The advantages and disadvantages used as alternative fuel are discussed based on the contrast of the characteristics of methanol and diesel as well as gasoline. All the methods of combusting methanol in diesel are summarized. Based on Some experimental research achievements made in Xihua University the author puts forward a state proposal to utilize methanol in diesel engines, and it can provide the references for the research of the methanol used as alternative diesel fuel.


In this article, modern social and political discourse on choice, search and/or determination of Russia"s national idea in post-soviet period is analyzed. It is focused on consideration of innovative essence of national idea, and also innovative development as Russia"s modern national idea.


The absorptions of liposoluble salicylic acid, water soluble vitamin B 6, ceftriaxone, quinolone antibacteria norfloxacin and anticancer medicine doxorubicin were discussed by using liposome as biomembrane model and comparison with cell membrane. The absorption of salicylic acid whose absorption curve is linear depends on the passive diffusion. The experimental result of vitamin B 6 supports the opinion that the absorption of vitamin B 6 depends on proteins which lie in membranes. The absorption of vitamin B 6 is a chemical process, so absorption curve is nonlinear. The absorption mode of ceftriaxone is a simple diffusion. The absorption of norfloxacin depends on the effects of metal ions. Under the driving force of nucleic acid in cells, doxorubicin was absorbed through biomembrane.


If the NHS and its healthcare companies have only recently become aware of being faced with a "new normality", and, therefore, of having to "shed their skin" to face the challenges connected to it, a new normality for Life Science companies, perhaps best described as a perfect storm, it has become a reality at least since the early years of the new century. The world in which access to the market, the introduction of innovation, and consolidation of sales were built around the supervision of regulatory processes and the share of voice towards the prescribers have become much more complex. A context that many define as VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous). In this book, therefore, both the reasons that prompted Life Science companies to rethink their strategy by dedicating increasing attention to the political and institutional decision-makers of the Regions and the management of healthcare companies, and the internal organization to support and strengthen their "market access" capabilities. Through the different perspectives - academic, consultancy, managerial - of the three authors, the logic that has guided the "change of skin" of Life Science companies is explored, as the functional tools for market access, the different declinations that this activity has had in the sector, future scenarios and further evolutionary prospects, the connection with the other company functions - sales, marketing, medical management, institutional affairs, administration - and many technical aspects which are the heart of the skills and toolbox required of those who want to successfully develop a career right in the field of market access.


Autoimmune bullous skin diseases are characterized by pathogenic autoantibodies targeting distinct adhesion molecules of the skin. Their clinical features are usually heterogeneous, and pathomechanism is believed to involve complex interactions between genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Environmental causes are still poorly identified, and genetic components are probably multifactorial, with small penetrance.[1] The detailed mechanism of autoimmunity development is however still one of the big enigmas of immunology.

Endemic forms of pemphigus foliaceus present unique opportunity to study the pathology of autoimmunity development. They occur in well-defined restricted geographical regions and prevalence in local population is usually very high. Thus, they constitute an excellent model allowing detailed analysis of interactions between clinical, epidemiological, immunological, and environmental aspects of the disease.

Endemic pemphigus foliaceus is known for over a 100 years, since prototype was described in rural areas of Brazil. Recently, a new type of endemic pemphigus foliaceus was found in El Bagre, Colombia. The local population was extensively studied by Abreu Velez et al., who performed prospective fieldwork study for over 10 years. Several publications resulting from this study helped to elucidate many aspects of autoimmune bullous skin diseases, including autoantibody characterization, autoantigen identification, genetic factors, and exposure to environmental factors such as mercury, metalloids, and trace elements.[2]

Induction of acantholysis and blister formation in pemphigus-type autoimmune bullous skin diseases is a complicated process triggered by interaction of autoantibodies with desmosomal target molecules. Several mechanisms, including various signaling pathways, were suggested for development of acantholysis by experimental evidences.[3] The article by Abreu Velez et al.,[4] published in this issue of North American Journal of Medical Sciences, describes a pilot study, the aim of which was further clarification of blister formation mechanism. The authors studied lesional skin from patients with endemic pemphigus and others autoimmune bullous diseases to clarify the involvement of novel signaling pathway, namely the presence of phosphorylated form of ribosomal protein S6.[4]

Previous attempts to clarify mechanism of acantholysis in immunobullous diseases suggested involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This kinase protein has emerged as important regulator of cell size and protein synthesis. One of the downstream effectors of mTOR is ribosomal protein S6 kinase, primary substrate of which is ribosomal protein S6. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 was shown to be an important event in signaling pathways, which are involved in global protein synthesis, control of translation, cell size, cell proliferation, and glucose homeostasis.[5]

Autoimmune bullous skin diseases are still life-threatening dermatological conditions. Because of their heterogeneity, precise diagnosis is very important. Constant efforts to elucidate pathomechanisms of diseases and to develop new therapies are needed to improve care quality for our patients.


The processing technology of wood plastics composites(WPC) is the technology that plastics and wood fiber are melted and extruded together with chemistry assistant agents.With better property than wood and plastics,the composites have been widely applied in many fields.The processing technolgy and application of WPC are introduced and the key matters in the study of WPC are summarized in this paper.The development and utilization of WPC are expected to have favorable social and economical benefits.


was obliterated by a psychological war orchestrated in the U.S., due to the invested interests in the region and to the supposedly imminent red threat. Not long after 1954, when Arbenz was overthrown, the guerrilla warfare started. This time, the eruption came right from the bases, but it mobilized a merciless and bloody U.S.— backed counterinsurgent military response that reached its cruelest proportions in the 80's when the mass killings and torture became away to cut off the support for the guerrillas. It is precisely in the last part ofthe book, "And They Were the Eruption," that stories from the brutal years of war are presented, reaching their climatic point when the massacre in Sacuchum—which took place January 1, 1982—is described by relatives and survivors.


A survey of primary care physicians in the New YorkINew Jersey metropolitan area was carried out to determine the attitudes and behaviors of different physician groups such as general practitioners and family practitioners concerning cancer prevention and management. Fiftysix percent of the 1,345 physicians who received the questionnaire completed and returned it. The authors focus on the cancer prevention behaviors of general practitioners, family practitioners, and internists in relation to (1) providing advice and literature on smoking cessation, (2) teaching breast self-examination, and (3) instructing patients about the seven warning signs of cancer. Physicians' attitudes about cancer screening and aggressive treatment are also evaluated. In general, a lower percentage of general practitioners provided information about cancer prevention to patients than did family practitioners and internistsalthough this difference was small in relation to the high level of cancer prevention behaviors reported by a...


This paper studies - from the perspective of efficient computation - a type of competition that is widespread throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, higher education, politics and artificial contests. In this setting, an agent gains utility from his relative performance (on some measurable criterion) against other agents, as opposed to his absolute performance. We model this situation using ranking games in which each strategy corresponds to a level of competitiveness, and incurs an upfront cost that is higher for more competitive strategies. We study the Nash equilibria of these games, and polynomial-time algorithms for computing them. For games in which there is no tie between agents' levels of competitiveness we give a polynomial-time algorithm for computing an exact equilibrium in the 2-player case, and a characterization of Nash equilibria that shows an interesting parallel between these games and unrestricted 2-player games in normal form. When ties are allowed, via a reduction from these games to a subclass of anonymous games, we give polynomial-time approximation schemes for two special cases: constant-sized set of strategies, and constant number of players. The latter result is improved to a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme when the constant number of players only compete to win the game, i.e. to be ranked first.


This case examines the research commercialisation process of biotech company living cell technologies (LCT). The case outlines the process of pre-clinical and clinical trials undertaken by the company as they moved towards commercialising their pig islet cell treatment for Type 1 diabetes including the RD rapid changes to legislation; the impact of public opinion; and the difficulties in raising capital, maintaining cash flow and developing a pipeline of opportunities over a long period of commercialisation.


Abstract N-Heterocyclic carbene catalysis allows the rapid formation of functionalized carbon–carbon bonds. Our group has spent the previous decade focusing on broadening practical applications of this type of catalysis. The design and discovery of novel reactivities and catalysts in our group can best be divided into work focusing on the Stetter, ring-expansion, and cross-benzoin reactions. Along with our expansion of the reaction scope, our introduction of novel bis(amino)cyclopropenylidene catalysts for the Stetter reaction successfully suppresses formation of side products, increasing synthetic utility. Concurrent work on ring-expansion reactions allows access to functionalized lactones and lactams. In addition to expanding the scope of the cross-benzoin reaction through use of α-ketoesters and α-amino aldehydes, the introduction of a new triazolylidene catalyst has allowed access to general chemoselective cross-benzoin reactions between aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. 1 Introduction 2 Stetter Reactions 2.1 Domino Stetter Reactions 3 Ring-Expansion Reactions 4 Cross-Benzoin Reactions 5 Summary and Outlook


BACKGROUND
Penicillium digitatum is one of the most important pathogens causing citrus green mold, leading to significant economic losses. Traditionally, synthetic fungicides are used to control diseases. However, the side effects of fungicides should not be ignored. Thus, antagonistic yeasts were proposed to be safe and effective alternatives to manage diseases. Orchards are excellent sources of naturally occurring antagonists against pathogens. Therefore, antagonistic yeasts obtained from orchards were screened, and the possible biocontrol mechanisms of the most promising yeast were investigated.

