Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia is a commercially important red alga species and has gradually become a model species for cultivation due to its rapid growth and high agar yield. G. tenuistipitata is found in Singapore but no information regarding the genetic variation of this species is available. The present study examined the genetic variability of this species collected at various localities: three from Singapore, two from Peninsular Malaysia, and one each from Thailand and Vietnam, using the mitochondrial cox1 gene and microsatellite markers. The SSR (simple sequence repeat) marker separated the Singapore specimens into two different genotypes with G. tenuistipitata from Ubin Island (Singapore), Pattani (Thailand) and Quy Kim (Vietnam) in one clade while G. tenuistipitata from Lim Chu Kang and Pasir Ris Park (Singapore) and Peninsular Malaysia formed another clade. The mitochondrial cox1 gene analyses showed that G. tenuistipitata from Singapore were grouped together with specimens from Middle Banks (Malaysia) while specimens from Batu Laut (Malaysia), Pattani (Thailand) and Quy Kim (Vietnam) were grouped in three distinct clades. These results are congruent with the TCS analysis in which five mitochondrial haplotypes (T1–T5) were displayed but no genetic variation was observed for all the specimens from Singapore and Middle Banks. This study demonstrated the low genetic diversity of G. tenuistipitata from Singapore despite the higher variability of cox1 gene over the microsatellite markers.


The term "Qumran practice," coined by E. Tov, is most commonly
understood to denote the relatively full orthography and peculiar
morphology found in most of the Qumran manuscripts labeled as "sectarian"
compositions, as well as in some twenty percent of the Qumran biblical
manuscripts.


In this chapter we study the electromagnetic wave propagation in free tunnels and in tunnels with axial conductors. Thus the attenuation of free modes in tunnels of circular and rectangular shapes is derived and plotted versus frequency in section 6.2. The effect of curvature of the tunnel walls is then investigated and it is shown that curvature can cause a considerable increase of the mode attenuation. In section 6.3 the theory of modal propagation in a tunnel containing an axial conductor is presented and in section 6.4 the character of the monofilar and bifilar modes is investigated. Mode conversion in tunnels is discussed in section 6.5.


A novel construction technique of protocol sequences for the users of a collision channel without feedback is introduced. This construction is a generalisation of the Massey-Mathys construction, with the practical advantage that the resulting cycle length N is typically much shorter, being at most equal to that obtained by the Massey-Mathys construction. The sender of each successfully transmitted packet is identified by a generalised version of the decimation decoding technique.


Smart power grids rely on tight integration of physical and cyber layers. Event-driven (ED) data packets are generated in the cyber layer in response to emergency conditions in the grid such as weather conditions, physical sabotage, cyber-attacks, etc. For proper management of the resources at the cyber layer, and hence, timely delivery of ED packets, efficient prediction of ED traffic conditions is required. Since the stochastic arrival process of ED packets is attributed to several factors, a data-driven prediction approach is appealing. However, this is challenged by: (a) unavailability of datasets capturing ED packet arrivals and departures at the cyber layer of the power grid, which are needed to train and test the data-driven models, (b) sparsity of the ED traffic data as emergency conditions are rare, and such sparsity impedes the learning process of data-driven models based on gradient descent, and (c) inability of traditional models, e.g., multilayer perceptron (MLP), long short-term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to present accurate prediction as they fail to capture the interactions among the routers within the cyber layer. To address these challenges, this paper: (a) proposes a method to generate ED traffic based on real emergency reports in the U.S. power grid, (b) proposes a pre-processing method to convert the sparse ED traffic data into dense data, and (c) proposes a topology-aware prediction model based on graph neural network (GNN) to accurately predict the network condition. Our results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed GNN-based approach.


In 2 experiments, we investigate the perception of rhythmic similarity using rhythmic figures from Reich's Clapping Music. We analyze ratings of pairwise similarity made by musicians and non-musicians when rhythms were heard in the context of the compositional process or in isolation, in two performance versions (MIDI or performance recording), and in different orders of presentation. Our results suggest that musical training provides an advantage in processing rhythmic information, that both expressive performance and Clapping Music's compositional process of rhythmic transformation can provide additional information used by listeners to distinguish rhythms, and that the perceived similarity of rhythms can depend on the order in which they are presented. Results are interpreted from, and consistent with, a perspective of information theory.


The strengths of fiber and wireless are different, so while they are complementary in some markets, they compete in others. The marketplace is striking a balance between them to take advantage of their natural niches.


How did changes in gender relations, leading at some point to the establishment o f patriarchy, come about? D i d these changes come about through gradual processes of accretion, leading imperceptibly to the establishment of male domination? Or were there "events" in this process, intense struggles during this process? This paper looks at some events which are evidence of struggle between the sexes in the process of establishing male domination. It analyzes ideas of persons as harbouring evil as symbos of relations between parts o f society, as symbols of hierarchy between women and men. It specifically analyzes the context and role of categorization of women as witches or harbourers o f evi l . The phenomena analyzed are those of dain (witches) among the Santal and Munda tribes of the Austro-Asiatic language group in Jharkhand, India; the pippa (evil spirit) o f the Da i belonging to the Sino-Thai language group in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province o f China; and the chao pu xi (keepers o f demons) among the N a x i and Mosuo of the Tibeto-Burman language group in Lij iang, also in the Yunnan Province of China. Our study began with the analysis o f the phenomenon of witches and witch-hunting among the Santal and Munda o f India. F rom this we formed an idea that such events represented the struggle o f men against women in setting up male domination and that evidence o f such struggles are l ikely to be found in a number o f tribal or minority peoples, those which had only been recently or loosely brought under states. W i t h this in mind we then looked at the communities o f the D a i , N a x i and Mosuo in China. In each case we found similar categories o f women as keepers o f evi l , o f struggles between systems o f religion and meaning. The phenomena o f pippa among the D a i and o f chao pu xi, among the N a x i and Mosuo, have not attracted much analytical attention among Chinese scholars, not as much as witches among the Santal and Munda in India. Whi l e earlier field work in India, in the eighties, could easily be combined with other analyses o f witches, in the case o f China it was more difficult. F ie ld work over five visits over the mid-nineties has been somewhat more tentatively combined with published material and discussions with Chinese scholars. But the material we have put together is sufficient to allow the basic outlines o f an analysis to appear.


Abstract A review of the literature on the numerical techniques used for the determination of tire temperatures shows that many attempts have been made to simulate tire temperatures with axisymmetric geometry through a simple decoupled representation of the total thermomechanical behavior. The deformation models used in these studies are primarily statically loaded tires with centrifugal forces to simulate tire-rolling behavior at different speeds. These techniques are usually limited to axisymmetric tires, which make the models applicable to only smooth or circumferential grooved tires. In this study, a finite element (FE) algorithm is developed using Petrov-Galerkin Eulerian technique in cylindrical coordinates. An objective of this approach is to provide a technique that is more appropriate for extension to nonaxisymmetric tires with tread patterns. The developed algorithm has been implemented for the prediction of three-dimensional operating temperatures for axisymmetric tires through a simple decoupl...


Penalized splines, or P-splines, are regression splines fit by least-squares with a roughness penalty.P-splines have much in common with smoothing splines, but the type of penalty used with a P-spline is somewhat more general than for a smoothing spline. Also, the number and location of the knots of a P-spline is not fixed as with a smoothing spline. Generally, the knots of a P-spline are at fixed quantiles of the independent variable and the only tuning parameters to choose are the number of knots and the penalty parameter. In this article, the effects of the number of knots on the performance of P-splines are studied. Two algorithms are proposed for the automatic selection of the number of knots. The myopic algorithm stops when no improvement in the generalized cross-validation statistic (GCV) is noticed with the last increase in the number of knots. The full search examines all candidates in a fixed sequence of possible numbers of knots and chooses the candidate that minimizes GCV.The myopic algorithm works well in many cases but can stop prematurely. The full-search algorithm worked well in all examples examined. A Demmler–Reinsch type diagonalization for computing univariate and additive P-splines is described. The Demmler–Reinsch basis is not effective for smoothing splines because smoothing splines have too many knots. For P-splines, however, the Demmler–Reinsch basis is very useful for super-fast generalized cross-validation.


Abstract Two new species of small-leaved divaricating shrubs are described. Olearia bullala, based on O. virgata var. rugosa, is widespread in eastern South Island from North Canterbury to Southland. O. polita has a restricted distribution in Nelson.


This thesis presents methods for modifying existing code generator generators (CGGs) so that they create efficient code generators with register coloring for Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC). Existing compiler tools allow the automatic generation of new code generators, however, most of these have poor register allocation support or no support at all. In addition, some CGGs do not include a costing phase to guide the code selector, which limits their usefulness in CISC environments.
The developed approach, termed Generic Register Allocation System (GRAS), augments existing CGG input formats with additional register information so that the CGG has the necessary machine specifics to produce good register allocators. A "Prepass" before the register allocator provides the allocator with information about the specific register requirements of the current program. Details are also presented on how to generalize existing register coloring algorithms to complement this general approach.


