Objective: To explore the level of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and clinical value in patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) . Methods: The serum CRP level and the total and classifed count of white blood cell (WBC) were detected in 178 children with acute respiratory infection (infected group) and 50 healthy childred (control group). Results: The serum CRP level in infected group was significantly higher than that in control group ( P 0.01) , but there was no significant variation between 71 children infected by virus (from the infected group) and the controul group ( P 0.05) . If 8mg/L was used as critical-point for both, the positive rate was 100% in children infected by bacterium (107/107) , and 0% (0/71) in children! infected by virus. Conclusion: Detection of serum CRP level in the patients with acute respiratory infection may help to correct and sensitive establish the pathogen and to directly treat the disease.


Solubility of β-diketone (4-ethyl-1-phenyl-1, 3-octadione, abbreviated as HA, C16H22O2, molecular weight, 246.34)–ZnSO4–(NH4)2SO4–NH3(aq)–H2O system at T = (298.15, 308.15) K is elaborately measured by isothermal method. The results show that the solubility of ZnA2(o), NH4A(o), H2O(o), Zn2+(w), NH4+(w), SO42–(w), and HA(w) increases with the increase of the concentration of zinc sulfate. In contrast, the solubility of HA(o), H2O(w), and NH3(w) decreases with the increase of the concentration of zinc sulfate. The distribution ratio and extraction equilibrium isotherm of zinc in extraction system are obtained at T = (298.15, 308.15) K. The consequence indicates that extraction equilibrium isotherm is connected with temperature, and at the same condition, the distribution ratio of Zn(II) at 298.15 K is greater than 308.15 K. The activity coefficient of the components in mixture electrolyte solutions is calculated by Pitzer model, and the activity coefficient in organic phase is gained by correlating the extr...


In this paper, we discussed the basic principle and main technology in designding scanning system, then, a method of design network scanning system is presented based on system administrator. This system uses the C/S structure, there is a friendly interface at the client and a scanning module is running at the server independently as a DLL plug - in and the number of plug - in can be increased or reduced conveniently, so as to strengthen the expansibility of this system.


Multiferroic nanocomposites of xNiFe2O4/(1-x)BaTiO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) (denoted as NFO-BTO) with the particle size about of 70 nm were prepared by the high energy mechanical milling combined with the thermal annealing methods. The x-ray diffraction patterns show a presence of NiFe2O4 (NFO) and BaTiO3 (BTO) phases. The values of the characteristic parameters of nanocomposites such as the coercive field (E c), the residual polarization (P r), the remanent magnetization (M r), the saturation magnetization (M s), and the coercive force (H c) increase gradually with an increase in NFO concentration. For an applied electric field below 10 kV cm−1, the values P r and E c are found to be 0.004–0.038 μC cm−2 and 0.7–2.0 kV cm−1, corresponding x = 0.1–0.4, respectively. Changes in electrical and magnetic properties of composites depend heavily on the NFO content, which will be studied specifically. Additionally, the ability to absorb microwave at room temperature of a representative sample with x = 0.3 mixed in acrylic paint (denoted as NFO-BTO-AP) in a frequency range of f = 12–18 GHz has also been investigated. It shows a large negative reflection loss (RL) with RL = −39.8 dB occurring at around 16.8 GHz corresponding to the absorptivity of over 99.9% for an absorbing layer with thickness of 5.5 mm. This suggests that NFO-BTO nanocomposites could be considered as a potential material in the field of absorbing and shielding electromagnetic waves.


Artificial intelligence (AI) is that the theory and development of computer systems ready to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. With teeming competition and increasing demand within the food industry, has begun to embrace AI technologies during a bid to maximize profits and explore new ways to succeed in serve the consumers. AI has recently began to fix its application in various sector of the society with food industry as like pharmaceutical industry. This review highlights the impactful use of AI in diverse area of food sector including Sorting, Grading, Food Quality, Cleaning, Efficient Supply chain management, Microbial internal control and various method of food analysis. Chemical and Biological Sensor are used for food quality monitoring as well as application of AI to provide best quality food products. Planning of ordinary reliable procedures to regulate the standard of products may be a major objective. Despite these obstacles, research into optimizing production processes using AI is ongoing. It is crucial to emphasize, however, that the benefit of AI application in the food industry far outweigh the limitations.


Objective This study aims to identify prognostic factors for low-grade glioma (LGG) via different machine learning methods in the whole genome and to predict patient prognoses based on these factors. We verified the results through in vitro experiments to further screen new potential therapeutic targets. Method A total of 940 glioma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) were included in this study. Two different feature extraction algorithms – LASSO and Random Forest (RF) – were used to jointly screen genes significantly related to the prognosis of patients. The risk signature was constructed based on these screening genes, and the K-M curve and ROC curve evaluated it. Furthermore, we discussed the differences between the high- and low-risk groups distinguished by the signature in detail, including differential gene expression (DEG), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), copy number variation (CNV), immune infiltration, and immune checkpoint. Finally, we identified the function of a novel molecule, METTL7B, which was highly correlated with PD-L1 expression on tumor cell, as verified by in vitro experiments. Results We constructed an accurate prediction model based on seven genes (AUC at 1, 3, 5 years= 0.91, 0.85, 0.74). Further analysis showed that extracellular matrix remodeling and cytokine and chemokine release were activated in the high-risk group. The proportion of multiple immune cell infiltration was upregulated, especially macrophages, accompanied by the high expression of most immune checkpoints. According to the in vitro experiment, we preliminarily speculate that METTL7B affects the stability of PD-L1 mRNA by participating in the modification of m6A. Conclusion The seven gene signatures we constructed can predict the prognosis of patients and identify the potential benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy for LGG. More importantly, METTL7B, one of the risk genes, is a crucial molecule that regulates PD-L1 and could be used as a new potential therapeutic target.


A precise positive-peak detector with adaptive micro-current compensator is proposed to trace the tank amplitude VT of wideband VCOs. The compensator includes three micro-current Imicro branches controlled by automatic frequency calibration (AFC). A decoding circuit is connected between the AFC and the compensator. If oscillation frequency of VCO increases, by use of the decoding circuit, the branch with smaller Imicro would be adaptively chosen for precisely tracing the VT. In TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology, when the proposed positive-peak detector is used for a VCO with output frequency from 1.52GHz to 3.2GHz, the maximum detection error is 80mV under different corners and temperature from -40°C to 80°C.


The bread staling process was studied using the SAXS method, data from which indicated that bread staling occurs with significant electron density changes. Two kinds of SAXS measurements were made, on dry and water suspension samples. The SAXS results indicate that dry samples show electron density changes mainly in the gluten phase, while for water suspension samples the changes are mainly in the starch matrix. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


NTRODUCTION A recent debate in Scottish media and business circles has been highly critical of the role of the public sector in the Scottish economy. The debate has revolved around the extent to which public sector expenditure and investment has 'crowded out' the private sector, leading to poor national economic performance. This article suggests that there is little evidence for such a claim, whilst it could be argued that the opposite is actually more accurate; i.e. there is a link between the total gross domestic product (GDP) change and total government expenditure change during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Furthermore, there is only a small negative relationship between corporation tax rates and economic growth although outliers suggest this is not statistically significant. Perhaps more significant is the relationship between tax receipts and income equality. Countries with higher state involvement generally have lower levels of income inequality, suggesting that government intervention remains important in ensuring wealth is fairly distributed. The reason this is important is that inequality produces detrimental social effects, whilst


This paper focuses on the parameter estimation of transmission lines which is an essential prerequisite for system studies and relay settings. Synchrophasor measurements have shown promising potentials for the transmission line parameter estimation. Majority of existing techniques entail existence of phasor measurement units (PMUs) at both ends of a given transmission line; however, this assumption rarely holds true in nowadays power networks with few installed PMUs. In this paper, a practical technique is proposed for the estimation of transmission line parameters while the required data are phasor measurements at one end of a given line and conventional magnitude measurements at the other end. The proposed method is thus on the basis of joint PMU and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) measurements. A non-linear weighted least-square error (NWLSE) algorithm is employed for the maximum-likelihood estimation of parameters. The approach is initially devised for simple transmission lines with two terminals; then, it is extended for three-terminal lines. Numerical studies encompassing two- and three-terminal lines are conducted through software and hardware simulations. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of new technique and verify its applicability in present power networks.


As Program Chair for the 1980 convention of the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC), I want to testify-enthusiastically and firmly-to the health of our profession. I find that we are strong, nourished well both by our established talents and by an influx of new, gifted people. I find that we are growing, both in numbers and in varieties of interests. Most of all, I find that we have a renewed, dynamic sense of ourselves as influential teachers, researchers, and scholars who are eager to explore fresh ideas and to map new terrain. This assessment comes as a result of my review of (and other reviewers' comments about) the 1183 program proposals submitted for the 1980 CCCC convention. These proposals were unique in the history of CCCC because they were submitted on a new, specially designed form that required proposers to provide complete, systematic information about their program ideas. Though my purpose in creating the form was to reduce the volume of letter exchanges about basic program matters, I realized as I read the collection of completed proposals during the summer of 1979 that CCCC suddenly had a record of what almost 1600 different people in our profession were thinking about, immersing themselves in, and asking to discuss publicly at a national assembly of their colleagues. Drawing upon these proposals, I want, first, to report and interpret the more important statistics gleaned from the proposal forms; second, I will describe the principal characteristics of the proposals; next, I want to share my major observations about trends in the profession as reflected by the proposals; and finally, I want to offer suggestions to future program proposers based on the main evaluative criteria that emerged in the face of keen competition for places on the program.


