N THE oddness of its place names, not even Maine surpasses Alaska. Besides the usual English names, the Territory, twice the size of Texas, is liberally sprinkled with names bestowed by the Russian explorers and settlers during the last century, and in addition has an enormous number of names of aboriginal origin. Any good map of Alaska is spangled with names like Aniahwagamut and Egegik. (There is even an Eek.) Many of these native names can hardly be said to have standard English pronunciations. The places that they apply to are tiny native villages, seldom visited by any whites other than an occasional trader, missionary, or government official, and often they were abandoned not long after the map was printed. The Alaskan aborigines are classified linguistically as follows: The Eskimos (or Innuit, as they call themselves) are scattered along the north and west coasts. The Aleuts of the fog-bound Aleutian Islands are physically and linguistically similar to the Eskimos, but culturally quite different. The Haida, the Tlingit (or Thlinkit), and the Tsimshi (or Chemmesy) inhabit the Panhandle of Alaska and the British Columbian coast, and are characterized by the unique potlatch-and-totem-pole culture. The relatively primitive Indians of Athapascan (or Athabascan) language stock inhabit the Interior.


SUMMARY This study mathematically formulates the fluid field of a water-wave interaction with a porous structure as a two-dimensional, non-linear boundary value problem (bvp) in terms of a generalized velocity potential. The non-linear bvp is reformulated into an infinite set of linear bvps of ascending order by Stokes perturbation technique, with wave steepness as the perturbation parameter. Only the first- and second-order linear bvps are retained in this study. Each linear bvp is transformed into a boundary integral equation. In addition, the boundary element method (BEM) with linear elements is developed and applied to solve the first- and second-order integral equations. The first- and second-order wave profiles, reflection and transmission coefficients, and the amplitude ratio of the second-order components are computed as well. The numerical results correlate well with previous analytical and experimental results. Numerical results demonstrate that the second-order component can be neglected for a deep water-wave and may become significant for an intermediate depth wave. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The solid solutions exhibit high ionic conduction due to the migration of O2− ions via oxygen ion vacancies. The emf of a galvanic cell,, is measured within the temperature range between 700° and 800°C as a function of . At such high oxygen pressures as in air, the emf changes according to indicating the ionic transference number in the solid solution is unity. With decreasing oxygen pressure, however, the observed emf becomes smaller than the theoretical value. This indicates the onset of electronic conduction generated by the reduction of the solid solution. The dependence of the emf on is described bywhere is a constant corresponding to the oxygen partial pressure at which the ionic transference number of the solid solution becomes 0.5. From the temperature dependence of , partial molar enthalpy changes for the reduction of are calculated.


Numerical integration of the gasdynamic equations describing the coupling between vibrational relaxation and dissociation for a hydrogen–helium mixture in a plane shock wave shows that the total entropy is a completely monotonic function of time; this is found to be the case whether the system is considered to be isolated, or whether there is loss of energy or mass from the flow.


This paper argues that Schistosomiasis haematobium infection should be globally reframed as not just a neglected tropical disease, but among the most important cofactors of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa; it states that elimination should not be considered an unattainable ideal, but a tremendously effective method of curtailing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in co-endemic regions. First, recently generated epidemiological and clinical evidence that suggests a potential interaction is discussed. Second, the pathophysiological hypothesis supporting this association is elucidated upon. Finally, the WHO-stipulated criteria for priority HIV interventions is introduced, which are adequately satisfied by the four pillars of schistosomiasis elimination programming. This paper claims that if SH can be redefined and integrated into widely-politicized and well-funded HIV-programming to receive the attention it requires, the world could witness not only the elimination of the second deadliest parasitic infection, but an impressive assault on the epidemic that for four decades has devastated the globe.


A system and method is provided for a cluster system. The cluster inlcudes a plurality of nodes operating software instances. The nodes access files on one or more data storage devices over a network. The nodes are connected to each other over an interconnect networl. The interconnect network


Few reports have examined how pre-sleep alcohol affects performance on the next day given adequate sleep opportunity on a preferred schedule. Our goal is to identify whether alcohol intake targeting .08g% 1 hr before sleep of ~8 h will affect PVT performance on subsequent days, with the hypothesis that morning performance will be negatively affected.

 25 adults (13F; age range 22-57 y) completed the full study, including at-home sleep on a fixed schedule of 8-9 hr and two 3-night in-lab PSG sessions spaced ≥3 days apart. Sessions were counterbalanced for alcoholic or nonalcoholic control beverage administered in 3 drinks over 45 minutes ending 1 hr before bedtime. Alcohol was targeted to .08g%. The 10-min PVT (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc.) was given each night (PM-Lab) 1.5 hr before drinking and in the morning after a light breakfast (AM-Lab) 50 min after waking. PVT was performed at home/work twice each day within 1.5-h windows starting 3h after waking (AM-Home) and 7.5h after waking (PM-Home). Two reaction time (RT) variables were assessed: RRT (1/RT), FRT (10% fastest RT). Linear mixed effects models were used to account for nesting of assessments within alcohol/control condition and days.

 RRTs showed slowed RT (meanRT±SE) following alcohol: AM-Lab F=7.234, p=.008, alcohol RT=246±9.6 msec, control RT=234±9.6 msec; AM-Home F=17.936, p<.001, alcohol RT=254±9.5 msec, control RT=242±9.6 msec; but not PM-Home or PM-Lab tests. FRT slowed for AM-Lab F=9.391, p=.003, alcohol FRT=195±4.3 msec, control FRT=201±4.3 msec; AM-Home F=17.251, p=.001, alcohol FRT= 202±4.4 msec, control FRT=194±4.4 msec; PM-Home F=3.379, p=.068 (trend), alcohol FR=200±4.8 msec, control FRT=196±4.8 msec, but not for PM-Lab PVTs. PM-Home FRT also had a significant day order effect: F=3.087, p=.0496, Day 1 FRT=197±5.0 msec, Day 2 FRT=202±5.0 msec, Day 3 FRT=195±5.0 msec.

 We found statistically significant slowing of psychomotor vigilance RT on days after pre-sleep alcohol lasting up to 3-4.5h after waking in the morning (with a trend up to 7.5-9h post waking). PVT lapses (not shown) were similarly affected by alcohol. Thus, even with sufficient sleep opportunity, RT is impaired following 3 consecutive nights of alcohol drinking.

 R01AA025593


We present a second order scheme for the barotropic and full Euler equations. The scheme works on staggered grids, with numerical unknowns stored at dual locations, while the numerical fluxes are derived in the spirit of kinetic schemes. We identify stability conditions ensuring the positivity of the discrete density and energy. We illustrate the ability of the scheme to capture the structure of complex flows with 1d and 2d simulations on mac grids.


Mobile communication security techniques are employed to guard the communication between the network entities. Mobile communication cellular systems have become one of the most important communication systems in recent times and are used by millions of people around the world. Since the 1990s, considerable efforts have been taken to improve both the communication and security features of the mobile communications systems. However, these improvements divide the mobile communications field into different generations according to the communication and security techniques such as A3, A5 and A8 algorithms for 2G-GSM cellular system, 3G-authentication and key agreement (AKA), evolved packet system-authentication and key agreement (EPS-AKA), and long term evolution-authentication and key agreement (LTE-AKA) algorithms for 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) systems. Furthermore, these generations have many vulnerabilities, and huge security work is involved to solve such problems. Some of them are in the field of the public key cryptography (PKC) which requires a high computational cost and more network flexibility to be achieved. As such, the public key infrastructure (PKI) is more compatible with the modern generations due to the superior communications features. This paper surveys the latest proposed works on the security of GSM, CDMA, and LTE cellular systems using PKI. Firstly, we present the security issues for each generation of mobile communication systems, then we study and analyze the latest proposed schemes and give some comparisons. Finally, we introduce some new directions for the future scope. This paper classifies the mobile communication security schemes according to the techniques used for each cellular system and covers some of the PKI-based security techniques such as authentication, key agreement, and privacy preserving.


Initial project of one-cylinder high-speed marine diesel engine is presented in this paper. Basic platform for this engine rebuilding was Polish manufactured WOLA DM 150 six cylinders marine diesel engine. Main concern is focused on changes in valve train mechanism and fuel injection system. Naval University in Gdynia for many years carries scientific-investigative works from the range of the operation of shipping piston-combustion engines. They there refer processes reaching in cylinders of the engine as and processes accompanying to them. Main investigative themes at present performed in the Institute of Design and Operation of Battleships of the area of piston engines refer: research of the course of the pressure of the combustion in the cylinder with multi symptom analysis of this parameter for the implementation in the diagnostics and research of the influence of different factors on the toxicity of combustion gases. The idea system of the timing gear distribution with the hydraulic drive of valves, the idea of the fuel injection system , as well as the verification stand along with entrance tests are presented in the paper.


