Surveys were conducted in the Kharkiv region (Ukraine) in 2003–2014. The main aim was to study the effect of forestry to choose of nesting sites by Raptors, as well as to identify the major threats arising in the forests with intensive forestry, develop recommendations to conservation. According to the study, three groups of species which have different reaction on the combination of factors related to forestry activities were determined. The first group contains species, which are showing considerable site fidelity and for them destruction of alternative nesting sites is especially negative. The second group includes more plastic species, but they need at least small tracts of old forest. The third group contains the species, which are little related to a specific area (low site fidelity) and age of the forest. In general, Birds of Prey under consideration prefer natural old-growth forests, quite tolerant of human disturbance and partial transformation of habitat as a consequence of selective logging.


Cognitive and behavioral bias exsit in the entire investment decision,and have a significant impact on investment decision,which are particularly significant for individual investors in small and medium investors in the investment activities,and lead much hazard to individual investors wealth,socio-economic development and market stability.From the view of cognitive psychology,this paper will build the decision-making model of investor behavior,decision-making information processing model and investors' cognition and behavior deviation mechanism model,research the root of bias from the investor's own perspective,probe into the mechanism of the investors' cognition and behavior deviation in-depth,and put forward recommendations and solutions of specific policies.


This paper presents a review of some national and regional codes of practice in the area of Geotechnical engineering siteinvestigation (SI). The goal is to identify some significant issues relevant to professional practice in Sudan and to highlight howthey were approached and dealt with in different codes.The scope of the SI comprises the number of points to be investigated. these may be test pits, boreholes, fieldsoundings, geophysical soundings. The extent of the SI is generally described by the depth of boreholes and /or typesof field soundings. The scope and extent of SI are strongly related to the types of structures and loadings as well as to thegeotechnical character of the site.The final result of the SI is presented in a geotechnical report, including field work, laboratory work and recommendationsfor design and construction. The report must be prepared by an experienced Geotechnical Engineer.The fact that SI is usually carried out in the very early stages of the project, when even the project funding may not havebeen fully secured, tends to create a situation where costs available for SI may be restricted. It is widely believed that SI isa very significant component of any civil engineering project. While the cost of the SI is a minor component, it is of majorimportance to project risk management and will positively affect total costs.
 It is recommended that a Sudanese Code of Practice for Geotechnical Engineering be adopted to regulate and upgradethe professional practice in this area. This activity should be carried out under the auspices of the national Standardsorganization. The Sudanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering can be instrumental in theseactivities.


1. Increased radioresistance is manifested in hybrid embryos exposed to 200 r at 8.5 days of embryonic development when divergent stocks of mice are crossbred, as determined by the incidence of congenital anomalies. This is evidence of embryonic heterosis.2. When hybrid mice are mated with hybrids (of the same crosses) or with either of the parental stocks, it is apparent that the presence of CF1 influence (genes?) affords the embryos more radioresistance only when the cross is with the CF1 line. The presence of CF1 genes brings the results up to the pure CF1 data so that it appears that there is a sort of dominance effect which becomes heterosis when the proportion of CF1 genes exceeds this minimum in these heterozygous embryos.3. In hybrid combinations the development of CNS congenital anomalies appears to be more frequently related to the presence of CF1 genes than to those from the C57 strain. Conversely, resorptions appear to be more directly related to the presence of the C57 genes. Even in the pure...


ENTREPRENEUR CAREER SELECTION AND GENDER: A SOCIALIZATION APPROACH Employment of women has increased substantially over the last fifty years. Currently, over 50 percent of the labor force in the United States is composed of female workers (Bowen and Hisrich 1986). This trend of increasing female labor force participation is expected to continue for the rest of the twentieth century. In addition, the last decade has seen the number of self-employed women increase by 69 percent compared to a 13 percent increase in the number of self-employed men (Mitchell 1983, Phillips and Crockett 1987, and Nelton 1989). It has been suggested that this growth is in part due to women in the corporate environment hitting the "glass ceiling, the level beyond which promotions are no longer expected (Nelton 1989). However, while women have made inroads into career fields dominated by males, (referred to as non-traditional female careers), their numbers are still quite low. This difference becomes acute when considering the fact that as of 1986 only 29.6 percent of the total sole proprietorships in the United States were owned by women (The State of Small Business 1989). Given that entrepreneurial activity is a major factor in furthering the growth of our national economy, encouraging women to explore the possibilities of pursuring an entrepreneurial career, coupled with the influx of women into the workforce, may have important implications for public, social, and educational policies. A number of investigations have explored the hypothesis that males and females differ on dimensions related to entrepreneurial activity. Traditionally, research has focused on revealing differences in personality traits presumed to differentiate entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs (Welsch and Young 1984, DeCarlo and Lyons 1979, Waddel 1983, Sexton and Bowman 1983, Brockhaus and Horwitz 1986). Even though the data concerning personality differences between male and female entrepreneurs is limited, researchers have concluded that gender differences with respect to traits are not a significant factor in explaining the career decisions of entrepreneurs and are not helpful in distinguishing between males and females (Chaganti 1986, Birley 1989). Consequently, the thrust in entrepreneurship research has moved away from investigating psychological traits, instead focusing on such factors as social learning and behavioral experiences (Carsrud and Johnson 1989; Scherer, Adams, and Wiebe 1990). BACKGROUND LITERATURE In the career selection literature differences in male and female career choices have centered on the early social learning experiences of the career decision maker. Such variables as sex-role stereotyping, lack of appropriate role models, and other environmental constraints have been investigated. The conclusion is that women enter traditionally male-dominated occupations less frequently than males as a result of these early experiences which serve to negatively shape preferences for the non-traditional career (Betz and Hackett 1981, Marini 1978, Brooks 1988). When looking at the preference for starting one's own business, similar conclusions have emerged. For example, Scott and Twomey (1988) found that individuals expressing a preference for an entrepreneurial career had been influenced positively by their environment in terms of perceiving that they had the ability to work long hours, possessed a special skill, and were innovative. Ronstadt (1983) looked at individuals who decided against starting their own businesses and found family considerations, time commitments, and lack of role models as important factors. These descriptive studies have been useful in building a demographic profile of the would-be entrepreneur, but have not focused specifically on socialization differences, by gender, in relation to entrepreneurial career selection. Scherer, Adams, and Wiebe (1990) have proposed three social learning indicators of entrepreneurial career selection which can be useful in distinguishing between males and females with respect to entrepreneurial career preference: education and training aspirations, career entry expectations, and career self-efficacy. …


Introduction. This study used three dependent measures of food security to assess the magnitude of household food insecurity and its consequences on the nutritional status of children 6–36 months in Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana. Methods. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 337 mother/child pairs in June 2012. Food access was measured as household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS), household dietary diversity score (HDDS), and food consumption score (FCS). Results. The magnitude of household food insecurity depended on the food access indicator, with HFIAS yielding the highest household food insecurity of 54%. Of the three food access indicators, 30-day HFIAS was not related to any of the nutrition indices measured. HDDS and FCS were both significantly associated with BMI of mothers and chronic malnutrition (stunted growth) but not acute malnutrition (wasting) with FCS being a stronger predictor of nutritional status. Compared to children in food insecure households, children in food secure households were 46% protected from chronic malnutrition (, 95% CI: 0.31–0.94). Conclusions and Recommendations. The results of this study show that different measures of household food insecurity produce varied degree of the problem. Efforts at reducing chronic child malnutrition should focus on improving the adequacy of the diet.


According to the jacket blurb "Bruce Trigger here issues a clear challenge to the New Archaeology. . . . " Mercifully, that statement is misleading; this collection of essays is both more and less than that. While Trigger offers critiques of what he perceives as the extremism and excesses of "New Archaeology," he is too intelligent an archaeologist not to find much to approve in the avant-garde work of the last fifteen years. Indeed, a clear challenge cannot be offered to "the New Archaeology" by Bruce Trigger, as the former is too amorphous a target and the latter too eclectic an opponent. It may be overstating the case to suggest that this is a love-hate relationship, but in spite of public disagreements about priorities, there is considerable evidence of convergence of goals and theory between Trigger and American archaeology, analogous to the growing convergence he properly emphasizes between history and the social sciences. The 13 essays in the collection were written over a span of 13 years; four were published originally in 1968 and four others are new. The essays are a mixture of review and interpretive pieces and programmatic statements, all addressing issues in archaeological history, theory, or epistemology. They are grouped into three parts: (1) Archaeology: Science or History? (2) Progress, Culture, and Society; and (3) Inference and Interpretation. The grouping is somewhat mechanical, and it associates essays out of chronological order. There has been some revision but no effort to avoid repetition within the set or to bring coverage of topics or debates up to date. Chapter II—"Aims in Prehistoric Archaeology" (1970)—sets the tone and defines the thesis; most of the other essays elaborate matters presented there. The "Introduction" is an intellectual biography and philosophical statement which establishes a useful reference point for the reader. Trigger's advocacy of archaeology as an extension of historical studies is too well known to need emphasis here. The argument pervades the collection, providing its major unity. His espousal of British social anthropology leads Trigger to take two stands that are particularly controversial to American anthropologists. Trigger admits to a preference for "social system" over "culture" as the basic "analytical tool" for archaeological studies. He professes to be more comfortable using the "culture" terminology in a narrow way, in reference to archaeological assemblages in space. This line of argument leads to a peculiarly ironic (and possibly unrecognized) convergence with Binford's publication on Hatchery West (SAA Memoir No. 24): "the societal approach permits the archaeologist to investigate the development of social systems, unencumbered by the necessity of having to account for the cultural detail that as a result of historical accident becomes associated with any one culture" (p. 109). It is typical of Trigger that he nevertheless uses the term "culture," in all its ambiguous senses, throughout these essays. The closest thing to a challenge to "the New Archaeology" comes in the essay "The Future of Archaeology is the Past" where Trigger states:


sign a lesson to Introduce a new concept or strategy to your students. Your presentation was creative and colorful, and It held to all the principles of effective Instrudlon. The task now Is to provide opportunities for students to pradlce and rehearse what they learned. How can you make the practice sessions Interesting? How can you challenge students to retain what they have learned so that practicing Is fun? Short of another drill-and-pradice exercise or a flashcard session, what can you offer to ensure that learning has taken place?