A widely adopted paradigm in the design of recommender systems is to represent users and items as vectors, often referred to as latent factors or embeddings. Embeddings can be obtained using a variety of recommendation models and served in production using a variety of data engineering solutions. Embeddings also facilitate transfer learning, where trained embeddings from one model are reused in another. In contrast, some of the best-performing collaborative filtering models today are high-dimensional linear models that do not rely on factorization, and so they do not produce embeddings [27, 28]. They also require pruning, amounting to a trade-off between the model size and the density of the predicted affinities. This paper argues for the use of high-dimensional, sparse latent factor models, instead. We propose a new recommendation model based on a full-rank factorization of the inverse Gram matrix. The resulting high-dimensional embeddings can be made sparse while still factorizing a dense affinity matrix. We show how the embeddings combine the advantages of latent representations with the performance of high-dimensional linear models.


The study investigated how training and extension of technologies by the National Root Crops Research Institution (NRCRI) Umudike has empowered rural women to become entrepreneurs at various levels. Structured questionnaire was administered to 120 farmers in 2 agricultural zones of Abia (Ohafia and Umuahia). Data collected were analysed using linear regression model and t-test was used to test the hypothesis. The result revealed that the majority of the respondents were married (88%) while 12% were single and were reasonably aware of the technologies. However, on the utilization of the technologies, out of the 5 processing technologies, only 3 had high level of utilization, processing of cocoyam into cake ( x  =3.7) Bread ( x 3.5 and Chin-chin ( x  =3.2). Also, a tangible impact was made in the livelihood of the respondents as there was a reasonable difference in income of the respondents after the training. The major challenges associated with the utilization were no extension agents to answer their questions ( x  =3.90) lack of commitment = ( x  =3.25 and marketing of product = ( x  =3.17) among others. It was therefore recommended that re-training and provision of market facilities should be intensified to enhance the utilization of the processing technologies and their impact among the respondents. Keywords: Processing technologies, value addition and training


Background: the term "Metabolic syndrome" (MS) refers to the association between hypertension, type-2 diabetes mellitus, android obesity and dyslipidemia. Prevalence of MS is rising as a result of sedentary life style and abundance of food rich in fat and carbohydrates that is to say; the pandemic of obesity throughout the world. The definition of MS was arranged by the National Cholesterol Education Program –Adult treatment panel III (NCEP-ATP III) of United States. It requires the presence of any three out of five criteria. Objective: to study the percentage of MS among patients with dyslipidemia, the difference between both sexes, to compare serum uric acid between those with MS to those without MS. Materials and methods: Fasting blood samples were collected from 76 dyslipidemic patients (50 males, 26 females). FPG, serum triglycerides ,HDL-cholesterol, serum uric acid were measured using enzymatic colorimetric method, Data were analyzed by chi square test,t-test,all values quoted as the mean ± Standard deviation(SD),and difference between observations were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: fifteen patients (20%) were found to have MS according to NCEP ATP-III criteria of diagnosis. Females are predominant. The main differences in biochemical parameters were FPG and serum triglycerides. Conclusion: the study points to the fact that excess sugar are stored as fat. The problem of dyslipidemia could be preceded into more broad syndrome.


Berlin raw noise punks from IDIOTA CIVILIZZATO have released their debut 7 on Static Shock Records. The notorious, mind-bending record has been ...


In discussing the maintenance of sexuality, a disadvantage of sexuality with respect to asexuality has commonly been conceded. The basis of this 50% "cost of meiosis" has been sought in the dynamics as well as in the genetics of sexual and asexual populations. In the dynamics (Maynard Smith 1971; Maynard Smith and Williams 1976; Treisman and Dawkins 1976), rate of increase or number of daughters per mother are used as measures of fitness. In the genetics (Williams 1975, 1979), the number of genes a female contributes to the next generation is used as a measure of fitness. If the disadvantage arises from the dynamics of independent sexual and asexual populations, paternal care can raise the fitness of sexuals (Maynard Smith and Williams 1976). Alternatively, if the disadvantage has its cause in the genetic relationship between mother and offspring, inbreeding reduces the cost of meiosis (Williams 1979). Whatever the cause of the disadvantage of sexuality, it can be counteracted by the demographic consequences of genetic variation (Williams 1975; Maynard Smith 1976). Dynamic and genetic concepts mix in an often confusing way. The purpose here is to give a purely dynamical treatment of some aspects of the cost of meiosis and the maintenance of sexuality. The disadvantage of sexuality can be described as a problem in the dynamics of competing sexual and asexual populations, without any recourse to genetics. To show this, two life histories are detailed. One shows all the features of a classical "cost of meiosis" case. The other, although related, will probably never give an exact 50% disadvantage. Moreover, when a nongenetic variance is introduced, the effect is similar to that of a genetic variance. Variance, not its cause, has an effect. All the life histories here concern sexual females and asexuals that raise their young in clutches. The viability of the juveniles comprising a clutch will depend upon the density within the clutch, that is, upon the number of juveniles relative to the amount of food provided to the clutch. (Notation: v {number of juveniles/ amount of food}). Twice the number of juveniles in a clutch means that twice the amount of food is needed to arrive at the same juvenile viability. The viability function will decrease monotonically with juvenile density such that the number of emerging adults maximizes at intermediate juvenile density. This maximum corresponds to the optimum effort per juvenile, in terms of amount of food provided by the parent to each juvenile. The optimum effort per juvenile, c, depends upon the viability function of the juveniles, but not on the sexual or asexual status of the parents. The amount of food per clutch can be arrived at in two ways. (1) The amount of food per clutch is fixed, dependent upon the absolute work capacity of the providing adult(s), but not upon the number of adults. Total amount of food for all clutches together is variable. (2) The total amount of food for all clutches is fixed.


Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are key components of collinear holographic storage. Collinear holography utilizes coaxially aligned information and reference beams which are displayed simultaneously by a same SLM for writing process, and also employs reference beam for retrieving process. We developed magneto-optic spatial light modulators (MOSLMs) which have high-speed switching and applied them to transmission-type collinear holography. In this study, we investigate performance of collinear holography with magneto-optic spatial light modulator. The Bit error rate was 8.9×10-3 for single hologram. To examine the performance of shift-multiplexing, reconstructed image was disappeared after 3 μm shift. MOSLMs is suitable for collinear holography in terms of transfer rate especially.


An approximate method is given for evaluating the maximum field strength between charged circular cylinders whose axes are either parallel or perpendicular. The approximate formula is compared with exact results and shows an error of less than ½% for a separation of one diameter. If the error in the approximate formula for crossed cylinders is of the same order, then the difference between the results for the crossed and parallel cases is significantly greater than this error.


Currently in Ontario, there are roughly 14,000 adults with developmental disabilities that need a permanent housing solution. Some families within Toronto, due to the lack of governmental support and housing programs available to them, have started to recognize the need for their child to develop that sense of independence, and have started combining their financial efforts to purchase communal homes in which their children can start living as independent adults. Despite the ingenuity and foresight required for such an endeavor, with Toronto's current housing market and the cost of hiring full-time care professionals, this idea quickly becomes an unrealistic model for most families however, this action suggests a very real and pressing issue in which architecture can begin to play a significant role in establishing that sense of inclusion and independence for these people within our communities.


With behavior recognition technology playing an increasingly important role in many fields such as intelligent monitoring, human-computer interaction, video sequence understanding, medical and health care, researchers are trying to improve the accuracy of behavior recognition technology. By combining LSTM with GRU, this paper simplifies the network structure on the basis of retaining the basic idea of LSTM (forgetting and updating mechanism), and uses update gate to make each unit learn long-term and short-term characteristics, thus reducing the risk of gradient dispersion. Experiments show that this optimization method has better resolution than traditional LSTM.


The main function of the pavement is to carter the need of walk traffic while not to affect vehicle flow on the roads.When the pavement is occupied but some room still left for pedestrians to cross,the room for pedestrians to cross is becoming smaller,the walk of the pedestrians is restricted,the speed is becoming lower and the satisfaction for the pedestrians is reduced.When the pavement is totally occupied,pedestrians use the outboard lanes to make a detour round the occupied pavement.In this situation,pedestrians collide with vehicles and vehicles endanger the safety of pedestrians.They will form a sense of fear and their travel safety will not be guarantee.When the pavement is occupied absolutely,pedestrians occupy vehicle lanes.Thus the passing capacity of the road is reduced;the speed of vehicles becomes lower and the travel delay increases.