THE Pulzar Z1 solid state refractive laser (CustomVis) is safe and efficient for the correction of a whole range of refractive treatments, with results analogous to excimer laser data, reported Emanuel Rosen MD at the XXV Congress of the ESCRS. "The Pulzar Z1 is more practical than other laser systems in many ways. It can be used for all grades of myopia and hyperopia, with and without astigmatism, and for presbyopic corrections.We look forward to seeing how it evolves in the future," he commented. He reported a study that included 436 eyes with myopia up to -14.5 D and astigmatism up to -5.5 D, and 195 eyes with hyperopia of up to +5.0 D and mixed astigmatism up to -6.5 D. It also included 25 presbyopic eyes.The study involved eight different, international sites. Surgeons at the individual centres followed their patients for one to three months.The surgeons evaluated the data themselves.This is an ongoing investigation. Three hundred and sixty-six myopic eyes (84 per cent) achieved vision of within 0.5 D of their intended refraction and 427 eyes (98 per cent) were within 1.0 D of the intended refractive correction after one month follow-up, revealing very good predictability, Dr Rosen said. An uncorrected visual acuity of 6/6 was achieved in 322 (74 per cent) myopic eyes, with 383 eyes (88 per cent) achieving 6/7.5 or better.The best-corrected visual acuity was improved by one line in 22 of the study eyes. In the hyperopic series, 166 eyes out of 195 (86 per cent) had 6/6 UCVA or better postoperatively. The post-presbyopic surgical outcomes showed that 95.45 per cent of the patients had good bilateral far and near vision and were satisfied and comfortable."We are treating the patient and not just a single eye," Dr Rosen pointed out. All of the eyes, with presbyopic correction, had 20/25 (J2) or better for near vision and 72 per cent of the treated eyes achieved a UCVA of 20/40 or better. No eye lost over one line BCVA, he noted. An analysis of the attempted refraction compared to the actual, achieved refraction revealed very few outliers, meaning that the procedure was very predictable and safe, Dr Rosen maintained. He explained that for presbyopic LASIK corrections, surgeons treated only the non-dominant eyes in this initial trial. Four eyes had only presbyopic correction, while the remaining 21 eyes had combined hyperopic and presbyopic correction. The surgeons performed multizone presbyopic LASIK, involving central and peripheral zones for distance and a middle zone for near vision.They had the advantage of the iris and limbal registration functions of the CustomVis Pulzar Z1, which aided in precision.These patients were followed for an average of 10 weeks. Dr Rosen noted that presbyopic LASIK was a compromise solution, but the outcomes seemed nonetheless to give good, solid results that left patients satisfied. He noted a slight increase in higher order aberrations including trefoil, but lower than the numbers found in other published data. "As with multifocal contact lenses and IOLs, we expect the satisfaction rating to increase as the far UCVA improves, which occurs as the patients adapt over time due to the process of neural adaptation," he said. According to Patrick Condon MD of Waterford Ireland, who moderated the ESCRS Free Paper session, longer wavelengths sounded like a faster laser but perhaps also one causing a higher thermal effect than conventional lasers do. Dr Rosen noted that there was no difference to the 193nm laser in terms of the thermal effect, however, the speed was enhanced. He observed that the clinical data using this new technology supported the safety, predictability, and efficacy of the Pulzar Z1 Solid State Refractive Laser (213 nm) for the correction of a whole range of refractive treatments and showed overall equivalence to excimer laser data.The Pulzar Z1 was a viable, practical and convenient alternative to conventional excimer laser systems, he noted. The Pulzar Z1 is a new high-speed solid-state laser for the correction of myopia and hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia by LASIK. It has a solidstate engine, 231nm wavelength (as opposed to 193nm), and 0.6mm flying beam spot, capable of surgical planning, high-speed tracking and limbal/iris registration.


Background. Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects on human growthand development. WHO (2007) recommends the use of iodized salt for IDDprevention, because is easily obtained, cheap, and all levels of society consumedit.The identification of social, economy, knowledge, attitude, and practice thatinfluence the used to iodized salt is essential. It would allow us to formulate betterintervention measures. Objective. To understand the relationship between socialeconomic factor, knowledge and attitude about iodized salt, together with practice inhousehold. Methods. This is a cross sectional study to 211 child bearing age 15-45years old. Samples selected by random sampling from 3 villages in Ngombol district,Purworejo area. Results. Age, education, income, knowledge, attitude, and practicein utilizing iodized salt had significant relationship with iodized salt in household (R2 =0.078 ; pl0.05). Practice (beta 0.197 p = 0.007) in utilizing iodized salt was the mostdominant factor that could influence iodized salt content in household. Conclusion.Practice in utilizing iodized salt was the most dominant factor that could influenceiodized salt content in household. The better practice in utilizing iodized salt thehigher the iodine content in household salt.


From educational developing tendency of our country,this article discusses the necessity and importance of running a school cooperatively with foreign countries,and emphasizes the problems arising from the cooperation.It also analyzes the causes of the problems and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.


Antimony speciation analysis by a novel hyphenated system ion chromatography-bianode electrochemical hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection(IC-BEcHG-AFS) was developed.Parameters which might affect separation and detection were investigated.Under the optimum conditions,the detection limits(LOD) for Sb(Ⅴ),Sb(Ⅲ) were 5.39,5.42 μg/L(S/N=3) respectively with the injection volume of 100 μL.The proposed method was successfully applied to the antimony speciation analysis of traditional chinese medicine angelica with good recovery.


A method for finding the strongest starting set of reflections for multisolution direct methods is proposed and compared with the Convergence Method of Germain, Main & Woolfson [Acta Cryst. (1970), B26, 274-285].


1. Introduction: Indexical versus anaphoric clauses 2. Mapping indexical and anaphoric CPs onto Plains Cree's morphosyntax 3. Indexical clauses: Plains Cree's independent order 4. Anaphoric clauses: Plains Cree's conjunct order 5. A syntactic classification of anaphoric clauses 6. A semantic classification of anaphoric clauses 7. Conclusions


Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of miniprobe endoscopic ultrasonography(mEUS)in protuberant lesions of esophagus.Methods A total of 259 patients with esophageal protuberant lesions detected by gastro-endoscopy received mEUS,and the results were analyzed.Results In 259 cases of esophageal protuberant lesions,there were 17 cases of superficial mucosal lesions(6.5%),192 cases of submucosal lesions(74.2%),7 cases of esophageal carcinoma,42 cases of compression from outside the esophageal wall(16.2%)and 1 case of violation of esophagus by lung cancer(0.4%),and in another way of classification 170 cases of interstitial cell tumors and smooth muscle tumors(65.6%),53 cases of tumors occurred in muscularis propria(31.2%),115 cases in muscularis mucosa(67.6%),2 cases in submucosa(1.2%).Fifty-five lesions got pathological diagnosis,of which 51 were consistent with mEUS findings.Conclusion mEUS can clearly show the hierarchy of esophageal wall,with accurate positioning function of esophageal protuberant lesions,and can suggest the nature of disease.


We propose a novel network architecture that enables intra- and inter-datacenter converged flow management. By adopting our proposed single large-scale optical circuit switch, intra- and inter-datacenter traffic can be transported without any blocking.


iv ACKOWLEDGEMENTS The present research was support by grant HD068435 awarded to Dr. Saudino. In addition to this financial support, this work would not have been possible without the support of my colleagues, family, and friends. First and foremost, I am grateful to my mentor, Dr. Kimberly Saudino, not only for allowing me to work with the Boston University Twin Project sample, but also for her thoughtful guidance. I am very fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from Kim's skilled expertise and am thankful for the support that she has provided me. In addition to Dr. Saudino, I am deeply appreciative of my dissertation committee, Drs. Lyons, Tarullo, and Corriveau and committee chair Dr. Peter Blake for their skilled direction. I would also like to express sincere gratitude to the staff, students, and volunteers of the Boston University Twin Project for their assistance in recruiting, collecting, entering and checking data for this project. This team has gone above and beyond the call of duty and I am eternally grateful for their support and friendship. Further, I am appreciative to the Boston University Twin Project families for their continued involvement in the project. Finally, I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to all of my family, who have expressed continual pride and reassurance throughout my years as a graduate student. I am exceptionally lucky to have so many wonderful people in my life. I cannot thank you enough. ABSTRACT Executive functioning (EF) facilitates a wide range of purposeful actions and plays a significant role in adaptive functioning. Despite considerable variability in EF, little is known about the factors underlying individual differences in EF in early childhood. The aims of the present research were to explore the genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in EF and the factors underlying the relations between EF and developmentally-significant outcomes. The sample comprised 209 4-year-old twin pairs (79 monozygotic, 130 dizygotic). EF was assessed with the NIH Toolbox: Early Childhood Cognitive Battery, a computerized battery of multidimensional measures. Both observers and parents provided ratings of temperament and parents evaluated behavior problems. School readiness was assessed with a standardized test of basic skills. Model-fitting procedures revealed that variability in set-shifting and inhibitory control could be attributed to both genetic (i.e., 36% and 46%, respectively) and nonshared environmental (i.e., 64% and 54%, respectively) influences. A moderate phenotypic association (r=.30) was found between set-shifting and …


And a self-heating value provides a burn-in device that the temperature of the electronic component a number of different simultaneously be reliably adjusted to a predetermined temperature. A heater block (420a) and the cooling block is a possible flow path (411a~413a) distribution of the coolant formed (410a) and the sensor block (430a), the burn-in board 200 has a temperature sensor (431a) having a heater (421a) while in contact with the mounted multiple DUT, in the burn-in device that performs at the same time burn-in test with respect to said plurality of DUT, a first accommodating space (415a) and a second housing space (416a) in the cooling block (410a) is formed and, a heater block (420a) is accommodated in the first accommodating space (415a), keeping the distance between the inner wall surface, a sensor block (430a) is in maintaining the spacing between the inner wall surface state the second is accommodated in the accommodating space (416a). Burn unit


Introduction Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a common consequence or complication in the operations of skull base tumors. The Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap (HBF) is the most common local flap used in the reconstruction of the meninges. It is a nasoseptal flap (NSF) vascularized by the sphenopalatine artery (SPA). Improvement of the already existing techniques is necessary. Aim To present our experience in HBF and to evaluate the criteria used for qualification (relative and absolute indications) for the NSF reconstructive technique. Material and methods The retrospective study included 25 patients who underwent expanded endonasal approach (EEA) operations with the NSF. The correctness of qualification based on our own criteria was assessed. The most important modifications of the original HBF as well as the reasons for failures are discussed. Results There were 12 relative and 13 absolute indications for NSF harvesting. In 2 cases no anticipated CSF leakage was observed. No complications were reported. Conclusions Skull base reconstruction with HBF and its various modifications is a highly effective technique. Absolute indications for NSF harvesting prior to resection are: reoperations in the case of a previous open approach, preoperative CSF leakage, intradural localization of a tumor related to its etiopathogenesis, suspicion of intradural diffusion of a neoplasm in magnetic resonance imaging if the etiopathogenesis cannot clarify the tumor's relation to the meninges. Relative indications concern mostly pituitary macroadenomas of at least 2.5 cm in diameter.


