EDITORIAL COMMENTARY • jid 2021:223 (15 May) • 1663 Received 4 February 2021; editorial decision 4 February 2021; accepted 4 February 2021; published online February 13, 2021. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;223:1663–5 © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: email@example.com. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab083 Uncovering Ways That Emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Lineages May Increase Transmissibility


Abstract Scaling studies on phenotypic characteristics like birth mass are useful to understanding life history attributes within species. The wide range in body mass of elk (Cervus elaphus) in North America and Europe allows robust estimation of scaling relationships. Our goal was to estimate the scaling relationship of maternal body mass and offspring birth mass. Data were extracted from the literature, which included captive elk fed a readily digestible diet rich in nutrients. The mass of the mother at birth and the birth mass of the young were recorded for 11 groups of mothers and their offspring. A simple linear regression was used to estimate an allometric relationship between maternal body mass and offspring birth mass (R2  =  0.90). Birth mass scaled to the 0.78 power of maternal body mass. Understanding scaling relationships affecting maternal investment might have implications for understanding body size variation across the geographic range of elk.


Introduction Phase image of MRI contains information about local difference of magnetic susceptibility, originated from blood product, iron, etc. [1]. One of the recent utilities of phase image is susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), which emphasizes susceptibility differences by using the phase shift of the spin derived from the paramagnetic substances mentioned above. By using the bulk susceptibility differences included in SWI, manual calculation of the blood flow changes and oxygen saturation in veins has been reported [2,3]. For an application of this theory, automated calculation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes can be achieved as a whole brain CBF mapping. The purposes of this study were (1) to develop the automated method to obtain a map of CBF change, (2) to assess the reliability and stability of the automated method in measuring rest CBF, compared to the manual method reported previously [3], and (3) to evaluate the accuracy of this method in measuring CBF changes induced by the respiratory stress, compared to arterial spin labeling (ASL). Materials and Methods A 1.5T MR imager (Avanto, Siemens, Erlargen) was used to obtain phase images of SWI, with a fully velocity-compensated, three-dimensional fast low-angle shot (3D-FLASH, TR = 49 ms, TE = 40 ms, flip angle = 20°, and bandwidth = 80 Hz/pixel). The phase images were reconstructed and imported to our original program, Perfusion Mismatch Analyzer (PMA), to make CBF change (∆ƒ) map. First, a high pass filter was applied to the phase image (Fig. 1A). Then, the veins were extracted by using sliding window and local threshold (Fig. 1B). Finally, the venous phase shifts (∆φ) were calculated locally (Fig. 1C). ∆ƒ map (Fig. 1D) was created according to the following formulas with oxygen saturation changes (∆Y) [2,3].


The LNE-LNHB, in charge of the French standards for radionuclide metrology, develops primary measurement methods intended for the calibration of secondary measuring instruments, such as used in hospitals, to determine the activity of radiopharmaceuticals injected into patients. The triple-to-double coincidence ratio ( TDCR) method, based on liquid scintillation counting, is widely implemented for radio nuclides which are pure beta and electron capture emitters. This technique requires the mixing of the radioactive solution with a scintillator cocktail. When preparing samples, the existence of physicochemical processes such as chemi-luminescence can require to delay the measurements to achieve the necessary stability conditions, which is not always compatible for short half life radio nuclides. To avoid this constraint, a new approach using Cerenkov radiation as a method of light production is presented in this paper, applied to the standardization of the short-lived radiopharmaceutical 11 C ( T1/2 ~ 20 min). The method is based on comprehensive modeling of the TDCR counter (the experimental equipment) using a Geant4 toolkit in order to calculate the detection efficiency.


The temperature change in fuel (or moderator changes the reactivity of the core as feedback. These feedbacks are characterized by reactivity coefficients. The accurate determination of reactivity coefficients is very important in reactor design and safety because of their significant influence on the reactor safety and stability. Conventionally, the Fuel Temperature Coefficient (FTC) is determined by estimating the reactivity change due to fuel temperature only whereas the change in fuel temperature also causes the change in moderator temperature. This associated (or coupled) effect of moderator temperature with fuel temperature is ignored in FTC calculation. The incorporation of moderator temperature effect associated with fuel temperature improves the overall FTC. Similarly, the determination of moderator temperature and void coefficient of the PARR-1 can also be improved. This paper emphasizes the improvements in the determination of reactivity coefficients of Pakistan Research Reactor -1 (PARR-1) employed with 19.99% LEU Uranium Silicide (U3Si2-Al) fuel. For this purpose, a detailed 3D model of the First High Power Core (FHPC) of PARR-1 reactor is developed using Monte Carlo N-Particle MCNP5 computer code and verified against the reference results. The validated model is applied to simulate the independent FTC (i.e. by taking the effect of fuel temperature only on the core) and associated coupling effect on moderator temperature to calculate the improved FTC of PARR-1 using the temperature dependent nuclear data library JEFF3.1.


Program evaluation is an important part of Extension, especially with the increased emphasis on metrics and accountability. Agents are often the point persons for evaluation data collection, and Web-based surveys are a commonly used tool. The iPad tablet with Internet access has the potential to be an effective survey tool. iPads were field tested at a grazing conference to assess their efficacy as a data collection tool. Participants with prior iPad experience found them easy to use, while some novice users had difficulty completing the survey. The high mobility of the iPads was a distinct advantage over laptops.


The micro-Doppler effect or a safety that can detect through obstructions life forms signs and gestures safety distance apart, describes a method for through-obstruction-sensing radar system and the target information to be displayed on a live video feed of the area under surveillance.


The review covers an outline of two outstanding issues in the theory of nonleptonic weak interactions. A summary of analyses of higher order weak interactions based on gauge theory is given. An important aim of this discussion is to get an idea of the mass scale set by the fourth quark. This is followed by a discussion on model building V + A currents. The motivations for such enterprises are emphasized. (JFP)


Objective: To explore anti-respiratory syncytical virus effect of common andrographis her b in vitro. Methods: Microscope was used to observe the effect of common androgr aphis herb on cytopathic effect (CPE), and MTT colorimetric assay were used to d etect the anti-RSV activity and protective function for RSV infected Hep-2 cel ls of common andrographis herb. Results: As typical CPE were observed at all co ncentrations, common andrographis herb had no antiviral abilities of directly ki lling and adsorption blocking. In the group of anti-biological synthesis, the m edian inhibitory concentration (IC50) of common andrographis herb anti- RSV was 1.52μg/mL; the treatment index (TI) was figured out as 36 regarding a median toxic concentration (TC50) of 54.8μg/mL. With the enhancement of the dose, the degree of CPE, viral titers decreased correspondingly, whereas vi ral inhibition rate increased. Conclusion: common andrographis herb may inhibit RSV biological synthesis other than directly inactivate these viruses or block their adsorptions to susceptible cells in vitro.


The adoption of the Regulation 4/2009 regulating maintenance obligations marked the beginning of a new era in European international private family law and new approach to the maintenance issue. This discipline of law is a particularly dynamic area which still leaves wide open areas of freedom and search for new solutions, but it is also specific by the visible unification of areas and tendencies towards creating international private family law. In terms of its solutions, the long-awaited Regulation has kept a traditional approach that arguably almost makes it a codification of substantive maintenance rules. From the introduction and establishing of new institutes such as central authorities and the rules of cooperation between them, as well as legal aid rules, a tendency can be observed to create an integral administrative system, primarily aimed to protect weaker parties, to enable them to exercise their rights in the easiest way possible and to proclaim guaranteed human rights, as well as those rights which make the European Union what it is: a territory where free movement of people, goods and capital is guaranteed whereby in the absence of such system the rules of the Regulation would remain nothing but dead letter. A full analysis of the Regulation's rules provided by this paper constitutes a basis for certain conclusions and for the harmonization of the national legislation wiThthe acquis communautaire of the Community, a member of which our country is to become in 2013.


Through the recent elucidation of molecular and cellular processes in multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis that effect well-defined proliferative and survival pathways, a number of molecular targets for anti-cancer agents have emerged. This includes proteins involved in cell cycle regulation. A recent model of early MM pathogenesis proposes that at least one of the cyclin D genes is dysregulated in all myeloma tumors facilitating activation of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)4 (or CDK6), and transition from G1 to S phase. It is hypothesized that this renders myeloma cells more responsive to bone marrow (BM) derived proliferative stimuli including IL-6 that upregulates MYC expression in MM cells and cooperates with cyclin D to promote transit to S-phase. In addition, recent studies have established a causative role of MYC dysreguation in progression from monoclonal gammopathy to myeloma. Thus an approach targeting deregulated cell cycle progression and MYC may prove effective MM therapy. Purvalanol is a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK1, an important regulator of cell cycle progression and has been reported to induce MYC-dependent apoptosis. Activity of purvalanol against a panel of 14 standardized, annotated myeloma cell lines was measured in a 48 hour MTT viability assay. IC50-s of all 14 cell lines ranged between 5 uM to 7.5 uM. Western blot and real-time PCR analysis revealed variability of MYC protein and mRNA levels between the 14 myeloma cell lines. We compared potential therapeutic activity of purvalanol against 3 myeloma cell lines (U266, H929, KMS12PE) with low, intermediate, and high levels of c-MYC expression, respectively. All three cell lines demonstrated G2-M growth arrest however marked apoptosis as determined by PI/annexin V staining was observed only in the cell lines with the highest level of MYC expression. Exposure of MM patient-derived BM mononuclear cells to purvalanol preferentially induced apoptosis of CD138+ MM cells. In contrast, purvalanol was minimally cytotoxic to the non-myeloma cell fraction and to non-transformed fibroblast cell lines (MRC5, IMR90 and W138) and failed to inhibit normal bone marrow-derived CD34 colony formation. Recent studies have demonstrated that the BM microenvironment offers protection of myeloma cells from chemotherapeutic agents by common mechanisms. Myeloma cell lines were cultured in 3 different conditions to mimic the tumor's protective microenvironment. Soluble factors produced by the BM, IL6 and IGF-1 induced a modest degree of resistance to purvalanol while co-culture on BM stroma cells was completely protective. Studies evaluating the in vivo efficacy of purvalanol in a novel Vk*myc transgenic mouse model that spontaneously develops myeloma with a low proliferative index are ongoing and will be presented. The CDK1 inhibitor, purvalanol demonstrates broad single agent activity against myeloma cells with enhanced activity against MYC overexpressing cells. However, the strong protective effect of the BM microenvironment suggest that combination with agents that can reverse cell-adhesion mediated drug resistance may prove beneficial in optimizing the efficacy of this class of drugs for the treatment of MM.