Method of estimating the amount of code, used in video encoding, for estimating an amount of code generated in a first coding method information source which may be selected a plurality of sizes of orthogonal transformation and coding is performed rearranging coefficients dimensional orthogonal transformation quantized to have a one-dimensional form, in which the amount of code is estimated using a second coding method information source which has a computational cost lower than the first coding method information source and performs coding using a table of variable length coding, and the method of estimating the amount of code comprising the steps of: performing rearrangement, when encoding, according to said first coding method information source of quantized values of coefficients ortho transformation gonal larger than a size of orthogonal transformation assigned to said table for variable length coding according to said second coding method information source, rearranging the quantized values to have a one-dimensional form in the order defined in the first coding method source of information, in which the one-dimensional form, Run-Level sets of the number of coefficients Execution & 8220 are obtained; 0 & 8221; Successive and significant coefficient Level which follows them, and the Run-Level sets obtained are stored; in order to divide the Run-Level sets into a plurality of groups of Run-Level sets, calculating the number of groups based on a ratio between an area orthogonal transformation corresponding to the size of orthogonal transformation assigned to said table length coding variable according to said second coding method information source and an orthogonal transformation area selected by said first coding method information source; classifying the Run-Level sets into groups whose number is said number of groups; dividing Run Run-Level each set the number of groups, and setting the obtained quotient as Run of the Run-Level set; determining a code length of each Run-Level set in each group by referring to said table of variable length coding according to said second coding method information source; and calculating the total sum of the lengths of certain code, which it is estimated that the amount of code generated in the first encoding method source of information is the sum total of the code lengths of all groups.


Background and objective. Evidence based practice (EBP) is based on the combination of the best research finding and clinical skill to ease clinical decision-making procedure. Patients treated with evidence-based practices have much better results as compared to the other patients. In today's world, EBP has attained global acceptance in physiotherapy sector. The objective of the study was to access the knowledge, attitude and implementation of EBP of physiotherapists in India via a cross sectional study. Method. A cross sectional survey was held with the help of a web based customized questionnaire and was sent to physiotherapists. Results. Most of the subjects were affirmative regarding EBP but did not have enough knowledge and expertise for its implementation. The chief barriers for EBP implementation was lack of time and the cost of information resources. Conclusions. Physiotherapists need to upgrade their perspective, knowledge, understanding and skills regarding EBP. Furthermore, EBP must be added to the academic curriculum for its early recognition among the medical students


Abstract : The development, support, and application of HEC computer programs for reservoir system analysis are described. Applications of the programs to many types of reservoir studies are reviewed and referenced. (Author)


Diversifying the student body of natural resources (NR) programs by increasing numbers of women and people of color is important. This study explored factors influencing undergraduate interest in NR, including forestry, and decision to enroll in an NR undergraduate program at a large 1862 land-grant institution in the southeastern United States. We looked at how their responses differ between gender, race/ethnicity, and the environment surrounding their home where they grew up, a variable we call the environment of influence. Overall, results confirm the importance of connection to nature. Interest in enrolling in an NR program and pursuing a career depend in large part on having a connection to nature and concern for the environment, and this is true for those who grew up in urban as well as rural environments. A notable difference between female and male respondents was when their interest in NR began: females reported early childhood age, and males reported in high school or later. Interest also occurred later in life for nonwhite/Hispanic students than for white/non-Hispanic students. Other racial/ethnic differences include the influence of guest speakers, family, and media in the interest and enrollment in NR. Media also played a strong role in NR enrollment and interest in the respondents from suburban and built environments. We conclude with recommendations for recruiting a more diverse undergraduate NR body and creating a more inclusive environment for people from different genders, races, and environments of influence.


A new block convolutional code, based on the turbo code principle, is presented. This code does not require any trellis termination and can be decoded with a single soft-output Viterbi decoder, for low and medium data rates. Some simulation results are given for an AWGN channel.


Thoughts and feelings are usually regarded as distinctly different states of mind. Although thoughts may influence feelings, and feelings may influence thoughts, thoughts are constituted by their representational character while feelings are constituted by their qualitative character. Susan Aylwin, in her recent book, Structure in Thought and Feeling, challenges this separation of thought and feeling-not by criticizing it directly, but rather by describing three "structures" of the mind that are equally structures of thought and structures of feeling: a verbal structure, a visual structure, and an enactive structure. Her description of these three structures are supported by a wide variety of findings from personality theory, psychoanalysis, semantics, and, most importantly, her students' " Journal of Idle Thoughts" and her "Mode of Thought Questionnaires." I am uneasy about the way she distinguishes verbal, visual and enactive structures, and I worry that a kind of circularity infects her use of the journals and questionnaires; yet, I admire the synthetic cast of mind evident on almost every page of this book, and I am convinced that the connections she explores are relevant to a variety of projects in cognitive science. The distinction between verbal representations and visual representations is a familiar, albeit a controversial one. Aylwin is not interested in the broad questions this distinction raises for a theory of representation: Must ah representations have a truth value, and can an image have a truth value? How would "translation" between two different forms of representation work, and does it presuppose a more basic third form of representation? Must visual representations be non-digitally encoded, and is the brain capable of non-digital coding? It is enough, for her purposes, that subjects respond differently when asked to solve a problem verbally than when asked to solve it visually, or when asked to make verbal rather than visual associations. Correlated with these differences, she maintains, are systematic differences in feeling. Before detailing these correlations, however, she introduces a third and less familiar "mode of representation" that she calls "enactive representation." One enactively represents a particular scenario-a scenario involving confrontation between two animals, for example-when one imagines oneself as a participant in that scenario. That is to say, enactive representation requires that one imagine oneself present in the relevant scenario (as opposed to describing or observing it "from the outside") and it requires that one's imagined position be an active one (as opposed to that of a passive bystander). This incorporates a bodily aspect to enactive repre-


A disconnect switch used in sub-stations of large electrical grids is an important part that supports the functionality of the electrical network. Its failure may have consequences to the local network and to the entire grid. Such a switch is a combination of a support structure and the switching mechanism, which in turn is made of fixed and moving metal parts and of ceramic, or composite, electrical insulators. The construction includes therefore a combination of highly nonlinear components some with low and some with high stiffness, some extremely brittle and some ductile. In order to find the static and dynamic characteristics of these high voltage three-phases disconnect switches and their capacity to withstand earthquakes, testing was performed on different types of switching systems. The testing was performed using the standard IEEE693 procedures (with some modifications) for ( i ) a single post insulator; ( ii ) a sub-assembly of single insulator connected to the switch system; ( iii ) a sub-assembly of a single phase of the whole switch and ( iv ) a full assembly of the disconnect switch system including the support structure. It was found that the switch base, i.e. the structure which supports the mechanism and post insulators for each phase, has a large influence on the fundamental frequencies of post insulators assemblies. Changing the stiffness of the switch base could be a constructive way to alter the fundamental frequency of the system to avoid the frequency range in the input motion which has damage potential. Moreover, the switch base connection was found to be much more flexible than the post insulators and their connections, such that it caused smaller forces at base and larger displacements at the top of these insulators. In order to check the possibility to protect the post insulators mounted in the switch assembly, the entire systems was isolated with self-centering sliding isolators of the type of ( i ) Friction Pendulum System and ( ii ) wire rope isolators. Base isolation reduced the induced stresses in the post insulators by 50% to 90%. Therefore, such isolation could be a good retrofit solution for existing overstresses disconnect-switches. However, this recommendation must be further checked for connector compatibility due to increased lateral movements of the entire switch structure.


We investigate teams of compete autonomous agents that can collaborate towards achieving precise objectives in an adversarial dynamic environment. We have pursued these two frameworks emphasizing their different technical challenges. Creating effective members of a team is a challenging research problem. We first address this issue by introducing a team architecture organization which allows for a rich task decomposition between team members. The main contribution of this paper is our introduction of an action- selection algorithm that allows for a teammate to anticipate the needs of other teammates. Anticipation is critical for maximizing the probability of successful collaboration in teams of agents. We show how our contribution applies to the two concrete robotic soccer frameworks and present controlled empirical result run in simulation. Anticipation was successfully used by both our CMUnited-98 simulator and CMUnited-98 small-robot teams in the RoboCup-98 competition. The two teams are RoboCup-98 world champions each in its own league.


Objective To evaluate the feasibility,safety and efficacy of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( PCNL).Methods Patients who underwent PCNL were randomized into 2 groups by extracting a random number generated from random number table,tubeless PCNL group and traditional PCNL group when the stones were cleared.Each patient in tubeless PCNL group was treated with insertion of a F5 ureteral double pigtail stent without placement of nephrostomy tube,while both double pigtail stent and F16 nephrostomy tube were placed in patients in traditional PCNL group.Exclusion criteria were severe bleeding requiring blood transfusion,stone residual requring a second PCNL,severe hydronephrosis with the thickness of renal parenchyma less than 5 mm,pyonephrosis,stricture of ureter or ureteropelvic junction,and severe perforation of the collecting system.A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study.Tubeless PCNL and traditional PNCL were performed in 25 patients,including 27 kidney units,respectively.The two groups had comparable demographic data.All the operations were performed by the same surgeon.Evaluation factors included postoperative pain,decreased hemoglobin,blood transfusion rate,incidence of fever and perirenal hematoma,and duration of hospitalization.Results The average visual analogue scale (VAS) score on postoperative day 1 in tubeless PCNL group was 2.24 compared with 5.04 in traditional PCNL group (P < 0.01 ).The average hospital stay in tubeless PC NL group (3.04 d) was significantly shorter than that in traditioal PCNL group (6.88 d) (P <0.01 ).The differences in average hemoglobin drop and stone clearance in the 2 groups were not significant.The differences between the 2 groups in blood transfusion ( 1/25 in tubeless PCNL group vs 3/25 in traditional PCNL group,P >0.05),renal hematomas rate (6/27 in tubeless PCNL group vs 7/27 in traditional PCNL group,P > 0.05) and fever rate (3/25 in tubeless PCNL group vs 4/25 in traditional PCNL group,P >0.05 ) were not significant.There was no incidence of urinary leakage from the nephrostomy site in the 2 groups.Conclusions Tubeless PCNL can significantly decrease postoperative pain and discomfort and shorten the duration of hospitalization without increase of complications.Tubeless PCNL is safe,effective and performable,but the contraindications such as massive haemorrhage,pyonephrosis,ureteral obstruction,severe perforation of the collecting system,residual stone requring a second PCNL,should be kept in mind.

