with the driving steering angle along with road images as the training input. This work shows the ability of the convolutional neural networks to control the self driving vehicle by processing the input images. This work achieved a test loss of 0.0354 and R2 score of 0.819 using CNN architecture with different hyper parameters.


Basic parameters and performance requirements were briefed for the electric drive system for straddle-type monorail car with independent intellectual property rights.Also the traction/braking characteristics,performance calculation and line simulation,power circuit structure as well as the design ideas and technical characteristics of the control system were expounded.The vehicle and its electric drive system have passed the field type test and running inspection,which is under trial operation in Chongqing metro line 6 with good situation.


International Journal of Innovation in Pharma Biosciences and Research Technology ( Refsyn-Journal ) is an international journal with  peer-reviewed, open access journal published by quarterly  also intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Life sciences and Pharmacy. It was registered as an independent organization, a unit of Refsyn Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., is delivering supports and services to education professionals and researchers around the world, especially those from the developing countries.


According to Railway Bureau's on-site use and combined with experimental research of brake system's WSP performance, thispaper analyzed that it's faulty of the existing programs. In order to avoid the deficiencies of existing programs, the optimum design so-lution was given and tested over and over.


The origin of Middle Jurassic evaporites in the Qamdo Basin is still controversial because palaeontological studies have reported that they have both marine and continental characteristics. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the gypsum in the Middle Jurassic Dongdaqiao Formation in the Qamdo Basin range from 0.707602 to 0.708163, which are higher than that of contemporaneous seawater. Model calculations suggest that continental water prevailed over seawater during the precipitation of these evaporites. However, the majority of the gypsum samples have δ34S values of 15.3‰ to 16.3‰, which are consistent with that of contemporaneous seawater. This range of values (15.3‰ vs. 16.3‰) was likely caused by S isotope fractionation during evaporation because the δ34S values and Sr contents are negatively correlated. The δ34S values of the other three gypsum samples are 20.0‰, 20.5‰, and 20.8‰, which are significantly higher than that of Middle Jurassic seawater. The trace element compositions and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations indicate that these elevated δ34S values were caused by bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR). The Sr and S isotope systematics of the gypsums from the Dongdaqiao Formation demonstrate that the parent brines from which the evaporites precipitated were marine based with a large quantity of continental input. A comparison of the lithologies and Sr isotope compositions of the Middle Jurassic sequences in the Qamdo and Qiangtang Basins revealed that the Qiangtang Basin was mainly recharged by Jurassic seawater, while the Qamdo Basin was primarily recharged by continental water with some seawater-derived overflow from the Qiangtang Basin.


Purpose Central lines have improved the quality of life of pediatric oncology patients. However, several complications, including infections, have been associated with their use. The data available at this time do not support the choice of a certain type of central line over another. The primary outcome of this retrospective research is to determine the incidence of central line associated bacteraemia (CLAB) in pediatric oncology patients. Secondary outcomes are to characterize the CLAB, to compare the …


This paper considers three machine flowshop scheduling problem with two agents. The jobs of first agent have two operations executed in the same order, on M 1 and then on M 2 respectively. According to the second agent, the jobs should be executed on M 2 and then on M 3 . Thus, the second machine M 2 has to be shared to perform all of jobs. The objective is to minimize at the same time the makespan of each job set. The epsiv-constraint approach is utilized, i.e. the maximum completion time of the one agent has to be minimized while the maximum completion time of the other is bounded. This scheduling problem was proved as binary NP-hard. In this study, a pseudo-polynomial algorithm is proposed.


Universal Dependencies (UD) is an international project to develop multilingual dependency treebanks in a uniform annotation scheme, aiming at cross lingual learning from multilingual corpora and quantitative comparison of languages. As of mid 2018, more than 100 corpora for about 60 languages have been released. This paper describes the definition of annotations for Japanese. We discuss the localization issues of PoS tags, case marking dependency labels and the difference between phrase and clause in Japanese. We present the issues of coordination structures, which cannot be represented solely by the dependency tree structures. We also report the current status of UD Japanese corpora we have constructed.