A physiological function of culm-node-parts of the culm of rice plant at grain maturing stage was investigated. The term, culm-node-part represents the complex of basements of a leaf-sheath and of an elongated internode, as shown in Fig. 1. This culm-node-part can readily be distinguished in a longitudinal section by staining with ninhydrin, TTC, or iodine. The form of each culm-node-part in a culm varies apparently with the positions of the node. The proportion of internode basement to leaf-sheath basement in an uppermost culm-node-part was 85.0%, while that of the third node from top was 45.5% in dry weight with the variety Manryo (Table 1). In other words, the nearer to the panicle, the greater the proportion of internode basement is. Amylase activity of culm-node-parts was determined as shown in Table 2. The activity in an internode basement was greater at upper node, but that of leaf-sheath basement was conversely decreased at upper node. Such high amylase activity in the uppermost internode basement seems to favor sugar translocation from the culm to the panicle. On other hand, the low activity in the terminal leaf-sheath basement seems to be due to the decreasing leaf area in the upper leaf. Changes in form and amylase activity in culm nodes as described above might have some bearing on the translocation of carbohydrates to the maturing grains. As is generally known, the cutting of leaf-blade at or ten days before heading results in the decreased yield, the removal of flag leaf being most deteriorating. Thus the terminal leaf-blade must have an important function to grains yield. Thereupon, the effect of removing leaf blade on the amylase activity in the culm-node-parts was investigated. The activity was clearly decreased in the culm-node-part with treated leaf as shown in Table 3 and starch content in the internodes just above the culm-node-part with treated leaf was also clearly decreased (Table 4). Hitherto, it has been though that the main reason for the decreased grain yield caused by the leaf-blade cutting is the decrease of leaf area during the maturing stage. However, the results obtained in this experiment suggest that the yield decrease caused by leaf cutting is not only due to the decreased leafarea but to the decrease in translocation of assimilates resulting from the lowering in amylase activity in the culm-node-parts. To prevent a decline of a physiological activity in the culm-node-part will be important for better grains maturing.


Wound closure is a crucial step in the treatment of burns, often performed using autologous skin graft. Unfortunately, in extensive burn injuries, only limited area of normal skin can be used to make a graft which is not enough to cover the entire wound surface. To overcome the shortage of the skin donor site, a skin graft constructed from a sheet of co-cultured human dermal fibroblast and keratinocyte has been proposed. In this study, human dermal fibroblasts were isolated from skin biopsies obtained from patients, hospitalized for burn injuries. To construct cell sheets, fibroblasts were grown on the commercial temperature-responsive culture surface (UpCell™) and on our UV-polymerized poly(N-isopropy-lacrylamide-co-acrylamide) (PNIAM-CO-AM), which also exhibited a phase transition with temperature. Fibroblasts grew well on both surfaces at 37°c. To detach the cells as an intact cell sheet from UpCell™ surface, the incubation temperature was lowered to 20°C for 30 minutes. On the other hand, a two-step incubation (10°C for 30 minutes and 20°C for 60 minutes) was required to detach the fibroblasts cell sheet from PNIAM-CO-AM coated surface. The qualities of the multilayered cell sheets, as assessed by histochemical staining show that both surfaces yielded high quality tissue-like sheet consisting of healthy fibroblasts.


This study examines the relationship between the average precipitation by depth measured in millimeters (mm) per year, and the crop production index for the years 2015 through 2020. The crop production index measures the total agricultural crop productions relative to the base time of 2014 to 2016, for countries around the world. This study uses regression analysis to examine this relationship. The regression studied 154 total observations for the total crop production for these regions. Contrary to conventional belief, this study found no statistical relationship between the average precipitation depth and the crop production index at any given level of significance.


The aim of this paper was to investigate the quality of the liquid phase (water) from the red mud disposal site of the Aluminium Plant in Podgorica. Based on theoretical knowledge and experimental results, the water from the red mud disposal site was refined, so that it could sluice in the recipient (Moraca River). Refining of the water achieved the following: 1) reduction of environment pollution and 2) reduction of natural water consumption, which contributed to the preservation of a major environmental resource. The technological treatment of water from the disposal site was based on the selection of the optimal reagent for neutralization, separation of the solid products from that process and sluicing of the treated water into the recipient. The results obtained will be useful in the protection of potable well-water located in vicinity, south of the Aluminium Plant in Podgorica.


If the case in question were merely an example of a missed diagnosis that perhaps presented atypically or subtly in its early stages, misconduct would not be an issue. Uncertainty is inherent to the nature of health care. With the tincture of time, diagnoses become clarified, and the last opinion is closest to the "correct" diagnosis. It is the luxury of one giving a second opinion not to stumble over the same pitfalls as one's predecessor. Unfortunately, it appears that this is not a situation of an unusually …


A method of processing seismic data comprises the step of: obtaining an estimated data trace for a target location by interpolation from a first set of spatially irregularly sampled seismic data traces. The interpolation step comprises applying a weighting function dependent on the target location. The weighting function may be proportional to a sinc function, where sinc (x,f) = sin (xf)/xf, with a sinc frequency that varies locally dependent on the target location.


Objective To compare clinical restoration effect of the precious metal porcelain and Ni-Cr alloy-porcelain.Methods A total of 182 precious porcelain teeth from 56 patients were restored.The other 193 nickel-chromium alloy-porcelain teeth from 56 patients were restored.They were examined in integrity,retention,shade,cervical margin,and gingival health,immediately,6 months and 3 years after the restoration.Results The proportion of superior performance in the integrity and surface color of the dental crown,the color and the health status of the gum were 96.7%,93.4%,95.1% and 94.5%,respectively,in the precious porcelain group 3 years after the restoration,they were significantly higher than those in the nickel-chromium alloy group(88.1%,86.5%,82.9% and 86.0%,respectively),with a significant difference(P0.05).Conclusion Precious porcelain was better than Ni-Cr alloy porcelain in biocompatibility and aesthetics.


Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper in order to adequately specify the experimental procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.


th and in the first half of the 20 th century. 18 species were determined including 15 species from Sweden and 8 species from Germany. Three species – Allocotocera pulchella (Curtis, 1837), Sciophila nigronitida Landrock, 1925 and Sciophila nonnisilva Hutson, 1979 – are reported from Sweden for the first time.


ABSTRACT In Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) programmes, students learn content knowledge and a second/foreign language (L2) simultaneously. It follows that both content and language are assessed, although research on how to do so remains scarce. This study explores the interplay between cognitive and linguistic demands of CLIL assessments. Having analysed over 4900 questions in Science/Biology textbooks, workbooks and examination papers in Hong Kong, we observed that junior secondary assessments were dominated by low-level cognitive (i.e. recall of knowledge) and linguistic (i.e. no production or word-level production) demands, whereas senior secondary assessments required higher-order thinking skills (i.e. application and analysis of knowledge) expressed in sentences or even texts. Also, based on the analysis of 70 junior secondary students' performance in school examination papers, we noticed a potential hindrance of linguistic demands to students' performance in CLIL assessments. These findings together underscore the integral role of language in CLIL assessments and raise questions about the adequacy of existing pedagogical practices in preparing students to tackle both cognitive and linguistic demands in CLIL assessments, particularly when they proceed to higher grade levels where the demands in both dimensions leap. These have significant implications for CLIL assessment design, pedagogy and teacher education.


More and more tunnels are built to cross natural barriers or urban areas. Existing tunnels receive increasing traffic and a number of them need refurbishment. In all cases, effective equipment as well as efficient and safe operation is needed. For fifty years since its creation in 1957, the PIARC Technical Committee 3.3 on Road Tunnels Operation has been studying the various aspects of road tunnels geometry, equipment, operation, environmental impact and safety. This session on Road Tunnel Operations will present recent progress in technical equipment, including incident detection using video image processing and fixed fire fighting systems. While PIARC has always been reluctant regarding the use of traditional sprinkler/deluge systems before tunnel users have evacuated, water mist systems bring new possibilities: their use will be discussed on a case-by-case approach since it is not believed they bring additional or cost-effective safety in all cases. A rather new area is related to the behaviour of tunnels users as well as operators and emergency teams. The session will draw lessons from studies of normal and emergency situations. It will discuss how better take into account and if possible improve user's behaviour through tunnel design and operation. Due to very high traffic, urban tunnels raise specific questions which will be addressed taking into account the points of view of the operator as well as the users and local community. For the covering abstract see ITRD E139491.


The article presents results of research on views on life prospects of students who experience a bitter feeling of loneliness. It describes the features of their temporal orientation, planning of the future: objectives in view, chosen means for achieving the latter, as well as motivation bases for implementation of the intentions.