Key words:
Nephrostomy, percutaneous;  Randomized controlled trials;  Kidney calculi;  Ureteral calculi;  Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy


The evolution of novel functions in biology relies heavily on gene duplication and divergence, creating large paralogous protein families. Selective pressure to avoid detrimental cross-talk often results in paralogs that exhibit exquisite specificity for their interaction partners. But how robust or sensitive is this specificity to mutation? Here, using deep mutational scanning, we demonstrate that a paralogous family of bacterial signaling proteins exhibits marginal specificity, such that many individual substitutions give rise to substantial cross-talk between normally insulated pathways. Our results indicate that sequence space is locally crowded despite overall sparseness, and we provide evidence that this crowding has constrained the evolution of bacterial signaling proteins. These findings underscore how evolution selects for 'good enough' rather than optimized phenotypes, leading to restrictions on the subsequent evolvability of paralogs. Significance Statement Large paralogous protein families are found throughout biology, the product of extensive gene duplication. To execute different functions inside cells, paralogs typically acquire different specificities, interacting with only desired, cognate partners and avoiding cross-talk with non-cognate proteins. But how robust is this interaction specificity to mutation? Can individual mutations lead to cross-talk or do paralogs diverge enough such that multiple mutations would be required, providing a mutational 'buffer' against cross-talk? To address these questions, we built mutant libraries that produce all possible single substitutions of a bacterial kinase and then screened for cross-talk to non-cognate proteins. Strikingly, we find that many single substitutions can produce cross-talk, meaning that these pathways typically exhibit only 'marginal specificity', and demonstrate that this restricts their evolvability.


Two years ago, nutrition bar manufacturers launched a record number of low-carbohydrate products. The low-carb era was glorious—but brief—imploding shortly after it began. Now, some nutrition bar companies are pinning their hopes on a different concept: the glycemic index.


Nonvolatile compact on-chip optical filters with a tunable spectral response are required in low-power optical communication systems and applications. By capping phase change materials (PCMs) films on a phase-shifted Bragg grating (PSBG), the key parameters of a filter such as center wavelength and extinction ratio can be tuned simultaneously for filtering or processing purposes. A 9 nm wavelength shift, and amplitude modulations of 16.1 dB in the transmission channel and 42.5 dB in the reflection channel while keeping the center wavelength unchanged are achieved in this filter at 1550 nm. Moreover, the device has a compact size of 500 nm × 31.9 $\mu$m and an insertion loss as low as -0.76 dB, making it ideal for large-scale integration. The advent of such compact, reconfigurable, nonvolatile optical filters opens up new avenues for next-generation low-power general-purpose photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and has potential applications in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, spectral shaping, and on-chip signal processors.


..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... v List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xi Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... xv Dedication ............................................................................................................................ xviii Prelude .....................................................................................................................................xix Overture ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: THEMATIC EXPOSITION A Review of the Literature ...................... 4 Music and the arts as therapeutic tools ..................................................................... 5 Music in history .............................................................................................................. 5 Arts and science ............................................................................................................. 6 Engagement with the creative arts......................................................................... 6 Music therapy and music in medicine ................................................................... 8 What is music? ................................................................................................................. 10 A Westernised perspective ..................................................................................... 10 A more functional perspective .............................................................................. 11 Multimodal complexities ......................................................................................... 11 Meaningful, structured and patterned sound ................................................. 12 Characteristics of music ............................................................................................... 13 Musical structure ........................................................................................................ 13 Rhythm and tempo .................................................................................................... 14


Described in this paper is an experimental investigation on the effects of flow pulsation on both the film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient in the vicinity of a row of five injection holes with a 30° inclination relative to the mainstream direction. The experiment uses a transient liquid crystal technique designed for studies of three-temperature convection systems. Generation of pulsation in the mainstream uses a rotating shutter attached at the downstream end of the test channel, which produces a sinusoidal disturbance in both static pressure and mean velocity. The experiment conducted covers a range of Strouhal numbers from 0 to 0.6 and blowing ratios from 0.3 to 1.0, while the Reynolds number is maintained constant at approximately 2,770. The results show that the presence of flow pulsation significantly reduces the magnitudes of film effectiveness. On the other hand, the values of convective heat transfer coefficient appear to increase with the Strouhal number. However, the local heat transfer coefficient immediately downstream to the injection hole is somewhat insensitive to the level of pulsating disturbance.


Reaction of ortho-xylylbis(N-2,4,6-trimethylbenzylimidazolinium); xylylbis(N-butylimidazolinium) and para-xylylbis(N-2,4,6-trimethylbenzylimidazolinium); xylylbis(N-butylimidazolinium) salts with KOBut and [RhCl(COD)]2 yields ortho- and para-xylylbis{(N-alkylimidazolidin-2-ylidene)chloro(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene) rho dium(I)} complexes (2a–d). All compounds synthesized were characterized by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of the 2a and 2d were determined by X-ray crystallography. Triethylsilane reacts with acetophenone derivatives in the presence of catalytic amount of the new rhodium(I)–carbene complexes (2a–d), to give the corresponding silylethers in good yields (83–99%). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Apparatus for serial communication using embedded clock signals includes a data divider for dividing a data stream into odd-numbered and even-numbered data streams; a clock-embedded signal generator for generating odd-numbered and even-numbered embedded clock signals by pulse amplitude modulating the odd-numbered and even-numbered data streams and, when an external clock is input, inverting polarities of the pulse amplitude modulated odd-numbered and even-numbered data streams; a clock-embedded signal recovery unit for recovering the odd-numbered and even-numbered data streams by comparing amplitudes of the odd-numbered and even-numbered embedded clock signals with reference voltages, respectively, and recovering synchronization information of the clock by detecting when amplitude polarities of the odd-numbered and even-numbered embedded clock signals are inverted; and a data integrator for integrating the odd-numbered and even-numbered data streams and supplying the result as the data stream.


This memorandum describes the Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP), which is an adaptation of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) used to synchronize computer clocks in the Internet. SNTP can be used when the ultimate performance of the full NTP implementation described in RFC-1305 is not needed or justified. It can operate in both unicast modes (point to point) and broadcast modes (point to multipoint). It can also operate in IP multicast mode where this service is available. SNTP involves no change to the current or previous NTP specification versions or known implementations, but rather a clarification of certain design features of NTP which allow operation in a simple, stateless remote-procedure call (RPC) mode with accuracy and reliability expectations similar to the UDP/TIME protocol described in RFC-868.


This paper discusses the role of computer based visual simulations in the context of bridging the communication gap between client and design team, based on years of practising architecture in the Sumatra region, Indonesia. Its principal objective is to identify steps in design process to assess the design collaboration between bodies with different culture backgrounds, so that greater understanding and agreement can occur. It also attempts to facilitate and foster effective communication which will lead to improved design collaboration practise, in a region famous for its rich vernacular architecture. Two finished projects located at different sites in North Sumatra in which the author was involved, will be included as sample cases. Culture may be described simply as that which makes life worth living. T.S. Eliot


Through analyzing the geology mineralizing feature of WaMiaopo copper mine,the paper points out that the belt of deposit bases on the black schist which belongs the upper member of ChiShangou formation Yinyugou group,the body of the deposit is charged by the tectonic zone which has suffered many periods metamorphism,and the deposit is based on both geologic strata and geology structure.According to the inversion of the WaMiaopo area tectonic evolution history and research of the relationship of geology revolution and mineralizing force,the mineralizing function can be divided into three mineralizing periods:mineralizing prepare,increased mineralizing by structure and hot liquid mineralizing.It also points out the WaMiaopo copper is influenced by several factors and mainly by hot liquid mineralizing,and forecasts new mine area.


Pseudo first order rate constant have been determined for the nucleophilic substitution reaction of p– nitrophenyl benzoate with salicylhydoxamate ion (HO–C6H5CONHO - ) in buffer (pH-7.9) at 27 0 C. The kobs value


Smart city is the prospect of current intellectual technology toward the ecological growth of urban technology and commercial expansion. In addition, the Internet of Things (IoT) based smart city services ensure the eminence of life and well-being to the smart citizens. In order to ensure quality services, each of city service gathers multidimensional data from abundant IoT nodes. Therefore, the centralized traffic management has become critically challenging for a large volume of multidimensional smart city network data. Consequently, in this research, we concentrate on solving this problem by introducing Software Defined Networks (SDN) based intelligent service fulfillment for dense smart city network to accomplish service requests from multiple smart citizens and service providers. First, we model a distributed software defined IoT network for smart city environment where introduce a fog-based SDN controller with an intelligent engine, fog unit, and virtual mesh topology module. Then, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) based intelligent algorithm for IoT network, and that intelligent agent-based service fulfillment algorithm accomplishes the city service. We use fog based SDN controller unit to implement the learning model based on processing and waiting delay of the SDN switches that qualify the smart city services to the service providers. Finally, in the simulation, we have achieved higher performance gain for the proposed method in respect to the convergence and utility gain.