In this paper I hope to clarify and extend the analysis of French compagnonnage that I presented in the "Tracing School Effects" Symposium in the November 2011 American Anthropological Association (AAA) meetings in Montréal. First, I will try to explain more fully why some French youth are initially attracted to the program, but many others are not, and why some beginners drop out before completing apprenticeship. I will also examine, briefly, financial requirements for participants and how the program itself balances its annual budget. Why should we be interested in compagnonnage? Developmental psychologists for some years have articulated a conception of environmental factors that can enhance the development of adolescents (ages 15-22), which include circumstances in which they can interact with a wide range of adults—authoritative caregivers and mentors, access to settings in which they can discover their own particular abilities, opportunities in which to make their own decisions and to experience moderate risk, etc. If you compare the learning environments provided in compagnonnage with those offered in schools that follow the dominant "school-and-classrooms" model (designated location, segregation from community, age-grading, group instruction, instruction by non-kin adults, formal curriculum, etc.) according to how well they correspond to the psychologists' specifications, compagnonnage provides a more "complete," developmentally suitable learning environment than school-and-classrooms. Most participants' positive responses to the compagnonnage program are thus not surprising. Yet most anthropologists (including those who specialize in education) are reluctant to critique the underlying structure, procedures, and norms of the school-and-classroom model, and the lack of correspondence of these with adolescents' basic needs. Specifically, they show little sustained interest in alternative models, including but not restricted to compagnonnage, that seem to offer more appropriate environments for adolescent learning. One reason for this stalemate is that most anthropologists, as academics and professionals, are firmly "culture-bound" when it comes to deep analysis of the school-andclassroom template, beyond sniping at its (many) rough edges. They are so invested in the dominant model that almost any other seems irrelevant. As students, most anthropologists prospered in it and are its products; they animate it, as best they can, when they teach; they deliver their children to it; they benefit personally from the model, which gives them time and energy for research and writing. In short, they take this part of their own culture almost completely for granted—as do most non-anthropologists with respect to most aspects of their culture. Anthropologists rarely ask: Why do we settle for this less than satisfactory model? Where did it come from? And are there more productive arrangements that we could move towards? How do we do so? Learning In and Out of School Herzog