In her debut novel, Machandel (2014), Regina Scheer offers a panoramic portrayal of 20th- and 21st-century experiences on East German soil, ranging from the plight of four individuals in the 1940s to the disillusionment of three in post-unification Germany. As she explores this chronology Scheer abstains from making any accusations or condemnations, nor does she indulge in any (n)ostalgic sentiment. She allows the five main characters to recount their life story in direct interior monologues; at no point are their musings challenged by other characters or contextualized by authorial intervention. These private revelations are accompanied by rationales for both sharing and repressing memories, especially those triggered by trauma. Machandel does not resolve the dynamic between remembering and forgetting, but invites the reader to invest emotionally in the stories presented, drawing personal conclusions about what should or should not be passed on to future generations. (EJW)


Abstract A promising approach to drug delivery applications for chemotherapeutics is the use of drug carriers to reduce the total amount of cytostatics, minimizing side effects. In addition, the carriers, loaded with the drug, can be guided to the tumorous tissue via the vascular system, which enables a local drug release (LDR). In our case, LDR is activated due to the sonosensitive behavior of the nanocapsules by inertial cavitation (IC) caused by focused ultrasound (FUS). Thereby, IC is excited by employing sound pressures within the recommended limit allowed for diagnostic ultrasound. In order to verify this drug delivery approach for its clinical suitability, a tissue-mimicking flow -through phantom, containing a small vessel, is used. Investigations have shown that the drug releasing cavitation effect associated with the sonosensitive and biocompatible nanocapsules also occurs in fine vessel structures, even in the case of moving particles and vessel diameters dc smaller than the wavelength λ.


PHOENIX--(BUSINESS WIRE [10 ])--Avnet, Inc. [11] (NYSE:AVT [12]), a leading global technology distributor, today announced a new partnership with Arizona State University [13] (ASU) and its Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering [14]. The organizations collaborated to create the Avnet Innovation Lab, which is designed to spur economic growth in the technology sector and enable aspiring entrepreneurs to advance their innovations. The lab will provide crit ical business consultat ion and venture support to entrepreneurs developing new technology, especially inventions that make the world a better place.


According to the practical parameters and the defined operational rules of Feilaixia hydro-junction project,the dynamoelectric benefits of Feilaixia hydroplant is evaluated and analysed.That gives evidences for the scientific operation of the project.


From the start, such inquiries have usually struck me as strange, since I do not generally think of a reflector as a key element in the improvement of an array's gain. The reflector, in concert with the driver--and in OWA designs, all in concert with the first director--tends to function so as to set the Yagi feedpoint impedance. In designs within which the first director is primarily a gain and directivity element, the length and spacing of the reflector, relative to the driven element, tends to set the impedance such that a wider spacing increases the impedance and vice versa.


76 Inventor: Eric R. First, 52-N-St., South Boston, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Mass. 02127 95/17904 7/1995 WIPO. * Notice: This patent issued on a continued pros95/28171 10/1995 WIPO. ecution application filed under 37 CFR OTHER PUBLICATIONS 1.53(d), and is subject to the twenty year patent term provisions of 35 U.S.C. Asada et al. Laser Ther. vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77-82, 1991. 154(a)(2). Caudle et al. Orthopedics. Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 735, 1989. Lianga et al. J. Rheumotol. vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 230-231, 21 Appl. No.: 08/923,884 1986.


Kinetic phase-space theories (see [3]) have long been associated with successfully predicting the rheological properties of a variety of macromolecular fluids. Their cornerstone is the configurational probability density, essential to calculating the stress tensor. This function is a solution to the probability diffusion equation. In Section 2 we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the corresponding evolutionary diffusion equation, in Section 3 to the stationary (time independent) equation; these problems, within the context of polymer dynamics theory, did not receive attention until now.


In this paper, an isolated bi-directional DC/DC converter combined with dual half bridge converter and full-bridge is proposed. The conventional dual half bridge converter has problem of high voltage spike when switches are turned off. To solve this problem, the resonant capacitor and the resonant inductor are added to the proposed isolated bi-directional converter. And full-bridge converter is also operated under zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition using resonance components. Since all switches of proposed converter are achieved ZVS condition, efficiency of the proposed topology will be increased. The proposed bi-directional converter is verified by theoretical analysis, PSIM simulations and experiments.


Rice production is constrained by diseases of fungal, bacterial and viral origin. The Internet of Things (IoT) – network of interconnected devices - is an application for disease related uses, collection of data, processing for testing and monitoring. This review article aims about how IoT can track and allows disease resistance studies in in Oryza species. Among them Xanthomonas oryzae, Magnaporthe grisea, RYMV (Rice yellow mottle virus), and brown planthopper causes the high yield losses. Disease resistance genes are identified and they are screened by the SSR (simple sequence repeats), RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis.


Most North American research into technical writing explores the profession as it is practised in English; investigation of technical writing in languages other than English centres mainly on technical translation. This paper points out that in Canada, and primarily in Quebec, there is a considerable body of technical documentation written originally in French. Through an analysis of two surveys conducted by the authors it attempts to identify who these French-language professional and technical writers are, where and under what conditions they work, and what type of training they have. 49


Such as a battery mounted on a case where a plurality of power storage means (51) in the electric motorcycle (1) or the like in an electric vehicle, the electric concomitant formation (50) by the plurality of power storage devices (51) of the power storage device group constituting longitudinal direction of the traveling wind path of travel of the vehicle (1) is generated by a traveling wind (52). And faces the traveling wind passage (52) provided with each power storage device (51) connection terminal (51a), and a wire (55) to which it is connected. If this is done, the storage device (51) and a connection terminal (51a) and a wire (55) can be efficiently cooled. Also a plurality of power storage devices (51) can be divided into right and left sides of the two modules, and each module of the integral connector, and detachably mounted on an electric vehicle (1).


We experimentally demonstrate that a probe beam at one wavelength, although exhibiting a weak nonlinear response on its own, can be modulated and controlled by a pump beam at another wavelength in plasmonic nanosuspensions, leading to ring-shaped pattern generation. In particular, we show that the probe and pump wavelengths can be interchanged, but the hollow beam patterns appear only in the probe beam, thanks to the gold nanosuspensions that exhibit a strong nonlinear response to pump beam illumination at the plasmonic resonant frequencies. Colloidal suspensions consisting of either gold nanospheres or gold nanorods are employed as nonlinear media, which give rise to refractive index changes and cross-phase modulation between the two beams. We perform a series of experiments to examine the dynamics of hollow beam generation at a fixed probe power as the pump power is varied and find that nonlinear beam shaping has a different power threshold in different nanosuspensions. Our results will enhance the understanding of nonlinear light–matter interactions in plasmonic nanosuspensions, which may be useful for applications in controlling light by light and in optical limiting.


: Parental separation impacts the young people's behaviour in the school environment, peer group and even in the society at large. The study ascertains the impact of parental separation on the education of girl child in Emohua Local Government Area (LGA) of Rivers State. Four research objectives and two hypotheses were developed. Primary and secondary data were used in the production of this research work. Questionnaire was the instrument for data collection while the multi-stage cluster sampling was used in this study. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, the frequency tables was used in describing the respondents while chi-square (x2), was used to test all hypotheses. The study revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship (P<.000) between respondents' educational status and their perceived notion that girl child from separated homes are likely to drop out of school. It also revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship (P<.000) between age and perception of children from separated homes. It was recommended that seminars and conferences should be organized to sensitize parents on the need for adequate education. Government and NGOs should organize enlightenment campaign on dangers of parental separation among others.


According to one aspect of the invention, the light-transmitting substrate; A reflective layer pattern which is located a plurality of first areas on the light-transmitting substrate; The light-transmitting substrate and the light absorbing layer on the reflection layer pattern; And and on said light-absorbing layer, the bank layer pattern which is located in the plurality of first regions; The optical pattern transfer mask is provided comprising a.


In this paper, different optimization techniques for pupil detection algorithms used in eye tracking applications are comparatively analyzed. Due to different noise sources which affect the eye images captured with an infrared video camera, a large noise component is overlapped on the signals provided by the pupil detection algorithms. This noise component determines cursor instability on the user screen, which makes difficult the eye tracker operation. In order to increase the cursor stability on the user screen, different techniques based on real-time filtering, high frequency spikes cancelling from the signals provided by the PDA and the snap-to-point technique can be used. The experimental results performed with the improved version of the PDA confirm the significant increase of the eye tracker system performances.