OBJECTIVE—To pilot a randomized controlled trial of OROS-Methylphenidate (MPH) to treat ADHD plus epilepsy. METHOD—Thirty-three patients, 6–18 years, taking antiepileptic drugs and with a last seizure 1– 60 months prior were assigned to a maximum daily dose of 18, 36, or 54mg of OROS-MPH in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. *Corresponding author. Address: Psychopharmacology Program, Department of Psychiatry, Fegan 8, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA. firstname.lastname@example.com. Disclosures: In the past year, Dr. Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich, has been a consultant to AstraZeneca and received research support from Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and GlaxoSmithKline. In previous years, he has served as a consultant to Abbott Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen, McNeil Consumer Health), Novartis, Parke-Davis, Glaxo-SmithKline, AstraZeneca, and Seaside Therapeutics; has been a speaker for Abbott Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, Novartis, Bristol-Meyers Squibb; and has received grant support from Abbott Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen, McNeil Consumer Health), Akzo-Nobel/Organon and the NIMH. McNeil Consumer Health provided the active OROS-Methylphenidate and matching placebo for this study. In the past year, Dr. Stephen Faraone has received consulting fees and has been on Advisory Boards for Eli Lilly, McNeil and Shire and has received research support from Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Shire and the National Institutes of Health. In previous years, Dr. Faraone has received consulting fees or has been on Advisory Boards or has been a speaker for the following sources: Shire, McNeil, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and Eli Lilly. In previous years he has received research support from Eli Lilly, Shire, Pfizer and the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Joseph Biederman is currently receiving research support from the following sources: Alza, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., McNeil, Merck, Organon, Otsuka, Shire, NIMH, and NICHD. In 2009, Dr. Joseph Biederman received a speaker's fee from the following sources: Fundacion Areces, Medice Pharmaceuticals, and the Spanish Child Psychiatry Association. In previous years, he has received research support, consultation fees, or speaker's fees for/from the following additional sources: Abbott, AstraZeneca, Celltech, Cephalon, Eli Lilly and Co., Esai, Forest, Glaxo, Gliatech, Janssen, McNeil, NARSAD, NIDA, New River, Novartis, Noven, Neurosearch, Pfizer, Pharmacia, The Prechter Foundation, Shire, The Stanley Foundation, UCB Pharma, Inc. and Wyeth. Dr. Blaise Bourgeois has received grant/research support from Eisai, Ovation and UCB Pharma. In the past two years, he has also received consulting fees from Genzyme and Bayer Material Science. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Epilepsy Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 July 1. Published in final edited form as: Epilepsy Behav. 2010 July ; 18(3): 229–237. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.02.022. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript RESULTS—There were no serious adverse events and no carry over effects in the crossover trial. OROS-MPH reduced ADHD symptoms more than placebo treatment. There were too few seizures during the active (5) and placebo arms (3) to confidently assess seizure risk; however, considering exposure time, we observed an increased daily risk of seizures with increasing dose of OROS-MPH, suggesting that potential safety concerns need further study. CONCLUSION—A larger study to assess the effect of OROS-MPH on seizure risk is needed. A crossover design including subjects with frequent seizures could maximize power and address high patient heterogeneity and recruitment difficulties.


Objective
To explore the sleep quality in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods
A total of 63 elderly patients with MCI were selected as the case group (MCI group), and 45 healthy elderly people were selected as the control group. Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was measured, and the sleep quality of people between two groups were analyzed.

Results
The sleep quality in the case group was worse than that in the control group: subjective sleep quality [(2.81±0.83) vs (1.80±0.51)], sleep latency [(2.56±0.54) vs (1.42±0.47)], sleep disorder [(2.80±0.72) vs (1.87±0.71)], application of hypnotic drug[(2.73±0.60) vs (2.01±0.90)], sleep time [(1.96±0.63) vs (1.67±0.58)], sleep efficiency [(1.88±0.80) vs (1.50±0.63)] and the total score [(16.30±4.99) vs (11.76±4.63)] (P<0.05).

Conclusions
The elderly patients with MCI have bad sleep quality, which indicates that we should pay more attention to the nursing of those patients.

Key words:
Mild cognitive impairment; Nursing; Elderly patients; Sleep quality


The invention discloses a touch panel, a touch panel manufacturing method and a display device applying the touch panel. The touch panel comprises a substrate, a conducting layer, an insulating layer, a shielding layer and a flexible printed circuit, wherein the conducting layer is arranged on the substrate, the insulating layer is arranged on the conducting layer, the shielding layer is arranged on the insulating layer, the flexible printed circuit is provided with a grounding circuit electrically connected with the conducting layer, and the shielding layer is electrically connected to the grounding circuit through at least one conducting through hole. According to the touch panel, the touch panel manufacturing method and the display device applying the touch panel, by the aid of the conducting through holes, the flexible printed circuit does not need two-time hot-pressing process, and reliability of products is improved.


Enjoyment, boredom, and interest are important for students' learning. To clarify the interplay between these affective variables, data from an interventional study of 119 ninth graders were analysed. Interest was assessed before and after, and emotions (enjoyment and boredom) were assessed during the five-lesson teaching unit. The results showed that (1) students who enjoyed their lessons were less bored than students who did not enjoy their lessons (2) enjoyment, but not boredom, during a teaching unit depended on students' initial interest in mathematics, and (3) students' initial interest and enjoyment during the teaching unit predicted their interest at posttest, but boredom did not influence students' interest at posttest.


We present AI-SDC , an integrated suite of open source Python tools to facilitate Statistical Disclosure Control (SDC) of Machine Learning (ML) models trained on confidential data prior to public release. AI-SDC combines (i) a SafeModel package that extends commonly used ML models to provide ante-hoc SDC by assessing the vulnerability of disclosure posed by the training regime; and (ii) an Attacks package that provides post-hoc SDC by rigorously assessing the empirical disclosure risk of a model through a variety of simulated attacks after training. The AI-SDC code and documentation are available under an MIT license at https://github.com/AI-SDC/AI-SDC .


There is provided a method of manufacturing the sputtering target, the sputtering target may well be formed by a sputtering method of adding Na, Ga added at a concentration of 1 to 40 atomic% of Cu-Ga film. As the sputtering target a metal component other than F, S, Se containing Ga: 1-40at%, Na: 0.05-2at%, the remaining part has a composition of Cu and unavoidable impurities composition; of Na to sodium fluoride, sodium sulfide, sodium selenide comprising at least one state, the oxygen content is 100-1000ppm.


The study by Peris et al. suggests that low maternal levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and low levels of b-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (b-hCG) in the first trimester of pregnancy increase the risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in the child. Mothers with low levels of both these biomarkers had a more than twofold increase in risk. The study suggests that intrauterine factors linked to CP are already present in the first trimester of pregnancy. Both PAPP-A and b-hCG are factors related to placental development. The hormone hCG is produced in trophoblastic cells in the placenta and hCG regulates the proliferation of trophoblastic cells. Growth hormones and angiogenetic factors that are produced in trophoblastic cells regulate feto–placental growth and the development of new vessels. Thus, low levels of hCG in early pregnancy could indicate impaired placental development, and thereby subsequent suboptimal oxygen supply during pregnancy to the growing fetal brain. The authors performed a case–control study by identification of children with CP in the CP registry in Victoria, Australia. Information about PAPP-A and b-hCG levels were obtained from the Maternal Serum Screening database in Victoria. The associations of low b-hCG or PAPP-A levels with CP were not strong and could be the results of random statistical errors. However, these results could also represent underestimates. Low levels were defined as values below the 5th centile and, as I interpret the paper, values above the 5th centile were used as the reference. If values around the 50th centile had been chosen as the reference, the odds ratio estimates for giving birth to a child with CP in mothers with levels below the 5th centile would probably have been higher. Only a few of all eligible CP cases were included in the study. Also, only 50% of pregnant females in Victoria were included in the Maternal Serum Screening database. Thus, the results in this study could be biased due to skewed selection. However, there is little reason to believe that the associations reported in this study do not exist, or are reversed among the females not included. Previous studies support that abnormal placental factors in early pregnancy are related to CP. A small placenta and abnormal changes in maternal hCG levels from the first to second trimester of pregnancy have been associated with increased risk of CP in the child. Also, females with preeclampsia or high maternal body mass index have low hCG levels in the first trimester and these females have increased risk of CP. The predictive value of maternal hCG levels for CP in the child is far from known. However, the study by Peris et al. contributes with important pieces in the puzzle of CP causes, and thereby steps towards prevention.


Commentary on: Gourlay ML, Fine JP, Preisser JS, et al. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 225– 33.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4]

Osteoporosis is a major clinical problem affecting 12 million people over the age of 50 in the USA and 3 million people in the UK. Each year, ∼70 000 individuals in the UK will sustain hip fractures. Half of the female population with osteoporosis will sustain an osteoporotic-related fracture during their lifetimes. The treatment costs of osteoporotic fractures in the UK are estimated at over one billion pounds annually, and thus, the incentives for prevention are understandably high. The US Preventive Services Task Force considers dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning as the gold standard for screening and recommends …

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ABSTRACT In 2005, the Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) launched the Aid for Trade (AfT) Initiative, with a view of mobilizing higher development aid in order to promote developing countries' trade. This article assesses whether the WTO has reached its objective, more than 10 years after the launch of this initiative. Using an unbalanced panel dataset of 102 developing countries over the period of 2002 to 2016, and various AfT share variables, the empirical analysis has shown that the WTO has genuinely delivered on its promise of mobilizing higher Aid for Trade flows for developing countries.


