PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence, clinical manifestation and prognosis of malocclusion after TMJ arthroscopic disc reposition and fixation. METHODS: From November 2005 to August 2006. 211 patients with 270 joints underwent TMJ arthroscopic disc reposition and fixation. Every patient's occlusion was recorded preoperatively and at different time after operation. All patients were followed up for at least 49 days. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the incidence of malocclusion with SAS 6.12 software package. RESULTS: After arthroscopic disc reposition and fixation, malocclusion occurred in all patients. With time going on, 85.8% patients recovered in 28 days, while malocclusion lasted in 14.2% patients up to 49 days. There was no significant difference in the incidence of maloeelusion from 28 days to 49 days (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Malocclusion would occur after TMJ arthroscopic disc reposition and fixation. Most of them would recover in 28 days after operation. However, if malocclusion lasts for 28 days, intermaxillary elastic traction is highly recommended.


To examine the binding of TRFs to series of both unmodified and modified P53 construts in vitro, GST only and 4 different human P53 GST fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified through glutathione Sepharose 4B. P53s were wild type P53 (1~393), N terminal truncated form P53 2C (95~393),C terminal truncated form P53 N5 (2~293) and single amino acid mutant P53 R175H (175 arginine to histidine). SDS PAGE and Coomassie brilliant blue staining showed that the molecular weights of all the purified proteins were as expected and purities were over 90%. Purified GST and P53 fusions were mixed with human breast cancer cell MCF 7 cellular protein extracts through in vitro binding assay pull down, the molecular interaction between P53 and TRF1,TRF2 were detected by Western blotting, respectively.The results showed that both wild type P53 and P53 R175H could bind with TRF1,TRF2 of MCF 7 cells, their binding capacities were similar, whereas GST alone did not. Comparison of the above individual binding capacity with wild type P53 revealed that the interaction between P53 2C and TRF1,TRF2 enhanced dramatically, Whereas between P53 N5 and TRF1,TRF2 reduced significantly, suggesting that P53 could interact with TRF1,TRF2 directly and specifically in vitro, C terminus of P53 (293~393) was the binding domain of their interaction. This C terminus domain dependent interaction between P53 and TRF1,TRF2 may be related to the cellular activities induced by telomere dynamic changing.


DEBATS is an on-going research program (2011-2018) aiming to characterize the relations between the aircraft noise exposure and the health status of the French population living around three airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Toulouse-Blagnac, and Lyon Saint-Exupery.It includes:  A longitudinal study whose objective is to follow-up 1,200 adult residents of these threeairports during four years. Annoyance and health status are assessed by a face-to-face questionnaire performed at home. Bloodpressure and heart rate are also measured. Moreover, the participants are instructed to collect a sample of their salivary in order to determine their cortisol concentration.  A sleep study aiming to characterize acute effects of aircraft noise on sleep quality using noise measurements. A pilot study was performed in 2011 in order to test and validate the protocol on 100 residents around ParisCharles de Gaulle airport. The results of this pilot study arepresented and discussed.


Aiming at potential pitfalls concerning interactivity and consistency of model driven development, this paper provides a new method of model transformation classification named MTCM. The method analyses the differences between the modeling language, the modeled system and the model itself, then makes a fine-granularity classification of model transformation based on the analyze. Afterwards, the classification is applied to the research of the model transformation standard Query/View/Transformation(QVT), which proposed by OMG together with Model Driven Architecture(MDA), and one of its classic example of the model transforming process from Ecore model to Kermeta model have been evaluated and verified critically. With the conclusion of analyzing QVT with the classification, we believe that understanding the MTCM method deeply is an important prerequisite for improving the veracity and efficiency of model transformation.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a vacuum device in which leak is prevented from being incurred by deforming an O-ring when introducing a linear moving force or rotational moving force into a vacuum chamber, by disposing a power source outside of the vacuum chamber.SOLUTION: A tubular member 11 is provided in an opening 22 of a vacuum chamber 21, the head of a power transmission shaft 12 inserted to the tubular member 11 and the opening 22 is inserted into a vacuum chamber 21 and the root thereof is mounted to a power source 16 disposed outside of the vacuum chamber 21. Bearing gas is injected from an injection device 17 on an inner circumferential surface of the tubular member 11, and the power transmission shaft 12 is moved linearly and rotationally by operating the power source 16 while bringing the tubular member 11 and the power transmission shaft 12 into no contact. A plurality of exhaust channels are provided between the injection device 17 and the opening 22, and an exhaust channel close to the vacuum chamber 21 is connected to a vacuum exhaust device 15 with maximum exhaust conductance. Pressure in the exhaust channel closest to the opening 22 can be reduced and the inside of the vacuum chamber 21 can be made into high vacuum atmosphere.


The converter valve is the core equipment in the HVDC power transmission system, a+-nd its performance has a direct effect on the reliability, stability and efficiency of the whole power system. As the basic unit of HVDC converter valve, the thyristor level needs to be test routinely in order to grasp the state of the converter valve equipment. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a novel synthetic test system for the thyristor level with thyristor control unit (TCU). However, currently there is no specific test scheme for the thyristor level of HVDC converter valve. In this paper, the synthetic test principle, content and methods for the thyristor level with TCU are presented based on the analysis of the thyristor reverse recovery characteristic and the IEC technology standard. And a transient high-voltage pulse is applied to the thyristor level during its reverse recovery period in order to test the characteristics of thyristor level. Then, the synthetic test system for the thyristor level is applied to the converter valve test of ±800 kV HVDC power transmission project, and the practical test result verifies the reasonability and validity of the proposed synthetic test system.


Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), an essential active glucose transport protein that helps maintain high intracellular glucose levels, was shown to interact with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the SGLT1-EGFR interaction maintains the intracellular glucose level to promote survival of cancer cells. Here, we explore the role of SGLT1 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is the most aggressive type of breast cancer. We performed TCGA analysis coupled to in vitro experiments in TNBC cell lines as well as in vivo xenografts established in the mammary fat pad of female nude mice. Tissue microarrays of TNBC patients with information of clinic-pathological parameters were also used to investigate the expression and function of SGLT1 in TNBC. We show that high levels of SGLT1 are associated with greater tumour size in TNBC. Knockdown of SGLT1 compromises the cell growth in vitro and in vivo . We further demonstrate that SGLT1 depletion results in the decreased level of phospho-EGFR and as a result, the activity of downstream signalling pathways (such as AKT and ERK) is inhibited. Hence, targeting SGLT1 itself or EGFR-SGLT1 interaction may provide novel therapeutics against TNBC.


To improve the serious alkali soils in western Jilin province,the effect of the soil conditioner CLS on serious alkali soils was studied by field experiment.The result showed that the application of CLS could decrease bulk density and increase soil porosity.And it decreased the value of pH,total alkalinity and exchangeable sodium,but the CEC was not obviously changed. The research showed that CLS is fit for alkali soil improvement.


Early enthusiasm in artificial heart replacement took root in earnest in 1964 when the National Institute of Health in the United States ignited efforts with a goal to achieve a fully implantable artificial heart by 1970.1 This was a period of great ebullience; the space programme had been launched, and by 1969 man had stepped foot on the moon. That same year, Cooley implanted a total artificial heart, developed by Domingo Liotta, that supported the circulation effectively for 64 h, till a donor heart became available, although the patient died of overwhelming infection within a few days after transplantation.2 Even as space seemed exceedingly conquerable, the sophistication of intricate human bio-engineering became unambiguously apparent when artificial technology to develop a mechanical long-term support heart was unable to reliably match perfections of the biological heart. A durable total artificial heart seemed a blurry dream as challenges of stressful blood flow, thromboembolism and infection appeared insurmountable. It was then that attention shifted towards a lesser, more feasible goal to support but not replace the function of the left side of the heart, a target that could be accomplished with a mechanical pump implanted in tandem with the native heart. This ushered in the era of left ventricular assist systems. By 2001 evidence began to accumulate that mechanical unloading with a left ventricular assist device (HeartMate XVE, Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, CA, USA), then a bulky contraption placed within the abdomen and connected to the native left ventricle and systemic aorta, outperformed therapy with continuous inotropic support and improved survival in patients otherwise ineligible for transplantation.3 This pivoted our interest towards durable pulsatile mechanical circulatory support, however device-related morbidity led by frequent complications of infection, stroke and malfunctioning pump parts reduced zeal for broad acceptance of


Previous research has shown both that (i) the impressions formed of speakers are influenced by the language being spoken and (ii) the impressions formed are influenced by the way speakers move when they talk. The present research extended this past research by investigating the impressions formed of individuals speaking both Maori and English when only visual cues were available. Participants viewed video-clips of the speakers with no sound and the lips covered. Ratings of likability/attractiveness of the speakers differed as a function of the language being spoken. The same speakers were evaluated more positively when speaking Maori than English. Further, the differences in gestural patterns used when speaking Maori and English moderated these effects.


