Aim: The diagnosis and treatment of patellar dis- location is very complex. The aim of this study is to give an overview of the biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint and to point out the latest developments in diagnosis and treatment of pa- tellar dislocation. Method: The authors electronically searched Medline, Cochrane and Embase for studies on the biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint and for conservativeandsurgicaltreatmentsafterpatellar dislocation. We extracted baseline demographics, biomechanical, conservation and surgical details. Results: Understanding the biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint is necessary to understand the pathology of patellar dislocation. The patello- femoral joint consists of a complex system of stat- ic, active and passive stabilising factors. Patellar instability can result from osseous and soft-tissue abnormalities, such as trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, a high tibial tuberosity trochlear groove (TTTG) distance, weaknesses of the vastus medi- alis obliquus or a lesion of the medial retinacu- lum. Recent studies have focused on the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and have shown that the MPFL is the most significant passive sta- biliser of the patella. Following patellar disloca- tion, an MRI should be standard practice to detect an MPFL rupture, osteochondral lesions or other risk factors for redislocation. An acute first-time patellar dislocation without osteochondral le- sions and without severe risk factors for a redislo- cation should follow a conservative treatment plan. If surgical treatment is required, the best postoperative results occur when the MPFL is re- constructed, leading to a redislocation rate of 5%, this includes cases that have a dysplastic trochlea. Duplication of the medial retinaculum has very inconsistent results in the literature, possibly due to the fact that the essential pathomorphology of patellar dislocation is not addressed. Recent liter-


This paper describes a new finishing process (magnetic abrasive finishing process) in which a free from surface is finished in magnetic field using magnetic abrasives of 80 μm in mean diameter composed of both iron and alumina particles. From the experimental results, it is found that the spherical surfaces (convex surface and concave surface) of ferro-magnetic substance are finished very easily in a short time and its machining accuracy is high. On the other hand, the finishing performance in the case of non-ferro-magnetic substances is restricted due to the work thickness. Next, the finishing possibility for a free form surface is confirmed by modelled experiments in which plane and cylindrical surfaces are machined by applying a NC controlled machine tool.


We expressed the resistance between the origin and any lattice point in an infinite perfect Simple Cubic (i.e., SC) network rationally in terms of the known value of the Lattice Green's Function at the origin (i.e., ), and . On the other hand, we investigated the asymptotic behavior of the resistance. Finally, some numerical results has been calculated.


The luminescence and absorption spectra of [(NH3)5CrOHCr(NH3)5]X5·nH2O (n= 1, X = ClO4, NO3, Cl; n= 3, X = Cl), have been measured on microcrystalline samples at temperatures down to 5 K. At least three of the four components of the ground state have been located in each case and the approximate applicability of the isotropic exchange Hamiltonian [graphic omitted] –30 sasb cm–1 to the ground state confirmed. The coupling in the (4A, 2E) excited state and the intensity mechanism require a much more complex exchange term.


In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), two straight sections, IR3 and IR7, will be dedicated to beam cleaning. These cleaning insertions will be equipped with normal conducting magnets. MBW magnets are dipole magnets used to increase the separation of the two beams. They have a core length of 3.4 m and a gap height of 52 mm and will operate at a magnetic field ranging from 0.09 T to 1.53 T. Limitations on the dimensions and total weight of the magnet resulted in a special design with a common yoke for the two beams. The orbits of the two beams will be separated horizontally by a distance between 194 mm and 224 mm in the gap of the magnet. The magnet was designed in collaboration between CERN and BINP. The report presents the main design issues and results of the pre-series acceptance tests including mechanical, electrical and magnetic field measurements.


The appropriate management of health centers is evaluated through its social impact. Hospitals are part of a system which ultimate goal is the adequate treatment of patients in order to improve the health status of the society in an efficiently and effectively manner. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to utilize properly the scarce resources hospitals have in order to increase their efficiency, which lag behind other industrial and service areas. This work focuses on adapting the Six Sigma methodology to the management of Chilean medical centers and hospitals from a system's perspective in order to: improve the performance of the processes and thus reduce the number of potential errors, mostly those related to the care of patients, and assist in improving the satisfaction of internal and external


Aims Shorea wantianshuea is an endangered tree species of Dipterocarpaceae in Xishuangbanna seasonal rain forest,and is listed in the Plant Red Book under Grade Ⅰ in China.This species regenerates exclusively from seeds.Our objective was to determine the fate of seedlings(including their growth and survival) following a mast fruiting event.Results will be useful in restoring this species and degraded natural forests dominated by it.Methods In early December 2004,after mast fruiting of S.wantianshuea,we established three parallel 20 m×100 m transects spaced 50 m apart within an area of 100 m×200 m spanning from valley bottom to ridge top.Each transect was stratified into five contiguous plots of 20 m and near the center of each plot two 3 m×3 m quadrats were established.We labeled all newly established S.wantianshuea seedlings in each quadrat,recorded seedling height,basal stem diameter and number of leaves every 2-3 months over a 10-month period and calculated death rate,herbivory rate and survival rate of the seedlings.At the end of the survey,we destructively sampled seedlings and determined leaf areas,total dry weight,root-shoot ratio and specific leaf area.Important findings Many S.wantianshuea seedlings established after the mast-fruiting event did not recruit into its natural population because of high mortality rate and herbivory rate caused by seasonal drought stress,small mammals and other predators.The density of seedlings was as high as 2.76 plants·m-2 in December 2004(first census),but was less than 0.26 plants·m-2 in September 2005 when the study ended.Seedling mortality rate was high during the dry season,particularly after the first two months.The final seedling mortality rate on ridge-top and lower-ridge sites,55% and 54%,respectively,were higher than those on other sites,with a gradually increase from valley bottom to ridge top.Herbivory rate in the first census was low and in 8 of 15 sites no seedlings were gnawed or pulled.At the end of the study,mean seedling height was 17.9,19.7,18.4,13.0 and 12.1 cm in valley-bottom,lower-slope,medium-slope,lower-ridge and ridge-top sites,respectively;however,no significant differences were observed in seedling height and other growth parameters.


Adaptive filtering techniques are used extensively in various digital signal processing applications such as acoustic echo cancellation (AEC), adaptive noise cancellation, channel identification and adaptive channel equalization. This paper focuses on developing an efficient acoustic echo removal algorithm, capable of providing effective results by implementation of adaptive filtering techniques to reduce undesirable echo in communication systems. The developed echo canceller comprises of a normalized least mean square (NLMS) adaptive filter and a double-talk detector (DTD) which plays an essential role in AEC. The AEC algorithms employed in this work are implemented using MATLAB application and results of simulations are presented.


The article analyzes the peculiarities of teacher training in the pre-war years by the example of the activities of higher and specialized secondary pedagogical institutions of Sverdlovsk in 1939 – the first half of 1941. It is concluded that on the eve of the fascist invasion during the outbreak of the Second World War, the state sought to maximize the training of teachers. In the late 1930s – early 1941, the funding of pedagogical colleges and pedagogical schools increased significantly. Changes in the composition of pedagogical educational institutions of Sverdlovsk are shown: along with the previously existing Sverdlovsk Pedagogical Institute, a teacher's institute of foreign languages appeared, the Russian and Tatar-Bashkir pedagogical colleges were merged into a single pedagogical college named after A.M. Gorky. The system of military training of students has changed. The article shows that since 1939 the influence of political repressions on public life, including in the sphere of public opinion, has significantly decreased compared to 1937–1938.


ABSTRACT Background Poststroke depression (PSD) is a common complication that seriously affects the functional recovery and prognosis of an individual. As some patients with PSD fail to respond to drug therapy, it is urgent to find a viable alternative treatment. Methods An active exercise program known as foraging exercise (FE), using food as bait, was designed. First, focal ischemia and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) were used to establish a PSD model in rats. FE was then performed for 4 weeks. Body weight and behavioral assessments were conducted at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. Results After 8 weeks, the results revealed that, compared with the PSD group, the behavioral scores of the rats in the PSD/FE group were significantly improved, the expression of Iba-1 in the affected frontal lobe and striatum was decreased, and serum levels of IL-6 and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio were downregulated. However, the ratio of residual brain volume in rats that had experienced CUMS was significantly less than that in the stroke group. Conclusion FE can alleviate the behavioral scores of PSD rats, and its mechanism may be related to a modulation of the immune-inflammation response of microglia. Furthermore, chronic, persistent stress may increase the volume of cerebral infarction after stroke.


Introduction - three perspectives on quality what is quality and how to improve it? how to design for quality how to evaluate quality initiatives learning from NHS experience learning from the commercial sector the significance of what we found an agenda for reform towards a new model of quality assurance for the NHS.


Suppose M be the projective limit of weak symplectic Banach manifolds {(Mi, ϕij)}i, j∈ℕ, where Mi are modeled over reflexive Banach space and σ is compatible with the projective system (defined in the article). We associate to each point x ∈ M, a Frechet space Hx. We prove that if Hx are locally identical, then with certain smoothness and boundedness condition, there exists a Darboux chart for the weak symplectic structure.


