The Indonesian Syncretism Transformation and the Islamic Artworks. This paper is intended to discuss the socio-historical aspect and the cultural achievement of the civilization of Hinduism and Islamic fine art in Indonesia, the updated development of Islamic contemporary fine art, and the artwork of KH. M. Fuad Riyadi, artists and contemporary mufti who are active as art doers of literary art, music, and fine art. The artwork is always a reflection of the observations and feelings and thoughts of the author. The artwork was born by the long struggle of complex processes on various cultural elements which influenced to each other. At this stage there was a cultural transformation through the process of syncretization which formed a tradition of art in Indonesia in accordance with the role of cultural elements, especially the contiguity with the religion coming from the outside. This paper was analyzed through the historical study, cultural and aesthetics transformation. Based on the research it can be concluded that the artworks created by the artist do not stand alone based on the single breath of concept and religion doctrine but the ones which have been elaborated with the needs of the local culture and the local genius of that intended society.


At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, many French commentators doubted that France had the strength to withstand the trials of war. Yet the national mobilisation for war was an indisputable success that surprised military planners and political leaders alike. Despite inauspicious beginnings and the unprecedented material and human costs of war, France held out, and the Republican nation-state emerged victorious and to a large extent reinforced by the war. However, the subsequent failure to mobilise successfully in 1939–40 begs the question of the nature and transformation of French patriotism in the First World War. Interestingly, in a field characterised by its vibrant, sophisticated and highly contentious debates, French historians appear to have skirted around the problem of patriotic mobilisation. This article reconsiders this question by investigating social mobilisation in the country's southern periphery, focusing on the town of Béziers. It underlines the need to locate patriotism by considering its valence in the particular social and geographic contexts that determined the war experience at the front or at home. It also suggests the necessity to re-politicise the idea of national sentiment while maintaining the necessary distinction between patriotism and nationalism. Finally, it argues that the analysis of wartime mobilisation in France must be part of a larger reflection on the mobilisation of space and place in the era of the Great War.


The textbook outlines the main sections of probability theory, mathematical statistics, theory of random processes and econometrics. The presentation of theoretical information is illustrated by numerous numerical examples. It contains questions and tasks for students to self-check the degree of assimilation of the material presented, as well as tasks for independent solution.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training "Business Informatics". The manual will also be useful for students studying in other areas of training who may need to use probabilistic and statistical modeling methods in their future professional activities.


In recent years, interest in studying the neural and physiological correlates of the processing of familiar social and emotional relevant stimuli has increased significantly. In this area of research, faces of loved familiar people (partners, children, parents, friends, etc.) have been used in laboratory conditions with the aim of inducing a positive emotional state related to the person's identity. Therefore, research on the processes underlying the emotions of attachment and love converges with the line of study that focuses on the recognition of familiar faces. In spite of the progress made in these areas, there are still a number of phenomena that need to be clarified. The first one is related to the distinction between the phenomena of affective valence (appetitive vs. aversive processing), undifferentiated arousal and familiarity. In Chapter 1 we present a series of studies aiming at studying the affective processing of loved faces, trying to distinguish the effects caused by the processing of the valence from those related to undifferentiated arousal or familiarity. With this aim in mind, we used P. Lang's passive viewing paradigm during the visualization of faces differing in familiarity (studies 1 and 2) and valence (study 3). The results of the three studies presented in Chapter 1 show that loved faces prompted a strong positive emotional reaction that cannot be attributed solely to the arousal or familiarity effect. Positive emotional reactions caused by the presence of loved ones may be related to the beneficial effects of social support on health status. We defend the hypothesis that loved faces could be acting as safety cues activating the motivational appetitive system and inhibiting the defensive system. In study 3, presented in Chapter 2, we tested this hypothesis using the startle paradigm during the passive viewing of loved faces, neutral faces and unpleasant faces. The most striking result of this study was a clear inhibition of the startle reflex during visualization of loved familiar faces. This result confirms the strong positive emotional reaction evoked by these faces. This inhibiting effect may be related to the positive effect of social support on health. After having confirmed that familiar faces provoke an intense emotional reaction that cannot be attributed to a mere arousal or familiarity effect, the next question that came up referred to the temporal course and brain location of these processes. Event-related potentials have proven to be very useful in identifying temporal patterns of different cognitive and emotional phenomena. In Chapter 3 we presented event-related and source analysis data related to the processing of loved faces (parents, partner and friend), neutral faces (unknown) and unpleasant faces (mutilated). We saw that component P3a, of a lower latency than the classical P3 and a frontal distribution, was modulated as a function of the affective valence of facial stimuli. Loved faces prompted a higher P3a positivity than neutral and unpleasant ones. Permutation analysis showed that the ERPs evoked by loved familiar faces starts to differentiate itself from the ERPs associated to neutral faces at very early latencies (lower than 200 ms), which shows the quick access to positive memories and emotions related to familiar faces. Source analyses using the Bayesian averaging method showed that those areas associated with the generation of the P3a where located in structures related to recognition of familiar faces (inferior temporal cortex) and with the processing of the hedonic value and pleasantness of the stimuli (orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate). These results showed that loved familiar faces modulate neural responses depending on their social and emotional value. In spite of the novelty of these results, a limitation of the study presented in Chapter 3 is the use of faces that are unpleasant due to their physical appearance (mutilation) and not due to their identity. The aim of the study presented in Chapter 4 was to research on the central and peripheral modulation caused by the emotion associated to the identity of the face ("emotion from identity"). We were also interested in finding a possible modulation depending on the affective valence of faces. To this end, we recorded the subjective assessments and the autonomic, somatic and central responses (IRMf) of a group of men and women during the viewing of faces belonging to four categories: loved familiar, unpleasant familiar, attractive unknown and unpleasant unknown. The results of this study showed that familiar faces are stimuli that massively engage a large network of brain structures as well as autonomous and somatic response systems. The areas activated during the processing of familiar faces are related to emotion modulation (insula, frontal operculum and inferior frontal gyrus), with the recognition of familiar faces (fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, and temporal poles) and with motor control (medial frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area and cerebellum). On the other hand, loved familiar faces were the only ones activating the medial orbitofrontal cortex, an area related with the processing of pleasant stimuli and which is part of the brain's reward circuits. We can therefore conclude that the results of the studies presented in this thesis offer the following novel information: (1) loved familiar faces elicit a series of peripheral and central changes as a consequence of having induced an intense positive emotional state; (2) loved faces inhibit defensive responses, as is shown by the inhibition of the startle reflex, and this inhibitory mechanism could be at the origin of the benefitial effect of social support on health; (3) loved faces provoke a P3a of a lower latency and higher amplitude than that induced by neutral and unpleasant faces, which shows that there is a very fast access to relevant social and emotional memories and (4) the processing of familiar faces depends on an large network of brain structures in charge of recognizing the identity and recovering the knowledge about the person, processing the emotion evoked by the identity of the face and preparing a possible motor action. Last but not least, as is shown by the activation of the medial orbitofrontal cortex when seeing loved faces as opposed to attractive faces, faces of familiar loved people constitute a stimulus that has a higher reinforcing value than that of other very gratifying stimuli.


Let k>2 and k be a k-element set. We show that though the partial clone I:=/spl cap//sub a/spl isin/k/pPol {a} of all idempotent partial operations on k is contained in finitely many partial clones on k, it is quite hard to determine the number of all partial clones on k containing the partial clone I on k. Indeed this question is related to a hard problem in the area of extremal set theory.


This version of the history of kuru research departs from many earlier accounts, including my own, which often cling to a particular sequence of research and publication. The story usually begins in the early 1950s when several patrol officers and two anthropologists working in New Guinea reported the disease.1 It then unfolds with the first medical assessment in 1957, the anthropological investigations that began in 1961, and the mix of anthropological and medical research that unraveled the case in the 1960s. The narrative reaches a high point with the report of two Nobel Prizes in Medicine: one to Carleton Gajdusek in 1976, for transmitting the infection to laboratory primates, and the other to Stanley Prusiner in 1997, for identifying the nature of the infectious agent. It soon becomes clear that no one born since 1960 (when cannibalism ended) had come down with the disease, confirming the hypothesis that consuming the dead was the mode of transmission. The last case of kuru in 2009 then brings an end to the epidemic that once threatened the survival of the Fore people. The lessons learned during the epidemic are directed now at cultural and medical issues associated with diagnosis and care for patients with all forms of prion disease, and for the promotion of public and animal health worldwide.


This paper introduces a new decomposed way of algorithm in the design of a 3780-point FFT processor,which can reduce calculation complexity and storage space.It also adopts a modification prime factor algorithm which gives the output both in-place and in-order and saves operation and run time.In addition,the regular program structure of this proposed algorithm is more suitable for implementation in software and hardware.


Abstract Laser welding, currently being actively investigated worldwide, is about to become an important joining method. Traditionally laser welding has always been autogenous. With increased demands of welded joint and industrial applicability laser welding is now more frequently used with wire feed. This paper reviews laser welding with continuous wire feed and illustrates its potential advantages and problems. The current knowledge about basics of the techniques, effects of various variables and phenomena involved are summarized and discussed. It is shown that influence of variables requires understanding of their individual and combined effects. The survey indicates that although laser welding with continuous wire feed is a potential technique for many applications, R&D effort is still required to make the installation economically feasible.