У статті розглядаються особливості формування творчого підходу в студентів вищої школи економічного профілю у процесі вивчення іноземної мови.
(In the article the peculiarities of creative approach formation of students in higher economic educational institutions in the foreign language studying process are described. Economic disciplines and learning foreign languages nowadays have occupied a leading role not only in economic universities and economic faculties and also in almost all other universities.
Professional formation of students in higher education depends on the level of their cognitive properties, such as: perseverance, self-control, emotional stability. A huge influence on the professional development of students in higher education institutions produce their professional orientation, educational objectives and significance of their own activity.
Upgraded educational process of higher school of economics should be based on the study of the students' perception
in studying of economic information and foreign languages and levels of development of the students' creative approach to professional knowledge. This path involves the use of student interest in learning knowledge through the development of creative approach to the process and focus in the right direction of his work. In the development and application of appropriate educational and correctional techniques can organize such an impact on student activities, which will be directed «inside – outside», and namely to improve the adaptability of a student and his teamwork in academic interest group through the student
to the educational process. Consider the basic aspects of student creativity and enhance its creative approach to the study of economic sciences, foreign languages and the educational process.
Creativity of students in the mastery of professional knowledge in the process of learning a foreign language can be seen as a conscious desire to their deep understanding, evaluation and application in both the academic and professional activities.
The aim of the article is to analyze the importance of students' creativity formation in the process of obtaining professional knowledge in the study of foreign languages to facilitate the reorientation of the educational system of functional-executive basis for content-search and creativity; the factors of the students' educational information perception of economic subjects and foreign languages, which is based on economic education. From the perception of educational information point of view
it is essential to analyze the level of the students' creative attitude development to professional knowledge, which is especially important to ensure such educational and training activities that will make the learning process interesting for students, according to their goals and wishes and add encouragement in the choice of future profession.)


The Prudent Investor Rule is a result of long term development of the the United States trust legal system.It absorbs the modern portfolio theory and efficient market theory,while abrogates category restrictions on trust investments.In the rule,the portfolio is regarded as a whole,a special obligation of trustees to diversify investments is highlighted.The effective application of the prudent investor rule depends on those factors such as the establishment or improvement of an efficient market,a sound fiduciary law and basic trust law legal system,etc.


Transportation of granular materials in bulk with the means of conveyor belts rise a series of problems related to the explosion hazard if the materials are flammable and may generate an explosive atmosphere, as many times is the case in industry (Chemical, Sugar, Biomass, Food, Grain and Coal Industries). Every year, many serious fires and explosions occur in industrial plants as a result of flammable dust. Dust explosions lead to considerable material damage and long production shutdowns. This is the reason why when manufacturing and using belt conveyors for bulk materials adequate protective measures must be applied, in order to prevent ignition of the explosive atmosphere and/or limit the effects of possible explosions. Key-Words: ATEx, explosion, conveyor belts, assessment, risk


Several terms have been used to refer to the mildest stages of keratoconus and corneal ectasia in the literature. Forme fruste keratoconus (FFKC), keratoconus suspect, and subclinical keratoconus often confuse clinicians. FFKC might refer to the fellow eye of a manifest keratoconus that has no clinical signs of keratoconus or any significant topographic change; however, there is no consensus on the definition of FFKC. Since the development of Placido-disk corneal topography, various advanced diagnostic devices, such as corneal tomography and biomechanical assessments, have become available. Discriminating cutoff values have been reported to separate normal healthy eyes from clinical ectasia and FFKC using the Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Deviation Display (BAD-D), which relies on Scheimpflugbased corneal tomography (Pentacam HR; OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH); the Corvis Biomechanical Index (CBI) derived from corneal biomechanical assessment (Corvis ST; OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH); and the Tomographic Biomechanical Index (TBI), which relies on a combination of Scheimpflug-based corneal tomography and biomechanics. According to a recent study, cutoff values of BAD-D, CBI, and TBI are 1.97, 0.49, and 0.79 for detecting clinical ectasia (ie, abnormal values) and 1.08, 0.07, and 0.29 for determining FFKC (ie, borderline values), respectively. This report describes ectasia susceptibility in 3 sisters, highlighting the need for clarity in nomenclature based on these enhanced methods of detecting ectasia. A 49-year-old woman with clinical keratoconus presented with 3 daughters for screening. The mother had clinical keratoconus, including corneal scarring in both eyes. On slitlamp biomicroscopy, none of the daughters showed clinical signs of keratoconus, and corrected distance visual acuities of all siblings were 20/20 or better for both eyes. They were prescribed daily disposable soft contact lenses by a local eye clinic. Table 1 summarizes the clinical data and questionnaire results for keratoconus-associated risk factors. Results of Placidodisk corneal topography (TMS-5; Tomey Corp.), Scheimpflug-based corneal tomography (Pentacam HR), and corneal biomechanical assessment (Corvis ST) are shown in Figure 1. First daughter (age, 18 years): Placido-disk topography of the left eye showed mild irregularity and detected keratoconus suspect by Smolek/Klyce index, whereas the right eye demonstrated relatively healthy topography. Both eyes had abnormal BAD-D values, higher than 1.97. CBI was 0.03 in the right eye and 0.06 in the left eye. TBI values were higher than 0.29, the reported cutoff value for FFKC. Second daughter (age, 17 years): Topographic analysis results showed relatively normal topography; both eyes had asymmetric bowtie with skewed radial axes. Klyce/Maeda index supported the diagnosis of clinical keratoconus in the left eye. Based on abnormal BAD-D (2.40) and TBI (1) values, clinical ectasia was diagnosed in the left eye. Moreover, the right eye had abnormal BAD-D (2.40) and borderline CBI (0.23) values.


In this paper, we propose a systematisation of the monitoring and control aspects in a virtual enterprise (VE). As an instrument, we use the mobile agent paradigm, defining the concept of a mobile agent Web (MA-Web). One of the roles of the agents in this environment is to mediate negotiations between the parties of the VE. We make some assumptions about the new behaviour and code of conduct in the MA-Web, such as the willingness to share data and knowledge.


Abstract Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Cu–9 at.% Al alloy bicrystals with symmetrical [110] and [100] tilt boundaries has been investigated under constant applied stresses in an ammoniacal solution at 303 ± 2 K. The susceptibility, defined by the inverse of time spent for initiation and propagation of the brittle crack along the boundary, was found to be strongly dependent upon the misorientation. Susceptibility minima were found at misorientations where interfacial energy cusps have been often observed in copper and aluminium in the literature. The grain-boundary energy is considered to be one of the crucial factors which determine the susceptibility. It is suggested that the susceptibiliy is affected by the dislocation behaviour at a grain boundary. A stress field generated as a result of interaction between lattice dislocations and a grain boundary may reduce the resistance to intergranular SCC. The susceptibility rapidly decreases, most probably owing to the increase in dislocations...


"Every state is a community, . . . and every community is established with a view to some good. The . . . political community, which is the highest of all . . . aims at good in a greater degree than any other and at the highest good" (Aristotle, qtd. in McKeon, 1941, p. 1127). A Different Kind of Politics: Readings on the Role of Higher Education in Democracy questions the operative definition of "the good" in higher education and challenges the path that many institutions have taken that departs from their original purpose. "Until the development of the modern research university, education for citizenship was considered the mission of colleges and universities in the United States" (p. vii). A great deal has changed since research universities have become the normative institutions. Barker and Brown question the public mission of 21st-century postsecondary education where civic engagement and politics have become more technocratic than organic. They describe technocratic politics as framing the public service role of the university (offering information and technical support for community problems to citizens who are recipients of the service). In this system, citizens are dependent on professionals who have greater power and more competence to solve community problems. Citizens are served but not empowered. "Rather than empowering communities to act on their own, institutional approaches treat communities as dependent clients or passive recipients of help from above" (v). In contrast, the authors frame organic politics as a dialogic process among parties who all have an interest in a beneficial outcome. This approach requires a continuous balancing of power among dialogue participants in order to rectify an "imbalance between the organic and the institutional components of democracy" (v). Barker and Brown conclude that the problem is systemic. Universities treat faculty and students as individuals whose most important work is done individually and for whom most rewards are based on individual achievement. Pedagogy tends to focus on impersonal, information transfer. The political elements of power relationships among scholars, between and among departments, and between faculty and students are invisible in this work and this is a significant oversight. This organizational milieu undermines community, creates non-productive competition, and fosters distrust within the institution. It also leads to mistrust and suspicion between the elements of the institution that are endeavoring to provide service to communities and the communities themselves because of the technocratic mentality of unequal power. Chapter 1 by Hollander and Hartley discusses deliberative pedagogy, a process by which students learn to converse about complex issues and to integrate empirical knowledge with moral perspectives. Deliberative and dialogic conversations provide essential elements in the re-creation of organic democracy. "This requires the development of civic skills, such as an ability to listen carefully to citizens as well as experts, to formulate and articulate a well-founded opinion or idea and to weigh various policy alternatives" (p. 11). Deliberation is a skill that requires a great deal of practice to use effectively. Chapter 2 applies deliberative pedagogy to the mind-set of the millennial generation with The Review of Higher Education Spring 2010, Volume 33, No. 3, pp. 415–436 Copyright © 2010 Association for the Study of Higher Education All Rights Reserved (ISSN 0162-5748)


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the clinical results of therapy of periprosthetic femoral supracondylar fractures after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using less invasive stabilization system (LISS).

METHODS
Eight cases of periprosthetic femoral supracondylar fractures after TKA were treated with ORIF using distal femoral LISS in our department. They had full follow-up for 3 to 39 months. Their knee functions were evaluated through radiological and clinical checkups and functional evaluations by HSS (The Hospital for Special Surgery) scoring system and Lysholm Questionnaire.

RESULTS
None of the fractured patients had any infection or internal-fixation failure. The average knee motion range was 0-94°. There was no statistic difference of the femorotibial angle between pre- and postoperation. At the end of the last follow-up, the average HSS score was 79.38 and Lysholm score 80.25. All the average scores were good and excellent.