In the western part of the town of Westfield, Massachusetts, a number of quarries have been opened in the Holyoke diabase sheet. These quarries are the same which have furnished the beautiful datolite specimens which are to be found in all collections. The diabase or trap in which these quarries are located is the middle or main extrusive trap sheet of the Connecticut Valley Triassic area. Here the main portion of the sheet is composed of a gray holocrystalline diabase of fine to medium grain not unlike the intrusive traps which form East and West Rocks near New Haven. In the northernmost of the four quarries there occur, included in the normal rock, irregular areas of a gabbroid rock very unusual in appearance for an extrusive lava. While studying the occurrence of datolite and other secondary minerals in these quarries, the writer's attention was attracted to these very coarse-grained phases of the sheet and they were examined in some detail. At first it was believed that they represented a later intrusion which had chanced to penetrate the previously existing flow, but a study of the relations of the coarse material to the surrounding diabase of normal grain led to the abandonment of this view. The contact with the surrounding rock is sharp, the transition from coarse to fine material being accomplished in a distance of an inch or less. The coarse-grained gabbro forms irregular rounded areas often many yards in diameter in the finer-grained diabase. In the hand specimen this coarse rock shows broad blades of bronzy greenishblack pyroxene which reach an inch or more in length, imbedded in a coarse granular aggregate of pyroxene and greenish feldspar. Under the microscope the rock is seen to be composed of large


Animals that store food items in scattered sites must decide how to distribute their caches in space. Our theoretical approach is based on the assumption that such animals disperse their caches in a manner that maximizes the long-term rate of storage of recoverable (surviving) food items in the habitat. We investigate the cache-spacing behavior of theoretical scatter hoarders that encounter food sources differing in the energetic content of the items they contain. We then describe a field experiment in which gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis) were presented with both small- and large-item food sources. The jays compensated for source type by spacing larger-item caches more widely, a compensation that would tend to yield a high rate of storage of recoverable food energy over the long term and throughout the territory. Previous models do not adequately account for the observed patterns of cache dispersion.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability, repeatability, and sensitivity of the modified shuttle test (MST) in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).

DESIGN
: Prospective study.

SETTING
Adult CF Unit, Belfast City Hospital.

PATIENTS
: Adult patients with CF.

INTERVENTIONS
Test-retest reliability-none; sensitivity-inpatient IV antibiotic therapy for an acute exacerbation of respiratory disease.

MEASUREMENTS
The test-retest reliability and repeatability of the MST was assessed by comparing performance on two consecutive MSTs performed in 12 patients with CF and stable disease. The sensitivity of the MST was assessed by measuring the change in MST performance after 2 weeks of IV antibiotic therapy in 24 patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of their respiratory disease.

RESULTS
In the assessment of test-retest reliability and repeatability (n = 12), there was a significant and strong correlation between trials for distance completed (Pearson's r = 0. 99; p < 0.01), peak heart rate (Pearson's r = 0.99; p < 0.01), peak arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2); Pearson's r = 0.99; p < 0.01), and peak Borg rating of perceived breathlessness (Pearson's r = 0. 99; p < 0.01). The coefficients of repeatability for these variables were small (coefficient of repeatability: distance completed, 4 shuttles; peak heart rate, 6 beats/min; peak SaO(2), 4%; and peak Borg rating of perceived breathlessness, 0.9). In the assessment of sensitivity (n = 24), the standardized response mean (SRM) for distance completed on MST (SRM = 1.18) was the SRMs for spirometric measures of lung function (FEV(1), SRM = 0.96; FEV(1) percent predicted, SRM = 0.88).

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that the MST is a reliable, repeatable, and sensitive measure of exercise capacity in adult CF. The MST may be of value in determining prognosis, evaluation for lung transplantation, exercise prescription, and establishing the impact of new treatments on the disability associated with CF.


ABSTRACT Chinese new ventures have two principal approaches to resource integration: the stabilizing approach, which makes minor changes to a firm's current resource bundles, or the pioneering approach, which creates new capabilities. Two characteristics of Chinese entrepreneurial environment are distinct: environmental dynamism (uncertain markets, unstable institutions and the rapid technology upgrading) and munificence (the degree of competitive intensity and resource abundance). This study suggests that environmental dynamism and environmental munificence moderate the relationships between resource integration approaches and competitive advantage. Results based on a study of 410 Chinese new ventures show that both stabilizing and pioneering approaches to resource integration positively influence new ventures' competitive advantage under the condition of low environmental dynamism and either high or low environmental munificence. However, neither stabilizing nor pioneering approaches have a significant effect on new ventures' competitive advantage under the condition of low environmental munificence and high environmental dynamism. Only the pioneering approach has a positive effect on new ventures' competitive advantage under the condition of high environmental munificence and high environmental dynamism.


Conventionally, commodity concentration has been regarded as a major cause of export earnings instability in developing countries, the assumption being that such concentration reduces the chance that fluctuations in one direction in some exports will be offset by counterfluctuations or stability in earnings from other commodities. A considerable number of empirical studies have failed, however, to detect a significant, positive relationship between concentration and export instability.' The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, I will examine whether the choice of index to measure concentration is a matter of secondary importance, a view that achieved considerable currency in the parallel literature on industrial concentration. Second, I will consider the performance of currently available concentration measures within a model specification substantially different from that typically used. My analysis of a sample of developing countries indicates that the choice of concentration measure is, in fact, important and that a shift to time series and away from crosssection analysis indicates a causal relationship between concentration and instability. Concentration and Instability In the conventional argument about the relationship between commodity concentration and instability, the concept of concentration embraces two basic dimensions; the relatively small number of commodities exported and the unequal distribution of commodity shares in total earnings. To reflect these dimensions, Hirschman, building on the work of Gini in connection with income distribution, devised what became the


Genuine participation and community involvement in disaster reduction and community based approaches in disaster management is highlighted. The theme of the TIEMS '99 conference is 'Defining the Agenda for the Third Millennium'. The trends noted above - the disaster-resistant community, voices for victims, participatory methodologies, victims as consumers and the several drives towards greater accountability - are all likely to feature on that agenda at its outset, over the next decade or two. How prominently each will feature remains to be seen, but it is very likely that emergency and disaster management is now entering an 'age of accountability'.


SUMMARY How to retrieve the closest content from an in-network cache is one of the most important issues in Information-Centric Networking (ICN). This paper proposes a novel content discovery scheme called Local Tree Hunting (LTH). By adding branch-cast functionality to a local tree for content requests to a Content-Centric Network (CCN) response node, the discovery area for caching nodes expands. Since the location of such a branch-casting node moves closer to the request node when the content is more widely cached, the discovery range, i.e. the branch size of the local tree, becomes smaller. Thus, the discovery area is autonomously adjusted depending on the content dissemination. With this feature, LTH is able to find the "almost true closest" caching node without checking all the caching nodes in the in-network cache. The performance analysis employed in Zipf's law content distribution model and which uses the Least Recently Used eviction rule shows the superiority of LTH with respect to identifying the almost exact closest cache.


The article provides a definition of voluntary activity and the effect of volunteering on the development of socially significant qualities of students in higher education.


This paper develops a valuation framework for a perpetual American call option when the underlying asset return dynamic is modelled by a regime switching process. In particular, asset return dynamic is governed by a stochastic dividend process which randomly switches between two regimes that are characterized by different rates of both drift and volatility. This regime-switching characterization of dividend growth is supported by empirical works. We provide analytical results by solving the fundamental differential equation. The analysis reveals that the option value may differ between states. Our empirical application shows that these differences may be quantitatively very important.


This paper deals with problems of safe and efficient navigation algorithm for autonomous mobile robots in unknown environments. Since the obstacle avoidance algorithms are very important in mobile robot navigation, two obstacle avoidance algorithms: VFH(vector field histogram) algorithm and a fuzzy algorithm are combined to have optimal performance in various environments. And a upper-level supervisor is to select the proper one from VFH algorithm and the fuzzy algorithm according to the situations the robot faces. Computer simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed navigation algorithm for autonomous mobile robots.


A rate equation model of a Y‐cavity solid‐state laser with a single active medium operating simultaneously on two laser lines having a common upper level is described. Application is made to Nd3+ : YAG, where the 1.06‐μm and 1.32‐μm infrared lines can be sum‐frequency mixed to produce 0.589‐μm yellow radiation. The model is used to optimize cavity design with respect to efficiency of sum‐frequency mixing.


This task is designed to develop students' knowledge of the social and historical context of Charles Dickens', A Christmas Carol. It's ideal for auditory, visual and kinaesthetic learners and is just the thing for that special class after lunch.


This expetiment was conducted on thin layer drying expetiment table with alfalfa to study single factor thin layer drying test under different treatments,hot air temperature,hot air velocity and initial moistare content,drying characteristic curves of alfalfa was established.The results showed that drying speed of leaves was the fastest,and was 3.5 times of uncrushed stem,then was crushed stem's,and its drying speed was close to that of leaves.Drying time was shorted with medium temperature increase,when medium temperature was 100,140 and 180 ℃,drying time was 8,4.5 and 2.5 min,respectively,this result showed that drying time was approximately half of original time when medium temperature increased by 40 ℃.Drying time was shorted with hot air velocity increase,when hot air velocity was 0.15,0.4 and 0.65 m.s-1,drying time was 10,5 and 4 min,respectively,showing that drying time was shorted when hot air velocity increased under critical velocity.Drying time was 4,2 and 1 min when initial moistare content was 74.98%,50.03% and 25.43%,respectively,eliciting that the lower the initial moister content was,the shorter the drying time was.Drying time was raised doublely when initial moistare content increased by 25%.


By two-photon pumping covering a wide wavelength region of 720-740 nm in potassium vapor, yellow stimulated diffuse-band radiation corresponding to the transition 23∏g → a3∑u+ of molecular potassium is generated. The excitation mechanism is discussed in detail.