Abstract Background The identification of causative pathogens in pneumonia can be challenging, and conventional culture methods can take up to 72 hours. However, rapid microbiologic tests identify organisms within hours. The Biofire®Filmarray ((bioMérieux, North Carolina) Pneumonia Panel was recently approved by the FDA. The multiplex PCR system identifies 33 targets from sputum and bronchoalveolar (BAL) samples, which include 18 bacteria, 8 viruses, and 7 antibiotic resistance genes. The purpose is to compare the panel to routine culture methods for the detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with pneumonia in a 794-bed teaching hospital in northwest Ohio. Methods We retrospectively screened all hospitalized intensive care unit patients who met clinical and radiological criteria of pneumonia using electronic medical records between November 2018 and February 2019. Adult patients who had respiratory cultures collected within 7 days were included. Repeat specimens were excluded. Routine cultures were performed using the laboratory's standard procedure, and Pneumonia Panel testing was performed according to manufacturer instructions. Results Fifty-nine respiratory or 13 BAL and 46 sputum specimens were evaluated. There was no discrepancy between culture and PCR in 63% (37/59) samples. One (8%) BAL and 10 (22%) sputum specimens had additional pathogens detected by PCR. There was a discrepancy between culture and PCR in four (31%) BAL and seven (15%) sputum samples. The largest discrepancy was noted amongst Serratia marcescens (4/59 or 7%) and Haemophilus influenzae (6/59 or 10%) species. Only one sputum culture had Legionella detected by PCR. Additionally, 17 specimens had a virus detected either alone or with another bacterial pathogen by PCR. For the resistance genes, KPC was detected by PCR but not by Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method (mCIM) test. The mecA gene was detected in six of seven (86%) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. CTX-M was detected in Serratia and Klebsiella pneunomiae in two samples; however, the organisms were not isolated in culture. Conclusion The Pneumonia Panel can identify additional bacteria that did not grow in culture. This panel can rapidly identify pathogens and potentially reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures


Bifunctional mesoporous TiO2 (meso-TiO2)/α-Fe2O3 composites are successfully synthesized by impregnation of Fe3+ into meso-TiO2 followed by calcination at 300 °C. The composites are characterized by wide-angle X-ray powder diffraction, small-angle X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The "bifunctional" means that the composites possess synergy of the photocatalytic ability of meso-TiO2 for oxidation of As (III) to As (V) and the adsorption performance of α-Fe2O3 for As (V). Experimental results show that the meso-TiO2/α-Fe2O3 composites can oxidize higher toxic As (III) to lower toxic As (V) with high efficiency at various pH values in the photocatalysis reaction. At the same time, As (V) is effectively removed by adsorption onto the surface of composites. In addition, As (V) can be easily desorbed from the composites by heat treatment in alkali solution. After reusage for several times, the composites still present comparable catalysis and adsorption performance with that of first use...


ABSTRACT Smart cities are spurred by rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Cost justification has been a challenging but essential decision-making aspect for smart city projects. Whilst market costs are measurable, non-market costs are often obscure and even intangible. The adverse effects on individuals arising from ICT services are usually underestimated due to the exclusion of intangible elements. This study is devoted to the non-market costs of ICT to users (i.e. Privacy leak, Cyber-attack, Non-availability, and Impediment) and non-users (due to Digital divide) in smart cities. Contingent Valuation is conducted on representative ICT services in Hong Kong which is an emerging smart city. Ordinal regression is adopted to calculate Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) for avoiding detriments as the proxy of non-market cost. The results indicate that the WTPs increase with data input needs. Information overload is remarkable in smart cities. Age is identified as a significant determinant through a discussion of influential factors of WTP. The impacts of Age on digital divide are studied with further insights through supplementary interviews. The estimated non-market costs should be incorporated into the Cost–Benefit Analysis of smart city projects for decision-making. Accordingly, policy recommendations on ICT use and security are provided for smart city managers.


Protonation of tricarbonyl(cyclo-octatetraene)-ruthenium gives a tricarbonyl(bicyclo[5,1,0]octadienium)-ruthenium cation, which isomerises to [h5-1,2,5,6,7-C8H9Ru(CO)3]+; similar reaction occurs with α-C8H8Os(CO)3; the reaction of [h5-1,2,5,6,7-C8H9Ru(CO)3]+ with CN– and CH2NO2– is described.


A statistical model is developed for the error analysis of surveying sediment deposition in reservoirs. The estimation variance of both the volume and weight of deposition can be calculated from a simple expression. The calculated error is shown to depend on inherent spatial variability, type of measurement, and the number of survey points. Survey networks for six reservoirs were designed by the model in such a way that the total weight of deposition could be measured with a coefficient of variation in the range 0.02–0.06.


Two conventional combustion chamber types and a re-entrant type of direct-injection diesel engine were compared in order to investigate the effects of heat transfer and in-cyliner flow associated with the combustion chamber geometry on combustion itself, engine performance and exhaust gas emissions. Heat transfer calculation and heat release analysis have shown that the re-entrant chamber tends to reduce ignition lag due to the higher chamber wall temperatures. In-cylinder flow measurements using hot wire anemometry have indicated that the re-entrant chamber generates a higher turbulence level, particularly around the top dead center, causing an increase in the rate of heat release. Thus, the re-entrant chamber can favorably improve both fuel economy and smoke, even though fuel injection timing is retarded to reduce NOx emission.


This paper presents and evaluate a prototype of an advanced topology of five-level T-type MLC, namely "T5MLC", implemented within a complete AC induction drive. The evaluation is based on the ability of balancing the converter DC link capacitor voltages, the torque and flux ripples reduction of the induction motor under control, the harmonic analysis and the efficiency of the inverter and the overall drive system. The converter implementation and design considerations using Silicon Carbide (SiC) discrete MOSFETs are discussed. The operation and the analytical model of T5MLC using switching-functions are presented. The model predictive control (MPC), as a preferred AC drive control approach, is selected to adapt the machine torque and flux, and to balance the DC link capacitor voltages. The T5MLC drive system is tested at different scenarios; i.e. suddenly load changing and speed reversal, to ensure the converter capability and excellent performance in AC drive applications. The experimental results show that the MPC could achieve an excellent performance in terms of low harmonic distortions, reduced flux and torque ripples and the ability of balanced DC link capacitors. In addition, the loss analysis showed that the T5MLC is 5.5 % to 24.8 % efficient compared to dual T-type MLC at different loading conditions.


This paper presents a method to incorporate the effect of climate change on the performance-based design of a caisson breakwater and its application to the East Breakwater of the Port of Hitachinaka in Honshu, Japan. The up-to-date projection estimated a future sea-level rise of 0.25-0.6 m and a wave-height increase of 1.7 m (from 8.3 to 10 m) during the 21st century in this area. The influence of a sea-level rise on caisson sliding was minimal; the sea-level rise was much smaller than the water depth at the breakwater site. When the effects of climate change were not included, the performance-based design method calculated the same caisson width as that of the constructed breakwater, partly validating the consistency between conventional deterministic methods and performance-based design methods. The effects of climate change dictate an increase in caisson width of approximately 1.5 and 0.5 m for linear and parabolic increases of wave height, respectively, which are approximately 6.8 and 2.3% of the present caisson width of 22 m. Finally, it is recommended that the caisson breakwater be designed using the projected wave height and water level in 30 years from construction, if the deterministic design method is used and the effects of climate change are to be taken into account. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000126. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Breakwaters; Caissons; Climate change; Design; Sea level. Author keywords: Breakwaters; Caisson; Climate change; Performance-based design; Sea-level rise.


Although a number of alternative methods were described for the performance of percutaneous gastrostomy soon after its initial description in 1980, few substantive changes have been added in recent years. It is the nature of science and medicine that traditional precepts be re-examined and tested periodically to assure their continued accuracy and relevance. Such is the aim of the Mayo Clinic group as they studied the necessity for skin incision with the performance of PEG, a standard component of the procedure since its inception. Citing the significant incidence of wound complications such as infection, pain and hematoma noted with the standard method of PEG performance (the "Pull" method) the authors have studied these complications using only the needle puncture to guide the catheter through the abdominal wall. They have omitted the standard 0.5cm skin incision usually made at the PEG site. They have studied this method in twenty patients and compared their results to historical controls. The authors encountered a significant problem using a standard PEG product, the Wilson–Cook gastrostomy tube. This tube has historically functioned well with standard PEG technique. However, with the authors' method, 25% of the tubes suffered breakage while passing through the abdominal wall. To complete the study it was necessary to switch to another, less commonly used, gastrostomy product. Peak forces measured while pulling the tube through the abdominal wall were significantly greater than those recorded with standard PEG technique in the past using an incision. The incidence of wound infections was low compared with historical controls. Pain and hematoma were not significant problems. This study suffers from the lack of a control group, and the tube failure occurring in a large percentage of cases is cause for some concern. The low incidence of wound infections is quite dramatic, but one wonders whether this is a result of the "incision-less" technique or better attention to other details of tube management such as lack of tension on the crossbar (with less resultant tissue ischemia) and better skin care than in historical controls. Clearly, as the authors suggest, a randomized comparison of the two methods is warranted. More importantly however, the authors are to be commended for critically re-assessing the dogma that surrounds invasive medical techniques to assure that all we do is absolutely best for our patients.


