rationale for this ecologically-arbitrary point in time being referred to as 'The Millennium' lies in the birth of a single human being in the Middle East some two thousand years ago. This millennium is thus certainly a useful point in time at which to take stock of what we humans have done in the last two thousand years and it is therefore not inappropriate to consider what we hope for half that period of time into the future, namely the next thousand. Thinking across such a timescale is far beyond what we normally do, and the process offers a healthy perspective on the whole field of conserving the environment. To me, many features stand out strongly in that life of two thousand years ago, but one of the most prominent is humility. Christians believe that Christ lived in it, constantly taught it (e.g. Holy Bible, Philippians 2: 6–7), and that ultimately he gave away his life as an embodiment of it. Humility is surely therefore a worthy candidate on this basis for any environmental message for the third millennium, but what might it mean environmentally? Is it conceivable that the next thousand years, in spite of their initiation in an unprecedented flurry of excessive human excitement and consumption, against a 500-year history of growing aspirations, but following a century of unprecedented destruction of human and non-human life, could nevertheless prove to be an era of human self-restraint? Let us consider the broad options. Simplistically and on a grand scale, there are two hypotheses in a sense contending for the future of humans and the Earth. On the one hand, many 'environmentalists' state that the human carrying capacity of the biosphere is constrained by natural factors and processes, that although we cannot accurately predict the boundaries of those constraints, they are probably increasing as human development proceeds, and Homo sapiens should proceed, if at all further, only with the greatest caution. On the other hand, many 'humanists' argue that human mechanisms such as 'the market' and 'science' will always find the means to progress, and the species can, and must, move forward. In a positive humanist spirit, it is easy to accept that many civilizations have succeeded against what will have appeared at times to be 'all odds' in remarkable ways, human population growth being one, even if ultimately and individually they have failed. So why now be deterred by the perceived environmental limits of the Earth? Science cannot specifically prove that the precautionary approaches that environmentalists promote are the more appropriate at this moment in time; in fact, it cannot rule out any of a vast range of reasonable future outcomes. But two points must surely stand out boldly. On the one hand, 'the market' has yet to quantify, let alone account for, most of the costs on which its promise of future benefits to humankind are predicated. That is scarcely reassuring for a strategy upon which to build a secure future for Homo sapiens on Earth. Secondly, and in contrast, restraint in the face of the uncertainty would seem to offer a more sustainable basis for human aspirations. The Bible does offer to Christians its own notions of human stewardship, particularly in the form of humility to a higher order beyond the self (e.g. Holy Bible, Romans 1: 20–22), although the extent to which a modern environmental 'spin' can be correctly imposed on religiously-grounded concepts of human self-restraint can be questioned, and two thousand years ago 'environmental issues' would probably not even have been recognized, at least not in forms familiar to us today. It is also important to clarify that human selfrestraint does not imply an indiscriminate halt to human impacts on the environment such that the attainment of basic living standards by the poorest hundreds of millions would be prejudiced. But the cedars of Lebanon and lush vegetation described in the Bible being long gone, and the area substantially converted to desert largely by human hands, the Middle East is a reflection of global processes by which the land has been transformed in the absence of any pervasive conservation ethic. Looking forward, present trends in the advance of human occupation would eliminate major areas of remaining natural ecosystems in the twinkling of an eye compared to the 1000-year timescales we now survey. Added to this are human-induced climatic changes that may completely change the suitability of any given point on the Earth's surface for supporting its current biota, EDITORIAL


This analysis considers international migration remittances and their impact on development in migrant-sending areas. The new economics of labor migration (NELM) posit that remittances lessen production and market constraints faced by households in poor developing countries. The article states that remittances may be a positive factor in economic development, which should be nurtured by economic policies. The impact of remittances and migration on development varies across locales and is influenced by migrants' remittance behavior and by economic contexts. Criteria for measuring development gains may include assessments of income growth, inequity, and poverty alleviation. It is hard to gauge the level of remittances, especially when remittances may not flow through formal banking systems. The International Monetary Fund distinguishes between worker remittances sent home for over 1 year; employee compensation including the value of in-kind benefits for under 1 year; and the net worth of migrants who move between countries. This sum amounted to under $2 billion in 1970 and $70 billion in 1995. The cumulative sum of remittances, employee compensation, and transfers was almost $1 trillion, of which almost 66% was worker remittances, 25% was employee compensation, and almost 10% was transfers during 1980-95. Total world remittances surpass overseas development assistance. Remittances are unequally distributed across and between countries. Migration research does not adequately reveal the range and complexity of impacts. Push factors can limit options for use of remittances to stimulate development.


The field survey on occurring rate of maize top rot of 24 varieties(lines) and the evaluation of their resistance with cluster analysis methods were conducted.The results showed that all varieties could be clustered into 5 disease-resistant groups,which was similar to the field survey.The disease occurring rate of diseases which do not cause no harvest(including maize top rat) could not be directly used as the crop loss rate or to calculate the economic loss.It was proper to sample and determine the theoretical yield according to the disease level of crop varieties with different disease resistant levels.The correlation between the theoretical yield and actual yield was not significant by χ2 test and this suggested that the methods for the survey sampling and assessment of crop yield loss were practical.


Induction Power Transfer (IPT) is one of wireless power transfer technologies, which can be applied for a drone's flexible wireless charging in power line inspection applications. However, IPT technology requires precise alignment between transmitting coil and receiving coil to ensure the transmitted power. In order to overcome the transmission power shortage caused by drones landing errors, this paper proposes an optimal design of asymmetric coupling system for drones wireless charging. By comparing the coupling performance and the charging performance, an optimal design is obtained. The optimal design has the better coupling performance and misalignment tolerance, with the received power and transmission efficiency characteristics less affected by landing errors. Finally, the optimal design is verified by simulation that realize a drone 22.2 V battery's wireless charging with a constant current of 12 A.


Liu Qingbang has displayed his attention and the sympathy to those under the material and spiritual pressures through his unique style and humanitistic conscience.This sympathetic mood to those helpless people has thus endowed his novel with a tragic atmosphere as well as a humanistic warmth.Concretely speaking,the tragic atmosphere is embodied by the following three aspects:the tragic fate of his characters,the tragedy of the characters' spiritual world,and the strangers' pursuit for an identity in a city and their reflections upon the assimilation into the urban life.


There is a continuous anatomical, functional and pathomechanical roadmap from functional hallux limitus to hallux rigidus. Although many etiologies for hallux rigidus have been studied it is very probable that it has a primary origin with less-than-ideal movement when we are born. Upon a restricted range of motion, symptoms may arise depending on the amount of work and how compensatory mechanisms work around the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Changes occurring at the joint that allow the transition from a sliding movement mechanism (physiological) to a rolling mechanism (pathological) may trigger anatomical and functional changes resulting in pain and dysfunction. Any surgical technique that is able to restore the sliding mechanism to the first metatarsophalangeal joint will have a positive impact on pain and function in a patient with a symptomatic functional hallux limitus/rigidus. Level of Evidence V; Therapeutic Study; Expert opinion.


Thank you very much for reading between sovereignty and global governance the united nations the state and civil society. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their chosen readings like this between sovereignty and global governance the united nations the state and civil society, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious bugs inside their laptop.


Systems with competing attractive and repulsive interactions have a tendency to condense into droplets. This is the case for water in a sink, liquid helium, and dipolar atomic gases. Here we consider a photon fluid which is formed in the transverse plane of a monochromatic laser beam propagating in an attractive (focusing) nonlocal nonlinear medium. In this setting we demonstrate the formation of the optical analog of matter-wave droplets and study their properties. The system we consider admits droplets that carry orbital angular momentum. We find bound states possessing liquidlike properties, such as bulk pressure and compressibility. Interestingly, these droplets of light, as opposed to optical vortices, form due to the competition between long-range
s
-wave (monopole) and
d
-wave (quadrupole) interactions as well as diffraction.


The forces analysis ,for the column network with 60 oblique crossing and beamless roof, has been performed by the finite element method.According to the distribution of the bending moment, bi direction orthogonal reiforcement method with the form of chessboard liked have been taken.It is simple for construction and is powerful in practice, also this met method is helpness and reference to design.


The outcome of the Women's Workshop in Oaxaca, Mexico in February 1992 is presented. 76 participants discussed strategies for promoting women's health and development in Latin America and the Caribbean and reviewed progress on last year's Plan of Action. In Colombia many points in the Plan were adopted by government policy and the Council for Women, Youth and Family. The information, education and communication (IEC) materials were helpful to a Brazilian participant in producing IEC materials and another workshop would help her support training for community leaders. The flip charts on Women's Rights to Health with topics on maternal and child health, reproductive health, and family planning (FP) were highly evaluated. Other successful materials were a video promoting breast feeding and women's rights which was produced by the Guatemala FP Association (APROFAM) and an AIDS prevention video for women made by the Center for Mothers, Children, Infants and FP of Brazil. Not only did participants evaluate materials but they also had to participate in discussions and present their ideas for a film promoting women's health at the sub-regional level. A field trip was conducted to Integrated Project (IP) villages in Oaxaca, and participants observed field workers using "Now, a New Wind Blows," a photo made by the UNFPA and JOICFP, to mobilize women. This booklet reputedly helped to mobilize a group of 70 women in the village of San Lucas Cuilapan. A comparison was made to the 1st workshop which provided an overview of the status of women in the region and the 4th which manifested concrete results and active participation of all involved.