The authors have attempted to show the value of studying defaecation in children, using image intensification and video tape recording


Background and Aim: In patients with Crohn's disease (CD), disease location affects treatment outcomes.1 This post hoc analysis assessed the efficacy of risankizumab (RZB), an interleukin-23 p19 inhibitor, by disease location. Method(s): In the ADVANCE (NCT03105128) and MOTIVATE (NCT03104413) studies, patients with moderately to severely active CD and intolerance or inadequate response to conventional and/or biologic therapy (ADVANCE) or to biologic therapy (MOTIVATE) received intravenous (IV) RZB induction therapy or placebo (PBO) for 12 weeks. Patients achieving clinical response to IV RZB induction were re-randomized in a maintenance study (FORTIFY, NCT03105102) to receive subcutaneous (SC) RZB or SC PBO (i.e. withdrawal) for 52 weeks. This post hoc analysis included patients who received RZB 600 mg IV in either ADVANCE or MOTIVATE and patients who received RZB 360 mg SC in FORTIFY. Clinical and endoscopic outcomes were evaluated in patient subgroups stratified by CD location at baseline (ileal only, colonic only, ileal-colonic) using nonresponder imputation incorporating multiple imputation to handle missing data due to COVID-19. Result(s): At Week 12, significantly greater proportions of patients receiving RZB 600 mg IV achieved the co-primary endpoints of CD Activity Index (CDAI)-based clinical remission and endoscopic response compared with PBO in the colonic only (n = 190) and ileal-colonic (n = 252) subgroups (P < 0.001). At Week 12, statistically higher proportions of RZB-treated patients achieved the composite endpoint of CDAI clinical remission and endoscopic response, as well as endoscopic remission, in the colonic only and ileal-colonic subgroups compared with PBO (P < 0.001). At Week 52, significantly greater proportions of patients receiving RZB 360 mg SC achieved the co-primary endpoints of CDAI clinical remission and endoscopic response, composite CDAI clinical remission and endoscopic response, and endoscopic remission, compared with withdrawal (PBO SC) in the colonic only (n = 59) and ileal-colonic (n = 67) subgroups (P <= 0.05;Fig. 1a-1d). In patients with endoscopic remission after 12 weeks of IV RZB (Week 0 of maintenance), significantly more RZB-treated patients achieved sustained endoscopic remission at Week 52 compared with withdrawal (PBO SC) in the colonic only and ileal-colonic subgroups (P <= 0.01;Fig. 1e). At Weeks 12 and 52, efficacy rates were numerically lower in ileal-only CD relative to colonic-only and ileal-colonic CD. Results for ileal-only CD are limited by the small number of patients in this subgroup (induction, 85;maintenance, 15). Conclusion(s): RZB induction and maintenance therapy was effective in patients with moderately to severely active CD, with greater benefits observed in patients with any colonic involvement.


The interaction between methyl red(guest) and β-cyclodextrin(host) was studied and the inclusion was also characterized by X-ray diffraction and TG-DTA.The results indicated that β-cyclodextrin and methyl red formed the inclusion complexing with good results at the ratio of 1:1.


Governance has always been a key development issue. In more recent years, various researchers and policy experts have examined governance as "an exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage a nation's affairs"(UNDP 1997). Furthermore, governance transcends the state and includes both the private sector and civil society. However, most recent studies on governance focus on the public and business sector examining both sectors from the mirror of transparency, accountability, participation, efficiency, equity, sustainability, legitimacy and integrity important characteristics of good governance.


Abstract Reaction of bidentate tertiary phosphines with excess [Co(CNR)5]BF4, or reaction of [Co(CNR)4L-L]BF4 with excess [Co(CNR)5]BF4, leads to bimetallic complexes of the form, [(RNC)4CoL-LCo(CNR)4](BF4)2, R = 2,6-Et2C6H3, L-L = p-Ph2PC6H4PPh2, Ph2PC═CPPh2, Me2PCH2CH2PMe2, Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2, Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2. Comparison of the v(− N═C) IR patterns, electronic spectra, and molar conductivity values of these bimetallic complexes with data for other Co(I)-organoisocyanide complexes indicates that the two -Co(CNR)4 moieties are almost totally independent of each other. Recorded λmax values are the same as for the [Co(CNR)4L-L]BF4 complexes, but the ∊ values, although very large, are less than double. ΛM values in acetone, and probably also in CH2Cl2, are better interpreted as twice the normal conductivity for 1:1 electrolytes than conductivity for 2:1 electrolytes.


Generally, time lags between an actual and an output of a neural network are generated at predicting a time series. In this paper, applying linear approximation to the neural network in order to conquer the time lags.


This paper presents a double Wiener filter approach for low SNR communications. Low power superimposed training bitstreams are transmitted and recorded on a four-hydrophone pyramidal array. The method uses a minimum mean square error (MSE) Wiener filter for channel equalization. To explore temporal diversity, a fast Hadamard transform estimates the channel impulse responses for synchronization of the filtered bitstreams. Coherent averaging of time-aligned signals results in an error-corrected bitstream. A second Wiener filter is then applied over the averaged sequence to eliminate residual intersymbol interference. After removing the probe interference, the original message is recovered. To prove the concept, a small subset of data collected during the experiment BioCom'19 was used. The short-range experiment was performed in an upwelling shallow-water site, in Cabo Frio Island bay (Brazil), a challenging environment for communications due to the rapid ocean temperature stratification. Despite BER fluctuation, the proposed scheme proved robust, dealing with these short time scale signal fluctuations and high noise levels that hamper efforts to recover the message. The four channels were processed independently. Compared to a previous method based on a single Wiener, the double Wiener filter approach achieved better performance, providing an average MSE gain up to 2.8 dB.


To assess the effect which the Council for National Academic Awards has had on the growth and present standing of polytechnic libraries is impracticable without first putting the polytechnics themselves in their historical perspective.


This paper attempt to differentiate two notions related to hysteria and femenine position in Lacan´s work. The first one refers to what Lacan has called symptom of another symptom like a characteristic of hysteria. It remits to its particular relation with sexuality and men, mainly based on the love to the father. The second one refers to the femenine position as the posibility of being symptom of another body in its relationship with a man. This differentiation allows to locate not only how a woman is related with a man according to the position in witch she is placed, but also it allows to locate her relationship with her own body. It can be "body rejection" like in the hysteria. For femenine position it is verified a consent in the relation with her body and femenine jouissance.


which, the pressure is above 145 min. in, persons under 10 years of age, and in those above that age in whom the tens$ion is above 160 mm. Out of 100 cases, 36. had high tenasion; of these, 25 had symptoms of anginal pain and 11. were without pain. Wihen the higlh tension is not accompanied by dilatation or other signs of cardiac failure the prognosis is more favourable than when signs of ..degeneration are present.


Abstract From previous and recent studies, it is clear that an indoor environment of a school may affect the health, comfort and performance of schoolchildren. Besides the occupants and their activities, the windows and the outdoor environment and the type of ventilation system, the interior (furnishing incl. flooring materials) is an important contributor to that indoor environment quality. It seems that flooring materials (having the largest surface area) are able to effect indoor air, acoustical, lighting and thermal quality. This paper focuses on the role of flooring materials in health, comfort and performance of children in classrooms, what do we know and which directions of research are needed.


Calligonum taklimakanense B. R. Pan a G. M. Shen, a new species of Polygonaceae from Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang, China, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to C. ebinuricum Ivanova ex Soskov in having similar fruit shape and achenes with two rows of bristles, but differs in straight old branches and slightly coiled achenes without a long beak. Calligonum ebinuricum has tortuous old branches, very coiled achenes, and a 2-4 mm long beak.


By taking advantage of curved fiber paths, Variable Angle Tow (VAT) laminates increase the design space for tailoring the structural behavior of thin-walled aerospace structures. In recent years, advancements in Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) and Continuous Tow Shearing (CTS) have facilitated the manufacture of these laminates. The CTS technique holds the advantage of reducing many of the manufacturing defects characteristic of the AFP process such as fiber wrinkling, tow gaps and tow overlaps, while also allowing for tighter steering radii. On the other hand, the CTS process features added complexity due to the coupling of fiber steering angle with tow thickness. In this study, a minimummass design of a typical aircraft wing panel under end-compression subject to pre-defined manufacturing, static failure and buckling load constraints is sought. The geometric effects of the asymmetric thickness distribution of the CTS panel on the critical buckling loads, postbuckling paths and static failure behavior are captured for the first time. A hybrid optimization scheme that couples a genetic algorithm with a pattern-search algorithm is used to define a VAT laminate that reduces the mass of both square and rectangular aircraft panels by 31% compared to a baseline straight fiber design. The optimization of the fiber paths is driven by two distinct requirements, namely local and global stiffness tailoring that influence the buckling performance and static strength, respectively. Finally, the initial postbuckling behavior of the optimized designs is investigated using Koiter's perturbation approach, which reveals that postbuckling stability should be considered when optimising VAT panels manufactured by the CTS technique.


Aerial video surveillance plays an important role in gathering the information for the public as well as military applications. Now-a-days cameras used for capturing video are of high quality, but because of the unintentional movement of cameras, the video gets unstabilized. The main aim of the video stabilization is to remove the unintentional motion and shakiness in the videos and preserve the desired motion. In this approach, speeded up robust features (SURF) and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) methods are used to detect and match the feature points of interest. The outliers and noise are removed using RANSAC, while affine transform is used to estimate the motion of the interest points. Finally, the video gets stabilized by compensating the global motion points obtained by the affine transform. These approaches for video stabilization show promising results in terms of Inter Transformation Fidelity (ITF) values for SURF and SIFT algorithms.


Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) is a complex yet effective procedure to remove indwelling leads belonging to cardiac devices with a potential for serious complications. Consequently, the 2017 HRS expert consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead management and extraction maintains that TLE be performed only at centers with an environment fully supportive of a lead extraction program, which includes a team-based approach, incorporating equipment and capable of managing all potential complications.1 An experienced center will evaluate the patient based on the current presentation and comorbid conditions, while incorporating the procedural and patient-related risks. Despite our best evaluation and preparation, however, a flawless risk stratification approach for those in consideration for TLE remains elusive. Patients with prior sternotomy (PS) is a group of interest due to theoretical mediastinal scarring which may protect against vascular tears and conversely increased adhesions and fibrosis which may delay precious life-saving surgical access after vascular complication from TLE. Historically, patients with PS have been shown to have increased operative morbidity and mortality. In a Swiss cohort undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, postoperative mortality rate was 9.6% (57/594) in PS compared with 2.8% (87/3184) in those with no prior sternotomy (NPS). Low cardiac output syndrome, intraaortic balloon pump support, prolonged ventilatory support (>24 hours), hemorrhage and gastrointestinal complications were prominent features in those with PS as compared with those undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting. While some recently published data may suggest PS as a predictor of clinical success in the setting of TLE, there continues to be a significant risk of urgent cardiac surgery—which carries high mortality, and appropriate planning with cardiothoracic backup is crucial.3,4 In this issue, Tsang et al5 present a single-center experience with prior sternotomy on outcomes in transvenous lead extractions. Of 1480 patients undergoing TLE, 455 had PS and were more likely to be male and have more comorbid conditions (coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease) than those with NPS. Patients with PS were more likely to have defibrillator leads (70.1% versus 62.3%; P=0.004) and more leads extracted per case (2.1±1.0 versus 1.9±0.9; P=0.006) though mean lead dwell time was similar between patient groups. Despite some baseline differences, procedural success rates were similar in both groups, 97.6% in the PS versus 98.4% in the NPS group (P=0.257). Major complications occurred in 9 (2.0%) PS patients and 23 (2.2%) patients with NPS (P=0.746). Notably, patients with EDITORIAL


The invention discloses a BSC and MSC No. seven signaling link bandwidth enlarging method and a base station controller. The BSC and MSC No. seven signaling link bandwidth enlarging method comprises the following steps: the network element side of the BSC is collocated with a plurality of signaling points, each signaling point is connected with a same target MSC through a No. seven signaling link;No. seven signaling links from each signaling point to the target MSC are indexed by a user-defined index entry; and when the network element side of the BSC uses one signaling point to send an upper-layer service signaling to the target MSC, the BSC firstly selects the index entry and determines an originating signaling point address OPC according to the index entry and then packages the originating signaling point address OPC and the upper layer service signaling to a No. seven signaling and sends the No. seven signaling to the target MSC through the No. seven signaling link corresponding to the originating signaling point address OPC. The invention enlarges the bandwidth of the BSC and the MSC No. seven signaling link by collocating a plurality of No. seven signaling points communicated with the target MSC on a network element of the BSC, thereby solving the problem that the capacity of a single BSC is limited by the bandwidth of the No. seven signaling link.


The pandemic of the 21st century, COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China and swiftly became a global phenomenon. The frontline barriers for preventing spread are hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE). The amplified hygiene practices and PPE as recommended have brought in its wake a second pandemic- a pandemic of dermatitis!. We reviewed the most prevalent types of iatrogenic skin damage among health-care workers (HCWs), notably irritant, and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to PPE and hand-hygiene measures, as well as face mask induced pressure-related skin damage.


This study was designed to evaluate the processing of yam paste (amala): A product of fermented yam (Discorea rotundata) flour. The sliced yam samples were fermented for 72 hours. The microorganisms were isolated and identified. The pH, TTA, temperature, proximate, anti-nutrient, mineral composition and sensory analyses of the sample were determined. The microbial loads increased with fermentation time. The isolates identified were Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium oxysporium, and Candida tropicalis. pH decreased from 6.4 to 4.9 while TTA and temperature increased from 0.16 to 4.24% and 28oC to 34oC. The crude protein (2.46%) and moisture contents (12.32%) increased in the fermented sample with a decrease in ash (0.70%), fat (0.19%) and carbohydrate contents (80.76%). The saponin and phytate decreased from 31.29 to 11.45mg/g and 11.12 to 5.77mg/g. The fermented sample showed an overall acceptability. Improvement in the nutritional and reduction in antinutritional contents of the fermented sample suggests its usefulness as a food source for humans. The microorganisms associated with fermented yam tubers, processing of yam tubers into flour to produce amala and determining the nutritional and antinutrient content of both unfermented and fermented yam. The fermentation process improving the quality and nutrient content of the yam tubers suggested the method as more promising in producing food for humans.


The ancient system of Indian medicine (Ayurveda) mainly emphasizes on elimination of impurities and increases the resistant power of body. Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight. & Arn. (Family-Asclepiadaceae) is a woody climber used in medicine from the time of Ayurveda. Leptadenia reticulata is seen in various parts of Asia and Africa. Today there is much interest in natural products with therapeutic activity and Leptadenia reticulata has multiple therapeutic activities due to presence of various phytochemicals. Different parts (leaves, stem, root and even whole plant) of L. reticulata have been used in traditional systems of medicine, which have been found to be effective for the treatment of various ailments. In this review the systematic position, vegetative characters, ecology and distribution, propagation and planting, phytochemistry, economical values and the scope of studies published in favor of therapeutic potential of L. reticulata are discussed.


Abstract The uptake of rubidium by excised roots of barley, perennial ryegrass, mung beans, and subterranean clover has been studied. All four root systems possess similar double mechanisms. Below about 1.0 mM rubidium concentration, a single mechanism operates according to Michaelis-Menten kinetic theory. Between 1.0 and 2.0 mM rubidium, a second mechanism begins to make an elfective contribution to uptake. The capacities (Vmax) of the first mechanism operating below 1 mM rubidium are much greater for barley and ryegrass roots than for the roots of the two legumes. Differences between the capacities of the second mechanism of the four plants are relatively much smaller. The first mechanism is sensitive to changes in pH and calcium concentration, but the second mechanism is relatively insensitive under some circumstances. It is argued that there is a fundamental difference between the two mechanisms. An experiment using the roots of whole plants showed that the activity of the first mechanism is greatly d...


The current adaptive optimisation techniques for wind turbine scheduling are not comprehensive enough for the calculation of wake effects, resulting in poor quality optimisation results. This is why the adaptive optimisation of wind turbine scheduling based on power generation and output characteristics is proposed. The radius of the wake effect and the air flow are calculated separately to derive the power generation interval of the WTGs. Integration of wind turbine scheduling laws in combination with power output characteristics. Adaptive optimisation of the integrated law. The experimental results show that the economic efficiency of the results of the scheduling law under this technique is high, 96.32%, which effectively improves the quality of the optimisation results and has high practical application value.


The annual variation of main characters, genetic effect of bumper and stability, declining cause of variety were analysed to wheat mainstay varieties 12057, Jinmai 33 and Jinmai 47 with larger planting area in the dryland wheat region of Huanghuai and the south of Shanxi in the thesis. The results showed that bumper and stability of three varieties depended on bigger variation of ear numbers and stable grains per ear and 1000 kernel weight. The main cause of variety decline was due to the loss of its resistance. The life cycle of varieties was divided into superiority stage, adaptation stage of variety and environment, variety decline stage. All varieties possessed the effect of time and space.


Observations of high-redshift quasars show that the IGM must have been reionized at some redshift z > 5. If a source of radiation could be observed at the rest-frame Lyα wavelength, at a sufficiently high redshift where some of the IGM in the line-of-sight was not yet reionized, the Gunn-Peterson trough should be present. Longward of the Lyα wavelength, a damping wing should be observed caused by the neutral IGM whose absorption profile can be predicted. Measuring the shape of this damping wing would provide irrefutable evidence of the observation of the IGM before reionization, and a determination of the density of the neutral IGM. This measurement might be hindered by the possible presence of a dense absorption system associated with the source. Shortward of the Lyα wavelength, absorption should be seen from the patchy structure of the IGM in the process of reionization, intersected in the line-of-sight. We show that a complete Gunn-Peterson trough is most likely to continue to be observed through the epoch where the IGM is partially ionized. The damping wings of the neutral patches should overlap if the proper pathlength through an ionized region is less than 1h −1 Mpc; even in larger ionized regions, the characteristic background intensity should be low enough to yield a very high optical depth due to the residual neutral fraction, although occasionally some flux may be transmitted through large, underdense voids within an ionized region. The case of the He II reionization is also discussed, and we argue that helium was already doubly ionized by z = 3 throughout the IGM. The recently discovered afterglows of gamma-ray bursts might soon be observed at the very high redshifts required for these observations. Their featureless continuum spectrum and high luminosities make them ideal sources for studying absorption by the IGM. Subject headings: galaxies: formation-large-scale structure of universe-quasars: absorption lines – 2 –