Studies on hawkmoth pollination in a primary forest in central Madagascar indicated that at least five of six flowering, long-spurred angraecoid species exploited the same hawkmoth, Panogena lingens, as a pollen vector. Several other long-tongued hawkmoth species were present, but no evidence was found that they participated in orchid pollination. The pollinaria of Angraecum arachnites, A. compactum, Neobathiea grandidierana, and Jumellea teretifolia were deposited on the basal portion of the proboscis. The latter three species utilized the same dorsal portion of the proboscis, whereas attachment by A. arachnites was ventral. The pollinaria of Aerangis fuscata were deposited on the frons and palps. Hawkmoths frequently carried mixed loads, but at least ethological and mechanical mechanisms seemed to restrict interspecific pollination. The P. lingens-angraecoid orchid relationship may have reached a specialized state before progenitors of other long-tongued Sphingidae colonized or evolved in central Madagascar. THE HAWKMOTH FAUNA OF MADAGASCAR contains some 60 species and is highly endemic (Griveaud 1959, Carcasson 1967). Compared to other Old World faunas, it is especially rich in long-tongued forms. Tongues of at least six species are often longer than 7 cm, and two of these, Xanthopan morgani (Walk.) ssp. praedicta R. & J. and Coelonia solani (Boisd.), have tongues that often exceed 20 cm (Nilsson et al. 1985). In the Sphingidae, a long proboscis represents a plesiomorphic state, and all Malagasy long-tongued species belong to relatively archaic genera (Rothschild & Jordan 1903). If long tongues are traits produced through processes of coevolution or diffuse coevolution (sensu Janzen 1980) in relation to food plants of adult hawkmoths, then a corresponding guild of plants with long nectar spurs or corolla tubes should exist. About 10 percent ( > 70 species) of all Malagasy orchids have spurs 8 cm or longer (cf. Perrier de la Bathie 1939-1941); hawkmoth pollination is also suggested by the floral features of many members of other plant families. Darwin (1862) predicted that the Madagascar Star Orchid Angraecum sesquipedale Thou., with a spur often exceeding 30 cm, was pollinated by an unknown giant hawkmoth. One very long-tongued candidate, discovered 41 years later, was accordingly named X. morgani praedicta (Rothschild & Jordan 1903). Thus a considerable guild of Malagasy plants exists that exploit the fuel demands of long-tongued hawkmoths. We recently described the pollination system of A. arachnites Schltr. (Nilsson et al. 1985). The present paper reports further on relations between Malagasy long-spurred orchids and hawkmoths and focuses on specialized pollination systems, shared and partitioned pollinator utilization, and species-isolating mechanisms between plants at low densities in a tropical primary forest. STUDY SITE AND METHODS The study was carried out 13-30 November 1983 in the Ambohitantely forest, 25 km northwest of Ankazobe on the Ankazobe tampoketsa, an old granitic erosion plain at 1500-1600 m altitude in central Madagascar. The forest consists of patches that remain mostly in ravines and along watercourses (Bastian 1964). These fragments of primary forest display a rich epiphytic orchid flora. We explored about 4 km2 of forest for flowering orchids and collected floral reference material of long-spurred species. Every night when the weather permitted, hawkmoths were captured at the border of the forest with a 2 5 0-W mercury vapor lamp. Total collection time was 91 hr. Some hawkmoths were stored intact, but in the majority, the proboscis was cut at the base and stored in separate tubes according to species. The proboscis of each hawkmoth individual was unrolled along a ruler, and under magnification both sides were examined for pollinaria. Position and quantity of pollen load were recorded. Pollinaria, or parts thereof, that could not immediately be identified to species were moistened, removed from the proboscis, dissected in 70 percent ethanol, and compared with reference material. Voucher specimens of hawkmoths and plants are deposited in UPS. I Received 12 October 1985, revision accepted 18 June 1986. 310 BIOTROPICA 19(4): 310-318 1987 This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 05:29:56 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TABLE 1. Long-spurred orchids in flower recorded in Ambohitantely forest, and some of their general characteristics. Digits underlined in columns 2 and 5 represent the most common condition; whereas those underlined in column 6 denote the mean spur length. Approximate level aboveground of flower-proFlowering Frequency in No. of ducing indiperiod in flower flowers Length of spur Species viduals (m) the areaa observed producedb (cm) A. arachnites Schltr. 1-2-5 X-XII Abundant 1-3 10-12.7-15.5 A. compactum Schltr. 0-1-7 X-XII Sparse 1-4 13-14.5-17 N. grandidierana (Reichb.f.) Garay 2 XI 2 IC 14 J. teretifolia Schltr. 2-4-7 X-XI Sparse 1 12-13 A. articulata Schltr. 1-2 XI 2 12-19 7.5-11.4d A. fuscata (Reichb.f.) Schltr. 1-2-3 X-XI Sparse Ie 14 a Estimated from the flowering stage of each species. b In those plant individuals that produced flowers. c We have seen a pressed specimen (leg. J. P. Peyrot, Nov. 1961) in P (Paris) with several flowers. d Proximal and distal flower of one 12-flowered rachis. e Large individuals can produce several flowers (J. Stewart, pers. comm.).


Our aim in the present paper is to prove the boundedness of commutators on Morrey spaces with variable exponent. In order to obtain the result, we clarify a relation between variable exponent and BMO norms.


Background: CEM-101, an orally administered macrolide-ketolide for respiratory tract infections (RTI), has potent activity against Gram-positive pathogens, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis . To further define resistance (R) potential to CEM-101, 3 studies determined single step mutational rates, passaging selection and R induction by erythromycin (ERY). Methods: Single step R used 1 S. aureus (SA), 1 E. faecalis, 2 S. pneumoniae (SPN), exposed to 4X, 8X and 16X MIC of CEM-101. Selection by passaging (7 days), used subinhibitory concentrations of CEM-101 and 3 comparators (azithromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin [TEL]) with 18 strains including SA, CA-MRSA USA300, enterococci and SPN with various ERY-R patterns. Induction experiments with D-test (ERY inducer + CEM101, clindamycin [CC] and TEL) tested 81 ERY-R, CC-S strains (17 spp). Results: In R selection passaging, no significant variation was observed for 8 strains (44.4%; 4 spp). The remaining 10 strains exhibited modest CEM-101 MIC increases of 4- (7 strains) or 8-fold (3) without reversion of the MIC in drug-free media. R-selection during passaging was less for CEM-101 compared to other agents evaluated. No CEM-101 single-step mutations were observed at 4X, 8X or 16X CEM-101 MIC using inocula of 6.5 X 10 8 (SPN) to 6.0 X 10 9 (SA; see Table). Four patterns of ERY induction of CEM101/TEL/CC-R were noted as follows: +/+/+ (39; 10 spp, erm A, B and C); -/+/+ (7; 2 spp, erm A); +/+/- (10; 4 spp, msr A) and -/-/- (25; 10 spp, none).