Abstract|ANALYSIS STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS PT UNILEVER INDONESIA, Tbk. AYU THERESIA PAKPAHAN Undergraduate Program, 2011 Gunadarma University http://www.gunadarma.ac.id Key Words: Analysis of Cash Flow Statements, PT Unilever Indonesia, Cash Flow ABSTRACT : Statements of cash ows (Cash Flow Statement) is a nancial statement that shows the in uence of operating activities, investing and nancing cash ows of the company during a certain period in a manner that reconciles beginning and ending cash bal- ances. Users want to know how companies report generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. If used in conjunction with other nancial statements, cash ow statement can provide information about changes in net assets, nancial structure, and ability to in uence the amount and timing of cash ows in the face of circumstances and opportunities. The bene ts of preparing a cash ow statement which provides information about cash receipts (cash receives) and cash payments (cash payments) of an entity during a given period. The purpose of this study was to determine how the sources and uses of cash on each activity in the cash ow statement and to determine the condition of the cash ow statement of PT Unilever Indonesia, Tbk period 2007-2009 using the direct method helps in providing a lot of information to make decisions. The company is located in the Graha Unilever Jalan Gatot Subroto Kav. 15 Jakarta 12930 Telp.021-52 621 12. The analysis showed the results of all three activities in the statement of cash ows that have been made the company, PT Unilever Indonesia, Tbk decreased net cash in 2009 than that the company has increased sales in 2009 with the products that have been produced successfully compete with companies the others. Penamaan File: 21208563


In order to solve the problems of limited wiring, high power consumption and limited monitoring information in the traditional grain situation monitoring system, a wireless network monitoring system based on ZigBee was designed, which is composed of sensor module, ZigBee network module and control display module. The main function of sensor module is to collect temperature and humidity information of granary. The ZigBee network module mainly uploads the data collected by the sensor module to the upper computer human-machine interface system for processing, and realizes the remote monitoring of grain situation. The experiment shows that the system is simple in wiring, good in real-time, convenient and fast in data management, and can realize remote wireless monitoring of grain situation.


The magnetic properties of a series of salts of the type [Cu3L3OH]2+ (where HL is pyridine-2-aldehyde oxime and L is the deprotonated ligand) have been examined. All of the compounds showed a magnetic moment of 1.00 B.M. per copper atom over a wide temperature range which suggests that the cation contains a trinuclear cluster of interacting copper atoms. The crystal structure of Cu3L3OH(SO4),xH2O has been determined by single- crystal X-ray diffraction techniques and confirms that the complex does indeed contain an unusual type of trinuclear cluster of metal atoms. The three copper atoms form an equilateral triangle and the sulphato group exhibits a highly novel ?tripod? bridging function to the Cu3 triangle. On the other side of the triangle, the hydroxyl group also bridges to all the metal atoms. A qualitative molecular orbital analysis not only suggests that the hydroxyl group is involved in four-centre bonding with the Cu3 triads, but also highlights its role in reducing the spin of the trimer so that only a doublet ground state is populated between 80-300°K. However, the alternative super-exchange mechanism cannot be ruled out by the magnetic and structural data.


While there is a growing literature on weblogs (or "blogs"), most studies focus on a few high profile blogs, or on blogs written by individuals. This study assesses the little-researched area of organizational blogging through a content analysis of blogs by 40 national-level environmental organizations. I examine the general purposes that these blogs serve and the extent to which organizational blogs differ from traditional websites. Additionally, I explore two blog features-interactivity and personalized content-that offer the potential to strengthen the connections between group leaders and their supporters. I find that groups use their blogs primarily to inform readers about policy developments and news headlines, but that the level of interactivity between blog authors and readers is low. Thus, while the potential exists for blogs to enhance grassroots support for environmental groups, that potential is far from being realized. Copyright 2010 by The Policy Studies Organization.


. A numerical method which determines fluid movement in a single fracture is described in the present study. This method allows for variaqle fracture aperture and the presence of contact areas which impose tortuosity on the flow. The objective behind developing such a technique is to investigate the way in which geometry controls fluid motion. Given the change in fracture geometry due to changes in stress, this technique can be used to determine the hydrologic properties of a fracture. The fluid behavior is described by the Navier-Stokes' equations. Hence, the vali dity of constitutive relationships between flux and gradient, such as cubic law can be examined.


The present reference solar power satellite (SPS) configuration is discussed with emphasis on the microwave subsystems and possible alternatives. Other considerations, including study guidelines, system sizing tradeoffs, mass and cost projections, and environmental factors, are outlined.


Our community-based participatory research (CBPR), which consists of an epidemiological survey and action research in Tokyo, found that (1) 45% of older residents with cognitive decline in the community live alone; (2) 60% of the community residents with cognitive decline had no dementia diagnosis; (3) residents with more complex social support needs had no dementia diagnosis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the social isolation of these groups was accelerated: 35% of the people with cognitive decline experienced social isolation, and 44% of them reported worries about worsening cognitive decline. In order to combat social isolation among these community residents, we launched the emergency telephone outreach operation, as the telephone is a traditional but reliable tool that can prevent social isolation. Thus, many older residents welcomed the telephone outreach; however, they complained about limited human contact. Residents with cognitive decline were significantly less likely to interact with others compared with residents without cognitive decline. Our real-world experience revealed that community residents with cognitive decline were physically/cognitivelly fragile owing to social isolation. Building peer support through telephone interactions may be effective in preventing the isolation of older people with cognitive decline, but there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. We report a pilot study examining the effects of peer support using regular telephone calls among elderly people with cognitive decline living in urban areas. Participants were 17 elderly people (4 males and 13 females) aged 65 or older who attended an introductory class using the traditional Asian board game "Go" in our CBPR center. A paired novice and an experienced person talked on the phone once a week about several issues, including Go, for 3 months between January 2022 and April 2022. Thereafter, a self-administered questionnaire (4 items, 4-point scale) evaluating the telephone interaction and semi-structured interviews were conducted (see Supporting Information). Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the qualitative descriptive approach. The Ethics Committee of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology approved the study, and the participants' written consent was obtained. The participants' mean age was 80.1 5.5 years, and the mean score of the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, which screens for mild cognitive impairment, was 21.3 3.1, with 16 subjects (94.1%) scoring below the cut-off value of 25. The percentages of "agree" or "somewhat agree" responses indicated that the telephone interaction was "enjoyable" (94.1%), a "burden" (5.9%), and "had a positive effect" (88.2%), and that the participants "would like to talk on the phone sometime in the future" (76.5%). In the interviews, the positive responses were "(Because I was looking forward to the phone call so eagerly) I couldn't wait for the phone call"; "It was easy to talk because we had a common topic"; "We talked about things other than Go"; and "I want to go out with my pair partner", while others were "I was careful about what to talk about" and "It was difficult to maintain psychological distance from my pair partner." One man with Parkinson's disease usually went out only for shopping and often lay in bed at home. He was invited by an acquaintance to attend a Go class, but at first he did not have the confidence to continue because Go was too difficult. However, the woman he paired with over the phone always encouraged him to continue playing Go by kindly teaching him about Go and taking care of his health. He gradually became interested in Go and talked with her on the phone for nearly an hour each time. He is very grateful for having been paired with her. Our pilot study suggests that peer support using regular telephone calls would be effective in preventing social isolation among older residents with cognitive decline. Although this project originated from an emergency project during the COVID-19 pandemic, promoting telephone interaction, a universally available communication tool among older residents, would be one strategy to establish dementia-friendly communities.


Branched polypropylenes (LCB-PP) with a long chain branch were prepared by the solid-state and molt-state reaction. Divinylbenzene (DVB), 1,4-benzenediol (RES), and furfuryl sulphide (FS) were used as branching agents of fabricate LCB-PP/silicate composites. Chemical structures, thermal properties, and rheological properties of the LCB-PP were de- termined by FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and dynamic rheometer (ARES). The chemical structure of the LCB-PP was confirmed by the existence of =C-H stretching peak of the branching agent at 3100 cm -1 . From DSC and TGA results, the melting reaction was more effective than the solid state reaction in the manufacture of LCB-PP, which was additionally certified by rheological properties. Based on rheological properties, FS was the best for branching efficiency of PP. Compared to PP, LCB-PPs in- dicated an increase of complex viscosity in the low frequency and shear thinning tendency, and G'-G'' plot represented an increase in elasticity and the heterogeneousness in a melt state. Rheological properties of LCB-PP/silicate composites were observed with the silicate content. When 5 wt% silicate was added in LCB-PP, distinct changes in the shear thinning and the slope of G'-G'' plots were observed.


We denote by T the unit circle and by D the unit disc of C. Let s be a non-negative real and ω a weight such that ω(n) = (1 + n)s (n ≥ 0) and such that the sequence ( ω(−n) (1 + n) ) n≥0 is non-decreasing. We define the Banach algebra Aω(T) = { f ∈ C(T) : ∥f ∥∥ ω = +∞ ∑ n=−∞ |f̂(n)|ω(n) < +∞ } , If I is a closed ideal of Aω(T), we set h (I) = { z ∈ T : f(z) = 0 (f ∈ I) } . We describe here all closed ideals I of Aω(T) such that h (I) is at most countable. A similar result is obtained for closed ideals of the algebra A s (T) = { f ∈ Aω(T) : f̂(n) = 0 (n < 0) } without inner factor. Then, we use this description to establish a link between operators with countable spectrum and interpolating sets for a, the space of infinitely differentiable functions in the closed unit disc D and holomorphic in D.