In the present work premature and uncontrolled auto-ignition phenomena in boosted spark ignition direct injection (DISI) engines also referred to as "pre-ignition" or more commonly as "low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)" have been investigated. The work focuses on the identification of the fundamental processes triggering LSPI in order to provide a deeper understanding of this irregular combustion mode and enabling the development of mitigation strategies.
LSPI represents an irregular combustion phenomenon that is associated with modern high efficiency engine concepts, i. e. downsized DISI engines, posing a serious challenge in SI engine development. The premature onset of combustion, occurring before the spark plug fires, generally provokes severe engine knock. The most interesting feature of LSPI is the fact that it may occur in bursts consisting of several pre-ignition events alternating with regular cycles. In recent years LSPI has become a prominent issue in SI engine development. A considerable research effort has been spent to unfold the underlying mechanisms of this combustion phenomenon driven by the following reasons: First of all LSPI has a fatal impact on engine durability. Moreover, a common hypothesis assumes that the occurrence of LSPI indicates that a critical limit in engine efficiency has been approached.
A combined research approach is applied covering theoretical considerations, numerical simulations of auto-ignition processes, three dimensional CFD computations as well as experimental investigations in a production engine. The research project has been carried out in collaboration with the department of engine research (IFKM) at KIT. The present thesis focuses on the numerical investigations of auto-ignition processes under engine relevant conditions based on a detailed description of the chemical kinetics and the molecular transport processes. The CFD simulations as well as the experimental part have been performed at the IFKM.
In a first step potential triggers of LSPI have been identified taking into account the fundamental aspects of auto-ignition chemistry and the governing processes of mixture formation inside the combustion chamber. The conditions that enable a premature auto-ignition in the different potential development scenarios have been determined using numerical simulations. In addition, the sensitivity of auto-ignition with respect to the governing parameters has been analyzed. The comparison of the required conditions predicted by the simulation and the evidence obtained from experimental investigations and CFD computations enables an assessment of the potential of the considered mechanism to trigger LSPI.
Considering the results obtained by applying the described approach the majority of the potential sources of LSPI were found to be ineffective. Auto-ignition provoked by incandescent solid particles was identified as the most likely agent of LSPI. Such particles are either formed during the incomplete combustion of droplets potentially originating from a liquid reservoir inside the piston top land crevice or due to the flaking of combustion chamber deposits. In addition the hypothesis of a particle driven LSPI occurrence provides a probable explanation for the observed bursts of alternating pre-ignition and regular combustion events.
On the basis of the suggested triggering mechanism of LSPI potential mitigation strategies have been derived. Crucial prerequisites for the occurrence of LSPI are the build up of a liquid reservoir in the piston top land gap as well as a rather inefficient gas exchange. The formation of the liquid reservoir may be hindered by adjusting the spray targeting properly and hence reducing spray impingement on the liner. Improving the scavenging reduces the amount of residual gas and decreases the probability of incandescent particles in the compression stroke. The present thesis provides valuable insights in the fundamental mechanisms provoking LSPI in boosted DISI engines and represents a promising basis for further studies in the field of LSPI. The suggested further experimental investigations may provide some of the missing links to promote a fundamental knowledge of LSPI. Moreover, the proposed mitigation strategies may reduce the issues associated with LSPI in production engines.


Recently, a few-degrees extended $\gamma$-ray halo in the direction of Geminga pulsar has been detected by HAWC, Milagro and Fermi-LAT. These observations can be interpreted with positrons ($e^+$) and electrons ($e^-$) accelerated by Geminga pulsar wind nebula (PWN), released in a Galactic environment with a low diffusion coefficient ($D_0$), and inverse Compton scattering (ICS) with the interstellar radiation fields. We inspect here how the morphology of the ICS $\gamma$-ray flux depends on the energy, the pulsar age and distance, and the strength and extension of the low-diffusion bubble. In particular we show that $\gamma$-ray experiments with a peak of sensitivity at TeV energies are the most promising ones to detect ICS halos. We perform a study of the sensitivity of HAWC, HESS and the future CTA experiment finding that, with pulsar efficiencies, for the conversion of spin-down luminosity into $e^{\pm}$, of the order of few %, the first two experiments should have already detected a few tens of ICS halos while the latter will increase the number of detections by a factor of 4. We then consider a sample of sources associated to PWNe and detected in the HESS Galactic plane survey and in the second HAWC catalog. We use the information available in these catalogs for the $\gamma$-ray spatial morphology and flux of these sources to inspect the value of $D_0$ around them and the $e^{\pm}$ injection spectrum. All sources are detected as extended with a $\gamma$-ray emission extended about $15-80$ pc. Assuming that most of the $e^{\pm}$ accelerated by these sources have been released in the interstellar medium, the diffusion coefficient is $2-30 \cdot 10^{26}$ cm$^2$/s at 1 TeV, i.e. two orders of magnitude smaller than the value considered to be the average in the Galaxy. These observations imply that Galactic PWNe have low-diffusion bubbles with a size of at least 80 pc.


Adolescents – defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as persons aged 10–19 years – account for 1.2 billion or 18% of the world's population.1 Adolescence is a crucial phase in human development, with rapid psychosocial and biological changes and it is often a period of experimentation and risk-taking. Health-related behaviours – such as patterns of alcohol use – affect physical and cognitive development, which can have an effect on long-term health. All these factors have implications for the types of health interventions that adolescents need.2 However, little is known about the impact of health financing choices on adolescents, a group rarely mentioned in the ongoing discussions about universal health coverage.

How health care is financed is an important element of achieving universal coverage. WHO's health financing cube shows how to approach universal coverage (Fig. 1),3 which includes extension of coverage to more people, offering more services and reducing direct payments at the time of health service use. There are many ways to do this, but do they work for adolescents?

Fig. 1

Three dimensions to consider when moving towards universal health coverage

Here we show how an explicit focus on adolescents can be used to examine the extent to which a health financing system meets the needs of this group. Questions need to be asked about adolescent membership in a pooled funding scheme, the fees they have to pay, and the availability of specific services.


This set of lectures is intended as an overview of the recent results from B Factory experiments on time-dependent CP asymmetries in B decays. They begin with a review of the basic requirements of such measurements, and the related studies of B lifetimes and B 0 -B 0 mixing. A brief tour of the PEP-II and KEKB facilities and the BABAR and Belle detectors is provided. We will examine the basic components of time-evolution measurements: exclusive reconstruction of B mesons, determination of the proper ∗ ∗


Micro-mechanical properties such as nanohardness,elastic modulus,fracture tough- ness,etc.,of a composite coating on hot-dip aluminized steel,which consists of Al_2O_3 layer,A1 layer and FeA1 layer,were evaluated by using nanoindentation method.The morphologies of nanoindenta- tion were observed using SEM.There are some pores with micron scale or sub-micron scale within ceramic coating formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation,and the effects of pores on load-displacement response and crack propagation were analyzed.The results show that elastic modulus and hardness of ceramic coating are about 226.4 GPa,19.6 GPa,respectively.Mechanical properties of ceramic coating are very discrete when the nanoindentation depth is 250 nm.The propagation resistance of crack in A1203 layer is larger than that in FeA1 layer.Radial crack emerges from the corner of residual impression of FeA1 layer and propagates along straight line.For ceramic layer in addition to radial crack,lateral crack also appears in nanoindentation.


This paper presents an algorithm for decision-making in multiple open ascending-price (English) auctions where the buyer needs to procure a complete bundle of complementary products. When making bidding decisions, the utility of each choice is determined by considering the buyer's expected utility of future consequential decisions. The problem is modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP), and the value iteration method of dynamic programming is used to determine the value of bidding/not bidding in each state. To ease the computational burden, three state-reducing techniques are employed. When tested against adaptations of two methods from the literature, results show that the algorithm works significantly better when sufficient information on the progress of other concurrently running auctions will be available when future bidding decisions are made.


This paper used Gini index to analyze the equalization effect of total financial revenue and financial transfer payment system.Results show that current financial transfer payment system has an equalization effect in some extent,but the proportion of local tax return reflect-ed vested interests and special transfer payments reflects that department vested interests was greater than the proportion of financial resources transfer payments whose horizontal effect is strongest.So the horizontal effect of the overall financial transfer payment system is limited.In the end,it puts forward some policy recommendations such as expand the scale of the general transfer payments and control the size of a special transfer payment.


Abstract It was shown that maintenance of cercariae of S. mansoni and S. haematobium at low (10°C) and high temperatures (40°C) markedly increased their mortality during penetration of mammalian host skin. These increased losses in the skin accounted for the known decrease in infectivity, as measured by adult worm recovery, of cercariae kept at low or high temperatures.


Objective:Analysis of functionally defined T-cell differentiation in HIV-infected patients with low CD4+ on virologically suppressive HAART is crucial to design clinically efficacious treatments. Methods:We cross-sectionally investigated the maturation (CD45RA/CCR7, CD7) and function [antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT), interleukin-2 (IL-2)/interferon-γ-producing cells] of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in 34 HIV-infected immunological nonresponders (INRs): CD4+ cell count less than or equal to 200 cells/μl, HIV-RNA 50 copies/ml or less, as compared to 20 full responders (CD4+ > 500 cells/μl, HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml). Results:We describe skewed T-cell maturation in INRs with outgrowth of effector memory CD45RA−CCR7− CD4+/CD8+ and Th2-committed CD7−CD4+, and reduced unprimed-naive T cells (P = 0.001). Functionally, INRs display reduced Gag-specific ELISPOT (P = 0.04) and IL-2-secreting CD8+ (P = 0.08) while showing CMV-specific responses comparable to full responders. Conclusion:CD4 lymphopenia on HAART results in skewed, senescent T-cell maturation profile, inefficient T-helper function and poor HIV-specific CD8+ response. This delineates a functional/phenotypic T-cell pattern that correlates to unfavourable clinical outcome.