CONCLUSION
ORIF with LISS is a one of the valuable treatments for periprosthetic femoral supracondylar fractures after TKA.


With the development of sensory technology, new image sensors have been introduced that provide a greater range of information to users. But as the power limitation of radiation, there will always be some trade-off between spatial and spectral resolution in the image captured by specific sensors. Images with high spatial resolution can locate objects with high accuracy, whereas images with high spectral resolution can be used to identify the materials. Many applications in remote sensing require fusing low-resolution imaging spectral images with panchromatic images to identify materials at high resolution in clutter. A pixel-based false color mapping and wavelet transform integrated fusion algorithm is presented in this paper, the resulting images have a higher information content than each of the original images and retain sensor-specific image information. The simulation results show that this algorithm can enhance the visibility of certain details and preserve the difference of different materials.


Abstract Large rotating machinery such as turbines and compressors are the key equipment in oil refineries, power plants, and chemical engineering plants. To minimize the economic loss incurred because of the defects of malfunctions of these machines, diagnosis is very important. Currently, diagnosis is carried out mainly using spectral analysis. In spite of being effective in detecting the faults (monitoring), spectral analysis is often ineffective in pin-pointing what the fault is (diagnosis). This is due to the fact that it cannot clarify the spatial and temporal features in the sensor signals that are correlated to different types of faults. In this paper, phase spectra, holospectra, purified orbit diagrams, and filtered orbit diagrams are used in searching for fault features. From the data obtained from more than 50 practical machines, distinct fault features and diagnostic induces are found for 11 different types of faults including unbalance, cracks, misalignment, rub, loose bearing caps, oil whirl, surge, fluid excitation, rotating stall, electric power supply fluctuation, and pipe excitation. Accordingly, a diagnostic procedure is proposed.


This study was conducted at Fehada oasis which located in the westerin desert (45km) south of Al-Quam constituency to identified the soil distribution within the oasis . The semi detailed survey operation was carried using the free lance soil survey method to study its soil and classified them also to prepare soil maps to this oasis. soil were classified accourding to U.S.D.A. S.S. 1998 system to Aridisols in order and Argids to sub order, and completed to soil series accourding to soil classification system suggested by Al-agidi 1981 .after that we was limited the positions of wanted pedons within the oasis. The pedons were disclosed and described morphologicaly and get samples for laboratory analysis. The results was showed existence two soil series within the oasis first is 142CCE which was desert soil series developed from limestone origin materals with fine texture, establish 75.9% from total area of oasis (1267donums) ,Most land of this series was cultivated with shadow trees, olves, pear and wheat crop . However second series its 132CCE which characteristics its desert soil series developed also from limestone orgin materals with moderate texture, established 23.8% from total area of the oasis (3979donums) accourding to the results we established the soil survey maps to the oasis with scale 1/20000.


To study the effect of transient pressure-release when base bleed projectile is propelled out of gun muzzle on the combustion field characteristics in base bleed unit,a 2D-axisymmetric unsteady model was established for the base bleed simulator.By adopting CFD software,the characteristics of internal flow-field under different despressurization rates were simulated aiming at this device.The effect of different initial pressures in the base bleed combustion chamber on the distribution characteristics of pressure,temperature and density was studied with an emphasis. Results show that the higher the initial pressure,the faster the maximum depressurization rate during the pressure-release,and the larger the pressure difference on the combustion chamber axis.The effect of high-temperature combustion gas generated from base bleed propellant on the temperature distribution in the chamber is stronger,and the gas mass flux on the exhaust outlet is higher.At the later stage of depressurization,the differences of the axial pressure and gas flow rate in the chamber under different conditions decrease,while the radial temperature difference increases and the radial density difference decreases.


[Objective] To study the effects of a-Lipoic acid(LA)on reactive oxygen species(ROS)level and DNA oxidative damage in Chinese hamster lung cell. [Methods] ROS was detected by flow cytometer. Use 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA) as fluorescent probe. Reaction system I : H2O2+LA, incubated for 20 min. Reaction system II: Fe2++LA, incubated for 2, 4, 8 h respectively. Single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE): oxidative damage of cells were induced by H2O2. Certain concentrations of LA were added into reaction system, incubated for 2 h, and then DNA damage was detected with SCGE assay. [Results] (1)ROS: Reaction system I : H2O2 heightened ROS level, but LA degraded it and showed the dose-response relationship. ROS increased after cells were incubated with Fe2+, LA also cut down ROS level. 100μmol/L Fe2+ significantly elevated ROS, Although LA inhibited this effect, there is no conspicuous dose-response relationship was observed. (2)SCGE: H2O2 caused DNA damage. The indices of DNA damage cells, Tail DNA, Tail length, Olive tail moment(OTM) were all increased. LA could inhibit these increasing indices dose-dependently. [Conclusion] LA scavenged ROS, inhibited ROS level induced by Fe2+, dose-response and time-reaction relationship were observed. LA protected cells from DNA damage caused by H2O2.


Syntheses of Medium and Large Rings, XXXIV[1,2]. – Stereoselective Synthesis of Bridged and Branched Methyl Deoxyfuranosides from Dimethyl 3,6-Hexanooxepine-4,5-dicarboxylate

The stereoselective synthesis of the bridged methyl furanosides 4–8 with four, five, and six stereogenic centers is described. The reaction sequence starts with the addition of methanol to the oxepine 1. The photochemical electrocyclic ring closure of 2 gives the cyclobutene 3. Ruthenium tetraoxide oxidation of 3 leads to the title compound 4 that is further converted to 5–8 by stereoselective reductions.


The invention discloses a di(mu-) hydroxyl. tetramethionine-chelated dichromium (III) as well as a preparation method and application thereof. Di(mu-) hydroxyl. tetramethionine-chelated dichromium (III) has the following molecular formula of C20H42N4O10S4Cr2. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) dissolving DL-methionine and inorganic chromium (III) salt in an aqueous solution of ethanol and carrying out reflux heating; 2) adjusting the pH and carrying out reflux reaction; and (3) cooling, crystallizing, filtering and drying to obtain di(mu-) hydroxyl. tetramethionine-chelated dichromium (III). The invention also discloses application of di(mu-) hydroxyl. tetramethionine-chelated dichromium (III) as a feed additive. Di(mu-) hydroxyl. tetramethionine-chelated dichromium (III) is a binuclear complex and is simple in preparation method, easily available in raw materials and low in cost; and the product is high in purity and stable in quality and the technology has a potential for large-scale industrial production. In addition, di(mu-) hydroxyl. tetramethionine-chelated dichromium (III) can be used as the animal feed additive and is used for supplementing chromium in animal dietary and improving growth performance and immune properties of animal body.


The development of export is one of the most important directions of the economic policy of the Russian Federation at the present stage. Customs regulation is one of the main instruments of economic policy aimed at the development of exports.The concept of the customs regulation of the export of goods, as an element of the system of state regulation of foreign trade is analyzed in the article. The features of customs regulation of export, which distinguish it from other areas of the state's economic policy in relation to the development of export, are determined. Particular attention is paid to setting the goal of customs regulation of the export of goods as a benchmark for assessing the quality and development of tools of customs regulation of the export of goods in a specific industry. It is concluded that, regardless of the regulated industry, the goal of customs regulation of export is to ensure the domestic market (avoiding shortages) or restructuring export. This goal is achieved by influencing the volume of exports of goods by measures of customs–tariff and non–tariff regulation.


The invention discloses closed isocyanate adhesive for gumming fiber framework materials of rubber products, a composition of the closed isocyanate adhesive, a preparation method and application, which belong to the technical field of closed isocyanate adhesive and preparation methods thereof. When the closed isocyanate adhesive is diluted by water until the content of solid accounts for 3% by weight, particles of the isocyanate adhesive are spherical, the diameters of 90% of the particles are smaller than 2 micrometers, and the average diameter of the particles is smaller than 1.5 micrometers. The preparation method includes that after being reacted with copolymer in organic solvent, isocyanate monomer is in polymerization closed reaction with a sealing agent compound; the isocyanate monomer is emulsified into homogenous emulsion after the reaction is finished; and then the organic solvent is removed, water is added in the homogenous emulsion so as to adjust the concentration of a product, and accordingly an adhesive dispersion product is obtained. The solid particles in the emulsion are spherical, the structure is stable, particle size distribution is narrower, particle sizes are small, the particles are more uniformly distributed on the surfaces of fiber fabrics, sediments are seldom formed during specific application, and the utilization quantity can be reduced by 20%.


As phenolic resins enter their second century of existence, they continue to be an important bonding agent for a diversity of uses encompassing the joining of metals, glass, wood, paper, rubber, and other substrates with favorable cost/performance characteristics that surpass most other polymeric resins. It is equally important as a resin matrix for fiber reinforced composites requiring fire, smoke, and toxicity (FST) characteristics in critical high performance areas such as aircraft interiors/panels, tunnel materials, offshore oilfield grating and deluge pipe, and fire safe components. Closely related phenolic materials such as benzoxazines (BZ) and cyanate esters (CE) are emerging as more desirable phenolic systems with favorable FST behavior, cure with little or no volatiles, are more versatile, but are more costly. The newly developed BZ based on a phenolic component, formaldehyde, and a primary amine, leads to a cyclic structure that ring opens on polymerization without catalyst or by-product emissions. BZ resins have properties that are not observed in phenolic resins like low water absorption, and stable, low dielectric properties and are positioned for use in electronics and in FRP components. Numerous studies of nanomodification of phenolic resin systems (phenolic, BZ, and CE) are presented along with the method used to introduce selective nanoparticles and the resulting performance characteristics of the nanomodified phenolic resins. Both surface treated and functionalized nanoparticles are discussed. Various analytical and mechanical test methods are utilized to determine nanoparticle dispersion uniformity as well as diverse multifunctional features that emerge from nanomodification. Some nanomodified phenolic resin fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites are described with the type of phenolic resin, nanoparticle, fiber, type and improved application performance for the resulting nanomodified fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite.