Treated wastewater: After adding nitric acid and perchloric acid to 50 mL of sample, heat-digestion over a hot plate was conducted until white smoke was generated. After cooling, Y (yttrium) was added as an internal s tandard e lement, and hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L) was added to adjust the volume to 10 mL. This solution served as the analytical sample. Sewage sludge ash: Nitric acid was added to 10 g of sample, and heatdigestion was conducted over a hot plate. After cooling, Y (yttrium) was added as an internal standard element, and hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L) was added to adjust the volume to 100 mL. This solution served as the analytical sample. n Introduction


Pietrzak Maciej, Bohater o wielu twarzach. Ewolucja syjonistycznego mitu Sabry we współczesnym izraelskim kinie wojennym [Th e many-faced hero. Th e evolution of the Zionist myth of Sabra in the contemporary Israeli war fi lms]. "Images" vol. XVIII, no. . Poznań . Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. –. ISSN -X. DOI ./pfh y.... Th e concept of the New Jew was one of the most important founding myths of Zionism. During the construction of a Jewish state in Palestine, the New Jew was hailed Sabra (with reference to the kind of prickly pear popular in this region). In the twentieth century, the fi gure of Sabra became an important element of the identity and culture of Israelis. Th e main purpose of this article is to show the evolution of the mythical narrative typical for the cinematic incarnations of Sabra, which in recent decades has taken place in Israeli war fi lms. keywords: Zionism, Israeli cinema, national myths, Sabra z jej własnymi zwyczajami, kodami, językiem


Compositional changes of 60 °Brix sucrose syrups employed in the osmotic dehydration of apple were evaluated. Fruit blanching favored water release from fruit and lixiviation of reducing sugars and organic acids. The fruit syrup system's equilibrium was reached at 90 min for blanched fruit and at 180 min for non-blanched fruit. The evaluation of the changes in reducing sugars concentration in the syrup-apple pureé mixtures and in the syrup used for the osmotic processes, demonstrated that there was no sucrose hydrolysis. Changes in syrup electrical conductivity were closely related to the increase of solids lixiviated from fruit to syrup, different from sugars. Blanching had beneficial ef fects on syrup-fruit purée mixtures, producing an important reduction in color change; however, this was not observed in the fruit piece system.


The p l a n t communities of t h i r t e e n s a l t marshes a l o n g the c o a s t of B r i t i s h Columbia a r e d e s c r i b e d and mapped, and a l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w on s a l t marsh e c o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s a l o n g the P a c i f i c c o a s t of N o r t h America i s p r e s e n t e d . C o a s t a l marshes i n B.C. were compared based on p l a n t s p e c i e s c o m p o s i t i o n . The p l a n t communities of the n o r t h e r n B.C. marshes i n t h i s study were s i m i l a r t o s o u t h e r n B.C. marshes ( e x c l u d i n g the F r a s e r R i v e r marshes) except t h a t they l a c k e d D i s t i c h l i s s p i c a t a and G r i n d e l i a i n t e g r i f o l i a as dominant s p e c i e s . The p l a n t communities on the Queen C h a r l o t t e I s l a n d s and n o r t h e r n m a i n l a n d d i f f e r e d s l i g h t l y from each o t h e r and from those on n o r t h e r n Vancouver I s l a n d . M u l t i v a r i a t e methods of a n a l y s i s ( p r i n c i p a l components a n a l y s i s , c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n a n a l y s i s and m u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e ) a p p l i e d t o the f i e l d d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t v e g e t a t i o n e l e v a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n the marshes ranged from s t r o n g t o weak. A l s o , a l t h o u g h e l e v a t i o n was i m p o r t a n t , f a c t o r s o t h e r than e l e v a t i o n were m a i n l y r e l a t e d t o p l a n t community p a t t e r n s i n the marshes. Most s p e c i e s were l o c a t e d t h r o u g h o u t the marshes (e. g . Carex l y n g b y e i , Deschampsia c e s p i t o s a , P o t e n t i l l a a n s e r i n a and T r i g l o c h i n maritimum ) w h i l e o t h e r s (e.g. Elymus m o l l i s ) showed r e s t r i c t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o e l e v a t i o n . U s i n g m u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e , the p l a n t community c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s d e r i v e d s u b j e c t i v e l y i n the f i e l d f o r management purposes (based on a e r i a l photographs and p r i n c i p a l components a n a l y s i s ) were found t o e x p l a i n most ( > 84% ) of the v a r i a t i o n i n the v e g e t a t i o n d a t a . A comparison between the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s s tudy and t h a t used by the B r i t i s h Columbia M i n i s t r y of Environment suggested t h a t the M i n i s t r y of Environment c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u l d be improved by f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d i n g on the b a s i s of s a l i n i t y . At the Yakoun and D a l a marshes, v a r i o u s o r d i n a t i o n methods ( p r i n c i p a l components a n a l y s i s , p r i n c i p a l c o o r d i n a t e s a n a l y s i s , r e c i p r o c a l a v e r a g i n g and d e t r e n d e d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a n a l y s i s ) as w e l l as c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s were compared f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y t o i d e n t i f y the p l a n t communities and t o summarize v a r i a t i o n i n the d a t a . Detrended correspondence a n a l y s i s was the o n l y method t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e d a l l the p l a n t communities r e c o g n i z e d i n the f i e l d . However, the f i r s t t h r e e axes o n l y e x p l a i n e d a s m a l l amount of the v a r i a t i o n i n the v e g e t a t i o n d a t a . P r i n c i p a l components a n a l y s i s u s i n g q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a and a c o v a r i a n c e m a t r i x , and p r i n c i p a l c o o r d i n a t e s a n a l y s i s u s i n g q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a a ccounted f o r t w i c e as much v a r i a t i o n i n the d a t a and i d e n t i f i e d t h r e e out of f o u r communities. A d e t a i l e d study of s o i l s v e g e t a t i o n e l e v a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t the Yakoun and D a l a marshes showed t h a t weak r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x i s t e d between e l e v a t i o n and s o i l s v a r i a b l e s but a l l s o i l s v a r i a b l e s were i m p o r t a n t i n a c c o u n t i n g f o r the v a r i a t i o n i n the v e g e t a t i o n d a t a .


Schottky barrier varactor diodes are used as frequency multiplier elements for local oscillator (LO) sources for the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength region. These sources are used in heterodyne receivers for a variety of applications including radio astronomy, atmospheric studies and plasma diagnostics.


AbstractThe objective of this work was to do a preliminary design of a management system for infectious medical waste (IMW) at the regional level and apply it to the region of East Macedonia–Thrace (EMT) in Greece. The main management concept proposed was to collect infectious waste from all sources, transfer it at the appropriate storage room of the general hospital of the respective prefecture, and transport it from there to the central treatment facility of the region. The production of IMW was assessed through direct waste production measurements and also through literature sources. For an average IMW production of 2.4  ton/d, a total 7-day storage capacity of 190  m3 was estimated for the region. Transport to the treatment facility will take place six days a week except Sunday, using two main collection vehicles of minimum capacity of 22.1 and 18.4  m3. The optimum location for a steam sterilization treatment facility was sited near Komotini, the capital city of Thrace, and the total treatment cost w...


The editors and contributors focus on the visual dimension of social relations, showing that depiction and picturing are ubiquitous aspects of human interaction. This book should be of interest to postgraduate students of sociology, cultural studies, art history.


It is shown that if P is a linear partial differential operator with analytic coefficients, and if M is an analytic submanifold of codimensions 3 in R', which is partially characteristic with respect to P and satisfies certain additional conditions, then one can find, in a neighborhood of any point of M, solutions of the equation Pu = 0 which are flat or singular precisely on M. The additional condition requires that a nonhomogeneous Laplace equation in two variables possesses a solution with a strong extremum at the origin. The right side of this nonhomogeneous equation is a homogeneous polynomial in two variables with coefficients being repeated Poisson brackets of the real and imaginary parts of the principal symbol of P.


Abstract The collapse of the unitary Soviet state has plunged its former citizens into a profound identity crisis. Particularly hard hit are the twenty‐five million Russians living in the non‐Russian successor states. Formerly members of the dominant nationality of a multinational state they have been turned into a new Russian diaspora. Whether in time they should come to regard themselves as Latvians (Ukrainians, Georgians, etc.) of Russian extraction or as Russians who happen to be living in Latvia, Ukraine, Georgia, etc. will clearly influence political relations both within and among the Soviet successor states. Identity formation is a prolonged process and is influenced by a number of factors. The author attempts to outline a typology of possible identity trajectories of the Russian diaspora and discusses a number of influential factors which are deemed important to the identity formation. These factors work very differently in the various non‐Russian successor states, and there is therefore no reaso...


Retinoic acid‐related orphan receptor γ (RORγ), a master regulator of T‐helper 17 (Th17) cell function and differentiation, is an attractive target for treatment of Th17‐driven diseases. This first‐in‐human study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of the inverse RORγ agonist AZD0284.