RESULTS
Seventy-eight isolates of yeasts (15 species of 10 genera) were obtained from citrus orchards. In in vitro assays, 16 strains showed antifungal activity against P. digitatum and 15 strains showed biocontrol potential against green mold on Olinda oranges. Pichia galeiformis (BAF03) exhibited the best antagonistic activity against P. digitatum during 6 days storage at 25 °C and a good antagonistic activity during 29 days at 4 °C. P. galeiformis (BAF03) could colonize and amplify quickly in wounded citrus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the citrus wound was colonised by the yeast. A total of 8 VOCs were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by P. galeiformis (BAF03) efficiently inhibited P. digitatum.

CONCLUSION
P. galeiformis (BAF03) isolated from a citrus orchard showed potential to control postharvest green mold of citrus. The possible mechanisms of action likely include competition for space and nutrients as well as production of VOCs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Metallofullerenes have a cage-shaped molecular structure and special properties derived from encapsulated metal atoms. Owing to the ball-like fullerene cage, it is still a challenge to manipulate the metallofullerene molecule and to control its properties. Herein, we use the molecular carbon nanoring of [12]cycloparaphenylene to hoop the C80-based metallofullerene Y3N@C80 and azafullerene Y2@C79N, resulting in a stable supramolecular complex, induced molecule orientation, changed assembly behavior, and tunable spin state. These supramolecular complexes and their host–guest interactions were systematically characterized by DFT-calculations, spectroscopy, NMR, and electrochemical analysis. Scanning tunneling microscopy was employed to reveal that the metallofullerene guests dominate the assembly process on the Au(111) surface and the [12]CPP nanoring can change the weak van der Waals forces and influence self-assembly. Moreover, the electron spin in paramagnetic Y2@C79N was employed to percept the host–gues...


THIS case is presented because it may be of interest on account of its rarity, and because there is some doubt as to the ultimate prognosis. The first recorded case was by F. J. Knight in The Transactions of the American Laryngological Association in 1879. Unfortunately, no details are available. In December, ig4i, in The Archives of Otolaryngology, Dr. Charles Imperatori of New York describes a case of lymphoma of the laryngo-pharynx in which a


Retailers in developed countries increasingly provide one-stop shopping. Why? Are they responding to growing demand for time-saving convenience? Or are they responding to economies of scale made possible by new retail technology? And what role, if any, is played by improvements in automotive, refrigeration, and other consumer technology?

To examine these questions, we develop a model that can help explain the growth of one-stop shopping, estimate the model with aggregate grocery retail data, and compare the implications of our model with competing explanations.

Our model includes several desirable features:

1 The extent of one-shop shopping is endogenously determined.

2 Consumer store choice is determined in an explicit household-production, utility-maximizing context. This choice is based on a tradeoff between time-saving shopping convenience and price.

3 The model is readily amenable to empirical testing.

The key endogenous parameter of our model describes the number of categories carried by a store. In the context of grocery retailing, this parameter can distinguish between a single-category specialty store, a simple grocer, a supermarket, and a large superstore. This parameter is determined by the interplay of consumers economizing on shopping time and retail competition in the presence of technological constraints which relate operating cost with assortment size.

Our approach may also be viewed as an example of how the boundary between retail service production and household service production can be modeled as a market outcome in the spirit of Betancourt and Gautchi [Betancourt, Roger, David Gautschi. 1990. Demand complementarities, household production, and retail assortments. Marketing Sci.92, Spring 146--161.] and Wernerfelt [Wernerfelt, Birger. 1994. An efficiency criterion for marketing design. J. Marketing Res.31November 462--470.]. The nature of extant retail formats and other channel-related institutions circumscribes the boundary between retailers and households. With the notable early exception of Baumol and Ide Baumol, William J., Edward A. Ide. 1956. Variety in retailing. Management Sci.31, October 93--101., few explicit models describe retail format determination as an equilibrating market mechanism. Our model describes the determination of one aspect of retail formats namely, the extent of one-stop shopping. Our hope is that similar approaches can be used to describe other aspects and types of emergent retail formats.

We estimate our model using U.S. aggregate annual data for a 26-year period, and later corroborate parts of the analysis using cross-sectional data for the 48 contiguous states of the U.S. The equilibrium conditions of our model translate into a system of two equations with two endogenous variables. Estimates of the reduced form parameters provide our central empirical finding---that per capita disposable income has had a significant positive effect on both supermarket assortment as expected from our model and store operating costs perhaps somewhat less expected. This suggests that greater prevalence of one-stop shopping has been a response to growing demand for time-saving convenience. The estimates of the underlying structural parameters also provide a measure of the imputed net savings to consumers from supermarket shopping, taking into account reductions in shopping time made possible by supermarkets savings equivalent to approximately 2.2% of expenditures on grocery products over the 1961--1986 period.

We lastly consider competing hypotheses. While a number of explanations can account for increased store assortment, these explanations have divergent implications for retail margins, operating costs, and profits. These implications suggest that retail scale economies were not the drivers of one-stop shopping in the years of our data. Nor was the impetus to increase store size primarily a desire to bring in new higher-margin items. However, we acknowledge that transportation and inventory-holding technologies are prerequisites to one-stop shopping and that improvements in these technologies were particularly important in the early growth period of supermarkets.


Conservation biological control implies appropriate management of arthropod communities at several trophic levels. Adding plants to agro-ecosystems influences upper trophic levels by providing basal resources and new habitats. The abundance and species richness of phytophagous and predatory arthropods may consequently be modified, which in turn, may affect pest control. Insecticide applications are also known to influence the different trophic levels of the agroecosystems. Under BIOPHYTO (insecticide-free production of mangos) management, agroecological practices were applied: increasing ground cover and stopping the use of insecticides. This study was conducted during the flowering period in August 2012, 2013 and 2014. Data on arthropods were collected through extensive sampling on six farms: 8,667 phytophagous arthropods belonging to 122 species and 4,395 predators belonging to 105 species were collected. On each farm, two mango orchard plots were used, one under agroecological practices and the other under agrochemical practices. Our results showed that the species richness of phytophagous and predatory arthropods was significantly higher in plots with agroecological practices than in plots with agrochemical practices in 1 out of 2 years after the change in practices. Phytophagous arthropods were more abundant in plots with agroecological farming practices. From the point of view of application, increasing ground cover and stopping the use of insecticides are possible mechanisms to design new cropping systems to increase the biodiversity required for effective biological control.


We present recent results from our searches of 21-cm absorption using GBT, GMRT, VLBA and WSRT to trace the evolution of cold gas in galaxies. Using ~130 sight lines with 21-cm absorption measurements, we find that within the measurement uncertainty, the 21-cm detection rate in strong MgII systems is constant over 0.5 2 DLAs with both 21-cm and H$_2$ (another tracer of cold gas) absorption measurements, we report two new H$_2$ detections and find that in 8/13 cases neither 21-cm nor H$_2$ is detected. This confirms that the HI gas in z>2 DLAs is predominantly warm. Interestingly, there are two cases where 21-cm absorption is not detected despite the presence of H$_2$ with evidence for the presence of cold gas. This can be explained if H$_2$ components seen in DLA are compact (<15 pc) and contain <10% of the total N(HI). We briefly discuss results from our ongoing survey to identify 21-cm absorbers at low-z to establish connection between 21-cm absorbers and galaxies, and constrain the extent of absorbing gas.


Aspergillus sp. Z_58, which was isolated from samples contaminated by organophosphorus pesticides, produced dimethoate-degrading enzymes. The optimal temperature, initial pH and culture time for enzyme production were 30℃, 7.0 and 96 hours, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity was 7.2 and 45℃, respectively. The enzymes were stable among the range of pH 6.0-9.0 and below 40℃. It showed strong activity towards organophosphorus pesticides which were tested.


A field experiment was conducted on clay loam soil at MAPs Block, College of Horticulture, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry (VCSG UUHF), Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal (Uttarakhand) India during 2015 to evaluate the response of plant spacing on growth and yield of fenugreek. The experiment was conducted in the randomized block design with four replications. In the present investigation, the treatment comprised of the six treatments of plant spacing viz, 5 cm x 10 cm, 10 cm x 10 cm, 15 cm x 10 cm, 20 cm x 10 cm, 25 cm x 10 cm and 30 cm x 10 cm. The highest seed yield (494.45 kg /ha) was obtained with 20 cm x 10 cm plant spacing.


The NF‐E2 p45‐related factor 2 (NRF2)–Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 signaling pathway plays an important role in cytoprotection. In acute promyelocytic leukemia, fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) with retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) results in an oncogene, PML‐RARα (PR). Although previous studies have shown that both RARα and PML inhibit NRF2 activity, how PR regulates NRF2 has not been reported. Here, we discovered that PR‐S, the short isoform of PR, potentiates NRF2 activity in a tert‐butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, PR‐S colocalized with NRF2 in HeLa and HEK293T cells. The association of PR‐S and NRF2 is mediated by the DNA‐binding domains of RARα and the Neh7 domain of NRF2. Our results define a novel function of PR‐S as a NRF2‐transcriptional co‐activator.