In this work we analyze the influence of heat and mass transfer on two-dimensional mixed convection laminar boundary layer MHD flow over a shrinking sheet with suction. With the help of similarity transforms, the governing flow equations are transformed to coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically by finite element B-Spline collocation technique. Numerical results for the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as well as for the skin friction, heat, mass transfer, and deposition rate are obtained for various parameters and shown graphically.


Social and economic trends have strongly changed in the last years due to the economic crisis and the evolution of technology. These factors have influenced a sharing revolution, also in the mobility sector motivated for the increasing urbanisation and environmental consciousness. The paper focuses on the intended use of shared mobility services by citizens of the metropolitan Barcelona region, relying on a quantitative analysis of their mobility patterns, behaviours, needs and expectations. Six hundred surveys with commuting travellers were conducted in order to identify the differences among customers regarding different factors, such as their age, daily trips or personal incomes. Results show clear different patterns depending on whether commuting trips are within or out of the city and a greater intended use of ridesharing, carsharing and ride-hailing services of the youngest population. Besides, data indicates that travellers do not have preferences for a single mean of transport but for the service that best meets their needs in each occasion.


Semi-classical configurations in Yang-Mills theory have be n derived from lattice Monte Carlo configurations using a recently proposed constrained cooling technique whic h is designed to preserve every Polyakov line (at any point in space-time in any direction). Consequently, confinement wa s found sustained by the ensemble of semi-classical configur ations. The existence of gluonic and fermionic near-to-zero modes was demonstrated as a precondition for a possible semi classical expansion around the cooled configurations as wel l as providing the gapless spectrum of the Dirac operator nec essary for chiral symmetry breaking. The cluster structure of topo l gical charge of the semi-classical streamline configurat ions was analysed and shown to support the axial anomaly of the right s ize, although the structure differs from the instanton gas o r liquid. Here, we present further details on the space-time s tructure and the time evolution of the streamline configurat ions.


Biologically active multivalent glyconanoparticles are prepared in an extremely simple method by reduction of well-defined glycopolymers, prepared by RAFT polymerisation, in an aqueous solution of HAuCl(4).


Abstract : Coupling devices designed to connect universal stereophotogrammetric apparatus with computers are described. The devices are based on simple magnetic reading converters which operate by rotation of ferrites through a gap of variable width on a screw shaft. The devices provide good signal/noise ratio, low output impedence and satisfactory accuracy. (Author)


Above: The ABSA cake was the unique dessert at the banquet held on Tuesday at Leon Springs Dance Hall. The ABSA 2004 Conference in San Antonio hosted 21 preconference courses and featured 76 presentations (29 of which were poster presentations). ABSA was pleased to welcome 306 new members and 47 exhibitors. Over 600 attendees were present for the scientific program and enjoyed various conference related social activities, including the closing banquet at a Texas institution, the Leon Springs Dance Hall, featuring a nationally recognized performer Bobby Flores. From the crowds on the dance floor it was apparent that Texas Two-Step and Swing Dancing translated not only to Texans but to many ABSA members. Now with nearly 1,300 members and several years of steady ABSA growth, we again invite and welcome all members to become involved in ABSA.


In this note we show that the nilpotence conjecture for toric varieties is true over any regular coefficient ring containing Q.


Although weeding young northern hardwoods is not a common practice, most foresters will agree that weeding such stands is silviculturally sound in terms of improved growth and quality. Major obstacle to the widespread weeding of young stands as a routine cultural treatment is lack of information about the techniques and costs involved.


Packing Prose Part I. Arts * In the Beginning, Words * Art and Craft * Rules of Engagement * Nonfiction as Writing * Voice ... * ... and Vision * Designing * Plotting * Transitioning * Dramatizing * Editing I Part II. Crafts * Prose * Character * Setting * Point of View * Showing and Telling * Editing II * Figures of Speech * Technical Information * Questions of Scale Part III. Doing It * Theory and Practice * Writing Lives * Notes * Index


In the paper, different approaches for the analysis of news trends on Twitter has been considered. For the analysis and case study, informational trends on Twitter caused by Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 year have been studied. A deep learning approach for fake news detection has been analyzed. The use of the theory of frequent itemsets and association rules, graph theory for news trends analytics have been considered. contain real facts, but with incorrectly specified accents, and the focuses that lead to distorted conclusion and incorrect understanding of underlying processes. For our analysis, we considered informational trends caused by Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In the study, we also consider the possible impact of informational trends on different companies working in Russia during this conflict.


Direct skin friction measurements obtained on the wall of a Mach 19.8 nozzle are presented. These measurements of skin friction and values deduced from the profile data are compared with predictions from a finite difference theory and also with several 'flat-plate' prediction methods for skin friction.


As we approach the end of the 20th century, many serious social problems have arisen on a large scale affecting our world. There is vague anxiety everywhere in modern life, especially among the youth. Presented here are results obtained from an analysis of social anxiety such as the increasing population of aged persons, the drop in the birth rate, the weakening of welfare state, the spread of AIDS, the evil effects of drug abuse, troubles arising out of ethnocentrism, and the rise of Neo-Nazism, increasing domestic violence among young, the abuse of children, rape and other violent acts, etc.


If one were to ask what has been the one driving force in Paul Gilroy's work in sociology and cultural studies since the 1980s, the most obvious answer would be that he has been at war against the absolutism of social and conceptual categories, most notably racialism and nationalism. Gilroy launched this struggle in his first book, There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack (1987), in which he developed one of the first critiques of Englishness as a mode of national belonging sanctioned by "homogenous national units" such as "a morbid celebration of England and Englishness from which blacks are systematically excluded" (12). In his betterknown work The Black Atlantic (1993), Gilroy conceived the project of accounting for the black presence in the shaping of modernity as an antidote to "the continuing lure of ethnic absolutisms in cultural criticism produced both by blacks and whites" (3). Now Gilroy is at it again, this time confronting the politics of race head on. As the title of his book boldly declares, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line is a critique of all forms of identity and social formation grounded on the notion of race, a site in which Gilroy believes older forms of oppression and social exclusion, most notably fascism, have chosen to hibernate. But Gilroy is not simply interested in a critique of race for its own sake; his ambition is to evacuate this troublesome term from the site of social analysis and cultural formation, and his goals are to make what he considers to be unjustifiable categories such as race irrelevant and to supplant them with a more inclusive economy of identity. In this light, Against Race continues a project begun in the late 1980s, one that Gilroy described earlier in his career as part of "the long, micropolitical task of recoding the cultural core of national life" ("Art of Darkness" 60). This time, however, that project is extended beyond the confines of Britishness to encompass a new European identity and, ultimately, a global cosmopolitan culture. Still, Against Race is a book caught between its particular concern with British cultural anxieties and its author's universal desire for a nonracialized polity In other words, it is a book caught between the dream-or illusion-of cosmopolitanism and the re-


The aim of this study is to investigate the symbol and metaphor included in the songs, dances, and music of performing court dance called as...


338 www.erpublication.org  Abstract— Power system restructuring and deregulation has changed the way in which system reliability management and electricity pricing done over the decades. The main purpose of restructuring is to offer customers with a choice of suppliers based on reliability and price requirement. Load shedding and generation redispatch mechanism used in the existing reliability evaluation technique have to be improved to include these changes. In this paper a planned technique provides an implement to compute the nodal reliability and nodal prices for market participants. The market participants are able to make use of this information to make most favorable trading decisions in market trading and operation. Contingency analysis has been done to determine the selected contingency system states. An optimization technique is proposed to determine the nodal prices for each contingency state obtained from contingency analysis for restructured power system with bilateral model. The objective of the problem is to minimize the generation cost subjected to market and network constraints. The impact of unavailability of generation and transmission system on load point reliability and nodal prices has been shown. Instead of using nodal price for the normal operation state, the expected nodal price and the associated standard deviation are used to represent the volatility of nodal price due to random failures. The 6 bus reliability test system (RBTS) has been analyzed to illustrate the technique.