Modular permeable pavements are alternatives to the traditional impervious asphalt and concrete pavements. Pervious pore spaces in the surface allow for water to infiltrate into the pavement during rainfall events. As of their ability to allow water to quickly infiltrate through the surface, modular permeable pavements allow for reductions in runoff quantity and peak runoff rates. Even in areas where the underlying soil is not ideal for modular permeable pavements, the installation of under drains has still been shown to reflect these reductions. Modular permeable pavements have been regarded as an effective tool in helping with stormwater control. It also affects the water quality of stormwater runoff. Places using modular permeable pavement has been shown to cause a significant decrease in several heavy metal concentrations as well as suspended solids. Removal rates are dependent upon the material used for the pavers and sub-base material, as well as the surface void space. Most heavy metals are captured in the top layers of the void space fill media. Permeable pavements are now considered an effective BMP for reducing stormwater runoff volume and peak flow. This study examines the extent to which such combined pavement systems are capable of handling load from the vehicles. Experimental investigation were undertaken to quantify the compressive characteristics of the modular. Results shows impressive results of achieving high safety factor for daily life vehicles.


IPTV provides IP broadcast and VOD, and enables users to access thousands of video content of both types. On the other hand, it is difficult for users to find video content that matches their preferences amongst this huge amount of available content. We propose a video content recommendation system with using a widget application, which can recommend video content related to the content that the user is currently watching. We implemented the proposed system in an experimental system and conducted subjective assessments using the system. This paper describes the system and discusses the experimental results.


Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is suitable for mobile cloud storage to protect data confidentiality and realize fine-grained data access control. It is essential for ABE schemes to achieve attribute revocation as users' attributes may be changed frequently. Keyword search over encrypted data also needs to be solved in the mobile cloud storage. In addition, computational efficiency is a consideration for the resource-constrained mobile device. Focusing on the above-mentioned problems, an efficiently revocable and searchable ABE (RSABE) scheme for the mobile cloud storage is proposed. In our scheme, the function of attribute revocation is efficiently achieved by delegating the update of secret key and ciphertext to the powerful cloud server. Keyword search is also supported, in which data owners and users can generate the keywords index and search trapdoor, respectively, without relying on always online trusted authority. Furthermore, an outsourced decryption technology is used to reduce the computational load of decryption on user side. Our RSABE scheme is proven to be semantically secure against selective ciphertext policy and chosen plaintext attack, and to be secure against chosen keyword attack in the random oracle model. Finally, performance evaluation demonstrates that our scheme is highly efficient.


This research aims to measure the awareness and the implementation of tour operators (TOs) regarding to sustainable tourism supply chain management (STSM) and to explore the internal factors of TOs affecting their STSM implementation. The qualitative data obtained from interviewing with stakeholders and quantitative data collected from the survey of 130 tour operators in Chiangmai and Phuket provinces were utilized to answer the research objectives. The results reveal that the tour operators have awareness to STSM and implementation at high and rather high level, respectively, showing that there is an awareness gap. In addition, the study found the statistically significant difference between their awareness and implementation level regarding to STSM, indicating that there is an implementation gap. In addition, the value of profit margin earned is the variable that has significant effect on TOs' STSM performance.


Measurements of the elastic constants and related pressure and temperature derivatives of ten compounds of interest to geophysical and geochemical theories are reported and analyzed. We discuss the corrections that are expected from effects of anisotropy and porosity and conclude that polycrystalline samples with porosities of 4% are not adequate for reliable acoustic measurements. We find that two anharmonic parameters, γth and δS, are independent of temperature at high temperature, and we use this result to estimate the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus at high temperatures. We present a number of correlations between the elastic constants and illustrate their use by attempting to predict the unmeasured elastic properties of fayalite.


Carbon nanotubes (2.4 g/g catalyst), with large inner diameters were successfully synthesized through pyrolysis of methane on a Ni-Cu-Al catalyst by adding sodium carbonate into the carbon nanotubes growth system. The inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes prepared by this method is about 20-60 nm, while their outer diameter is about 40-80 nm. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed to investigate the morphology and microstructures of the carbon nanotubes. The analyses showed that these carbon nanotubes have large inner diameters and good graphitization. The addition of sodium carbonate into the reaction system brings about a slight decrease in the methane conversion and the yield of carbon. The experimental results showed that sodium carbonate is a mildly toxic material which influenced the catalytic activity of the Ni-Cu-Al catalyst and resulted in the formation of carbon nanotubes with large inner diameters. The growth mechanism of the carbon nanotubes with large inner diameters is discussed in this paper.