Bayesian methods have become increasingly popular in modern statistical analysis and are being applied to a broad spectrum of scientific fields and research areas. This paper introduces the new MCMC procedure in SAS/STAT 9.2, which is designed for general-purpose Bayesian computations. The MCMC procedure enables you to carry out analysis on a wide range of complex Bayesian statistical models. The procedure uses the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to draw samples from an arbitrary posterior distribution, which is defined by the prior distributions for the parameters and the likelihood function for the data that you specify. This paper describes how to use the MCMC procedure for estimation, inference, and prediction. The MCMC procedure is based on Markov chain Monte Carlo methods; it performs posterior sampling and statistical inference for Bayesian parametric models. The procedure fits single-level or multilevel models. These models can take various forms, from linear to nonlinear models, by using standard or nonstandard distributions. To use the procedure, you declare parameters in the model and specify prior distributions of the parameters and a conditional distribution for the response variable given the parameters. The MCMC procedure enables you to fit models by using either a keyword for a standard form (normal, binomial, gamma) or SAS programming statements to specify a general distribution. The MCMC procedure uses a random walk Metropolis algorithm to simulate samples from the model you specify. You can also choose an optimization technique (such as the quasi-Newton algorithm) to estimate the posterior mode and approximate the covariance matrix around the mode. The procedure computes a number of posterior estimates, and it also outputs the posterior samples to a data set for further analysis. Successful Bayesian inference that uses this sampling-based approach depends on the convergence of the Markov chain. The MCMC procedure provides a number of convergence diagnostics so you can assess the convergence of the chains. This paper first provides a brief overview of some relevant concepts in Bayesian methods and sampling-based infer- ence, and then explains the mechanisms that drive the MCMC procedure. A number of examples, ordered from simple to more complex, demonstrate how to use the procedure. The examples show a single-parameter binomial model, inference on functions of parameters, power priors, nonstandard distributions, sensitivity analysis, a random-effects model, and meta-analysis. In addition to the models that are demonstrated in this paper, you can use PROC MCMC to fit zero-inflated Poisson regression, survival analysis, ordinal multinomial models, time series, missing data analysis, and so on. Detailed examples and discussions can be found in the PROC MCMC documentation in the SAS/STAT User's Guide and on SAS web site (see the section "CONTACT INFORMATION" on page 22 for more details).


It is a pleasure to call to order the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society and to welcome all of you to participate in its program and discussions. I appreciate deeply the great honor which you have bestowed in selecting me as the forty-second president of your society. For any accomplishments which may have occurred during my tenure, I am indebted to the fine organization turned over to me by my predecessor, Dr. Astwood, to the continued efforts of our hard-working and devoted Secretary-Treasurer, Henry H. Turner, and his very effective and efficient secretary, Mrs. Mattox. The subjects and participants comprising our scientific program are the result of the considered deliberations of our Vice-President, Lewis L. Engel, and his committee. For their efforts in behalf of the Society we are indeed grateful.


A.M. Kramer & J.M. Drake (2010) Experimental demonstration of population extinction due toapredator-drivenAlleeeffect.JournalofAnimalEcology,79,633–639.Experimental evidence of extinction via an Allee effect (AE) is a priority as more species becomethreatened by human activity. Kramer & Drake (2010) begin the International Year of Biodiversitywiththeimportant–butdouble-edged–demonstrationthatpredatorscaninduceanAEintheirprey.Thegoodnewsisthattheirexperimentshelpbridgetheknowledgegapbetweentheoreticalandempir-ical AEs. The bad news is that this predator-driven AE precipitates the prey extinction via a demo-graphic AE. Although their findings will be sensitive to departures from their experimental protocol,this link between predation and population extinction could have important consequences for manypreyspecies.


Thermoelectric properties and electronic structures of n-type thiospinels Cu2TrTi3S8 composed of CuS4 tetrahedron and (Tr/Ti)S6 octahedron network have been studied for Tr= Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. The samples with Tr= Mn, Co, and Ni exhibit metallic behaviors in the electrical resistivity (ρ) and rather large and negative thermopower (S), leading to a high power factor (S2/ρ) of 0.4–0.6 mW/K2 m at 650 K. In addition to the superior electrical properties, relatively low thermal conductivity of ∼2 W/Km gives rise to a dimensionless figure of merit ZT reaching 0.16–0.18 at 650 K. The analysis of the temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility indicates that the Mn, Fe, and Ni ions are in high-spin divalent states while the Co2+ ion is in a low-spin nonmagnetic state. This electronic state for the Co2+ in Cu2CoTi3S8 is consistent with our first-principles electronic structure calculation indicating that the Fermi level lies in the conduction bands composed mainly of Ti-3d, Co-3d, and S-3p orbitals. The Ti-3d an...


In recent years, the ever-increasing demand for networking resources and energy, fueled by the unprecedented upsurge in Internet traffic, has been a cause for concern for many service providers. Content caching, which serves user requests locally, is deemed to be an enabling technology in addressing the challenges offered by the phenomenal growth in Internet traffic. Conventionally, content caching is considered as a viable solution to alleviate the backhaul pressure. However, recently, many studies have reported energy cost reductions contributed by content caching in cache-equipped networks. The hypothesis is that caching shortens content delivery distance and eventually achieves significant reduction in transmission energy consumption. This has motivated us to conduct this study and in this article, a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art green caching techniques is provided. This review paper extensively discusses contributions of the existing studies on green caching. In addition, the study explores different cache-equipped network types, solution methods, and application scenarios. We categorically present that the optimal selection of the caching nodes, smart resource management, popular content selection, and renewable energy integration can substantially improve energy efficiency of the cache-equipped systems. In addition, based on the comprehensive analysis, we also highlight some potential research ideas relevant to green content caching.


Significance Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) is classified as central or peripheral, according to the location of the primary tumor. Peripheral SCCa (PSCCa) is becoming as common as central SCCa, but the reasons for this increase are unclear. Smoking and chronic lung inflammation are recognized as risk factors for lung cancer. LXRα,βDko mice accumulate lipid in their lungs and develop M1-macrophage-predominant chronic lung inflammation and eventually lesions resembling PSCCa. This mouse model may provide a tool to study the etiology and progression of lung PSCCa and suggests a need for examination of LXR signaling in human PSCCa. The etiology of peripheral squamous cell lung cancer (PSCCa) remains unknown. Here, we show that this condition spontaneously develops in mice in which the genes for two oxysterol receptors, Liver X Receptor (LXR) α (Nr1h3) and β (Nr1h2), are inactivated. By 1 y of age, most of these mice have to be euthanized because of severe dyspnea. Starting at 3 mo, the lungs of LXRα,βDko mice, but not of LXRα or LXRβ single knockout mice, progressively accumulate foam cells, so that by 1 y, the lungs are covered by a "golden coat." There is infiltration of inflammatory cells and progressive accumulation of lipid in the alveolar wall, type 2 pneumocytes, and macrophages. By 14 mo, there are three histological lesions: one resembling adenomatous hyperplasia, one squamous metaplasia, and one squamous cell carcinoma characterized by expression of transformation-related protein (p63), sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), cytokeratin 14 (CK14), and cytokeratin 13 (CK13) and absence of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), and prosurfactant protein C (pro-SPC). RNA sequencing analysis at 12 mo confirmed a massive increase in markers of M1 macrophages and lymphocytes. The data suggest a previously unidentified etiology of PSCCa: cholesterol dysregulation and M1 macrophage-predominant lung inflammation combined with damage to, and aberrant repair of, lung tissue, particularly the peripheral parenchyma. The results raise the possibility that components of the LXR signaling may be useful targets in the treatment of PSCCa.


With the rapid development of computer networks and the popularity of network applications, network security has been people's increasing attention. Network security is an important issue under Network environment, authentication technology plays a very important role for network application security. Through the study of reason perish analysis and system design, providing efficient and practical solutions for network security applications system. The purpose of this paper is to research on authentication mechanisms and authentication protocols, analysis characteristics and application environments of the network authentication system, develop the VIKEY online dynamic two-factor password authentication system.


For nearly 30 years, LGBT police associations have been working within police agencies to create better working conditions for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) officers and staff as well as to improve relations between the agencies and LGBT communities.  The exploratory research examines the formation, structure, and impact of these associations on police agencies throughout Europe. Based on focus group and survey data from eight lesbian and gay police associations in Europe, this research highlights unique and common elements of their evolution and articulates a path forward to stay relevant in ever-changing political and social environments. Based on the data gathered, there appear to be opportunities to expand the efforts of these associations to include more visibility and open interactions with local LGBT communities. Through collective action and support via the European LGBT police association, current lesbian and gay police associations could be utilized to realize and expand LGBT police associations in other parts of Europe and beyond.


if.'i;,:,,~;; The possibility may seem exhilirating or it may seem repugnant, but the ..,~'.,~~., possibility should be carefully considered. The possibility is that computers may someday (and perhaps to a limited extent already do) serve not merely as tools for calculation or consultation but as full-fledged decision makers ,': on important matters involving human welfare. In examining this possibility ;'~:1; I hope to avoid computerphilia and computerphobia and argue for an


Textile industry contributes the most disposals of synthetic dyes, and about 40% of textile dyes has been generating high amount of colored wastewater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as phenanthrene, is a group of organic compounds, that structurally comprised of two or more benzene rings, which persist in air, water, and soil. The organic pollutants of dyes and PAHs have adversely effects the food chain and are potentially toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic to the environment. The objective of this research is to screen and investigate the potential fungus from mangrove forest to degrade azo dyes and phenanthrene.  In this study, fungi were collected from mangrove forest in Riau Province – Sumatra – Indonesia. Previously, Trametes sp. AS03 is one of the fungi isolated from mangrove forest in Riau Province, that was able to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). The capability of Trametes sp. AS03 to decolorize four azo dyes, Remazol B. Violet (V5), Levafix Orange E3GA (Or64), Levafix B. Red E-6BA (R159), and Sumifix S. Scarlet 2GF (R222), were further evaluated. The result shows that Trametes sp. AS03 decolorized 91, 60, 48, and 31 of V5, R222, R159, and Or64, respectively. By showing its capability to decolorize some of the dyes, Trametes sp. AS03 was used to break down phenanthrene. AS03 degraded more than 70% of phenanthrene in 15 days.