It has been shown that for continuous-time nonlinear systems with input time delays, the exact linearization can be accomplished by use of the state prediction which is based on feedback equivalent models. In this paper, we extend the method to discrete-time systems. The extended method consists of a state transformation, a linearizing feedback and a state predictor. The state predictor is described with linear algebraic equations, and consequently the method can be easily realized as a practical controller. In addition, we show that the discrete-time state predictor is essentially an approximation of the state predictor for continuous-time systems. Effectiveness of the method is tested by simulation.


Streptomyces filipinensis NR 0484 produced a new DNA gyrase inhibitor, cyclothialidine. It showed potent activity against DNA gyrases from Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus.


Professor Preston's article 1 is rightly regarded as an important contribution to the debate about the role of economic development and health services (broadly defined) in the decline of mortality. Like so much of his other work, it combines imaginative and innovative use of data with methodological rigour, in this case to argue the point that public and personal health interventions have had a measurable impact upon mortality over and above what would have been expected from economic expansion alone. In addition to this main point, however, the article touches on several related issues that are also of continuing importance: the association between income inequality and mortality, and the diffusion of innovations. I shall discuss the latter briefly, leaving for others a consideration of the former, but first I should like to consider the influence this article has, or hasn't, had.


Because the goal of emergency preparedness for both chemical and nuclear hazards is to reduce human exposure to hazardous materials, this paper examines the interchange of lessons learned from emergency planning and accident experience in both industries. While the concerns are slightly different, sufficient similarity is found for each to draw implications from the others experience. Principally the chemical industry can learn from the dominant planning experience associated with nuclear power plants, while the nuclear industry can chiefly learn from the chemical industry's accident experience. 23 refs.


BACKGROUND
Patients entering nursing facilities (NFs) are frequently colonized with antibiotic resistant organisms (AROs). To understand the determinants of ARO colonization on NF admission we applied whole-genome sequencing to track the spread of four ARO species across regional NFs and evaluated patient-level characteristics and transfer acute-care hospitals (ACHs) as risk factors for colonization.

METHODS
584 patients from six NFs were surveyed for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis/faecium (VREfc/VREfm) and ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli (CipREc) colonization. Genomic analysis was performed to quantify ARO spread between NFs and compared to patient-transfer networks. The association between admission colonization and patient-level variables and recent ACH exposures was examined using multivariable regression models.

RESULTS
The majority of ARO isolates across study sites belonged to major healthcare-associated lineages: MRSA (ST5;N=89/117); VREfc (ST6;N=68/75); CipREc (ST131;N=58/64), and VREfm (clade A;N=129/129). While the genomic similarity of strains between NF pairs was associated with overlap in their feeder ACHs (Spearman's rho=0.44-0.75, p<0.05 for MRSA, VREfc and CipREc), limited phylogenetic clustering by either ACH or NF supported regional endemicity. Significant predictors for ARO colonization on NF admission included lower functional status (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]>1 for all four AROs) and recent exposure to glycopeptides (aOR>2 for VREfm, VREfc and MRSA) or 3rd/4th-generation cephalosporins (aOR>2 for MRSA and VREfm). Transfer from specific ACHs was an independent risk factor for only one ARO/ACH pair (VREfm/ACH19, aOR=2.48[1.06-5.83]).

CONCLUSION
In this region, healthcare-associated ARO lineages are endemic among connected NFs and ACHs, making patient characteristics more informative of NF admission colonization risk than exposure to specific ACHs.


Thin-walled workpieces have the characteristics to withstand a greater load with less material and they are used in aerospace field widely. SiCp/Al composite has high strength and stiffness, which meets the requirements of the aerospace workpieces well. The optimization method is studied with grinding stability and material removal rate as constraint conditions in this paper. The processing parameters optimization of a SiCp/Al thin-walled cylinder is analyzed according to stability lobe diagram. The grinding parameters optimization could be achieved by this method and the chatter could be prevented effectively.


STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the size of the adenoid and thickness of soft palate in the test group consisting of children with mouth breathing habit and compare it with the control group which included children without mouth breathing habit. Also to correlate the occurrence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea among such children. METHODS: A total of forty children belonging to the age group ranging from 7 to 10 years were included in the study, the children were divided into two groups with and without mouth breathing habit consisting of twenty children in each group. Cephalometric tracings were done for all the children and ratio of air column to soft palate thickness was calculated and graded according to Cohen and Konak. RESULTS: Children belonging to the test group had a reduced air column and thicker soft palate compared to that of the control group with a mean difference of 1.092. It was also shown on grading of adenoid that 100% children belonging to the control group and small sized adenoids whereas maximum number of children (80%) in the test group has medium sized adenoid. CONCLUSION: Pediatric dentists do have an opportunity to recognize and make appropriate referrals of pediatric patients at risk for obstructive sleep apnea. Lateral cephalogram is a reliable and a simple diagnostic tool as it is readily available. Children with medium and large sized adenoid have an increased susceptibility to pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.


This paper examines contemporary Icelandic art as an example of nuanced and substantial place-based design, and extracts lessons for landscape architects interested in the role of landscape architecture in constructing and critiquing identity. The Icelandic landscape is extraordinary; it figures in regional identity forming, and recurs in cultural production. Much contemporary Icelandic art engages with the physical place of the country as subject, medium, laboratory, metaphor or cultural touch point. This essay describes how Icelandic artists conceive of site, and use those conceptions in their artwork to shed light on the relationship between cultures, place, and material production. These site conceptions and design strategies are transferable to landscape architecture; they propose methods of defining and incorporating site in landscape architecture as a component of cultural identity construction.


between 25–26 february 2016 at the faculty of law and administration, university of Gdańsk, the 5th national Conference on Maritime law "seaports competitiveness and innovation" organized by the department of Maritime law of the faculty of law and administration at the university of Gdańsk and the european law students' association elsa Gdańsk was held. for the first time the Conference was accompanied by M.a. and Phd students' panel during which young researchers were given an opportunity to present their findings. The Conference was attended by numerous entrepreneurs, academics, representatives of science and administration, and a large group of students. This time the organizers decided to focus on the topics related to the seaports. all participants could take part in the debate 'Polish ports on the way to competitiveness and sustainable development', as well as learn how to manage the seaports effectively and operate them efficiently. as each year, the organizers provided the forum for debate, not only for lawyers and scholars, but also for a wide range of entrepreneurs representing the maritime sector and students from various academic centers in Poland. The honorary patronages over the Conference were taken by: the Marshal of the Pomorskie voivodeship – Mr Mieczysław struk, the President of Gdańsk – Mr Paweł adamowicz, the rector of the university of Gdańsk – prof. bernard lammek and the dean of the faculty of law and administration of the university of Gdańsk – prof. Jakub stelina.


Nitrogen deposition (Ndep) is a threat to plant diversity in grassland ecosystems around the world. The evidence supporting this conclusion comes from both observational and experimental research, with "space-for-time" substitution surveys of pollutant gradients a significant portion of the former. However, estimates of regression coefficients for Ndep impacts derived with a focus on causal inference are hard to locate in the observational literature. Some influential observational studies have presented estimates from univariate models, overlooking the effects of omitted variable bias, and/or have used P-value-based stepwise variable selection (PSVS) to infer impacts, a strategy now known to be poorly suited to the accurate estimation of regression coefficients. Broad-scale spatial autocorrelation has also generally been unaccounted for. We re-examine two UK observational datasets that have previously been used to investigate the relationship between Ndep and plant species richness in acid grasslands, a much-researched habitat in this context. One of these studies (Stevens et al. 2004) estimated a large negative impact of Ndep on richness through the use of PSVS; the other reported smaller impacts (Maskell et al. 2010), but did not explicitly report regression coefficients or partial effects, making the actual size of the estimated Ndep impact difficult to assess. We reanalyse both datasets using a spatial Bayesian linear model estimated using integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA). Contrary to previous results, we found similar-sized estimates of the Ndep impact on plant richness between studies, both with and without bryophytes, albeit with some disagreement over the most likely direction of this effect. Our analyses suggest that some previous estimates of Ndep impacts from space-for-time substitution studies are likely to have been over-estimated, and that the evidence from observational studies could be fragile when confronted with alternative model specifications, although further work is required to investigate potentially nonlinear responses. Given the growing literature on the use of observational data to estimate the impacts of pollutants on biodiversity, we suggest that a greater focus on clearly reporting important outcomes with associated uncertainty, the use of techniques to account for spatial autocorrelation, and a clearer focus on the aims of a study, whether explanatory or predictive, are required.


The presence of porosities in bone cement (polymethylmethacrylate) in total hip prosthesis (THP) cemented is necessary for the diffusion of antibiotics, but it is a critical characteristic of weakening by the effect of stress concentration and the interconnecting pores. The aim of this study was to analyse by the finite element method (FEM), the size influence of micro-cavities in cement assuming the junction cup-bone, and the effect of cavity-cavity interaction on the stress level and distribution in cement according to the human stance defined by the implant position axis compared to that of the cup.


INTRODUCTION
Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption by interfering with the action of osteoclasts. Among the adverse effects, sclerotic lines observed in the metaphysis of long bones have been described as the main imaging finding in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the frequency of radiographic changes caused by alendronate in children and adolescents with low bone density or calcinosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study with 21 patients who were treated with once-weekly alendronate for at least 10 months. Patients underwent x-rays of long bones before the start of alendronate and approximately one year after its use.

RESULTS
Eleven patients (52.3%) had sclerotic lines in the metaphysis of long bones. The most frequent site was the tibia (8/11 patients), followed by the femur (7/11), humerus (6/11), radius (4/11), ulna (3/11), and fibula (2/11). Regression of radiographic changes during the study period (up to 1.1 years after discontinuation of alendronate) was not observed.

CONCLUSION
If used carefully, alendronate is safe and radiographic changes have not been shown to be clinically relevant.