Angiogenesis, which is the formation of blood vessels from pre - existing vessels, normally supply nutrition and oxygen to cells and tissues. In medicine point of view, regulation of angiogenesis is disrupted in many diseases such as cancers , psoriasis, age related macular degeneration, diabetes, proliferative retinopathies and rheumatoid arthritis. How to suppress, control and regulate the angiogenesis have been very ch allenging tasks in order to provide better and more effective treatments for related patients. With this regard, anti - angiogenic therapy has been considered as a potential approach to do so. However, anti - angiogenic agents are not completely safe and present side effects. Therefore, many attentions have been paid to understand more about molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in angiogenesis in order to prevent many life - threating side effects of anti - angiogen i c agents . It may lead to discovering more desirable drugs to tackle angiogenesis. This review aims to give an overview about what angiogenesis is as well as present the most important factors involved in angiogenesis. It also attempts to describe current approaches and challenges in controlling angiogenesis. ( Mohammadhossein Hassanshahi, Samira Khabbazi, Ali Reza Hassanshahi, omid mohammadi . Angiogenesis and current approaches to deal with its misregulation in related diseases . Life Sci J 2012;9(4 ): 4 8 9 2 - 49 0 2 ) (ISSN:1097 - 8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com . 735


Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Chapter 1: Past, Present, and Future: The Place of the House Museum in the Museum Community Chapter 3 Chapter 2: Interpretation Planning: Why and How Chapter 4 Chapter 3: Interpreting the Whole House Chapter 5 Chapter 4: Making Gender Matter: Interpreting Male and Female Roles in Historic House Museums Chapter 6 Chapter 5: Grounds for Interpretation: The Landscape Context of Historic House Museums Chapter 7 Chapter 6: The Historic House Furnishings Plan: Process and Product Chapter 8 Chapter 7: "I Wish You Could Take a Peek at Us at the Present Moment": Infusing the Historic House with Characters and Activity Chapter 9 Chapter 8: Balancing Our Commitments: Access and Historic Preservation Chapter 10 Chapter 9: Historic House Tours that Succeed: Choosing the Best Tour Approach Chapter 11 Chapter 10: Creating Memorable Visits: How to Develop and Implement Theme-Based Tours Chapter 12 Chapter 11: Engaging Visitors Through Effective Communication Chapter 13 Chapter 12: Building a Took Kit for Your Interpreters Chapter 14 Chapter 13: Endless Possibilities: Historic House Museum Programs that Make Educators Sing Chapter 15 Chapter 14: Programming at the Shadows: Education with a Mission


MnO/MWCNT composites were synthesized through a vacuum solution infiltration method and a subsequent low temperature calcination process. The MnO/MWCNT composites with an empty space among the nanoparticles or inside the Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which can act as a buffer matrix to release the volume expansion, effectively solved the existing issues of active nanoparticle dissolution and aggregation during the lithium ion insertion/extraction. The MWCNTs in the composites can also improve the conductivity of electrode. Electrochemical tests show that the composites exhibit excellent cycling property and good rate performance.


It has been recently shown that the polarization of the source exciting a guided wave via near-field coupling plays a key role in determining the propagation direction of the guided way. This way, point dipoles exhibiting circularly polarization are converted into guided waves so that opposite excitation spins result in counter-propagating guided waves. This powerful concept, firstly demonstrated in plasmonics for visible light [1], can also be applied to other wavelengths and photonic platforms. For instance, it can be implemented in a silicon photonics integrated platform working at telecom wavelengths by inserting a dielectric scatterer (or nanoantenna), which performs as the exciting element, placed in the close proximity of a silicon waveguide. In [2], we used such a concept to demonstrate experimentally at telecom wavelengths that a silicon microdisk nanoantenna can resolve the handedness (or spin) of a circularly polarized light beam (see Fig. 1(a)). If a rectangular nanoantenna is employed (see Fig. 1(b)), linearly polarized photons will be directed towards one side or the waveguide or the opposite one depending on its polarization angle. This enables sorting linearly polarized photons with ideally infinite contrast ratio in a very simple way and with an extremely compact structure [3]. By reciprocity, the silicon nanoantenna-waveguide can also be used to radiate photons with a tailored polarization. This way, in [2] we demonstrated the ability of radiating circularly polarized photons by the microdisk nanoantenna, being the handedness determined by the choice of the feeding waveguide. More importantly, by feeding the nanoantenna simultaneously by its both sides, it becomes feasible to generate compound polarization states [4]. This way, we have demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that any polarization state on the Poincaré sphere can be generated from a single nanoantenna [4]. Finally, by properly combining the different nanoantennas, it is possible to detect the (this is, all the Stokes parameters) in a single measurements. This would lead to a very compact integrated photonic circuit that could dynamically determine the complete polarization state of an impinging plane wave, which could find application in polarimetry, spectrometry or high-speed optical communications.


e14055 Background: The rapidly evolving field of Cancer Immunotherapy (CIT) has mobilized biopharma to develop promising new treatments while at the same time created a need to expedite the pathway of those new therapies from bench to bedside. This race to bring innovative treatments to patients has engendered heightened levels of competition for the attention of and partnership with the best research institutions in the biopharma industry. Methods: Recognizing this reality, Roche created the immunotherapy Centers of Research Excellence (imCORE) Network: a network of leading cancer immunotherapy centers worldwide. The vision of this network was to partner with sites to streamline the operational delivery of the Roche Genentech portfolio while deepening the collective understanding of the science to prioritize and accelerate the most promising new treatment options for our patients. Creation of a network was not a novel idea, but Roche set out to build a network unique to the biopharma industry – one which was relationship-based where the site/sponsor relationship serves as the foundation for driving both collaborative scientific investigations and operational efficiencies in support of Roche's clinical trials. While the identification and optimization of promising candidate drugs in the preclinical and translational settings are critical first steps in the drug development process, the initiation and operationalization of early phase clinical trials are equally important in the multidimensional cycle of drug development. Results: See Conclusions. Conclusions: This white paper will provide an overview of imCORE's origins with a focus on the strategic importance of the site-sponsor relationship and the mutual value that is derived from the combined benefits of these relationships and in conducting early clinical trials more efficiently across Roche's CIT portfolio. Further examination of communication and operational improvement to support the network will be highlighted as key drivers in creating and sustaining meaningful site/sponsor relationships that better facilitate the operationalization of clinical trials and ultimately brings novel therapies to patients in a more efficient manner than in the past.


The coordination chemistry of the three crown thioethers 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane (9S3), 1,5,9-trithiacyclododecane (12S3), and 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane (18S6) with Ag(I) has been investigated by structural and electrochemical methods. The bis complex (Ag(9S3){sub 2})(CF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}) contains a six-coordinate Ag(I) ion with Ag-S distances ranging from 2.696 (2) to 2.753 (1) {angstrom}. Chemical or electrochemical oxidation yields (Ag(9S3){sub 2}){sup 2+}, which has been studied by optical and EPR methods. The halide adducts (Ag(9S3)Cl) and (Ag(18S6)Br) both contain a tetrahedral AgS{sub 3}X core. In the former case, 9S3 coordinates in a tridentate fashion to yield a discrete, monomeric complex. In the latter, 18S6 provides two thioethers to one Ag(I) and a third to another to yield a polymeric chain. In (Ag(12S3))(CF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}) {center dot} MeCN, each Ag(I) ion coordinates to three thioether groups (one from each of three independent 12S3 molecules) as well as a CF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} counterion to yield distorted-tetrahedral geometry. In turn, the three ligand S atoms coordinate to different Ag(I) ions to generate a network structure. These results highlight the profound influence of ligand conformation on the structure and solution chemistry of their complexes. Crystal data for (Ag(9S3){sub 2}) (CF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}), (Ag(18S6)Br), (Ag(9S3)Cl), and (Ag(12S3))(CF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}) {centermore » dot} MeCN are reported.« less


This paper puts forward the process and principle of selecting material on urban rail car body based on analyzing the properties of SUS301Lstainless steel.Combining with the structure of carbody and results of strength analysis,it finishes selecting the series material of primary parts in the light weight B-model stainless steel metro carbody.


Peace is prerequisite for stability, growth and sustainable development of any society. Unfortunately, Nigeria has been labeled as a crime ridden and unsafe country. This picture portends a dangerous signal for local and foreign economic activities and overall development of the country. Although, governments have made several efforts to address the prevalent insecurity and crime rate in the country, still not much enduring outcome has been achieved. Relying on the review of secondary data (about crime and violence statistics in Nigeria) and personal experiences of authors, this paper examines the negative impacts of crime and violence tendencies on growth and development of economic activities in Nigeria, The paper proposes proactive solutions, grounded in effective counseling techniques, to address the crime challenges which make Nigerian environment an unsafe haven for local and foreign investors. It is the strong position of this paper that counselling strategies such as rational emotive therapy, assertiveness training skill; and peer modeling technique have the potency to effectively inculcate positive values in youths. The paper suggests, as a matter of policy, that governments should shift attention from crime and punishment syndrome to crime and violence's preventive measures, and make proactive efforts to address the root causes of major crimes through community counselling interventions.