The 76th JPEG meeting was held at Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, from 15 to 21 of July. The current standardisation activities have been complemented by the 25th anniversary of the first JPEG standard. Simultaneously, JPEG pursues the development of different standardised solutions to meet the current challenges on imaging technology, namely on emerging new applications and on low complexity image coding.


The dialectal version of Tom Jerry is widely accepted because of its locanazition,closeness to life and the masses.By starting with an analysis of the status quo of Chinese cartoon industry,this paper explores the way for developing cartoon industry in the future,which is to actively dig subject matters,make good use of the advantage of talents,and make proper use of the advantages in policies,to renovate ideas so as to form an overall cartoon industry chain.


Earthwork projects involve moving specific amounts of earth from a discrete set of source locations to a discrete set of destinations. Constructors use different methods and equipment to move earth depending primarily on haul distance and equipment availability. Successful earthwork projects involve successively refined cycles of constructio n plan preparation and evaluation. The construction plan includes the determination and sequencing of tasks as well as the strategies for allocation of resources among them. The ideal method of evaluating the plan is to simulate models that incorporate the details of the plan and that rely on fundamental engineering analysis and estimated performance, cost and availability of resources. Current research at Virginia Tech focuses on the development of technology that accurately captures, models, and evaluates the strategic plan envisioned by the planner. This paper presents a framework for the integration of project-level and process-level simulations with the dynamic strategies that form the core of the plan. Obvious benefits that result from implementin g this framework include more accurate cost estimation and improved construction performance. The paper illustrates essential concepts with a project involving the extension of an airport runway.


Alberti et al. compared multiple products of total column measurements of greenhouse gases, including groundand space-based observations and model simulations, at two high-latitude Russian cities, St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg. As high-latitude total column observations are sparse, such evaluations are quite useful. The paper is well written, with some structural improvements, it will be suitable for publication at AMT.


In this response, I advocate for the value of considering theory in the design-based research that Gersten describes in "Behind the Scenes of an Intervention Research Study." I argue that such an emphasis: is consistent with the literature on design experiments, is integral to advancing knowledge building within domains, serves to advance the work of a field, and supports the dissemination of instructional research. I illustrate these points, drawing upon the research described in the article by Gersten.


Examination arrangement plays a very important role of university educational administration system.With the expansion of the university scale,the number of student is increasing.Examination arrangement has become more and more complicated.Using the computer techniques in examination arrangement can solve the problem,which the process of arrangement cost so much time and energy.It will greatly simplify the work and improve the efficiency.This thesis introduces that how to design the university examination arrangement system by Visual Basic6.0 and SQL Server2000.It describes the requirement analysis and the course of design and realization.The system analyzes the current situation and the process of examination,so it is rational and pragmatic.


Infectious spondylitis is estimated to affect 4–24 patients per million per year, with male:female ratio of 1.5:2.1. Contributing to 0.15%–5% of all osteomyelitis cases, until date, the treatment of infectious spondylitis is still very challenging in order to minimalize the mortality and morbidity of these patients [1,2]. Surgical intervention is needed in patients unresponsive to antibiotic treatments, those with spinal instability, neurological deficit, soft tissue abscess involvement, and significant spinal destruction. In order to ensure infection eradication, open surMinimally Invasive Surgery vs. Open Surgery for Infectious Spondylodiscitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis


This paper presents the results of nonlinear analysis to predict the ultimate load of a barrel-vault space truss shaped by post-tensioning. Experimental study on shape formation, load tests to determine the ultimate load of the post-tensioned barrel-vault space truss and individual compression tests on members to determine their buckling load have been carried out in previous research. The nonlinear analysis carried out herein uses the reduced stiffness of various members according to member test results to determine the ultimate load behavior of the model barrel-vault space truss. The paper also presents the ultimate load behavior of large-span barrel-vault space trusses, taking into account the buckling of their members. As a result, it is shown that these structures can be used to cover large spans with sufficient structural stiffness. Lastly, some design aid diagrams are proposed.


As critics, a vital part of our task is to examine the ways in which language mystifies and reveals, serves and disserves human desires and aspirations. In that spirit we feel that engaging the leading Palestinian intellectual in the United States in a critical dialogue is a vital task. Although this reply takes issue with several points in Edward Said's paper, "An Ideology of Difference" (Critical Inquiry 12 [Autumn 1985]: 38-58), our critique is intended as part of the struggle for increased mutual empathy. We in no way wish to deny Said's claims regarding the legitimacy of Palestinian aspirations, nor the validity of Said and other Palestinian intellectuals' efforts to counter the destructive military, political, and ideological forces that stand in the way of the Palestinians' achievement of self-determination. Said's critiques of the idea that Israel is somehow above criticism, and of the elimination of the Palestinians from "Western" discourse, are both valid.2


We explore how four evidence-producing organisations in the US go ahead when they rate the evidence base for psychosocial interventions, using the Incredible Years programme as our case study. The ...


Similitude of the model for vibration testing of a complicated structure use a graphite pile in nuclear reactor was found out by a dimensional analysis. In order to see their adaptabilities, similitudes were found throngh to equations of vibro-friction, rocking and elastic vibration with viscons damping. Then, condition to uphold all of them at the same time was found. These two were found well accord and similitudes to copy stress, displacement, destruction, etc., were made clear. Conducting vibration tests of graphite blocks, friction force and rocking were made clear in their characteristics in comparing test results with the solution of the equation of motion.


In order to ensure the accuracy of the online monitoring system for coal consumption in the energy-conservation power generation dispatch,a coal quality database for the power plants in a certain area was built based on the method of statistical analysis and clustering caculation to reduce the errors caused by the complex coal quality and the off-line input during the online calculation of the boiler efficiency. The results show that the errors less than 600 kJ / kg between the caculated heat of"virtual coal"and the laboratory values can be up to 92. 4%. And the heat obtained from the database matches well with the laboratory values in the power plants in practical application,with the maximum error less than 700 kJ / kg. It can enhance the fairness and impartiality of the online monitoring system for the power plants in a certain region using the virtual coal database during the online calculation of boiler efficiency.


The nature use of German colonists in the Don Forces District. The history of the use of natural resources by the German colonists is considered. Development of the settling system is analyzed, main features of natural resources use and patterns of their evolution are studied.


A merged time series of stratospheric water vapour built from HALOE and MIPAS data between 60° S and 60° N and 15 to 30 km and covering the years 1992 to 2012 was analyzed by multivariate linear regression including an 11 year solar cycle proxy. Lower stratospheric water vapour was found to reveal a phase-shifted anti-correlation with the solar cycle, with lowest water vapour after solar maximum. The phase shift is composed of an inherent constant time lag of about 2 years and a second component following the stratospheric age of air. The amplitudes of the water vapour response are largest close to the tropical tropopause (up to 0.35 ppmv) and decrease with altitude and latitude. Including the solar cycle proxy in the regression results in linear trends of water vapour being negative over the full altitude/latitude range, while without the solar proxy positive water wapour trends in the lowermost stratosphere were found. We conclude from these results that a solar signal generated at the tropical tropopause is imprinted on the stratospheric water vapour abundances and transported to higher altitudes and latitudes via the Brewer–Dobson circulation. Hence it is concluded that the tropical tropopause temperature at the final dehydration point of air is also governed to some degree by the solar cycle. The negative water vapour trends obtained when considering the solar cycle impact on water vapour abundances can solve the water vapour conundrum of increasing stratospheric water vapour abundances at constant or even decreasing tropopause temperatures.


Native oxide layer with thickness of about 1 nm was found easy to form on 6H-SiC surface during transporting from cleaning process to vacuum chambers, which was examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The interface band bending was studied by synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES). For the native-oxide/SiC surface, after Ni deposition, the binding energy of Si 2p red-shifted about 0.34 eV, which suggested the upward bending of the interface energy band. Therefore, the native oxide layer should be considered on the study of SiC devices because it may affect the electron transport properties significantly.


WGL offers multimedia training and project mangement services. With a proven track record WGL's success is based on innovative solutions by partnering with our clients.


The thickness of the surrounding tissue is a crucial factor in distinguishing the internal blood vessels in digital X-ray images, because enough contrast between vessels and tissues must be generated. We investigated the X-ray attenuations of fat, liver, and muscle tissues, using a digital X-ray imaging system specially designed for small animal studies and the contrast between these tissues and blood vessels. The fat, muscle and the liver tissues were collected from the abdomen, the back and the liver of an adult crossbred swine, respectively. The blood vessels were from mesentery of a Wistar rat. The attenuation coefficients of different tissues and blood vessels of different sizes were measured under different X-ray exposures. Also quantified was the contrast between the tissues and the blood vessels when the diameter of the blood vessel and the thickness of the tissues were the same. The limiting thickness of various tissues at different X-ray exposures was obtained for detecting internal blood vessels of a given size, using the CCD detecting limit, the contrast resolution of the imaging system and the tissue-vessel configuration. The results provided herein could be used for optimization of the parameters of digital X-ray imaging in detecting internal blood vessels.