We have studied the influence of impurities on the dislocation behavior in heteroepitaxial layers of ZnSe on GaAs, grown by photoassisted organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. In undoped ZnSe layers, the dislocation densities are similar to those obtained by [S. Akram, H. Eshani, and I. B. Bhat, J. Cryst. Growth 124, 628 (1992)] whose data show that there is an inverse relationship between layer thickness and dislocation density. Incorporation of the electronically active impurity Cl increases the dislocation densities relative to undoped layers of the same thickness. Also, there is a correlation between the normalized dislocation density and the concentration of incorporated Cl. The isoelectronic impurity Cd has a similar effect on the dislocation density. Incorporation of Cd to a concentration of ∼1020/cm3 increases the dislocation density by a factor of about 3 compared to undoped layers of equal thickness. We also observed that doping of both Cd and Cl together resulted in low dislocation densities simi...


This study was conducted in order to identify the concen- tration of heavy metals (As, Pb & Hg) in contaminated soil in the county of Guadalupe, Zacatecas in order to have elements for deci- sion making by authorities and to identify exposition routes and fur- ther research activities to evaluate and reduce environmental and health risks in the site. Analysis were developed using EPA methods: SW 846: 3050B/6010B for arsenic and lead (FLAAS); and EPA SW 846: 7471A for total mercury (CVAAS). Compared to a recommend- ed concentration in soil of 20 mg/kg for arsenic and mercury and 100 mg/kg for lead (PROFEPA Interim Criteria of 2001), the concentra- tion of heavy metals was found to be up to 8 times higher for the met- als analyzed. With this information a dispersion model was run in order to get iso-concentration curves and to establish risk zones. From the data, two hot spots were identified (towns of La Zacatecana and Osiris) where mercury, lead and arsenic total concentration is higher enough to justify future speciation studies to evaluate the risk


The Laminated cylindrical shells are being used in submarine, underground mines, aerospace applications and other civil engineering applications. Thin cylindrical shells and panels are more prone to fail in buckling rather than material failure. In this present study linear and non-linear buckling analysis of GFRP cylindrical shells under axial compression is carried out using general purpose finite element program (ANSYS). Nonlinear buckling analysis involves the determination of the equilibrium path (or load-deflection curve) upto the limit point load by using the NewtonRaphson approach. Limit point loads evaluated for geometric imperfection magnitudes shows an excellent agreement with experimental reults [25]. The influence of composite cylindrical shell thickness, radius variation on buckling load and buckling mode has also investigated. Present study finds direct application to investigate the effect of geometric imperfections on other advanced gridstiffened structures


The initial sequencing of 5 cichlid genomes revealed an accumulation of genetic variation, including extensive copy number variation in cichlid lineages particularly those that have undergone dramatic evolutionary radiation. Gene duplication has the potential to generate substantial molecular substrate for the origin of evolutionary novelty. We use array based comparative heterologous genomic hybridization to identify copy number variation events (CNVEs) for 168 samples representing 53 cichlid species including the 5 species for which full genome sequence is available. We identify an average of 50-100 CNVEs per individual. For those species represented by multiple samples we identify 150-200 total CNVEs suggesting a substantial amount of intra-specific variation. For these species, only approximately 10% of the detected CNVEs are fixed. Hierarchical clustering of species according CNVE data recapitulates phylogenetic relationships fairly well at both the tribe and radiation level. While CNVEs are detected on all linkage groups, they tend to cluster in "hotspots" and are likely to contain and be flanked by transposable elements. Furthermore, we show that CNVEs impact functional categories of genes with potential roles in adaptive phenotypes that could reasonably promote divergence and speciation in the cichlid clade. These data contribute to a more complete understanding of the molecular basis for adaptive natural selection, speciation and evolutionary radiation.


The community health nurse (CHN) is committed to assessing and caring for all aspects of a community, including both individual and aggregate problems. Within this context, an understanding of what makes members of one community alike and what makes them different from members of other communities, becomes significant. A community is a social group determined by geographic boundaries and/or other common values and interests. It exhibits and creates certain norms, values, and social institutions (Gikow & Kucharski, 1987). These values, beliefs, and social institutions can also be referred to as the culture of the community (Leininger, 1983). Cultural identification gives a background from which nurses can anticipate client differences in values, religion, dietary practices, lines of authority, family-life patterns, and beliefs and practices related to health and illness (Tripp-Reimer, Brink, & Saunders, 1984). Authors such as Brownlee (1978), Davis (1986), Gikow and Kucharski (1987), and Leininger (1977) p...


In this paper, the relationship between several factors and team points is estimated. Specifically, the number of wins and goals are proportional to the team points of the season, but pass%, possession% and shots per game have less significance. We research it through simple linear regression, multiple linear regression, t-test and p test. The data are from La Liga, collected from mainly two sources: www.whoscored.com [1] and www.transfermarkt.com [2]. After reading this paper, people will be familiar with the relationship on the large broad. However, this paper has limitations. It cannot be used when emergencies happen. Thus, further research, like influence of covid-19, VAR(visual assistant referee) and weather, need to be discussed in the future.


Being the central and leading areas of our country's economic development in the reform and opening up,advanced coastal areas are characterized by huge economic aggregate and high-level administrative function,and consequently become the most seriously corrupted districts in our country.The characteristics of corruption phenomena in those areas are as follows: corrupt officials have high administrative ranks with more power and influence,thus corruption cases with "immense amount of money" involved are not uncommon,many of which feature foreign element and as a result offer more opportunities and overseas spaces for illegal activities.Some corruptions make short-term promises with flexible ways and time span for taking bribes,moreover,common people's strong tolerance incur more chances of corruption.We should take systematic and efficient measures based on a thorough understanding of the above characteristics to fight against corruption.


OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To examine the prevalence of new indications for existing drugs conducted by non-originator companies from 2015 to 2021 and determine how many could qualify for 505(b)(2) under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A search within Clinicaltrials.gov was conducted to identify phase 3 drug interventional studies completed from 2015 to 2021. Results were categorized by funding source and industry sponsored studies were further separated into originator- and non-originator companies using dailymed.com. An in-depth review of 2018 was conducted to understand the nature of the studies including indication, dosage form, and route of administration. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: According to clinicaltrials.gov, a total of 7148 phase 3 studies were conducted between 2015 and 2021. Most of these studies were funded by industry (4447, 66.21%), followed by other (2428, 33.97%), NIH (266, 3.72%), and government (62, 0.87%). In-depth examination of the studies completed in 2018 (n=1077) revealed similar pattern in that most were funded by industry (674, 62.58%) followed by other (356, 33.05%), NIH (43, 3.99%), and government (10, 0.93%). Some studies were funded by more than one type. Of the industry-sponsored studies, 623 were funded by originator companies and 51 by non-originator companies. A total of 49/674 of the industry sponsored studies were for new indications, with 42 studies conducted by originator companies and 7 conducted by non-originator companies. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The 505(b)(2) is a way for manufacturers to add new indications to drugs by non-originator companies. In 2018, 49/674 studies were conducted to pursue new indications with few, 7/49, conducted by non-originator companies. The product development landscape reveals few opportunities for entities pursuing the 505(b)(2) pathway for new indications.


Religious studies as a field of scholarship in the West emerged, as Eric Sharpe astutely noted, at a time when Christianity as the spiritual pillar of the Western world was facing the spread of secularization accompanying the rise of the natural sciences. The concept "religion" that originated in the West is now widely shared that we can communicate ideas with that noun serving as the basis. In particular, dialogue between people from many "non-Western" countries, for example dialogue between Japanese and Africans, would be difficult without this commonly shared term "religion". Conceptions of the term religion vary depending on one's cultural background. Yet while recognizing that issue, one can continue to interpret and examine by exploiting the inexhaustible meanings of the term. The study of religion under postcolonial conditions, then, is an ongoing attempt to clarify the possibilities and constraints of "religion".Keywords: Africans; Christianity; Japanese; religion; Western world


A recurring problem in genomics involves testing association of one or more traits of interest to multiple genomic features. Feature-trait squared correlations r2 are commonly-used statistics, sensitive to trend associations. It is often of interest to perform testing across collections {r2} over markers and/or traits using both maxima and sums. However, both trait-trait correlations and marker-marker correlations may be strong and must be considered. The primary tools for multiple testing suffer from various shortcomings, including p-value inaccuracies due to asymptotic methods that may not be applicable. Moreover, there is a lack of general tools for fast screening and follow-up of regions of interest.To address these difficulties, we propose the MTCA approach, for Marker-Trait Complete Analysis. MTCA encompasses a large number of existing approaches, and provides accurate p-values over markers and traits for maxima and sums of r2 statistics. MTCA uses the conditional inference implicit in permutation as a motivational frame-work, but provides an option for fast screening with two novel tools: (i) a multivariate-normal approximation for the max statistic, and (ii) the concept of eigenvalue-conditional moments for the sum statistic. We provide examples for gene-based association testing of a continuous phenotype and cis-eQTL analysis, but MTCA can be applied in a much wider variety of settings and platforms.