Copyright Introduction Background Theory Methods Camera Characterization Printer Characterization Subjective Evaluation Results Camera Results Printer Results Subjective Evaluation Results System Results Discussion Conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C


Beiya alkali rich porphyrite was spread along the two wings of Beiya syncline, controlled by three sets of fractures with NNE, NNW and EW strikes, trending southeastward, showing veined on plane and bell shape, veined and locally lens-shaped on profile and expanding connected in the deep. Beiya gold polymetallic mineralization distribution was mainly closely related with the alkali rich porphyry of near NS strike, mineralization was occurred between the contact fractured zones of porphyrite and T2b3-T2b5 limestone as well as the structure fractured zones of interbedded limestone. Based on the analyses of abundant drilling data, the authors deemed that the ore materials of Beiya gold polymetallic deposit were mainly derived from quartz syenite porphyry in alkali rich porphyrite, belonging to an alkali rich porphyrite-thermal gold polymetallic deposit.


This paper addresses the issues surrounding knowledge and skill acquisition from Game-Based Learning. Using both the learning models of Garris, Ahlers, and Driskell (2002) and Klob (1984), an enhanced conceptual model of how and where game-based learning fosters learning outcomes has been presented. The new model contains a time dimension and shows the scaffolding of player abilities. The motivation behind this paper is to promote an understanding of the pedagogy delivered by computer games, both educational and recreational, to assist educators utilize these tools when including game-based learning into the teaching curriculum.


The study focused on education policies advocated by all the U.S.political ruling party platform after World War II.The paper analyzed the relationship between the replacement of political parties and the change of education policies from the vertical perspective,and compared the difference of the two parties' political ideology by their party platform from the horizontal perspective.The author argued that the replacement of political parties had little effect on the overall change of education policies,and the two ruling party's education policy kept a high consistency.


As a newly emerging pattern,fashion culture attracts a large number of college students with its unique form and bright appearance.It both has positive and negative impacts.This article,based on the influence,discussed the effective way of guiding the college students to fully recognize the fashion culture and how to carry out the ideological and political education for the students actively.


An introduction is presented in which the author discusses reports from the issue on various topics including educational technology, distance education, and training technology.


The paper contains a survey of theoretical and practical results connected with sufficient conditions for global optimality. Both discrete and continuous time systems are discussed, with emphasis on the former.


Genomic imprinting is a specific non-normal Mendelian genetic phenomenon and results in the expression of those imprinted genes from only one of the two parental chromosomes in a parent-of-origin- dependent manner,which is one of the epigenetic regulations.Including three processes:the de methylation, re-methylation and the methylation maintaining,genomic imprinting is mainly related with DNA methylation pattern.Moreover,the imprinted genes regulate the genes expression largely through regulating the promoter, the boundary element and non-coding RNA.Furthermore,aberrant imprinting genes are the cause of some congenital diseases and often associated with the susceptibility of tumor.


DOI: 10.21276/sb.2018.4.4.5 Abstract: Histomorphological assessment of the testes of mice exposed to the ethanolic seed extract of Mucuna urens were investigated in 24 male mice weighing between 20 – 30g. The mice were divided into four groups of six mice each. Group 1 was the control, while group 2, 3 and 4 were the experimental groups. 80 seeds of Mucuna urens were macerated and the content was extracted using 1000mls of absolute alcohol, filtered and dried in water-bath at 45°C. 1000mg of the extract was dissolved in 50mls of distilled water and 50mls of 30% tween 80. The extract was administered orally for 7 days. Group 1 was administered 5ml distilled water, group 2 were administered 100mg/kg of ethanolic seed extract of Mucuna urens, group 3 were administered 200mg/kg of ethanolic seed extract of Mucuna urens and group 4 were administered 300mg/kg of ethanolic seed extract of Mucuna urens. After sacrifice, the testes was harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, dehydrated in alcohol, cleared in xylene, infiltrated in molten paraffin wax and embedded. The tissues were processed to paraffin sections, cut at 5 microns, stained in H&E staining technique and the cytoarchitecture was viewed with light microscope. Photomicrograph of group 1 showed normal blood vessels, seminiferous tubules and interstitial connective tissues. Photomicrograph of group 2 showed lesion blood vessels, shrinking seminiferous tubule and mild eroded interstitial connective tissues. Photomicrograph of group 3 showed hemorrhage, severely shrinking seminiferous tubules and severely eroded interstitial connectively tissue. Photomicrograph of group 4 showed degenerated blood vessels, degenerated seminiferous tubules and severely eroded interstitial connective tissues. Severity was dependent on dose and duration. The ethanolic seed extract of Mucuna urens may lead to fertility impairment by altering the ultrastructure of the testes.


What do quality assessments have to do with practicing gastroenterologist? Why should one spend time and effort to incorporate endoscopic quality activities? First, quality improvement (QI) should directly benefit patients by ensuring they receive the highest quality of care possible. Recently, increasing the quality of endoscopy has become an important priority in Korea. Many quality indicators for gastrointestinal endoscopy have been published. Korean endoscopic quality standards were initially developed after a broad systematic review of other endoscopic quality guidelines and discussions with experts. The National Cancer Center and National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) organized the National Endoscopy QI Program in cooperation with the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE). Quality standards have improved in the past 5 years, supported by the KSGE and NHIS. There has been great effort to improve endoscopic quality in other countries. In England, the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) was introduced in 2006, targeting a moderate risk population. The program is based on a biennial guaiac fecal occult blood test, and if the results are positive, patients are urged to undergo a colonoscopy after a 45-minute counseling session in a specialist nurse practitioner-led clinic. Additionally, all procedures are observed, timed, and centrally reported by an independent BCSP nurse practitioner. Emerging data show that colonoscopy within the BCSP is achieving exceptionally high quality assessment (QA) standards. In this issue of Clinical Endoscopy, Cho et al. report on the effects of the National Endoscopic QA Program on endoscopic practice and perceptions, burden on institutions, and costs of QA activities, especially from the viewpoint of medical institutions that conduct endoscopic screenings. A total of 67 institutions replied to the feedback survey of the National Endoscopic QA Program. They reported whether the QA program raised awareness for endoscopic quality (93%) or improved endoscopic practice (40%). Acceptable quality standards (45%) and incentives/reimbursement (38%) were considered important to the success of the QI program. In the survey, 52% of responders were conscious of considerable burdens and/or high costs while they prepared the endoscopic QA audit. While this study offered some promising results, it also revealed several issues that we must consider. First is the perception that QI was significantly enhanced at 93% of the medical institutions after the QA program was initiated. Approximately 80% of responders answered that all aspects of endoscopic quality had improved, including the qualifications of endoscopists, endoscopic unit facilities and equipment, endoscopic procedures and outcomes, and reproReceived: September 12, 2016 Revised: October 28, 2016 Accepted: October 31, 2016 Correspondence: Yoon Tae Jeen Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea Tel: +82-2-920-6555, Fax: +82-2-953-1943, E-mail: email@example.com


Photoconductive sampling has been proposed as a potent technique for analyzing high frequency devices and systems, using the photoconductive sampling. The characterization of >100 GHz devices was successfully demonstrated including transmission line, open termination, short termination and filters up to 150 GHz. The induced S-parameter measurements were compared to the FDTD simulation.


A new design of the transversely excited (TE) nitrogen laser master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) system is presented, which provides a coherent beam with nearly diffraction-limited divergence and single-line narrow band spectrum. A Fabry-Perot etalon was inserted into the oscillator cavity and the output beam was amplified by the power amplifier. The output power was 0.5 mJ with coherence length of 25 cm, which corresponds to the spectral width of 1.2 GHz. The brightness of the laser beam was as high as 2.2×1020 W/m2·sr·nm, which is about 105 higher than the value of that of conventional nitrogen lasers.


The research was made on a sample of 151 female volleyball players at the age of 14-18, who took part in the youth tournaments in the Republic of Macedonia, in the season 2009/10. The study applied 18 variables to estimate the anthropometric characteristics. In order to determine the structure of anthropometric characteristics it has been applied a component factor analysis. Based on the obtained results it can be determined that in the structure of anthropometric characteristics there are three latent factors existing: factor of the volume of the body and subcutaneous fat, factor longitudinal dimensionality of the body and factor of the transverse dimensionality of the body.


Storage and loss elasticity complex moduli E′ and E″ and temperatures at which the α relaxation takes place are studied with respect to thermal history, deformation speed, and molecular weight distribution of drawn linear polyethylene. Maximum values of E′ and E″ increase with draw ratio of the hot-drawn samples, and the α relaxation temperatures increase by around 10°C when the polyethylene filaments are annealed at 110°C. The activation energy of the process, considered as a single one because the symmetrical shape of the maxima, increases with draw ratio, and this increase is less pronounced when the filaments are annealed. Annealing of the filaments produces a decrease in their E′ values, but this decrease is almost negligible for filaments obtained from polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution. The final crystallinity of the filaments drawn at room temperature and subsequently annealed is higher for the filaments obtained at lower drawing speed.