In this paper, we analyze and compare four multi-objective evolutionary granular rule-based classifiers. We learn concurrently the rule base, the most suitable number of granules and their parameters during the evolutionary process. Rule learning is performed by a method, which selects rules and conditions from an initial heuristically-generated rule base. The four classifiers differ for the type of granule, namely Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy sets, and for the method used for generating the initial rule base, namely crisp and fuzzy decision tree learning algorithms. Results show that generating the initial rule base by using a fuzzy decision tree outperforms the use of the crisp decision tree. On the other hand, no statistical difference exists between the use of Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy sets as granules.


Experimental polymer flooding was conducted in Ben Nevis (BN) Formation sandstones from Pool 1, Hebron Field, first heavy oil field offshore Eastern Canada and the effects are investigated as part of an ongoing study aimed at identifying polymers that can be applied to this field. The study focuses on the potential of this enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method on sandstones with interconnected pore networks and relatively low permeability (200 – 600 mD). Polymer floods consisted of selected partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and the biopolymer Guar Gum. The mineralogy and texture of the sandstones were studied before and after the injection by both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and mineral liberation analysis (SEM-MLA), and quantification was completed using digital image analysis. The studied cores were sampled from the exploration wells in Pool 1, Hebron Field and mainly consist of fine to very fine grained sublitharenites with similar mineralogy but different textures (homogeneous vs. heterogeneous). The results obtained from the flooded core sandstone samples indicate a porosity increase and a qualitative permeability rise. Intergranular clay matrix detachment and partial removal from the rock sample (due to polymer flooding input/release drag) are the main processes that explain the porosity increase. Carbonate cements were relatively stable and no substantial changes were observed. Additional textural changes observed were minor and consisted of variations in the roughness of grain-pore contacts, pore shape and aspect ratio. Primary texture of the rock subjected to polymer flooding injection is an important factor and seems to enhance textural/mineralogical changes in heterogeneous systems. These results simulate the polymer flooding injection nearest to the production well and indicate that, in this environment, where the polymer flood pushes out the oil and brine fluids and interacts with rocks, some mineralogical/texture


We present how software-defined circuit-switched networking (SDCN) should be realized on an autonomous-distributed controlled optical packet and circuit integrated (OPCI) network. We introduce a basic architecture suited for SDCN on the OPCI network. For OCS network virtualization, we propose to establish multi-wavelength logical paths as a C-plane slice. After creating a C-plane slice, unique control protocols/configurations (including signaling, routing for OCS, path computation, resource control, and so on) can be flexibly implemented for the C-plane slice on programmable platforms. Keywords-component; optical networks, optical packet switching, optical circuit switching, lightpath, software-defined networkings


The sustainable development of societies, countries, economic sectors or business enterprises is based on the assumption that economic growth, production and consumption has the limitations imposed by the possibility for rehabilitating ecological systems. Issues of the rational use of resources form the conceptual framework for the sustainable development. But the emergence of information support in form of integrated reporting of the enterprise causes much debate in the theoretical and practical field. The purpose of the study is to analyze the evolution of the provisions of the sustainable development concept and identify the preconditions for the emergence of integrated reporting of the enterprise.
The components of the sustainable development and its purpose are highlighted; the sustainable development goals of UN and their respective indictors are illustrated. The relation of the categories of capital (financial, industrial, intellectual, human, social and nature capital), reflected in the integrated reporting of the enterprise, with the sustainable development goals is substantiated. The analysis shows that the top category of capital contributing in all the sustainable development goals (the total of 17) is social capital; financial capital (contributing in 14 goals) ranks second, human capital (12 goals) ranks third, production capital (10 goals) comes fourth, intellectual capital (9 goals) is the fifth, and nature capital (8 goals) ranks sixth. These results are indicative of high relevance of integrated reporting of the enterprise to the sustainable development goals.


With the shift from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC) pensions gathering momentum in the aftermath of the financial crisis, there is a renewed focus on what kind of pension DC members can expect in retirement. Will current DC pension plans be sufficient to provide an adequate income in retirement and to what extent can members afford to take investment risk with their pension savings? Yet, it is unclear to many members and plan fiduciaries as to what kind of retirement income their pension plan will generate and how this differs across different groups of employees. Indeed, an understanding of the expected retirement outcomes members can expect is arguably critical to a fiduciary in setting a plan's investment strategy. How else will the fiduciary be able to assess the membership's ability to take on investment risk? This report addresses these questions and examines the 'adequacy' of current DC pension arrangements and which worker groups are most at risk of reaching retirement with insufficient pension incomes. Plan sponsors and fiduciaries can then better understand the outcomes members can expect at retirement and design more appropriate strategies as a result.


When Ava, a 13-year-old basketball player, tried to change direction quickly to drive past her opponent, her knee buckled and she developed an acute haemarthrosis. Ava saw a general practitioner and a physiotherapist who advised her to ice her knee and regain her motion. She initially improved, obtained an over-the-counter brace and returned to playing basketball. The full extent of her injury was not recognised. Ava had weekly episodes of knee giving way when playing basketball and stopped playing her favourite sport. She continued to have a feeling of instability, swelling and pain with her daily activities.

Four months after her injury, MRI of Ava's knee confirmed the ACL rupture and a lateral meniscal tear. By the time she had a surgical appointment and an arthroscopy her lateral meniscus was almost absent; nothing separated the lateral femoral condyle and the adjacent tibial plateau (figure 1). We will never know the extent of the original injury to Ava's lateral meniscus. However, we might suspect that the lack of early and specific recognition of the problem and the subsequent recurrent giving way episodes aggravated meniscal damage.

Figure 1
Lateral compartment of the knee with only a small …


Abstract : The important design parameters for an incoherent optical correlator as applied to the active sonar problem are developed and discussed. An incoherent optical correlator assembly is presented which is capable of simultaneously correlating each of six different inputs with 150 different reference functions in real time. The results of system tests using a linear frequency-modulated input signal having a time-bandwidth product of 100 are reported. (The correlator is found to have a measured processing gain of 10 dB, which is in agreement with theoretical predictions.) The performance of a liquid-crystal device used as a real-time, updatable mask is found to equal that of photographic film. (Author)


Euro-American settlement of the Inland West has altered forest and woodland landscapes, species composition, disturbance regimes, and resource conditions. Public concern over the loss of selected species and unique habitats (e.g., old-growth) has caused us to neglect the more pervasive problem of declining ecosystem health. Population explosions of trees, exotic weed species, insects, diseases, and humans are stressing natural systems. In particular, fire exclusion, grazing, and timber harvest have created anomalous ecosystem structures, landscape patterns, and disturbance regimes that are not consistent with the evolutionary history of the indigenous biota. Continuation of historical trends of climate change, modified atmospheric chemistry, tree density increases, and catastrophic disturbances seems certain. However, ecosystem management strategies including the initiation of management experiments can facilitate the adaptation of both social and ecological systems to these anticipated changes. A fairly ...


This thesis presents cost management as a way to enable dental clinics to increase control and make strategic decisions. A better performance determines requires knowledge about costs. Previous studies in several markets are presented based on the theoretical foundation of costs types. Later, the Cost Management Model is presented using the variable cost method in Teeth and Numbers Dental Center. The methodology used was a case study of a company established empirically. The costs have been defined and the reference value for a 60-minute Initial Dental Consult procedure is calculated. The importance of targeting the fixed and variable costs separately enables a better evaluation of the clinical cost management. The fixed cost management fees showed up as the one with most impact on the value of the procedure. The contribution margin and the economic break-even point analyzes permit evaluation of each procedure individually. A comparison with 109 procedures from other lists clearly shows the feasibility or not of a given dental procedure. The study acknowledged that the variable costing method allows the manager to understand your business model and act with the best performance in an increasingly competitive and globalized market. The results prove to be of interest to cost management and strategic thinking in dentistry.


Th e view is defended that the mere lack of language in a creature does not justify doubts about its capacity for genuine and complex thinking. Th inking is understood as a mental occurrent activity that belongs to phenomenal consciousness. Specifi c kinds of thinking are characterized by active or passive attending to the contents present to the subject, by the thinking being goal-directed, guided by standards of rationality or other standards of adequacy, and fi nally by being a case of critical refl ection upon one's own thinking. It is argued that none of these properties of thinking introduce the necessity that the thinking subject has a language except for, probably, the last one. Th ere is reason to believe that the capacity to critically refl ect upon one's own thought requires internal verbalization of the thoughts being criticized. Th e view that emerges is that we might share larger parts of our cognitive phenomenally conscious life with non-linguistic creatures than is commonly assumed.


A road freight vehicle fleet represents the basic means for the work of a transport company, for which reason it is the most important element of its business doing. Its work directly influences the volume of the income from and costs of business operations of a transport company. The correct sizing and management of the road freight vehicle fleet is of essential significance to the cost-effectiveness of the enterprise and the satisfaction of demands for transporting. The defining of a road freight vehicle fleet and the selection of the vehicles that it will consist of are a complex problem, which should be approached from several aspects.
In the paper, a fuzzy model for determining the justifiability of investing in the renewal of a truck road freight vehicle fleet and the assessment of the time period needed for return on such investment is presented. The forecasts of the expected volume of transport, i.e. income from transport, have been made on the routes with constant flows of freight for the realistic pessimistic and optimistic variants for the recommended period of the exploitation of a vehicle.