Four steps are required to demonstrate mirror image cognition using a robot. These steps are: 1) the robot imitates the action of its own image reflected in a mirror, 2) the robot imitates an action taken intentionally by another robot as imitative behavior, 3) the third one is conducted in an environment where the other robot is controlled completely via cables from the self-robot to imitate the behaviour, and 4) the robot imitates the random actions of another robot. In the 1st step, it is a fact that the mirror image of the robot is the same action as the robot itself performs, however, it is possible that the mirror image could be another individual intentionally performing an action in the same manner as oneself, or it could be another performing the same action as oneself by coincidence. However, these possibilities can be eliminated by discriminating the 1st step from the other steps using a given evaluation method.


"A generator is a parser of randomness."This perspective on generators for random data structures is well established as folklore in the programming languages community, but it has apparently never been formalized, nor have its consequences been deeply explored. We present free generators, which unify parsing and generation using a common structure that makes the relationship between the two concepts precise. Free generators lead naturally to a proof that a large class of generators can be factored into a parser plus a distribution over choice sequences. Further, free generators support a notion of derivative, analogous to familiar Brzozowski derivatives of formal languages, that allows analysis tools to"preview"the effect of a particular generator choice. This, in turn, gives rise to a novel algorithm for generating data structures satisfying user-specified preconditions.


Objective: The objective of the study is twofold: first, to develop a specific gravity method for distinguishing between bubbles and oedema following decompression, and, second, to evaluate the extent to which the change in specific gravity is due to retained gas in cerebral tissue. Methods: A brombenzene/kerosene gradient column was used to measure changes in brain specific gravity at 100 and 300 kPa, respectively. This study was performed on 23 rats. Non-exposed rats constituted the control group A (n = 6). The exposed animals were divided into two groups according to the number of bubbles they developed upon decompression; group B (bubble grade 0-2, n = 9) and group C (bubble grade 3-5, n = 8). Results: Cerebral gas retention was determined by increasing the pressure on the gradient column from 100 to 300 kPa. Median specific gravity of the brain at 300 kPa bar was significantly higher compared to 100 kPa for the decompressed groups B (p = 0.018) and C (p = 0.012), thus implying gas retention. The cerebral gas volume was significantly higher for rats with a high bubble score compared to rats with a low bubble score (p = 0.043). However, the major contribution to the change in specific gravity was due to oedema formation. Conclusion: The brombenzene/kerosene gradient column was found to be a sensitive method for distinguishing between gas retention and oedema formation in decompressed animals. There was a higher gas retention in rats with a high bubble score compared to rats with a low bubble score. The major contribution to the change in specific gravity in decompressed animals is due to oedema formation.


Abstract Koji preparation is the key step in soy sauce brewing. In this study, 21 medicinal herbs were tested for their abilities in enhancing the protease activities of soy sauce koji. Among these herbs Rhodiola rosea was found to be the most efficient in increasing protease activities. Kinetic analyses revealed that R. rosea addition not only promoted microbe growth and increase the activities of neutral and acid proteases (by 29.8% and 13.4%, respectively) but also elevated α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total phenolics and flavonoids (by 9.5%, 47.1% and 14.1%, respectively); the formations of proteases and antioxidant properties depend largely on microbe growth; and the promotion effects of R. rosea addition were mainly displayed in later stage of fermentation. Using the R. rosea koji for soy sauce production resulted in 8.9%, 19.1%, 6.6%, 23% and 102% higher of total and amino-type nitrogen contents, protein utilization, total phenolics and flavonoids, respectively.


The application of computer's software of graph-picture management,namely,Photoshop 7.0 in verifying handprints can replace its traditional methods to realize the computerization and paperlessization of handprint verification.Because of the superiority of this technique,its operating procedures and methods applied in practice should be mastered skillfully


In this study of Ohio's shock probation program, base expectancy rates were developed through the use of predictive attribute analysis. These rates were used to evaluate the stated guidelines of the program; namely, that shock probation should be targeted for use with youthful first offenders. Therefore, the base expectancy rates were utilized to test a prediction which was being made by relevant decision-makers within the program (judges, probation officers). Analysis of the research sample of 1,081 shock probationers released in 1975 revealed that prior record was the best predictor of failure (reincarceration over a two year period). The shock probationers who had a previous criminal record were more than twice as likely to fail. These rates were not cross-validated and were not recommended for application in a mechanical fashion by decision-makers.


Increased digitalization and technological development raises the demand for rare and precious metals (RPM). Due to their rarity, mining RPMs from the earth is becoming increasingly difficult. Traditional urban mining methods to recover RPMs from printed circuit boards (PCB) need to separate the RPMs from non-metallic substances, e.g. plastic. This separation requires toxic substances and causes unwanted and toxic by-products and emissions. The ability to identify regions-of-interest on PCBs, i.e. the gold pads, and to extract RPMs from only the desired areas would reduce the need for toxic substances. In this study, a single 12 MHz high-intensity focused-ultrasound transducer was used to 1) image a PCB to locate the gold pads, and 2) to subsequently induce inertial cavitation to remove gold from three extraction areas on the selected gold pad. The sonication was performed in water without additional chemicals. Gold removal was verified by imaging the pad with a coded-excitation scanning acoustic microscope ($f_{c} = 375$ MHz). Average areas and volumes of the three extraction regions were $A= (12.2 \pm 0.5).10^{3}$ µm2 and $V=(18 \pm 2).10^{3}$ µm3, respectively. The total amount of removed gold and nickel (from beneath the gold plating) from all three extraction areas was estimated to $m_{Au, tot}= (570 \pm 20)$ ng and $m_{Ni, tot}= (440 \pm 30)$ ng. This study constitutes a first step towards more environmentally friendly, non-toxic urban mining of RPMs.


A method based on spiking performance reference compounds (PRCs) into low density polyethylene (LDPE) to measure freely dissolved Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in overlying water and sediment was introduced. Equilibration time of PRCs migrate to LDPE was determined and freely dissolved concentrations of three PAHs (acenaphthene, phenanthrene, pyren) in overlying water and sediment pore water were sampled and measured by the method. The results indicated that the concentrations of PRCs in LDPE were about constant after 64h. The measurement and subsequent calculation showed that freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs in the overlying water were 0.045µg/L, 0.087µg/L and 0.01175µg/L for acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyren, respectively, and their concenreations in the sediment pore water were 0.112µg/L, 0.080µg/L and 0.0174µg/L, respectively.


Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time control approach, with the aim to achieve low computational complexity and an ability to handle discrete time steps of variable length – desirable features for embedding in appliances and high-throughput simulations. Simulation results of large populations of heterogeneous appliances illustrate the accurate aggregate control of power consumption and high computational efficiency.


The edible oil of Elaeis guineensis Jacq., oil palm, is crucial in filling the demand gap and meet the growing need for edible oil worldwide. Although all precautions have been taken to minimize the introduction of pest populations along with seed sprouts from importing countries, some pests are still found to invade crops and cause production losses. Most of these populations have been found to come from other Arecaceae palms such as coconut, palmyrah and betel nut that may be commonly found around oil palm fields. It has been estimated that the above pests reduced oil palm yield by 20–30%, persisted for several years after attack, depending on cultivation methods, and returned to previous yield levels within a few years of attack. The minor pests of coconut, palmyrah, and maize, psychid and slug caterpillar were discovered to be very invasive on oil palm, resulting in output losses of up to 50%. The presence of favorable conditions such as low temperature and high humidity within oil palm plantations may possibly be the reason for migration. The production losses caused by these migratory pests affect the sustainability of the produce and thus agriculture, so it is important to apply the good management practices.


Technically, standard GSM handset design has become quite mature and there are many off-the-shelf solutions available to new handset manufacturers today. Recent movement in the technology has been made to introduce dual-band telephones that can operate in both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands. This paper describes an integrated dual-band radio transceiver chip designed for GSM applications at 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz.


Fluent is a popular CFD software package now, it can model complicated fluxion question from incondensability to the highly condensability. This article compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of several algorithms which used by the commercial software Fluent. It is must be determined the model accordance to the actual situation in a number of algorithm. Accordance to compared, the standard k-e model is used to simulate the regular wave in flume. The simulation results well reflect the characteristics of the regular waves, agreed well with theoretical value.


Metallurgically bonded transition joints which enable to connect reprocessing equipments made of superior corrosion resisitant valve metals (Ti-5Ta, Zr or Ti) to stainless steel piping are required for nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. The authors have developed dissimilar transition joints made of stainless steel and Ti-5Ta, Zr or Ti with an insert metal of Ta by the hot bond rolling process of clad bars and clad pipes, using a newly developed mill called "rotary reduction mill".This report presents the manufacturing process of dissimilar transition joints produced from the clad pipe with three layers by the hot bond rolling. First, the method of hot bond rolling of clad pipe is proposed. Then, the mechanical and corrosion properties of the dissimilar transition joints are evaluated in detail by carrying out various tests. Finally, the rolling properties in the clad pipe method are discussed.


The optical properties of the sandwich structures of Ag nanorod array (NRA)/dielectric layer/Ag mirror have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Calculations based on a simple model by treating the NRAs as uniform effective media indicate that the antireflection condition is realized by changing the thickness of the dielectric layer and that the Ag nanorods absorb most of the incident light. The designed structures have been successfully fabricated by taking advantages of the dynamic oblique-angle deposition technique. Under the experimental antireflection condition, Raman scattering measured on the Ag NRA in the near infrared region exhibits significant enhancement. This indicates that the local electric field close to the Ag nanorods can be controlled by the interference of light in the nanostrutured sandwiches.