Current system development techniques still rely on integration labs and manual integration of system components, typically occurring after the design and development of the subsystems is largely complete. Discovery of design errors late in the development life cycle during system integration testing often results in large budget and schedule overruns. Technologies that enable virtual integration of embedded electronics and the mechanical systems with which they are coupled allow discovery of design errors earlier in the product development life cycle. The System Architecture Virtual Integration program within the Aerospace Vehicle Systems Institute is a collaborative effort aimed at developing these technologies.


Reactive power control loop (RPCL) in virtual synchronous generator (VSG) plays the role of excitation circuit in conventional SG. The control strategy improvement or parameters configuration method of RPCL is always the emphasis of analysis. However, the impacts of RPCL on VSG system performance are usually overlooked. On the basis of that, this study aims to investigate the effects of RPCL on power control performance. First, a simplified SG model is established and implemented to VSG. Then, VSG system modelling with state equations in power control time scale is elaborated. The excitation current in the modelling is regarded as one crucial state variable to identify the effects of the excitation circuit on VSG system. Eigenvalue locus analysis and eigenproperties analysis reveal how the excitation circuit affects power oscillation damping performance and even results in power coupling issue of power control. The effects of operating points on system power control are also taken into account. Finally, the experimental results are given to verify the theoretical analysis.


An irregular tiled array technique with the maximization of beam collection efficiency (BCE) for microwave wireless power transmission (WPT) is addressed in this paper, where the radiating elements are irregularly partitioned into multiple subarrays for reducing the number of radio frequency (RF) chain. The system architectures of WPT based on irregular tiled arrays are analyzed for the exhibition of its low-cost advantages. To achieve a good trade-off between the manufacturing cost and beampattern, a mixed-integer optimization problem (MIOP) accounting for the maximization of BCE satisfying the subarray tiling configuration, scanning direction and peak sidelobe level (SLL) constraints is established. By equivalently reformulating the beampattern, the MIOP in terms of subarray tiling configuration and subarray excitations is decoupled, and a two-stage solution method can be implemented. Firstly, resort to 'generalized BCE', the binary quadratic optimization problem (BQOP) for maximizing the BCE at considered scanning angles while guaranteeing the full aperture coverage is reduced to a binary second-order cone optimization problem. After the subarray tiling configuration is determined, the non-convex Rayleigh entropy maximization problem at a given scanning angle with respect to subarray complex excitations while satisfying peak SLL constraint is globally solved by using iterative convex approximation algorithm. Owing to the high efficiency of convex optimization, the BCE is able to monotonically increase to a stable value. Several numerical results with different array size and subarray shapes are provided to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing to the competitive counterparts in the open literatures.


An area of about 100 square nautical miles in the North Sea has been surveyed with an echo sounder and a forward-looking sonar, operated at 150 kHz and 100 kHz respectively. The signals reflected and scattered off the sea floor were analysed in the laboratory to determine the echo energy and echo shape parameters. As it appears, clustering occurs when features are plotted against one another, where each cluster in parameter space corresponds to a distinct sediment type. It is shown that the echo sounder discriminates between mud, sand and gravel, whereas the forward-looking sonar also distinguishes intermediate sediment classes. Finally the results are compared with a historical geological map and with 50 grab samples collected during the sea trials


The thickness dependence of the average composition in electroplated cylindrical Ni–Fe films was determined from a measurement of the torsional strain sensitivity. It was found that from 200–2500 A the average Ni fraction varied about 4% which is considerably less than that previously reported for flat films. It is attributed to the extremely high agitation which can be achieved conveniently in the wire plating geometry.


Abstract In this paper we study the dependence of the first eigenvalue of the infinity Laplace with respect to the domain. We prove that this first eigenvalue is continuous under some weak convergence conditions which are fulfilled when a sequence of domains converges in Hausdorff distance. Moreover, it is Lipschitz continuous but not differentiable when we consider deformations obtained via a vector field. Our results are illustrated with simple examples.


The ecological groups of flora species in the Sydinsky foothill and the Pribaitaksk meadow steppes taking into account the flora-cenotype (steppes, meadow-steppes and pine forests) located in the Krasnoyarsk territory are considered in the article. The relicts and endemics are defined among petrophytes and psammophytes.


A simple hexa-band microstrip antenna is proposed in this work. The proposed antenna offers wide bandwidth due to utilization of heptagon and nonagon rings along with diamond slot. The antenna is designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested. The proposed antenna operates are Bluetooth & WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) (2.4-2.48 GHz), point to point terrestrial applications (4.4-4.6 GHz), satellite receiver (7.25-7.75 GHz), satellite communication from earth to space (7.9-8.4 GHz), search and rescue transponders for reception (9.2-9.5 GHz) from X-band radars, ground penetrating radar imaging systems (10.6-11.2 GHz). The proposed antenna is compact with the dimensions $25\ \mathbf{mm} \times 25\ \mathbf{mm} \times 1.6\ \mathbf{mm}$. At a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz, the bandwidth is 0.24 GHz, whereas at 4.5 GHz it is 1.07 GHz. Ultra wide bandwidth is achieved over the range 6.01-11.52 GHz (5.51 GHz BW). Obtained average gain is 5.05 dBi with a maximum efficiency of 90.61%. Performance of the proposed antenna is compared with the existing works available in the literature. Measured performance metrics (Return Loss (dB), Gain (dBi), Efficiency (%) and Radiation pattern) are in close agreement with the simulated values.


In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for researchers and manufacturers due to their advantages over conventional three-level Pulse Width-modulated (PWM) inverters. They offer improved output waveforms, smaller filter size, lower Electromagenetic Interference(EMI),lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and others. In this Project, switched-capacitor multilevel inverter with fuzzy logic control is proposed. The proposed cascaded multilevel inverter work with asymmetric DC voltage sources and needs lower number of power semiconductor switches hence the complexity and the cost of the overall system decreases. Pulses for the switches are generated by using fuzzy rule based pulse width modulation. Procedure to generate voltage levels is developed. The inverter inherently solves the problem of capacitor voltage balancing as each capacitor is charged to the value equal to one of input voltage every cycle. The rules of the FLC will control the amplitude of the PWM sine wave with respect to the error voltage. The seven level MLIs offers improved performance with FLC when compare with conventional inverters .


For several years, the University of Gothenburg eco-label their courses and programs, as defined in the Swedish Higher Education Act (Chapter 1, Section 5), "In their activities, higher education institution shall promote sustainable development that ensures present and future generations a healthy and good environment, economic and social welfare and justice". The result shows that the proportion of courses and programs that are eco-labelled is increasing every year and now about 30% of courses and programs are eco-labelled. Two different eco-labels are used for the courses and programs. Courses and programs that primarily include issues related to ecological, economic or social sustainable development have one label while courses and programs that partly include issues related to ecological, economic or social sustainability have another label. Studies show that the eco-labelling is still new and strange for some subject areas and university teachers. Many find it hard to accept that a definition of sustainable development can be applied within their subject area. The University of Gothenburg has started a training course for university teachers, to show good examples, find good literature, and trough a dialogue get help on how sustainable development can be integrated into various subject areas.


It is shown that local tetragonal distortion in a Si Ge0.05Si0.95 strained‐layered structure can be detected and quantified from analyses of the high‐order Laue zone lines which are present in the bright‐field disks of [001] convergent‐beam electron diffraction patterns. The detection of a tetragonal distortion is based on symmetry arguments, whereas the quantification requires a detailed analysis which is based on computer simulated patterns, assuming a kinematical approximation of the scattering process and including surface relaxation. The result of this quantitative analysis is in good agreement with the tetragonal distortion which is predicted by isotropic elasticity theory.


An evaluation method for analyzing status of spot welded structures is proposed based on elastic wave transmission and reflection on beam structures. An elastic wave is generated and measured using piezoelectric excitation of a beam. For testing purposes, two beams are spot welded at evenly spaced locations, and several specimens were made using different currents and spot positions. For these beams the wave propagations are measured using identical piezoelectric actuation and sensing methods. Elastic wave propagations are analyzed using Timoshenko beam theory after taking the periodic constraints from the spot welding. The predicted propagation characteristics are compared to the measured ones for proposing diagnostic method. This provided non-destructing real-time monitoring of welded status.


Filamentous fungi like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are the common microbial contaminants in many agricultural products including coffee beans. These fungal species can produce mycotoxins in coffee beans and exposes consumers to mycotoxin associated health risks. The purpose of this study was to examine the various types of coffee bean defects existed in coffee beans in relation to OTA contamination and search possible physical indicator to identify beans with OTA contamination. Seventy four coffee bean samples were evaluated visually for the presence of defective beans and the defects were counted and scored. The samples were also assessed for fungal incidence and OTA contamination levels. Fungal isolates were identified using species specific primers and rDNA sequencing using ITS1 and ITS4. OTA was analyzed using Enzyme Linked immunesorbent Assay kit. The results showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.56, p < 0.00) between coffee bean defect points and OTA contamination levels. The predominant coffee bean defects encountered in this study in descending order were black beans (41.6 %), immature bean (27.0 %), insect infested (20.5 %), moldy beans (20.4.4 %), and broken beans (15.5%). Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus westerdijikiae were found to be the predominant ochatoxigenic species encountered in the coffee beans. Ochratoxin A contamination levels in coffee beans were positively correlated with black beans (r = 0.33, p < 0.03), visible mold overgrowth (r = 0.80, p < 0.00), beans damaged by insects (r = 0.71, p < 0.00), and presence of husk (r = 0.67, p < 0.00). Visual inspection of the incidence of these bean defects is a potential indication of OTA contamination in the beans. Therefore, local coffee consumers should avoid coffee beans with sign of mold overgrowth, black beans, beans with husk and damaged by insects as these types of coffee beans are most likely contaminated with OTA and causes health risk.