The overall shape of a sand grain can be defined by two morphological properties, namely sphericity and roundness, and it is largely determined by soil-formation and weathering processes. In this paper, we investigate the effects of these properties on the visible and near-infrared reflectance of sand-textured soils characterized by the presence of iron oxides. Our investigation is supported by computer simulations performed using the SPLITS (Spectral Light Transport Model for Sand) model and considering actual sand characterization data. Our findings indicate that the influence of grain morphology may vary considerably depending on the distribution patterns of iron oxides present in sand-textured soils. These minerals may occur as pure particles, as contaminants mixed with the grain parent material, or as coatings. Since these distribution patterns are also significantly affected by soil-formation and weathering processes, we believe that the combined influence of sand-grain shape and iron-oxide distribution patterns on the reflectance of sandy landscapes should be carefully taken into account in the retrieval of information about their mineralogy and environmental history.


Teacher thinking and teaching action of a PE teacher in organising joint activities is studied. The theoretical and methodological bases are founded on principles of the ecological paradigm, the perspective of the reflective practitioner, the perspective of the situated action and the sociocultural-orientated constructivism. The "constructivist conception of school teaching and learning" is adopted to analyse the relationships in the interactive triangle on which thinking is analysed. To study the organization of joint activities, analysing the interactivity process has been adopted. To find out and analyse teacher's thinking, self-confrontation interviews have been carried out and discourse analysis has been adopted. Is revealed that: the organisation of joint activity represents a suitable scenario for the study of teacher thinking, thinking about these actions enables to identify conditions that govern teaching actions, this is determined and governed by both the immediate, unpredictable and uncertain nature of the interactivity situations and the teacher's implicit theories, and that thinking in action and thinking on action are very often different.


How to Cite: Zeb, A. ., Rehman, M. . ., & Ra que, M. . (2022). Prevalence Of Psychosocial Issues Among Internally Displaced Children by Military Wars in District Khyber: Psychosocial Issues among Internally Displaced Children by Military Wars. Pakistan BioMedical Journal, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i5.512


Preface 1. On the study of war 2. Munster and Osnabruck: peace by pieces 3. War and peace in the era of the heroic warriors, 1648-1713 4. Act Two of the hegemony drama: the Utrecht settlements 5. The lethal minuet: war and peace among the Princes of Christendom, 1715-1814 6. Peace through equilibrium: the settlements of 1814-1815 7. Conflict and consent, 1815-1914 8. 1919: peace through democracy and covenant 9. War as the aftermath of peace: international conflict 1918-1941 10. Peace by policing 11. The diversification of warfare: issues and attitudes in the contemporary international system 12. Issues, war, and international theory 13. The peacemakers: issues and international order Bibliography Additional data sources Index.


Rail transport is the most efficient way of transport from an energetic and environmental point of view. The integration of geosynthetics in the rehabilitation solutions has grown substantially in the last decade, such as the application of different geogrids for reinforcement and/or stabilization of ballast layer. It appears to be consensual that the effectiveness of the geogrid depends on the degree of interlock between the geogrid and the granular material. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the relation between the geogrid aperture size and the ballast size that maximizes the interlock. The influence of the geogrid location in the ballast layer and the ballast grading are also addressed. The results suggested that, in order to obtain a higher interlock percentage, a selected ballast layer, with a reduced maximum dimension, should be used in contact with the geogrid and the geogrid should be placed in the ballast layer, above the interface ballast/substructure. The results suggested that the relation between the geogrid aperture size and the maximum dimension of the aggregate should be around 1.22 in order to improve the interlock.


Abstract Niobium was quantitatively extracted at pri 3-4.5 with 0.08 M Amoerlite LA-2 in xylene from 0.02 M malonic acid. It was stripped from the organic phase with 0.25 M potassium carbonate solution and was determined spectrophotometrically with TAR at 540 nm. Apart from Amberlite LA-2, Primene JM-T quantitatively extracted niobium and xylene were the only satisfactory dilutents. Wiobium was separated from various elements which formed weak complexes with malonic acid by stripping these elements before extraction of niobium. By the process of selective stripping it was separated from elements forming strong complexes. The method was used for the determination of niobium from stainless steel.


Introduction This article describes a model for establishing national design research and upgrading art-based design education programs at the university level. It aims to provide an overview of the development and achievements of design research in Denmark against a particular political, organizational, academic, and professional background during a ten-year period. Having served as the director of the Danish Centre of Design Research (DCDR) from 2007 to 2012,1 I try, as objectively as possible, to review the background for the political decision to establish the Centre, its actual establishment, the research evaluation in 2010, and the closing of the Centre in 2012. In 2000 the Danish Evaluation Institute presented an evaluation of the Danish design education programs under the auspices of the Danish Ministry of Culture.2 This evaluation, called Design 2000, recommended that research activities be established at the institutions of design education. Following the issuance of the evaluation report, the Danish Parliament decided to found the DCDR in 2003. The DCDR's purpose was to support the establishment of a joint design research capacity for the four Danish institutions offering design education programs: Aarhus School of Architecture (ASA), The Danish Design School (DDS), Kolding School of Design (KSD), and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture (RDA/SoA). The plan included a scheduled research evaluation in 2010, which would serve as the basis for a decision about the future of the DCDR, design research in Denmark and the organization of it. The evaluation was carried out as scheduled and gave a highly favorable assessment of the DCDR's achievements. After the general election in 2011, both the DCDR and the design education programs were transferred to the Ministry of Education and Research, which oversees the other institutions of higher learning in Denmark. In 2012, the Danish government decided to close the DCDR and reallocate its annual grant of DKK 3.6 million to the three partner institutions. (Two of the original four had merged in 2011.3)


Background: Hypomethylating agents (HMA) form the current standard treatment for patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (HR-MDS) who are not eligible for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, overall response rates (ORRs) remain low in patients receiving azacitidine (Aza), and median overall survival (OS) is reported as ~15 months (Sekeres et al. J Clin Oncol. 2017). In addition, there are few data on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) published in this population while on treatment. Venetoclax (Ven) is a selective, potent, orally bioavailable BCL-2 inhibitor, which has demonstrated synergy with HMA in preclinical studies of HR-MDS. From an ongoing, open-label, dose-escalation, Phase 1b study (NCT02942290) evaluating Ven+Aza for the treatment of treatment-naïve HR-MDS, we report the updated safety and efficacy in all treated patients and the exploratory analysis of key PROs in patients who received the recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D).
 Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with treatment-naïve HR-MDS, International Prognostic Scoring System intermediate-2 or high, bone marrow blasts <20% at baseline, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score ≤2 were enrolled; patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia or therapy-related MDS and candidates for intensive chemotherapy or HSCT were excluded. Ven was initially given at a dose of 400 mg or 800 mg for 28 days in a 28-day cycle. Due to intolerance among patients with MDS, this was later amended to an escalating dose (100, 200, and 400 mg) for 14 days in a 28-day cycle. Aza was administered at 75 mg/m2 subcutaneously or intravenously on Days 1-7 of each 28-day cycle. The primary objectives of the study were to assess the Ven+Aza safety profile and to establish the RP2D. Key secondary objectives included assessment of ORR and OS. Safety and efficacy assessments were carried out on all patients who received ≥1 dose of study drug, and efficacy endpoints were evaluated according to the 2006 International Working Group response criteria, with OS analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methodology. PROs were exploratory and included the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core (EORTC QLQ-C30) scale.
 Results: At data cutoff, December 31, 2019, 57 patients had received Ven+Aza, with a median follow-up of 13.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.3, 15.6 months). The majority of patients were male (75%); median age was 71 years (range 26-85 years); and 89% had ECOG score 0-1. All patients experienced ≥1 adverse event (AE), the most common being constipation (54%), neutropenia (51%), and nausea (51%). Grade ≥3 AEs were experienced by 97% of patients, with neutropenia (51%), febrile neutropenia (46%), and thrombocytopenia (30%) the most common. Febrile neutropenia was the most common serious AE (42%). The 30-day mortality rate was 2%. The ORR was 77%, including complete remission (CR) and marrow CR (mCR) achieved by 42% and 35% of patients (of whom 40% achieved mCR + hematological improvement), respectively; none achieved partial remission. Median OS was not reached (95% CI 16.2 months, not estimable; Figure 1). Median duration of response was 14.8 months (95% CI 12.9 months, not estimable). Median progression-free survival was 17.5 months (14.5, not estimable). Of the patients who received the RP2D of Ven 400 mg for 14 days/28-day cycle in combination with Aza, physical functioning, as measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30, was maintained through 48 weeks of treatment. In addition, clinically meaningful improvement in fatigue and dyspnea, as measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30, was achieved by the beginning of Cycle 5 and was maintained through Week 48 (Cycle 13; Figure 2).
 Conclusions: The combination of Ven+Aza demonstrates promising efficacy, including response durability, and an acceptable safety profile for patients with HR-MDS. Maintenance in physical functioning and clinically meaningful improvement in dyspnea and fatigue were observed throughout the first 48 weeks, although these data are not yet mature and low patient numbers beyond Cycle 7 limit conclusions. Additional follow-up data and correlation with disease risk features including mutations will be presented at the meeting.