The radiation of two single-mode diode lasers at 1.3 μm is focused into the tunneling junction of a scanning tunneling microscope, and gigahertz difference-frequency signals radiated from the tip are detected. Simultaneous measurements of the bias-voltage dependence of the mixing signal and the tunneling current for different surface samples show that the mixing process is due to the nonlinearity of the static current–voltage characteristic of the tunneling junction. The coupling of the laser radiation into the junction conforms to antenna theory. The experimental results are compared with previous measurements at a laser wavelength of 9.3 μm. Surface images produced by means of the difference-frequency signal show the chemical contrast between micron-sized Au islands and a graphite substrate.


This thesis probed the development of Diabetes of TCM and its syndrome-treatment and prescription-drugs through combining documentary study with computer technique and modern statistic method such as frequency,factor analysis and clustering analysis,and the further analysis showed that the Etiology and degree of priority should be analyzed in detail in the course of the treatment in order to obtain the diagnosis and treatment based on syndrome and disease differentiation.Simultaneously,special recipe for special disease should be paid more attention.Finally,system factors and emotion transfer had important significance in the course of Diabetes of TCM.


In order to obtain data for basic undergraduate education in geriatric nursing at our university, the present study elucidated the image, knowledge, and understanding of the elderly among firstand fourthyear nursing students and the characteristics of their communication with elderly individuals, as well as differences by attributes. An anonymous self-report questionnaire survey was conducted and responses from 76 first-year students (response rate, 92%) and 46 fourth-year students (52%) were analyzed. Students with experience of receiving care from elderly individuals had a more positive image of the elderly than those with no such experience, and students with experience interacting with elderly individuals exhibited less ageism than those with no such experience. In addition, analysis of descriptions of responses to settings involving 65-year-old patients demonstrated that "wishful thinking" and "explanation and persuasion" accounted for approximately 30–40% of responses among first-year students and that "sympathizing and listening" accounted for over 70% of responses among fourth-year students (p<0.0001). Characteristics differed more considerably by school year than by presence or absence of experience interacting with elderly individuals. Based on these findings, we discussed methods for gerontological nursing education that promote positive images and attitudes toward the elderly as well as practical education involving "listening" to elderly individuals in communication settings.


Background and Objectives: (CRP) provides rapid and long-lasting relief of symptoms in most patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). However, some patients express nonspecific symptoms such as anxiety or discomfort after CRP, even after the disappearance of nystagmus and vertigo. The purpose of this study is to asses the residual symptoms after CRP in patients with BPPV using questionnaire. Subjects and Method:CRP was performed in 135 pa-tients until nystagmus and vertigo disapeared, and the patients were asked to complete the Dizines Handicap Inventory (DHI) before and five to seven days after treatment. For the control group, 135 normal volunteers were selected, and cross matched ac-cording to the age and sex with the patient group. The DHI were compared among pre CRP, post CRP and control group. Results:There were statistically significant diferences between the pre-CRP and post-CRP DHI scores and also between the post-CRP and improvement with respect to some items. Conclusion:Even after the successful CRP, DHI scores indicated incomplete recovery and residual subjective symptoms was presented. Thus, additional folow up and management may be needed. (Korean J Oto -rhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2008 ;51 :508-12)


In order for international corporations to establish a successful global Web presence, their Web sites must be designed to effectively communicate with culturally-diverse users. Employing a methodology that assesses the extent to which the intended meaning of interface elements (e.g., navigation, graphical elements, and site functionality) are understood by culturally-diverse users, international usability testing of a translated US corporate Web site was conducted in Brazil, France, Spain, and Germany. Participants included professionals from telecommunications, marketing research, and financial services sectors. Results indicated that the site's interface was language- and context-dependent and that it varied across cultures. Primary navigation categories were generally well understood across all cultures; however, the effectiveness of secondary, tertiary, and image-based navigation varied across cultures. Basic search functionality was effective, but advanced search features were less meaningful and culturally-dependent. In addition to presenting research outcomes, the effectiveness of this methodology for international interface evaluations is discussed.


Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) has one of the lowest 5-year survival rates. Gemcitabine (G)-based chemotherapy is standard-of-care first-line systemic therapy. Fluorine-18 radiolabelled 3-deoxy-3-fluorothymidine (FLT), a thymidine analogue, is a substrate for thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), which is highly expressed in proliferating cells in late G1/S phase. FLT uptake (imaged and quantified by positron emission tomography (PET)) correlates with pathology-based proliferation markers and with decreases with therapy in a number of cancers. G, a nucleoside analogue, decreases proliferation by inhibiting DNA synthesis, primarily acting on S and G1/S phase thus decreasing tumour FLT uptake. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1) transports G and FLT into cells, making hENT1 activity a key determinant of both FLT uptake and G efficacy. Methods: Two parallel proof-of-concept studies are designed to explore the feasibility of assessing proliferation, nucleoside transport, magnitude of treatment-related FLT uptake changes and understanding the pathophysiological basis of FLT-PET imaging in patients (pts) with (1) localized or (2) advanced PC. Up to 24 PC pts with ECOG PS 0-2, able to undergo imaging and with at least one potentially evaluable lesion larger than 2cm on CT/MRI are eligible. Pts with localized disease (study 1) will have dynamic FLT-PET pre-operatively preceded by a radiolabelled H2O PET scan to assess tumour perfusion. These pts will also undergo 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG)-PET and diffusion-weighted MR scans. For pts with metastatic disease (study 2), dynamic FLT-PET will be performed before and after G-based chemotherapy. FLT uptake expressed as a standardized uptake value (SUV), will be determined. Tumour pathological markers from the surgical samples and imaging parameters will be correlated; hENT1 status will be assessed (by immunohistochemistry) after surgery (study 1) and before treatment (study 2). Reproducibility FLT-PET studies will be performed in a cohort of subjects to assess the variability in uptake quantification.


Based on operating experience, analyses of the electric field distribution in the lower part of the bushing, and the design method used in the condenser body, it is found that for HV transformer bushings the flashover voltage in oil and the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) are usually lower. Two measures are suggested for improving the properties, namely, a new kind of design method and optimized shapes. The measures were shown to be successful by partial discharge (PD) measurements and flashover tests carried out on the real bushings. It is shown that the bushing's flashover voltage in oil may be raised by modifying the shape of the lower porcelain housing, and the arrangement of electric foils in the condenser body by the new method. The experiments show that the change of lower porcelain housing shape leads to a remarkable improvement in flashover voltage in oil. The PDIV value may be raised by modifying the shape of the end shielding, which makes the maximum stress move to the bottom from the top of the end shielding, and arranging electric foils in the condenser body by the new method, which brings about an equal PD margin.<<ETX>>


Enzymatic racemization of lactate has been reported in several bacterial species, including Lactobacillus species. The role of lactate racemase (Lar) is still a matter of debate and is probably dependent if the species in which it is found is a lactate producer, a lactate consumer, or both. A transcriptomic experiment revealed the involvement of two operons of 9 genes in lactate racemization in L. plantarum: the larR (MN) QO and the larABCDE operons. The lactate racemase, LarA, has been shown to harbour a tethered nickel pincer complex, which we call Nickel Pincer Nucleotide or NPN in this review. This cofactor seems well adapted to catalyse lactate racemisation by a hydride transfer mechanism. The cofactor is synthesized from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide by the NPN biosynthetic enzymes: LarB, LarC, and LarE. LarD is an aquaglyceroporin, LarR a transcriptional regulator, and Lar (MN) QO a three-component nickel transporter. Lactate racemase gene was reported to be widespread in bacterial and archaeal genomes. We suggest that many other enzymatic functions are present in the LarA superfamily of enzymes in addition to lactate racemization.


Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), first described by Hinchey, et al. [1] in 1996, is characterized by headache, confusion, seizures, visual loss and sub-cortical edema on neuroimaging. Various etiologies like hypertension, infection, eclampsia and autoimmune disease are implicated. Post-transfusion PRES with pre-existing hematological disorder like sickle cell anemia has also been reported [2]. We report PRES after blood transfusion in a child with Hb E-beta thalassemia.


This chapter discusses the concept and potential issues surrounding "urgent safety" or "imminent threat" interviews. It also summarizes a series of observations of law enforcement officers' performance during simulated urgent interviews across a series of training exercises. The authors' observations (both from psychologists as trainers and police facilitators) include the following: (1) safety interviewing appears to require a different skill set from evidential interviewing; (2) officers struggled to communicate a sense of intensity, gravity, and urgency required of an interview that aims to obtain information very quickly to preserve life and maintain public safety; (3) in order to improve, interviewers must practice these sorts of interactions more often (they require deliberate practice and feedback with guidance); and (4) elements of interviewing and time-sensitive questioning in the military may offer a useful template of the intensity and urgency required in police safety interviews.