165 Chapter 10 Teaching sustainability and biodiversity through distance education: are we doing enough? 275 Chapter 16 Creating a course where there wasn't one before: A Student-Initiated University Seminar in Sustainable Development INEKE C. LOCK, WILLIAM H. MOHNS 289 Chapter 17 Curriculum Development for Community Sustainability BETH SAVAN, DAVID V. Preface The year 2002 is a special year. Ten years after the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992, the UN is holding a Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg which, among other things, will review the progress achieved since. Having organised one of the parallel sessions at UNCED (the International Workshop on Environmental Education) as part of the Global Forum, attended by over 80 colleagues from the five continents and having breathed the air at Flamengo Park where the Global Forum was held, I strongly feel that as part of the UN Sustainable Development Summit, other parallel events should be held so as to complement the official and often tedious, debates. Indeed, if the driving force of the Global Forum, namely the late William Lindner would be alive today, he would most likely have organised another similar event there. It is therefore with great pleasure that, as part of a team led by Dr. Heila Lotz and colleagues, the conference on environmental management at sustainable universities or EMSU 2002, is being held in Grahamstown. The meeting is both, a follow up to EMSU 1999 held in Lund, Sweden and a parallel event to the UN Sustainable Development Summit. Indeed, it is the only of a set of events to take place in South Africa around the time of the Summit, to focus on the particularities of implementing sustainability at universities. It is therefore a great pleasure that this book, which will find its way to universities all over the world, can be launched at EMSU 2002. It is now beyond any doubt that higher education institutions around the world are beginning to recognise that they have a unique responsibility towards the goal of sustainability. Universities are an integral part of the global economy and since they prepare most of the professionals who are occupying key positions today and who will do so in the future, they are uniquely positioned to influence the direction we choose to take as a society. As a matter of fact, some may even say that the …


In this paper, Fourier analysis is used for finding efficient multigrid components. The individual multigrid components for several discrete partial differential operators are chosen automatically by a genetic optimization method. From a set of multigrid components, such as different smoothers, coarse grid correction components, cycle types, number of smoothing iterations, and relaxation parameters, an optimal three-grid Fourier convergence factor corrected for computational complexity is obtained by the genetic search. The resulting methods can be tuned for optimal efficiency or toward robustness. The analysis results are verified by numerical experiments.


K-means algorithm has been widely used in machine learning and data mining due to its simplicity and good performance. However, the standard k-means algorithm would be quite slow for clustering millions of data into thousands of or even tens of thousands of clusters. In this paper, we propose a fast k-means algorithm named multi-stage k-means (MKM) which uses a multi-stage filtering approach. The multi-stage filtering approach greatly accelerates the k-means algorithm via a coarse-to-fine search strategy. To further speed up the algorithm, hashing is introduced to accelerate the assignment step which is the most time-consuming part in k-means. Extensive experiments on several massive datasets show that the proposed algorithm can obtain up to 600X speed-up over the k-means algorithm with comparable accuracy.


This research has been conducted with the aim of revealing prospective classroom teachers' skills to interpret multiple-choice science questions (reasoning). For that purpose, a semi-structured interview form, which consists of 8 multiple choice physics questions and 8 open-ended questions created in order to make prospective classroom teachers explain the formulas used to solve each question as well as the relationship between the components of the formulas, has been prepared. Prior to the implementation, the prospective teachers performed exercises on their skills of reasoning by using their theoretical knowledge. Since the objective of the study is not to assess the success of students in the field of physics, the formulas required to solve the multiple-choice questions were given alongside the questions in parenthesis. After obtaining reviews from three experts, necessary changes were applied based on their feedback, thereby interview form took its final shape. In order to test whether the questions in the interview form are clear and understandable, a pilot study was conducted on 5 students who are not in the study group. The study of the research consists of prospective classroom teachers studying at the department of Classroom Teaching in the Faculty of Education of Ondokuz Mayis University in Turkey. Equal amount of teachers from different classrooms were interviewed. Since qualitative research method is employed in this study, the data of the study will be analyzed through descriptive analysis method. The implementation process of the research still continues, the findings to be obtained will be presented and associated with the literature. In the pre-implementation, it is observed that the prospective classroom teachers correctly answer to most of the multiple-choice questions, however, they fail at explaining the relationship between the components of the formulas they use to solve the multiple-choice questions.


The military cantons are sites destined to group one or more units and / or battalions of the Force. The mission of the Military Forces is to defend National sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity, to fulfill it, the National Army deploys its foot of force, installing garrisons throughout the country. Taking into account the importance of these facilities, it is necessary to protect them using different types of systems, security subsystems and high-tech devices, especially considering the presence of important GAOs (Organized Armed Groups) and GDOs (Organized Criminal Groups).


Natural load-bearing structures, such as trees, have had to strive for survival in harsh environmental conditions. Over time, these structures have evolved, and are able now to optimize their shapes. Behind this optimization is a simple yet powerful rule called the axiom of uniform stress, which has successfully been applied to topology optimization in various engineering fields. Similar to physical structures, Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) suffer various limitations. In this paper, we suggest an adaptation of the axiom of uniform stress to routing. We then propose the Uniform Stress Routing Protocol (USR) making use of this adaptation.


Embedding various sensors with powerful computing and storage capabilities in a small communication device, smartphones have become a prominent platform for navigation. With the increasing popularity of Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, smartphones are quickly replacing built-in automotive navigation solutions. On the other hand, smartphones are equipped with low-performance Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors to enhance their navigation performance in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-degraded or -denied environments. Compared with higher-grade inertial navigation systems (INS), MEMS-based INSs have a poor navigation performance due to large measurement errors. In this paper, we present laboratory test results on the stochastic and deterministic errors observed in MEMS inertial sensor measurements of five different smartphones from different manufacturers. Then, we describe and discuss the short-term effects of these errors on the pure inertial navigation performance and also on the navigation performance based on the tight coupling of INS with GNSS measurements using a smartphone.


This paper deals with procurement routes in public building and construction projects in Norway. Seen from a practical point of view, as well as from a theoretical one, it is important to improve methods for selection of procurement procedure, contract model, and compensation formats. The paper objective is to find out if public owners select a procurement route according to recommended practice. The sources are literature, support material for two software tools for selection of the procurement route, and documentation from 22 public building and construction projects in Norway. According to the literature and the support material for the two software tools, the answer to what is the proper procurement route will depend on the characteristics of each project. The documentation study implies that public owners continue to select the same procurement route as they are in the habit of. They do not consider what procurement route suits each single project, and therefore they do not select the route according to recommended practice. The paper calls for innovation and better supported selection of the procurement route in public building and construction projects.


Biosurfactant are amphiphiles produced by microorganism. They are widely used in cleanup process of organic and inorganic contaminants like metals and hydrocarbons. In this study, biosurfactants were produced from local microorganism in laboratory conditions and glass flasks. Contaminated soil or sludge was taken from the sediment tank of Abadan oil Refinery. Biosurfactant synthesis and production was followed by measuring surface tension by tensiometer.


Unique functional material of shape memory alloy has attracted tremendous interest from researches, thus has been broadly investigated for a wide range application. Current research effort extends the use of SMA for the design of smart composite structures due to its shape memory effect, pseudo-elasticity and high damping capability. This paper presents an assessment of applications of the SMA materials for structural vibration controls, where the influences of SMA as reinforcement in the composite plate at different temperature are investigated. Four cases of composite plate are studied, which two of them are SMA-based composite fabricated at 0° and 45° angles, and the other two plates are neat (without SMA wires) and built with local stiffener. By using modal testing, the free vibration analysis is carried out to determine the vibration characteristics of composite plates. The results show that infusing SMA wires into composites increased the natural frequencies of the plate considerably, while decreased slightly for damping percentage. However, when SMA wires are heated, the damping percentage improved tremendously due to the phase transformation temperature of SMA from martensite to austenite. The outcome of this study reveals the potential of SMA materials in active vibration control.


Abstract The value of urinary cytology in the diagnosis of different pathological conditions in renal transplantation is particularly important. Manual microscopic urinalysis is a high-volume procedure that currently requires significant labour. Objective: To automate the sediment evaluation and to make this more accurate using the Iris Diagnostics Automated Urine Microscopy Analyzer (iQ200). Our goal was to compare the manual and automated microscopic data to apply iQ200 in renal function monitoring. Method: The iQ200 uses digital imaging and Auto Analyte Recognition software to classify urine constituents into 12 analyte categories and quantitatively report. Results: We determined cut-off values of urine particles in every category, which correlated well with manual microscopic results. The iQ200 was more sensitive for pathological casts than manual microscopic analysis. iQ200 helped the operator to differentiate between isomorphic and dismorphic erythrocytes and between lymphocytes and granulocytes, to...


You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 54 articles, 29 of which you can access free at: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/98/1/168#BIBL Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/98/1/168 Additional material and information about Journal of Applied Physiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/jappl This information is current as of March 21, 2005 . € ISSN: 8750-7587, ESSN: 1522-1601. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/.


Factors that either protect from or enhance the development of atopic disease appear to be acting early in life. The gestational environment, including maternal immune responses, such as transplacentally transferred immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to allergens, may be of importance in this respect, since allergen‐specific immunity has been demonstrated to develop in utero.


First International PhD Symposium in Engineering, University of Pecs, Pollack Mihaly Faculty of Engineering, Pecs, Hungary, pg. 47, 2005, ISBN 963 642 063 7


Cyanobacterial-bacterial aggregates form internal microenvironments (microzones) having metabolic and redox conditions distinct from those of ambient planktonic and benthic marine and freshwater habitats. Low turbulence accompanied by adequate supplies of dissolved organic matter (DOM) favored the formation of microzones. Increases in cyanobacterial and possibly bacterial N2 fixation potentials paralleled the development of microzones, while increased turbulence and DOM deprivation greatly reduced both microzone formation and N2 fixation potentials. Among North Carolina nearshore marine and freshwater systems examined, the formation and maintenance of microzones were shown to override both trace metal and phosphorus availability as factors regulating magnitudes of N2 fixation. The degree to which development of microzone-scale symbiotic cyanobacterial-bacterial interactions occur in aquatic habitats in part determines the extent to which N2 fixation can meet nitrogen demands in nitrogen-depleted waters.