We present an application of coherent homodyne detection to the problem of low photon number communications and cryptography. As the coherent demodulation of an optical field requires the measurement of its (non commutating) inphase and quadrature components, we present the structure and operation of an 8-port optical hybrid comprising 2 balanced homodyne detection structures, for the simultaneous measurement of the 2 quadratures. We analyze this receiver operating with a strong local oscillator field, when the received field is in weak coherent states, with digital phase modulation: we obtain the homodyne statistics and the uncertainty product in the presence of vacuum noises from the input signal port and unused ports and discuss the increase in uncertainty due to the simultaneous measurements of the quadratures. We obtain the signal to noise ratio as well of the bit error rate performance for binary phase shift keying and discuss the departure from the standard quantum limit.


erhaps the most serious criticism which Professor Cipolla has levelled against our statistical apparatus lies in his notion of the 'increased demand for metallic money', by which he seems to mean that the commodity price of bullion rose, or, more simply, that prices fell. The evidence does suggest an increase in the purchasing power of gold and silver, at least in the agricultural sector; but it hardly damages the argument presented in conjunction with the trade figures (Graph V) in the original paper. Professor Cipolla does not contest the statement that the intrinsic value of the Genoese pound in I509 was only 25 per cent of its value in 1288, so he should not object to our next step. The recovery figure of I5I3 was reduced from 82 per cent to 2I per cent of the I294 peak in order to compensate for the bullion loss. This result was clearly labelled as tentative. Now, for the increase in the purchasing power of bullion to account entirely for the downward trend thus displayed, it would have been necessary for the price level to have fallen to one-fifth of the level attained in the late thirteenth century. If Professor Cipolla is prepared to offer such statistics, I will accept his criticism; unless, however, he proves that prices in I 513 were lower than one-fourth of the I 288 level, he must logically agree that my figures, as expressed in Graph V, over-estimate the extent of the recovery of the sixteenth century. More evidence is available in the case of the English figures. If we accept the figures of Phelps Brown and Hopkins for the price of a composite physical unit (i.e. a market-basket of goods), the increase in the purchasing power of money, not bullion, is not much in evidence. 1 Their price index in I405 is 99; in I480 it is I03. Professor Cipolla's own method would still require a reduction in the recovery level of the latter year, although not so large a one as I had suggested. Further, the price index is heavily weighted by agricultural goods wherein productivity may have increased because of land availability and where an inelastic demand probably caused a greater price fall than occurred in the manufactured goods sector. The use of such a deflator with regard to poundage figures is more than generous to our critic. No matter how generous we become, however, it is legitimate to inquire what pernicious effect my 'strange' monetary calculations could possibly have upon the series reflecting the number of ships entering the port of Dieppe. These figures are already in real terms on the graph and hence immune to monetary criticism. Professor Cipolla's rhetorical question as to the manner in which the capital


In May 1982, with the successful conclusion of FRAM IV, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) completed the FRAM series of observations from ice floe stations in the eastern Arctic (Fig 1)—expeditions initiated each spring from 1979 to 1982. The programme developed from an unsuccessful attempt by the Arctic Programme of the ONR to duplicate Fridtjof Nansen's drift of the FRAM across the Arctic. This was to have involved freezing the icebreaker USCGC Burton Island in the pack ice of the Laptev Sea, but the programme was cancelled due to lack of support. Arctic scientists meeting at the Third Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Geophysics at Madison, Wisconsin, decided on an alternative programme involving ice floe stations. Named FRAM in honour of Nansen's vessel (Hunkins and others 1979a; Kristoffersen 1979), this was eventually organized by the Arctic Programme of ONR to provide basic environmental data from the eastern Arctic north of Greenland. From its inception FRAM emphasized multi-disciplinary research by scientists of several nations. The stations were under US management, with logistics coordinated by the Polar Research Center, University of Washington, under ONR contract. Danish scientists were involved through the Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland, Norwegians through the Norsk Polarinstitutt, British scientists through the Scott Polar Research Institute, and Canadians through the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. Each expedition emphasized a particular scientific discipline with supporting programmes: below are listed the dates, major studies (priority discipline first), chief scientists and key data reports of each.


Concepts are a critical element in our ability to understand and categorise natural phenomena. Indeed, the term fold-thrust belts is used to categorise the different natural phenomena that together define the set of structures commonly found in compressional tectonic settings. Within this over-arching term sub-terms are used to categorise the geometries and evolution of different sub-sets of structures. These categorizations (e.g. fault-bend fold, fault propagation fold etc.) include inherent conceptualisations of fold-thrust structure evolution. The concepts are dominated by geometrical constraints and for thrusting, by its nature, deformation localisation. We argue that the true interplay of the deformation characteristics and the controls that underpin folding and thrusting are not fully integrated or represented in these categorisations. Yet we are apparently anchored to these conceptual models of fold-thrust belts and their structures. Evidence suggests that anchoring occurs early; from teaching examples based on simple conceptual forms, that then dominate individuals' future conceptual models of structures and how they evolve. How we present and use models, at an early stage, to explain and represent concepts can have significant affects.


Measured and calculated rotationally resolved photoelectron spectra for photoionization of low rotational levels of the C^1B_1 Rydberg state of water are reported. This is the first example of rotationally resolved photoionization spectra beyond the special cases of H_2, high-J levels, and threshold spectra. These spectra reveal very nonatomiclike behavior and, surprisingly, the influence of multiple Cooper minima in the photoelectron matrix elements.


The Kom-Sanctuary National Park complex at Gorilla de Mengame located in South Cameroon precisely along the border between Cameroon and Gabon. It has an important exceptional biological biodiversity and is part of the Ngoyla-MINTOM forest massif. In order to improve knowledge on the state of poaching, a survey study was carried out between May and June 2019 with 70 people. Although the results of the study confirm the presence of poaching activity in the area, subsistence hunting is the predominant activity (79%). Three types of stakeholders were identified: primary, secondary and tertiary stakeholders. The respondents find that the most targeted species are duikers (Cephalophus silvicultor, Cephalophus dorsalis, Cephalophus monticola) (59%), pangolins (Manis gigantea) (16%), monkeys (Cercopithecus spp.). Hunters use home-made firearms for small-scale hunting and war weapons for large-scale hunting. The analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats revealed that cross-border poaching and lack of logistical/financial resources are the main threats. The improvement of the population's standard of living through the creation of income-generating activities (IGA) and the involvement of the population in all conservation processes are two essential axes to overcome this problem.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of near miss and the nature of near miss events, and comparatively analyze near miss morbidities among pregnant women managed in our institution over a 4-year period. STUDY DESIGN: The study was conducted in Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital. Cases were identified through a retrospective analysis of hospital records of pregnancy-related complications reported between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2011. For each case of near miss morbidity and maternal death, data on demographic characteristics were collected, including the patient's age, parity, previous deliveries, and gestational age at delivery. Data on the nature of obstetric complications, the location where they developed (home, private doctor's office, maternity center, or hospital), type of delivery, fetal outcomes, and length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) were collected. RESULTS: During the study period, 6833 adults required ICU admission; 41 (0.60%) of them were obstetric patients. The total number of births reported during the study period was 9841. The mean age of the patients was 28.5 years (range, 17-52). Six women (14.6%) were admitted before and 35 (85.4%) after childbirth. The most common diagnosis was preeclampsia (41.5%), followed by obstetric hemorrhage (29.2%). CONCLUSION: Maternal health care policies need to be concerned with preventing near miss cases.


Hot rolled HSLA (High strength low alloy) steels with two compositions were investigated by means of microstructure and mechanical property analysis. Thermal mechanical controlling process (TMCP) technology was applied for required microstructure and mechanical property. Effects of micro-alloying elements such as Mo, V and Ti on the microstructure and mechanical property of the experimental steels were analyzed. Results indicate that: Micro-alloying elements such as Mo, V and Ti can significantly strengthen the experimental steel by solid solution hardening, precipitation hardening and grain refinement; H1 steel which contains more Mo, V & Ti than H2 steel presents much higher strength and better formability than H2.


The online examinations are in common for all competitive exams in order to reduce the workload of the faculties as well as students. In conducting online exams, new kind of technologies are using for better functioning. In these areas new implementations are coming. Till date Visually Challenged people cannot attend the online exams due to various factors. To make them to participate in such exams like ordinary peoplean advanced system is proposed. Here the questions which are available as softcopy are being dictated to the students with the help of voice board, the visually challenged peoples can hear it by using headphones. The applicants can answer it by pressing by pressing the keys in the keyboard. [7],[ 9] ,[11]


Acariosis is a chronic parasitic disease, and it is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei and Psoroptes communis which parasitize on the skin surface of sheep. The disease mainly happens in autumn and winter, with characters of skin inflammation, trichomadesis, intense itch and emaciation. Pathogen, clinical symptoms and prevention measures of the disease were summarized in this paper in order to provide reference for the effective control of sheep mite disease.


This article argues that modernist fiction pointedly involves all our senses as part of its reaction to the project of modernity and progress, as well as to Victorian realism; it is not just a response to a heighted sensibility towards new soundscapes, new perceptions of motion and new olfactory experiences in the aftermath of industrialization and modernization. This "rebellion" involves a shift of focus from outer, rational and objective reality to inner, irrational and subjective consciousness, which drives the emphasis on emotional and sensational experience. The article suggests that in light of recent important developments in cognitive, psychological and neurological research, as well as in affect studies and intermedial and multimodal studies, there is reason to revise modernist stylistics. This could predominantly be done within the theoretical field and taxonomy of intermediality, as proposed by Lars Ellestrom. The latter half of the article discusses some textual modernist samples to more convincingly establish a theory of modernist sensorial aesthetics.


The invention discloses an anatomical plate for proximal humerus. The anatomical plate comprises a head and a body, adjusting holes and a built-in trimming groove are further arranged in the head, suture holes are arranged in the edge of the head and are obliquely arranged in a steel plate, the suture holes have two orifices respectively include first orifices and second orifices, the first orifices are located in outer surface of the head, and second orifices are located on the edge side of the head; the built-in trimming groove which is of a kidney ellipsoid shaped straight slot is vertically arranged at the near end of the head, the top arc-shaped groove surface of the built-in trimming groove is tangent to the upper edge of the head, and scale marks are arranged on the edge of the built-in trimming groove and are located on the outside surface of a board of the head; Kirschner needle fixation holes are arranged in the middle of the board of the head and are located right under the built-in trimming groove. By the arrangement, the built-in trimming groove can provide precise adjustment within the range of 0-10mm, so that when the steel plate is placed by a doctor, the steel plate is no longer placed according to visual results, and precision positioning can be achieved.