The organic amendment of degraded soil in South East of Tunisia was used to restore the chemical, and physical properties of soil quality investigated in this study. Biochar derived from pyrolyzed green waste at 360°C was used like organic amendment. Nines randomized plots with one square meter of the area of each plot in three replicates have been installed in the Institute of Arid Area in Mednine South East of Tunisia, with two rates of biochar 20 and 40 t/ha were investigated: 20 tons/ha (B20) (2 kg/m²) and 40 tons/ha (B40) (4 kg/m²). The results showed that biochar had a positive effect on soil's physical and chemical properties compared to non-amended soil (Untreated soil). Biochar supply at rates of 20 and 40 tons/ha, causes a decrease in electrical conductivity to achieve 2.66 mS/cm for the B40 dose after 1 year of amendment, also a decrease in the bulk density at the surface layer (0-20 cm) has been registered, the total porosity which was decreased with depth. The hydraulic conductivity is favored by the incorporation of biochar in the soil which increases the volume of voids and tends to create preferential flow paths.


On the basis of the role of major course in the talent training program of sergeants' professional technical education, this article gives the connotation of the major course, points out the partition principles and content structure, and analyzes the differences between the major course and the compulsory, core, excellent,super good and other related ones, which offers a theoretical support to the construction of the major course of sergeants' professional technical education.


A model was derived to predict the velocity difference between particulated shaped charge jet particles. The model is based on the ''wire drawing'' formula presented by Kolsky, the plastic instability criterion, and the Zerilli‐Armstrong constitutive equation for face‐centered‐cubic (fcc) materials. The velocity difference expression is strongly dependent on the jet temperature and weakly dependent on the jet strain rate. Calculations were also made using the Johnson‐Cook constitutive model. The velocity difference between jet particles was calculated using several variants of the model. Velocity difference comparisons with experimental data were made for several shaped charge designs with copper liners of various geometries.


In order to obtain higher content of blueberry anthocyanin,types of enzyme,enzyme dosage,solid-liquid ratio,ultrasonic time,ultrasonic-enhanced time and pH value were studied by single factor experiment test.The extraction process was optimized by orthogonal experiment with amount of cyanine nucleoside as index.The results showed the significance of each factor in turn was enzyme dosageliquid ratio ultrasonic-enhancement time ultrasonic time;the optimal extraction technology of anthocyanin was cellulose 100U/mL,liquid ratio 1∶10(pH 4.8),hydrolysis 1h,extraction time15min,adding 90% of the acid(pH1.0)ethanol solution,the system was 60% ethanol concentration,temperature 40℃,ultrasonic assisted extraction time 30min,the extraction amount of anthocyanin was9.63mg/g,extraction rate was up to 95.06%.


Molecular electrocatalysts for CO2-to-CO conversion often operate at large overpotentials, due to the large barrier for C-O bond cleavage. Illustrated with ruthenium polypyridyl catalysts, we herein propose a mechanistic route that involves one metal center that acts as both Lewis base and Lewis acid at different stages of the catalytic cycle, by density functional theory in corroboration with experimental FTIR. The nucleophilic character of the Ru center manifests itself in the initial attack on CO2 to form [Ru-CO2]0, while its electrophilic character allows for the formation of a 5-membered metallacyclic intermediate, [Ru-CO2CO2]0,c, by addition of a second CO2 molecule and intramolecular cyclization. The calculated activation barrier for C-O bond cleavage via the metallacycle is decreased by 34.9 kcal mol-1 as compared to the non-cyclic adduct. Such metallacyclic intermediates in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction offer a new design feature that can be implemented consciously in future catalyst designs.


There is relatively little literature examining risk factors associated with sexual victimization among youth in custody. The current study explored whether risk of forced sexual victimization among youth in custody differs by gender or perpetrator. Using data from a sample of 8,659 youth who participated in the National Survey of Youth in Custody, multivariate logistic regression models were employed to investigate gender differences in risk factors associated with overall forced sexual victimization and staff-on-inmate and inmate-on-inmate forced sexual victimization. Findings suggest that gender differences are more pronounced when perpetrator type is considered.


Abstract Dynamic CT angiography provides haemodynamic assessment combined with detailed information on complex cardiac anatomy in patients with congenital malformations such as multistage correction of Fallot's Pentalogy.


Despite the centrality of political opposition in democracy, limited theoretical research has been conducted on this issue since the 1970s. However, the previous context of conceptualizing has dramatically changed. This article offers a new perspective on political opposition in contemporary democracies. After a critical review of the classic and contemporary literature on the subject, it proposes a renewed definition of opposition that better grasps the complexity of political opposition in democracies. In addition, the article proposes setting a new agenda for future research on political opposition. As Schapiro put it in one of his famous works, "it is perhaps too obvious to require stating that the process of government must be studied not only in the light of what those with power under their control try to do and actually achieve; but also with regard to those who oppose those aims, or whose interests and resistance have to be conciliated before those in power can act" (Schapiro 1966: 2). Indeed, one of the fundamental bases for the development of democracy is the recognition of rights for political and social actors to publicly criticize and challenge the government, its actions, and policies (Helms 2008 a: 6-19). In this perspective, whoever is interested in studying democracy is compelled to tackle, in one way or another, the question of political opposition (Zellentin 1967: 416-435), which one of the greatest political theorists of our times has defined as the first axis constituting polyarchies, alongside the inclusion/participation axis (Dahl 1971). Hence, it is not surprising that the topic has drawn the attention of numerous scholars who have dealt with the question from different perspectives. 1 We can roughly distinguish five branches of the literature that focused on the topic: political theory –e.g. Dahl (1966), Sartori (1966); Schapiro (1972) ; Ionescu and De Madariaga (1968); comparative politics –see Blondel (1997); Helms (2004); transition However, despite the very wide range of studies dealing with the notion of opposition, it also appears strikingly that, since the seminal works of Dahl (1966), Ionescu and de Madariaga (1968), and Schapiro (1972) in the late sixties and early seventies, political opposition has generally "been studied within a larger framework: as a co-subject, usually included in the study of power, government, parliaments, parties, social movements" (De Giorgi 2007: 7). Forty years later, the remark of Ionescu and de Madariaga (1968: 2) still holds true: "very few works have ever dealt with [opposition] specifically and exclusively". This lack of studies is even more blatant when it comes to theoretical contributions (Neunreither 1998: 423). Except for the chapters of Blondel (1997: 462-486) and Helms (1997) most of the works on opposition have indeed been case studies lacking theoretical inference and Dahl and Ionescu's works remain the benchmark in comparative studies on the subject (Pulzer 1987). This observation, which is already as such an incentive to reconsider the question from a theories –Stepan (1997); Spence (2007) and case studies on nondemocratic regimes – Schapiro (1967); Mutalib (2000); Carbone (2003); Barber (1997) ; Franklin (2002); Leca (1997); Hlavacek and J. Holzer (2009); and social movements literature see Weigle and Butterfield (1992); Kolinsky (1987). Interdisciplinary Political Studies Vol.1, No. 1, June 2011 ©IdPS 70 ISSN 2039-8573 online theoretical perspective, is reinforced by the fact that the context, in which opposition had originally been conceptualized—Western democracies based on strong political parties acting in a supposedly powerful political arena—has changed in dramatic ways. The democratization of ex-authoritarian states, the regionalization of unitarian states, the development of a supranational structure at the European level, and changes both in the executive-legislative relationships (Andeweg 1992; Copeland and Patterson 1994; Costa et al 2002; Norton 1990) and in the roles performed by parties ( Katz and Mair 1995; Ignazi, Farrell and Römmele 2005; Poguntke and Webb 2007) are important reasons to consider new theoretical questioning on opposition. Finally, as shown in this article, most of the studies on opposition have tended to focus on limited dimensions of opposition and have used constricted approaches, hence engendering a narrow perspective (generally neo-institutionalist or functionalist) on the question of opposition as well as very restrictive range of research questions. Starting from these observations, this article aims to offer a new perspective on political opposition. This article starts with a critical assessment of classical and contemporary literature on opposition. We argue that various dimensions, actors and types of relations have been neglected, due to three main biases: a normative definition of the opposition and its roles; a restricted definition of the actors seen as opposition actors; and finally, a narrow definition of the locus of opposition that is usually studied. In the second part, we propose a new definition of opposition and identify some fruitful avenues for future research. This article does not cover all the aspects of "opposition" but rather focuses on the notion of "political opposition", hence including actors other than political parties but excluding non-organized actors as well as discontent expressed by individual actors outside the public sphere. Moreover, the aim is not to address the full issue of checks and balances in democracy. Indeed, limiting the research object is a prerequisite if we want to provide a new definition and reflections on opposition. Finally, although we focus here on democratic regimes where the freedom of speech for opposition actors is recognized, we deliberately make some links with non-democratic regimes. The definition we propose could work both for democratic and non-democratic regimes and the research agenda could be useful for the study of democracies but also of the democratization process. A critical state of the art: rethinking the notion of opposition This section highlights the limits of existing literature on opposition. A first step (1.1.) is to focus on the way the "classic literature" studied the concept of opposition as this literature still constitutes the fundamental theoretical reference for contemporary scholars. The following parts show both the legacy of the classic literature to contemporary studies, and the most important biases which the latter has engendered: a normative and a restrictive approach to opposition, in terms of actors (1.2.) and the opposition's action repertoires (1.3.) that are studied as well as the sites of opposition considered by the literature (1.4.) The contribution of classic literature The concept of political opposition has rarely been rigorously defined. A study of classic literature on opposition provides a quite nebulous and extensive definition. Sometimes assimilated to checks and balances, to institutionalized conflicts, or to minority parties, opposition is not easily determined. Most often, the notion is used as a relative term, referring to a relationship: "standing in some form of disagreement to another body" (Norton, 2008:236). And indeed, Dahl defines it in a very simple way: there is opposition when B is opposed to the conduct of government A (Dahl 1966: 18), whereas Ionescu and de Madariaga (1968: 1) see it as "logically and morphologically...., the dialectic counterpart of power". However, despite this very broad and inclusive definition, the majority of classic scholars have tended to comprehend opposition in a rather restrictive and normative way. On the one hand, when classifying and studying political opposition in a more empirical way, classic authors have generally attributed more emphasis to one specific kind of political opposition, namely the parliamentary opposition, which was presented by Ionescu and de Madariaga (1968: 9) as the "most advanced and institutionalized form of political conflict". On the other hand, historically and culturally embedded in the specific post-second World War context and that of the Cold War, this literature holds quite a normative dimension when discussing the "roles" or "functions" of opposition. Indeed, many classical scholars more or less implicitly differentiated a "normal" form of opposition, understood as "an organized political group, or groups, Interdisciplinary Political Studies Vol.1, No. 1, June 2011 ©IdPS 71 ISSN 2039-8573 online of which the aim is to oust the government in power and to replace it by one of its own choosing" (Schapiro 1967), from its would be "deviant form". Kirchheimer (1964) for instance distinguished three different modes of opposition: "classic" or "loyal" opposition, offering alternatives to the chosen policies while recognizing the government's right to govern and the constitutional system in place; "principled" opposition, opposing both the policies of the government and the constitutional requirements of the political system; and finally, "elimination of opposition" where the minority group competes with the incumbent for power but cease to present alternative projects. During the same period, Sartori (1966) constructed an axis of opposition with a "real opposition" on one end of it and an anti-system form of opposition on the other. Following his words, the first one "presupposes consent on fundamentals, that is, consent at the community and regime level", opposes "the government, not the political system as such" (Sartori 1966: 151) and acts quietly and constructively, by opposing but not obstructing. In contrast, the anti-system opposition challenges the very legitimacy of the regime as it is and acts "irresponsibly" for it has no chance to be called to power and to exercise it. This perspective has clearly left its mark on the contemporary studies on opposition. A first consequence has been that most scholar