Research in occupational therapy is necessary for the validation of therapeutic interventions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) control against potentially confounding variables and provide validating evidence, if properly reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of reporting RCTs in occupational therapy and speech therapy by use of an expansion of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. The Nelson—Moberg—Norton Expanded CONSORT Instrument (NMNECI) was used to evaluate 15 occupational therapy RCTs and 15 speech therapy RCTs. After the principal investigator evaluated all 30 articles, a masked research assistant evaluated 16 randomly selected RCTs to test for inter-rater reliability. An intraclass correlation coefficient of .93 confirmed overall inter-rater agreement. On average, the 30 articles were consistent with 119.5 NMNECI sub-items (SD = 25.48) of the 212 possible sub-items. Occupational therapy RCTs (mean = 130.07, SD = 20.21) were more consistent with the CONSORT statement than speech therapy RCTs (mean = 108.93, SD = 26.40), t(28) = 2.46, p = .02. RCTs in occupational therapy and other allied health professions could benefit from using the CONSORT statement as a tool for reporting future research studies.


Bio gas generation from vegetable waste requires anaerobic digestion.This work  was carried out to create an Organic Processing Facility for biogas production in an anaerobic conditionwhich will be cost effective, eco-friendly,   and eliminate landfillwaste problem. Additionally the left over slurry from the generator can be utilized as chemical free manure. The different parameters like time , temperature in ambient conditions, Ph of the waste water was measured to find out their effect in methane formation reactions. It was concluded that ambient conditions are sufficient to produce the gas under laboratory conditions and the best way is to treat the vegetable waste in water under anaerobic condition and use this waste water for bio methanation reaction


INTRODUCTION
Necrotising fasciitis is a potentially fatal fulminant infection of the subcutaneous tissues.

METHODS
Our series comprised 15 patients with severe necrotising fasciitis during a 6-year period (1994-1999) at the surgical and ENT department of the Cantonal Hospital in Lucerne.

RESULTS
In 4 cases, the necrotising infection occurred in the head and neck, beginning with a mastoiditis, pharyngitis, tongue swelling and infection of the upper eyelid. The bacteria cultures showed in 3 cases streptococcus of group A, in one case there was a mixed flora. All patients underwent a surgical intervention combined with antibiotics, intensive care was also necessary. All 4 patients with necrotising fasciitis in head and neck survived, 3 of the 11 surgical cases died because of multiorgan failure.

DISCUSSION
The high mortality in necrotising fasciitis can only be influenced if diagnosed and treated very early. There often is a difference between the local infection sings and the patient's condition. The treatment includes a sudden surgical intervention combined with antibiotic therapy and intensive care.


AIM To study the clinical profile and outcomes of pediatric endogenous endophthalmitis from a tertiary eye hospital in South India. METHODS A total of 13 eyes of 11 children presented to us with varied symptoms and presentations of endogenous endophthalmitis, over a five-year period from January 2010 to December 2015 were studied. Except for two eyes of a patient, vitreous aspirates were cultured from all 11 eyes to isolate the causative organism. These eleven eyes also received intravitreal injections. All patients were treated with systemic antibiotics. RESULTS Two cases had bilateral endophthalmitis. Ages ranged from 4 d to 11 years. Five cases were undiagnosed and treated, before being referred to our center. Ten of the 13 eyes underwent a core vitrectomy. The vitrectomy was done at an average on the second day after presenting (range 0-20 d). Five of the 11 vitreous aspirates showed isolates. The incriminating organisms were bacteria in three and fungus in two. An underlying predisposing factor was found in seven patients. At a mean follow-up 21.5 mo, outcome was good in 7 eyes of 6 cases (54%), five eyes of four cases (38%) ended up with phthisis bulbi while one child died of systemic complications. CONCLUSION Endogenous endophthalmitis is a challenge for ophthalmologists. Early diagnosis and intervention is the key for a better outcome.


Prostate cancer (PCa) has a high predisposition to metastasize to bone. PCa bone metastases are associated with increased osteoblastic activity. We studied the role of the sphingolipid signalisation in the interactions between osteoblasts (OB) and PCa cells. The sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), produced by the oncogenic lipid kinase sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) - is a lipid mediator playing a major regulatory role in tumor cell growth and survival. We studied the role of SphK1 in androgen induced osteoblast proliferation. We provide the first evidence that SphK1 is instrumental in mediating androgen-induced OB proliferation. Androgen triggered OB cell growth, which was associated with a rapid stimulation of SphK1 and activation of both AKT and ERK signalling pathways. We also investigated the potential role of S1P, as a paracrine factor implicated OB-PCa cells cross talk. Our goal was to investigate the potential role of S1P, as a putative bone-derived factor that could stimulate growth or survival of PCa cells. We have found that osteoblastic cells exhibit a very high SphK1 activity, which could render OB extremely resistant to chemotherapeutics such as taxanes. Conditioned medium from OB did protect the PCa cells from the killing effects of taxanes. The cytoprotective effect of OB-derived conditioned medium on PCa cells was abolished when SphK1 activity was first inhibited in OB. These results suggest that SphK1/S1P pathway play an important role in OB response to androgen present in the microenvironment and could contribute to PCa bone metastasis progression.


Airpower is critical to strengthening deterrence and reinvigorating NATO's warfighting competencies in response to Russia's aggressive actions and continued military modernization. The authors assess the contributions Europe's air forces could make to NATO's defense and deterrent posture at the vanguard—playing a significant role at the outset of any high-intensity collective defense operation.


A quadrupole Fe57 polarimeter consisting of single crystals of LiNbO3 : CoJ7 as source (polarizer) and of Fee03 (siderite) as absorber (analyzer) is described. The quadrupole interactions of the two materials are nearly equal in magnitude but opposite in sign and in addition the asymmetry parameter q ss 0. The polarization dependence in Mossbauer spectroscopy has been worked out in a number of theoretical treatise [I-101 and various techniques have been used to carry out polarimetry experiments, mostly based on transversely magnetized Co57 a-Fe sources [lo-271 and/or by selective excitation of nuclear sublevels [28] or filter techniques [13, 29-32]. These methods have disadvantages and difficulties are encountered in the analysis of the spectra. In the former case by the multiplicity resulting from the six linearly polarized source lines and in the latter cases by the inefficiency of the selective excitation or of the filters in terms of intensity, degree of polarization and non-Lorentzian lines. Sources exhibiting quadrupole hyperfine interaction will circumvent some of these problems. The usefulness of a quadrupole split Co57 source for a polarimeter depends on the fulfillment of the following conditions : 1. The material can be grown as single crystal and cutting of thin plates in various directions is


The utility model relates to a sofa with an inserted armrest and an inserted backrest, which is composed an armrests, backrests, a base, etc. Two bolt screws are arranged on the bottom are arranged on the bottom of each armrest and the bottom of each backrest. Bolt holes are arranged at a position where the base of a sofa is opposite to the bolt screw of the armrest and the bolt screw of the backrest. Bolt sleeve barrels are arranged in the bolt holes. An object table can also be arranged on the base of the sofa. The utility model has the advantages of simple structure and convenient packing and transportation. The armrest and the backrest can be disassembled and assembled.


The ability of lithium to interfere with signal transduction pathways that involve neurotransmitter receptor activation of phosphoinositide turnover has been proposed as a potential mechanistic explanation of the therapeutic actions of lithium in manic-depressive illness. Noncompetitive inhibition of inositol monophosphatase by submillimolar concentrations of lithium deprives active neurons of endogenously generated myo-inositol. If this deficit cannot be compensated for by uptake of extracellular myo-inositol, then the ability of the cell to synthesize and maintain inositol phospholipid pools will be compromised. Here we describe methods for the investigation of the phosphoinositide cycle, with particular emphasis on methods that have been used to highlight the complex actions of lithium to disrupt activation of this important signal transduction pathway by neurotransmitters.


Optical Character Recognition(OCR)system has been designed for many years but in the field of Chinese character recognition,it still has the potential to be improved.In this paper,a method of preliminary character recognition using moment and block principal direction will be present and a process of fast correction will be combined to make a complete system for recognition.Moreover,the authors will discuss the advantage and disadvantage of this method.


The invention discloses an improved structure of the rear axle of a scooter, which comprises a rear axle shell, a long half shaft and a short half shaft, wherein a mounting part on the side, which is close to the long half shaft, of the rear axle shell and the rear axle shell are mounted in a split structure; and the mounting part is rotationally connected to a long half shaft shell and can slide along the long half shaft shell. In the invention, the mounting part on the side, which is close to the long half shaft, of the rear axle shell is mounted in a split structure, so the mounting dimensions of the mounting part are not limited by the vehicle frames of the scooters of the same type, the generality of the rear axle is improved, the structure is simpler, the material consumption of the product is smaller, and the cost of the product is reduced.


Article history: Received: 13 June, 2021 Accepted: 12 July, 2021 Online: 27 July, 2021 Combinatorial software testing is regarded as a crucial part when it comes to the software development life cycle. However, it would be impractical to exhaustive test highly configurable software due to limited time as well as resources. Moreover, a combinatorial testing strategy would be to employ input-output-based relations (IORs) due to its benefits versus other forms of testing as it concentrates on program output as well as interactions amongst certain input value parameters. However, there are few studies focused on IOR strategies. Although the IOR strategy has been demonstrated to minimize test suite size because of its inherent properties, size could be decreased by appropriately choosing the "don't care value" pertaining to the test cases. To achieve a result, this paper demonstrates a unified strategy by considering the new meta-heuristic algorithm known as the adaptive firefly algorithm (AFA) in order to design an IOR strategy. In contrast to the existing work, the adaptive firefly algorithm represents a novel approach to integrate between test cases pertaining to t-way test suite generation by deploying elitism operator in classical firefly algorithm. The optimization algorithm method has been put forward to be adopted along with this strategy. Because of this, AFA is expected to deliver promising results when employing the IOR strategy. As per the experimental results backed by non-parametric statistical analysis, AFA demonstrated to offer competitive performance versus its counterparts. In particular, AFA has been found to achieve and match 68% with regards to the best sizes based on the published benchmark results including 32% new known best sizes. This finding could aid in the area of software testing by reducing the number of test cases pertaining to test execution.