Objective;To investigate the effect of cognitive style of Undergraduates on emotional states.Methods;2×2 mixed design of two factors was used.Results;①Whether field-independent students or field-dependent students,subjects had more depressive and anxious emotions after failure than before failure(P0.01).②Before failure,There was no significant difference between the two groups(P0.05);but after failure,field-dependent students had more depressive and anxious emotions than field-independent students(P0.05).③The cognitive style had a distinct effect on anxiety(P0.05).④The measure time of emotions had a distinct effect on depressive and anxious emotions(P0.001;P0.05).⑤There was significant interaction between cognitive style and measure time of emotion(P0.01).Conclusion;There is a significant relation between cognitive style and state-emotion,but the relation between cognitive style and trait-emotion needs further research.


Developing low-cost, highly e ffi cient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is desirable for rechargeable metal – air batteries. Herein, a series of perovskite structured (La 0.65 Sr 0.3 ) 0.95 FeO 3 (cid:1) d catalysts with A-site de fi ciency were synthesized through a scalable solid state synthesis method at di ff erent calcination temperatures. The electrocatalytic activities of these catalysts were investigated by thin- fi lm RDE technique. The catalyst calcined at 1000 (cid:3) C exhibits an outstanding bi-functional activity towards the ORR and OER in alkaline electrolyte, and it also exhibits an outstanding performance in primary and rechargeable Zn – air batteries, which is comparable with the commercial noble metals Pt/C and RuO 2 .


Storm activities have recently exhibited intensification over the Arctic, potentially impacting air–ice–sea interactions and contributing to rapid changes in the Arctic climate and environment. In this study, the spatial and temporal structures and driving mechanisms of a long‐lasting storm occurring in September 2010 over the Arctic Ocean have been investigated using modelling experiments. The storm dominantly demonstrates an equivalent barotropic structure from the surface to the lower stratosphere, and an upper troposphere–lower stratosphere warm and mid–low troposphere cold temperature anomaly distribution throughout its entire development period, showing large differences from those that are predominantly driven by baroclinic instability. The stratosphere vortex downward intrusion and the resultant upper troposphere–lower stratosphere positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly play a decisive role in the storm's intensification and long‐lasting duration, though a merged surface baroclinic front also makes contributions at the initial time period. Although both increased static stability and positive vorticity due to the thermal structure anomaly and resulting cyclonic jet are two contributors to PV, we found that the former predominantly governs the PV anomaly evolution and, in turn, determines the storm's intensity and lifetime. In particular, our new finding shows an out‐of‐phase occurrence in time between the maximum upper warm and lower cold temperature anomalies, which sustains the intensity and persistence of the PV anomaly and, in turn, the storm over an extended time period. The results here may have significant implications for enhancing Arctic storm prediction capability, and improving understanding of the physical mechanisms of large‐scale climate variability and changes and their linkage to synoptic storms.


Objective] To study the preparation method and properties of inclusion complexes formed by alpinetin with cyclodextrins(α-CD,β-CD and γ-CD).[Method] Properties of inclusion complexes formed by alpinetin with cyclodextrins were studied by UV spectrum titration,XRD,and DSC.[Conclusion] After the formation of inclusion complexes of alpinetin with cyclodextrins(α-CD,β-CD and γ-CD),the stability and solubility of alpinetin enhanced.[Conclusion] alpinetin had application potential as medical molecular.


I n selecting my title I am indebted to Professor Wolfgang Sachs of the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Energy and Environment and his contribution to the 1999 Schumacher Lectures. These lectures are an annual feature of the Schumacher Society, established in the memory and spirit of Dr Fritz Schumacher, whose book, Small is Beautiful, published in the early '70s, proved to be the precursor of much modern environmental thinking and whose inspiration survives through the society's work.


As electronic technology and machinery automation technology,the rapid development of agricultural facilities also will be rapid progress.High technology in the agricultural development process more and more significant role,this article de?scribes the process of development in the agricultural use of networking technology to realize agricultural expert system technolo?gy,the various components of the agricultural expert system for a simple introduction.


According to Kelley, the process of making person, stimulus, and circumstance attributions is based on the three informational criteria of consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. Two studies were conducted to assess how the relative accessibility of these three process-relevant criteria affected the time required to make the three attributions. Accessibility was manipulated in both studies by giving subjects a recall test (prime) for at least one of the three informational criteria. Subjects in both studies observed a scenario, after which they were primed for one or more of the three criteria and were then asked to scale one of the three attributions. In Experiment 1 (TV = 93), participants were primed for either all three process-relevant criteria or three pieces of attributionally irrelevant information. Thirty seconds after the accessibility manipulation, subjects scaled a person, stimulus, or circumstance attribution. Priming the process-relevant information decreased subsequent attribution decision time relative to the control group. In Experiment 2 (N = 137) participants were primed for consensus, distinctiveness, or consistency, after which they scaled one of the three attributions. As expected, attribution decision times were lower when all three factors were primed (Experiment 1) than when only one of the three factors was primed (Experiment 2). In addition, stimulus and person attributions were made fastest when consensus and distinctiveness, respectively, were primed. Finally, priming cognitive access to a single factor made that factor dominate the scaled attributions. These results lend support to Kelley's model, in that the priming of information presumably relevant to the attribution process reduced the time observers required to make attribution decisions.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the qualities of muffins made with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% Corni fructus powder. The height of the muffins did not significantly differ between the sample groups; however, the weight of the control group was higher than that o f the test samples containing Corni fructus powder. The volume and specific loaf volume of muffins decreased with the addition of Corni fructus powder. The baking loss of the samples containing Corni fructus powder was also higher than that of the control group. The moisture content of the control group was 19.88%, whereas that of the test samples ranged from 16.72~21.01%. The pH of batters and muffi ns of the test samples were lower than those of the control group. For DPPH radical scavenging activity, the control group measured 1 1.46%, whereas the test samples ranged from 22.63~53.33%. The L and b values of the crust and crumbs decreased, but the a value was increased significantly by the addition of Corni fructus powder. Examination of the textural properties revealed the hardness, gumminess and brittleness of muffins containing Corni fructus powder were significantly higher than those of the control group. In term of overall preference, the sensory evaluation scores of groups containing 2% and 4% of Corni fructus powder did not show significant differences compared to the control group. Based on the above results, using Corni fructus powder at less than 4% would be appropriate for making muffins.Key words: Corni fructus powder, muffin, physicochemical properties, DPPH radical scavenging activity, sensory evaluation


Insecticides were screened in randomized-complete block tests at 2 locations. The soil was mostly silty clay loam with a pH of approximately 7 and 5-8% organic matter. Plots consisted of six 100 ft rows, and were planted on May 4 and 11. Insecticides were applied to the 4 center rows at 3 mph. Treatments were made in the furrow, in 7 in . bands over the rows at planting, and in 7 in . bands over the rows at post (June 2 and 12) and late post (June 17 and 26) - fly emergence. Peak fly emergence occurred on June 13. All but the in furrow treatments were lightly incorporated into the soil with drag chains ( 1 3/4 in. links). Liquid materials were applied in 18 gals water/acre with 8002E nozzles at 40 psi. Weather conditions were generally favorable for good beet growth and insecticide application. Significant rain fell after the insecticides were applied. Data consisted of yields from 30 f t. from row 3 (from the left) in each plot at harvest. The data was transformed byX, and analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range test. The functional maggot infestation (based on the amount damage to beets) in the plots indicates that there were sufficient maggots to provide satisfactory data. Damage in untreated beets was light to moderate. The ave damage rating was 2.45 on a scale of 1 (no damage) to 5 (severe damage).


In Korea, 64% of the land is known as mountain area, but the definition and classification standard of mountain are not clear. Demand for utilization and development of mountain area is increasing. In this situation, the unclear definition and scope of the mountain area can lead to the destruction of the mountain and the increase of disasters due to indiscreet permission of forestland use conversion. Therefore, this study analyzed the variables and criteria that can extract the mountain boundaries through the questionnaire survey and the terrain analysis. We developed a mountain boundary extraction algorithm that can classify topographic mountain by using selected variables. As a result, 72.1% of the total land was analyzed as mountain area. For the three catchment areas with different mountain area ratio, we compared the results with the existing data such as forestland map and cadastral map. We confirmed the differences in boundary and distribution of mountain. In a catchment area with predominantly mountainous area, the algorithm-based mountain classification results were judged to be wider than the mountain or forest of the two maps. On the other hand, in the basin where the non-mountainous region predominated, algorithm-based results yielded a lower mountain area ratio than the other two maps. In the two maps, we was able to confirm the distribution of fragmented mountains. However, these areas were classified as non-mountain areas in algorithm-based results. We concluded that this result occurred because of the algorithm, so it is necessary to refine and elaborate the algorithm afterward. Nevertheless, this algorithm can analyze the topographic variables and the optimal value by watershed that can distinguish the mountain area. The results of this study are significant in that the mountain boundaries were extracted considering the characteristics of different mountain topography by region. This study will help establish policies for stable mountain management.