Due to the rapid development of information and emerging communication technologies, developing and implementing solutions in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMTs) field have become relevant. This work developed a novel data security algorithm for deployment in emerging wireless biomedical sensor network (WBSN) and IoMTs applications while exchanging electronic patient folders (EPFs) over unsecured communication channels. These EPF data are collected using wireless biomedical sensors implemented in WBSN and IoMTs applications. Our algorithm is designed to ensure a high level of security for confidential patient information and verify the copyrights of bio-signal records included in the EPFs. The proposed scheme involves the use of Hahn's discrete orthogonal moments for bio-signal feature vector extraction. Next, confidential patient information with the extracted feature vectors is converted into a QR code. The latter is then encrypted based on a proposed two-dimensional version of the modified chaotic logistic map. To demonstrate the feasibility of our scheme in IoMTs, it was implemented on a low-cost hardware board, namely Raspberry Pi, where the quad-core processors of this board are exploited using parallel computing. The conducted numerical experiments showed, on the one hand, that our scheme is highly secure and provides excellent robustness against common signal-processing attacks (noise, filtering, geometric transformations, compression, etc.). On the other hand, the obtained results demonstrated the fast running of our scheme when it is implemented on the Raspberry Pi board based on parallel computing. Furthermore, the results of the conducted comparisons reflect the superiority of our algorithm in terms of robustness when compared to recent bio-signal copyright protection schemes.


N view of their close pathological relationI ship, it appears logical, as well as expedient, to consider the linings of synovial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths as a single unit for the purpose of discussing tumors and tumorlike lesions. The deeper fibrous component of articular capsules and bursal walls, as well as the relatively inert tendons themselves, scarcely enter seriously into the problem of neoplastic proliferation, except in so far as one may note the rare occurrence of ordinary fibroblastic tumors. In the pertinent literaturelg~ P 686 one finds a number of lesions broadly classified as tumors that are not genuine neoplasms or whose pathological interpretation is debatable. Thus, the common ganglion, developing as it does through myxoid degeneration and cystic softening of the connective tissue of a joint capsule or tendon sheath, constitutes a tumor only in the limited clinical sense of a swelling (Figs. 1, 2). Further, the condition of synovial, bursal, or tenosynovial osteochondromatosis may be convincingly interpreted as a self-limited metaplastic process rather than a genuine expression of neoplasia, as will be indicated presently. Continuing, the tumor-like lesions that have been called giant-cell tumor, xanthomatous giant-cell tumor, giant-cell myeloma, benign synovioma, and giant-cell synovioma (among other names) have long been a subject of controversial interpretation. There are some, the writer among them, who feel that they may well represent peculiar hyperplastic granulomas of as yet undetermined etiology, rather than bona fide neoplasms. This concept is implied in the designation of pigmented villonodular synovitis, bursitis, and tenosynovitis,zS as the case may be. If one sets apart the conditions mentioned, there are actually relatively few undisputed tumors that are observed with any appreciable frequency. The benign tumors that are encountered occasionally on the lining surfaces


An Information Technology (IT) project deals with IT infrastructure, information systems, or computers for delivering an IT product within a temporary period. Proper application of software development methodologies assists software designers to run IT projects to the success of achieving the satisfaction of project stakeholders. Because of the issues raised by traditional software development methodologies such as the Waterfall model, the IT industry began to employ Agile methodology for IT project management. However, due to the separation of software development and operation teams, Agile methodology also caused problems. DevOps is a new approach adapted to the Agile methodology that collaborates the software development and operation teams in order to provide continuous development of high-quality software in a short period of time. However, there are practical issues reported since DevOps approach is still in its infancy in the IT industry. The purpose of this research is to analyze the use of the DevOps concept in IT Projects by evaluating the challenges and mitigating strategies practiced by software development firms in order to ensure the success of IT projects. This purpose was achieved by performing a literature study and soliciting recommendations from industry professionals using a questionnaire survey. The findings reveal the critical challenges and prioritization of challenges experienced by software firms while adopting DevOps, as well as their practices for overcoming those challenges. The research findings will help IT project development teams and future researchers to develop strategies for making the success of DevOps adoption with Agile methodology in the IT industry.


The thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires was predicted using the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method using the Stillinger–Weber potential model and the Nose–Hoover thermostat. The dependence of the thermal conductivity on the wire length, cross-sectional area, and temperature was investigated. The surface along the longitudinal direction was set as a free boundary with potential boundaries in the other directions. The cross-sectional areas of the nanowires ranged from about 5 to 19 nm2 with lengths ranging from 6 to 54 nm. The thermal conductivity dependence on temperature agrees well with the experimental results. The reciprocal of the thermal conductivity was found to be linearly related to the nanowire length. These results quantitatively show that decreasing the cross-sectional area reduces the phonon mean free path in nanowires.


Abstract The dislocation structures of large-grained low-temperature-annealed Fe-45at.% A1 + B specimens strained to failure over the temperature range 400–1000 K have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Up to and including 700K, only {111} slip was observed but, in specimens strained at 800K and above, both {111} and {001} slip were observed. The onset of {001} slip at 800 K coincides with the temperature at which a peak in the yield stress occurs in this alloy as shown by Klein and Baker in 1994. Optical metallography showed no evidence of either grain-boundary migration or dynamic recrystallization but, at 1000 K, both static recrystallization and significant cavitation were noted. Cavitation is a feature common to solute-containing alloys.


The sub-title for this book is 'An Approach Towards a Sustainable and Integrated Management System for Contract Processing Businesses' and clearly it is hoped and intended that the results and trends exhibited from examining the metal finishing industry might be extended to other industrial sectors consisting of a predominance of sub-contracting companies servicing the sectors. The book is part of a LIT series 'Controlling and Management' edited by professors Ronald Gleich and Andreas Wald.


Abstract A large body of scholarship shows that autocrats can use corruption strategically to strengthen their political hold, such as by distributing rents to their supporters. However, this scholarship often overlooks how corruption may also politically damage autocrats. I argue that corruption often brings substantial political costs alongside its advantages, resulting in a 'corruption dilemma' for autocrats. I show that in recent years, public anger over corruption has led to numerous anti-government protests and has been a major cause of autocrats being ousted from power. How politically costly corruption is depends on factors such as the public's tolerance for corruption, whether the autocrat is accountable to quasi-democratic institutions and whether the autocrat can credibly claim to be fighting corruption. The case of Malaysia illustrates how relying on corrupt practices to stay in power can backfire even in a long-standing authoritarian regime. My analysis advances our understanding of corruption's mixed role in authoritarian durability and authoritarian strategies of rule.


The matrix rank is an important algebraic conception.It is a vigorous tool of studying linear equations,vector space,Euclidean space,linear transformation and quadratic form.It is necessary for us to master the operation formula of matrix rank.


objective  Response to acute psychological stress is characterized by activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. However, response to the prolonged psychological stress is less well known.


opened three times freely. She felt greatly relieved by it, but rather low. July 20. The bowels had not acted since the 15th inst.; but the. t.on,ue was moist and clean, and her appetite was good. July 21. The bowels acted freely to-day witlhout medicine. July 23. The wound was so ftar healed that she was able to bear a truss. She was up, and was fast gaininD strengtl. July 27. She was discharged cured. REMARKS. This case illustrates clearly the folly of being in a lhurry to obtain an action of the bowels immediately after the operation for strangulated hernia. In former days it was always the rule to get the bowels to act as soon as possible; but nowv (in this hospital, at all events) it is the practice to retard, if possible, by opiates, the action of the bowels; anid in many instances in which there has been constipation for nine or ten days, the patient hias recovered without a bad symptom. In the present case the bowels were not opened for fifteen days; and yet during the whole of this time the patient had no severe symptoms, and has now left the hospital to all intents and purposes cured. This treatment may, if necessary, be defended by the analogy of that universally adopted in injuries of the same parts. Take, for instance, cases in which there has been severe bruising of or severe shock to the intestinal canal. In such cases no prudent surgeon would feel himself justified in administering purgative medicine, in order to quicken the action of the bowels; but he would rather, on the other hand, delay their action, in order that they might recover their tone; and in cases of strangulated hernia, the injury, although differently caused, has much the same effect. In the present instance, it is clear, both from the hiistory and state of parts discovered at the operation, that there had been a hernia which was strangulated, and which had been relieved by the taxis before admission; under the circutmstances, however, with the presence of a deep seated tumour in the femoral fossa, and with the contirnulance of vomiting and constipation, it would have been wrong to omit an exploratory operation. The long durationi of the subsequent constipation, and the tenderness around the situation of the gut, showed that some injury had been inflicted upon it by the taxis, which lhad probably set up some amouint of local peritonitis, and thus -etarded the actioni of thbe gut. Such symptoms are extremely rare, after the successfuil use of the taxis; and it, therefore, becomes a quiestion how far the exploratory opetation, in which, of course, the peritoneal cavity was laicd open, may have contributed to produce them.