This paper explores the latest theoretical development in contemporary ethics——care ethics.It points out that we should consider it in the category of political philosophy taking the goal of feminist movement as its basis,consider care as a political value and public morality instead of personal morality,and thus,we will understand its nature being a kind of political ethics.


A new, simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for Simultaneous estimation of Desloratadine and Montelukast in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of Desloratadine and Montelukast was successfully achieved on a ECLEPSE XDB C8 (4.6 x 150mm, 5 mm, Make: Waters) or equivalent in an isocratic mode utilizing K 2 HPO 4 buffer (pH: 8.6) Methanol (60:40%v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and elute was monitored at 261 nm, with a retention time of 2.485 and 3.800 minutes for Desloratadine and Montelukast. The method was validated and the response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 50 µg/mL to 150 µg/mL for Desloratadine and 50 µg/mL to 150 µg/mL for Montelukast. The LOD and LOQ for Desloratadine were found to be 2.759, 9.195 respectivly. The LOD and LOQ for Montelukast were found to be 2.9091, 9.6970 respectively. This method was found to be good percentage recovery for Desloratadine and Montelukast were found to be 100.00% and 100.00% respectively indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The specificity of the method shows good correlation between retention times of standard with the sample so, the method specifically determines the analyte in the sample without interference from excipients of tablet dosage forms. The method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines for Linearity, Range, Accuacy, Precesion, Specificity and Robustness.


[Objective] To screen the optimum rice varieties under the cropping pattern of "Medium rice-Ratoon rice" in Southeast Sichuan.[Method] Taking Ⅱyou 838 as the check,the agronomic characters,yield,yield components and resistance of the main crop and ratoon rice of 25 rice varieties were compared under the cropping pattern of "Medium rice-Ratoon rice" in Southeast Sichuan.[Result] Eight rice varieties concluding Chuanyou 3203,Chuanxiang 198,Gangyou 2009,Rongsui 415,Yixiang 1313,Ⅱyou 498,Ⅱyou 3213,Ⅱyou 615 had high yield of the main crop and ratoon rice,strong regeneration capacity and strong resistance.Six rice varieties concluding Huayou75,Gyou 802,Yifeng 8,Ⅱyou 9,Nei5you 5399 and Gangyou 1237 had strong regeneration capacity.The total yields of the main crop and ratoon rice were all above 10 500 kg/hm2,and the yields of ratoon rice were high too.The yields of the main crop and ratoon rice of Yixiang3551,Luyou 2 and Chuanyou 89 decreased remarkably compared with the check.The yields of the main crop of were high.[Conclusion] Eight rice varieties concluding Chuanyou 3203,Chuanxiang 198,Gangyou 2009,Rongsui 415,Yixiang 1313,Ⅱyou 498,Ⅱyou 3213,Ⅱyou 615 were suitable to popularize and applied to crop under the pattern of "Medium rice-Ratoon rice" in Southeast Sichuan.


Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the leading killers worldwide. Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein play an important role in developing CHDs. To tackle the challenging task of CHD lipoprotein and atherosclerotic research, collaborative work is crucial. With an interdiscipline in nature, such research involves bio-chemistry, cardiovascular biology, lipoprotein structure, fluorescent imaging, 3D modelling, data mining, etc. This project aims to create a Web based and integrated solution to support a multi-disciplinary knowledge discovery process for the study of cardiovascular and atherosclerotic biology. The emphasis of the project is to address (1) the sharing of cardiovascular clinical data; and (2) the system integration for CHD cardiovascular research. The system currently under development is mainly implemented on a PC Window platform with an intranet-centric design. An Apache HTTP server, a MySQL SQL server, Perl, and R Language, are employed for the system development independent to hardware platforms. The system offers easy information management and data sharing by multiple parties across Internet. Major datasets include lipoprotein phenotype/genotype and laser confocal images. A user-friendly interface is designed allowing users to deposit, retrieve, visualize and analyze the CHD information from different sites.


Mushroom growers from Pauri, Khirsu, Kaproli and Thailisain of mid hills of Uttarakhand State of India, were randomly selected for white button mushroom cultivation trials to find out tech-fissure, market-fissure and benefit:cost ratio. It was found that all these growers recorded longer period of spawn and less yield, than that recorded at Bharsar centre. Out of total yield obtained during 7 cropping weeks, 44.83-58.79% yield was obtained within first 2 cropping weeks from all trials, as compared to 60.13% yield obtained from Bharsar for the same period of time. There were negative/inferior techfissures with all mushroom growers when calculated on period of spawn run, casing and first harvest interface, yield, number and average weight of fresh mushroom fruit. Mushroom growers were sold their fresh mushroom in local market at local prevailing rates against fixed invested cost of 992.18. Growers from Pauri sold mushroom relatively at much higher rates of 120/kg and earned highest net income of 1355.02 q -1 compost with 8.15% positive market-fissure and 2.36:1 benefit:cost ratio over that of Bharsar centre, in which 1252.82 was earned as a net income with 2.26:1 benefit:cost ratio. Both, tech and market-fissure were recorded most negative from the Village Kaproli with very poor net income and benefit:cost ratio in comparison to the rest of the trials located in urban and semi-urban towns like, Pauri, Khirsu, Thailisain and Bharsar.


Currently there is a global debate on the degradation of soils, their magnitude and agro-environmental impact, on which, long-term experimentation provides qualitative and quantitative criteria regarding their capacity for restoration through rational use and management. In this context, research conducted over the past 30 years confirms that the existence of degradation processes in Red Ferralitic soils in Cuba has a multifactorial nature, dependent on geological - geomorphological conditions, extreme weather events and intensive anthropogenesis. Taking into account these aspects, the present work reviews 10 main visions, which have limited the full recognition of the specific modalities assumed by water erosion and erosive - karst in these regions, which reveal the need to adopt a policy so that its protection ceases to be a myth and becomes a National Security issue. Experience shows that the lack of harmonized methods of surveillance and information transfer is one of the causes that generates uncertainty about the state of its degradation.


Modeling and simulating a real world scenario is fundamentally an abstraction that takes only part of the given scenario into the model. Furthermore, the level of detail in the model, a.k.a. the resolution, plays an important role in the modeling and simulation process. Finally, the abstraction and resolution of the model determine the fidelity of the modeling and simulation, which becomes the ultimate utility for the model users. While abstraction, resolution and fidelity are the corner stones of the modeling and simulation discipline, they are often casually utilized. Moreover, their interplay is not investigated in-depth with explicit operationalization of the concepts. This article operationalizes the concept of abstraction, resolution, and fidelity by focusing on the aspect of model information. This theoretic investigation answers propositions involving these concepts, i.e. whether or not a higher resolution model has higher fidelity and why, through set theoretic approaches.


Preface INTRODUCTION History of the Theoretical Understanding for Nonlinear Optical Crystals History of Development on Nonlinear Optical Borate Crystals Crystal Growth of Nonlinear Borate Crystals and Current Status of Applications THEORETICAL BASIS TO DEVELOP BORATE NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTALS BORATE NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTALS FOR FREQUENCY CONVERSION BBO LBO Family KBBF Family Other Borate Crystals Borate Crystals in Developing APPLICATIONS Rapid Proto-Typing Semiconductor Industry - Bia-Hole Drilling - Annealing - Marking - Inspection Bio-Medical Applications - Eye Surgery - Protein Processing Advanced Instrument Making


The action of subrogation in insurance compliance in Colombia, does not have specific legislation, hence it is important to study referencing existing legislation in the Colombian Commercial Code and the Colombian civil code, also its jurisprudential development is limited, which it is essential to go to the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court regarding the issue of subrogation in general insurance. Moreover, there is a very limited legislation in comparative law by finding useful for the present study existing legislation in France where the action of surrogacy is legal and conventional character. Applying such regulations on insurance compliance is the applicable prescription is established in civil law, you may apply for recognition and payment of monetary always correct and when all elements of the subrogation action are present, and it is Importantly in insurance compliance it is not only possible to exercise the action of subrogation by the ordinary courts, if not possible through executive action, enforcing any of the guarantees provided by the policyholder at the time the underwriting compliance.


We have examined the draft genomes of five isolates from two different Klebsiella species obtained from intensive care unit patients at two geographically distributed hospitals to examine the genomic diversity of hospital acquired organisms in this understudied population. ABSTRACT We have examined the draft genomes of five isolates from two different Klebsiella species obtained from intensive care unit patients at two geographically distributed hospitals to examine the genomic diversity of hospital-acquired organisms in this understudied population.


World market is increasingly expanding in food production. Coffee has been underscored within the new scenario and positively impacts the economy of the country, together with other crop types. Current analysis assesses the insertion index of new technological resources and the fastness of the production process of coffee culture on small coffee plantations in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Field study comprised the analysis of 225 farms by an open and closed questionnaire. Data, analyzed by cluster analysis, revealed that small farms have invested in technologies and data access technology for harvest and production processing. Corroborating other scientific investigations, the above activity decreased the Journal of Agricultural Studies ISSN 2166-0379 2021, Vol. 9, No. 2 http://jas.macrothink.org 274 labor force and consequently triggered an increase in profits for small producers.