Behavior safety observation is the basis of enterprise safety culture construction,and it is an important means to prevent all the accidents.On the basis of combing the literature of behavior safe,draw into theories and methods of behavior modification,applicated psychology,refining enterprise group behavior safety observation system,the system includes behavior safety observation planning technology,critical behaviors screening technology,safety behavior observation technology,communication and intervention techniques,behavior observation data analysis and feedback technology,integral lifting technology of behavior safety observation,and so on.The enterprise group behavior safety observation system applicated to a pilot mine where there 9 types to begin a observation experiment,the experiment has carried out 2times of observation,observation time is 1 cycles(4 weeks for 1cycles);and a questionnaire survey was conducted on the effectiveness of the observed group for observation tests.The results showed that,9 types after two times test,safety behavior times of all types have increased,besides the headsman,in turn the growth rate as,signal workers(6.67%),harrow gangue driver(6.15%),flatman(6.02%),winch(5.81%),spraying cutter lathe work(5.33%),dig into the industry(4.35%),blasting engineering(3.57%),mechanical and electrical repair workers(3.53%);the overall trend contrast of the two times observation experiment,the first growth is 30.19%,the second times growth is 32.91%.At the same time,The questionnaire results show the investigated group understand to observation test accounted for80%,generally about 17%,not too familiar with the accounting for 3%;through experiments,among 85% pay more attention to behavior safe,among 20% people put forward to suggestions on behavior safety observation test.


A new entity of inborn error of histidine metabolism was described. This was characterized by 1) urocanic aciduria, which was exaggerated after an oral dose of L-histidine, 2) a delayed clearance curve of serum histidine levels after an oral dose of L-histidine, 3) urinary excretion of no detectable amounts of formiminoglutamic acid after an oral load with L-histidine or after an intravenous injection of urocanate, 4) a marked decrease in the urocanase activity of the liver, and 5) mental retardation of probably early onset.


Paper sheets containing polyacrylamide (PAM) as a paper chemical additive have been analysed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FT-IRS spectroscopy . Absorbance ratios of the selected band of PAM to that of cellulose were used to determine PAM content . In order to determine the distribution of the additive in the radial direction ofpulp fibre, ATR/FT-IR analysis was carried out after successive etching ofthe paper sheet. From the relationship between etching time and the thickness of removed surface layer it is possible to follow the partial concentration profiles of the additive as a function of distance from the original surface. The obtained profiles are found to be consistent with those of variable-angle ATR/FT-IR depth profiling method qualitatively. Being distributed from fibre surface toward the centre of fibre wall, PAM exists, on the whole, closeto fibre surface . Addition level does not affect the distribution curve, i.e . the concentration at every depth Preferred citation: D. Tatsumi and T. Yamauchi. Depth profi le of paper additives within a pulp fi bre. In The Fundametals of Papermaking Materials, Trans. of the XIth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 1997, (C.F. Baker, ed.), pp 789–814, FRC, Manchester, 2018. DOI: 10.15376/frc.1997.2.789.


Construction by S T E P H E N D OY L E object it contains. A cursory survey of antique maps makes that clear. The ancient Egyptians put east at the top of their cosmos, as did most medieval Christians, who saw Jerusalem as the center of the world with Eden above it. Not until the late 1400s does north achieve its conventional placement at the top of European maps. Early Islamic maps tended to put south at the top, perhaps to indicate the direction many of the world's faithful would be facing when they turned toward Mecca. Though ancient Chinese maps put north uppermost, the Chinese word for compass, a device they are generally credited with having invented, means "south-pointing needle." (Since a compass needle aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic fields, it points south as much as it points north, take your pick, and the Chinese picked south.) Their north-pointing maps have been explained as an upside-down genuflection to the emperor, the "man at the top," whose seat of power lay in that direction. The decision to put any of the four cardinal directions at the top of a map, be it mental or cartographic, marks the point at which directionality shifts from pure geography to metaphor. It is as if, the maps are saying, a much less literal statement, really, than "Here be dragons." It is as if north were up here. Or east, which does seem more logical. That's where the sun rises. Shouldn't top o' the mornin' be top of the world? One of Aesop's fables tells of a competition between the north wind and the sun. They vie to see who can make a man remove his clothing sooner. The cold wind tears relentlessly at the man's cloak, but he only pulls it more tightly I grew up in North Haledon, New Jersey, in a house that faced due north. I was taught to orient myself by standing at the mouth of our driveway with east to my right and west in the leftward direction of High Mountain, just behind which I imagined cowboys and Indians exchanging fire in a perpetual sunset. Straight ahead and hundreds of miles up the northbound interstate were the Green Mountains of Vermont, where we'd rent a cottage for two weeks every summer and see a thousand stars at night. On the highest peaks, even in July, we might need to wear our sweaters—and I can't have been the only kid ever to climb a mountain with the illusion that he was heading north. From my earliest days I was predisposed to think of north as up. If ever I had doubts, other factors would have kept north at the top of my childish cosmos: the globe in the school library, the blue sheen on the northern half of the needle of my cherished pocket compass, and the observable fact that houses in North Haledon were generally newer, larger, and had roomier yards than those of Haledon, her elder sister to the south. The city of Paterson, where "the colored people" lived and where I was born, was more southerly still. Before I knew it as an anthropological fact, I knew instinctively that the cradle of human life was Africa; before I'd heard of the Great Migration or the Underground Railroad, I had the sense that "moving up," toward freedom, meant heading north. Eventually I came to understand that any notion of north as up is as historically anomalous as it is astronomically spurious, there being no "up" in the universe and thus none to any E S S A Y


Chronic periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease affects many adult and young populations, sometimes it is severe enough to cause tooth loss. Periodontal diseases are initiated by subgingival periodontal pathogens in susceptible periodontal sites (1) . Periodontal disease is an infectious disease that results in destruction and degradation of the periodontal tissues by the local action of periodontopathogenic microorganisms.


Objective: To establish the quality standard of medicinal Rhizoma Bergeniae Scopulosae. Methods:Moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash,extract,heavy metals,arsenic salt in Rhizoma Bergeniae Scopulosae during different harvest periods or from different collection sites were determined. TLC was used to conduct physicochemical identification of Rhizoma Bergeniae Scopulosae. The content of bergenin in Rhizoma Bergeniae Scopulosae was determined by HPLC. Results: It was suggested that the quality standard of Rhizoma Bergeniae Scopulosae could be tentatively arranged as follows: moisture not more than 14. 3%,total ash not more than 15. 2%,acid insoluble ash not more than 4. 6%,water soluble extraction not less than 4. 8%,95% alcohol- soluble extraction not less than 3. 7%,volatile ether extraction not less than 4. 9%,Pb not more than 0. 002%,arsenical salt not more than 0. 0001%,bergenin not less than 2. 3%. Conclusion: The established methods can be used to evaluate the quality of Rhizoma Bergeniae Scopulosa.


Background: Beyond risk factors such as smoking, obesity and others, gastrointestinal cancer often occurs in families and the risk of getting cancer is passed down from parents to offspring. About 5%-10% of gastrointestinal cancers are hereditary (inherited by a gene mutation from one or both parents, predisposing them to develop cancer in their lifetime). Here we describe the clinical history of family members affected by gastrointestinal pathologies which often leaded to cancer. Methods: The subjects were monitored from May 2006 to December 2017 by collecting periodically clinical and endoscopic data, and performing molecular analyses by assaying two biomarkers , auto-modification of lymphocyte Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase as early signal of DNA damage, and erythrocyte membrane lipid composition (Fat Profile). First we focused on the oldest members, nine brothers, and thereafter we considered their offspring. Results: Both groups of subjects developed gastrointestinal pathologies of different kind and seriousness. Some diseases evolved to cancer, sometimes as a sudden and lethal event. The results of the two molecular approaches auto-modification of Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase and Fat Profile), were in agreement and even predicted the clinical and imaging paths. Conclusions: Both non-invasive molecular analyses can be used preliminarly to predict altered physiological states and support clinical and imaging analyses.


C language and assembly language have advantages respectively. At present, their mixed programming technologies have been widely applied. This article discusses some technical problems while applying C language and assembly language to mixed programming.


The outbreak of civil war and the disintegration of the "second Yugoslavia" was caused by many factors; however the impact of the debilitating conflict within the Yugoslav political elite, into which the ordinary citizens also were "drawn," was crucial. This article will seek to support this hypothesis.