This research aimed to examine student's mathematical connection ability based on previous ability and gender. The instruments of the study were the researcher as the main instrument, the test of prior knowledge, the test of connection ability, interview and documentation. The triangulation technique was used for the data (test, observation, interview, and documentation). The subject of this research were six students representing each category of the previous ability. Three indicators of mathematical connection ability used in this research, namely: connections between mathematical topics, connections with the science other than mathematics, and connection with life. The results showed that 1) high-ability male subject had high levels of mathematical connection ability on indicators of connection with life, 2) high-ability female subject had high level of mathematical connection ability on indicators of connection with the science other than mathematics, 3) medium-ability male subject had high levels of mathematical connection ability on indicators between topics mathematics, 4) medium-ability female subject had high levels of mathematical connection ability on indicators between topics mathematics, 5) low-ability male subject had high levels of mathematical connection ability on indicators between topics mathematics, 6) low-ability female subject had high levels of mathematical connection ability on indicators between topics mathematics.


In current particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation software, the most important parts are several key technologies. In this paper, we discuss some technologies based on Yee-grid model and time-leapfrog model. Firstly, we induce 3-D electromagnetic discrete algorithm formulae, which include the centered-difference algorithm formulae, time-biased algorithm formulae and high-Q algorithm formulae. The application range of these electromagnetic discrete algorithms is also analyzed. Secondly, we discuss the phenomenological description technology used in emission simulations and induce the formulae which represent how to set the charge of macro particles in explosive emission. The charge-conserving algorithm used to calculate current which is produced by the particle moving and the weight algorithm used to calculate Lorentz force are also discussed. Thirdly, the ways to realize the common boundary conditions including the ideal conductor, port boundary, absorption boundaries and metal strut are discussed. The way to calculate the absorption coefficient of the absorption boundary is described in detail. The formulae of the metal strut's current and inductance under two-dimensional and three-dimensional coordinates in different orientation in space are induced and realized using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Then, the iterative process under main FDTD iteration of metal strut is given. At last, the correctness of these technologies is proved by computer simulation on the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (VCR) in 2-D photonic crystal. The results show that the THz radiation is excited by electron bunches in photonic crystal.


Catalogue of the altar and easel pictures, sketches and
drawings by Joseph Winterhalder the Younger, Maulbertsch best
pupil and follower.


U-type Barium hexaferrite with stoichiometric composition Ba4Co0.3Zn0.6Cu1.1Fe36O60 has been prepared using citrate precursor method at low temperatures (1000, 1050, and 1100°C). The XRD patterns of the prepared powders at temperatures (1000 and 1050°C) show the presence of spinel, M and Y-type phases, while U-type ferrite phase(with crystallite size 40 – 90 nm) obtained at 1100 °C. Radar absorbing nanocomposite samples were prepared by mixing, molding and curing mixtures of Ba4Co0.3Zn0.6Cu1.1Fe36O60 powders (prepared at 1100°C) with epoxy resin (ER),(80:20% weights).The microwave attenuation measurements were based on the Transmission/Reflection method using rectangular waveguides as the confining medium for the samples at 8.0–12 GHz frequencies. The complex dielectric constant, complex permeability ( εr′, εr′′,.r' and r" ) and losses(tan δ and tan δμ ) of hexaferrite-epoxy resin composites were measured in the range of 8 -12 GHz. Measured results show that the parameters εr′, εr′′,.r' , r" tan δ and tan δμ exhibited very small change as the measuring frequency increasing at (9.2–11.2 GHz). The results also indicate that the content of copper and zinc ions closely affects the microwave properties of composite samples, resulting in microwave absorption greater than 90.0 % (reflectivity ≤ -10 dB) at 9.2-11.2 GHz with 2.0 mm thickness. Attenuation matching results show that the electromagnetic wave propagation in ferrite is slower than that in free space by six times, this result may help us to design microwave absorber at x-band frequencies with 2 mm thickness.


Starting from (+)-3-carene, nine new odoriferous derivatives were obtained. In comparison with (+)-3-carene, compounds synthesized contain at C-10 substituents such as methylcarbethoxy, 2-hydroxyethyl and 2-acetoxyethyl. The (+)-3-carenyl-10-acetaldehyde (10) and its acyclic and cyclic acetals were also synthesized. The odour characteristics of compounds obtained are presented. Some of them possess interesting and valuable odours; that of (+)-2-(3-caren-10-yl)ethanol (8) is described as fruity-floral with marked grapefruit note, whereas the odour of its acetate (9) is described as smoke-woody with cured bacon note. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A microsensor with a picogram mass sensitivity has been researched using the resonance frequency shift of an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever. The mass change of the water molecules adsorbed on the cantilever was measured by analyzing the resonance frequency shift using a laser beam deflection detection system. As experimental results, a sensitivity of about 2 pg/Hz was obtained. The mass change due to increasing humidity showed that the mechanism of water molecular growth changed from an island growth to a layer growth. The critical point of the mechanism change was a humidity of about 60%. The adsorbed mass corresponds to a water layer of about 12 monolayers.


A fuel tank cover (26) that improves the exterior look of a fuel tank (25) by covering an upper portion of the fuel tank supported on a vehicle body frame (FR) covers a central portion of the fuel tank (25) in a vehicle width direction, from a front end portion to a rear end portion of the fuel tank, and includes, at a front portion, a shield portion (36) that covers an attachment portion of a key cylinder (35) attached to a vehicle body frame (FR), the key cylinder being disposed forward of the fuel tank (25).


It is feasible to deal with cobalt white alloy by two stages leaching of cobalt and one stage leaching of copper in H2SO4-HCl medium,the air as oxidizing agent,the leaching rates of copper,cobalt,iron in the cobalt white alloy are 93.62%,94.75%,66.3% respectively under the optimum leaching conditions.


In a recent article in this journal, Kavka (1991) suggested that certain conflicts within the individual between different desires or values take the form of a Prisoner's Dilemma (PD), so that the dominant moves of the subagents of the self lead to the Pareto-dominated or worst outcome. It will be shown in this note that Kavka has not succeeded in establishing his claim and that the plausibility of his examples conceals an inaccurate use of language. It will also be shown that the conflicts he refers to have indeterminate solutions if the "subagents" of the self have no other strategies at their disposal than the ones he mentions and that with some other strategies they could achieve a Pareto-dominant equilibrium (which is not a PD!). By contrast, the interrelations of the self over time through intertemporal externalities mentioned by Elster (1985, pp. 25455) and referred to in Kavka (1991, p. 150, n. 7) can be represented as PDs, subject to the qualifications admitted by Elster.


Responsible sourcing in the construction industry is becoming an increasingly important factor for specifiers and clients. Responsible sourcing seeks to improve the social, environmental and ethical standards throughout the supply chain. The concrete industry is uniquely placed to demonstrate the highest level of responsible sourcing based on the local availability of materials, short supply chains and regulated management systems.


Objective To observe the effects of chrysophanol on cognitive and exploratory functions in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion.Methods Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury was produced on conscious mice by temporarily obstructing bilateral common carolid arteries.The improvement effects of chrysophanol(10,1,0.1mg·kg-1,ip) on cognitive and exploratory functions in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion was observed using exploratory movement test and the glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activities in blood and the superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in plasma were measured.Results Chrysophanol could shorten time of entering darkroom,time of climbing height,time of entering brightroom,increase number of climbing height,and showed no differences between staying time at darkroom and brightroom and increase the glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activities in blood and the superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in plasma.Conclusion Chrysophanol can improve the effects on the cognitive-behavior impairment in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,perhaps the mechanism is involved in enhancing the activities of GSH-Px and SOD.


Project design is an important part of the whole freeway engineering design, which influents the rationality and construction fees of the whole engineering directly. Based on the comparison between span and down-traversing of certain freeway in Anhui province, the advantages and disadvantages of each project is analyzed in detail. According to the comparison, we can get that the down-traversing project is more plausible.


This paper reports the basic information of the Liao samite boots first, including their shape, size, design and weave structures of the samite for the cover and damask for the lining. Based on the conditions of the boots, the conservator used the traditional method to clean, flatten, sew and repair the boots.


Tourism development is currently directed towards sustainable tourism development. Domestic tourist visits to tourist villages are still low due to the lack of promotion of tourist villages due to budget constraints and local people themselves who do not understand the existence of tourist villages. One of the tourism concepts that can be applied to utilize local communities in the area is to introduce the concept of community-based tourism (CBT). This study aims to analyze the economic, social, cultural, environmental and political aspects which are the dimensions of CBT in the development of Sumberbulu Tourism Village. The basic research method used qualitative methods through a descriptive analysis approach. The determination of the research location was carried out intentionally in the Sumberbulu Tourism Village, Karanganyar Regency. The informants used in this study were purposive and snowball. Validation of data with source triangulation techniques and triangulation techniques. Data analysis used interactive data analysis. The results of the study show that the dimensions of CBT applied by the Sumberbulu Tourism Village include economic, social, cultural, environmental and political dimensions. The economic dimension applied is in the form of development funds, job creation, income generation and joint ventures. The social dimensions applied are in the form of involving members in every aspect, developing community pride, developing a quality of life and a fair distribution of roles, strengthening organizations, and authorizing communities. The cultural dimension applied is in the form of respecting and maintaining cultural uniqueness, helping to develop learning about cultural exchange, respecting cultural differences and human dignity. The environmental dimension applied is in the form of a carrying capacity area, ensuring environmental sustainability. The political dimension applied is in the form of institutional consolidation, increasing participation, guaranteeing rights in natural resource management.


Band gap of terahertz wave in two-dimensional honey-comb lattice photonic crystal are optimization design with the plane-wave expansion method.The honey-comb crystal lattice of TE mold,TM mold and complete band gap in two-dimensional photonic crystal are calculated.The photonic density of states is calculated to verify the performances of these terahertz photonic crystal characteristics.And devices of terahertz wave has designed.This research provides a theoretic basics for the development of terahertz wave devices.