We exhibit a weakly aperiodic tile set for Baumslag-Solitar groups, and prove that the domino problem is undecidable on these groups. A consequence of our construction is the existence of an arecursive tile set on Baumslag-Solitar groups.


The invention discloses a rapid insertion joint pressure-bearing type solar thermal collector. The rapid insertion joint pressure-bearing type solar thermal collector comprises a support, vacuum thermal collection pipes (3) and a header (6) with internally arranged channel pipes (4), wherein the header (6) is installed on the support. The rapid insertion joint pressure-bearing type solar thermal collector is characterized in that all-welded stainless steel inner containers (2) are arranged inside the vacuum thermal collection pipes (3); the channel pipes (4) inside the header (6) are connected with the vacuum thermal collection pipes (3) through rapid insertion joint structures. According to the rapid insertion joint pressure-bearing type solar thermal collector, the installation is convenient, the header, the support and the vacuum thermal collection pipes can be packaged in a split mode, transportation and carrying in construction sites are facilitated, and manpower is saved; the all-welded stainless steel inner containers are arranged inside the vacuum thermal collection pipes and accordingly thermal collection and thermal storage can be achieved; the channel pipes are made of steel stainless materials and accordingly costs are reduced and meanwhile the anti-scale performance is good compared with red copper inner containers which are used in a large amount currently; gaps between the all-welded stainless steel inner containers inside the vacuum thermal collection pipes and the internal walls of the vacuum thermal collection pipes are small, mediums are directly heated, and the thermal collection efficiency is high.


Westinghouse, with Techniweave as a major subcontractor, is conducting a three-phase program aimed at providing advanced candle filters for a 1997 pilot-scale demonstration in one of the two hot- gas filter systems at Southern Company Service`s Wilsonville PSD Facility. The Base Program (Phases I and 11) goal is to develop and demonstrate the suitability of the Westinghouse/ Techniweave next- generation, composite, candle filter for use in Pressurized Fluidized- Bed Combustion (PFBC) and/or Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) power generation systems. The Optional Task (Phase 111, Task 5) objective is to fabricate, inspect, and ship to Wilsonville 50 advanced candle filters for pilot-scale testing.


Directs the Secretary of the military department concerned to pay monthly special compensation to severely disabled military retirees as follows: (1) $300 for those with disabilities rated as total; (2) $200 for those with disabilities rated at 90 percent; and (3) $100 for those with disabilities rated at 70 or 80 percent. Requires such retirees to have completed at least 20 years of retirement-creditable military service and to have a service-connected disability.


The gear wheel shafts of main oil pumps in aero-engines fractured during service.The fracture mode and cause of the main gear shafts was investigated by macroscopic observation,surface friction trace analysis,energy spectrum analysis and fracture examination.The results show that the fracture mode of the main gear shafts is torsion overload fracture,and the fracture was mainly caused by the wear,scuffing and clamping stagnation between the driven shaft and bushing due to the foreign hard particle such as Al2O3 and SiC.The fracture of the main gear shafts was effectively solved by some measures,such as regular inspection,replacement of oil,prevention of oil pollution,and adding oil pollutant groove to the bushing inner wall.