Abstract This article discusses several Web site resources which can be used by those advocating for comprehensive sexuality education in the schools. These resources include several advocacy kits and toolkits, a radio broadcast, a PowerPoint presentation, a state-by-state listing of sexuality education policies, and proposed federal legislation on sexuality education. The information and materials obtained from these resources can assist professionals, concerned citizens and students in their ability to take a stand on behalf of comprehensive sexuality education.


Several attrition steps exist in the continuum of care pathway: patients lost to care between testing HIV-positive and going for a CD4 test6; CD4 test result not available and/or lost7,8; patient not returning for their CD4 test result; and lack of uptake of care from eligibility to initiation of ART even in those who return for test results.9 These challenges may be overcome by point-of-care (POC) testing10, resulting in less attrition over time.2,4 It has been suggested that POC CD4 testing in those who do not return for their results would potentially increase enrolment pre-ART.9 POC CD4 testing was shown to modestly increase linkage to care and reduce pre-treatment loss to follow-up in fixed and mobile clinics.2,11,12,13 Factors contributing to pre-treatment loss to follow-up have been previously documented.8,14,15,16,17


Annotation. The National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine over its thirty-year history has made, without exaggeration, a tremendous contribution to the field of theoretical, clinical and preventive medicine both in Ukraine and abroad, which fundamentally changed the quality of human life in all spheres. The NAMS of Ukraine today has a powerful creative potential, a high reputation in Ukraine and abroad. The Laboratory of Hygiene of Planning and Development of Settlements of the SI "IPH NAMSU" has been developing preventive medicine and standing guard over public health for 90 years and strengthening the prestige of the NAMS of Ukraine in this field. This is the only laboratory of this profile both in the system of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine and in the healthcare system of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to reveal the formation and development of scientific research of the Laboratory of Hygiene Planning and Development of Settlements and to highlight scientific achievements to mark the 90th anniversary of the laboratory of the same name and the 30th anniversary of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Research methods: the analytical method is used in the work (studying the results of the laboratory of hygiene planning and development of settlements); the method of hygienic substantiation of the reconstruction of settlements. Results: the article highlights the activities of the hygiene laboratory of planning and construction of settlements of the State University "IHZ NAMNU", which is aimed at solving the most urgent sanitary and hygienic problems of urban and rural construction, regional planning and development of territories and industrial development, environmental protection of settlements, as well as issues ensuring favorable living conditions for the population to preserve and strengthen their health. So, the activities of the Laboratory of Hygiene of planning and construction of settlements of the State University "IGZ NAMNU" on its glorious 90th anniversary, its scientific achievements, which were reflected in sanitary and urban planning legislation and implemented in the public health system of Ukraine, bodies of the State Production and Consumer Service, divisions of the Ministry of Regions, have of particular importance for the further stable development of domestic production of independent Ukraine and the preservation of public health, and strengthens the prestige of the NAMS of Ukraine on its 30th anniversary from the day of its establishment.


This study was carried out in the Agricultural College/ Salahalden University during the period between  1 st March, 2010 to 1 st August, 2010, to investigate the effect of planting dates (1 st Mar, 1 st Apr, 1 st May), and IBA concentrations (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000) mg.l -1 on rooting ability of stem cuttings of Fraser's photinia ( Photinia x fraseri ). Results show that the best rooting percentage 60.93% and roots number are for cutting propagated in 1 st Apr, while the best superior increase in shoot growth number, leave number, and shoot dry weight was in 1 st May. 6000 and 8000 mg.l -1 IBA causes significantly increase in rooting percentage 67.11, 68.33% compared to control (39.00%). Also roots number increased significantly by IBA using 2000 , 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg.l -1 with increasing percentage 23.81, 33.33, 47.62 and 50.00% when compared with control; the highest significantly increase in mean length of longest roots reach 485.43% for 8000 mg.l -1 than control. Although 2000 and 4000 mg.l -1 IBA causes significantly increase in shoots growth number, all IBA concentration show significantly increase in leave number and root dry weight, while the 4000, 6000 mg.l -1 concentration had significantly effect on shoot dry weight. The interaction between planting dates and IBA concentrations cause significantly variance in all rooting parameters and the highest rooting percentage was72.00% for cuttings treated with 4000, 6000, 8000 mg.l -1 and planted in 1 st Apr , and the highest shoots growth number and leave number 4.67, 13.33 from cuttings treated with 2000, mg.l -1 and planted in 1 st May.


Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella multocida B:2 and E:2 is among the fatal bacterial diseases in cattle and buffaloes that are economically valuable in Asian and African countries. The current work aims to study the prevalence of HS among buffaloes, cattle, sheep, and goats in 41 countries in 2005–2019. The data analysis revealed that 74.4% of the total infection rate in the world was distributed among cattle, followed by buffaloes (13.1%). The mortality of HS among cattle and buffaloes increased in 2017–2019 compared to the period between 2014 and 2016. The best measure to control the disease is through vaccination programs. Current commercial vaccines, including live-attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines, have some shortcomings and undesirable effects. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have more potential as a vaccine platform due to their unique properties to enhance immune response and the ability to use them as a platform for foreign antigens against infectious diseases. VLPs-based vaccines are among the new-generation subunit vaccine approaches that have been licensed for the human and veterinary fields. However, most studies are still in the late stages of vaccine evaluation.


The present study brings together two aspects of electromagnetic theory: the recently discussed low-frequency series expansions based on the concept of Consistent Maxwell Systems, and Einstein's Relativistic Electrodynamics. Combined, this facilitates the analysis of pertinent low-frequency scattering problems involving objects moving with arbitrary constant velocities in free space. The low-frequency series expansions start with leading terms that are prescribed by solutions of the vector Laplace equation, thus significantly simplifying the conventional analysis in terms of the Helmholtz wave equation. The method is demonstrated by deriving relativistically exact explicit results leading terms for perfectly conducting circular-cylindrical and spherical scatterers. The results apply to arbitrary reference frames where the objects are observed in motion. For simplicity of notation expressions are given in terms of spatiotemporal coordinates native to the object's rest- frame. Subsequent substitution of the Lorentz transformation for the coordinates is then a straightforward matter. Previous exact relativistic results for scattering by moving objects have demonstrated the existence of velocity induced mode coupling. It is shown that the low-frequency expansions used here display the same effects for various orders of the partial fields appearing in the series.


The procedure used in making Brinell t ests must be closely controlled in order that t wo observers testing a given metal at different locations should obtain Brinell numbers that are in close accord. Small variations in testing procedure will be inevitable so that it becomes important to know the effect of these variations on the magnitude of the Brinell number obtained. The present paper considers the effect on the Brinell number of such variations with the help of data available in the literature supplemented by new t est s wherever the existing data seemed deficient. Attention is given to the effect on the Brinell number of variations in t esting procedure, i. e., rate of applying loa d, time under nominal load, error in load, and error in measuring the diameter of indentation. The effect of variables residing in the specimen is discussed next under the separate heads of nonuniform properties, curvature of surface, thickness, spacing of indentations, and angle between load line and normal to specimen. Variations in the t ype of ball used were considered last, particular attention being pa id to differences in elastic deformation and in permanent compression of the ball u nd er load. The paper concludes with recommendations for· a t est procedure which would lead to greater concordance in the Brinell numbers obtained by different observers using a ball of given diamet er on a specimen of given metal. CONTENTS Page


Some general characteristics of thirteen tornadoes that occurred on the afternoon of 27 June 1955 in Scottsbluff County, Nebraska, are related. Two of these caused widespread attention due to their...


ABSTRACT This article estimates income inequality in a sample of four low- and middle-income (LMI) countries namely; Albania, Nepal, Tajikistan and Tanzania using the household survey data – Nepal Living Standard Measurement Survey Second. First, we estimate the income generation function for each country and calculate the income inequality using Gini index (GI). Second, we decompose the income Gini into the determinants of income generation functions. Based on the decomposition result, socio-economic factors are the most important determinants of income inequality followed by geographic factors. Demographic factors have the least effect on income inequality in all four countries. Third, we propose a new method to quantify the effect of change in each covariate of income generation function on income Gini. That allows us to quantify the effects of change in specific policy such as increase in investment in schooling or public health to specific group of the population in society on income inequality. A carefully chosen, integrated policy can significantly reduce inequality in all four countries under study.


BACKGROUND
Beef from pasture-fed animals is viewed as a healthier and more welfare-friendly alternative to concentrate-fed beef. Botanically-diverse pastures consisting of numerous plant species may alter the fatty acid (FA) profile and the tocopherol content of beef, as well as the oxidative stability of the meat. In this study, steers were assigned to one of three botanically-diverse diets: perennial ryegrass (PRG), perennial ryegrass + white clover (PRG+WC), or multi-species (MS), all with a finishing diet of the respective botanically-diverse silages plus a cereal-based concentrate, consistent with production systems in Ireland. The FA profile, tocopherol content, oxidative stability and colour of meat during storage were measured.

RESULTS
Compared to the other diets, the MS diet resulted in higher proportions of linolenic acid (C18:3n-3c), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6c), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), with higher polyunsaturated: saturated fatty acids (PUFA:SFA) and n-6:n-3 ratios in the meat. α-Tocopherol concentrations were lowest in the meat of animals from the MS diet. In uncooked meat, lipid oxidation and colour values were affected by storage time across all diets, whereas the MS diet only affected hue values on day 14 of storage. When cooked, meat from steers on PRG+WC and MS diets had higher lipid oxidation over day 1 and 2 of storage than meat from steers on the PRG diet.