This study aims to identify the determining factors in the digital start-up valuation at the agro seed funding platform. To have a clear understanding, firstly this study provides a conceptual framework, and secondly, evaluates the digital start-up valuation for seed funding platforms (stages) by expert opinions from relevant experience. The study findings are important to develop further digital start-up business for the new agro seed funding. This study identifies that the determinant factors in digital start-up valuation are not merely based on financial aspects, but also based on subjective judgmental factors. The result indicates that the determining factors in digital start-up valuation at the seed funding stage are divided into the micro, meso and macro-levels of analysis. Each level of analysis focus on various aspects, e.g., micro-level on individual and commercial aspects, the meso-level on organisational and corporate aspects, and the macro-level on industry aspects. The findings of this study will be useful in the digital start-up valuation process and will provide guidelines for digital start-up businesses to improve their commercial performance.


......................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv Vita ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables...................................................................................................................x List of Figures .............................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 Verbal Behavior .......................................................................................................2 Verbal Operants .......................................................................................................3 Relevance to Education .......................................................................................... 10 Behavior-Based Interventions ................................................................................ 11 The Lovaas Method ............................................................................................... 12 Verbal Behavior Approach ..................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Literature Review ......................................................................................... 21 Search Procedures, The Lovaas Method ................................................................. 21 Participant Characteristics, The Lovaas Method ..................................................... 22 Intervention Characteristics, The Lovaas Method ................................................... 32 Overview of studies ............................................................................................... 41 viii Search Procedures, Verbal Behavior Approach ...................................................... 43 Participant Characteristics, Verbal Behavior Approach .......................................... 44 Intervention Characteristics, Verbal Behavior Approach ........................................ 52 Overview of Studies, Verbal Behavior Approach ................................................... 60 Review Discussion ................................................................................................. 61 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 64 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 70 Chapter 3: Method ........................................................................................................ 73 Participants and Setting .......................................................................................... 73 Materials ................................................................................................................ 75 Dependent Variables and Response Definitions ..................................................... 78 Data Collection and Measurement .......................................................................... 78 Interobserver Agreement and Treatment Integrity .................................................. 79 Experimental Design .............................................................................................. 80 Procedures ............................................................................................................. 80 Maintenance and Generalization ............................................................................ 90 Social Validity ....................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 4: Results.......................................................................................................... 92 Bill ........................................................................................................................ 93 Tim ...................................................................................................................... 117 John ..................................................................................................................... 140 Social Validity ..................................................................................................... 163


In the early 1970s, Lederberg worked diligently to dispel what he believed was the "myth" that Avery's work on
 the "transforming principle" was not widely appreciated by scientists when it first appeared in the mid-1940s. In
 this letter, Avery asked Himes how Avery was perceived at Columbia in 1944-45.


Many children with tic disorders outgrow their tics, but little is known about the proportion of individuals who will continue to require specialist services in adulthood and which variables are associated with tic persistence.


Against a background of growing concern about the adverse effects of agricultural land degradation due to accelerated soil erosion, nutrient depletion and high population pressure, farmers in the Jos Plateau, Nigeria have adopted biological and structural land management practices, though the degree of adoption of such practices varies from one farm household to another. This study, based on a survey of 150 farm households, employed a stepwise multiple linear regression model to analyse the factors significantly influencing the adoption of land management technologies. The results of the analysis revealed four variables, namely, extension service, agricultural labour force, accelerated soil erosion and out-migration, explaining nearly 90% of the variation in the range of land management technologies adopted. The first three of these variables have positive influences on adoption. Extension service appeared to be the strongest, impacting on skills in the agricultural labour force. Policy recommendations are made in line with the findings of the analysis.


INTRODUCTION In an attempt to address the apparent paucity of empathy and the so-called "moral decay" in the United States and Canada (evidenced in part by increasing incidents of violence among children) recent efforts in moral education have focused on mapping and cultivating the capacity for empathy and the other-regarding emotions in children. This approach to moral education is also consistent with attempts in psychology, sociology, and philosophy to understand moral motivation by way of studying the heroic altruism of modern day saints and heroes, most notably the rescuers of Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. Curricular initiatives in this regard have ranged from the values clarification programs of the 1970s and 80s (based on theories of psycho-social development) to the recent resurgence of an Aristotelianbased character education, similar to programs last popular in North America in the 1920s. However, these approaches have met with only limited success. The apparent moral relativism of values clarification was a significant factor in its demise; and studies of youngsters who perform morally desirable behaviors while in the presence of authorities, but not in their absence, lend support to critics who charge that the behavioral focus of character education does not necessarily reflect a shift in moral motivation. Thus, I propose that in order for moral education to effect the deeper kind of transformation it seeks, attention ought to be shifted away from an emphasis on decision-making and moral behavior toward a reconceptualization of moral agency itself — that is, to a critique of the foundational assumptions regarding subjectivity that underpin even apparently diverse curricula.


ZT is a Buddhist practice conducted dialogically between a client (or "protagonist")
and a therapist (or "anagonist"), the therapist providing an ambiance of love,
compassion and resilience. This practice is aimed toward liberation of the mind (or
"heart") which we can specify as release from ignorance, from dispersion and from
meanness. This release can be of varying degrees or apply to various domains of a
life, but ultimately leads toward dissolution of the ego complex, or self-conceit, that
is understood to be the root source of delusion. The practice is based upon discerning,
from the evidence of inner and outer life, the spirit in which the client thinks, speaks
and acts and the conflicts inherent therein. It is a path of subtle accompaniment. It
may involve intensification of, moderation of, or challenge to the internal conflict of
the client that is preventing them from moving on in life. It proceeds step by step
following the living thread of subtle discernment, yet arrives at points of sudden crisis
and transformation that release natural processes, sometimes painful, that then must
be worked through.


Abstract The synthesis and mesomorphic properties of a class of cyclotriphosphazenes containing cyanostilbene groups with different terminal substituents (-H, -CH3, -OCH3, -CN) are described. All the resulting compounds are characterized by 1 H, 13 C, and 31P NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight, and elemental analysis. The thermal behaviors of cyclotriphosphazene derivatives are studied by the means of differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. Nematic phases are observed in cyclotriphosphazenes with terminal substituents (-CH3, -OCH3, -CN). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


The zero‐field splitting (ZFS) of the 3Eu state of Zn porphyrin is treated theoretically. Three types of interaction are discussed: (i) spin‐orbit coupling Hso, (ii) spin‐spin coupling Hss, and (iii) crystal‐field coupling Hcef. Four coupling cases are defined depending on the relative sizes of these three terms. Experimental data on ZFS by optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) are given for Zn etioporphyrin. The data can be explained assuming either Hso ≪ Hss or Hcef ≫ Hso. In either case we find D ≈ 0.035 cm−1, a value obtained earlier by EPR studies on the triplet. For a 3Eu case, in addition to the usual E parameter there is a parameter E′. The ODMR experiments show that | E | + | E′ | ≲ 0.005 cm−1. The ZF ODMR spectrum is unusually broad. This can be explained by the effect of Hcef in the case Hso ≪ Hss or by the effect of Hso in the case Hcef ≫ Hso.


AbstractMaintaining spatial integrity is an important concern in both the tactical and operational levels of forestry planning. Spatial relationships are typically represented by adjacency constraints. The number of needed adjacency constraints for even a small number of planning units, if not kept to a minimum, may be too large to include in a mathematical programming formulation. Several approaches have been developed to "minimize" the number of adjacency constraints used. These approaches involve either constraint subset selection or constraint aggregation. We demonstrate that with constraint aggregation the theoretical minimum of necessary adjacency constraints is one. However, the range of coefficients of one aggregated adjacency constraint is impractical for actual application. As an alternative, we explore the approach of identifying a minimal subset of a class of structural adjacency constraints. As a part of this approach, we develop a two-stage procedure to identify and fine tune a minimal subse...


The exploration of high-energy-density electrostatic capacitors capable of operating both efficiently and reliably at elevated temperatures is of great significance in order to meet advanced power electronic applications. The energy density of a capacitor is strongly dependent on dielectric constant and breakdown strength of a dielectric material. Here, we demonstrate a class of solution-processable polymer nanocomposites exhibiting a concurrent improvement in dielectric constant and breakdown strength, which typically show a negative correlation in conventional dielectric materials, along with a reduction in dielectric loss. The excellent performance is enabled by the elegant combination of nanostructured barium titanate and boron nitride fillers with complementary functionalities. The ternary polymer nanocomposite with the optimized filler compositions delivers a discharged energy density of 2.92 J cm − 3 and a Weibull breakdown strength of 547 MV m − 1 at 150 (cid:1) C, which are 83% and 25%, respectively, greater than those of the pristine polymer. The conduction behaviors including interfacial barrier and carrier transport process have been investigated to rationalize the energy storage performance of ternary polymer nanocomposite. This contribution provides a new design paradigm for scalable high-temperature polymer film capacitors.