One-class learning is the classic problem of fitting a model to data for which annotations are available only for a single class. In this paper, we propose a novel objective for one-class learning. Our key idea is to use a pair of orthonormal frames -- as subspaces -- to ``sandwich'' the labeled data via optimizing for two objectives jointly: i) minimize the distance between the origins of the two subspaces, and ii) to maximize the margin between the hyperplanes and the data, either subspace demanding the data to be in its positive and negative orthant respectively. Our proposed objective however leads to a non-convex optimization problem, to which we resort to Riemannian optimization schemes and derive an efficient conjugate gradient scheme on the Stiefel manifold. To study the effectiveness of our scheme, we propose a new dataset Dash-Cam-Pose, consisting of clips with skeleton poses of humans seated in a car, the task being to classify the clips as normal or abnormal; the latter is when any human pose is out-of-position with regard to say an airbag deployment. Our experiments on the proposed Dash-Cam-Pose dataset, as well as several other standard anomaly/novelty detection benchmarks demonstrate the benefits of our scheme, achieving state-of-the-art one-class accuracy.


The Sugarcane Yellow Leaf disease is a major viral disease of sugarcane, caused by a Polerovirus - the SCYLV- transmitted by several aphid species. The disease was described only in the 1990s probably because yellowing of the leaves, the main symptom, may be confused with abiotic stress. Yellow leaf disease is widely distributed in sugarcane growing areas where yield losses have been reported. Varietal resistance, both against the virus and its vectors, is the most practicable control method and a recent objective in breeding programs. In order to analyze the genetic basis of the resistance to SCYLV and to its worldwide aphid vector Melanaphis sacchari, we undertook an association mapping study based on 344 sugarcane cultivars. These 344 cultivars were split in two populations sharing 29 common cultivars, and evaluated in two contrasted environments, one in Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean (RUN, 184 cultivars) and one in Guadeloupe in the Caribbean (GUA, 189 cultivars). The RUN (one trial) and the GUA (two trials) populations were evaluated in the field in second ratoon under natural infestation conditions for SCYLV incidence by tissue-blot immunoassay. BRA-PER, CUB and RUN genotypes of the SCYLV were recorded by PCR in the GUA population. SCYLV genotypes detected in the RUN population were BRA-PER and RUN the latter representing the majority of the samples. The Reunion population was also evaluated for M. sacchari infestation level during two cropping seasons. Both populations were genotyped with AFLP markers (1367 markers for RUN and 2421 markers for GUA) and DArT markers (1877 markers for RUN and 1560 markers for GUA). Genetic structure of both populations was analyzed by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach with the EIGENSOFT software, using 2092 independent markers for RUN and 2576 independent markers for GUA. Significant marker - trait associations were detected with the TASSEL software, using a mixed linear model taking into account structure and family relatedness. Analysis of marker-trait associations for resistance to SCYLV revealed 16 significant markers in Reunion, defining 11 independent loci. In Guadeloupe, 20 significant associations were detected. Among the markers that were significant either in Reunion or in Guadeloupe, 18 (13 independent loci) were coded in both populations. Among these 13 commonly coded loci, five were confirmed, i.e. detected in one population, with control of GWtype 1 error by permutation procedure, and significant at the 0.05 nominal P value in the second population. Analysis of marker-trait associations for resistance to aphids detected 24 significant markers, defining 19 independent loci. One of these markers was located on a haplotype where a confirmed linkage associated with reduction of SCYLV incidence both in Reunion and in Guadeloupe was identified. (Resume d'auteur)


ABSTRACT The ability of various subsets of poultry intestinal microbiota to protect turkeys from colonization by Campylobacter jejuni was investigated. Community subsets were generated in vivo by inoculation of day-old poults with the cecal contents of a Campylobacter-free adult turkey, followed by treatment with one antimicrobial, either virginiamycin, enrofloxacin, neomycin, or vancomycin. The C. jejuni loads of the enrofloxacin-, neomycin-, and vancomycin-derived communities were decreased by 1 log, 2 logs, and 4 logs, respectively. Examination of the constituents of the derived communities via the array-based method oligonucleotide fingerprinting of rRNA genes detected a subtype of Megamonas hypermegale specific to the C. jejuni-suppressive treatments.


ABSTRACT This article presents a statistical study on strength reduction factors for seismic-isolated bridges in far-fault areas. 1410 ground motions are selected and modified to be compatible with the recommended response spectra. Then, they are divided into 60 groups to investigate the effects of PGA/PGV ratios, soil conditions and post-to-pre-yield stiffness ratio. Results show that reduction factors are significantly affected by the PGA/PGV ratio, while the latter two items are not as important as the first one. Finally, an improved equation to estimate the reduction factor is proposed, and the accuracy of the equation is verified by additional records.