Vacuum therapy has only recently been introduced for treatment of low extremity ulcers. The traditional way has conventionally been application of continuous negative pressure at -125 mm on patient's lower body and extremities. However there are evidences suggesting potential advantages of lower value intermittent negative pressures. The article describes the mechanisms and clinical effects of intermittent vacuum therapy. Practical experience of its application in patients with low extremity venous ulcers is demonstrated. This technique has proved being a perspective approach in the treatment of non-healing wounds and ulcers and so requires more profound studying to identify the most suitable therapeutic regimen.


The performance of the Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) in different applications has widely been investigated by various studies. The research areas are oriented toward fault effects on electromagnetics behavior and its diagnosis for operation improvement. One of the most observed faults is the stator winding short circuit which may lead to produce the unbalanced distribution of magnetic field. In this paper, it is attempted to firstly introduce the conventional SRM and new structure of double stator SRM (DSSRM). Secondly, by means of three dimensional finite element method (3D FEM) the effects of short-circuit faults (SCF) on motor profiles are investigated, in which static and dynamic behaviors of the motor in healthy and several SCF conditions are evaluated. A new method namely as maximum current point tracking (MCPT) is introduced to evaluate the SCF in SRM, so an index is proposed to detect the numbers of shorted turns in faulty phase. The overall outcomes highlight the advantages of using this method and index which is general enough to be applied to any type of SRM.


Prosecution and justice form the basis of the criminal procedure system. The form of the charge determines the type of criminal process. The transition to an adversarial type of process consists only in changing the investigative form of bringing charges to the judicial form. the substantive component of the prosecution is related to the mechanism of bringing to criminal responsibility. Criminal prosecution should be carried out by the court if the charge is recognized as legitimate.


In online advertising, pervasive in commercial search engines, advertisers typically bid on few terms, and the scarcity of data makes ad matching difficult. Suggesting additional bidterms can significantly improve ad clickability and conversion rates. In this paper, we present a large-scale bidterm suggestion system that models an advertiser's intent and finds new bidterms consistent with that intent. Preliminary experiments show that our system significantly increases the coverage of a state of the art production system used at Yahoo while maintaining comparable precision.


This research aims to know the understanding of the educational community, especially at the vocational level of the practice of Pancasila in the field of education and formulate aspects in the Pancasila ethical and ethical education model. The type of research used is R&D research. The subjects in this study were teachers, students, and Principals of Vocational Schools in the City of Yogyakarta, in the field of Technology and Engineering expertise. While the objects in this study are Pancasila's values, the behaviours of teachers and students, and the ethics and culture-based education model of Pancasila. Data collection techniques were questionnaires, observations, interviews, and documentation (triangulation). Data analysis used quantitative descriptive techniques. The results of this study are: (1) respondents believe there has been a disorientation in applying the values of Pancasila as the basis of the Republic of Indonesia as much as 80%; (2) systemic ethics and culture based education model of Pancasila which is developed from interrelated and facilitated inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.


This paper describes a multiple audio watermarking using Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) on frequency phase and magnitude response. Proposed embedding procedure is composed of two stage. At the first stage, the watermark is embedded on the frequency phase response using QIM. In the second stage, the watermark is embedded using adaptive QIM with the step-size that is adaptively determined using the maximum value of the frequency magnitude response of every frame. The watermark is extracted by calculating the Euclidean distance as the blind detection. The proposed method is robust against most of attacks of audio watermark benchmarking. For the Fourier attacks, the proposed method shows over 95% recovery rate.


Abstract Introduction In 1999, the Obstetrics Longitudinal Course began as a pilot course at the University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, a mission-based campus established to serve the need...


Hundreds of fillers are available in aesthetic medicine today, and choosing the appropriate product for a given cosmetic indication can be a daunting task. Careful patient selection, proper training and experience remain the common denominators in helping to avoid adverse events with fillers.


Employing self‐consistency, the multiple‐scattering problem is formulated for periodic arrays of particles having constitutive parameters distinct from those of the embedding material. A T‐matrix description of individual particle scattering is employed, so that particles need not be spherical. Explicit analytical and numerical results are obtained for the effective complex dielectric constant e and permeability μ in the quasistatic and infinitesimal lattice limits for several lattice geometries, and shown to agree with existing static computations under appropriate conditions. Random arrays are also considered briefly, and the role of single‐particle resonance effects is examined. Finally, longitudinal electric and magnetic waves are predicted to exist at certain discrete frequencies where e or μ vanish.


The data integrity verification in mobile cloud computing environment was analyzed. A method for lightweight verification on data integrity was proposed,which was based on BLS short signature scheme and Merkle Hash tree data structure. Considering the resource constraints and"harsh"environment of mobile devices,the method is suitable for mobile computing environment and has many good features of proposed schemes. Through the method the verification process could be accomplished with high accuracy,light computing and lowdata transmission. In this method,outsourcing verification was supported,data integrity could be verified without using directly source file blocks,process of verification could be stateless,and dynamic data operation could be archived in cloud. It is suitable for the service on data in mobile cloud computing environment.


Fault propagation behaviour analysis is the basis of fault diagnosis and health maintenance. Traditional fault propagation studies are mostly based on a priori knowledge of a causality model combined with rule-based reasoning, disregarding the limitations of experience and the dynamic characteristics of the system that cause deviations in the identification of critical fault sources. Thus, this paper proposes a dynamic analysis method for fault propagation behaviour of machining centres that combines fault propagation mechanisms with model structure characteristics. This paper uses the design structure matrix (DSM) to establish the fault propagation hierarchy structure model. Considering the correlation of fault time, the fault probability function of a component is obtained and the fault influence degree of nodes are calculated. By introducing the Copula and Coupling degree functions, the fault influence degree of the edges between the same level and different levels are calculated, respectively. This paper constructs a fault propagation intensity model by integrating the edge betweenness and uses it as an index to analyze real-time fault propagation behaviour. Finally, a certain type of machining centre is taken as an example for specific application. This study can provide as a reference for the fault maintenance and reliability growth of a machining centre.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adsorption and desorption characteristics of only LNT and SCR catalysts with respect to SV(Space Velocity) and the de-NO x performance of a combined system of LNT+SCR with fresh or hydrothermally aged. The adsorption according to SV of the LNT catalyst was about 1,000sec to reach 500ppm of NO x at SV=14,000 1/h. The ratio of NO₂/NO x on the LNT was increased as SV decreased. The physically and chemically absorbed NH₃ on the SCR catalyst desorbed in same concentration though various SV values. The NO x conversion of the LNT decreased with SV increased in range of 350℃ or lower temperature, the formation of NH₃ increased as SV increased in the same lower temperature range. The NO x conversion of the SCR with SV=14,000 1/h showed 95% at 320℃, the effect of SV on the NO x conversion was not so much. The NO x conversion of the combined system of LNT and SCR with fresh catalysts appeared maximum value of 70% at 250℃, whereas the NO x conversion of the combined system with hydrothermally aged catalysts at 750 or 900℃ decreased about to 25% below range of 300℃. And the hydrothermally aged catalysts shown trends of the reduction of NO x conversion and the increase of NH₃ slip due to the reduction of residence time according to SV increase.


A simple relationship between frequency shifts to be expected in molecular vibrational spectra upon isotopic substitution and component values of eigenvectors is displayed. Application of this expression to the problem of force constant refinement is discussed in terms of a refinement algorithm developed some years ago to overcome particular problems associated with large molecular systems. Calculations of expected isotopic shifts have been calculated and are tabulated here for experimental reference.


West German physicians, largely untrained in the use of controlled clinical trials, are constantly exposed to conflicting views of such trials arising from legal proceedings and from critics and defenders within the professions, the drug industry, and the media. The author recommends that more effort be devoted to improved research design and that informed consent be required only for certain categories of clinical trials.


The success of the Design department at SEBRAE/RN or any organization depends on the ability to manage the knowledge of their team members. However, the knowledge management of an organization is usually carried out in an informal way. This is because the internal knowledge is not shared and utilized in a proper and correct manner. As a consequence, a diagnosis of the knowledge management was accomplished inside of the Design department at SEBRAE/RN through the application of a questionnaire in order to find out which are the existents practices of knowledge management and information management within this department. The objective of the diagnosis was to identify, based on a theoretical model which action needs more attention, in other words, more dedication during the exercise of the knowledge management within the organization. The analysis will obtain the state of the art of the Designs department, in which will give support during the application of the methodology and tools of knowledge management. Finally, it is expected that the practice of the knowledge management in the Design department at SEBRAE/RN can reach a superior performance contributing with an improvement of the products and services offered by the organization.


We inspected two 6.2 kW systems of CdTe modules that had been deployed for approximately eight years. The report summarizes the findings, lists the observed defects and links one of these defects to a significant loss in performance in some modules.


Cognitive outcome for mild TBI with positive brain imaging (complicated MTBI) was compared with that for mild TBI with normal imaging (uncomplicated MTBI) and moderate to severe TBI using meta-analysis. Twenty-three studies utilising objective neurocognitive tests were included in the analysis. At less than 3 months post-injury, complicated MTBI was associated with poorer cognitive outcomes than uncomplicated MTBI but deficits were not comparable to those with moderate-severe TBI. After 3 months post-injury a similar pattern was detected. Beyond 3 months, relative deficits in complicated MTBI to those with uncomplicated MTBI were present in processing speed, memory, executive function and language, though the latter may be due to reduced semantic fluency. The effect size of deficits in these domains was more marked in moderate-severe TBI. The available data supports the use of complicated MTBI as a distinct classification in the prediction of cognitive outcome. The size of cognitive deficit in complicated MTBI was small and unlikely to cause significant disability. However, complicated MTBI is a broad category encompassing individuals who may differ markedly in the nature and extent of intracranial imaging abnormality and further studies are warranted. Limitations of the available studies include small, selected samples, variations in TBI severity classification, absence of validity ('effort') testing, differing imaging methodology and lack of long-term follow up.