This workshop co-hosted by the Harvard Yenching Institute (HYI) and the Faculty of Law, The Chinese University of Hong Kong


A novel hybrid of melamine and organosilicon was synthesized by the reaction between melamine of hydroxymethylation and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.The structure of the product was confirmed by FTIR and 29SiNMR.Then the hybrid was introduced to epoxy resin in the curing procedure.Studies on properties of the cured epoxy resin revealed that the thermal properties,flame retardant and mechanical properties were improved simultaneously,compared with that of the controlled epoxy resin.The glass transition temperature of the cured epoxy resin was in the level of that for the controlled epoxy resin.Moreover,the thermal gravimetric analysis suggested that the thermal stability and the char yield of the cured epoxy resin containing hybrid of melamine and organosilicon was higher than that of the controlled epoxy resin in the hihger temperature range.The limited oxygen index(LOI) of the cured epoxy resin increased to 30.2,and increased by 43%,in comparison with LOI of the controlled epoxy resin,while the impact strength improved significantly,indicating by the impact strength of the cured epoxy resin containing the hybrid of melamine and organosilicon was 20.3 kJ/mol,when 5% the hybrid of melamine and organosilicon was added in the systerm.The scanning electronic morphology of cross-section also revealed that the toughness of the complex was improved.


"WARNING: A ghost friend is a big responsibility. Are you sure you want a ghost friend of your very own? If not, CLOSE THIS BOOK NOW. To claim your free ghost, just turn the page." Audiences who turn that page, and the next, will find not only their very own ghost but also a guide to its care and a catalog of its finer qualities (a ghost is not only better than a pet, it's better than a brother or sister: "Your ghost will never hog the bathroom. Your ghost will never punch your arm"). Ghost owners are admonished to never feed or wash their ghosts, reminded that a ghost's natural temperature is "room temperature," and given a list of ghost-friendly activities, including tag and hide-and-seek. Picky kids may quibble with a few of the claims (how can you paint a picture of or play tag with a ghost who is, the authors state, invisible?), but most youngsters will take to this like a phantom to a decrepit mansion. Even fearful kids will find Buscema's cheery, floaty white ghosties more friendly than frightening. The smiling, sprightly shades have stripy "arms" and sport ball caps or bows and red tennies that dangle below the sheet-like white "bodies," while the human figures and bright backgrounds recall mid-century advertising in their style and detailing. Pair this with Lachenmeyer's The Boo! Book, reviewed above, share it in a non-spooky Halloween storytime, or use it to prompt writing or art projects on a similar theme. JH


Abstract The title σωτήρ, 'saviour', is bestowed on Christ and God in the New Testament and rendered in the Latin translations by conseruator, saluificator, salutificator, salutaris and saluator. Although these terms convey the same meaning, they are not interchangeable: this study argues that conseruator, which is the most frequent word for saviour on imperial coins, is rarely attested in the Latin versions because of its association with the imperial cult. The predominant translation, saluator, was coined as an alternative rendering to the other words which had religious and political connotations.


Abstract Thirty-three patients with fungal septicemia at the University of Minnesota Hospital were seen during an 18-month period, January, 1968, through August, 1969. Twenty-two of these 33 patients (67 per cent) had received parenteral hyperalimentation for severe gastrointestinal dysfunction. Fungal septicemia was not related to steroid therapy or immunologic deficiency i te patiets receiing hyperalimentation. However, a correlation with prolonged intravenous catheterization was found. More recently, during a prospective study of all patients receiving parenteral hyperalimentation, septicemia complicated the course of therapy in 13 of 49. In eight of these patients, Candida albicans was the causative microbial species.


For the better part ofthis century, staffdevelopment has been used extensively to address issues that encompass educational reform. Of the groups that are inserviced through staff development, classroom teachers receive the most attention. In the process of planning, organizing, and implementing inservice to guide teachers' development of new instructional knowledge and skill, vast amounts of money and time are spent annually. As one example, during the 1995/96 school year, Indiana alone spent approximately 10 million dollars for staff development in their public schools (Indiana State Office of Education staff employee, personal communication, Spring, 1996). Regardless of the time, effort, and money spent on staff development, long -term curriculum changes throughout the educational system are still difficult to implement and maintain successfully. In effect, schools over the last several decades have basically remained unchanged (Guskey & Peterson, 1995/96). Educators at all levels need to ask themselves why staff development is not working. In search for an answer to this problem, an extensive literature review on the topic of staffdevelopment was completed covering the period from 1970 to the present. Following the completion of the literature review, a content analysis was conducted. The analysis revealed several themes that appeared to affect staff development.


A special version of multi-reference perturbation theory is investigated which differs from standard ones by using a zeroth order Hamiltonian that contains two-electron terms explicitly. The method is applicable to reference states that can be written as an antisymmetrized product of two or more electron functions. In that case the zeroth order Hamiltonian has a well defined physical meaning and the matrix elements that come about can be evaluated in an efficient manner. We implemented the theory for the antisymmetrized product of strongly orthogonal geminals wave function and, as a special case, for the generalized valence bond. Illustrative calculations on sample molecules show the reliability of the approach, as well as a significant improvement in many cases compared to MRPT versions based on one-body zeroth order Hamiltonians.


Since the 1990s, Jakarta city planning has introduced Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as solution to dominant auto-mobility and sprawl to regional cities in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (JABODETABEK) by improving accessibility and inter-connectivity in urban mobility. Nevertheless, less has been investigated to what extent the on-going implementation in TOD projects departs from the means of TOD as planning approach in response to the urban problems. This paper aims to investigate TOD concept and implementation in Jakarta by proposing a comparative study on TOD in Japan and JABODETABEK, by using desk study in the planning documents and TOD projects. In each case, the investigation focuses on three sections; planning, implementation, and output. This paper reveals that the current TOD projects in Jakarta are based on single land development within proximity of TOD stations that maximizes private development benefits. Therefore, it concludes that the "TOD" projects in Jakarta have not yet met the TOD principles as a planning approach in response to the urban sprawls and integrated development.


In this study, the synthesis and analysis of the crystal structure of silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been performed using the polyol method. In this research, materials used as the main raw material were silver nitrate (AgNO3). Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was used as a capping agent and stabilizer, and Iron (III) Chloride (FeCl3) for controlling the shape and size of AgNWs. AgNWs were synthesized using two different solvents i.e., ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG). The crystal structure of AgNWs was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a scanning 2θ in the range of 20° to 90°. Furthermore, the structure and electron diffraction patterns were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD pattern of the AgNW sample also has five diffraction peaks, these five diffraction peaks were identified at 38.24°, 44.42°, 64.54°, 77.52°, and 81.68° representing lattice constants (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222), respectively. Based on the results of the calculation of lattice constant values of AgNWs-EG and AgNWs-PG were 4.084 Å. The TEM images of AgNWs-EG have a diameter of 84 to 133 nm, corresponding to the SEM calculation data having a diameter of 109 ± 22 nm. AgNWs-PG has a diameter of 84 to 264 nm. The study results revealed that the results of the characterization performed are interconnected. The XRD characterization results revealed that both samples were crystal-indexed. AgNWs-PG has a larger crystal size than AgNWs-EG.


Numerical calculations of the effect of free holes on the elastic constant ${C}_{44}$ of Ge and Si are presented. The energy of the three top valence bands is obtaired by diagonalizing a 6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 6 deformation-potential Hamiltonian, exact to second order in the components of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$. The numerical calculations underline the shortcomings of previous analytical work performed by angular averaging of the energy bands. Our calculations are extended to obtain the effect of a large [001] stress on the hole contribution to ${C}_{44}$ mentioned above. This effect is anisotropic: The elastic constants ${C}_{44}$ and ${C}_{66}$ become inequivalent. The calculations are shown to be in good agreement with experiment in the low-temperature, low-carrier concentration region. This limitation is a direct consequence of having assumed a Hamiltonian quadratic in $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$.


That the city of Washington is increasing its water supply is not nearly so remarkable as that it has not increased it since the present supply was built. A brief mention of the present system, because of its intimate relation with the new system now being constructed, may be of interest. Back in 1859 the first water was turned into the conduit to supply a population of 58,000. The estimated daily capacity of the aqueduct was 67? million gallons or sufficient to give every being in the city a quantity of water that even some of our moderns, accustomed to waste it, could not possibly have consumed. The vision of the engineers who built this system is further emphasized by the fact that, at the time of its completion, the 9-foot diameter supply conduit was reduced to a 12-inch diameter main to supply the entire city, and the same conduit now supplies a population increased over 800 per cent. The present system consists of a dam across the Potomac river; a circular masonry conduit 9 feet in diameter and 12 miles long having a fall of 9 inches to the mile, 3 storage and sedimentation reservoirs, a tunnel 4 miles long under the city, a pumping station, a slow sand filtration plant of 29 one-acre beds and a clear water reservoir. In addition there are the distribution mains, pumping stations and high service reservoirs. The water supply and purification works are vested in the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, while the distribution is vested in the city government. After various projects for new supplies were investigated Congress, in 1921, appropriated funds to begin the construction of an increased water supply. This project takes its supply from the Potomac river through a new intake gate house about 100 feet above the present intake at Great Falls, Md.


Despite the great development of
school broadcasting in recent years, the early stages of it growth were beset with difficulties. Low powered stations, high price sets,
varied reception, which naturally followed from
the geographical configuration of the country
(broadcast having to cover many degrees of latitude), times of depression when school subsidies were withdrawn, all these things - in addition to
the skepticism which ever attends any innovation- militated against the development of school radio.