The interactions of 4.5A GeV/c 24Mg nuclei with emulsion have been studied. The multiplicity distributions of all the produced target protons from 24Mg–emulsion interactions has been found to obey the KNO scaling behavior. The angular characteristics of the relativistic charged particles have been investigated and their dependence on the multiplicity of the relativistic shower particles has been studied. The results reveal that increasing the multiplicity of the shower particles, leads to a shift of the peak of the pseudorapidity distributions towards the lower values of the pseudorapidity and also to a decrease of the average pseudorapidity. The study of the rapidity dispersion of the relativistic charged particles shows that the clusterization effect is significant among the final state of the relativistic particles produced in the heavy-ion interactions. Azimuthal correlations in the angles of the relativistic charged particles have been investigated.


For modern and innovative enterprises, the priority activity should be effective and skillful management of the possessed human resources since they are considered as one of the most valuable assets of the enterprise, which can provide the achievement of competitive advantage on the market. In the paper, there is discussed the problem of human resource management in the context of providing employees with opportunities for development.In the first part of the paper, there is presented the significance and specificity of human resources for modern enterprises and the selected definitions of human resource management. In the subsequent part of the paper, there is discussed the issue of the necessity to invest in staff development and the significance of improving staff competences for enterprises. The last part of the paper includes the analysis of dependencies between investing in staff development and the level of development of enterprises operating in Poland. The analysis has been conducted on the basis of the empirical data included in the report of the research Rozwijanie kompetencji przez doros?ych Polakow (Developing Competences by the Adult Poles), conducted on behalf of Polish Agency for Enterprise Development and the study by Central Statistical Office Kszta?cenie doros?ych 2011 (Educating Adults 2011).


This report describes the results of NCGIA Research Initiative 14 on "GIS and Spatial Analysis." This initiative focused on the interface between these spatial statistical problems and geographic information systems, a major goal being to advance the capabilities of GIS in facilitating spatial statistical analyses.


We present the analysis of the phase space geometry of 2 $\rightarrow$ 3 reaction for the general case of nonzero and unequal particle masses. Its purpose is to elaborate an alternative approach to the problem of integration over phase space which does not exploit the Monte Carlo principle. The fast and effective algorithm of integration based on Gauss method is developed for treating 1--dimensional distributions in two--particle invariant variables. The algorithm is characterized by significantly improved accuracy and it can meet requirements of interactive processing.


Ecological genetics is the investigation of the influence of ecological factors on the genetic properties of populations, and the influence of genetic structure on their ecological properties. Ideally, these studies should determine how genetic variation is affected by selection and by the size, dynamics, and degree of subdivision of populations; what ecological factors determine the relative fitness of genotypes; and what effect the genetic composition of a population has on such ecological parameters as its density, stability, and ecological amplitude. Many studies have demonstrated selection in natural populations; indeed, the widespread existence of selection is perhaps the only generalization that can be made about ecological genetics. But most studies are incomplete. A few, such as the analysis of inversion karyotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura by Dobzhansky


The present invention provides a precast-block refractory for coke ovens which has high hot strength and which underdoes stable expansion/contraction motion under a load at high temperature. That is, the present invention pertains to a siliceous precast-block refractory for coke ovens which is characterized by containing 0.3-2 mass% of a P 2 O 5 component.


Several tools for use in approximation algorithms to color 3-chromatic graphs are presented. The techniques are used in an algorithm that colors any 3-chromatic graph with O(n/sup 3/8/)+O(n/sup 3/8+O(1)/) colors (or more precisely) O(n/sup 3/8/log/sup 5/8/ n) colors, which improves the previous best bound of O(n/sup 0.4+0(1)/) colors. The techniques are illustrated by considering a problem in which the 3-chromatic graph is created not by a worst-case adversary, but by an adversary each of whose decisions (whether or not to include an edge) is reversed with some small probability or noise rate p. This type of adversary is equivalent to the semirandom source of M. Santha and U.V. Vazirani (1986). An algorithm that will actually 3-color such a graph with high probability even for quite low noise rates (p>or=n/sup -1/2+ epsilon / for constant epsilon >0), is presented.<<ETX>>


Radiative heat transfer is very important in different fields of mechanical engineering and related technologies including heat transfer in furnaces, aerospace, nuclear reactors, different high-temperature assemblies. In particular, in the course of a hypothetical severe accident at pressurized water reactor (PWR) the temperatures inside the reactor vessel reach high values at which taking into account of radiative heat exchange between the structures of reactor (including core and other reactor vessel elements) gets important. Existing models of radiative heat exchange use many limitations and approximations like approximate estimation of view factors and beam lengths. The module MRAD was used in this paper to model the radiative heat exchange in rod-like geometry typical of PWR. Radiative heat exchange is computed using dividing on zones (zonal method) as in existing radiation models implemented to severe accident numerical codes such as ICARE, SCDAP/RELAP, MELCOR but improved in following aspects: • new approach to evaluation of view factors and mean beam length; • detailed evaluation of gas absorptivity and emissivity; • account of effective radiative thermal conductivity for the large core; • account of geometry modification in the course of severe accident. Special attention is paid to deriving of exact analytical values of view factors and mean beam lengths (which are a good tool in radiative heat transfer concerning gas media) for a number of "standard" geometries. Generalized Hottel's method of strings is used for rods of finite lengths. Monte-Carlo method is used for validation of new model in application to "standard" geometries. The developed model is successfully applied for modeling of PARAMETER-SF1 and QUENCH-06 tests, which use the triangular and square rod assembly respectively.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Restoration of blood flow in case of stenotic brain‐supplying arteries relies on restoration of arterial inflow, achieved by an outgrowth of preexistent arterioles (arteriogenesis) and depends on monocyte migration into the vesel wall. It was assumed that a stimulation of monocytic function induces collateral growth, while anti‐inflammatory substances might interfere negatively.


Objective To evaluate the mechanisms of hepatocytes injury caused by APAP poisoning and to investigate the role of verapamil pretreatment.Methods In cultured rat hepatocytes,concentration of[Ca 2+ ] i,MDA,SOD and LDH were observed at the time of 30min,1h,2h,4h,8h after exposure to 10mmol/L APAP.Hepatocytes were treated with various concentrations of verapamil 2h before addition of APAP;and above indices were measured 4h later.The data was analyzed by F test.Results Concentration of [Ca 2+ ] i was significantly increased at 30min,that of MDA was increased at 1h,those of SOD and LDH changed at 2~4h after APAP exposure.Pretreatment of 20μg/ml and 40μg/ml verapamil can significantly decrease the concentration of [Ca 2+ ] i,MDA and LDH and increase the level of SOD.Conclusion These findings suggest that hepatocytes injury was caused by APAP.Pretreatment with certain concentrations of verapamil can protect the hepatocytes injury. [


Studies from the USA1-3 and UK4 have shown an under-representation of skin of color in dermatology educational resources, but to our knowledge this has not been investigated in Scandinavia. This matters because skin conditions can look different in different skin types, and conditions common in some ethnic groups may be overlooked.


This article details the recent history of CIGNA's Property & Casualty Division and its restructuring efforts intended to better identify and serve its external customers. The Loss Control Services (LCS) organization is a strong example of one of the division's internal service providers. The article explains loss control services within an insurance operation, then outlines CIGNA'S LCS efforts to keep pace with change and to continually improve for the benefit of its internal—and ultimately, CIGNA's external—customers.


The means comprises a sleeve in envelopment of a tie bolt which penetrates a coolant chamber formed within a plurality of adjoined housing components. The sleeve is slightly foreshortened so that neither end thereof will contact the bolt end fasteners, to insure that the sleeve will not be subject to stress (as when the tie bolt experiences temperature excursions). The sleeve carries annular seals, at the opposite ends thereof, which resiliently support the sleeve within the coolant chamber and effectively close off the coolant chamber from the tie bolt.


This study aimed to adapt and examine the validity of Strengths and
Difficulties Questionnaire Teacher Report (SDQ-TR) (hyperactivityinattention
subscale) as hyperkinetic disorder screening instrument
based on clinical psychologists� diagnosis using PPDGJ III standard.
The subjects were 284 boys and girls (7-14 years old) from elementary
schools in Kabupaten Sleman and Kota Yogyakarta. Screening quality
used Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), Likelihood Ratio (LR)
and Chi square analysis. Sensitivity and specificity were 72.4% and
73.3% (for the optimum cut-off point � 7). Positive Likelihood Ratio and
negative Likelihood Ratio were 2.71 and 0.38. The Chi square analysis
showed that there was positive correlation between clinical
psychologists� diagnosis and the SDQ-TR screening results. From the
research above, it can be concluded that SDQ-TR can be employed as a
hyperkinetic disorder screening instrument.


Blood glucose level in the human body is regulated by the pancreas through the production of a harmone namely insulin through a negative feedback system. For patients with critical illness of diabetes mellitus continuous treatment is provided in intensive care units. Although model based technique is used for controller development by many researchers the current research on intelligent controller able to adjust to changes in patient glucose. It is desirable to develop efficient model based control techniques to yield accurate insulin dose for the desirable closed-loop performance. This work shows better set point tracking using model reference adaptive control is presented. The design of controller and simulation were done using simulink tools.