Jordan's Food and Drug Administration Laboratories are responsible for the surveillance of zoonoses in frozen meat imports. Results from the surveillance are stored in Laboratory Food Examination System (LFES) portal. In the period from 2015 to 2019, there was an apparent decrease in the occurrence of microbiological pathogens in imported meat and meat products. Poultry meat was the main product not fulfilling the criteria for compliment. The dominant detected pathogen was Salmonella Typhimurium. The other detected pathogens were Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis. All red meats were tested for E. coli O157:H7 and there were no batches with positive findings. Overall, the occurrence of these pathogens has decreased in the period from 2015 to 2019, which is probably due to the enforcement of food safety guidelines and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point systems in the slaughterhouses in exporting countries. Still, the occurrence of microbiological pathogens in imported meat and meat products poses a risk for consumers in the region. Recommendations are required for the continuous evaluation and optimization of border inspection.


Longitudinal resection of the stomach is a relatively new type of gastroplasty within the framework of bariatric surgery, which is gaining popularity worldwide today not only as a method of getting rid of excess subcutaneous fat, but also from a range of serious chronic diseases together. The potential of longitudinal gastric resection turned out to be promising, and if the first performed longitudinal gastric resection in 1988 was only a restrictive stage of biliopancreotic bypass surgery, then since the 2000s, laparoscopic longitudinal resection has been started as a deliberately first stage in patients with morbid obesity with high operational risk. To date, longitudinal gastric resection has become increasingly used in particularly difficult cases in the form of independent surgical intervention, for example, in the elderly, teenagers, people with cirrhosis of the liver and other severe pathologies. At the initial stages of the formation of this type of treatment, different surgeons did not have a common opinion on many issues related to the technique of this operation. And therefore, to date, the data on the longitudinal resection of the stomach of many years ago are contradictory. They do not create a holistic view of the effectiveness of surgical intervention, especially in the long term. According to IFSO (The International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders) data, in 2012, longitudinal gastric resection accounted for 27.8% of all bariatric operations, which even then overtook the gastric banding operation in terms of the number of operations. Over the past 20 years, a little more than 250 thousand such operations have been performed worldwide, and the frequency of performing longitudinal gastric resection increases every year.
The purpose of this article is to reveal the statistics of the effectiveness of longitudinal gastric resection.


Geographic variation in the structure of corncrake calls was examined by the analysis of recordings collected in four areas of the species' range. On a large geographic scale (> 100 km), discriminant function analysis correctly attributed 54-88% of individuals to the population from which they were recorded based upon temporal measures of call structure. On a smaller geographic scale (< 1 km), neighbouring individuals shared significantly more similar call structures than more distant individuals. Mantel tests showed a high level of clustering of similar call structures at three sites within the areas studied. The implications of these results for conservation efforts are discussed.


The present invention relates to an ophthalmic treatment apparatus and a beam irradiation method for the treatment thereof for the therapeutic beam irradiation method of improving the treatment beam to be irradiated according to the curvature of the eye for a treatment zone with a curvature. Ophthalmic treatment apparatus according to the present invention is as a beam delivery unit to guide the treatment beam generated by a beam generator for generating a beam for treatment, the beam generation unit to the retinal region of the eye, the treatment to be delivered by the beam delivery unit based on the image unit that takes an image of the retinal area of the eye in the horizontal direction with respect to the plane of the focal spot (focal spot) of the beam and the retinal area of the eye taken by the image unit a curvature in the plane position of the focal spot It characterized in that a control unit for controlling beam delivery section so controlled. In this way, it is possible to measure and analyze the curvature of the ocular images to investigate the treatment beam at a position corresponding to the eye curvature to the therapeutic beam to adjust the plane of the focal spot to be irradiated according to the eye curvature, whereby depending possible to improve the efficiency of the treatment of the eye.


The growing demand for air conditioning has caused a significant increase in demand for energy resources. The traditional commercial, non natural working fluids, like CFC, HCFC and HFC result in both ozone depletion and global warming emission of CO2. The use of hygroscopic salts in direct contact with moist air provides an attractive alternative to conventional cooling systems. The liquid desiccant can substitute the dangerous fluids. The main operations in Liquid Desiccant Cooling System (LDCS) are dehumidification and regeneration. This paper presents an experimental study of dehumidification/regeneration processes using LiBr as liquid desiccant in direct contact with the air at different operating conditions. An analysis of the mass transfer is made in order to prove is this material is the best liquid desiccant for LDCS. Experimental results showed the effect of air conditions on mass transfer. It can be seen that LiBr is able to absorb moisture and can be regenerated at low temperature. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Elhadi M. Shakshuki.


Discussed the process control system of heat-treatment.It proposed MCU technique to solve the nonlinear remain error caused by traditional thermocouple linear, and overcomed the careless error caused by circumstance interference by using A/D converter composed by V/F converter, and rectified observation error during the measure process, and also realized the precise measure of temperature and carbon-situation.It used intelligent control algorithm to solve the abuse of overlong time and over-adjustment of PID controller, to realize the precise control of the parameters be measured which running very fast after the set values.The System worked well and improved the heat-treatment quality of product.


The synthesis, crystal structure, and characterizations of a new noncentrosymmetric vanadyl iodate NaVO2(IO3)2(H2O), are reported. NaVO2(IO3)2(H2O) crystallizes in the polar monoclinic space group P21 (No. 4) with a = 9.114(1) A, b = 5.2146(5) A, c = 9.216(1) A, and β = 111.298(8)°. It displays a unique layered structure composed of 1D right-handed helical chains of [(VO2)(IO3)2]− anions along the b-axis that are bridged by sodium(I) ions. The polarity in the structure is imparted by the alignment of the stereochemically active lone pairs of the iodate anions along the b-axis. On the basis of the powder second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements, NaVO2(IO3)2(H2O) belongs to the phase-matchable class with a very large SHG response of approximately 20 × KH2PO4 (KDP) or about 800 × α-quartz, which is in good agreement with the results from the theoretical calculations.


In order to solve the problem of lack of information and difficult to concentrate data in the traditional modeling techniques,a design method of collaborative visualization modeling technique is presented. API(Application Programming Interface) provided by NI DataSocket is used to design communication procedures,which can simplify communication module in many processes. Utilizing B/S framework structure, expansibility of system applications and zero maintenance of client port server can be Improved.System functional modules is divided in detail,designing the visual module. By the case of axial flow compressor,setting and calculating the component a parameters in detail Finally,using the GOTO algorithm, solve the control and treatment of concurrent operations in the collaborative process.


Purpose
This paper aims to examine the economic impact from dark-sky tourism in national parks in the USA on the Colorado Plateau. The Colorado Plateau is a region encompassing parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah that is known for its dark, star-filled night skies. Tourists in national parks are increasingly interested in observing this natural recreational amenity – especially considering that it is an ecological amenity that is quickly disappearing from the planet. Using a 10-year forecast of visitors to the national parks and using standard input-output modeling, it is observed that, for the first time anywhere, the value of dark skies to tourism in this area. The authors find that non-local tourists who value dark skies will spend $5.8bn over the next 10 years in the Colorado Plateau. These tourist expenditures will generate $2.4bn in higher wages and create over 10,000 additional jobs each year for the region. Furthermore, as dark skies are even more intense natural amenity in the non-summer months, they have the ability to increase visitor counts to national parks year-round and lead to a more efficient use of local community and tourism-related resources throughout the year.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a 10-year forecast of visitors to the national parks and using standard input-output modeling, we find that non-local tourists who value dark skies will spend $5.8bn over the next 10 years in the Colorado Plateau.

Findings
These tourist expenditures will generate $2.4bn in higher wages and create over 10,000 additional jobs each year for the region. Furthermore, as dark skies are even more intense natural amenity in the non-summer months, they have the ability to increase visitor counts to national parks year-round and lead to a more efficient use of local community and tourism-related resources throughout the year.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, no other study has attempted to value the environmental amenity of dark skies.


This paper describes the use of PSS/E in undergraduate teaching at CQU in third and fourth year power systems classes and in final year projects. As an industry standard power systems analysis package it has been used to not only assist students in gaining competency in the application of concepts of power system analysis and dynamics but also as a means of maximising their job readiness. For this reason it has been well received by students.


Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive power of anthropometric indices for the diagnosis of high fat mass in female adolescents. Subjects/Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 233 students female, aged 10–19 years, from 16 public schools of São Luís (Maranhão State, Brazil). The following indicators were assessed: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), conicity index (C-index), and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The percentage of body fat was estimated using a bioimpedance device quadruple model. The cut-off points used in the excess 10 body fat classification were established by Lohman et al., was used as the reference method in the analysis Curve ROC. Descriptive analyses, Student's t test for independent samples, Mann Whitney U test and Person correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Results: BMI presented the largest areas under the ROC curve (ROC area = 0.87) in the prediction of excess body fat. The BMI anthropometric indicator showed the highest correlation with body fat percentage (r=0.69) compared to the other studied indicators. Conclusion: In this context, the BMI proved to be the best predictor of high body fat in the evaluated sample.


Nearly 70% of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma report a history of exposure to asbestos. However, no plasma biomarkers are available to distinguish individuals with this cancer from those without it after asbestos exposure.