CONCLUSION
Feeding steers on a botanically-diverse diet consisting of six plant species can improve the n-3 FA and PUFA concentration of beef, affecting the susceptibility of cooked, but not uncooked, beef to oxidation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


A methodology based on case‐based reasoning is proposed to build a topological‐level influence diagram. It is then applied to a project proposal review process. The formulation of decision problems requires much time and effort, and the resulting model, such as an influence diagram, is applicable only to one specific problem. However, some prior knowledge from the experience in modeling influence diagrams can be utilized to resolve other similar decision problems. The basic idea of case‐based reasoning is that humans reuse the problem‐solving experience to solve new problems.


Cement concrete pavement appeared different diseases with a period of operation. Combined with the reconstruction practice of the west section, Zhongzhou Mid Rd. in Luoyang, the disease condition, the treatment and the restoration plan of cement concrete pavement were pointed out. The pavement diseases were recovered and strengthened through some detailed construction methods such as grouting reinforcement, milling-planing, slotting filling, etc. Then, the pavement was coated with geotechnical fabric and the asphalt mixture. Finally, the pavement deflection measured could arrive at the expected design after the restoration and reconstruction.


The blood pump of artificial heart is significantly improved in material ,struction,producing process,function and life time with pneumatic ,electro and electro hydraulic driving modes.The pumping flow is closer to the blood flow of the physiological heart.The newly developed microblood pump can be implanted in aorta,enhanced the local blood flow to assist the all circulation of the body.The controll system for artificial heart is intelligent.Now blood pumps with varied characters and functions were developed successfully.In moment the TAH and VAN were already in clinical use for bridge to heart tansplantation as well as for permanent support of heart failure patients,to promote cardiac recovery.The results of many trials have proved the safety and effectiveness of the artificial heart .All in all with improvement of function the artifical heart will have a great value in clinical use.


The coffee culture in the Balkans spread and developed as the Ottoman Empire began using the region as a base that opened into Europe. This region with great strategic significance draws attention not only because it functioned as a bridge between the East and the West but also because of cultural and political values in perspective of the process of changes and developments that have taken place throughout time. As an establishment the coffeehouse is a vital concept for society. Beside their fundamental functions, coffeehouses have gained additional functions over the course of history. These additional functions are directed by socio-cultural and political behaviours. This research paper aims to focus on the socio-cultural and political roles of the coffee culture and coffeehouses with regard to the independence and liberation movements that took place with beginning with the disintegration of Yugoslavia, particularly in Kosovo. Within this context, the crucial role of coffeehouses is explained through the struggle every fraction of society went through to keep their own cultural and political identities alive in order to pull through the negative circumstances created in Kosovo by the wars experienced in the region in the 1990s. Furthermore, this paper also aims to reveal the significant role coffeehouses and their spatial functions play when a nation undertakes the immense challenge of emancipation.


6633 Background: We previously reported that the incidence of acute GVHD (aGVHD) was significantly associated with the antithymocyte globulin (ATG) dose (Sangstat*) infused during RIC using fludarabine, busulfan and ATG. The impact of ATG is likely related to a dose-dependent in vivo T cell depletion. Here, we investigated whether a correlation exists between graft composition and transplant-related events. Methods: 71 consecutive pts from a single center receiving HLA-identical RIC allogeneic transplantation, were analyzed. Median age was 50 y. (18–60), diagnosis: 34 myeloid malignancies (48%) and 37 lymphoid malignancies (52%). 51 pts (72%) were high risk. 38 pts (53%) received a low ATG dose (2.5 mg/Kg), while 33 received the highest dose (7.5 or 10 mg/Kg). 40 pts (56%) received PBSC and 31 (44%) received BM. All pts received CsA alone for GVHD prophylaxis. Results: 42 pts had aGVHD [13 grade I (18%), 12 grade II (17%) and 17 grade III-IV (24%)]. Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) occurred in 36 [8 limited (11%) and...


In this paper, we study the application of models deriving from stochastic geometry to the problem of image segmentation. The input is a high resolution grey-scale image and the desired output is a collection of geometric objects. Herein, these objects are equilateral triangles. The considered priors are pairewise interaction point processes used in stochastic geometry. They are chosen so that their realisations are close to partitions of the input image. We construct a well-defined algorithm for their simulation. This algorithm includes birth or death and geometric transformations of an object in the current configuration. Posterior mode solutions are obtained by coupling this algorithm with simulated annealing. This approach includes postprocessing to merge objects (or parts of objects) of similar radiometry.


I was given a rather sexy heading – 'Forget the rhino, save journalism' – under which to say a few words. I would agree with the assumption that both are under threat, but while most people will have a natural inclination to save an endangered animal I'm not so sure about how many will stand up for the survival of journalism. After all, why do we need journalism? And secondly, it seems to me that much of the woes that journalism is going through at present are self-inflicted. It is often said, also in these turbulent economic times, that when America sneezes, the world gets a cough. It would therefore not be inappropriate to look at some of the cures that have been offered for the condition of journalism in the United States, because many of the trends that first manifested there have already made themselves felt here. To this end I will rely largely on, and refer to, work of the Committee of Concerned Journalists (CCJ), as it has been recorded by Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, in The Elements of Journalism.


Lanthanum aluminate has been prepared by combustion synthesis proc S' using nitrate salts of lanthanum and aluminium as cation precursors and urea as the fuel. The powder density and the compacted pellet density have been determined. Sintering proc' s reduces the porosity of the pellets by the agglomeration proc~ s. ThL' conductivity of LaAIO, increases with sintering temperature and the value is found to be 1.75 Scm-1 at 1000" . he diekclJic constant and loss tangent values are found to decrease with the applied frequency. This may be du' to the change in orientation and ionic effects rcsulted frum the inertia of ions and molecular levels. The XRD studies reveal that the material is as igned to be a pselldocubic structure. The FTIR spectra show the higher frequency and lower frequency bands arc assigned to AI01> octahedra in LaAIO,. S M micrographs divulge the presence of platelet aggregates into globular mass with larger surface area. The electrochemical polarization was performed for a synthesized and sintered LaAI01 materials in 0.5-2.0 M KOR In general the corrosion kinetic parameters elucidate the fact that the green samples are found to be prone to corrosion than the sintered materials


With the increasing connectivity of modern vehicles, protecting systems from attacks on cyber is becoming crucial and urgent. Meanwhile, a vehicle should guarantee a safe and comfortable trip for users. Therefore, how to design a cybersecurity-critical system in vehicles with safety and user experience (UX) considerations is increasingly essential. However, most co-design methods focus on safety engineering with attack concerns and do not discuss conflicts and integration, and few contain the UX aspect. Besides, most existing approaches are abstract at a high level without practical guidelines. This paper presents a literature review of existing safety and security design approaches and proposes a systematic approach for cybersecurity design of in-vehicle network systems based on the guideline in SAE J3061. The trade-off analysis is performed by using association keys and the proposed affecting map. The design process of an example Diagnostic on Internet Protocol (DoIP) system is reported to show how the approach works. Compared with the existing approaches, the proposed one considers safety, cybersecurity, and UX simultaneously, solves conflicts qualitatively or quantitatively, and obtains trade-off design requirements. This approach is applicable to the cybersecurity-driven design of in-vehicle network systems in the early stage with safety and UX considerations.


A method of predicting the maximum usable frequency by means of observation of long-distance (2F) scatter is presented. Thelocations of the scattering sources are fixed by comparison of experimental observation with theoretical calculations.


The application of electronic parts after extended storage has been an important researched area for the reliability of avionics.The application of CBCB118 the Darlington pairs in an avionics are analyzed in terms of the intrinsic reliability of the parts and the operational reliability.


Abstract— The photoreactivity of psoralen and 8‐methylpsoralen towards various samples of DNA having different base‐pair compositions has been studied. The total photobinding capacity shown by the two furocoumarins increases by increasing the content of A‐T, confirming the data previously obtained using synthetic polynucleotides.


In this study, first law (energy conservation) and second law (exergy) analyzes of thermodynamics were performed for a thermal power plant. It is very important to perform energy and exergy analyzes in industrial plants. These analyzes can provide guidance on improving energy efficiency and recycling waste energy. For these analyses, coals with different contents, available in nine different countries, were considered. According to the analysis, the highest first law efficiency was determined as 53.61% in the second type of coal. The second highest law efficiency was determined as 46.67% in the 6th coal type. Environmental Destruction Index and Sustainability Index values were determined and it was seen that, the highest EDI value was obtained in the 2nd coal type and the highest SI value was obtained in the 6th coal type. According to this study, the efficiency of the 6th coal type, which has the highest second law efficiency, was observed.


With the visionary concept of the SpaceLiner steadily reaching technical maturity, more
requirements on the infrastructure also emerge. For this new way of point to point passenger
transport an ecofriendly combination of a common airport and a rocket launch site must be found,
that additionally meets the passenger's luxury demands. Moreover, the safety and noise
requirements are also a key consideration for successful operation of ultrafast sort of passenger
transport. This paper presents three concepts of a Spaceport for the SpaceLiner and transfers them
to launching and landing sites derived from fully simulated SpaceLiner trajectories.