According to the position of the course of the Electromagnetic Field and the Electromagnetic Wave in the communication engineering speciality, this paper analyzes on the characteristics of the current teaching materials of this course, and connecting with the cultivation plan of the communication engineering speciality of Anhui University of Technology and the receiving ability of the students, probes into the teaching contents arrangement, teaching methods, teaching procedures and other links of this course.


T HE subject to be considered in this paper is the development of a logically sound and easily applied method by means of which one may quantitatively describe and map, for an area, the manner in which the continuous variations within one class of phenomena correspond to the variations within another class. Nothing is more fundamental in geographical research than the recognition and description of similarities and differences in cultural and physical behavior from place to place. Although this concept of spatial association is central to the science of geography, the techniques presently employed to recognize and describe such relationships are often somewhat less than rigorous. A recent monograph clearly states the problem and the need for methods to solve it: It seems clear that geographic investigation is concerned with discovering and describing areal variations in the occurrence of phenomena on the earth's surface, and also with the search for other areally associated factors that may help to explain the observed distributions. In all such cases, questions are bound to arise as to the degree of association that exists between two (or more) phenomena. Areal association is indicated when a variation from place to place in the occurrence of one variable is accompanied by a similar place-to-place variation in the occurrence of another. In geographic research, areal associations in the occurrence of related phenomena (such as wheat yields and rainfall) have often been discovered by comparing maps of the distributions of those phenomena; and the resulting generalizations have, usually taken a form such as, "In this region, there is a tendency for wheat yields to decrease as rain-


Automatic fringe analysis is being successfully applied to visual inspection and surface measurement. This is largely due to the decreasing cost of powerful image processing systems allied to modern optics technology, a combination which has given the impetus for the development of new fringe pattern analysis algorithms. Prominent amongst these techniques are phase stepping and Fourier fringe analysis. This paper investigates the possibility of applying the backpropagation neural network paradigm to three gauging (or classification) fringe analysis applications: (1) to classify five spherical surfaces of differing radii from two sets of their simulated fringe patterns created from a standard fringe simulation technique with two different simulation conditions; (2) to classify five real objects with surfaces of different radii of curvature from fringe patterns produced under two different illumination conditions; and (3) to identify eggs according to their given grades from their respective fringe.


Spatial correlogram and spatial correlation index methods were used to analyse the spatial patterns of major vegetation types in the m id-range of the Tianshan Mountains and the relationship between populations and environmental factors. Desert, subalpine meadow and alpine meadow vegetation dominate this area and a number of environmental and clim atic factors were used to analyse their distribution. These include 30 years average rainfall, monthly average temperature, elevation and soil nitrogen. The results indicate that elevation and average Ju1y temperature were m ajor factors which affected desert population spatial patterns on northern slopes, and with increasing elevation there was a decline in the abundance ofplants. Many factors affected plant distribution on the southern slopes, of which nitrogen content was the m ostimportant factor. In subalpine meadow vegetation the factors affecting population spatial patterns were CaCO_(3) content and January temperature(both negatively) and annual rainfall(posit ive1y).Many factors worked together on population distributions in alpine vegetation areas,but annual rainfall, January temperature and July temperature were among the most important factors.


This paper addresses a preliminary model for self-aware heatstroke early-warning system based on the healthcare internet of things (IoT). Basically, heatstroke is a syndrome caused by human's body overheating, commonly due to lengthy exposure or physical exertion in excessive temperatures. Now-a-days, heatstroke is one of the most critical issues in human health due to global warming. The major goal of this research is to save valuable lives by proposing a self-aware heatstroke early-warning system by applying an advancement of healthcare IoT and machine learning technique. The proposed system is an easy to wear and cost-effective system that even middle class people can afford it. The system will use real-time sensor data obtained from the users in real-time outdoor and indoor experiment. In this system, we use an Arduino prototype which contains three different types of sensors including (a) temperature sensor, (b) pulse sensor and (c) breath sensor. In addition to this, the usage of analytics here can enhance accuracy and real-time capability, allow in-advance detection, and enable personalization.


Ashraf Ali Thanawi (1863–1943) was one of the most influential South Asian preachers and authors of the twentieth century. His sermons range from Friday sermons in Arabic to those held before select disciples or at mass rallies in Urdu, and they were printed ever since his lifetime in great number and consistency. This article is particularly interested in the emotional roles allotted to preacher and audience and the overlap between religious and emotional dimensions of the communication process. Against the background of the changing roles of emotions in colonial India and the turn of preaching to print, this contribution focuses on sermons that concern the celebration of the birthday of the Prophet (mīl adu 'n-nabī), a practice that was central for an emotionalised piety directed towards the person of Muhammad and was highly contested. Thanawi elaborates on the necessity, limits, and cultivation of the love towards the Prophet and discusses the evocation and expression, intentionality, and temporality of the Muslims' ideal emotional practices. Maintaining limits of devotion serves as the basis for an even more passionate love. Obedience, in preaching as an emotional practice as much as in the religious feelings towards the Prophet, is central to develop and communicate feelings that are all-pervading, continuous, and unimpaired.


Abstract Debromination of vic-dibromides with commercially available metallic iron in a methanolic medium affords alkenes and alkynes in excellent yields.


We have already published in the review "Gynaecologia" (Basel) [I . ] the results of our mass screening including 1 .OOO unselected girls aged about fourteen years. We could prove that the vaginal discharge, often considered to be harmless in this pubertal period and to be the consequence of hormonal influences, is mostly due to Enterobius vermicularis infection (30 %) or to Trichomonas vaginalis infection (2 X), while in 7,8 % the disorder was caused by Candida albicans or by an other yeast-like fungus. In this paper we render account of our investigations concerning patients with vulvovaginitis candidomycetica in pubertal age, mostly between 11 and 14 years, examining whether their organism has produced circulating antibodies against Candida or not. We consider the subject to be worthy of publication because as far as we know, no investigations have been published till now concerning examinations on agglutinations and complement fixations of children in the age of 13-14 years, suffering from vaginal candidosis.


Measurements of thermal conductivity, open porosity, water content and water saturation degree have been made on two different kinds of samples, one incoherent (earth) extracted at different depths from the surface in a building excavation in the nearby of Rome, the second, a compact sedimentary rock (blue malmstone) just under the surface from the ills surrounding Alba (Piedmont, north of Italy).
For the thermal conductivity the probe method (line heat source) has been used, taking care of the practical problems arising during tests (minimizing thermal contact resistance, drilling hole for the probe housing). Results show the typical behaviour of thermal conductivity vs. temperature of a porous medium containing water. Thermal conductivity and saturation degree clearly increases with depth under the soil surface due to increased compactness and less water evaporation in air. Also open porosity reduces with depth due to increased compactness.
Results show also the presence of four typical phenomena happening during the soil heating: storage of heat due to thermal capacity of the material, heat conduction driven by thermal conductivity, water evaporation due to heating and vapour diffusion and circulation.


In this chapter, the authors described the actuality of the investigations of neurocognitive dysfunctions in patients with iron deficiency. In infants, the incidence of iron deficiency is 73%; the probability of its transition to iron deficiency anemia is very high. The development of myelin at an early age reduces the production of myelin, and the formation of g-aminobutyric acid worsens the metabolism of dopamine in the striatal brain, which leads to slowing of motor function and behavioral problems in the child. Children with iron deficiency conditions are prone to developmental delays, reduced school performance, and behavioral disorders. In older adults, cognitive dysfunctions depend on complications of the vascular nature, complicated by comorbid iron deficiency. Concomitant pathology also influences iron homeostasis. The regulating mechanisms of iron deficiency, as the same cognitive deficiency, despite the age involve more than 200 proteins from iron homeostasis, appropriate cofactors: derivatives of vitamin B, copper, manganese, zinc ions, enzymes, cell growth factors, etc. All these partners could influence separately or together to the development of iron deficiency and a complication of it neurocognitive dysfunctions. The combination of iron deficiency anemia and iron deficiency with comorbid pathology often exacerbates cognitive problems and requires a weighted approach to the choice of therapeutic correction tactics.


Background: The most common treatment for breast cancer is surgery, sometimes the entire breast is removed (mastectomy) and sometimes reconstruction is done. Mastectomy can have negative impact on women´s quality of life and body image. Objective: The aim was to explore how women that underwent mastectomy rate their quality of life and body image, and if a correlation exists between these. The aim was also to explore if differences exists in quality of life and body image, between women who underwent reconstruction after their mastectomy or not. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was used, surveys were sent out to 975 women in Uppsala, Gavle and Falun. The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire and Body Image Scale were used to measure quality of life and body image. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Spearman's rank correlation and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: Median value for women's quality of life was 76.5 on a 0-100 scale, the higher value the higher quality of life. Median value for women's body image was 7 on a 0-30 scale, the lower value showed more positive body image. A moderate correlation was found between quality of life and body image. No significant differences existed in quality of life and body image between women that underwent reconstruction or not. Conclusions: Quality of life and body image were rated high and a correlation between better quality of life and body image was demonstrated. Reconstruction did not seem to have a crucial role in how the women rated their quality of life and body image, more studies are necessary to identify if there is other factors that affect this more.


The university students design the experiment scheme themselves and do the experiment by complying with the given targets,requirements and conditions.This kind of experiment is called designed experiment.We develop such experiment like "The design of the intelligent competition responder".During the design experimentation,we also make much improvement on teaching contents,teaching schemes and teaching implementations.Specific measures,such as strengthening basic training,giving clear and less limitation design requirement,offering better design environment,providing appropriate design guidance,adjusting examination methods and so on,have been taken to achieve this improvement.Our practice proves that the design experiment is feasible to improve the practical skills of university students.