Till now treatment of the lower limbs chronic venous insufficiency with the marked trophic disturbances has remained rather problematic. It is not always possible to achieve trophic ulcer healing by means of the conservative methods, and the venous system intervention alone doesn't permit to reach desirable results. In number of cases performing of plastic surgery is required. However, generally accepted methods of ulcer defect plastic removal appear to be ineffective. Taking into account this fact, possibility of layer dermatolipectomy (shave-therapy) application with the splitted graft autodermaplasty for this category of patients is of great interest. 25 patients who have undergone this surgery are included into the present research. The operation has always been combined with intervention on the superficial, perforated and deeplyseated veins. The initial experience of layer dermatolipectomy application with the splitted graft autodermaplasty has shown that this method of treatment is rather effective in case of chronic venous insufficiency accompanied by the marked trophic disturbances. Application of this method permits to obtain positive results in the most complicated clinical situations.


The present article is a study concerning the Prisional System and of the Education, where it searched to verify the relation between the age, the index of escolaridade and, the type of delict. For the accomplishment of the research a quantitative methodology was used, where the 387 handbooks of the imposed a fine on ones had been searched, in day 01 of September of 2005. The results in show them that the etaria band with bigger incidence is of 25 the 31 years, the committed crimes more are assaults and roberies, and the majority of them possesss incomplete basic education, not being able to be evidenced, in this research, a direct relation enters the level of escolaridade and the type of delict.


To overcome the problem of increasing complexity of armored equipment and the lack of capability of single software in characterizing complicated systems model,collaborative simulation platform of virtual prototyping is developed.In this paper,the capabilities of the platform and its applications in the design and development of armored equipments are introduced through examples.


and recently, another CAz allele was found among Parsees 'in Bombay by Ghosh." However, with the exception of black Africans and of Ghosh's study of the Parsees, no population has been found so far where genetic variants of carbonic anhydrase have reached polymorphic frequencies. The situation among Aboriginal populations in Australia is all the more striking therefore because of simultaneous polymorphism for distinctive alleles at both the CAl and CAz loci. The medical implications ofthe present finding are challenging. The .metabolic activities of carbonic anhydrase are diverse. As indicated above, the CAz isoenzyme is probably involved primarily in COz transport, while CAl as well as CAz may well be important in ion transport across membranes, either directly, or by their effect on the bicarbonate-earbon dioxide system." Since Macfarlane7 has demonstrated differences between Aboriginals and whites in water turnover, as well as in sodium excretion rates, it is suggestive that the high frequency ofgenetic variants of CAl and CAz in desert areas is an adaptive evolutionary response to living successfully in an arid environment. There is another aspect of the problem, however, which also merits attention. Carbonic anhydrase is one of several mammalian enzymes for which zinc is a necessary metal ligand (others include liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and carboxypeptidase J\). Many of the leached soils in Australia are zinc deficient, and native plants and animals have become adapted to living in such zinc-deficient areas. 8 Although man is a much more recent arrival than native Australian flora and fauna, it is possible that the variant forms of CAl and CAz are able to utilize restricted sources of zinc more efficiently. Dietary zinc deficiency in man has been receiving increased attention in recent years, and zinc supplementation has resulted in increased growth and genital development, and in marked improvement in certain types of dermatitis.9 In the balance achieved between the zinc-containing enzymes in complex metabolic processes, carbonic anhydrase could play an important role, and genetic variants could also be favoured when one or other of the interacting mechanisms is disturbed. There is little evidence so far that carbonic anhydrase is involved directly in any pathologic processes, except for a reduction of CAl in hyperthyroidism;'? and changes in concentration in various anaemias. 1 1 Sulphonamides, however, are potent inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. Another therapeutic agent in this class of inhibitors is acetazolamide, which is used as a diuretic, as an anticonvulsant, and in the treatment of glaucoma. Study is needed urgently on the effects which such inhibition might have on carriers of the genetic variants. This may be of special importance in uoung children whose red blood cells have only one-tenth the amount of carbonic anhydrase present in adult red cells. At present we are extending our survey of the distribution of genetic variants among Aboriginals as well as undertaking collaborative studies on the relationship between such variants and zinc deficiency. We intend also to characterize the molecular defect which is involved in the variants, and to start studies on the possible metabolic significance of the mutant enzymes.


Humans tends to get bored when doing a repetitive task over and over again. Whenever human get bored doing something, their concentration level on doing the task will go down and the end result of the task will not be up to the standard. A robot that can imitate human movement could be introduce in order to reduce human error in doing a repetitive task. But, to design a robot that could impersonate human movement is not that easy. Designer need to try and re-try their design before implement it in a real robot. In order to simplify the design and development of a robot, this thesis present the modelling and control of articulated robot arm. The robot arm is modelled using a CAD model that was design in SolidWorks. The robot arm movement is then simulated using the CAD model in Simulink before implementing in the real model. The robot arm is controlled by Arduino Uno that interact directly to the Simulink. The robot arm movement follows the CAD model movement which is being simulated in the Simulink. Two type of analysis has been done for this project that is an open and closed loop control test and also durability and reliability test. This prototype of the robot arm showed that the operational was successful with the initial open loop error that range from 11.48% till 15.56% to be reduced down to a maximum eror of 1.64%, the robot arm able to lift loads that are not more than 160 gram and produce error not more than 20%. Overall, this new approach of designing and control of a robot is a success.


Abstract In a series of previous papers I have dealt with the theory of stochastic processes [1–5] and their applications for the analysis of the interaction between radiation and matter, especially in cosmic radiation [6] and in carcinogenesis [7–10]. In these and other applications of stochastic processes for the analysis of problems in natural science [10–13] the so-called birth-and-death-with-immigration process plays an important role.


Objective:To observe curative effect of exogenous febrile disease (upper respiratory tract infection) treated with Yinqiao San increase. Methods:60 patients with exogenous febrile disease were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. Treatment group were treated with Yinqiao San increase and Compound Pseudoephedrine HCI Sustained Release Capsules simulants,control group were treated with Yinqiao San increase simulants and Compound Pseudoephedrine HCI Sustained Release Capsules. Treatments were provided for three days. The temperature reduction and curative effects were assessed after treatment. Results:Effective rates of the temperature reduction and curative effect in treatment group were more significant than those of the control groups; there was no significant difference on the onset and lower time of the temperature reduction between the two groups;the recovery time of the temperature reduction in treatment group was shorter than that in control group and there was significant difference. Conclusion:Yinqiao San increase has remarkably effective in exogenous febrile disease (upper respiratory tract infection).


The reaction of MMe3 with 1 molar equiv of N-phenylsalicylideneimine (HsaldPh) yields the O,N-chelate complexes Me2M(saldPh) (where M = Al (1), Ga (2), In (3)) in high yields. The reaction of 1 with γ-picoline results in a ligand redistribution reaction and the formation of the five-coordinate complex MeAl(saldPh)2 (4), while the gallium and indium compounds are stable in the presence of γ-picoline. The resulting compounds have been characterized in a solution by NMR and IR spectroscopy and cryoscopic molecular weight measurements, and their molecular and crystal structure have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 exist as monomeric tetrahedral complexes, while the indium analogue 3 is dimeric with the In2(μ-O)2 bridges and five-coordinate metal centers. The five-coordinate methylaluminum compound 4 exhibits trigonal-bipyramidal geometry of the metal center. The obtained results show that a Schiff base acts as a strongly coordinating chelate ligand and, in this regard, it resembles ...


The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an umbrella term for China"s plans to re-establish both the overland Silk Route Economic Belt and the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Route. It has gained the support of over 100 countries and international organizations and until now, more than 40 of them have signed cooperation agreements with China. Although BRI is an open, diversified and win-win project poised to bring huge opportunities for the development of China and many other countries, to a certain level, it has been seen by some economists, scholars, political and academic pundits as a new form of colonialism. This paper intends to summarize and integrate the literature that provides arguments for and against China"s initiative to lead economic development, notably infrastructure investments, involving countries located along the route of her traditional land and maritime silk trade. By reviewing literature which links China"s leadership initiative from the perspective of globalization, global business competition and colonialism, we hope to furnish information and an analytical basis which are useful to support a better understanding and policy making for BRI partners. Fundamentally, a win-win situation is seen to be vital in such partnership.