Background: Percutaneous screw fixation is widely used in acute fractures of the scaphoid. In this study, we aimed to present our results with volar percutaneous screw fixation in patients with scaphoid nonunions. Methodology: A total of 12 patients with scaphoid nonunion (≥13 weeks) that underwent volar percutaneous screw fixation were evaluated retrospectively. Two of the patients were female, and 10 were male. Mean age was 27 years (range = 19–41). The mean time that elapsed between the fracture and surgical procedure was 7.5 months (range = 4–12). According to the anatomic location, 33.3% were proximal pole, and 67.7% were waist fractures. All of the patients underwent percutaneous fixation with a headless cannulated screw from volar part under fluoroscopic guidance. Clinical evaluation was performed according to the modified mayo wrist scoring system (MMWS). The absence of a radiolucent fracture line on the radiographs was considered "union" on radiological evaluation. Results: The mean follow-up time was 18 weeks (range = 8–36). Union was achieved in all patients (91.6%), except one. The mean time to union was 15.5 weeks (range = 8–30). Based on MMWS system, 8 patients were interpreted as excellent, 3 patients as good. Conclusion: Percutaneous fixation in appropriate patients provides satisfactory results with high union and minimal complication rates in scaphoid nonunions.


The utility model relates to a self-locking type manual driving and rotation device that can shift in a straight line. At present, as the operated objects are different, lens of an operating microscope is often needed to shift so as to adjust the working distance of the microscope. With the above reason, the utility model provides a self-locking type manual driving and rotation device that can shift in a straight line, which mainly comprises a pair of straight gearwheels (1) and (2), a pair of taper gearwheels(7) and (12), a rocking handle (10) and a spring (9)and so on. Wherein, the rocking handle (10) is connected with the taper gearwheel (7) by means of a taper gearwheel shaft (8).The straight gearwheel (2) meshes with a straight rack (1) on a standing bar. A transmission gearwheel shaft (3) is connected with the straight gearwheel (2), and is combined with the groove of the taper gearwheel shaft (8).The utility model has a simple structure and is convenient to use, thereby applicable for various instruments and meters such as the operating microscope in the medical apparatus that need to shift in a straight line.


Cellular volume and potassium contents were determined in rat astrocytes from primary culture following suspension in isoosmotic (269 mOsm) and hypoosmotic (136 mOsm) phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) containing various potassium concentrations. Within 1 min of suspension in hypoosmotic PBS, cells swelled to 135% of their volume in isoosmotic PBS. This initial swelling was not altered by varying the potassium concentration of the hypoosmotic PBS. After suspension in hypoosmotic PBS containing 3.2 mM potassium, a regulatory volume decrease (RVD) was observed. Higher concentrations of potassium in hypoosmotic PBS inhibited RVD following osmotic swelling. Cells swollen in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium continued to swell for 7 min, reaching a volume of 141 % of their initial isoosmotic volume. After 7 min, these cells demonstrated a subsequent decrease in volume. The swelling observed between 1–7 min after suspension in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium was not affected by 10 μM gadolinium, 1 mM quinine, 1mM DIDS (4,4′‐diisothiocyanato‐2,2′‐stilbenedisulfonic acid), 1 mM SITS (4‐acetamido‐4′‐isothiocyanato‐2,2′‐stilbenedisulfonic acid), 1 mM furosemide, or 100 μM bumetanide. Normal RVD was obtained in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium, if chloride was replaced with gluconate (but not nitrate) to reduce the extracellular K‐C1 product to that of hypoosmotic PBS containing 3.2 mM potassium. The volume decrease seen between 7–30 min after exposure to hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium was blocked by 1 mM DIDS, 1 mM SITS, or 1 mM furosemide. Cellular potassium content was elevated by approximately 60% after 7 min exposure to isoosmotic or hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium. In hypoosmotic PBS, this increase in cellular potassium was reduced with replacement of chloride by gluconate, but not by nitrate. The results indicate that astrocytes swollen in PBS containing elevated potassium concentrations continue to swell, in part, by accumulation of potassium plus chloride mediated by an approach to Donnan equilibrium. Cotransport carriers or stretch‐activated channels do not play a role in the enhanced swelling observed in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium. We suggest that a voltage‐sensitive chloride channel mediates this continuation of cell swelling. This mechanism may be important in the persistent swelling of astrocytes observed in pathologic conditions such as trauma and seizures where extracellular potassium is elevated, or when other factors are present which may cause astroglial depolarization. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The basic methods for the examination of projects of regional government programs, principles and stages of their implementation are considered in the scientific article. Key issues of the examination were identified. The ways of their solution, including through the adoption of standard financial control for examination of regional government programs are proposed.


The Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake, which struck Japan on January 17, 1995, caused 5,488 deaths and tens of thousands of other casualties. The health impacts immediately after the quake are assessed, as are the changing health needs of the injured and evacuees over time. The impact on the social and health care infra- structures, including regional strengths and shortcomings, is described. The organi- zation and implementation of search and rescue operations, medical relief, coordina- tion with outside agencies, and volunteer assistance are evaluated and critiqued. Lessons from the Kobe quake and previous earthquakes worldwide must be applied to the development of a new disaster response plan for Japan. (M&GS 1995:214-226)


for dissemination) This deliverable describes the invocation module specification. Invocation is the task of performing an actual call to an instance of a Web Service. The goal of this specification is to provide a standardized way of invocation for all DIP components.


Stevens et al suggest that the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an acceptable substitute for estimated or measured creatinine clearance (CCr) as an index for adjusting drug doses in patients with chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. However, others have raised concerns that injudicious use of estimated GFR as a substitute for CCr could result in significant dosing errors and toxicity, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. Further, their conclusion is not supported by results of 4 studies that showed that using the MDRD Study equation instead of CCr estimates led to recommendations for 30%60% higher doses of digoxin, amantadine, and various antimicrobials. Estimated GFR values have also been shown to overestimate CCr in patients with measured GFRs_60 mL/min/1.73 m (_1 mL/s/1.73 m), the population most likely to require dose modification.


This work aims at studying some aspects of wind directions in Italy and supplying appropriate models. A comparison is presented between independent mixture and Hidden Markov models, which seem to be appropriate as far as the series we studied.


(1983). Identification of Gibberellin A3 in Mycelia of Neurospora crassa. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 1693-1694.


Parents and Clause Selection in E State-of-the-art automated theorem provers (ATP), such as E [13, 14], Prover9 [10], and Vampire [11], are based on the saturation loop paradigm and the given clause algorithm [12]. The input problem in first-order logic is translated into a refutationally equivalent set of clauses. The ATP's search for a contradiction maintains two sets of clauses: processed (initially empty) and unprocessed (initially the input clauses). At each step, one unprocessed clause is selected (given), and all of the possible inferences with all the processed clauses are generated (typically using resolution, paramodulation, etc.), extending the unprocessed clause set. The selected clause is then moved to the processed clause set. An important invariant is that all mutual inferences among the processed clauses have been computed at each step. The selection of the "right" given clause is known to be an important choice-point vital to the success of the proof search. E's strategies consist of clause evaluation functions that weigh and prioritize clauses for selection based on their symbols and properties. The ENIGMA systems [2–7] apply various machine learning methods to learn how to select effective given clauses from corpora of previous successful proof searches. Given clause selection does not give the ENIGMA system complete control over the inferred clauses because all inferences between the given clause and clauses in the processed clause set are computed. One reason this can be important is that the ENIGMA systems tend to perform best when run in cooperation with a strong E strategy where each selects half the clauses. This talk discusses the implementation and experimentation of an ENIGMA system that can "judge children by their parents" to filter out unnecessary inferences between the given clause and processed clauses . It is hoped that pruning the children of irresponsible parents can improve E's performance by allowing clause selection ENIGMA models and E strategies greater focus.


In order to improve the anti-attack capability of inter-city rail net,complex network theories and programming Tool MATLAB were used to identify the vulnerable stations and sections in the net.Firstly,the inter-city rail net was Abstracted as an unweighted and undirected network composed of stops and inter-city rail lines.Then characteristic indexes of the net were analyzed.The indexes for analyzing network vulnerability-global network efficiency and network connectivity,and two attack strategies-cumulative attack and separate attack were put forward.Through observing the change of vulnerability indicators before and after the attacks,the net's vulnerable stations and sections were determined.The calculation results indicate that the vulnerability of one station doesn't have a direct relation with its degree of connectivity and the vulnerability of one section also doesn't have a direct relation with the vulnerability of the stations it connects.


Reversible cluster mills equipped with actuators for flatness control are used when cold rolling high-grade steel strip. In order to meet high customer demands in terms of flatness, it is important to maintain an effective flatness control during the rolling process. Examples of flatness errors affecting the quality of the strip are long edge, long center, quarter buckles and herringbone. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the flatness control and devising a flatness model for shifting of tapered first intermediate rolls in the 20-high cluster mill KV77 at Sandvik Materials Technology in Sandviken. The flatness actuators in the mill are shifting of tapered first intermediate rolls, tilting of the upper cluster of rolls and backup roll bending due to saddle displacement. The project has involved both practical trials in the rolling mill and theoretical attempts with the calculation software Cluster. The flatness model was developed based on a regression analysis of process data from the mill.Conclusions concerning the flatness actuators effect on strip flatness could be drawn based on trial results. Backup roll bending alters the flatness of the strip with up to 20 I-units at the edges and 10 I-units at the center. Backup roll bending appears to be an inefficient flatness actuator in terms of reducing quarter buckles. Tilting of the upper cluster of rolls alters the flatness of the strip near the edges with 60 I-units and shifting of tapered first intermediate rolls alters the flatness of the strip near the edges with 100 I-units. Reducing long edges resulted in a long center and vice versa. The flatness model that was developed is able to predict a suitable shifting of tapered first intermediate rolls using rolling force, strip width, yield stress, front tension and back tension. The flatness model explained 78 % of the variation in shifting of tapered first intermediate rolls with a standard deviation of about 6 mm.