Education is a vastly complex social sphere teetering on the cusp of major transformation. In this critical moment of change, investigating central problematics in education becomes not only edifying but imperative. The Political Economy of Education in the Arab World is a welcome and timely effort that pays attention to an understudied facet of education in an important part of the world. Utilizing a political-economic lens across a range of topics and geographies, the volume asks why educational quality remains low across Arab countries despite substantial educational spending, improved student access and robust donor support. The volume's point of departure is that a political-economic lens not only explains the perennial underperformance of "Arab" education, but is also its panacea. The solution to obstinate educational problems, the editors argue, "must engage underlying political and economic problems first – not simply technical or pedagogical issues regarding the practice of instruction" (239). The editors, who readily admit that they have little experience in education in the Arab world, untenably dismiss critical issues of educational philosophy, pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, school organization, teacher training, and educational infrastructure and technology, treating those as mere "technical" issues. Forcing the massively complex and multi-faceted problems of education into a limited purview of political economy, the volume sidelines experts in the multidisciplinary field of education studies and barely converses with educational scholarship – which has a long tradition of engagement with politicaleconomic issues. Grounded in political science and economics, the volume's central thesis is that Arab states are "limited access orders" that privilege some (insiders) and exclude most (outsiders). Those orders face a central dilemma. How do they reform education in a way that "stimulate[s] economic growth without inducing demands for political openings" (3)? Since education reforms tend to


Objective To explore the changes of serum tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α)and interlukin-6( IL-6) levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver( NAFL) and its correlation with insulin resistance. Methods Thirty-nine patients with NAFL were selected as NAFL group,and30 healthy people were selected as control group. The changes of fasting blood glucose( FBG),homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance( HOMA-IR),IL-6 and TNF-α levels were compared between two groups,and the relationship between HOMA-IR and IL-6,TNF-α levels was analyzed. Results The levels of FBG,HOMA-IR,IL-6 and TNF-α in the NAFL group were significantly higher than those in the control group( P 0. 05 or P 0. 01). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that HOMA-IR was positively correlated with IL-6 and TNF-α( r = 0. 649,0. 724,P 0. 01). Conclusion The levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α increase significantly in patients with NAFL,and these two indexes are closely related with insulin resistance.


Hypertension (HT) is still the leading health problem. HT may cause complication on many target organ, thus it should be treated seriously. Management of HT consist of nonpharmacdogical and pharmacdogical treatment. Pharmacdogical therapy consist of giving an antihypertensive drugs and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). CCBs works through calcium inhibition into the cell by channel-L. CCBs divided in two groups, dihydropyridine that works at the arteries and non-dihydropyridine that cause perifer dilatation and reduction of perifer resistance. CCBs have good anti HT effects in mild and moderate HT, is dose dependent, and is suitable for patients who are not compliant to salt diet. Compared with b-Blockers and diuretics, CCBs are better in lowering its incidence of left ventricular hyperthrophy. CCBs is safe and has equal effectiveness with other anti hypertensive drugs. CCBs is suitable for hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus, asthma and renovascular disease. Keywords: antihypertensive drugs, dihydropyridine, non-dihydropyridine


An infant swing has a base member supported by hanger members for reciprocal movement. The base member is formed with an upwardly extending mounting protrusion that nests into a mating receiver structure formed on the bottom of the seat carrier. A latch mechanism carried by the seat carrier is selectively operable to disengage a pivoted, spring-loaded latch member mounted on the base member mounting protrusion. The seat carrier is formed with a pivoted lift handle that provides a dual lift function, including the normal lift function associated with the lift handle being raised into the upright operative position. The lift handle is formed with grip openings adjacent the pivot connection of the lift handle such that the grip handles are rotated for access when the lift handle is lowered to the folded position to enable the seat carrier to be lifted by grasping the two transversely spaced grip openings.


The invention discloses a purification method of a cobalt nickel hydroxide hydrochloric acid leaching solution. The purification method mainly comprises the following processing steps: I. dissolving and leaching a cobalt nickel hydroxide raw material produced by laterite-nickel ore transformation through industrial concentrated hydrochloric acid; II. adding barium chloride to a leaching solution and implementing sulfate radical removal operation; filter-pressing the solution and reserving the solution as an extracting pre-solution for later use; III. preparing an organic phase at ratio of 25% to 75% of P5O7 to sulfonated kerosene; saponifying the prepared organic phase in a soda soap kettle; reacting the saponified organic phase with a pure nickel chloride solution to obtain nickel soap; and IV. extracting the nickel chloride extracting pre-solution obtained from the step II through the P507 nickel soap, wherein the extracting solution obtained is a finished pure nickel chloride solution. The production process disclosed by the invention is safe and the extracting solution produced is better in component; and moreover, the purification method is short in technological process and more effective in process control.


The methanolic extract of the aerial part of a Vietnam medicinal plant Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. shows an inhibitory effect of over 65% inhibition on Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) enzyme at a concentration of 30 μg/mL. By using assay-guided isolation, four compounds including protocatechuic acid (1), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), caffeic acid (3) and methyl 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate (4) have been isolated and structurally identified through spectroscopic (NMR, IR, and MS) data analysis. All of the isolated compounds (1-4) are tested for their inhibitory effects on PTP1B enzyme activity. As a result, all of theseisolated exhibited inhibitory effects on PTP1B with IC50 have values of 29,59 ± 3,99, 24,75 ± 1,12, 27,05 ± 2,94, and 36,12 ± 0,89 μM, respectively. In this essay, ursolic acid shows an IC50 value of 4,12 ± 0,09 μM.


The TeraHertz (THz) band ranging between 0.1 THz and 10 THz offers huge vacant bandwidths and consequently enormous link capacities. Still, the severe path loss imposed at THz frequencies makes the adoption of beamforming techniques imperative for optimal exploitation of this frequency range. In this paper, aiming at taking full advantage of the available bandwidths in this frequency range, we propose a hybrid beamforming algorithm adopting dynamic array of subarrays architecture in a point-to-point Ultra Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (UM-MIMO) system. Firstly, we evaluate the unique trade-off between the spectral efficiency and the hardware complexity of the system, that the proposed algorithm enjoys. Finally, we merge the proposed beamforming algorithm with the IEEE 802.15.3d standard and evaluate the performance of a point-to-point link using the proposed algorithm.


Climate change is likely to increase the frequency, duration and intensity of flooding in urban areas around the world, posing a major challenge for planners (IPCC 2012). While scientists are reluctant to attribute individual floods to climate change, there have been indications of the types of challenges that lie ahead with major inundations of urban areas in the USA, UK and Australia over the last two years. When such flooding occurs in industrial zones there is an increased risk that hazardous substances will be released into flood waters posing an added danger to both people and the environment. A well-integrated and coordinated response is required to manage these risks using spatial planning and policy instruments that make the best use of the full range of information available about such hazards. This paper argues that the essential information needed is already available, much of it on-line, through initiatives such as on-line pollution inventories that identify the location of sites where hazardous chemicals are used, created or emitted. We demonstrate how such on-line data can be integrated into a useful spatial risk analysis tool that will assist urban planning, disaster risk management, and climate change adaptation. The paper offers a three-way comparative analysis of the relevant planning and policy instruments already in place in the USA, UK and Australia (Howes 2005). A pilot study of the 2011 Brisbane floods is used as an example of how an integrated spatial risk analysis instrument can be created to provide timely, accessible and valuable information for policy-makers, planners and emergency services.


The one-pot synthesis of a Cu(II) complex with partially oxidized tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) moieties in its capping MT-Hsae-TTF ligands, [CuII(MT-sae-TTF)2] [CuICl2] was realized by the simultaneous occurrence of Cu(II) complexation and CuIICl2 mediated oxidation of TTF moieties. The crystal structure was composed of one-dimensional columns formed by partially oxidized TTF moieties and thus the cation radical salt showed relatively high electrical conductivity. Tight binding band structure calculations indicated the existence of a Peierls gap due to the tetramerization of the TTF moieties in the one-dimensional stacking column at room temperature, which is consistent with the semiconducting behavior of this salt.


In September of 1536, the papal singer and composer Costanzo Festa wrote a letter to his Florentine patron Filippo Strozzi. Festa, having heard about a music printer in Venice, hoped to contact him there through one of Strozzi's agents. He continued: Have him [the printer] understand that if he wants my works, that is, the hymns [and] the Magnificats, I do not want less than one hundred fifty scudi and, if he wants the basse, two hundred in all. If he wants to print them, he can place the hymns and Magnificats in a large book [choirbook format] like that of the fifteen Masses [Antico's Quindecim missarum, RISM 1516], so that all choirs would be able to make use of them. The basse are good for learning to sing in counterpoint, to compose and to play all instruments.