1. The megaspore mother cell of Nymphoides peltatum protrudes from the ovule and there is no tapetal cell. 2. The result of reduction division is a spherical tetrad in the ovule. 3. The embryo sac is not surrounded by a nucellus but lies next to the integument. 4. There is an integumentary tapetum. 5. The embryo sac is the normal type of eight nuclei. 6. The antipodals are ephemeral. 7. The pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle. 8. The endosperm is cellular and there is no free nuclear division. 9. The fertilized egg does not divide until the endosperm has filled the embryo sac. 10. The embryo has an ephemeral one-celled suspensor. 11. The mature seed contains a dicotyledonous embryo imbedded in an endosperm.


SOME YEARS AGO, Woodbury suggested that diphenylhydantoin ( DPH) exerted its anticonvulsant action by facilitating the active extrusion of intraneuronal sodium.' More recently, it has been recognized that a membrane ATPase requiring both sodium and potassium for full activation (Na-K-ATPase) is closely associated with the utilization of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) for the linked active transport of sodium and potassium across certain membranes, i.e., with the so-called "sodium pump." This idea, first suggested by Skou based on his studies in crab nerve,2 has been supported by a number of investigations in a variety of tissues, including brain.3-5 If Woodbury's suggestion were correct, DPH might be expected to stimulate brain Na-K-ATPase. However, Rawson and Pincus found that DPH mildly inhibited both a whole brain and a brain microsomal Na-K-ATPase.G.7 These assays were carried out in a medium containing 100 mM. of Na' and 30 mM. of K'. Similarly, the administration of DPH to rats produced no change in Na-K-ATPase activity in cerebral cortex when assayed in the presence of 145 mM. of Na' and 10 mM. of K+.R In contrast, Festoff and Appel demonstrated a relative stimulation of a synaptosomal Na-K-ATPase by DPH if the ratio of Na' to K' was high.9 Because of the apparent importance of cation concentration in determining the effect of DPH on Na-K-ATPase, it was elected to assay this enzyme in cortex from rats given DPH as well as from control animals while varying the concentrations of Na' and K' in the incubation medium. An abstract of these results has been published.10


The range of velocity which can be recorded by the Dines anemometer can be increased by putting weights on the float. The maximum range of the Dines anemometer with a float of normal weight is 122·5 m.p.h.; this can be increased to 137 m.p.h. by weighting the float so that its maximum height will be 15·4 cm. (6 inches) above its zero level. These limitations are due to the fact that at these velocities air from the inside of the float begins to bubble through to the space in the container outside. If the float is weighted so that it does not rise at all above the zero level, air begins to bubble through at a wind speed of 178 m.p.h.

If an anemometer is required which will record on a linear scale velocities higher than 122·5 m.p.h., the dimensions of the float must be changed. This change can be made by altering the shape of the interior of the float and an increase of the range up to 150 m.p.h. can be obtained in this way without increasing the height of the container. If a greater range is required it is necessary not only to alter the shape of the float, but also to increase its length. The length of the existing float is approximately 47 cm. If this length is increased to 91 cm. and the necessary change of shape is also made, velocities up to 200 m.p.h. can be recorded. The paper gives the exact numerical dimensions of the float for these cases and for cases of a more open scale also.


A method of providing overload and short circuit protection for a switched mode power supply (SMPS) is based on the scanning of a temperature change rate for one component of the SMPS and the application of a protection scheme if the temperature change rate exceeds a temperature change target rate. The application of the scheme may include permanent or temporary shutdown of the component.


© RUSI JOURNAL DECEMBER 2017 Perhaps reconciliation between North Korea and the rest of the world can begin only within the framework of this earlier war. Sung Chull Kim urges in his chapter 'North Korea's Nuclear Doctrine and Revisionist Strategy' the development of an 'innovative' peace process. In addition to being subject to a multi-prong deterrence policy (including variations of military pressure, sanctions and general dialogue), Pyongyang should be engaged by the international community to hammer out an enforceable treaty that finally ends the conflict. After all, if Kim Jong-un can legitimise his regime by obtaining a treaty that neither his grandfather nor father was able to negotiate, then he may at long last feel secure enough in his leadership to reduce (but not eliminate) his nuclear arsenal. This could also help him view his grandfather's war in its proper context – as a relic of the past that North Korea can honour, but finally move beyond. This reviewer's quibbles over its minor weaknesses aside, North Korea and Nuclear Weapons is an excellent primer on the current situation in East Asia. A clear presentation of the area's history along with the political realities of Kim Jong-un's regime also gives it an up-todate relevancy in discussing the future of nuclear deterrence. 


An artificial peptide, N3-GVGV-OMe (G, glycine; V, valine), which mimics the repeating GAGA (A, alanine) sequence in Bombix Mori silk, was synthesised via solution-phase synthesis. Compared with N3-GAGA-OMe sequence, N3-GVGV-OMe showed high solubility in common organic solvents (such as CHCl3, THF and CH2Cl2), and easily formed organogels simply by adding poor solvents (such as toluene or ether) to the peptide solution at room temperature. The hierarchical nanostructure of N3-GVGV-OMe organogel was dependent on the nature of the poor solvents, although in all cases, β-sheets were formed exclusively. Gels formed in ether showed higher level hierarchical assembly, as evidenced by AFM and CD studies. Solution-state FT-IR analysis showed that the pre-organisation of the peptides in solution was not significant, and well-defined antiparallel β-sheets were formed after the addition of the poor solvent. The high solubility and strong tendency for self-assembly of N3-GVGV-OMe, together with its terminal azide group, might facilitate the modification of functional organic molecules even macromolecules for better nanostructure control.


A phase shift method using one kind of the three-dimensional shape of the measurement object to be measured can be shortened measurement time three-dimensional measuring apparatus. Printing condition inspection apparatus (1) includes a table, the table is placed a printed circuit substrate printed solder paste (H), (K); illuminator (3), the luminaire (3) constitutes a printed circuit substrate a bottom surface (K), the irradiation means irradiating the different phases of the three sinusoidal pattern light component; CCD camera (4), the CCD camera (4) is configured for irradiating the printed circuit substrate (K) of the capturing means that captures a part; white light illuminator (L), the white light illumination device (L) to the surface of the printed circuit substrate (K), and irradiated with white light; laser pointer, the laser pointer is used to determine the reference height. The image data controller (7) The irradiation of the white light illuminator (L) is obtained by the area specifying solder paste (H) where, according to the data by irradiating the illuminator (3) is obtained by using a phase shift method , butt paste (H) of height computation.


Abstract Across Europe, an increasing number of older people with multiple health and social care needs stay in their own homes until old age. Community care aims to support them to live at home for as long as possible. Comparative studies showed that population characteristics of older community care recipients differ between European countries. This is due to differences in financing, delivery and governance of community care. However, little is known about differences in health, including physical, cognitive, mental and social functioning, of older community care recipients served across European countries. The aim of this study was to provide insight into these differences. We used data of the IBenC study, which was collected using the interRAI HC-Assessment among 2884 older community care recipients from six European countries: Belgium, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Italy and the Netherlands. We found that prevalences of impairments in different health domains were highest among Italian community care recipients followed by the Belgian population, and lowest among community care recipients from the Netherlands. Feelings of loneliness were lowest among the Italian and highest among the Dutch population. This variation between European countries may be explained by differences in eligibility for and access to formal community services and informal care provision as well as cultural diversity. Insight in these differences supports understanding of community care across Europe among European and national policy-makers and researchers.


† Background and Aims Windstorms are the major natural hazard affecting European forests, causing tree damage and timber losses. Modelling tree anchorage mechanisms has progressed with advances in plant architectural mod- elling, but it is still limited in terms of estimation of anchorage strength. This paper aims to provide a new model for root anchorage, including the successive breakage of roots during uprooting. † Methods The model was based on the finite element method. The breakage of individual roots was taken into account using a failure law derived from previous work carried out on fibre metal laminates. Soil mechanical plas- ticity was considered using the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. The mechanical model for roots was implemented inthenumericalcodeABAQUSusingbeamelementsembeddedinasoilblockmeshedwith3-Dsolidelements.Themodelwastestedbysimulatingtree-pullingexperimentspreviouslycarriedoutonatreeof Pinus pinaster (maritime pine). Soil mechanical parameters were obtained from laboratory tests. Root system architecture was digitized and imported into ABAQUS while root material properties were estimated from the literature. † Key Results Numerical simulations of tree-pulling tests exhibited realistic successive root breakages during uprooting, which could be seen in the resulting response curves. Broken roots could be visually located within the rootsystematanystageofthesimulations.Themodelallowedestimationofanchoragestrengthintermsofthecriticalturningmomentandaccumulatedenergy,whichwereingoodagreementwith in situ measurements. † Conclusions This study provides the first model of tree anchorage strength for P. pinaster derived from the mech-anicalstrengthofindividualroots.Thegenericnatureofthemodelpermitsitsfurtherapplicationtoothertreespeciesandsoilconditions.


The problem of case selection is a crucial but often overlooked issue in comparative cross-national research. The article discusses methodological shortcomings and potential solutions in selecting cases. All comparative research of social entities, whether quantitative or qualitative, faces the problem of contingency, the fact that the potential pool of cases has been pre-selected by historical and political processes. In large-N cross-national studies the use of inference statistics is problematic since random selection is rarely given and the cases represent a highly stratified set. In small-N case studies, however, the selection of cases is a deliberate choice based on the theory-driven comparative method. The epistemological and methodological problems of both comparative approaches are discussed and evaluated.