 Garcia: Pfizer: Research Funding; Eli Lily: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Wei:Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; MacroGenics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Servier: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute: Other: former employee and receives a fraction of its royalty stream related to venetoclax; Pfizer: Honoraria; Genentech: Honoraria; Astra Zeneca: Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Borate:Genentech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Daiichi Sankyo: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; AbbVie: Other: Investigator in AbbVie-funded clinical trials; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Fong:Astellas: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; AbbVie: Honoraria. Baer:Forma: Other: Institutional research funding; Astellas: Other: Institutional research funding; AbbVie: Other: Institutional research funding; Incyte: Other: Institutional research funding; Kite: Other: Institutional research funding; Oscotec: Other: Institutional research funding; Takeda: Other: Institutional research funding. Nolte:AbbVie: Other: Investigator on an AbbVie funded clinical trial. Jurcic:AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Arog Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding; Forma Therapeutics: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Kura Oncology: Research Funding; PTC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Syros Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Jacoby:Takeda: Consultancy; AbbVie: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Hong:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment. Platzbecker:Geron: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria. Odenike:Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astex Pharmaceuticals, NS Pharma, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Oncology, Oncotherapy, Agios, CTI/Baxalta, Aprea: Other: Institutional research funding; Astra Zeneca: Research Funding; Incyte: Other: Institutional research funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Impact Biomedicines: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Cunningham:AbbVie: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; Astex: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Principia Biopharma: Research Funding; Rigel Ilona: Research Funding. Zhou:AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: may hold stock or other options. Tong:AbbVie, Inc.: Current Employment, Other: may hold stock or other options. Hogdal:AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: may hold stock or other options. Kamalakar:AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: may hold stock or other options. Hutti:AbbVie Inc.: Current Employment, Other: may hold stock or stock options. Kye:AbbVie: Current Employment, Other: may hold stock or other options. Garcia-Manero:Novartis: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amphivena Therapeutics: Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Helsinn Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; H3 Biomedicine: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Acceleron Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria; Onconova: Research Funding.

 Venetoclax is a BCL-2 inhibitor approved for use in CLL and in combination with azacitidine, decitabine, or low-dose cytarabine for the treatment of newly-diagnosed AML who are 75 years or older or who have comorbidities that preclude use of intensive induction chemotherapy; the current clinical trial reports use in MDS


Political reaction to public outcry makes this both a difficult and sensitive time to be producing any book suggesting methods/programmes of work with sex offenders. Even within the Service, in some areas, officers working with such offenders are viewed with suspicion by colleagues. Managers often want to distance themselves from owning responsibility for such groups and offering support and supervision/ consultancy. This book is more than a match for that difficult challenge and clearly sets out to demonstrate why such work is a vital part of both child protection and public protection. From the outset it is obvious that it is written by practitioners for practitioners. The book is based on the experiences of the author's work within the specialist sex offender team of Northumbria Probation Service. It includes material covering theories of offending behaviour, principles and procedures of assessment and a wealth of good practice tips picked up from extensive work experience within the team. The book is readable and the information very accessible. It is organised into three distinctive parts: Part I looks at 'Values, Research and Theoretical Bases'. Here it is helpful to see that their work is not based solely on


Sorting is among the most fundamental and well-studied problems within computer science and a core step of many algorithms. With the advancement in multi-core architectures many parallel sorting algorithms have been investigated which are implemented without a need for building interconnected machines. Present architectures have 2, 4, or 8 cores on a single die which demonstrates the benefits of parallelism at the chip level. In this paper, a comparative analysis of performance of three different types of sorting algorithms viz. merge sort, 3-way merge sort and parallel merge sort is presented. The merge sort algorithm to sort a sequence of n elements is based on divide and conquers approach of solving problems. The 3-way merge sort is also a sorting algorithm which follows divide and conquer approach and is an extension of simple merge sort. The comparative analysis is based on comparing average sorting time in parallel sorting over merge sort and 3-way merge sort. The time complexity for each sorting algorithm will also be mentioned and analyzed.


A new 2D All-inorganic polyoxometalate compound Na3H7[( Bi W9O33)2Mn4( H2O)10]·53H2O was synthesized by the reaction of Na12[Bi2W22O74( OH)2]·44H2O,Ce Cl3·7H2O,Mn SO4·H2O and Na2C4H4O6·2H2O in aqueous solution. The title compound was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,IR spectrum and thermogravimetric analysis.


The current study aims at identifying the level of the Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University students' attitudes towards using the blackboard system, determining the extent to which academic buoyancy can predict the students' attitudes towards using the Blackboard system in e-learning, and the differences according to gender and academic disciplines both variables. The research sample consisted of (243) male and female students from the Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University. The researchers applied the academic buoyancy scale and the attitude scale towards using the Blackboard system on the e-learning (prepared by the researchers). The researchers utilized the descriptive-analytic research approach. Results revealed that academic buoyancy contributed to predicting students' attitudes towards using the Blackboard system and that there was a positive correlative relationship between academic buoyancy and students' attitudes towards using this system. Besides, students have a high level of attitudes towards using this system.Besides, there were no significant differences in both variables due to gender or academic discipline. Results of this research can be utilized in developing students' skills to face the academic pressures and challenges as well as enhancing their ability to solve problems they encounter through developing their academic buoyancy. It can be used also in developing the university students' attitudes towards using the Blackboard system in e-learning.


A range of research has explored the problem of generating referring expressions that uniquely identify a single entity from the shared context. But what about expressions that identify sets of entities? In this paper, I adapt a state-of-the-art semantics for plural descriptions—using covers to abstract collective and distributive readings and using sets of assignments to represent dependencies among references—to describe a search problem for set-identifying expressions that largely avoids the computational explosions inherent in computing or searching over the power set representation of salient collections.


'The estimation of the rights of aboriginal tribes is always inherently difficult. Some tribes are so low in the scale of social organisation that their usage and conceptions of rights and duties are not to be reconciled with the institutions or the legal ideas of civilised society. Such a gulf cannot be bridged. It would be idle to impute to such people some shadow of the rights known to our law, and then to transmute it into the substance of transferable rights of property as we know them.' (James 1979:58-9).


In a previous report a solution was obtained for the determination of all loads necessary to hold an initially flat, thin, elastic plate in the shape of a prescribed parabolic surface, following large displacement. These loads include spatially varying normal tractions distributed over the back surface of the plate, and a uniform shear force and bending moment applied along the opposing edges which become the rims of the parabola after deformation. In actual practice the edge loads are not pesent and, as a result, local displacement and stress variations arise creating what is known as an edge effect. Furthermore, if the full parabola is separated into two equal halves at the vertex another edge effect occurs. The analysis used to compute the local displacement and stress variations arising near the rim is repeated here to treat the absence of edge loads at the vertex. In addition to the normal stresses which arise, shear stresses result from the absence of the membrane reaction at the vertex, which was present in the case of the full parabolic surface. Correlation between the present theory and data from laser ray trace experiments is also presented.


In English classroom, teacher talk exerts great influence on students' knowledge construction and their development of communicative ability. Great difference is discovered between student teachers and excellent teachers' use of initiating moves and follow-up moves in junior middle school English classes. The number of display questions and evaluative follow-ups used by student teachers overwhelms the number of referential questions and discoursal follow-ups used by them, which could result in reducing the degree of communicativeness and the authenticity of the classroom discourse. In comparison, excellent teachers more skillfully balance the frequency of different types of questions and follow-ups. The difference indicates that English student teachers need to make adjustment on their use of different types of questions and follow-ups in order to give students more effective guidance and improve the communicativeness of classroom teaching.


An experimental system was designed in which nano composite materials were used as phase change materials.Experiments were carried out with smooth tube and corrugated tube used as heat transfer tubes respectively.The experiments used Agilent to gather the data of the temperature,and the temperature variation curves were plotted and the results were discussed.The results indicates that the corrugated tube used as heat transfer tube will not only lead to quicker fluids flow,shorter time of charging,but also enhance the discharging process.


This article shows electronic block structure and individual elements of the cordless inspecting vehicle to air ducts. Modern electronics in the robot is first of all efficiency, fast, 32-bits the processor, radio steering, the cordless, color camera and sensors measuring all essential parameters in an air duct. Additionally, sensors of environmental conditions were applied (the temperature, the humidity and detecting the presence of gas). Processor control administrative elements by entrance keys. Administrative elements are electric engines: chassis, arm, camera tripod and helping vertical wheel. Expect engines processor also switch on buzzer, LED light and halogen. Cordless camera with microphone is independent district reinforced only from robot accumulator. Built robot "the Inspector 1" is a competitive solution to industrial robots of this type applied in the industry. The equipment of environmental sensors delivers to the operator information on conditions occurring in the pipe (temperature, moisture, presence of gas, air flow direction, beam intensity etc.). Especially, block scheme of the inspecting system "Inspector 1", block scheme of the operational panel of the system "Inspector 1", sensor of the flow and direction of air are presented in the paper


This paper draws on the results of research with artist academics - artists employed as academics within universities principally to teach artistic skills - over a period of almost four years. Through this research we have sought to understand the experience of working in academia within an artistic discipline, one of which has been music. Effective music education is shaped by a complex set of relationships, including those between the musician as educator, practitioner and researcher. Within the higher education environment, all three activities are increasingly required, and we argue that the link, or nexus, between practice, research and teaching cannot be denied. Specifically, we ask: How does the knowledge contained within the process and product of artistic practice construct and inform pedagogy within undergraduate and postgraduate university teaching programs? In responding to this question, the paper draws on a diverse literature including our own previous research.