As Temple University's Department of Africology celebrates the 30th anniversary of its doctoral program, the first of its kind, it is necessary to examine closely the vision and actions of the person, Molefi Kete Asante, who brought this doctoral program into existence. This close examination reveals that Asante's contributions to African American Studies have been both substantial and institutional, and by all accounts, quite significant. Although occurring simultaneously, these substantial and institutional contributions will be presented separately for the sake of conceptual clarity.


The manufacturing of nodal elements and/or ramifi cations with an optimised force fl ow is one of the major challenges in many areas of ficomposite technology. The examples include hubs of wind-power plants, branching points of framework constructions in building industry, aerospace, ramifi ed vein prostheses in medical technology or the connecting nodes of axel carriers. Addressing this problem requires the adaptation of innovative manufacturing techniques and the implementation of novel mechanically optimised fi bre-reinforced structures. Consequently, the potential of hierarchically structured plant ramifi cations as concept generators for innovative, biomimetic branched fi bre-reinforced composites was assessed by morphological and biomechanical analyses. Promising biological models were found in monocotyledons with anomalous secondary growth, i.e. Dracaena and Freycinetia, as well as in columnar cacti such as Oreocereus and Corryocactus. These plants possess ramifi cations with a pronounced fi bre matrix structure and a special hierarchical stem organization, which markedly differs from those of other woody plants by consisting of isolated fi bres and/or wood strands running in a partially lignifi ed parenchymatous matrix. The angles of the Y- and T-shaped ramifi cations in plants resemble those of the branched technical structures. Our investigations confi rm that the ramifi cations possess mechanical properties promising for technical applications, such as a benign fracture behaviour, a good oscillation damping caused by high energy dissipation and a high potential for lightweight construction. The results demonstrate the high potential for a successful technical tran sfer and led to the development of concepts for producing demonstrators in lab-bench and pilot plant scale that already incorporate 'solutions inspired by nature'.


The ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared absorption spectra of naphthalene (C10H8 ) and its radical ion (C10H+8 ), formed by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation, were measured in argon and neon matrices at 4.2 K. The associated vibronic band systems and their spectroscopic assignments are discussed together with the physical and chemical conditions governing ion production in the solid phase. The absorption coefficients were calculated for the ion and found lower than previous values, presumably due to the low polarizability of the neon matrix. This study presents the first spectroscopic data for naphthalene trapped in a neon matrix, where the perturbation of the isolated species by its environment is minimum; a condition crucial to astrophysical applications.


In this paper, a new Fabry-Perot resonance antenna based on graphene was proposed with a simple structure. The antenna consists of a graphene sheet on a grounded dielectric. A rectangular waveguide is embedded into the ground plane as the feeding antenna. By choosing the proper chemical potential of graphene, the gain of antenna will increase significantly. Besides, the radiation patterns of antenna changes with the chemical potential, indicating a good reconfigurability. The structure of this proposed is simple to manufacture, which is promising for THz wireless systems.


This paper would figure out the teacher's response on "Teaching Pyramid Model-Curriculum 2013" program implementation, that located in a Kindergarten, in Bandung-Indonesia. This research was using a descriptive-analytic approach as a method. Data were obtained through interviews and questionnaires that addressed to the teachers and principal. The results showed that the teacher and principals have a good response for the "Teaching Pyramid ModelCurriculum 2013" program implementation. Teachers and principals argued that some good behaviours had developed and become a new habit among the children. Some student showed more orderly, polite, neat, clean, and care. Teachers also explained that using posters and media can help a student more understand and easier to follow the rules. In general, character building on TPM-Kurtilas in a concrete way, integrated and systematic approach could facilitate children to understand and perform a good behaviour.


Background and aims: Spinal anesthesia for urological operations has been frequently used, because symptoms of overhydration, transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) syndrome, and bladder perforation can be recognized. This prospective randomized study was conducted to compare the clinical efficacies of levobupivacaine with and without fentanyl in subarachnoid block with respect to onset and duration of sensory and motor block and duration of analgesia in urological surgeries. Materials and methods: This randomized study was conducted in 100 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grades I and II, posted for urological surgeries. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups and were given the following drugs intrathecally as per group distribution: Group I: 2.5 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine and group II: 2.2 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine with 15 μg (0.3 mL) fentanyl citrate. Parameters monitored were onset and duration of sensory and motor block, hemodynamic parameters, postoperative analgesia, and side effects. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test for the continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. Results: The onset of sensory level of T10 was earlier in group II (4.74 ± 0.723 minutes) than in group I (5.7 ± 0.953 minutes). Duration of sensory block was longer in group I (292.2 ± 8.154 minutes) than in group II (260 ± 11.066 minutes). Motor block regressed earlier in group II (181.2 ± 7.73 minutes) than in group I. Hemodynamic parameters and side effects were similar in both the groups. Conclusion: From our study, we concluded that plain levobupivacaine provided a longer duration of sensory and motor subarachnoid blockade. However, addition of fentanyl as a spinal adjuvant had a dose-sparing effect with earlier onset and early regression of motor block and no hemodynamic alterations.


With the price of molybdenum materials rising gradually,it is more important to recycle the remanent and waste molybdenum products.This research use the remanent molybdenum products,melting in electronic-beam stove and produced molybdenum in gots,after that,forging at 400 kg air hammer and produced molybdenum bars


Combined with one bridge survey,the over line construction scheme is determined by beam construction technique requests and practical exploration in field,the WDJ bowled multi-functional steel bracket whose characteristics are flexible layout,convenient lapping and taking apart and big bearing capacity is used,and some prestressed continuous box beams cast-in-place are pouring by the bracket whose pillar with searching counter-door.The effect is good.


In this paper, the simulation result concerning the relation between the electrode thickness and the spring characteristic of a new stacked-type electrostatic actuator has been described. This actuator is constructed by alternately folding two insulated thin metal films, and the electrode parts are thickened to make easily not to expand when the load is applied to this actuator. In a numerical simulation, three-dimensional nonlinear structural analysis including the contact problem has been studied using the finite element method. In the result, it has been understood that the expansion of the actuator is in inverse proportion to about the second power of the electrode thickness. However, when the lengths of the hinge parts are long, the actuator becomes to expand easily even if the electrode parts are thick.


The search for a reliable means to detect deception has a long history. Because of the poor ability of most people, even professional 'lie catchers', to identify when someone is lying, a wide range of techniques have been developed to assist in lie detection. The link between physiological arousal and deception has been recognised for centuries, and in the nineteenth century scientists began to experiment with instruments that could measure this. The modern polygraph, which recorded changes in a number of physiological parameters, was developed in the early 1920s, with instruments designed to record changes in respiration, cardiovascular activity and sweat gland activity (forerunners to the modern polygraph) appearing in the 1930s. Since then the use of the polygraph as a 'lie detector' has been associated with controversy, with advocates and opponents exchanging blows often based on partial facts and full opinions. This article reviews the development of polygraphy, focusing on its emergence in the United States and to some extent in England, but also considers its role in newer applications, particularly sex offender treatment and supervision.


It is nowadays well recognized that the hydroelastic ship response might be an important part of the overall ship structural response. We usually talk about two phenomena: namely springing and whipping, even if sometimes it is not trivial to distinguish between the two of them. Usually, springing is defined as a continuous resonant wave-induced hydroelastic ship response while whipping is defined as a transient hydroelastic response due to impulsive loading (slamming, green-water, underwater explosion ...). The difficulties related to the correct modeling of this type of structural response, either numerically or experimentally, are also well recognized and it is fair to say that the problem is not fully mastered today. There are currently several research projects worldwide aiming at solving this problem, most of them combining numerical modeling, small scale model tests and full scale measurements. One of these projects is the WILS project led by MOERI, in which model tests of an ultra large container ship flexible model were conducted in different operating conditions. The project aims at producing a useful database for the validation of numerical models and at the same time at providing the ship's design data. In this paper, comparisons of a hydroelastic numerical model with the model tests are presented. The numerical model is the combination of a full 3DFEM structural model, a 3D BIE based diffraction code and a 2D BIE slamming model, in time domain. Special accent is given to the oblique wave cases which are much more complex to model numerically. Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).


Background : Computer programmes have been introduced to electrocardiography (ECG) with most physicians in Africa depending on computer interpretation of ECG. This study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of computer interpretation of the 12-Lead ECG in the Black race. Methodology: Using the SCHILLER CARDIOVIT AT 10 with in-built computer analysis programme (CAP), 344 ECG were recorded serially and vetted visually with a view to assessing the reliability of computer interpretation of the 12-Lead ECG. Results : There was agreement with CAP: 99.4% for heart rate, 97.6% (r=0.95; P Conclusion : It is suggested that CAP be encouraged, that manufacturers should revisit their programmes to accommodate the major variants peculiar to the Black and that all computerinterpreted ECG should be vetted before adopting the information for clinical use.