This paper introduces two explosions of 750kV metal oxide arrester (MOA). Through scene investigation and the disassembly test it is found that the quality of shunt capacitance is so badly. Subsequently there are six cases for voltage heating defect of 750kV MOA, which are found that the shunt capacitances in MOA were fallen off by disassembly test. These defects make operating condition of the MOA get worse, which causes the heating of upper section. In addition in view of the test analysis method of these cases the qualitative analysis is carried out and the prevention measure and cautions during operation is present, which has definite reference significance to the design and maintenance of 750kV MOA.


Optical spectra obtained in 2006-07 of the nova-like cataclysmic variable QU Car are studied for radial velocities, line profiles, and line identifications. We are not able to confirm the reported 10.9 hr orbital period from 1982, partly because our sampling is not ideal for this purpose and also, we suspect, because our radial velocities are distorted by line profile changes due to an erratic wind. P-Cygni profiles are found in several of the emission lines, including those of C IV. Carbon lines are abundant in the spectra, suggesting a carbon enrichment in the doner star. The presence of [O III] 5007Å and [N II] 6584Å is likely due to a diffuse nebula in the vicinity of the system. The wind signatures in the spectra and the presence of nebular lines are in agreement with the accretion wind evolution scenario that has been suggested to lead to SNeIa. We argue that QU Car is a member of the V Sge subclass of CVs, and a possible SNeIa progenitor. It is shown that the recent light curve of QU Car has ∼1 mag low states, similar to the light curve of V Sge, strengthening the connection of QU Car with V Sge stars, supersoft x-ray sources, and SNeIa progenitors. Visiting Astronomer, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. CTIO is operated by AURA, Inc. under contract to the National Science Foundation. Present address: Spitzer Science Center/Caltech, MS 220-6, 1200 E.California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125. e-mail:email@example.com


The present article had as an objective to identify and analyze the perceptions of employees of the Caixa Economica Federal (CEF) of the Oversight Regional West of Santa Catarina about Quality of Work Life (QWL). This is an exploratory-descriptive research with a quail/qualitative approach that had as a tool to collect data the application of a semi structured questionnaire to 329 employees. It was found that the factors that create employee satisfaction are the stability and confidence in the institution. As for the factors of dissatisfaction is identified work overload. As opportunities to improve the study showed greater investment in training and overhaul of electronics systems.


Acyclovir is often used for herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. Although acyclovir is generally well tolerated, the drug at a high dose (greater than 1500 mg/m2/d) has ...


This study presents a novel inductive tactile sensor array with rigid stainless-steel bump sensing interface for 3D micro joystick button application (Fig. 1a-b). The presented micro joystick button design using inductive sensor array and stainless-steel bump interface has several merits: (1) batch process to define and etch bumps on stainless-steel sheet, (2) compact sensing coil array using CMOS platform can distinguish the magnitude and distribution of tactile loads, and (3) polymer as spring and encapsulation layer to cover the rigid tactile bump and CMOS chip without any fragile suspended thin film structure. The design is implemented using standard TSMC 0.35 μm 2P4M CMOS process and in-house post-CMOS processes. Measurements show sensing signals from the proposed sensor array could distinguish the loading conditions for 3D micro joystick button application.


Problems of ethnic development embrace a rather wide range of questions, studied not only by anthropologists but by persons in other disciplines: historians, sociologists, philosophers, linguists, etc.


The present invention includes, Streptomyces The invention also by administering a dosage form of the invention a therapeutically effective amount to a mammal in need tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant The invention also relates to a method for transporting a fine particle formulation to a mammal in need, wherein the formulation is administered by inhalation or organs that due to the transport of the lungs.


Economic development on an unambiguously national basis was one of the foundational principles of republican Turkey. Indeed, until very recently, foreign direct investment (FDI) was scant and had a marginal presence in the Turkish economy. Since Turkey's Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi – AKP) came into power in 2002, however, Turkey has generated more FDI than in the previous 20 years. This study has two interlinked aims in its examination of this development. The first is to put it in its inescapably historical context. This is a worthwhile exercise, as it carries explanatory power in relation to the domestic forces which have shaped the interaction of the Turkish economy with FDI. Thus, one can also better evaluate the resiliency of the current market opening in Turkey, which is, after all, shaped by domestic political and economic forces, whether supportive or opposing, whose orientation is historically informed and whose very existence is historically determined. The second aim is to render visible the role that FDI in Turkey has played as a pillar of the AKP's overall political strategy which is premised on winning and consolidating legitimacy through internal and external actors as a responsible steward of the economy with an unquestionably Western orientation – albeit one that also leaves room for the AKP to underline its representation of the country's Islamic culture. In that respect FDI has been complementary to the country's relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union and has thus consolidated post-Islamist AKP's claim to be a worthy trustee of the country's key strategic goals; it has been blessed by the country's business elite which have appreciated its contribution to Turkey's stability and the confirmation of its Western orientation, while also seeming to generate more market opportunities than threats; and, by involving investors from Muslim countries – mostly from the Gulf – it has strengthened the AKP's ability to relate Turkey to the world in such a way that it can pay heed to the sensibilities of its own key constituencies. This article, while not directly addressing contributions on Islamist political participation in Turkey, indirectly relates to some of the interpretations that have been offered. In particular, it will be seen how state power has been employed by AKP in order to attract FDI to Turkey not in a defensive fashion but rather in a participatory one vis-à-vis both domestic and external agents in the context of globalization. In this manner, AKP will be shown to both appropriate and develop Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1, 53 – 68, January 2008


To build up the socialist culture under the governance of"3 representatives",has many musts:to keep the cultural construction with economic and democratic construction oleveloping at the same step and harmonously;to set up and flourish the advamced culture along the right direction;to adhere to and solidify the guiding position of Marxism Leninism,Mao Ze dong thought and the theory of Deng Xiao Ping;to pay great attention to the cultivatton,promotion and innovation of the national spirit to strengthen the attraction and inspiration of socialist culture with chinese characten'stics upon the chinese fact.Only do so,can we create the new appearance of socialist cultural construction instantly.


The beam quality factor of parametric light from KTP optical parametric oscillator pumped by a doubling frequency Nd∶YAG laser (532 nm) was measured by means of laser beam analyzer. The beam quality dependence of different pumping conditions is discussed such as pump power, pump beam diameter, OPO cavity length, phase matching mode, and pumping with or without reflection. In the theoretical analysis, double refractive walk off term is introduced into coupling wave equations which are numerically solved with light propagation method and Rungue Kutta algorithm. The molding results agree well with the observed OPO performance.


When Taebyŏlwang and Sobyŏlwang were born, Ch'ŏnji was the King of Heaven. At that time there were two suns and two moons in the sky. He said, 'You are my sons'. Then he asked how people's life was on earth. 'Because the earth has two suns and two moons, people burn to death during the daytime and freeze to death during the night', replied the two brothers. 'Is that so? I will give you two arrows and bows of a thousand-weight iron. Why don't you shoot down one sun and one moon?' ordered King Ch'ŏnji. Upon King Ch'ŏnji order, Taebyŏlwang and Sobyŏlwang shot down the trailing sun and the trailing moon. The sun fell into the East Sea and the moon fell into the West Sea. Since then only one sun rises in the East and only one moon sets in the West.Keywords: Ch'ŏnji; earth; moon; Sobyŏlwang; sun; Taebyŏlwang


This paper discusses the defects on scan enable trees and clock trees. A diagnosis algorithm is proposed to locate multiple scan enable / clock defects. The problem is formulated as a minimum vertex cover on a hypergraph. A heuristic algorithm is then presented to diagnose the defects. Preliminary experimental results show that the proposed diagnosis algorithm is effective in terms of diagnosis resolution and accuracy.


Purpose: Extant literature indicates that individual perceptions of collective ef fi cacy and incivilities are important in explaining fear of crime. These studies, however, often implicitly assume that the relationships between key variables do not differ between neighborhoods. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between perceptions of collective ef fi cacy, perceptions of incivilities, and fear of crime and determine whether these relationships are constant between neighborhoods. Methods: Surveys were conducted using a sample of residents from four neighborhoods within Miami-Dade County. Structural equation models were used to examine the relationships between perceptions of collective ef fi cacy, perceptions of incivilities, and fear of crime for each neighborhood separately. Tests for invariance were conducted to determine whether the coef fi cients from these models differed across neighborhoods. Results: Results from these analyses suggest that the relationship between perceptions of collective ef fi cacy and fear of crime exhibit signi fi cant heterogeneity between neighborhoods, as do a number of other relationships. The relationships between perceptions of collective ef fi cacy and perceptions of incivilities, and perceptions of incivilities and fear of crime do not exhibit heterogeneity. Conclusions: These results illustrate the importance of examining perceptions of collective ef fi cacy within the neighborhood context. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.


), and displacement of the abomasum - occur within the first 2 wk of lactation. And, the etiology of many of those metabolic diseases that are not clinically apparent during the first 2 wk of lactation, such as laminitis, can be traced back to insults that occurred in early lactation. In addition to metabolic diseases, the overwhelming majority of infectious diseases, in particular mastitis, become clinically apparent during the first 2 wk of lactation.