The automotive optical engineer has an entirely new set of rules to follow for a 'smooth lighted appearance' with the introduction of LEDs into the automotive signal lighting market. To move away from the 'polka-dot' appearance long associated with the usage of LEDs as the light source for automotive lighting, and give the consumer a smooth lighted appearance to his lamp, there are several optical parameters that must be observed. The number and type of LEDs used, the size of the optical elements used, the spacing of the optical elements, plus many other factors all play a critical role and must be considered in the solution to the 'smooth lighted appearance' in an automotive signal lamp. The 'smooth lighted appearance' in an automotive signal lamp has long been a difficult problem to which there is more than one solution. The most visually pleasing and effective solution is not always the most easily obtainable solution since photometry requirements and smooth lighted appearance can be diametric goals. Subsequently the most cost effective and the easily 'doable' solution may not give the ultimate in aesthetically pleasing results for the consumer. Therefore, it is the purpose and intent of this paper to outline the parameters that need to be considered to obtain a 'smooth lighted appearance' for an automotive signal lamp, and to clarify the methods and 'tools' that are required to meet this goal.


Climate change debates have for long underestimated the contributions from social sciences. Not only the research sphere but also, and most importantly, the policy sphere have in majority used natural sciences studies repertoires and reports into account rather than sociological assumptions about how we should take action in order to mitigate the problem. Assessing the role of the private sector in decarbonizing initiatives is a crucial step towards a more social based research on climate disorders. The learning literature applied to the managerial sciences can contribute a lot to this debate bringing interesting insights about how corporations develop and spread mitigation technologies and about how and/or whether it could be integrated into other regions in the globe.


Fused heterocyclyl derivative of formula (I) ** ** Formula wherein formula (I) is selected from the formulas A, B, C, D and E: ** ** Formula wherein R1 is selected from cyano, alkenyl (2 -4C), alkynyl (2-4C), alkyl (1-4C), each optionally substituted by CN or one or more fluoro atoms, (3-6C) cycloalkyl, (C4-6) or a bicyclic group (8 -10C), each optionally substituted with halogen or alkyl (1-4C) optionally substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, cyano, alkyl ( 1-4C) optionally substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, (1-4C) alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, amino, dimethylamino and (3-6C) optionally substituted with phenyl which may be substituted with ( 1-4C) or halogen, and phenyl substituted with phenoxy, benzyl, benzyloxy, phenylethyl or het erociclo monocyclic, each optionally substituted with (1-4C) alkyl, Z is a linking group -W- (Cn-alkylene) -T- where W is bonded to R1 and is selected from a bond, -O-, -CO -, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -NH-, -CH> = CH-, -C (CF3)> = CH-, - C≡C-, -CH 2 O-, -O- CO-, -CO-O-, -CO-NH-, -NH-CO- and trans-cyclopropylene; n is an integer between 0 and 10; and T is attached to the phenylene radical and is selected from a bond, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -NH-, -CO-, -C> = C-, -C≡C- and trans-cyclopropylene; R2 is H or one or more substituents independently selected from cyano, (1-4C) alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms, or (1-4C) alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms; X is selected from C or N; if X is C, R3 is selected from H and alkyl (1-4C), otherwise R3 is not present; Y is selected from NH, O and S; and R4 is selected from - (CH2) 2-OH, -CH2-COOH, - (CH2) 2-COOH, - (CH2) 3-COOH, -CH2-CHCH3-COOH, -CH2 C (CH3) 2- COOH, -CHCH3-CH2-COOH, -CH2-CF2-COOH, -CO-CH2-COOH, 1,3-cyclobutylene-COOH, - (CH2) 2-PO3H2, - (CH2) 3-PO3H2, - (CH2 ) 2-OPO3H2, - (CH2) 3-OPO3H2, CH2-yl-tetrazol-5, - (CH2) 2-tetrazol-5-yl and - yl 3-tetrazol-5-(CH2); or a hydrate, a solvate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or one or more N-oxides of this.


In semiconductor manufacturing, a master schedule over several weeks' time horizon is typically created to optimize production. However, during the production run, the semiconductor assembly line is subject to random disruptions, such as machine failures, which may cause the master schedule to become sub-optimal due to delays or even infeasible by violating key time window constraints. In this paper, to handle such disruptions, a decentralized mixed integer programming approach is proposed to reschedule the system considering the re-entrant flows and time window constraints, in order to keep up with the original master schedule. The original master schedule is taken as a warm start, and the new adjusted schedule is obtained by the CPLEX Optimizer. In this way, the semiconductor assembly line can properly react to a machine failure without replacing the whole master schedule. The method ensures the products meet the time window constraints and the delay against the master schedule is minimized. The experimental results show that the proposed method can dramatically reduce the delay and time window violations caused by disruptions.


Ford's Assembly Line at Highland Park is one of the most influential production system conceptualizations. Anecdotal commentary and a limited set of annual data have provided the foundation for popular opinion about Ford and past research on his factory and its management. New data is used to explore Ford's development of the assembly line. This confirms and strengthens research on line's effect on labor productivity, but raises several significant incongruities vis-a-vis its modern stereotype. These are important for they show Ford's assembly line was used differently than modern ones and their production systems were more flexible than previously recognized.


This study is intended to development a group counseling program based on positive psychology in order to increase the empowerment of runaway adolescents, and to verify its effectiveness. The program was conducted by two project groups willing to participate in the program. The experimental group was requested to take the positive psychological program, which is developed by the researcher, for 10 times?0hours(2 hours per week). The research designs used for this study were "2×2 One Between-One Within Subjects Mixed Designs" in which a before-examination and an after-examination of each group are controlled. To verify the effectiveness of the program, this study has measured the influence of the positive psychotherapy program on increasing the empowerment of the runaway adolescents, and also on their depression, optimism, and psychological well-being. The results are summed up as follows. First, depression were significant difference between therapy group and waiting-list control group. First, depression were significant difference between therapy group and waiting-list control group. Second, Optimism were significant difference between therapy group and waiting-list control group. Third, Psychological Well-being were significant difference between therapy group and waiting-list control group. At last, the implication and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.


To celebrate Roman Jackiws eightieth birthday, herewith some comments on gravity and gauge theory models in D = 3, the chief focus of our many joint efforts.


A heat shield is designed to shield a substance from absorbing excessive heat from an outside source by dissipating, reflecting or simply absorbing the heat. Due to the large amounts of heat given off by internal combustion engines, heat shields are used on most engines to protect components and bodywork from heat damage. As well as protection, effective heat shields can give a performance benefit by reducing the under-bonnet temperatures, therefore reducing the intake temperature. Heat shielding is necessary to prevent engine heat from damaging heat-sensitive components. The majority of older cars use simple steel heat shielding to reduce thermal radiation and convection. It is now most common for modern cars are to use aluminium heat shielding which has a lower density, can be easily formed and does not corrode in the same way as steel. Higher performance vehicles are beginning to use ceramic heat shielding as this can withstand far higher temperatures as well as further reductions in heat transfer. In this study, firstly, thermal analysis done on engine protect Heat shielding system, made of aluminium silicon alloy and steel alloys and MgO–ZrO2 material. the results of Heat shielding systems materials are compared with each other. The effects of materials on the thermal behaviours of the Heat shielding systems are done. It has been shown that the maximum and min temperature of the Heat shielding systems. Temperatures, radiation, convection, Thermal analysis done by the ansys software. Model Design done by the catia software.