A new schiff's base bis-sulfosalophen has been synthesized by Sodium salicylaldimine-5-sulphonate with 3,3',4,4'-Biphenyltetramine. Zonic ion can coordinate with the compound and enhance its fluorescence intensity. Thereby, a new spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of trace zonic has been developed. When the concentration of zonic is in the range of 1∼7μg/mL, it has a good linear relationship with F, where the regression equation and the correlation coefficient are F=205.7+282.6c Zn(μg/mL) and r=0.9935 respectively. The detection limit for zonic has been found to be 1.72ng/mL. The method has been used to determine trace zonic in river, city and mineral water samples with the relative standard deviation of 0.23∼3.84%(n=5), the recovery of 101.7∼105.0%.


The inertial frame transformation based on Lobachevsky function and some of its properties are reminded. The results of introducing them into a physical consideration of the Michelson and standard Doppler effect in optics, are presented. It is that the new transformation also approves the negative result obtained in the Michelson experiment as the Lorentz one. But the crucial result is expected for the measurements performed with unequal lengths of the interferometer optical arms and it will be in favour of the new one. In contrast to Lorentz contractions the relativity requirement of the new transformation again leads to two different formulas for the Doppler effect in optics as in acoustics Introduction: two possible ways to express the speed of light constancy principle It is used to consider that the invariance of an interval serves as mathematical tool to express the principle of the speed of light constancy and this is the reason of great importance of the interval invariance in the special theory of relativity and generally in the theoretical physics. The world famous Lorentz transformation can be obtained by the requirement for the interval to have the same form in any two inertial frames. In its turn the Lorentz transformation leads to the relativistic velocity summation law and the relativistic mechanics (see Fig.1). Fig.1 Two possible ways to express mathematically the principle of the speed of light constancy. A close relation between the special theory of relativity and the theory of Lobachevsky parallel lines (LPL) was noticed soon after A.Einstein's publication [1]. Further development of high energy physics made this relation more evident because the full correspondence between relativistic kinematics and Lobacvhevsky geometry was established [2]. Due to that the so called Lobachevsky velocity space is widely used to present particle scattering processes in high energy physics. The two-photon pion decay was claimed as the physical equivalent for the main Lobachevsky geometrical axiom violating Euclidean V-th postulate[3]. γγ π → o This decay being represented in the velocity space due to its kinematics leads to the LPL in the plane of this space and visually demonstrates the principle of the speed of light constancy. Further investigations in the physical foundation of LPL revealed full identity of the both theories. On the base of Lobachevsky function the synchronous process of the particle and light beams propagation has been found. It has turned out that one of the main features of this process is quite similar to the optical model used by I.M.Frank in 1942 for Doppler effect consideration in refracting medium [4]. This synchronous process can be considered, on the one hand, as a new physical equivalent for the LPL and, on the other hand, as a physical foundation for solving the main relativity problems including the time relativity in a new way [5]. In this investigation Lobachesky function expresses the principle of the speed of light constancy instead of the interval invariancy and a new inertial frame transformation in the form of shifts has been obtained. It leads to the same relativistic velocity summation law and to the same kinematics and mechanics(see Fig.1). In framework of the new approach the Lorentz formulas can be also derived, but here they loose previous meaning as coordinates of the given event in the moving frame. They look as coordinates relative to the point, which is called the center of projectivity in the projective geometry [6], that does not coincide with the origin of the moving frame (and due to that they could be hardly considered as coordinates of an event). But the both sets of values are related in a simple way through the γ factor. Thus, there are two possible ways to express the principle of the speed of the light constancy and, respectively, there are two sets of values: the well known Lorentz transformation and the new one shifts. Some physically interesting properties of the transformation based on Lobachevsky function published in [5] are reminded here and the results of introducing them into the physical consideration of some optical phenomena, namely, the Michelson-Morley experiment and standard Doppler effect in optics, are presented in this paper. 2. Some properties of transformation based on Lobachevsky function Lorentz transformation [7]: ) cos ( ' L ct x x θ γ m = | ) cos ' ' ( L ct x x θ γ ± = ) cos ( ' L x ct ct θ γ m = | ) cos ' ' ( L x ct ct θ γ ± = (1) y y = ' | ' y y = z z = ' | ' z z = and the inertial frame transformation based on Lobachevsky function [5]: L s ct x x θ cos ± = | ( ) L s s ct x x θ γ cos 2 ± = L s x ct ct θ cos m = | ( ) L s s x ct ct θ γ cos 2 ± = (2) γ / y y s = | s y y γ = γ / z z s = | s z z γ = can be written through parallel angle ( ) k L / ρ θ Π ≡ , defined by Lobachrvsky function: ( ) ( ) β ρ ρ ≡ = = Π c V k th k / / / cos , , ( ) c k = ( ) ( ) β β ρ ρ + − = = Π − 1 1 2 2 / / arctg e arctg c c , (3) β θ = L cos , 2 1 sin β θ − = L , L θ γ sin / 1 = , (4) here ct z y x , , , are coordinates of an event in a rest frame, ' and are coordinates of the same event in a frame moving with velocity V along , ' , ' , ' ct z y x s s s s ct z y x , , , x -axes (the upper sign) or opposite x -axes (the lower sign) , β is the velocity in units of the light velocity c , V k / ρ is a value of rapidity in units of ( is the Lobachevsky constant): c k = k β β ρ − + = 1 1 ln 2 1 / c (5) It is seen from (3) that for any rapidity (and its velocity) there is a definite angle L θ .. For the negative argument of the Lobachevsky function the parallel angle L θ changes to L θ π − [2], which corresponds to the same velocity but for the opposite direction. Let us consider some obvious properties of a new inertial frame transformation. First of all, one can see from (1) and (2) that:


A combined gear transmission (10) of the idler gear mounting structure for which transmission has an intermediate wall (50), a shaft support portion axially away from the intermediate wall (66). Located axially between the two is a gear member (48). The intermediate wall and the shaft support portion defines a shaft hole (92, 96) the shaft member (98) disposed therein aligned with the shaft member holding means for holding the shaft hole. Shaft member defines lubricant passage means (100) for receiving lubricating fluid flows into a secondary shaft (60) bearing the front end (64) adjacent to the through shaft. A bearing surface between the shaft and the outer shaft gear member (120) defining a bearing inner race. This simplifies the structure and mounting structure improves the strength.


Simple Summary Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells that possess traits usually attributed to stem cells. An increase in CSCs can lead to more rapid cancer progression, treatment resistance and the increased likelihood of recurrence. To promote CSC survival and associated cancer progression, cancer cells enter into reciprocal crosstalk with the surrounding tissue environment, as well as with distant metastatic sites. This mechanism of communication relies, in part, on secreted factors, of which extracellular vesicles (EVs) are thought to have a critical role. This systematic review evaluates the current knowledge of cancer communication via EVs to alter the microenvironment to increase the survival and maintenance of CSCs. A total of 16 studies spanning the EV content, pathway alterations and CSC-targeting treatments provide new insights into how EVs mediate CSC traits and identify the gaps in our understanding of how modulation of the microenvironment plays a key role. Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have increasingly been shown to be a crucial element of heterogenous tumors. Although a relatively small component of the population, they increase the resistance to treatment and the likelihood of recurrence. In recent years, it has been shown, across multiple cancer types (e.g., colorectal, breast and prostate), that reciprocal communication between cancer and the microenvironment exists, which is, in part, facilitated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the mechanisms of this method of communication and its influence on CSC populations is less well-understood. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to determine the evidence that supports the role of EVs in the manipulation of the tumor microenvironment to promote the survival of CSCs. Embase and PubMed were used to identify all studies on the topic, which were screened using PRISMA guidelines, resulting in the inclusion of 16 studies. These 16 studies reported on the EV content, pathways altered by EVs and therapeutic targeting of CSC through EV-mediated changes to the microenvironment. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated the role of EV-facilitated communication in maintaining CSCs via manipulation of the tumor microenvironment, demonstrating the potential of creating therapeutics to target CSCs. However, further works are needed to fully understand the targetable mechanisms upon which future therapeutics can be based.


Stafford T. Thomas in a previous issue of Government and Opposition made the case that British MEPs exercise little influence in British EC policy-making.' He argued that this was, in large part, 'because MEPs have so little structural influence in their own policy domain'. The view painted of the European Parliament was of a 'not very powerful' institution and one 'lacking true legislative capabilities'. Overall, Thomas concluded that 'the European Parliament is dominated by the Council of Ministers, which Sets the EC agenda, and the Commission, which oversees and monitors policy decisions, which means that there is not only a rgmolion of power horizontally, but also that there is a dirof power vertically'. Moreover, he believed that there were no compelling political reasons why the Council and Commission would share power with the European Parliament. On this last count Thomas's prognosis has, of course, been undermined by the coming into effect of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) in November 1993. But, even if it is claimed in his defence that be was writing before Maastricht, his view of the EP's policy influence is still caricatured and fails to take into account the extension of the formal powen of the EP under the Single European Act let alone the inf....l exercise of influence that has been a characteristic of the EP in recent years. The purpose of this case study, therefore, is to move beyond Thomas's generalized claims of EP impotence and to assess the actual contribution of one part of the EP the Environment Committee,' to one part of EC policy environment policy. Indeed, given that much of the major work of the EP is carried out through its committee structure, the logical starting place for an


As long ago as 1880 I published an account of a case of aphasia greatly benefited by training which was largely of the patient's own initiation and conducted by himself. The patient fell in an apoplectiform attack, and was taken to one of the London hospitals, where he was seen by Dr. Sieveking and Dr. Broadbent. He was a right hemiplegic and was also totally aphasic and agraphic, but appeared not to have been word deaf, as he understood what was said to him. He had lost all ideas of numbers, but was evidently not word blind, as he understood from the first what he saw in print or in script. When he read aloud he had a marked form of paraphasia, his speech being of the jargon or gibberish type. Like many such patients, he read off this jargon as if to himself he were reading correctly. He


1-O-Acetyl-6-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-methylsulphonyl-α-L-mannopyranose (10; R = Ac) and the epimeric L-talopyranose sulphonate (12; R = Ac) yielded 1,4-anhydro-6-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-L-talopyranose (11) and 1,4-anhydro-6-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-mannopyranose (13), respectively, on treatment with sodium azide in NN-dimethylformamide at 140°. A mechanism involving initial deacetylation is proposed for these and related reactions.