Objective: To establish the limits of intra-observer test–retest reliability of the Short Orientation–Memory–Concentration Test (SOMC), and to investigate the relationship of performance on the SOMC with a test of verbal memory. Design: Each patient was assessed twice by the same assessor over an interval of 3–7 days. Setting: Two specialist rehabilitation units concerned with patients with severe and/or complex disability arising from neurological disease. Subjects: Thirty-eight patients aged 17–63 years, 25 being men, with a variety of neurological diseases. The Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index score ranged from 0 to 20, median 10.5. Measures: The Short Orientation–Memory–Concentration Test, the Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index and the paragraph recall subtest of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT). Results: There was a slight but statistically significant (p<0.01) improvement in the score of 2 points (out of 28) between the two test occasions, but this was not related to the interval between testing or to the mean score of the two tests. The scores differed by as much as +10 to –8, but most patients (n= 35; 92%) showed a difference between –2 and +6 points. The SOMC scores were correlated with the RBMT paragraph recall immediate and delayed scores (r= 0.74) but the scatterplot showed considerable variation. Conclusion: If used by the same observer, changes in the SOMC score are likely to reflect a real difference if it increases by more than 6 points or decreases by more than 2 points. The SOMC does seem to reflect verbal memory.


In an effort to save the environment, many existing education methods concentrate on pumping out factual information and a continual stream of pressing crises that ultimately create a feeling of ''well-informed futility,'' rather than cultivating what Aldo Leopold called ''the Ecological Conscience'' rooted in emotional-bonding with nature. While over 90% of the general public agrees with the goals of the environmental movement, just how to educate and motivate people to live and act in accord with ecological balance, is unclear. Suggested here are five pathways to developing an ecological conscience, concluding that the most effective path is through having powerful exceptional experiences with nature that evoke strong emotional bonding - ''Significant Life Experiences,'' ''Exceptional Human Experiences,'' or Jung's concept of ''synchronicity.'' A variety of exceptional nature-bonding experiences are described, many of which have transpersonal qualities. Often such experiences occur associated with visiting special sacred places. On a foggy February morning in l905, Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester in the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt, slowly rode his horse, ''Jim,'' through Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. Pinchot was depressed and perplexed, for his close friend President Roosevelt had asked him to come up with a single unitive policy directive that could be used to guide resource management for a wide variety of issues including fisheries, wildlife, forestry, public grazing lands, mining and mineral leasing, oil drilling, park lands, and so on. Pinchot found the magnitude and complexity of the assignment overwhelming, despite years of training at Yale and in Europe. As he rode, in as much of a fog inside as in the world around him, suddenly Pinchot found his mind descending into what he later called ''a long dark tunnel.'' Arriving at the end of the tunnel, he saw a wild landscape in India where he recalled there were large natural areas called ''conservancies'' that were managed for the good of everyone. The words ''the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time'' came to mind. Pinchot raced back to the White House and rushed into the Oval Office to relate his experience. Roosevelt became so excited that he called a special cabinet meeting that evening. During that session Secretary McGee coined the word conservation to describe the new comprehensive resource policy of the Roosevelt Administration which was defined as: ''The wise use of natural resources for the greatest number of people for the longest time'' (Pinchot, 1947, p. 40).


In many subjects students have to acquire procedural skills. Problems in mathematics are often solved using a standard procedure, such as for example solving a system of linear equations by subtracting equations from top to bottom, and then substituting variables from bottom to top. Problems in computer science, physics, chemistry, electrotechnics, and other subjects, often require procedural skills as well. Furthermore, procedural skills appear at any educational level.


Recently there has been a good deal of correspondence regarding the image of physicists, some of it light-hearted, some very emotive (see Lateral Thoughts, December p76 and Letters, January p21). The point has been made that the recruitment of young people into physics is allegedly affected by the popular image of physicists.


Soils were collected to 15 cm along the four cardinal directions at three locations around 10 creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) plants at five sites in the southwestern United States. The sampling locations were: (i) at the canopy center, (ii) along the outer canopy edge, and (iii) in open areas between plant canopies. A portion of the soil from each sampling location was analyzed for particle size distribution, pH, EC, CaCO3, Ca, K, Na, Mg, NO3--N, organic C, available P, and Mn. The remaining soil from each sampling location was seeded with either Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) or blue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale). Grass seeds were germinated and grown for 42 d in a greenhouse. Nitrate was significantly lower in open areas between creosotebush canopies than near the shrub canopy center at all sites. Grass seedling growth decreased with increasing distance from the canopy center and seedling growth was highly correlated with nitrate concentrations. Spatial distribution patterns for the other measured soil properties did not occur in a consistent fashion across all sampled sites. The action of mechanical tillage to limit creosotebush competition, and corresponding dilution of NO3--N in the soil volume, may reduce the probability of establishing perennial grasses.


The phase-amplitude coupling of quantum dot lasers is studied by taking into account carrier dynamics and the contribution of off-resonant states to the refractive index change. Calculations reveal a strong dependence on the modulation frequency.


Introduction . The modern development of chemistry and chemical technologies allow us to produce synthetic materials that exhibit physical characteristics similar to the characteristics of the tissues of the body, a satisfactory biocompatible and thromboresistant. Such materials are demanded in vascular surgery, but their practical use is required to improve their biological properties, namely the ability to form normal endothelium on the inner surface and the cell layers inside the wall. Biodegradable synthetic polymeric 3D matrices, populated by functional endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle (SMC) cells of the recipient can be a suitable option for reconstructive surgical interventions on the vessels. The purpose . To evaluate bio - and hemocompatible of the tissue-engineered polycaprolactone scaffolds, seeded by donors EC and SMC in experiment in vivo. Materials and methods . 3D-matrices (polycaprolactone+ gelatin) made by electrospinning method, seeded in vitro human EC and SMC, which were obtained from heart tissue. Cells were cultured on these matrices for 7 days, then were implanted in the abdominal aorta of 23 SCID mice. 3D matrices without cells were implanted 12 mice for control. After 2, 4, 12 and 24 weeks after implantation, performed ultrasound scan and MRI of the abdominal aorta, immune histological studies explanted patches. Results . Polycaprolactone patchs seeded by functional EC and SMC enhanced local neovascularization in the area of their implantation, with the development of a vascularized fibrous capsule, promote adhesion and proliferation of EC and SMC, provide good patency of the mice abdominal aorta during 24 weeks of observation. Conclusion. Cell-populated polycaprolactone matrices can be used to create patient-specific vascular grafts.


Objective To observe the effect of traditional Chinese medicine in dealing with multi-drug resistant strains of gram negative bacillus. Methods The susceptibility of organisms identified by automatic microbial system(Vitek) was tested by Kirby-Bauer(K-B) method as described in NCCLS to ensure their multi-drug resistance. The methods of dilution test in tubes and testing sensibility in the agar plate with drug paper were selected to determine the effect of extract of traditional Chinese medicine against the multi-drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results Both methods showed that the traditional Chinese medicine was more effective on the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and less effect for the strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion The multiple acting mechanhisms of traditional Chinese medicine on bacteria is less likely to lead to the occurrence of drug resistance in microoganisms. But to date traditional Chinese medicine is not easy to reach a high concentration in vivo, thus it can not replace antibiotics. Therefore combined use of traditional Chinese medicine and antibiotics is recommended.


This study focuses on projected changes to vegetation characteristics and their interactions with the atmosphere under future climatic conditions over North America, using four transient climate change simulations of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5). Here CRCM5 performs dynamical downscaling of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) simulated data, for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. For each RCP, two CRCM5 simulations are performed—one with static vegetation phenology and the other with dynamic vegetation phenology—for the 1950–2100 period over North America. The dynamic vegetation model used here is the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model. Results show that the extension of the growing season under future climatic conditions in the dynamic phenology simulations leads to higher annual vegetation productivity and biomass. In comparison with projected changes based on CRCM5 with static phenology, CRCM5 with phenology dynamics leads to an albedo‐mediated warming enhancement across most of North America in spring. In summer, results suggest a warming enhancement in the northern latitudes and an attenuation of warming for more southern regions due to hydrological feedbacks. Furthermore, results suggest that vegetation enhances its water‐use efficiency with rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Over southeastern United States, in the dynamic phenology simulation corresponding to the RCP8.5 scenario, the adverse effects of the projected increase in temperatures and decrease in precipitation on vegetation dominate the CO2 fertilization effect, leading to decreasing trends in productivity during the 2071–2100 period. This study thus clearly demonstrates that phenology dynamics modulate greenhouse gas‐mediated warming through various biophysical feedbacks.


Pectinase enzyme production (due to the many applications in different industries) from fungal sources (such as Trichoderma, which have the potential pathogenicity for humans and animals and microorganisms is considered safe for various industries) due to greater stability and diversity significant in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes enzyme systems that are currently used for the production of an enzyme compounds have many advantages. Trichoderma reesei is one of the most active isolates in enzyme production that in this study with direct mutation in the genome of the fungus, the activity of this enzyme was investigated in a suitable temperature and pH in order to increase the activity of fungal pectinase. In this case, mutation induction was performed in T. reesei with optimum dose of 250 Gy. After substrate preparation and induction of pectinase, pectinase activity in 21 mutanted isolates were measured. All experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. And statistically analyzed using SPSS software and ANOVA and mean comparison using Duncan took a 5% statistical level. Our results showed that, two most active strains were T.r M13 andT.r M 15 with specific activity of the enzyme 4.01U/ml and 2.65 U/ml, on the other hand, isolates T.r M7 and T.r M1 by 0.18 U/ml and 0.16 U/ml specific activity were weakest isolates .In 50% of isolates causing mutations by gamma-ray radiation lead to increased pectinase activity.