INFLUENCE OF PYREXIAL DISEASES ON THF. PRINCIPAL PHENOMENA OF MENSTRIUATION. Dr. L. Perroud has furnished some information on this subject in a paper read before the Societe des Sciences MSIdicales at Lyons. His observations were made on 100 cases. In 95, the age wtas noted; 31 of the patients were from 15 to 20 years old; 38 from 20 to 25; 17 from 25 to 30; 5 from 30 to 35; and 4 above 40. The women were for the most part domestic servants or workers in silk, of moderate information, and generally of a well-marked lymphatic temperament, combined in a fewv cases with signs of the sanguine or of tIme nervous temperature.


Abstract : Comparative studies of Nimbus I and Nimbus II HRIR pictures over Southeast Asia with supporting surface and radar observations disclose that bright areas (cold temperatures) in HRIR pictures correspond to areas of precipitation revealed by radar and substantially agree with a rain index based on 12-hr rainfall reports from six stations. The Nimbus infrared pictures are significantly different from satellite daytime video pictures, however, and consequently require different interpretation.


Neuro‐oncology research has rediscovered a complexity of nervous system cancers through the incorporation of cellular heterogeneity into tumor models with cellular subsets displaying stem‐cell characteristics. Self‐renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) can propagate tumors and yield nontumorigenic tumor bulk cells that display a more differentiated phenotype. The ability to prospectively isolate and interrogate CSCs is defining molecular mechanisms responsible for the tumor maintenance and growth. The clinical relevance of CSCs has been supported by their resistance to cytotoxic therapies and their promotion of tumor angiogenesis. Although the field of CSC biology is relatively young, continued elucidation of the features of these cells holds promise for the development of novel patient therapies. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Question: How are dynamics of early-seral post-fire vascular plant and bryoid (terrestrial mosses, lichens, and fungi) vegetation impacted by reforestation activities, particularly manual vegetation removal and planting density? Does the relationship between vegetation dynamics and vegetation removal differ between harsh (west-facing) and moderate (east-facing) aspects? Location: Five high-severity burn plantation forests of Pseudotsuga menziesii in southwestern Oregon, USA. Methods: Plantations severely burned in a recent wildfire were planted with conifer seedlings as a four-species mixture or a monoculture, at two different densities, with and without manual vegetation removal. A subset of plots was also planted on a contrasting aspect within each plantation. The contrasting aspects differed in potential solar insolation and were indicative of moderate (eastern exposure) and harsh (western exposure) site conditions. Covers of shrub, herbaceous and bryoid vegetation layers were measured during reforestation activities 2‐4yr after the fire. Dynamics of structural layer cover and community composition were compared among treatments with analysis of variance and multivariate analyses (non-metric multidimensional scaling and blocked multi-response permutation procedure). Results: Structural layer cover and community composition differed between areas that received reforestation treatments and untreated areas. However, variability within treatments in a plantation was greater than variability within treatments across plantations. Effects of vegetation removal on composition and structure were more evident than effects of planting or altering planting density. Vegetation removal decreased cover of tall and low shrub and the bryoid layer, and increased herbaceous layer cover. Bryoid community and low shrub structural layer responses were more pronounced on moderate aspects than on harsh aspects. Vegetation removal shifted vascular plant community composition towards exotic and annual species. Conclusions: These reforestation treatments may be implemented without substantially altering early-seral vegetation community composition dynamics, especially in areas with harsh site conditions. Site conditions, such as aspect, should be evaluated to determine need and potential effects of reforestation before implementation. Monitoring for exotic species establishment should follow reforestation activities.


Momentum and contrarian returns have been documented by a large number of studies. In this paper we investigate the performance of technology stocks by using these two widely followed investment strategies during a speculative boom period. We discuss the effectiveness of various long and short trading strategies for a well balanced sample of technology stocks and find that by executing a simple buy bottom strategy, a technology investor could take advantage of the overreactions in order to generate higher returns during the period of excessive speculation. We also show that accounting for conditionally heteroskedasticity increases the evidence that risk adjusted returns are strongly related to market betas of a benchmark return and NASDAQ composite index returns.


From the ethanolic extract of flowers of Seneciochrysanthemoideone flavone diglycosideonexanthone glycoside have been isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were identifiedwith the help of chemical and spectral studies.


Unfortunately, alternatively certified novice teach ers are not being properly prepared. Under the No Child Left Behind Act, the primary concern is that all classrooms are housed with highly qualified teachers. In the present, alt ernatively certified novice teacher attrition has increased significantly. Many classrooms across the United States have either an alternatively certified novice teacher or a non-cer tified person instructing students. Exceedingly, high rates of teachers are leaving the profession within the first five years. Clearly, a majority of the teachers leaving the fie ld of education are working in indigent, urban, under privilege and or racially or culturall y diverse populated schools (Education Week, 2003). In order for alternatively certified n ovice teacher reformation to undergo significant scrutiny and accountability; educators, lawmakers, stakeholders, and other constituents, need to make rigorous attempts to pre pare, mentor, educate, and retain alternatively certified novice teachers. The ultima te goal is to help all students to acquire the knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society and to interact, negotiate, and communicate with peoples from diverse groups in order to create a civic and moral community that works for the common good. In order to foster high student achievement, alternatively cert ified novice teachers plays a pivotal role in their success. Research indicates that an intric ate pattern in alternatively certified novice teachers who possess high self-efficacy are more susceptible to be innovative in their


Micro lens arrays (MLA) are broadly used in a multitude of optical applications, whereas increasingly extended areas need to be structured. Furthermore, growing quantities of microoptical components require microand nano-replication techniques, such as injection moulding and injection compression moulding. Therefore, ultra-precision milling strategies for manufacturing of mould inserts have been evaluated regarding applicability, surface quality and processing time. Different milling strategies were investigated regarding processing time and resulting surface quality. Single flute diamond milling tools were used to mill the mould cavities in nickel-phosphorus (NiP) coating deposited on tooling steel. The experiments were conducted on a 5-axis ultra-precision milling machine and qualitative results regarding observed effects of the different strategies were evaluated. The achieved surface qualities were analysed and quantified using white light interferometry. Methods of ring, radial or spiral milling strategies showed different failure modes and shortcomings such as stepping, pin residues or long processing times. Using a method, where a specifically designed milling tool was immersed in a single step into the bulk material, best results were achieved and the processing time for each lens was reduced to a minimum. The quality of the MLA could be further increased by immersing the milling tool in a defined angle. It was observed, that the centering and radius of the diamond of the milling tool was a major factor. Conclusively, the results show that high quality tooling in combination with the applied milling strategy enables significant improvements in quality and costs.


While efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of superficial, non-melanoma skin cancer has been proven in controlled clinical trials, there are only few controlled studies showing the usefulness of topical PDT for non-oncologic diseases of the skin. Several promising reports on PDT of inflammatory dermatoses, e. g. psoriasis vulgaris, localized scleroderma, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus or virus induced skin disorders offer promise that PDT will set up in this area also since it offers several advantages over established treatment modalities and is associated with only few side effects. In contrast to PDT of tumors, where the aim of therapy is tumor destruction, PDT of inflammatory disorders probably works by modulating cellular functions. Therapeutic protocols therefore differ markedly from those used for tumor destruction. For treatment of inflammatory dermatoses usually very low photosensitizer and light doses are sufficient ("low-dose PDT"), however multiple treatments are commonly necessary to achieve the desired effects. Most experiences are available with the endogenous topical photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid. Only for the treatment of psoriasis also systemic photosensitizers have been used successfully. Controlled clinical trials are necessary to study the efficacy of PDT in this promising new field of inflammatory disorders, to establish treatment protocols and probabl y find new indications for PDT in dermatology. Originalarbeit


Patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm are waiting too long for surgery, says a report from the UK national confidential inquiry into patient outcome and death.

Just over a fifth of patients (21%) with aortic aneurysm who were reviewed for the inquiry waited more than 12 weeks for an elective repair operation, even though their condition was "life threatening,"said the inquiry's chairman, Peter Simpson. He added, "Once a decision has been made to operate, this should be carried out as expeditiously as possible."

The inquiry found that 18 patients who had emergency surgery for aortic aneurysm (out of 264) in …


The present study is aimed to evaluate the changes in total protein, total free amino acid content and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in the liver, ovary and muscle of Zebrafish after exposure to 96 h LC 5, LC 10 and LC 20 of Deltamethrin and neem based pesticide Achook. It was found that the protein content was reduced to 45, 68, 65% (after Deltamethrin exposure) and 54, 81, 85% (after Achook exposure) as compared to the controls (100%) after 16 days in the liver, ovary and muscle, respectively at LC 20 exposure. The total free amino acid contents in liver were enhanced to 146 and 142% of controls (100%) after exposure to LC 20 of Deltamethrin and Achook respectively. However, in the ovary of treated fishes the total free amino acid content was significantly (P<0.05) reduced. In addition, DNA content was reduced to 26, 40 and 38% of controls (100%) in liver, ovary and muscle respectively after 16 days exposure to LC 20 of Deltamethrin. The reduction in DNA content from the control was 37, 46 and 44% in liver, ovary and muscle respectively due to Achook at the same concentration and exposure period as that of Deltamethrin. Similarly, RNA contents were also reduced in the liver, ovary and muscle significantly after Deltamethrin and Achook exposure. It was observed that all the changes were concentration as well as time dependent. This study will reflect the potential role of these biochemical parameters for assessment of aquatic pollution as far as the natural pesticides are concerned.