In this study, the Wild-type and recently-isolated five color-mutations of Japanese quail were compared for their meat yield potentialities. Results showed that the color-mutations; BB-White, BB-Tuxedo, BB-Black, BB-Dhakaya and the Wild-type quail were more fertile (p BB-Dhakaya > BB-White > BB-Tuxedo > BB-Black > Wild. The Wild, BB-Tuxedo, BB-White and BB-Black were superior (p BB-Tuxedo > BB-Dhakaya > BB-Black > Wild > BB-Rosetta. This study suggested that the isolated color-mutations were not equal for majority of their characteristics measured and none of them was completely superior or inferior to the Wild-type. The BB-White, BB-Tuxedo, BB-Dhakaya and BB-Black were superior to the Wild-type quail for their combined performance index on the meat production potentialities. However, among the four superior mutations, the BB-White might get priority in meat-type quail development due to its resemblance to the modern chicken broilers.


Objective:To discuss the therapeutic efficacy of extra-vascular prosthesis operation on deep venous insufficiency of lower limb.Methods:The clinical data of 10 cases of chronic venous insufficiency treated by extra-vascular prosthesis operation were analyzed retrospectivly.Results:The successful rate was 100%,and the symptoms vanished completely.All the cases were followed up for 6 to 18 monthes after operation and no recurrence was observed.Conclusions:Extra-vascula prosthesis operation has the advantages of tiny trauma,few omplications and affirmative effect in treatment of deep venous insufficiency of the lower limb.


I Theory and Debate.- 1 What is Neo-Ricardian Theory?.- 2 History Emphasizing Ricardo.- 2.1 The time before Ricardo.- 2.2 Ricardo.- 2.3 The reaction against Ricardo.- 2.4 Marx' system.- 2.5 The neo-classical system.- 2.6 The Keynesian revolution.- 2.7 Conclusions.- 3 The Sraffa System.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Production without surplus.- 3.3 Production with a surplus which goes to the capitalists.- 3.4 Production with a surplus: the Sraffa system.- 3.5 The standard product.- 3.6 The Sraffa system: uniqueness.- 3.7 Transformation into labor terms.- 3.8 Conclusions.- 4 The Capital Controversy.- 4.1 Determination of the factor-price curve.- 4.2 The production function and income distribution.- 4.3 The surrogate production function.- 4.4 Critique of Samuelson's production function.- 4.5 The importance of the rate of interest.- 4.5.1 One commodity.- 4.5.2 Many commodities.- 4.6 Conclusions.- 5 Income Distribution and Growth.- 5.1 Conditions for long run growth.- 5.2 The neo-classical view.- 5.3 A combined view.- 5.4 Kaldor.- 5.5 Pasinetti.- 5.6 Samuelson and Modigliani.- 5.7 Kaldor again.- 5.8 Conclusions.- II Applications.- 6 Applications: An Introduction.- 7 Some Stability Problems: An Outline.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Effects of a wage increase.- 7.3 Effects of a productivity increase.- 7.4 Effects of changes in demand.- 7.5 Summary.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- 8 Wage Earners' Funds.- 8.1 Some forms of vage earners' fund.- 8.2 Analysis.- 8.3 The valuation ratio.- 8.4 The share of capital owned by the fund.- 8.5 The capitalists' propensity to save.- 8.6 Wage earners' funds and the stockmarket.- 8.7 Conclusions.- 9 Technological Change.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Measurement of technological change: a critique.- 9.3 A growth model: Kaldor and Mirrlees.- 9. 4 Summary.- 10 The Efficiency of Different Economic Systems.- 10.1 "Double switching" and efficiency.- 10.2 Macroeconomic equilibrium.- 10.3 Convergence or not.- 10.4 Conclusions.- 11 Concluding Remarks.- References.


Rationale. Factors affecting the course of asthma are not clearly understood in rural and urban communities within low-resource countries. Furthermore, the interactions between atopy, environmental exposure, and helminthic infections in modulating asthma have not been well investigated. Objectives. To conduct a feasibility study to examine the relationship between atopy and asthma in adults at two rural Health Centers and urban university college hospital in southwestern Nigeria. Methods. A convenient sample of 55 consecutive patients with stable physician-diagnosed asthma and 55 age-matched nonasthmatic controls seen at the outpatient clinics in two rural Health Centers and an urban university hospital were enrolled. All subjects underwent blood test, allergy skin test, and stool examination for ova and parasites. Wilcoxon sign-rank tests were used to compare serum eosinophilia and allergy skin test between the two groups. Results. Asthmatics in both urban and rural settings had significantly more positive skin reactions to house dust mite, cockroach, mold, and mouse epithelium than nonasthmatic controls (p < .05). Mean total serum IgE was also significantly higher in asthmatics than in nonasthmatic controls (360 vs. 90 IU/L, p <.001). Stool parasitemia was infrequent in both groups and not statistically significant. Conclusion. Atopy is associated with adult asthma in southwest Nigeria. Larger studies to confirm the nature of this association and to examine the role of helminthic infection and other environmental factors on the expression of asthma are needed.


out that they have not entirely convinced Parkin (see his review in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 6(2) (1995), pages 88-98, and his contribution to the Durham Populus Colloquium, 1995 (publication forthcoming)), but in most instances he is simply overemphasizing the need for caution, which both authors in any case amply demonstrate in reaching their conclusions, rather than undermining the case which they make. What emerges, then, from this modern analysis of the data is fascinating differences between the households of the urban areas and those of the villages. In the countryside there were many more complex households (extended or multiple families) than in the towns. Female life expectancy at birth was probably in the low to mid-20s. For females first marriage was likely to be in their late teens, with the likelihood of near-universal marriage for them by age 30. The males married later, though by 25 about half were already married. The authors also posit a male ' surplus' unable to find a wife and migrating to towns and further raising the sex ratio in urban areas. That cannot be demonstrated with certainty because the information in the census returns makes it difficult to reconstruct either the male life expectancy curve or the sex ratio. This is probably the result of either misreporting the ages of males, who became liable to the poll tax at age 14, or concealing some males altogether. The census returns cannot help with what up to now has been the central preoccupation of ancient demographers, the overall size of the population (so, classically, K. Beloch's Die Bevolkerung der griechisch-romischen Welt of 1886). There are two widely different figures in the sources for the first century: 3 million or 7.5 million excluding Alexandria. Bagnall and Frier incline to a low figure (following in the main D. W. Rathbone in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society n.s. 36 (1990)). They may well be wrong. Nor can they discern fluctuations in the population over time. They assume throughout their discussion that the population growth tends towards zero in the long term. The results of this research are in one sense largely unsurprising. They are what might be predicted for a high-mortality, preindustrial 'Mediterranean' society. But what others have guessed at, bolstered by the use of comparative data, has been set by Bagnall and Frier on a much surer footing. Of course, the tantalizing question remains about the extent to which these conclusions can be transferred to other Graeco-Roman populations. That is something which we are unlikely to be able ever to answer with assurance. JEREMY PATERSON Department of Classics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne


DEAR S1R, The veterinary profession has had to rebound from many blows, the greatest of which, the passing of the horse, occurred in the lifetime of many veterinarians living today. Other vicissitudes may affect us in the future and may be as casually announced as was Mr. Henry Ford's inexpensive gasoline driven automobile in 1893. The announcement in Time magazine of September 28th, 1959, of a "Mechanical Cow" should not be passed over lightly by the livestock industry nor by veterinarians generally. There is a possibility that the evolution of this amazing machine and its prototypes could very well revolutionize the human population's present source of proteins, namely our domestic animals and poultry. The "Mechanical Cow" is reported by Time to be able by "impulse rendering" by means of shock waves to break up the cells of any vegetable matter, releasing the cell contents. These are separated by centrifugation, filtration and extraction into proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc. The yield of digestible protein is high, according to Time's report, being 3 to 4 pounds of protein per 100 pounds of freshly cut grass. Also, 8.5 pounds of fiber and %4 pound of syrup containing vitamins, hormones and steroids would result from the same grass. The protein extractor invented by Israel Harris Chayen of the British Glues and Chemicals Limited, London, England, can open wonderful new horizons to the protein deficient areas of the world if all the reports are true. With such an extractor the common vegetation grown in abundance in tropical countries can be quickly and easily converted into high quality proteins which, upon analysis for amino acid content, could be balanced up to provide a total balanced protein. Although the "Mechanical Cow" will be a great boon to the so-called "underprivileged" countries, what effect will it have on our own economy in Nortlh America? If the machine's products gain wide acceptance, it could replace a large proportion of our cattle, sheep, chicken, turkey and hog populations. Without a flourishing livestock industry, what will happen to the large percentage of the veterinary profession which relies upon it for a livelihood? It would seem that if the livestock industry goes as a result of mechanized food production, part of the veterinary profession will go with it. Or, as it has done in the past, it will have to accept a change in emphasis, possibly by concentrating more on the pet industry, public health, research on animals related to human medicine, zoological and wild life. Perhaps the above is a very bleak look at scientific progress, but we can always cheer ourselves by asking "which of us would exchange a juicy, sizzling steak for a teaspoonful of white, tasteless, odorless protein? Sincerely yours, CmHRs. BIGLAND, 10988-74th Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta. November 2nd, 1959


Endoscopic imaging system includes a reusable control cabinet with several actuators for controlling the orientation of lightweight endoscope connectable to the control cabinet. The endoscope used for a single patient, is disposed. The endoscope includes an illumination mechanism, an image sensor, and the elongated shaft having one or more holes disposed therein. The distal end of the articulation joint of the endoscope, the distal end is directed by an actuator in the control cabinet. The endoscope is coated with a hydrophilic coating to reduce the coefficient of friction, because lightweight, less force to advance the endoscope to a desired location within the patient.