Summary

Mycelium, oospores and zoospore cysts of Pythium spp. were fed to larvae of the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens. The fungal structures were all ingested and provided a complete nutritional source for the insect's development from egg to adult. Mycelium seemed the major source of food as only empty fragments were found either in the digestive tract or in larval faeces. Oospores appeared intact and were viable both during passage through the tract and when expelled. Germination of oospores was normal. Most encysted zoospores also survived passage through the gut, although some appeared damaged. After transferring recently-fed larvae to a new food source, oospores were still detected in the digestive tract 48 h later. These results show that the larval stage of B. impatiens may serve as an important vector for Pythium spp.


A thesis submitted in fulfillment
for the Degree Masters Of Arts
in International Relations
in the Department of Government
University of Nairobi


Snow avalanche hazard in the Alpine region represents a dramatic factor of risk not only for skiers and mountaineers but also for dwellings and villages, with relevant consequences for local economies and transportation networks. Traditional alpine architecture and land planning show that, in the past, there was respect of humans versus Nature. Nowadays, the increasing demand of building and leisure spaces pushes the occupancy of the territory to more risky areas where appropriate design is therefore needed. Modern techniques of land surveying, e.g., laser scanner and 3D CAD, permit to model the avalanche phenomenon with great precision and to study the effects of impacts against buildings and structures, thereby enhancing the mapping of associated risk and suggesting strategies for protection. An experimental site has been realized by the Politecnico di Torino in the Gressoney Mountains - Valle d'Aosta, where monitoring of snow avalanches under different climatic conditions allows a progressive improvement of knowledge. Sustainable urban planning can therefore be pursued also thanks to these modern technologies, coupled with respect to Nature and attention to traditional architectural solutions


Basic objective of this research was to discover the impact of Leverage on Risk and Profitability. For this purpose main focus of research was SMEs and Commercial sector of Pakistan. Leverage has three types DOL, DFL and DTL. And these three types of leverage are independent variables for this research while dependent variables of this research are ROE, ROA, ROS, GM and Risk. Further sales growth is also used as control variable in this research. Time frame for data analysis was 3 years from 2012 to 2014. Sample size for this research is 61 SMEs and Commercial sector organizations.
Secondary data was used in this research and data was collected by using different data collection methods. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze data. Linear regression analyses were used to check the significant relationship between independent variables and dependent variables.
This research is limited to just SMEs and Commercial sector organization so we cannot use these results for overall industry or sectors. This research is entirely new research for SMEs and Commercial sector organizations.


The paper reports the preliminary results of laboratory industrial tests of active ceramic additives (ACAs) to lubricant in metal–metal friction pairs in order to elucidate the extent of the decrease in the fric tion coefficient and the restoration of electromechanical equipment, as well as the extension of its service life and energy saving. DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X12020156 HELIOTECHNICAL MATERIALS SCIENCE


With the air cleaning wet-type dust-collecting apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to use cooling and circulating cooling water to continuously cool contaminated air flowing in from the outside, and at the same time to remove sludge and extraneous material, such that contaminated air cooling and sludge removal can be effected in an efficient fashion.


Three commercial anionic products (Bio-Chlor MM™, Bio-Chlor FR™ and SoyChlor 16-7™) were fed to non-lactating dairy cows in a total mixed ration (TMR). After the anionic products were included in the TMR at the manufacturers' recommendations for 4-d, all products reduced urine pH below the desired threshold of 6.5. The rate at which the products reached nadir urine pH differed among the products, but once acidification was accomplished temporal effects on pH were minimal. Key words: Urine pH, dietary cation-anion difference, prepartum, dairy cow, non-lactating


Thermoplastic vulcanizates(TPV)based on polyurethane and silicone rubber had been developed by dynamic vulcanization process,where silicone rubber was vulcanizated using additional curing method.The phase structure and the mechanical properties were compared with those of pure binary blend.For binary blend,co-continuous structure and TPU dispersion phase were formed when the contents of silicone rubber were 55% and 60%,respectively;whereas for TPV,under the same content,even dispersion of cured silicone rubber in polyurethane continuous phase was obtained.During the dynamic vulcanization process,the phase inversion was finished within one minute,but its structure was not uniform.Compared with those of pure binary blend,the tensile strength and elongation at break of TPV under curing time of 5 min were increased by 1 277% and 546%,respectively.


In the ocean of keen competitive socialist market economy, only with diversifide economy can the larger black metallurgical mine enterprises open new economy fields to occupy new market ,strength itself to sustain the market storm,and survive in a long term to develop steadily against difficult enviroment.


Social movements are thus clearly different from historical movements, tendencies or trends. Social movements primarily take the form of non-institutionalised collective political action which strives for political and /or social change. While India has witnessed many such movements over the centuries, it is only recently that scholars have begun to study them in depth. The term 'social movement' gained currency in European languages in the early nineteenth century. This was the period of social upheaval. A social movement is a deliberate collective endeavour to promote direction and by any means, not excluding violence, illegality, revolution or withdrawal into 'utopian' community. Social movements are thus clearly different from historical movements, tendencies or trends. It is important to note, however, that such tendencies and trends, and the influence of the unconscious or irrational factors in human behaviour, may be of crucial importance in illuminating the problems of interpreting and explaining social movement.


Illustrated Dictionary and Resource Directory of Environmental & Occupational Health , 2nd Edition. Herman Koren. 2005. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 702 pp. $139.95 hardcover. According to the Foreword, the 1st Edition contained 7,500 entries, whereas this 2nd Edition contains 16,000; clearly, a substantial upgrading has been accomplished in response to a professional need. As the Introduction eloquently describes the field, "Environmental and occupational health is not a single topic, but rather a colorful, complex, and diversified range of interrelated subjects including all the basic sciences, engineering, computer science, government, disease, injury identification, prevention, and control." It goes on to list a plethora of other subtopics that are covered. Considering the facts presented thus far, this volume should be an exhaustive compilation of information critical to the effectiveness of the environmental, health, and safety professional. The inclusion or exclusion of a particular term is not an objective of this review; of particular importance are the readability, accessibility, completeness, and user friendliness, which are critical factors in creating a usable, reliable reference volume.


A review of the basic principles of baryogenesis is given. Baryogenesis in heavy particle decays as well as electroweak, SUSY-condensate, and spontaneous baryogenesis are discussed. The models of abundant creation of antimatter in the universe are briefly reviewed.


Government, regulators, exchanges, banks, and institutions collaborate to develop rules and devote significant time and resources to improving the financial system, with the ultimate goal of creating a more effective market. The statistics on turnover and earnings only show the market's Quantitative' growth. The figures do not demonstrate how the market has improved in terms of Quality and Market Efficiency. A robust market structure and long-term growth in any market are only possible when development is based on both qualitative (market efficiency) and quantitative factors (Turnovers and Earnings). Historically, studies and research have laid great emphasis on determining the market's level of efficiency. However, market efficiency was always checked using staggered time frames and efficiency tests. The need of the hour is a transparent and simple-to-understand tool that can continuously measure market efficiency and has universal applicability. This study proposes a tool for measuring efficiency called the Financial Market Efficiency Index — FMEI. The Index would derive its parameters from the broad market Index of any country to assess and compare market efficiency. The index would not only measure the qualitative growth (Market Efficiency) of any market, but it would also compare the market efficiency of all countries around the world. This would allow stakeholders to make the best decisions for their respective markets.


About the Authors Introduction 1. Who Is the Student in Transition to Postsecondary? 2. What Changes as the Student Moves From the Secondary to the Postsecondary World? 3. Self-Determination and Self-Advocacy Skills Essential for Successful Transition to Postsecondary Settings 4. Guided Pathways: Colleges and Universities 5. Guided Pathways: Career-Technical Education Focus on the Year After High School 7. Role of Community Agencies in Supporting Transition to Postsecondary Education 8. Students Voices 9. Considerations for Students with Specific Disabilities Resource A References Index


#### Notable in Neurology

This issue features an article examining the effects of comorbidity on initiation of injectable disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis and another outlining the developmental and progressive neurodegenerative features in the atypical form of Chediak-Higashi disease. A featured article focuses on premanifest Huntington disease, with an objective analysis of different speech measures with special emphasis on speech timing of connected speech and nonspeech verbal utterances.

### Sex differences in comorbidity at diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A population-based study![Graphic][1]

The authors studied the prevalence of comorbidity at diagnosis in patients with multiple sclerosis vs controls using population-based administrative data. Comorbidity was more common than …

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Section is devoted to the determinants of economic and physical availability of food as components of food security, as well as an analysis of the nature and state of the determinants of food security vulnerability in the current development of the world economy. A key role in shaping food security plays classical general economic factors, among which deserve special attention GDP, investment attractiveness, institutional environment in the country, the situation of domestic markets, the development of infrastructure. Determinants of food security vulnerability can be defined as key indicators that indicate the possible extent of adverse effects, which suffers food security in case of variability of key indicators or food security crisis in their production.