The invention discloses a semen lepidii containing traditional Chinese medicine paste and capable of diminishing swelling and relieving pain. The paste is prepared from pain relieving medicine powder and a medical paste body by a mixing manner, wherein the pain relieving powder is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 30 to 60% of Chinese herbal medicine A, 10 to 40% of Chinese herbal medicine B, and 10 to 30% of Chinese herbal medicine C; the Chinese herbal medicine A includes saffron crocus, elecampane, rhododendron, hosta plantaginea, myrrh, stenoloma chusana, musk, pangolin, cinnamon, radix angelicae pubescentis, golden cypress, eupolyphoge sinensis, radix clematidis, clerodendrum bungei and radix ampelopsis; the Chinese herbal medicine B includes one or more of radix aconiti agrestis, rhizoma arisaematis and rhizoma typhonii; the Chinese herbal medicine C is semen lepidii. The semen lepidii containing traditional Chinese medicine paste and capable of diminishing swelling and relieving pain combines a plurality of Chinese herbal medicines and can effectively and quickly treat rheumatoid, gout, cervical spondylosis, lumbar disc herniation, limb edema and other diseases; in addition, the preparation method is simple.


Objectives: To assess the extent to which exposure to Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is associated with significant health, developmental and psychosocial adjustment outcomes. To investigate the incidence of assisted conception in children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.;Methods: A population case-control study of 510 school age children (and their families) born after ICSI (n=189), conventional in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) (n=158) or natural conception (n=163). Outcome measures included: A full physical examination of the child which included enumeration of physical abnormalities and an assessment of general health. An assessment of childhood IQ using the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). An assessment of gross and fine motor skills using the WPPSI and McCarthy Motor Skills tests. Questionnaires to assess of parent-child relationships. A survey of parental attitudes towards disclosing the method of conception to their IVF children. A survey of 160 members of the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) support group enquiring about conception.;Results: There was no difference between conception groups for overall physical health or fine/gross motor difficulties. There was evidence of an increase in congenital abnormalities in the assisted reproduction groups. Parent-child relationships were similar between groups. The majority of ICSI / IVF parents wish to disclose the method of conception to their child. There is an increased likelihood of children with BWS being conceived after IVF compared to the general population.;Conclusion: The studies in this thesis are reassuring, in terms of physical and neurodevelopmental health of ICSI children aged 4-5 years and their family relationships. The increase in congenital abnormalities after IVF/ICSI requires further study. Families of assisted conception children wish to disclose conception method to their child but require more support. There is evidence of an increased risk of BWS in children conceived after assisted reproduction.


Battery state of charge estimation is not new, and the literature is rich in examples. Still, in most cases, state of charge algorithms are embedded in battery chargers and do not present the charging stage with a standard communication form, thus limiting the possibility of applying advanced smart charging algorithms. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a method for the estimation of the state of charge of onboard batteries installed on light electric vehicles and the identification of their charging stage, if charged by the constant hyp current/voltage method, without the need for direct current measurements or communication from the light electric vehicle battery management system. The method is based on a preliminary off hyp line characterization of the full charge of a given battery/charger set by implementing a learning algorithm. The parameters learned during the off hyp line test are then used in on hyp line applications to estimate the light electric vehicle's state of charge and identify its charging stage by only using the active power measured at the light electric vehicle charging socket. The method was tested on two different instances of the same battery/charger set family installed on two different light electric vehicles, providing a state of charge estimation with an overall accuracy of about 1.5%, computed as root mean square error over the whole state of charge range. The results showed that the proposed method could be successfully applied to estimate the real hyp time state of charge of light electric vehicles by only using low hyp cost electronic devices.


A sketch of some of the fundamental notions related to the nature of knowledge is offered, with special focus on the role of mathematics and my own opinions. No single idea exposed here is entirely original; indeed, this topic has been explored by legions of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists throughout history -- I listed a few related books among the references. I look forward to observations and criticisms that may serve to improve this exposition.


: Two assumptions related to the understanding of the final examination and to the Professional Master (PM) in Letters (ProfLetras) goals are questioned in this article. The first one refers to the possibilities of a certain conception of applied research being an appropriate means for achieving the objectives of this postgraduate studies mode. The second one, which expresses a certain current consensus in the academic context, refers to the understanding that its primary objective would be to form the so-called teacher researcher. Regarding the methodology, data from documentary research, which enabled us to identify the legal aspects related to the Master Professional (MP) Courses and to the ProfLetras, were confronted with data from the bibliographic research, through which the main teacher training models were mapped. The analyses show that the technical perspective, training model which bind the conception of applied research that guides the legal basis of the PM and the conception of teacher-researcher, presents impracticable limitations on the purpose of promoting the professional development of Portuguese teachers as proposed by the ProfLetras.


Information contained in video sequences is crucial for an autonomous robot or a computer to learn and respond to its surrounding environment. In the past, robot vision mainly concentrated on still image processing and small "image cube" processing. Continuous video sequence learning and recognition is rarely addressed in the literature due to its high requirement of dynamic processing. In this paper, we propose a novel neural network structure called dynamic self-organizing map (DSOM) for video sequence processing. The proposed technique has been tested on simulation data sets, and the results validate its learning/recognition ability.


Objective To investigate the role of regulatory T celI(CD4~+/CD25~-,Treg) in im- mune regulation in early stage of severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).Methods Thirty six male Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into control group (n=6) and SAP group (n=30).The rats in SAP group re- cevied the injection of sodium taurocholate into their pancreatic ducts and were sacrificed in 2-,6-,12-, 24-and 48-hour.Serum TNFαwas measured by ELISA.The proportion of Treg among peripheral lym- phocytes was determined by flow cytometry.The severity of pancreatitis was evaluated by a pathologic score system(edema,neutrophil infiltration,hemorrhage and necrosis).Results The proportion of Treg in SAP groups decreased significantly at 2-(1.8380/00),6-(1.373%),12 (1.063%),24-(1.055%) and 48-hour(0.748%) comparing to the control group(2.84%±0.51%) (all P values0.01).Serum TNFα(pg/ml) was gradually increased at 2-(43.32),6-(28.02),12-(32.45) and 24 hour(29.98) com- pared with control group(15.00) (all P values0.05).The correlations between Treg and serum TNFαconcentration(pearson correlation=-0.398,P=0.022) or Treg and the severity score were both nega- tive(pearson correlation=-0.759,P0.01).Conclusion The reduction of Treg,immunity respon- ses may contributes to the pathogensis of SAP.


The most important issues for improving the performance of modern wireless communication systems are interference cancellation, efficient use of energy, improved spectral efficiency and increased system security. Beamforming Array Antenna (BAA) is one of the efficient methods used for this purpose. Full band BAA, on the other hand, will suffer from a large number of controllable elements, a long convergence time and the complexity of the beamforming network. Since no attempt had previously been made to use Partial Update (PU) for BAA, the main novelty and contribution of this paper was to use PU instead of full band adaptive algorithms. PU algorithms will connect to a subset of the array elements rather than all of them. As a result, a common number of working antennas for the system's entire cells can be reduced to achieve overall energy efficiency and high cost-effectiveness. In this paper, we propose a new architectural model that employs PU adaptive algorithms to control and minimize the number of phase shifters, thereby reducing the number of base station antennas. We will concentrate on PU LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithms such as sequential-LMS, M-max LMS, periodic-LMS, and stochastic-LMS. According to simulation results using a Uniform Linear Array (ULA) and three communications channels, the M-max-LMS, periodic LMS, and stochastic LMS algorithms perform similarly to the full band LMS algorithm in terms of square error, tracking weight coefficients, and estimation input signal, with a quick convergence time, low level of error signal at steady state and keeping null steering's interference-suppression capability intact.


Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey, this article analyses the relationship between HIV status and the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of adults in Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. It constructs the risk profile of the average adult, computes the values of age, education and wealth where the estimated probability of infection assumes its highest value, and determines the percentage of adults for whom these three factors are positively correlated with that probability. It finds that in all four countries: (i) the probability of being HIV-positive is higher for women than for men; (ii) the likelihood of infection is higher for urban than for rural residents; and (iii) there is an inverted-U relationship between age and HIV status. Also that, unlike gender, rural/urban residence and age, the relationship between the probability of infection and wealth, education and marital status varies by country. The results provide support for country-specific and more targeted HIV policies and programmes.


This article offers an insight into the social and cultural scene in Latvia at the end of the nineteenth century. The territory of this Baltic state was then still part of the Russian Empire, divided among several of its provinces. However, this was also a period when the cultural aspirations of the rising Latvian middle class were represented by the gradual attempts to raise the self-esteem of the entire local population. The article focuses on the role that Latvian writer Rūdolfs Blaumanis (1863–1908) played in encouraging Latvians to understand themselves as a self-confident people during the fin-de-siècle period. The first part examines articles published by Blaumanis in the Latvian press during 1899 and 1900 in which he deals with the explosive political issues of the time, namely the Dreyfus Affair in France and the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. These case studies are then followed by theoretical considerations. Taking into account the political and social contexts in which these texts were written, the way Blaumanis approaches these topics is interpreted as an attempt at self-positioning and identity construction of the local population while also creating an early form of counter-colonial narrative.


A calculation is reported of the back-reflection coefficient R of a mirror and of the radiation scattered by a mirror. Two methods for measuring R are suggested.


A new DC muon beam line has been constructed at RCNP, Osaka University. The MuSIC, which has the highest muon production efficiency using superconducting solenoidal magnets, has successfully demonstrated to provide a 3 x 108 [μ+/s/μA]. In 2014, the solenoidal magnets of the MuSIC were extended by a new beam line with normal conducting magnets. The new beamline consists of beam slits, quadrupole magnets, bending magnets and a DC separator. This new beamline is designed for muon experiments such as μSR experiments and muonic X-ray measurements. To study the performance of the beams provided by the beamline , a beam test was done in December 2014 and February 2015. In this paper, a detail design of MuSIC including the new beamline and result of the beam test are written.