Given two time series, A and B, sampled asynchronously at different times {t_A_i} and {t_B_j}, termed"ticks", how can one best estimate the correlation coefficient \rho between changes in A and B? We derive a natural, minimum-variance estimator that does not use any interpolation or binning, then derive from it a fast (linear time) estimator that is demonstrably nearly as good. This"fast tickwise estimator"is compared in simulation to the usual method of interpolating changes to a regular grid. Even when the grid spacing is optimized for the particular parameters (not often possible in practice), the fast tickwise estimator has generally smaller estimation errors, often by a large factor. These results are directly applicable to tick-by-tick price data of financial assets.


The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of performing physical activity at home during the covid19 outbreak on sleep quality and life satisfaction A total of 757 people participated in the study voluntarily The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), life satisfaction scale (LSS) and Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers were used for the volunteers involved in the study Compared to the groups that performed and did not perform physical activity prior to the Covid-19 outbreak, significant differences were found between LSS and PSQI scores (p 0 05) As a result, especially during the isolation process at home caused by the Covid-19 outbreak;to prevent people from getting out of their homes and staying still, and to prevent the anxiety caused by the epidemic, it is thought that physical activity to be done will provide relaxation both physically and psychologically, on the other hand, it is thought that it will positively affect the quality of life by increasing sleep quality and life satisfaction Therefore, it can be said that activities encouraging physical activity at home will be beneficial for public health in these difficult days


Five direct and five iterative algorithms for finite element equations in linear equilibrium problems investigated for number of parallel computer architectures and their basic computation methods compared.


of Cardiology, holding different positions until he became President in 2016. Dr Berrocal is a member of the Argentine College of Interventional Cardioangiologists where in 1991, he became a specialist in Diagnostic Haemodynamics and Angioplasty; the Latin American Society of Interventional Cardiology (SOLACI), and SOLACI's President for the 2005–07 term. While President he created SOLACI Regional Sessions to promote medical education in all Latin American countries. Even after completing his term of office he remained in charge of these sessions and in 2009 he became a member of the Advisory Board. He is Honorary Member of the Colombian Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery and Fellow of the American College of Cardiology; member of the International Editorial Board of the Brazilian Journal of Invasive Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, listed in Index Medicus; Reviewer Argentine Journal of Cardiology and editor of Interventional Cardiology Supplement; Reviewer Colombian Journal of Cardiology. He has participated in 16 congresses and sessions in Argentina, 20 in North America, Europe and Japan and 65 in the rest of the world; author or editor of books and books chapters in his specialist field. Daniel Berrocal has been a Member of the research group of the Institute of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Pathology Department, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine from 2004 to present. In 2013 he was appointed Scientific Program Coordinator for the XIV Inter American Congress of Cardiology organized by SAC together with the 39th Argentine Congress of Cardiology held in Buenos Aires; this led to his promotion as Vice-President in 2015. That same year he chaired the Scientific Committee for the 41st Argentine Congress of Cardiology. In December 2015 he took office as president of the Argentine Society of Cardiology and is committed to updating the institutional management in order to promote an improvement process for overall quality. He continues working on a project initiated by his predecessor, Dr. Guillermo F abregues: the construction of WikiCardio, a website providing reliable information for patients with cardiovascular disease and their families, soon to be launched in Latin America.


Proper oral hygiene is required to maintain oral health and prevent oral disease. Toothbrushing is central to proper oral hygiene. Mechanical tooth cleaning is the mainstay of plaque control. A variety of toothbrushing techniques have been developed and evaluated for their efficacy. However, these evaluations are subjective. To adequately evaluate toothbrushing objectively, a novel toothbrushing monitoring system was developed. The system involves user-monitored brushing patterns including toothbrush motions using a 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis magnetic sensor, one load-cell and Bluetooth devices. To confirm the efficacy of this toothbrushing monitoring system, eight periodontist performed tooth brushing in a dental model, and their brushing motion was monitored and recorded, and evaluated by statistical means. The proposed monitoring system can be used to aid dental care personnel in toothbrushing instruction.


Previous research suggests that drivers change lanes less frequently during periods of heightened cognitive load. However, lane changing behavior of different age groups under varying levels of cognitive demand is not well understood. Moreover, the majority of studies which have evaluated lane changing behavior under cognitive workload, have been conducted in driving simulators. Thus, it is unclear if the patterns observed in these simulation studies carry over to field driving. In this paper, we evaluate data from an on-road study to determine the effects of age and cognitive demand on lane choice and lane changing behavior. Three age groups (20-29, 40-49, and 60-69) were monitored in an instrumented vehicle under varying levels of cognitive demand. The results show that the 40's age group had a 115% higher likelihood of exhibiting lane changes than the 60's group. In addition, drivers in their 20's and 40's traveled more often in the leftmost lane compared to drivers in their 60's. These results suggest that older adults adopt a more conservative driving style by not traveling in the leftmost lane as much as the younger groups and being less likely to change lanes than drivers in their 40's. Regardless of demand level, cognitive workload reduced the likelihood of lane changes for all age groups. This suggests that drivers of all ages tend to regulate their behavior in a risk reducing direction in response to added cognitive demands.


We use first-principles calculations to extract two essential microscopic parameters, the charge-transfer energy and the inter-cell oxygen-oxygen hopping, which correlate with the maximum superconducting transition temperature Tc,max across the cuprates. We explore the superconducting state in the three-band model of the copper-oxygen planes using cluster Dynamical Mean-Field Theory. We find that the variation in the charge-transfer energy largely accounts for the empirical trend in Tc,max, resolving a long-standing contradiction with theoretical calculations.


Hearing loss may produce serious handicap especially if it occurs before the age of '3 years. The child will have difficulty to initiate language through speech. Serous otitis media is the most common cause which may be undiagnosed prior to the child learn how to speak. There are many types of hearing loss which can be correct either by medical treatment,minor or major surgery.Myringotomy with or without drainage tube is one of the best treatment for middle ear affustion.Mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty will not prevent only serious complications but also improve the hearing.Transplantation of the tympanic membrane and ear ossicles was reported in many literatures.Stapedectomy gives much hearing improvement in cases of clinical otosclerosis. Hearing aid is useful in almost all types of conductive hearing loss and some types of sensorineural hearing loss.If the patient refuses.  * Presented at the Fourth Asian Federation Congress, International. College of Surgeons, Thailand Section, November 5, 1971.


Abstract Space debris of millimeter dimensions is almost not detectable by normal methods of observation from Earth. However, particles of such sizes can cause damage to the spacecraft. and even eliminate it. Estimating the status of impurity of near-Earth space mainly based on mathematical models, which are confirmed only for large particles. The millimetric fractions of space debris elements remain unexplored. In case of invasion of debris particles into the planet's atmosphere, they burn down as well as meteoric particles of natural origin. In this work, the observation technique of separation of debris particles and particles of natural origin is described. Also, the results of the detection of particles from space debris received during the TV observations on the wide-angle camera patrol camera FAVOR (Russia, Northern Caucasus).


John Hall was born in 1627 at Durham, and was admitted to St. John's College, Cambridge, on February 26, 1645-46. Within a few months after his entry there, he published his first literary work, Horae Vacivae, or Essays. Some Occasional Considerations. But this work was probably the product of three years of reading that the youthful Hall had done in the Durham library before he went to Cambridge. The fourteen essays fill a duodecimo volume of two hundred pages and average about one thousand words in length. The subjects are those usual in essays of the period. They are: Of Opinions, Of Time, Of Felicity, Of Preaching, Of Fame, Of Studies, Of Company, Of Friends, Of Dissimulation, Of Recreations, Of Warre, Of Religion, Of Rewards, Of Fables. Most of them are subjects used by Bacon.


Severe blooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) affect many nutrient-ric h Oregon lakes . However, the availability of iron may limit bloom development i n certain lakes . Iron uptake and assimilation by phytoplankton have been th e subjects of a number of studies, particularly with regard to possible iro n limitation of primary productivity . An understanding of iron assimilation b y phytoplankton has been hindered by a lack of data on the biological availabilit y of aqueous iron and the corresponding iron nutritional status of cells . The physiological repponse of phytoplankton to iron stress appears to be the best wa y of obtaining this information but analytical•pro b .lem's-had previously limited thi s approach . In this report we demonstrate that cellular concentrations of th e redox proteins ferredoxin and flavodoxin are practical indicators of iron stress , both in laboratory cultures and in natural populations of . cyanobacteria . . Experiments with the N2 -fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp . 7120 reveal tha t ferredoxin levels decrease and flavodoxin levels increase in proportion to th e overall iron stress of the cells : Iron stress is a function of both the iro n provided in the medium (iron availability) as well as the iron requirements o f the cells . Thus for a given level of available iron, N2-fixing and nitrate reducing cells, which have high iron requirements, exhibited greater iron stres s than cells growing on ammonium . This indicates an important linkage between iron availability and nitrogen availability : N2 -fixation induces a greater need fo r iron, and low iron may limit the rates of N2 -fixation . Predictions of iron limitation in lakes must take into account the nitrogen resources of the lake . Conversely, studies of nitrogen assimilation in lakes should consider the effect s of iron availability .