Industrialization makes the necessity of construction which is imperative in everywhere. For any structure, foundation soil is very important and it has to be strong to support the entire structure. There is poor ground which causes compression in the form of differential settlements when structure are located or constructed with these soils. To avoid the differential movement in the zone of moisture migration stabilization of these soils with lime and cement could be effective measure. To arrest the problems encountered in Expansive soil, laboratory experimental analysis is modeled to study the individual and admixed effects of Lime and Cement on the geotechnical characteristics of Expansive soil. In this various percentages of cement with lime are added to expansive soil and tests like plasticity characteristics, compaction and UCS tests are performed and these mixes are subjected for curing to know the improvement in their stress. Addition of 10% of cement exhibited UCS values in the range of 0.180 MPa to 3.245MPa. Addition of 10% of lime exhibited UCS values in the range of 0.180 MPa to 2.950MPa. The influence of Lime and Cement addition on the swelling potential of Expansive soil is presented. Addition of 6% of Lime and 10% of Cement exhibited high UCS values in the range of 0.953 MPa to 7.832MPa


During the principate of Caligula, women of the imperial family achieved unprecedented public honors. The vilification of this hated emperor in later tradition, however, tends to follow a predictable format that includes charges of disregard for the most sacred taboos, in particular the prohibition against incest. The reputations of Caligula's sisters have consequently suffered "collateral damage" that distorts their true historical significance. This paper supplements a critical reading of the ancient historians with the iconographical evidence of coins and of sculpture, in which Caligulan portrait types for Agrippina II and Drusilla can be at least ten tatively distinguished. I contend that Caligula's sisters owed their public honors to their potential to bear Julian children. Drusilla, the heir to Caligula's imperium in his will of A. D. 37, was probably intended to produce male heirs while her husband wielded actual power. Her deification after her untimely death was an attempt to make the best of dynastic disaster by keeping her in public imagery as a symbolic genetrix of the Julians. Provincial coinages suggest that the consecration was well received, while the public presentation of all three sisters in statuary groups seems to grow logically from existing practices among aristocratic private families. Caligula's glorification of his sisters, like his demand for divine honors, appears to have been a rational decision later distorted by hostile writers as evidence of psychotic arrogance.


There was astounding resemblance between LU Xun and HU Shi on the comprehension of Chinese culture spirits and the people's soul, especially when they were in the beginning stage of 5.4 revolution. Their ideas represented the two typical division in the course of Chinese modern culture history evolution -LU Xun progressed from evolutionism to historical materialism; HU Shi changed from pragmatism to New Confucianism. What LU Xun strived after diligently was the consciousness of deep culture introspection while what HU Shi struggled for a whole life was the intellectuals' liberal living state.


gemcitabine Dear Editor, Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare adverse and potentially severe cutaneous reaction that usually occurs in response to drug therapy but has also been reported to develop after viral infections (e.g. enteroviruses), UV radiation, and heavy metal exposure (e.g. mercury). A broad range of drugs has been implicated as causes of AGEP, the majority being antibiotics like aminopenicillins and macrolides. Herein, we report a case of AGEP induced by gemcitabine, a nucleoside analog used in chemotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, AGEP induced by gemcitabine has not been reported so far in the medical literature. A 40-year-old man visited our outpatient department with a 3-day history of sudden onset of a generalized pruritic erythematous eruption over the entire body associated with fever. He was a diagnosed case of carcinoma urinary bladder and had undergone radical cystectomy two months earlier. He had received the first dose of gemcitabine chemotherapy four days before the onset of fever and rash. Prior to the onset of fever and rash, he did not take any other medicine, including antibiotics. There was no history of similar eruptions in the past, drug reactions, or psoriasis. On examination, there was generalized symmetrical erythematous to purpuric eruption with scattered and grouped non-follicular tiny pustules, 2–3 mm in size, affecting the neck, trunk, and extremities (Fig. 1). The predominant localization was over flexures (Fig. 2). No mucous membrane was involved. The patient had no systemic symptoms other than fever. On Gram staining of the pustule, no organism could be identified. Histopathological examination of a skin biopsy specimen taken from a pustular lesion revealed subcorneal pustule, exocytosis of neutrophils in the epidermis, and dermal edema with a perivascular and periadnexal lymphocytic infiltrate admixed with neutrophils (Fig. 3). On the basis of onset of rash after gemcitabine infusion, clinical picture, and skin biopsy histopathology findings, a diagnosis of AGEP secondary to gemcitabine was made. Gemcitabine was not administered further, and the patient was treated with a short course of oral steroid in a tapering dose and antihistamines. Within seven days, the patient achieved complete resolution. Three weeks later, the patient was started on an oxaliplatin-based regimen, which he tolerated without any side effects. AGEP is an acute febrile drug eruption characterized by acute onset of numerous non-follicular, sterile pustules on an erythematous and edematous base, accompanied by fever and leukocytosis. It often starts predominantly in the intertrigenous areas or on the face, spreading rapidly to the trunk and lower limbs. The eruptions usually occur after two days to three weeks of administration of the offending drug and quickly resolve within 1–2 weeks of withdrawal of the drug. The principal differential diagnoses of AGEP consist of pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch type), subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon–Wilkinson disease), IgA pemphigus, and Sweets syndrome. The major way to differentiate AGEP from these dermatoses is by clinical history, acute nature of the presentation, exposure to drugs commonly associated with AGEP along with histopathological findings and negative microbiological studies. Pathogenically there seems to be a crucial role of T-cells. Drug-specific T-cells expressing the potent neutrophilattracting chemokine IL-8 were shown recently. A recent multinational case control study, Euro SCAR, has found the highest risk of AGEP due to antibiotics (macrolides, aminopencillin, quinolone, sulfonamide), anticonvulsants, hydroxychloroquine, terbinafine, and diltiazem. Gemcitabine, is a nucleoside analog used in various solid carcinomas, i.e. non-small-cell lung cancer, pancre-


The polymer composites used in the present study were made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a matrix and glass powder as a filler. The glass powder was obtained from fluorescent tubes waste. The solution casting method was used to fabricate PVA/glass powder composite. Three groups of samples were prepared. The first was prepared by using PVA with the addition of glass powder (sieved less than 20 μm) in proportions 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 %. The second: the mixing ratios of PVA and glass powder were 80% and 20%, respectively. The third: The mixing ratios of PVA and glass powder were 60% and 40%, respectively. In Both previous groups, the added glass powder used was sieved with sizes less than 20, 45, 105, and 125 μm. For all samples, the following properties were measured at room temperature: DC electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and dissipation factor. The last three properties were measured with a range of frequencies from 1kHz to 5MHz. DC conductivity increases with increasing of glass powder. It was found that the highest conductivity values are for samples composed of glass powder with a particle size of less than 45 μm for both ratios of glass 20% and 40%. It is also noticed that within most frequencies, the sample with 30% glass has the largest dissipation factor. At 20% filler of glass powder, it is noted that the highest values of the dielectric constant are for samples composed of glass powder with a particle size of less than 45 μm and 125 μm. Below 1 MHz, the effect of glass powder particle size on the AC conductivity is minimal. It is found that the samples containing glass powder (less than 125 μm and 105 μm), have similar and lowest dissipation factor. At 40% filler of glass powder, it is noted that the lowest values of the dielectric constant are for samples composed of glass powder with a particle size little than 105 μm.


Image: di79860 - Unidentified students from 6th District School in Covington toured facilities at NKU. They represent the class of 1997. Here Doug Lake a graphics major, talks to the visitors about type faces.


The study aimed to describe the marketing channel of garlic from Nagari Salayo Tanang Bukik Sileh and to analyze the efficiency of the marketing channel. The study used a survey method, and data were gathered from 30 peoples who chose randomly from 103 farmers and intermediary traders. The research found that there are four types of marketing channels of garlic in the area. The market channels were as follows: 1) Farmers → Breeders → Farmers, 2) Farmers → Wholesalers → Retailers → Consumers, 3) Farmers → Retailers (in the form of dried onions) → Consumers, 4) Farmers → Retailers → Consumers. Moreover, there was no proportional shared profit among the four marketing channels. The farmers received lower earnings than their proportionate profits, but on the other hand, the benefits received by breeders, wholesalers, and retailers were higher than their proportional profits, so that the marketing channels were inefficient.


We study a class of lightlike hypersurfaces in Lorentzian manifolds of constant curvature, that satisfy Einstein equation. Integrability and characterization results are established.


*Correspondence: Linda A. Hershey, Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 920 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Suite 2040, OK 73104-5036, USA, Tel: 405271-4113; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Received Date: 03 May 2017 Accepted Date: 11 May 2017 Published Date: 18 May 2017 Citation: Hershey LA, Koriesh A, Kapoor N. A 53-Year-Old Man with Visuospatial Disorientation and Mild Dementia. J Neurosci Cogn Stud. 2017; 1(1): 1001. Copyright © 2017 Hershey LA. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Clinical Image Published: 18 May, 2017


Porous bulk materials are of great interest in catalysis because they can be employed in heterogeneous gas and liquid phase catalysis, electrocatalysis, and in electrocatalytic sensing. Nanoporous gold gained considerable attraction in this context because it is the prime example of a corrosion-derived nanoporous bulk metal. The material was shown to be a very active and selective Au type catalyst for a variety of oxidation reactions. By leveraging the functionalization of the surface of the material with various additives, its catalytic applications can be extended and tuned. In this review, we will summarize recent developments in using nanoporous gold as the platform for the development of high performance catalytic materials by adding metals, metal oxides, and molecular functionalities as building blocks.


Some derivatives of α-cyano tetrahydro benzothiazoline-Δ2α-acetic acid and their intermediates are described. The lack of reactivity of this class of compounds and products of treatment with concen...