A doubly lexical ordering of the rows and columns of any real-valued matrix is defined. This notion extends to graphs. These orderings are used to prove and unify results on several classes of matrices and graphs, including totally balanced matrices and chordal graphs. An almost-linear time doubly lexical ordering algorithm is given.


We compute one loop neutrino masses in the R-parity violating Minimal Supersymmetric Model, including the bilinear R-parity violating masses in the mass insertion approximation. To the order we calculate, our results are independent of the Higgs-lepton basis choice. We have a variety of perturbative parameters-gauge, yukawa and trilinear couplings, and R_p violating masses. Their relative magnitudes determine which diagrams are relevant for neutrino mass calculations. We find new loop diagrams which can be relevant and have frequently been neglected in the past. For the Grossman-Haber neutral loop contribution to the neutrino mass matrix we obtain explicit analytic results.


One hundred and seventy three germplasm lines/varieties of chickpea received from various research organizations were screened for the sources of resistance against chickpea blight disease (Ascochyta rabiei (Pass) Lab) by artificially inoculating the germplasm under a plastic tunnel where temperature, ranged from 8-24C and humidity was maintained above 80% by sprinkling fresh water. Out of 61 lines received form Pulses Research Institute, Faisalabad 3 lines viz., 03039, 03041 and 03053 exhibited highly resistant response while 11 lines viz., 03001, 03002, 03011, 03016, 03020, 03023, 03024, 03035, 03040, 03044 and 03045 displayed resistant reaction. The rest of the lines displayed moderately susceptible to susceptible reaction. Out of 80 lines received from Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad 5 test lines i.e. 03115, 03131, 03133, 03143 and 03159 were found to be highly resistant while 16 test lines viz., 03108, 03126, 03127, 03153, 03156, 03157, 03161, 03162, 03169, 03170, 03172, 03173, 03174, 03177, 03178 and 03180 were found resistant against A. rabiei infection. Similarly out of 90 test germplasm lines/ cultivars received from Arid Zone Research Institute, Bukhar 3 lines viz., 93A-086, 93A-111 and 93A-3354 exhibited highly resistant response while 5 lines viz., 91A-016, 92A-792, 92A-117, 96A-4504 and NES-98K4, displayed resistance response against A. rabiei infection. These resistant sources can further be exploited in breeding programe for the development of disease resistant commercial cultivars.


This paper was originally written for Dr. Ken Seigneurie's World Literature 100 course What is World Literature? The assignment was to write a literary paper on a course text, with little to no outside research. The objective of the assignment was to develop close-reading abilities in the context of an argumentative academic essay. The paper uses MLA citation style.


In recent years, the increased deployment of the infrastructure of intelligent transportation systems has enabled the provision of real-time traveler information to the public. Many states as well as private contractors are providing real-time travel-time estimates to commuters to help improve the quality and efficiency of their trips. Accuracy of travel-time estimates is important: inaccurate estimates can be detrimental to travelers, particularly when such estimates are less accurate than a person's ability to predict traffic on the basis of experience. Improving the accuracy of real-time estimates involves identifying and understanding the sources of error. The errors found during the evaluation of real-time travel-time estimates in Portland, Oregon, were explored and solutions are provided for reducing estimation error. The midpoint algorithm used by the Oregon Department of Transportation was used to estimate travel times from speeds obtained from loop detectors. The estimates were assessed for accuracy by comparisons with ground truth probe vehicle runs. The findings from the study indicate that 85% of the travel-time runs had errors less than 20% and, further, that accuracy varied widely between segments. The evaluation of high-error runs revealed the main causes of errors as transition traffic conditions, failure of detectors, and detector spacing. Potential solutions were identified for each source of error. In addition, a method was tested for evaluating the benefits of additional detectors by simulation of virtual detectors. The results indicated that additional detection helps in reducing the mean average percentage error in most cases, but the location of detectors is critical to error reduction.


The invention discloses a cleaning treatment process for cowhide, which orderly comprises process steps of soaking, liming, reliming, non-ammonium deliming softening and so on. The process is mainly characterized in that: soaking enzyme is mainly adopted in the step of the soaking, which greatly reduces the use level of a surfactant and the content of COD and BOD. Compared with the prior hair burning method, the liming and the reliming are characterized in that: a hair-saving liming process changes the process thought; the liming expansion is performed after hair saving and hair filtration, which reduces the content of ammonia nitrogen, the COD, the BOD and solid waste in wastewater. And waste liquid after the liming realizes recycling and achieves zero discharge. A non-ammonium deliming softening system is adopted, which reduces the content of the ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater. The use level and the discharge of sulfide and lime which are used to produce leather by the cowhide are reduced by 50 percent or so, an ammonium salt deliming process is saved, the content of the ammonia nitrogen is reduced by more than 90 percent, and the COD and suspended substances are reduced by more than 85 percent.


S T UDIES OF MONKEYS and apes have never been just about monkeys and apes. Historically, humans have wondered about the status of nonhuman primates, about the ways in which they are like and unlike us. With the rise of evolutionary thought in nineteenth-century Europe, our views of the nonhuman primates became firmly tied to our understanding of our own development over evolutionary time. In the Western imagination, primates are now central to the iconography of the human past, including the meanings of sexual divisions in human societies.


This thesis uses U-Pb, Sm-Nd Lu-Hf, Ar-Ar and Oxygen isotope data on well-documented rock samples, to investigate crustal evolution of the Precambrian Rehoboth Province of Southern Africa. This province is defined by its smooth magnetic character, reflecting deep magnetic basement in contrast to the adjoining mobile belts and the Kaapvaal Craton. Most of the area is covered by sedimentary sequences and the Kalahari sands. A first indication of old crust in the Rehoboth Province was provided by granitoid and mafic cobbles from the ~300 Ma Dwyka glacial diamictite. The granitoid cobbles have Archaean ages between 3100 to 2500 Ma and a Palaeoproterozoic group between 2050 and 2020 Ma. The mafic cobbles yield ages of 1123–1111 Ma. The likely provenance of the Dwyka cobbles is the basement of the Rehoboth Province or the Kalahari Line east of Rietfontein. A source within the Kaapvaal Craton is excluded by the absence of typical Kaapvaal cover rocks in the diamictite cobbles. Previous theories of crustal growth or collision between the Rehoboth Province and the Kaapvaal Craton at either 1800 or 1200 Ma are not supported by these data. The Rehoboth Basement Inlier (RBI) is a tectonic terrane at the northern margin of the Rehoboth Province, thrust up in the ~600 Ma Damara foreland. U–Pb, Lu–Hf and Oxygen isotope data for zircon from metasedimentary and magmatic rocks provide new insights on the crustal evolution of the Rehoboth Province. A small group of 3.41 to 2.45 Ga U-Pb zircon ages found in the metasediments of the RBI strengthens the concept of an Archaean foundation to the Rehoboth Province. A group of Palaeoproterozoic ages ranging from 2.2 to 1.92 Ga have not been identified in outcropping magmatic rocks. The Lu-Hf isotope character of these zircons requires mixing between Archaean crustal source rocks and juvenile mantle material. This again points to the presence of an Archaean nucleus within the Rehoboth Province. The 2.05 Ga event, seen in both Dwyka cobbles and detrital zircons, corresponds in age to the Bushveld event and thermal peaks in the Kaapvaal Craton and Limpopo Belt. It suggests that the Rehoboth Province was attached to the Kaapvaal Craton before 2.05 Ga, but after 2.45 Ga. A large age peak at 1.87 Ga corresponds in age to the largely metabasaltic 1870 ±5Ma Elim Formation, now the oldest dated unit in the RBI. However, the Lu-Hf isotope data of the detrital zircons from metasediments shows a source with distinctly older crustal residence and it is likely that the magmatic event at 1.87 Ga was widespread over the Rehoboth Province. The detrital zircon ages that correspond to the younger Palaeoproterozoic (1.83–1.72 Ga) magmatic ages of the RBI show similar Lu-Hf character and the source for these zircons was thus mainly provided by rocks related to the same subduction phase. The Palaeoproterozoic magmatic rocks of the RBI reveal a complex arc-related tectonic history which probably represents an Andean subduction setting. The Kaaien Terrane in South Africa is part of the complex suture zone between the Kaapvaal Craton, Kheis Province, Rehoboth Province and the Namaqua–Natal Province related to a ~1200 Ma collision event. New metamorphic pressure-temperature (PT)-calculations combined with geochronology for unusual garbenschiefer rocks of the Groblershoop Formation reveal an unique burial and uplift history. A segment of the Kaaien Terrane reached depths around 40 km. This caused peak metamorphism at 1164 Ma (Lu-Hf on garnet), followed by rapid exhumation to hornblende and white mica Ar-Ar closure temperatures by ~1140 Ma, thought to be controlled by a change in the tectonic regime. This is the highest pressure found thus far in the Namaqua-Natal Province, most others being less than 5kb. Other parts of the Kaaien Terrane remained at the surface during this period. The Rehoboth Province is thus revealed as an ancient crustal block with Archaean foundations, which may have been attached to the Kaapvaal Craton prior to 2.05 Ga. Major Palaeoproterozoic events within the Rehoboth Province involved mantle additions mixed with reworked Archaean crust. Finally, the Rehoboth Province played a major role during the evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Namaqua– Natal Province, which led to the formation of the Kalahari Craton.