Maxillary sinus cancer is one of the most complex malignancies to treat and has an unfavorable prognosis for long-term outcomes.
The purpose of the study: based on the evaluation of long-term treatment outcomes (mortality, survival) to analyze the effectiveness of treatment of patients with maxillary sinus cancer and other factors which influence the outcome, including the level of expression of molecular markers.
Object and methods: Long-term results of surgical treatment of 103 patients with maxillary sinus cancer stage II-IV (T2-4N0-3M0) were evaluated, which was performed in the ENT oncology department of І.І. Mechnikov Dnipropetrovsk Regional Clinical Hospital over the period of 2011-2017. Remote follow-up of patients was conducted until 2019.
Results: The effectiveness of the treatment is confirmed by the analysis of survival in the studied sample: annual survival of 87.36% (95% CI 80.94-93.78); three-years' survival – 42.75% (95% CI 33.2-52.3); five-years' survival – 19.76% (95% CI 12.07-27.45); median survival – 32.13 (95% CI 27.0-53.0) months.
Using a regression analysis of the proportional risks by Cox, it was proved that patients with recurrences of thyroid cancer die from cancer 3.13 times more often (p=0.009) than individuals in whom cancer was not accompanied by recurrence, with increasing expression of the marker TIMP-1 per unit the risk of adverse outcomes for patients is reduced by 2.56 times (p=0.034).
Conclusions: Evaluation of long-term treatment outcomes (mortality, one-, three-, and five-years' survival) of patients with maxillary sinus cancer has proven the effectiveness of treatment and approaches to their determination.


Wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of compact, low-power and tiny sensor network (SNs). They can keep patients under constant surveillance. Monitoring systems are therefore becoming increasingly important as the rapidly increasing global aging population leads to a higher for care. Monitoring the condition of patients is a significant issue in any hospital to ensure that patients are in good and stable situation. wireless technologies are used by these systems for transporting the vital signs of medical assessment. The communication of vital signs in care homes and hospitals are generally performed wirelessly. Vital signs are classified into emergency messages and information collected on a regular basis. In this ZigBee-based network, emergency messages are delivered through a relatively high baud rate and frequent messages are transmitted through a lower baud rate so that this type of network development can extend the percentage of the entire network life time and the data rate increases and the energy consumption of the network decreases.


Thailand is characterized by typical tropical monsoon climate, and is suffering serious water related problems, including seasonal drought and flooding. These issues are highly related to the hydrological processes, e.g., precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET), which are helpful to understand and cope with these problems. It is critical to study the spatiotemporal pattern of ET in Thailand to support the local water resource management. In the current study, daily ET was estimated over Thailand by ETMonitor, a process-based model, with mainly satellite earth observation datasets as input. One major advantage of the ETMonitor algorithm is that it introduces the impact of soil moisture on ET by assimilating the surface soil moisture from microwave remote sensing, and it reduces the dependence on land surface temperature, as the thermal remote sensing is highly sensitive to cloud, which limits the ability to achieve spatial and temporal continuity of daily ET. The ETMonitor algorithm was further improved in current study to take advantage of thermal remote sensing. In the improved scheme, the evaporation fraction was first obtained by land surface temperature—vegetation index triangle method, which was used to estimate ET in the clear days. The soil moisture stress index (SMSI) was defined to express the constrain of soil moisture on ET, and clear sky SMSI was retrieved according to the estimated clear sky ET. Clear sky SMSI was then interpolated to cloudy days to obtain the SMSI for all sky conditions. Finally, time-series ET at daily resolution was achieved using the interpolated spatio-temporal continuous SMSI. Good agreements were found between the estimated daily ET and flux tower observations with root mean square error ranging between 1.08 and 1.58 mm d−1, which showed better accuracy than the ET product from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), especially for the forest sites. Chi and Mun river basins, located in Northeast Thailand, were selected to analyze the spatial pattern of ET. The results indicate that the ET had large fluctuation in seasonal variation, which is predominantly impacted by the monsoon climate.


Oxygen is an important element in the chemistry of the Solar System objects given its abundance and its presence in many molecules including H2O which constitutes 80% of cometary ices. The analysis of oxygen atoms in comets can provide information not only on the comets themselves but also on our Solar System. Oxygen atoms in the coma are produced by photo-dissociation from the Solar radiation of the parent molecules coming from the sublimation of the cometary ices. These atoms have been analysed using the 3 forbidden oxygen lines observed in emission in the optical region at 5577 A (the green line), 6300 A and 6364 A (the red lines) [1]. The forbidden lines are difficult to analyse because their detection requires high spectral and spatial resolutions. Their analysis is however interesting because it allows the determination of the spatial distribution and the production rate of the parent molecules, supposedly H2O which doesn't have any feature in the optical range. But as shown by Cochran [2] [3], some issues remain about the nature of the parents of the oxygen atoms. Moreover the width of the green line was found larger than that of the red lines. One of the goals of this study is to determine the parent species that photo-dissociate to produce oxygen atoms and see how this process depends on the heliocentric distance. We present here the results of the analysis of a homogeneous set of high quality spectra of 13 different comets observed with UVES at the ESO VLT since 2002 [4] [5].


We present new results for nonparametric identification of causal effects using noisy proxies for unobserved confounders. Our approach builds on the results of \citet{Hu2008} who tackle the problem of general measurement error. We call this the `triple proxy' approach because it requires three proxies that are jointly independent conditional on unobservables. We consider three different choices for the third proxy: it may be an outcome, a vector of treatments, or a collection of auxiliary variables. We compare to an alternative identification strategy introduced by \citet{Miao2018a} in which causal effects are identified using two conditionally independent proxies. We refer to this as the `double proxy' approach. The triple proxy approach identifies objects that are not identified by the double proxy approach, including some that capture the variation in average treatment effects between strata of the unobservables. Moreover, the conditional independence assumptions in the double and triple proxy approaches are non-nested.


Subjects observed and then described continuously repeated twoelement temporal patterns (one of two alternative elements per event) and their component one-element patterns (one element or its nonoccurrence per event). Descriptions could begin at any event in a pattern, since there are as many possible descriptions as events in continuous patterns. Descriptions of one-element patterns revealed two organizing principles: preference for longest gap at the end, or longest run of positive events at the beginning. Variability of pattern organization was low when in a particular pattern these two principles were compatible or when the principles were incompatible but with the gap principle stronger, and increased when the two principles were incompatible and equally strong or the run principle was stronger. The descriptions of two-element patterns showed that one element emerged as 'figure' and the organizing principles for that element determined the perceived organization for the two-element pattern. It was concluded that variability and difficulty of two-element perceptual organization is a function both of figure-ground relations between the two elements and of compatibility of one-element organizing principles. A temporal pattern is a continuously repeating sequence of events. In a two-element pattern a single event is the occurrence of one of two alternative elements in a given unit of time. In a one-element pattern, an event consists of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a single element. A two-element pattern may be thought of as the interlocking of two one-element patterns, since any two-element pattern can be decomposed into two unique one-element patterns. To illustrate, the two-element pattern XXXOXOO . . . contains XXX'X" ... and "'O'OO .. . as its unique one-element patterns, with the (') indicating the nonoccurrence of an element in the given unit of time. There are as many different possible organizations for a temporal pattern as there are events in the pattern. For example, the twoelement pattern XXO . . . can be organized XXO, XOX, or OXX. Each of these organizations, when repeated continuously, produces patterns which are indistinguishable from each other except in terms Received for publication November 17, 1969. This study was supported by Grant MH-14229 from the National Institute of Mental Health to Yale University. The authors are indebted to Mr. Nigel Cox for help in instrumentation.


The enormous influence of Kant's ethics on modern ethical theory is well known; equally well known is the difficulty of interpreting him correctly. Misunderstandings, unfortunately, persist despite the efforts of devoted Kant scholars to dispel them. This second edition of Schilpp's study is most welcome because it shows, within the limits of Kant's writings up to 1780, the errors contained in the traditional interpretation of Kant's thought as a formalism and a rule-bound, inhuman sort of rationalism. The account brings out the emphasis which Kant placed upon freedom in the moral situation and the need for the person to use his own reason in a reflective and creative way in order to arrive at that action which most enables him to remain true to himself as a rational, responsible being. H. J. Paton's Foreword to this new edition rightly calls attention to its role as a companion piece to The Categorical Imperative and other studies of Kant's more mature ethical writings. The present edition contains, in addition to an augmented bibliography, Schilpp's essay, "On the Nature of the Ethical Problem," which originally appeared in Ethics in 1936. The paper is a succinct presentation of a view which embodies the Kantian ethic in modern setting. For Schilpp the ethical problem is distinct from the instrumental one of determining the proper means to a previously selected end. It concerns, instead, the ability of the agent to meet novel situations and, through the use of a synthetic, reflective reason, to construct and compare possible "proximate objectives." The moral agent is not, so to speak, all "given," nor can the person merely rest on his past and merely repeat himself. Each situation must be met as it arises and the self must make an ethical resolve in response to it. Freedom as self-determination is at the root of the response. Schilpp makes a compelling suggestion about the social dimension of the problem; if I am to avoid taking other people merely as means to my end, I must enter sympathetically into their purposes in framing my own. It is noteworthy that Schilpp's construction of Kant's ethics is well supported in the little known Anthropologie. There Kant proposed the concept of character as the capacity of making oneself a moral being through self-imposed principles. Essential to character is the awareness that each situation calls for creative willing anew; there is no falling back upon a disposition which, once attained, may be expected to operate mechanically in the future. It is to be hoped that Schilpp's painstaking efforts at bringing before us Kant's genuine position in ethics will lead others to a reconsideration of its merits in a fresh way.


This article aims to move beyond the public-private dichotomy in studying public service motivation (PSM) by showing how organizational logics matter for the type of PSM (instrumental, normative, or affective) that employees express. Using data from 50 interviews in police stations, prisons, hospitals, municipalities, and schools, we show that differences in service logic (the user's feeling of the desirability of a service) and user logic (people-changing or people-processing services) matter for employees' expressions of PSM in that this results in different emphases within public service motivation. We conclude that institutions such as organizational logics matter for PSM expressions and that research on PSM should account for differences between public service-providing organizations.