Cultural diversity has returned to the communication and cultural policies agenda since the adoption of the UNESCO Convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions in 2005. Nevertheless, research about its implementation reveals that the treaty has been interpreted in very different ways. This article analyses the way in which the concept of cultural diversity was applied to audiovisual policies in Spain and Argentina. The main idea to prove is that the vagueness of the Convention has allowed governments with different political orientations to support policies that promote cultural diversity from a rhetoric point of view but that do not, for instance, question their existing positioning.


Previous efforts to develop power processing units (PPUs) for Hall thruster systems were targeted for the 1- to 5-kW power range and an output voltage of approximately 300 V. The NASA Glenn Research Center is developing new high-power Hall thrusters with a favorable combination of thrust, specific impulse, and efficiency to enable Earth-orbiting and Mars missions. These thrusters require up to 100 kW of power and a discharge voltage in excess of 800 V.


Horticultural therapy (HT) is defined as a process through which plants, gardening activities, and the innate closeness we all feel toward nature are used as vehicles in professionally conducted programs of therapy and rehabilitation. HT became well-known in Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China recently. Those Asian countries are faced with aged or aging societies. In Japan, HT was introduced and spread by citizens who learned or were interested in it. Awaji Landscape Planning & Horticulture Academy is a very unique academy established by Hyogo Prefecture in 1999. It has Horticultural Therapy Course which was established in 2002 after the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995. It is the only one course in Japan to train horticultural therapists authorized by a local government. The mission of Horticultural Therapy Course is to train the experts who can heal people in need of support by means of plants, the greenery environment and gardening activities and eventually to reciprocate people's favors and assistance from all over Japan and the world. The needs for HT are increasing little by little in many fields: medical care fields (rehabilitation hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, palliative care institutions, etc.), welfare facilities for (the elderly, people with mental disabilities, people with intellectual disabilities, etc.) and educational institutions (nursery schools, elementary schools, junior high schools, high schools, special-needs schools, etc.). Horticultural therapists utilize the greenery environments, plants, peoples around clients. To know the characteristics of horticulture/gardening is indispensable for them. Horticulture/gardening has some characteristics: stimulating the five senses, visible accomplishment, composed of plain actions, many chances to go outside, developing empathy. The psychological effects of HT are:(1) stress reduction, (2) regain of confidence, (3) recovery of self-affirmation (useful sense of self), (4) stimulation, preservation or recovery of mental functions etc. The physiological or social effects of HT are: (1) prevention of disuse syndrome of body functions, (2) reduction of sensations of pain, (3) improvement/preservation of ability of body functions and for activities such as learning, execution of task, communication etc. To gain beneficial effects on the clients, appropriate assessment is absolutely necessary. Our assessment method based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and an original measure "Awaji Horticultural Therapy Assessment Sheet" (AHTAS) to capture the state of the client objectively during each HT activity are introduced.


Intrauterine growth retardation or small for gestational age infants always have difficulty in growth,metabolic syndrome in adult,such as type 2 diabetes,hypertension,obesity and so on.Recently researches have confirmed that these infants also exist brain development abnormal,such as cognitive dysfunction.At present,a lot of researches found that early intervention play important roles in infants'growth,and the recente studies were summarized in this review.


Studies of animals and of patients with brain lesions or depression have implicated the amygdala in the neurobiology of major depressive disorder.


The utility model relates to a far infrared jade aromatic drug bed mattress for physical therapy. The utility model is characterized in that a bed surface is embroidered with a bed head, a bed tail and jade sheets, and is provided with a bed surface inner layer and a middle interlayer, a vertical side and slide fasteners are sewed by an edging tape together, and ventilating holes are arranged above the vertical surface slide fasteners at both sides; the inner layer of the bed mattress is orderly arranged in order to form a bed mattress integral body according to the order of a jade bed surface, a drug therapy health care layer, a mineral substance air penetration layer, a functional heating layer, a comfortable layer and a base fabric layer. The interior disease external treatment means of the fumigating, the steaming, the spreading, the ironing, etc. of the traditional medicine to human bodies' diseases are applied to the bed mattress by the utility model, a person who lies on a bed can feel that hot air upwells, blood circulation is accelerated and metabolism is promoted through the functions of far infrared, drugs, mineral substances, etc. of the bed mattress, and the ideal therapeutic effect is achieved. The utility model has multiple functions of therapy, rehabilitation, prevention, health care, etc. The utility model has split combination according to different crowds, disease symptoms and requirements, has free combination according to different seasons and has the advantages of beautiful appearance and portability.


Europe is rapidly becoming more than a mere geographical expression. The Maastricht Treaty has brought the 12 countries of the European Union closer together and four applications for membership will be considered this year. The membership of the Council of Europe has expanded greatly with the end of the communist rule in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.


In this study, we focus on Pedestrian-Vehicular Collision Avoidance Support System (P-VCASS). P-VCASS is a system to support collision avoidance between vehicles and pedestrians. P-VCASS grasps the relative locations of vehicles and pedestrians by exchanging the GPS information with each other. P-VCASS warns drivers if it estimates the possibility of their collisions. The former P-VCASS is intended for adult pedestrians who are sensible to dangerous actions. In this paper, we propose a new activity estimation method of pupil/infant pedestrians who are not sensible to dangerous actions with coordination between intersections in P-VCASS. This method has two advantages. First, it is able to prevent the jumping out accidents of the pedestrians. Second, it is able to apply to the complex intersections by sharing a traffic situation between intersections. We show the validity of the proposed method by experiments using a vehicle which carries an in-vehicle apparatus in a intersection with roadway and sidewalk. As a results, we found that the recognition of a vehicle driver is possible before pedestrian jumps out to roadway in a complex intersections.


Mathematical methods are important and effective tools for people to do research in economics.They have exerted great impact upon economic development.This paper mainly analyses the problems existing in the application of Mathematical methods in China's own economics and suggests some possible solutions to these problems.


Under drying, drops of concentrated silica sol deposited onto flat substrate undergo large morphological changes. We have performed accurate measurements of the drop profile during the solvent loss. The results obtained for different drop volumes have been interpreted using a renormalization procedure. The length and time scales agree well with that expected when the evaporation is limited by solvent diffusion in air. The final thickness of the solid film deposited onto the substrate is compared with a simplified model of drop drying.


Article history: Received 19 October 2018 Received in revised form 20 December 2018 Accepted 23 December 2018 Available online 9 January 2019 Direct imaging technique is always used to obtain correlation of flame height or any other parameter of the visible portions of the flame. This is one of the important methods used in the combustion community to determine the characteristic of flame. Recently, the imaging technique has been developed and enhanced to provide more accurate data. However the utilization of the technology, such as the used of laserbased technique and acquiring sensor, increased the complexity of the process and also increased the amount of cost practically. This paper presents the results of an acoustic excitation towards a Liquid petroleum gaseous flame by using the direct visualizing technique. The direct visualizing technique is used to acquire the flame image and the images will be analyzed by using image analysis software. Results show the flame length at the flame core decreases when the amount of acoustic gradually increases. The effect of excitation towards the flame core is being investigated due to its significant influence toward the overall flame characteristic.


WASMUAL RAHMATULLAH. Design of Data Logger Base on DHT22 sensor for Measuring Real-Time Temperature and Humidity of Herpetofauna Habitat. Supervised by AKHIRUDIN MADDU and MAMAT RAHMAT. In this research, the design of temperature and humidity data logger based on DHT22 sensor for monitoring wildlife habitat of herpetofauna were done. Herpetofauna Fauna are very sensitive to temperature and humidity changes in their habitats. The data transmitted from the sensor passes through a buffer circuit to microcontroller and ends at data logger that is built from 3 main components, RTC peripherals (timer), EMS SDcard (recorder), and SDcard (storage media). Minimum ability interval is 5 seconds for every measurement. The measurement results were analyzed by plotting the curve in Microsoft Excel 2007. In general the distribution of the data shows that the temperature values inversely proportional to the humidity measurement in the hole, indoor, and outdoor. Comparison of measuring instruments are closer to the comparator (mercury thermometer) than Thermometer-hygrometer TFA. The accuracy of instrument to comparator is within 98%.


Rigorous bounds are obtained on the mean normal displacement of vorticity or potential vorticity contours from their undisturbed parallel (or concentric) positions for incompressible planar flow, flow on the surface of a sphere, and three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic flow. It is required that the basic flows have monotonic distributions of vorticity, and it is this requirement that turns a particular linear combination of conserved quantities, a combination involving the linear or angular impulse and the areas enclosed by vorticity contours, into a norm when viewed in a certain hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian set of coordinates. Liapunov stability theorems constraining the growth of finite-amplitude disturbances then follow merely from conservation of this norm. As a corollary, it is proved that arbitrarily steep, one-signed vorticity gradients are stable, including the limiting case of a circular patch of uniform vorticity.