Now, investigators have assessed whether plasma or effusion levels of Fibulin-3 — a protein encoded by the EFEMP1 gene, which is overexpressed in mesothelioma — could be used to identify early stage disease. The …


Structure evolution of polyamide 1212 (PA1212) during the uniaxial stretching process at room temperature was investigated by in situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. Variation mechanism of polymorphic phase and long spacing dac was discussed in depth. Deformation induced crystal–crystal transition in PA1212 from triclinic α-form to mesomorphic phase was observed by WAXD analysis, and it could be ascribed to the lamellar slippage mechanism. From 2D-WAXD patterns, crystal transition in PA1212 took place earlier in meridian direction (parallel to stretching direction) than equatorial direction. It could be explained by the fact that the lamellae with the normal perpendicular to the stretching direction tended to experience lamellar slippage and fragmentation, where polymer chains in (010) lattice plane consisting of sheets of hydrogen bonds were easy to experience conformational transformation. This new crystal transition behavior from α-for...


The changes taking place in the postindustrial society impose requirements on the introduction of fast and cheap ways of generating and transferring knowledge. E-learning seems to be the tool that can solve this serious problem of modern society in the context of digitalization. The catalyst for the development of open education is the crisis that the system of traditional higher education is currently experiencing. In the study carried out by the authors, the crisis processes in modern higher education have been studied and the existing tendencies to overcome them have been identified. Based on the analysis of the essence of open education, its strengths and the problem field, the authors concluded that the research of the collaboration of online and offline education and management of this system becomes a priority within the framework of the problem under study, which contributes to the innovative nature of the development of higher education. schools. According to the authors, it is the collaboration of online and offline education that will solve a large number of methodological, organizational, and financial problems arising in distance learning. At the same time, in order to use the advantages of online learning, such as mobility, convenience, maximum personalization, openness and accessibility, lower cost, remote work performance, it seems necessary to change the conditions and opportunities for interaction between participants in the educational process.


A diastolic gradient across the mitral valve is generally indicative of mitral valve stenosis. In the present study, echocardiography was used to demonstrate two less common causes of left ventricular inflow obstruction: one patient had a fibromuscular membrane beneath the valve, the other a large vegetation attached to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Echocardiography proved to be the optimal imaging technique in each case.


Purpose – The main purpose of this study is examining the relationship between organizational change capacity (OCC) and organizational performance (OP). Design/methodology/approach – After extensive researches in organizational literature about change and performance, the OCC model from Judge and Douglas consists of eight dimensions (trustworthy leadership, involved mid-management, capable champions, innovative culture, trusting followers, systems thinking, accountable culture, and effective communication), and the OP model from Lee consists of six dimensions (stakeholders' satisfaction, organizational communication, organizational growth, strategic performance, knowledge management, and team collaboration); were considered. In order to test the hypothesis, a series of 130 qualified employees in a knowledge-based organization were questioned. The measurement tool was a two-part questionnaire (OCC and OP). Validity of questionnaire well approved based on face validity method by experts, specialists and pro...


Low-power design of VLSI circuits has been identified as a critical technological need in recent years due to the high demand for portable consumer electronics products or even in line operated devices in order to avoid larger heat sinks. Adders and multipliers are the most important arithmetic units in a general microprocessor and the major source of power dissipation. Various architecture styles exist to implement these units, each having their own merits and demerits. The general objective of our work is to investigate the area and power-delay performances of 8 bit and 16 bit multiplier combining both Wallace tree[7] and decomposition[1] algorithm. This decomposition logic improves speed and reduces power consumption by reducing the spurious transitions on internal nodes. We have analyzed area and power-delay performances using different type of adder structures using different logic families CMOS[5], HYBRID[3] AND CPL[5]. With the help of these designs, it would be possible to design highly power efficient processor with less area, especially digital signal Processors.


Stricture of the celiac artery caused by the median arcuate ligament induces abdominal ischemic symptoms and aneurysm near the pancreatic head. However, the need to treat asymptomatic patients is unclear. We safely performed surgical decompression of a stricture of the celiac artery by MAL in an asymptomatic patient at the same time as gastrectomy for gastric cancer. After surgery, the stricture of the celiac artery had disappeared as demonstrated by CT scan and 3‐D CT angiography.


Making a lab mix similar to the plant-produced mix is the key to a good lab design. As the stockpile is being built, aggregates should be sampled. Representative samples from the perimeter of the pile can be difficult to obtain. Gradation standard deviation and trends need special attention. As the target gradation for each material in the mix design, be sure to use the latest trend. As a tool to evaluate aggregate packing, the Bailey method can be used. This method has resulted in improved field compaction and decreased mix design trials. A reduction in tender mixes has also been seen. Much of the difference between plant and lab mixes can be accounted for by aggregate breakdown. Additional fines and edges knocked off coarser aggregates are created in plant production. Lower voids and lower voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) is the result of both. In order to compensate, bag house fines should be added to lab mix. The best indicator of lab versus plant volumetric properties is VMA. Differences between lab and field VMA averages less than 0.1%, using these principles. Consistency is key for percent within limits (PWL) projects. Developing a paving plan and communicating between plant and field to plan plant starts and stops is important. Loading trucks on an incremental basis is also important, as well as building variability into design and maintaining a consistent paver speed.


Feng shui practitioners say a little red can lift your spirit, a little green can give you nature, and the balance of all can give you peace.


This paper describes a pilot study that was undertaken with the aim of promoting the emotional selfregulation ofchildren. The study was undertaken with 29 primay 4 and 5 pupils who were identified as having problem behaviours. The paper outlines briefly the background and content of the programme, describes the teaching strategies used, and highlights the importance of creating an appropriate context for emotional and social learning. An evaluation of the programme based on informal feedbackfrom the pupils indicates the usefulness of the programme and suggests the need forfurther training in other aspects of emotional social competence.


goal of this work is to advance a new methodology to measure a severity cost for each host using the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) based on base, temporal and environmental metrics by combining related sub-scores to produce a unique severity cost by modeling the problem"s parameters in to a mathematical framework. We build our own CVSS Calculator using our equations to simplify the calculations of the vulnerabilities scores and to benchmark with other models. We design and develop a new approach to represent the cost assigned to each host by dividing the scores of the vulnerabilities to two main levels of privileges, user and root, and we classify these levels into operational levels to identify and calculate the severity cost of multi steps vulnerabilities. Finally we implement our framework on a simple network, using Nessus scanner as tool to discover known vulnerabilities and to implement the results to build and represent our cost centric attack graph.


In [1, p. 130] the following partition theorem was deduced from a general theorem concerning the limit of a recurrent sequence.


Increasing number of automobiles has led to increase in demand of fossil fuels (petroleum). The increasing cost of petroleum is another concern for developing countries as it will increase their import bill. The world is also presently confronted with the problem of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Fossil fuels have limited life and the ever increasing cost of these fuels has led to the search of alternative renewable fuels for ensuring energy security and environmental protection. In this project an experimental work has been carried out to estimate the performance and emission analysis of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine with sun flower oil and diesel blends. Tests have been conducted using the bio diesel blends B10, B20, B30 and B100 Bio diesel with standard diesel at an engine speed 1500rpm at different load conditions. The performance parameters include Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Specific fuel consumption (SFC) and Exhaust gas temperature. The combustion parameters include Heat release rate and Cylinder pressure. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydro Carbon (HC), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Smoke density. The results of the experimental works have been compared with different blends of bio diesel. Keywords- Biodiesel, Sunflower oil, Performance, Combustion, Emission. I. INTRODUCTON Increasing number of automobiles has led to increase in demand of fossil fuels (petroleum). The increasing cost of petroleum is another concern for developing countries as it will increase their import bill. The world is also presently confronted with the problem of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Fossil fuels have limited life and the ever increasing cost of these fuels has led to the search of alternative renewable fuels for ensuring energy security and environmental protection. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sunflower oil biodiesel fuels on engine performance and to investigate the effect of emission in sunflower oil on engine performance. A single cylinder, 4 stroke, direct injection diesel engine has been used to measure the general performance of biodiesel and traditional Diesel. Diesel engines are used in agriculture, transportation, and industries. The known petroleum reserves are predicted to become depleted in the near future. Emissions from petroleum diesel exert negative effects on the environment. The drive towards clean energy economy is therefore both indispensable and inevitable. Biodiesel is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels; it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has low emission profiles as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is carbon-neutral. The amount released CO2 by burning biodiesel is the same amount CO2 absorbed during the formation of the raw material. 1.1 BIODIESEL Biodiesel as a vegetable oil, biodegradable and nontoxic, has low emission profiles and so is environmentally beneficial. Biodiesel is a chemically produced vegetable oil to replace the traditional Diesel fuel. The chemical process is known as transesterfication and consists of treating vegetable oils, like soybean, sunflower and rapeseed, with reactants (methanol or ethanol) to obtain a methyl or ethyl ester and glycerol. In transesterfication, one ester is converted to another. The


The OM chanting is one type of the meditation. In the present paper, the author tried to observe its effect on the brain. To obtain insight of the brain, the author recorded EEG signal before and after OM chanting for 10 subjects. Author used a technique of the complexity measure based on fractal analysis to compare the EEG signal before and after OM chanting. Time domain fractal dimension was calculated using Higuchi algorithm. (HFD).Paper present the results based on average HFD all over the electrodes for each subject before and after OM chanting. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i4.5800