1. The opening part (1) of the cargo body (5) of the vehicle (3) comprising at least one female swivel section (23), one male member and locks the articulation (13Y, 13Z) opening part (1), wherein in that the male hinging element (23) is mounted on the lower side end of the opening part (1) opposite the opening (11) of the cargo body and comprises a member slot (21Z) with a vertical axis Z, providing the possibility - when combined with the axis (13Zb) upper first closure lock (13Z), - the movement of the sash discovering ysya part (1) around the axis Z, and an element socket (21Y) with the Y axis perpendicular to the previous axis, providing the possibility - when combined with the axis (13Yb) of the lower second locking lock (13Y), - movement in a side opening parts (1) around the axis Y, wherein the covering member (23) and locks (13Y, 13Z) are adapted to control by a single control handle equipped with a device (18) selecting opening the opening portion, - in the embodiment sash or bead form. 2. The opening part (1), in particular for cargo body (5) of the vehicle (5) according to claim 1, comprising at least one female swivel section (23), one male hinge element (21) and locks (13Y , 13Z) opening part (1) on the opening (11) of the cargo body (5), characterized in that the male hinging element (23) is equipped with two slots (21Y, 21Z), adapted to hinge installation therein respectively the two axial elements ( 21Y, 21Z) of the male hinge link (21) and equipped with an element (33) with a controllable lock movement, arranged to alternately locking one-quarter


In 2004, Kelantan is one of the states that most affected by the flood event. The disaster has caused a lot of damages and losses to resident. Although flood is difficult to avoid, the impact still can be minimize by some actions and precaution. The objectives of this study are to identify the worst area affected by flood in Kelantan and identify the flood mitigation projects that have been implemented in Kelantan. Data needed in this study are rainfall data, water level data and the details
on the implemented project. At the same time, site visits and investigation were also conducted to understand the existing condition as well as the problems faced in the
studied area. Besides that, set of questionnaires also were distributed among residents in some district in Kelantan. From the analysis, the area that has been identified worst affected by flood are Tumpat, Pasir Mas and Kuala Krai. Some of the flood project mitigation was applied at Bukit Sireh and Taman Warisan in Kuala Krai and the same goes to Jalan Sirat. In the end of this study, recommendations in order to overcome this flood problem in study area such as constructing a strong levee at low lying area as well as deepening and widening of the river and the drainage have been proposed..


Water, energy, and food are key resources that could easily limit sustainability of human society development. Water supply requires considerable amounts of energy, and "usedwater" carries considerable amounts of embedded energy and recoverable materials within. Usedwater is increasingly considered as a potential resource, rather than as a waste. Among process technology options that may allow efficient recovery of that energy, anaerobic digestion could be considered the most mature, already sporting countless applications worldwide. However, the present inefficient dilution‐base collection systems paradigm produces rather dilute sewage, preventing to a large degree a more efficient application of this technology. A new collection system paradigm, based on liquid sources segregation and minimal organics dilution, could result in significant energy savings for conveyance and treatment. This could also enhance recovery of nutrients and reclamation of potentially reusable water, with the associated benefit of reduced production of process residuals requiring further disposal. Implications of this model are discussed.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of "Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Policy" on price difference, announcement effects and market efficiency of A Shares and H Shares, using daily data covering the period from Aug., 2014 to Feb., 2015 from Bloomberg. To be comparability, we collect the day which has trading simultaneously. First of all, we aim at investigating the factors, which have the impact on the price difference of A Shares and H Shares during "Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Policy". We find that "listed time" and "SSE 180 sample share" variables have a significant effect on price difference. Moreover, we find that the price difference after "Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Policy" is bigger than the price difference before "Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Policy". Secondly, we examine the announcement effects. We find that the implementation of "Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Policy" really has the announcement effects. Lastly, this paper explores the market efficiency related to "Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Policy". We take past stock returns to test weak form market efficiency and use stock order imbalance to test strong form market efficiency. We find that the market efficiency has changed.


This paper attempts to highlight the weaknesses of the juvenile justice system in Zimbabwe and makes a case for law reform. It is the author's contention that whilst juvenile justice entails balancing two important considemtions, namely the need to protect society against criminal behaviour and the need to pay special attention to the personal circumstances of the offender with a view to promoting his wellbeing, the disposal however is heavily weighed in favour of protecting society and thus emphasising retribution and reparation. There is therefore very little in the criminal justice system in Zimbabwe that seeks to promote the wellbeing of the juvenile offender in any meaningful way.


This edited volume argues that democracy is broader and more diverse than the dominant state-centered, modern representative democracies, to which other modes of democracy are either presumed subordinate or ignored. The contributors seek to overcome the standard opposition of democracy from below (participatory) and democracy from above (representative). Rather, they argue that through differently situated participatory and representative practices, citizens and governments can develop democratic ways of cooperating without hegemony and subordination, and that these relationships can be transformative. This work proposes a slow but sure, nonviolent, eco-social and sustainable process of democratic generation and growth with the capacity to critique and transform unjust and ecologically destructive social systems. This volume integrates human-centric democracies into a more mutual, interdependent and sustainable system on earth whereby everyone gains.


Alvionita DN, Rahayu S, Mubarik NR. 2020. Characterization, identification, and analysis bioactive compound of endophytic bacteria from Hoya multiflora Blume. Biodiversitas 21: 195-202. Hoya multiflora Blume has been used for various purposes. Extract hoya has been used antibacterial, stomachache, skin diseases and natural insecticidal. Extract hoya has been reported to have bioactivity but extraction from the plant has been inefficient because it requires large biomass. Therefore, one of the appropriate ways to extract its bioactive compounds is by using endophytic bacteria. The purposes of this research were to isolate, characterize the endophytic bacteria from H. multiflora, identify its bioactive compound and to test its antimicrobial activity against two pathogenic bacteria. A total of 18 isolates from H. multiflora Blume were successfully obtained. Based on antimicrobial test, isolate HMA 2 was able to inhibit Escherichia coli, isolate HMD 6 inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and two isolates inhibited both of pathogenic bacteria (i.e isolate HMB 1 and HMD 4). In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract from HMB 1 was 0.625 mg/mL, while from HMD 4 was 0.125 mg/mL, both against E. coli and S. aureus. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, HMB 1 was the most similar (99.91%) with Bacillus siamensis KCTC-13613 and HMD 4 was the most similar (100%) with Bacillus aryabhattai B82W22. Using GC-MS and compared with database WILLEY9THN08, isolate HMB 1 identified compounds such as 3-benzyl-1,4diaza-2,5-dioxobicyclo and 13 Docosenamide, isolate HMD 4 contained compounds such as linolenic acid, 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, oleic acid amide, 1-nonadecene, and stigmasterol. More than, there are 3 compound identified from isolates HMB 1 and HMD 4: phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethyl); neophytadiene dan pyrollo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro-3(phenylmethyl), respectively.


Vertebrate eye formation starts during gastrulation with the determination of an eye field in the anterior ectoderm. Subsequently well-coordinated inductive events lead to the formation of a single retinal primordium in the anterior neuroectoderm and the presumptive lens placodes in the abutting head ectoderm (for review see Grainger, 1996; Jean et al., 1998). At late gastrula/early neurula stages, this single retinal field is split into two bilateral symmetrical retinal primordia by cell movements under the influence of signals emanating from the ventral midline (Gritsman et al., 1999; Li et al., 1997; Varga et al., 1999). Morphogenesis during neurula stages results in the evagination of the optic vesicles from the lateral wall of the forebrain, a process that requires changes in cell proliferation and programmed cell death (Schmitt and Dowling, 1994). Concomitantly, lens specification occurs when the optic vesicle contacts the overlying ectoderm of the lens placode (reviewed in Grainger, 1996). The optic vesicles invaginate under the influence of the developing lens to form the optic cups, in which differentiation of the neuroretina and the pigmented retinal epithelium (PRE) starts. The optic cup remains attached to the ventral diencephalon by the optic stalk, which eventually serves as a leading track for the projection of retinal axons to target regions in the midbrain. Insect eye development has been analysed by a combination of genetic and molecular techniques. Surprisingly, key players, acting high up in the genetic pathway controlling Drosophila eye development, were found to be evolutionary conserved (Halder et al., 1995; Hammond et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 1995; Quiring et al., 1994; Xu et al., 1997) and to exert a comparable function during vertebrate eye development (Hill et al., 1991; Loosli et al., 1999; Oliver et al., 1996; Ton et al., 1991). In homozygous Small eye (Sey) mouse and rat, mutations in the transcription factor Pax6 lead to the complete absence of the eyes, including lens, and the nose (Hill et al., 1991; Hogan et al., 1986; Matsuo et al., 1993). In these embryos, the optic vesicles initially evaginate, but degenerate during subsequent stages of development (Hogan et al., 1986). Recently, it was shown that overexpression of Pax6 mRNA in Xenopus embryos can lead to the formation of an ectopic eye (Chow et al., 1999). Six3, a homeobox gene, is expressed early in the anterior neuroectoderm and subsequently in the optic vesicles and prosencephalon (Bovolenta et al., 1998; Kobayashi et al., 1998; Loosli et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 1995; Seo et al., 1998). Overexpression of Six3 mRNA in medaka initiates the formation of ectopic retina tissue in the midbrain and anterior hindbrain involving a regulatory interaction of Six3 and Pax6 (Loosli et al., 1999). This indicates a role for Six3 and Pax6 in early steps of vertebrate retina formation. Targeted inactivation of the transcription factor Rx in mouse results in the absence of eye structures and in severe defects of the anterior forebrain, demonstrating the necessity of this gene for eye development (Mathers et al., 1997). Mice lacking sonic hedgehog gene function exhibit cyclopia phenotypes, demonstrating an involvement of sonic hedgehog in the early proximodistal patterning of the retinal primordia (Chiang et al., 1996), as also suggested by overexpression experiments in fish embryos (Ekker et al., 1995; Macdonald et al., 1995). Mutations affecting eye development have been isolated in 1911 Development 127, 1911-1919 (2000) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV2526


VSPs have an application across the mining lifecycle. The main advantage of VSP over surface seismic is the increase in resolution achieved by placing the downhole receiver below the highly attenuating weathered zone and recording the full seismic wave-train, including mode-converted shear waves. This presentation looks at a 3D VSP shot in conjunction with a surface seismic, specifically the improved resolution gained from mode-converted shear waves.