The paper first studies dynamic pricing to maximize expected revenue of a fixed inventory of a single product under Poisson arrivals of random rate, given a Bayesian prior, and known distribution of reservation prices. For a single unit having a salvage value, we show there exists a unique revenue-maximizing price, which increases in the salvage value, provided the reservation-price hazard function is increasing. For multiple units, a discrete-time dynamic program is studied. \rr{Empirically, the optimal} price increases in uncertainty, and is sensitive to the prior choice. The paper then considers a seller that knows no parameter values; all he knows is that sales arise from Poisson arrivals, where a Bernoulli random variable, independent of everything else, converts any arrival into a sale. This can represent any demand function as in \citet{ymGAL94a} and \citet{ymBES09a}, but additional independence conditions are present here. Observing arrivals and sales at each price during part of the sale horizon, we construct estimators of the arrival rate and purchase probabilities; \rr{we refer to this process as learning}. We derive the bias and mean squared error of the resulting demand-function estimator. Relative to the sale-count-only estimator of \citet{ymBES12a}, the summed mean squared error (across all prices) is consistently reduced, empirically. Exploitation methods based on \rr{these estimators} are proposed, where the time spent learning is as \citet{ymBES12a} prescribe. Empirically, the methods' loss against the full-information optimum is competitive to the benchmark of \citet{ymBES12a}.


With the increasing use of computing systems in such crucial areas as medicine and space, there has come a great need for computers that remain operational in spite of hardware failures. This paper provides a brief overview of several approaches to fault-tolerant computing. Five hardware redundancy techniques are reviewed: static, dynamic, hybrid, self-purging and the reconfiguration scheme. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of error correcting codes and software fault-tolerant systems are outlined as well as bi-duplexed systems, alternating logic, fail-soft and shared logic systems. It is suggested that perhaps the best fault-tolerant system employ a combination of hardware redundant techniques and software protection.


Design theory provides a description of the method and/or structure for the construction of an artifact. In the IS field, design theory represents one of the five major types of theory (Gregor 2006).Unlike theories for analysis, explanation, or prediction, IS design theories take a prescriptive approach by providing principles, functions, methods, and theoretical knowledge that are used in the development of IS. Design principles for Webbased systems are scattered and limited in the IS literature. The uniqueness of Web-based systems development warrants a new design theory for such development efforts. Based on an action research study, a set of 10 design principles were proposed.


An FM/FM system is one in which the signal information frequency modulates a subcarrier, which, in turn, frequency modulates a main carrier for transmission. The detection process then involves two frequency demodulators in sequence. Using Rice's click model for both FM demodulators, we obtain the average click rate and an approximate output spectrum that include the effect of the impulses generated by the carrier demodulator on the subcarrier demodulation at and below threshold. We then focus on the threshold behavior of these systems and the proportioning of their modulation parameters so as to provide certain desired characteristics. We find that due to the filtering action of the second demodulator, the number of output clicks from carrier generated spikes can be orders of magnitude smaller, yet their contribution to the output noise can be much greater than that produced by the first demodulation. In fact, this term is dominant in the thresholding of the subcarrier demodulators except for the most fully loaded multiplex. In the latter case, there is so little deviation available for each channel that the self-clicks produced by the subcarrier demodulation in the absence of carrier spikes become severe. We also find that each channel has a critical carrier modulation index below which the output clicks exceed the carrier generated clicks.


This study aims to investigate students' perceptions towards the use of Schoology platform in Foreign Language Teaching Media class. The participants of this study consist of 26 students from the students of Foreign Language Teaching Media class A in the fifth semester of the academic year 2019/2020. The qualitative data were analyzed by students' reflection. The results of the research revealed that the students' responded positively to the use of Schoology in the Foreign Language Teaching Media Class. The students also find out the use of Schoology in Foreign Language Teaching Media Class beneficial for them. The benefits of Schoology is it can help students to access the material or tasks easily and they can send assignments whenever and wherever. The use of Schoology in the classroom still has a weakness that are network connection and need quota. This study implies that, the use of Schoology in the  Foreign Language Teaching Media class should be encouraged in order to improve the students' motivation in learning and the students can understand the material easily when the teacher explains the material in classroom.


Purpose. Comprehensive analysis of ancient mining monuments of the Paleometal era in the Donetsk basin as sociated with the extraction of metal ores; determination of the cultural and chronological affiliation of the Ber ezovskyi mine on the extraction of silver ores ‒ a unique object of ancient mining in Eastern Europe. Methodology. The work involved a set of methods: retrospective, historical and comparative, cartographic, statis tical ones, method of analogies, method of typological and functional analysis. In addition, mineralogical methods were used to study sulfide ores (mineral diagnostics), the method of stratigraphic, mineralogical and petrographic analysis and a retrospective description of the mining technology development. findings. The results significantly expand the understanding of the resource base of the Donetsk basin exploited in the Bronze Age. The complex of ancient stone mining tools identified in one of the mine workings of the Ber ezovskyi silverpolymetallic deposit allows suggesting its development by the population of a catacomb cultural com munity during the Middle Bronze Age (XXVII‒XX centuries BC). And this, thereby, makes productive time of the Donbass ore base more remote, known from the materials of the ancient mines of the Late Bronze Age (XVII‒ XIII centuries BC) in the copper ore zone of the Bakhmut depression of the Donets Basin almost by a thousand years. originality. For the first time in the territory of Eastern Ukraine an ancient silver ore mine was discovered. To date, their exploitation in antiquity, in contrast to polymetallic ores, was not even anticipated by researchers. The Caucasus was traditionally considered to be the main source of raw materials for the manufacture of silver products of by the population of the Eastern European steppe and foreststeppe in the Bronze Age. The study made it possible to expand not only the raw material base of the ancient Donbass population of the Bronze Age (XXX‒XIII centuries BC), but also the chronological framework of its mining activities for the extraction of metal ores. Practical value. The data obtained expands the understanding of the raw material base used by the ancient popula tion of the Donetsk basin. In turn, this will contribute to the formation of a holistic view on the metal production of the ancient inhabitants in the Eastern European region, which may probably be applied in preparing special works on ancient history, including the history of mining, as well as related disciplines, in the systematization of funds and the designing the museum exhibits. keywords: Berezovskyi mine, Donetsk mining and melting center, Kartamysh archeological microdistrict, Nagolnyi ridge, silver-polymetallic ores, Early Metal Age


Process representation languages designed to support execution have evolved to support specialized reasoning capabilities like action selection and task decomposition, but do not readily support inferences that one might need for explanation or question answering. In this paper, we report on a process language, PPL, that we have designed to serve as a bridge between a representation designed for execution and a representation designed for applications such as question answering and explanation generation. Through its use of a propositional-style representation of process structure, PPL can enable the use of generalized reasoning methods for those purposes. PPL is novel in that it directly encodes the process "flow chart" in a neutral, KIF-like syntax, allowing other modules to introspect on the process structure.


A fourth-order bandpass filter scheme and its implementation with multilayer substrates are proposed in this letter. The filter is composed of two second-order filters and an impedance matching network between them, which provides one additional controllable transmission zero. By using two different feedback capacitors, two additional transmission zeros are introduced. The physical layout is fully interpreted and an experimental prototype is fabricated and measured. Good agreement between measured results and simulated results is observed. The results show the high out-of-band suppression.


It has been shown that neoplastic tissue cause alterations in its microenvironment through several mechanisms. Recent evidence from Patocs et al suggests that one of the mechanisms through which it causes these changes is by genetic modification of the surrounding microenvironment.


Objective\ To study the clinical effects of Gongshu′anshuan in induced abortion.\ Methods\ 268 cases of early pregnant women needed to terminate pregnancy were divided into Gongshu′anshuan group(group A, n =156)and placebo group(group B, n =112) randomly. The effects on cervical dilatation, pain, nausea, vomit and appearance of induced abortion syndrome were observed during the operation.\ Results\ The effect on cervical dilatation in group A was significantly superior to that of group B( χ 2=30.76,P 0.01).The occurrences of neusea, vomit and induced abortion syndrome were less in the cases of group A than those of group B( χ 2=13.73-30.26, P 0.01).\ Conclusion\ Gongshu′anshuan is safe and has obvious effects in relieving pain for induced abortion. [


Chautauqua (1874‐present) was founded in western New York state, USA. It developed into a centre for education, religion, arts and recreation. Examined here is the philosophy of its programmes: liberal education for adults, regardless of background. The backdrop for Chautauqua was the US tradition of popular self‐improvement; local clienteles were already eager to improve themselves. Cofounders John H. Vincent and Lewis Miller upheld the liberal education philosophy of the day, but with an evangelical Protestant Christian purpose behind it. During the Chautauqua movement of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, its radical innovations spread internationally. Vincent's Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle (CLSC) was the first major correspondence school in the USA. William Rainey Harper, founding president of the University of Chicago, incorporated the key Chautauquan ideas of summer sessions, correspondence study, extension courses and university press in his master plan (1892). George E. Vincent led Chautauqua Institution (1907‐1915), yet his vision of liberal education emphasized current events and social issues—setting the tone through the rest of the twentieth century up to today. Ironically, the movement was both international and local; democratic, but white and middle‐class; feminine, though liberal education was a male pursuit; and celebrated scholars lectured, yet the academic programmes were considered superficial.


Mobile robots can provide unique and engaging experiences for child-robot gameplay, but are often overlooked due to challenges of setup, navigation, and space limitations. To combat these challenges, we designed "Sapling and the Travelling Forest," a small mobile robot that uses a table-top game platform to play games with children. The system was designed as a low-cost and travel friendly alternative to larger mobile robot setups, and can be used in any location with a power outlet. The robot, "Sapling," is an interactive agent that moves through the "Travelling Forest" platform which frames the system and contains the robot to the forest play area. The system currently offers three games focused on collaborative, spatial play. Radio frequency identification (RFID) enabled games allow Sapling to meaningfully interact with both the game elements and a child. In this paper, we present the technical design of the robot and its small, table-top platform, as well as the game design process for the three board games. The presented system is a convenient way to conduct single or multi-session child-robot interaction studies with mobile robots.