we were asked to help them with the third program. The program on the first Saturday night was to be given over to the study of diet, especially in relation to children, because the Chinese children go to Chinese school at five o'clock or seven o'clock (depending upon their age) and are apt to get hurried, poorly prepared, or cold meals. This program was to be handled by an expert in nutrition who had worked for many months in Hawaii and knew something of oriental food. On the second Sat-


Over 20 susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) have been identified in large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and several past studies have found differences in gene expression between normal and AD brain tissue. Several limitations exist in this previous research, including the use of whole brain tissue and comparing control brain tissue to AD brain tissue, which provides minimal knowledge about which genes play a critical role in the early stages of the disease. To overcome these limitations, the aims of this study were: (1) to develop and optimize a method to isolate single cells from frozen brain tissue while preserving RNA for downstream gene expression analysis and (2) to utilize this method to analyze gene expression in neurons over the course of LOAD pathological progression. We combined immunohistochemistry with laser capture microdissection (LCM) to collect single neurons from normal, mild-cognitive impairment (MCI), mild AD, and severe AD frozen human temporal cortex tissues. Gene expression was determined using the NanoString nCounter Single Cell gene expression assay. Analyzed samples showed at least 10-fold neuronal enrichment, validating the collection of homogenous pools of neurons. Our results confirm that for many LOAD-associated genes, mRNA levels indeed vary throughout disease progression. Notably, APOE mRNA levels were found to increase throughout LOAD pathological progression, while APP mRNA levels were elevated in the AD samples but not in the MCI samples. These results suggest that regulation of APOE may contribute to the development of LOAD while APP regulation may become altered only once the disease has progressed. This endeavor diverges from past studies by examining a single cell type (neurons) as opposed to whole brain tissue, allowing us to gain accuracy and specificity in identifying target genes. Moreover, findings in MCI tissue implicate the expression regulation of critical genes in playing a part in the early stages of disease, suggesting a role in causing LOAD. LOAD GENE EXPRESSION IN NEURONS 3 Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Alzheimer's_Association, 2017). As of 2017, approximately 5.5 million Americans suffer from the disease with this number projected to triple by 2050 without improved treatment. The high prevalence of AD is especially alarming when considering the particularly demoralizing symptoms of the disease, which include memory loss, confusion about place and time, the inability to perform simple tasks or responsibilities, difficulty solving problems, a change in personality, withdrawal from social activities, and anxiety. Unfortunately, the devastating effects of AD also reach beyond the individual to impact family, friends, and society as whole. In 2016, approximately 18.2 billion hours of unpaid care valued at $230.1 billion were given to AD and dementia patients by friends or family members, and many private and public dollars are spent each year helping those with AD, with Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia costing the nation as much as $259 billion in 2017 and Medicare and Medicaid covering approximately 67% of that cost. Despite its significant burden on individuals and society, much is still unknown about the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, and a cure is yet to be found. (Alzheimer's_Association, 2017) Alzheimer's disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who treated and studied a female patient named Auguste D. from 1901-1906 for symptoms that included progressive loss of memory, confusion, paranoia, and personality changes (Hippius & Neundörfer, 2003). Auguste D. died in 1906, and in examining her brain, Dr. Alzheimer discovered two hallmark aberrant features of AD that are now known as extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs; consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau) (Hippius & Neundörfer, 2003). AD is also characterized neuropathologically by degeneration and loss of synaptic connections that originate in the medial temporal lobe, specifically the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, before spreading throughout parietal areas and finally the frontal cortex, culminating in extreme overall atrophy of the brain (Korolev, 2014). Clinically, probable AD dementia is diagnosed by considering medical history and neuropsychological examinations, and although AD is fundamentally a clinical diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and neuroimaging can increase certainty of diagnosis or help exclude other causes of disease (Korolev, 2014; McKhann et al., 2011). AD is definitively diagnosed with post-mortem identification of Aβ plaques and NFTs following a hierarchical manner (Thal & Braak, 2005). LOAD GENE EXPRESSION IN NEURONS 4 The Genetics of Early-Onset Familial AD Family history is the second most important risk factor for developing AD, after age (Chouraki & Seshadri, 2014). For example, researchers found in an examination of 1,694 families that risk of disease was 39% for first-degree relatives of AD patients and thus approximately twice the incidence rate of the general population (Lautenschlager et al., 1996). These and other findings reinforced the heritable nature of AD and consequently led researchers to conclude that genetics plays a critical role in the disease. In the early 1980s, a connection was made between Down syndrome (DS) and AD following the realization that both AD patients and persons with DS share in common abnormal accumulations of Aβ peptides within the brain (Glenner & Wong, 1984). Moreover, people with DS are much more likely to develop early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), and it is estimated that the disease arises in approximately two-thirds of people with DS by the age of 60 (McCarron, 2014). Drawing on the knowledge that DS occurs as a result of trisomy of chromosome 21, researchers hypothesized that a genetic defect localized to chromosome 21 could be at least partially responsible for both AD and DS (Glenner & Wong, 1984). This hypothesis was confirmed by applying genetic linkage analysis to pedigrees suffering from familial EOAD to find a linkage peak on chromosome 21 (St George-Hyslop et al., 1987) and was further bolstered when the gene encoding the amyloid peptide was localized to chromosome 21 using in-situ chromosome hybridization (Robakis et al., 1987). By screening families afflicted with EOAD, a point mutation was eventually found on chromosome 21 in APP (amyloid precursor protein) (Goate et al., 1991), the gene encoding the protein that is cleaved to generate β-amyloid, the primary component of the plaques associated with AD (Wiseman et al., 2015). From these discoveries, it was hypothesized that the triplication of APP is a key component of the development of EOAD in those with DS, a postulation that was augmented by experiments showing that adding an additional copy of the APP gene in the absence of trisomy of the rest of chromosome 21 was sufficient for EOAD to occur in mice (Wiseman et al., 2015). Although a strong connection was formed between AD and APP by studying DS, it was noted that not all families suffering from EOAD showed linkage to the chromosome 21 marker, and thus EOAD was determined to be a genetically heterogeneous disease (Goate et al., 1991). Additional linkage studies of multi-generational pedigrees led to the discovery of two additional genomic loci associated with EOAD: PSEN1 (presenilin 1) and PSEN2 (presenilin 2) (Bertram, LOAD GENE EXPRESSION IN NEURONS 5 Lill, & Tanzi, 2010). These two genes are highly associated with APP; APP is cleaved by βand γ – secretases to produce β-amyloid, and the catalytic site of γ – secretase is encoded by PSEN1 and PSEN2 (Cole & Vassar, 2008). Rare mutations in these three genes, APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, confer a high risk for developing AD, with PSEN1 accounting for the largest proportion of EOAD (Chouraki & Seshadri, 2014). The Genetics of Late-Onset AD Apolipoprotein E (APOE) The genetic causes of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) are much more elusive and difficult to study than those of EOAD. Progress first arrived in 1991 when APOE immunoreactivity was discovered in amyloid plaques in AD brains (Namba, Tomonaga, Kawasaki, Otomo, & Ikeda, 1991). APOE encodes a lipoprotein involved in lipid metabolism in the central nervous system (Yu, Tan, & Hardy, 2014). In 1993, an association was found between the APOE ε4 allele and both late-onset familial AD and sporadic AD (Saunders et al., 1993), and moreover, APOE ε4 allele dose was found to be a major risk for LOAD, with homozygosity being sufficient to result in developing AD before the age of 80 (Corder et al., 1993). Studies and replications since 1993 have maintained APOE ε4 as being the most important risk factor for LOAD, however, about half of AD sufferers lack the APOE ε4 allele, and thus APOE ε4 is not necessary to cause LOAD nor is it sufficient to cause the disease; it is merely a risk factor (Chouraki & Seshadri, 2014). Thus, LOAD was acknowledged as a genetically complex disease, and the focus of research turned to identifying other genes associated with LOAD. Candidate Gene Approaches for LOAD The candidate gene approach is based on prior knowledge about the genetics of a disease and is used to determine whether or not an allele of a gene suspected in being involved with a disease is seen more frequently in diseased subjects than in non-diseased subjects (Kwon & Goate, 2000). These studies are thus hypothesis-based and are used to identify markers that are either causal variants or are in linkage disequilibrium with a causal variant (Chouraki & Seshadri, 2014). Rogaeva et al. used this approach to study variants in genes involved in endocytic pathways, which are implicated in APP re-uptake, recycling, and further processing. As a result, they found SNPs in SORL1 that showed signification association with A


As the fastest integral equation solver up to now, multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) has been applied successfully to solve electromagnetic scattering and radiation from 3D electrically large object. But for very large scale problems, the storage and CPU time required in MLFMA are still expensive. In this paper, a local multilevel fast multipole algorithm (LMLFMA) is proposed to further speed up the efficiency of MLFMA in conjugate gradient (CG) iteration. In the LMLFMA, only the local interactions between the subscatters are taken into account. And, the interaction regions in iteration are varying adaptively with iterative current density. With decrease of iterative error, iterative current density tends to real one, the interaction regions required are diminishing. When the iterative error is less than a critical iteration error, only the interaction between nearby regions at the finest level is considered. Numerical results show that the LMLFMA has good accuracy, and much better efficiency than traditional MLFMA.