Creative thought is the most important work in the process of constructing tourist projects.Creative thought is also the key factor to decide whether the tourist projects fail or succeed.Creative thought in terms of tourist projects is the combination of science and art.Based on the theories,namely the theory of integration of tourism resources and demands,the theory of expanding and transforming tourist factors,and the theory of tourism's phenomenon and essence,innovation in tourism projects is generated by creative thought.In tourism projects,the method of innovation in tourism projects is a synthesis method for procedure,organization,thinking and technique.In this system,a trilogy—breaking,recombining and selecting—is an applicable and comprehensive method.


The literature on the earnings of natives and immigrants has heretofore ignored differences in compensating wages for job risks. It is possible that the risk involved in migration may indicate a greater willingness on the part of immigrants to accept riskier jobs than natives. Alternatively, immigrants may attempt to protect their migration investment by choosing occupations with less risk, indicating a higher degree of risk aversion. This paper examines differences in risk aversion between US immigrants and natives, and corresponding differentials in wage premiums for job risk. Our analysis suggests that on average immigrants are exposed to 21% less risk than natives, but receive a 25% higher risk premium. The higher degree of risk aversion of immigrants and their lower exposure to risk, and thus lower earnings, explains 5% of the higher observed earnings of natives. We also find that earlier immigrant cohorts (pre-1970) are employed in riskier jobs than are recent cohorts, but the difference accounts fo...


Our direct knowledge of Roman attitudes in the Republic about the problem between Mithridates VI Eupator and Sertorius have been manipulated by the decimononic historiography. That is not only a political question but an example of the foreing relations in the Roman World. The chronology of this treaty, the consequences and the purpose are, today, still discussed.


Both the symmetric and asymmetric form of PA can be accompanied by a "voluminous" or enlarged hand. It does not occur in children. From 1972-1992 we observed a "voluminous" hand in 64 (4.8%) patients out of 650 with PA. The disease started abruptly in 114 patients (17.5%). Other authors reported it to appear more frequently with acute onset disease4•5 • A "voluminous" hand developed in 64 or 56% of our patients with an abrupt onset of the disease.


The maximum price that UK universities will be able to charge for teaching UK undergraduate physics students will shortly be announced by the Universities Funding Council (UFC). This price is to be based on the average figure physics departments spend at present, and bids substantially below this price will be examined critically by the Council to ensure that there will be no loss of teaching quality. The UFC is also unlikely to approve bids to run two-year science and engineering honours degree courses.


Right-wing extremism in Slovakia can be distinguished in two kinds of entities: on the one hand groups of skinheads and leaderless »resistance groups« operating unofficially, independent of political parties without a steady organizational structure and those civic organizations and political parties that try to establish permanent structures of institutionalized right-wing extremism. The best known and most successful of them are Slovak Togetherness (SP) and People's Party Our Slovakia (LSNS).


The researcher used the strategy of environment education to participatory school design. By the means of Nine-Years Joint Curriculum incorporated School-Based Curriculum Development. Tried to find the real needs of the space in the school and kicked off a series of participatory activities. From September 2001 to January 2002, the whole members in school spent all semester to promote the curriculum named "The Gate" in Elementary School of Taipei Municipal Teacher College. The teachers and students were led to the circumstance in direct participatory courses. In use of the collecting opinions from students and the new gate designing competition found present space problems and redefined the power of the space in school. In process of the action we performed "Top-Down" of the resources control and "Bottom-Up" of cooperation with other teachers. Built the new work relationship with teachers, so as to participate in this action. Informal work group broke the ordinary estrangement among every field. From confirming the common issue to the designing project finished the researcher observed and wrote down the changes in circumstance to correct the action strategy. Finally, brought up a specific idea to solve the real problems of school environment. Going deep into the research place and taking down the whole action process are the methods of action research. The real feelings in circumstance developed the action models and steps. As the more participatory members and the more complicated action models can affect the deeper level problems. For clearing the problems and analyzing the circumstance the researcher defined two stages, eight steps of the action. These things including important matters, attitude, behaviors of school, actions of professional group and so on, will affect the whole process. To build the interaction relationship makes the action recycle and extend. Analyze the mechanism, relationship and influences of action models to bring up five strategies: 1. Open Participatory 2. The role of stairs 3. Good competition 4. Merge Relationship 5. Handle the resources And give some suggestions for other participatory school design in the future.


The importance of appropriate oil spill remedial action was emphasized during the recent Iron Barron oil spill off of the Tamar river in North Tasmania. One important potential oil spill response is dispersion, but little information exists on the toxicity of dispersants and dispersed oil to Australian marine species. This research was undertaken to assess the acute toxicity of Corexit 9527 (a widely used dispersant), water accommodated fractions of Bass Strait crude oil and dispersed Bass Strait crude oil, to the saltwater amphipod, Allorchestes compressa under semi-static conditions. Acute 96 h LC50`s were determined for each toxicant as well as for the reference toxicants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and zinc sulfate. Sublethal bioassays were undertaken for the same 3 toxicants utilizing the marines and snail Polinices conicus as the test species. No-observed-effect-concentrations (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect-concentrations (LOEC) were determined using ANOVA while EC50`s and EC0`s were calculated using regression analysis. Mean acute 96 h LC50 (S.E.) values for A. compressa exposed to SDS and zinc sulfate were 3.6 mg/l (0.28) and 41.6 mg/l (9.01) respectively. EC50 (S.E.) concentrations for P. conicus exposed to SDS and zinc sulfate for 30 minutes were 44.7 mg/l and 246 mg/l respectively using burying behavior asmore » an endpoint. These sublethal EC50`s were reduced to 20.7 mg/l for SDS and 23.5 mg/l for zinc sulfate following 24 hours of exposure.« less


Chilling tolerance was increased in seed germination and root growth of wheat seedlings grown in media containing 20 µg/mL cerebroside C (CC), isolated from the endophytic Phyllosticta sp. TG78. Seeds treated with 20 µg/mL CC at 4°C expressed the higher germination rate (77.78%), potential (23.46%), index (3.44) and the shorter germination time (6.19 d); root growth was also significantly improved by 13.76% in length, 13.44% in fresh weight and 6.88% in dry mass compared to controls. During the cultivation process at 4°C for three days and the followed 24 h at 25°C, lipid peroxidation, expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative membrane permeability (RMP) was significantly reduced in CC-treated roots; activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), phospholipid C (PLC) and phospholipid D (PLD) were inhibited by 13.62–62.26%, 13.54–63.93% and 13.90–61.17%, respectively; unsaturation degree of fatty acids was enhanced through detecting the contents of CC-induced linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid using GC-MS; capacities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were individually increased by 7.69–46.06%, 3.37–37.96%, and −7.00–178.07%. These results suggest that increased chilling tolerance may be due, in part, to the reduction of lipid peroxidation and alternation of lipid composition of roots in the presence of CC.


Among a range of important technical issues facing by publishers for profit, the most urgent would seem to be that, while CD-ROM represents an established, proven source of revenue, the vast majority of investment is currently going into Internet and Web development, where evidence to date shows that revenue is scarce. Considers the question of how to generate Web revenues with reference to the briefing paper, A model approach, produced by Optosof, the specialist in Internet and CD-ROM retrieval solutions. The paper looks at the relationship between publishers' existing business models, and the technology issues affecting their ability to establish the Web as a profitable source of revenue in the short term. Suggests that a logical strategy might be to put core content on CD-ROM, while supplementing it with Internet based access to topical and real time content. The key benchmark as far as performance is concerned will be to have a product built around a fast search engine that offers simultaneous search of multiple databases stored on one or more servers and where retrieval of data allows instant analysis and easy view, copy, export and print. Concludes with useful advice on implementing a successful strategy based on these requirements.


We have developed a multiple choice test designed to probe students' conceptual understanding of the relationships among the directions of force, velocity, and acceleration. The test was administered to more than 800 students enrolled in standard or honors introductory physics courses or a second‐year physics majors course. The test was found to be reasonably statistically reliable, and correlations of test score with grade, course level, and the Force Concept Inventory were moderate to strong. Further analysis revealed that in addition to the common incorrect response that velocity must be in the direction of the acceleration or net force, up to 30% of students gave "partially correct" responses, for example that velocity can be either opposite to or in the direction of the acceleration or net force but not zero. The data also suggests that for some students their evolution of understanding may progress through this kind of partially incorrect understanding.


NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF EXISTING HIGHWAYS AND STRUCTURES OFFERS ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OVER METHODS THAT REQUIRE DEFACEMENT AND REPAIR, OR INTERRUPTION OF NORMAL SERVICE. CONCRETE SLABS OVERLAIN BY ASPHALTIC SURFACE COURSES, AND THUS NOT VISIBLE, PRESENT A MONITORING PROBLEM. ON BRIDGE DECKS AND SIMILAR EXPOSED LOCATIONS, CONSIDERABLE SLAB DETERIORATION CAN OCCUR WITHOUT PRODUCING EVIDENCE AT THE ASPHALT SURFACE. UNTIL RECENTLY, TEST PROCEDURES WERE LIMITED TO CORE SAMPLING, OR REMOVAL OF ASPHALT FOR INSPECTION. BOTH ARE COSTLY. A METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR DETERMINATION OF ASPHALT THICKNESS AND ESTIMATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS BY MEASUREMENT OF THE DIRECT AND REFRACTED MICROSEISMIC WAVE VELOCITIES PRODUCED BY LOW ENERGY HAMMER IMPACTS ON THE MATERIALS SURFACE. THICKNESS IS DETERMINED BY SEISMIC REFRACTION FORMULA WHILE CONCRETE CONDITION IS ESTIMATED BY COMPARISON OF THE MEASURED VELOCITY IN THE CONCRETE WITH STANDARD VELOCITY OF CONCRETE HAVING KNOWN PROPERTIES. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE METHOD, DETAILED PROCEDURES FOR FIELD TESTS, AND FIELD AND LABOR- ATORY TEST INSTRUMENTS ARE DESCRIBED.