XL765,discovered by Exelixis and Sanofi-aventis,is an orally available inhibitor of phosphoinosi-tide-3-kinase(PI3K) that offer considerable therapeutic potential.According to the synthetic method of XL765 in patent,its synthetic route is established,and the synthetic process is investigated and optimized thoroughly.XL765 was prepared from 1,2-diaminobenzene and oxalic acid via six steps including cyclization,chlorination,chloro-sulfonation,sulfonylation,two times nucleophilic substitution,reduction of nitro group and acylation to give the target compound.Its structure and some intermediates were confirmed by 1H-NMR and MS.The total yield was 31.5%(calculated by 1,2-diaminobenzene),higher than 25.5% reported in the patent.


The trends toward high power, high frequency, and small-scale electronics are making thermal management ever more challenging. Passive cooling solutions simply based on high-thermal-conductivity materials or through-silicon vias (TSVs) are unable to meet the increasing demand for heat removal, especially for hotspots reaching 1 kWcm2 or beyond. Thermoelectric cooling (TEC) has attracted attention by offering solid-state active cooling, but the limited cooling performance and material compatibility have been the bottleneck. In this paper, we present a TSV-integrated TEC design based on holey silicon that provides hotspot management for thermal densities of 1 kW/cm2 and beyond while offering low power consumption, processing compatible, and scalable solutions. The TSV-integrated TEC design not only takes advantage of unique thermal conductivity anisotropy and efficient lateral TEC properties of holey silicon but also utilizes high cross-plane thermal conductivity of metals by creating a metal TSV right on top of the hotspot. Our numerical simulations of TSV-integrated TEC demonstrate exceptional cooling performance, which reduces a 1 kWcm−2 hotspot temperature from 153 °C to 68 °C while consuming 0.5 W for operation and the hotspot temperature is 67 °C lower than the same TEC design without TSV. We also explore possibilities of utilizing metal-filled holey silicon by modeling the electron-phonon coupling and size dependent transport phenomena, which can further reduce the off-state thermal resistance and improve the TEC performance depending on the metal-to-silicon boundary resistance. With holey silicon or metal-filled holey silicon substrates, the TSV -integrated TEC offers an efficient and effective hotspot thermal management solution for next-generation electronics.


The olfactory acuity of mice allows them to discriminate odors of conspecifics differing by a few genes. This acuity is used in habituation procedures where investigation of novel odors by the mouse can be translated into relative difference or similarity between the stimuli. This study adapts these behavioral procedures to address suprapopulation divergence among urinary odors in the house mouse. Specifically, we investigate geographical patterns of odor divergence within and between 2 subspecies of the house mouse, Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus, which diverged in allopatry and met secondarily in Europe where they hybridize. Based on M. m. musculus perception, our study suggests that odors of the 2 subspecies differ in both allopatric and contact zone populations and that divergence is more marked in the latter. Our earlier studies documented mate preference and signal divergence between the 2 subspecies. Hence, we consider the role of the urinary odors as mating signals. We discuss how signal divergence between the 2 subspecies may relate to reproductive character displacement. This study validates the use of habituation procedures to reconstruct geographical patterns of odorant signal divergence, providing a strong methodological platform to address reproductive character displacement affecting cryptic mating signals in mammals.


The problem of modeling binary responses by using cross sectional data has found a number of satisfying solutions extending throughout both parametric and nonparametric methods. Examples are traditional classification models like logistic regression, discriminant analysis, classification trees or procedures at the forefront as neural networks or combinations of classifiers (bagging, boosting, random forests). These models are based on the implicit assumption that the distribution of the responses is well balanced over the sample. However, there exist many real situations where it is a priori known that one of the two responses (usually the most interesting for the analysis) is rare. This class imbalance occurs in several domains as for example finance (detection of defaulter credit applicants), epidemiology (diagnosis of rare diseases), social sciences (analysis of anomalous behaviors), computer sciences (identification of some features of interest in image data). The class imbalance heavily aects both the model estimation and the evaluation of its accuracy. Classification methods are in fact conceived to estimate the model that best fits the data according to some criterion of global accuracy. When data are unbalanced the model tends to focus on the prevalent class and ignore the rare events (Japkowicz, and Stephen, 2002). Moreover, when evaluating the quality of the classification, the same measures of global accuracy may lead to misleading results or even if alternative error measures are used, the scarcity of data conducts to high bias and variance estimates of the error rate, especially for the rare class. In this work an unified and systematic framework for dealing with both the problems is proposed, based on a smoothed bootstrap form of re-sampling from data. The proposed technique includes some of the existing solutions as a special case, it is supported by a theoretical framework and reduces the risk of model overfitting.


Abstract — The proposed paper is an analysis of the impact of coordination mechanisms on the procurement performance indicators of participants in supply chains. Particular attention is paid to the study of mechanisms for joint planning, harmonization of guidance documentation in the field of process logistics management, coordination of operational procurement procedures, joint use of material, labour and information resources of partner enterprises in conjunction with the dynamics of stock status parameters, procurement volumes, percentage of completed orders, compliance with obligations for deliveries, etc. The dependence of logistic indicators on the level of use of joint activity instruments by companies in their relations with suppliers is shown; conclusions are drawn about the influence of coordination mechanisms on increasing the competitiveness of participants in integrated supply chains. When carrying out this study, methods of comparative and system analysis, expert evaluations, questionnaires, comparisons by analogy, and statistical analysis were used. The methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners in the field of logistic coordination, procurement management, and supply chain management.


What is the growth rate of your favorite phytoplankter in situ? This is one of the most fundamental questions in aquatic ecology, and it remains, despite the regular development of new methods to approach it, among the most difficult to answer. In this volume, Pel et al. (2004a) describe a novel method that combines three previously developed techniques—fatty acids (FAs) as chemotaxonomic markers (via FA methyl ester, or FAME, analysis), flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting, or FACS), and stable isotope tracers—to enable the growth rates of particular phytoplankton populations within a natural community to be estimated with unprecedented specificity and sensitivity. The use of chemotaxonomic markers is well established in phytoplankton ecology. Following the precedent set by adopting chl a as a proxy for total photosynthetic biomass, other chl and carotenoids that have more taxonomically restricted distributions are being used to investigate phytoplankton community composition (Goericke 2002). Instead of pigments, Pel et al. (2003, 2004a,b) used cellular FAs (C12 to C22) as chemotaxonomic markers. Some FAs are sufficiently restricted in distribution to provide levels of taxonomic resolution comparable with accessory pigments (e.g. C20:5 in diatoms, C18:4 in chrysophytes and cryptophytes, or C37:2 in prymnesiophytes; Napolitano 1999, Pel et al. 2004b). Unfortunately, neither pigments nor FA alone can provide distinctive chemotaxonomic markers for all the major phytoplankton groups, particularly at lower levels of taxonomic resolution, and so they have limited power in resolving phytoplankton community structure and processes. To improve on the limited resolution inherent for FA, Pel and colleagues used flow cytometric cell sorting to prepare samples for FA analysis. Over the last 20 years, flow cytometry has proved to be a powerful and efficient method for studying phytoplankton (Collier 2000, Legendre et al. 2001). Flow cytometers use one (or more) laser(s) and a series of detectors to measure multiple optical properties from individual cells at rates up to thousands of cells per second. The optical characteristics measured include the emission of fluorescence from chl and phycobiliproteins as well as the scattering of light in one or two directions. Flow cytometry supports an ataxonomic identification of cells based on fluorescence and scatter. However, depending on the composition of the community being investigated, it may also provide taxonomic information: Some genera, such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus in the oceans or Limnothrix and Prochlorothrix in Lake Loosdrecht, can usually be clearly identified, whereas other phytoplankton, such as the many small eukaryotes (diatoms, green algae, and other taxa), may overlap so much in fluorescence and scatter properties that they are indistinguishable beyond being grouped as ''small eukaryotes.'' Flow cytometry has been used to estimate growth rates of phytoplankton via the application of DNA binding fluorescent stains and cell cycle analyses, but in natural phytoplankton communities this approach works well only for unicellular phytoplankton belonging to flow cytometrically distinct (and homogeneous) taxa (Vaulot et al. 1995, 1996). In addition to recording optical data from each cell analyzed, some flow cytometers provide the ability to ''sort'' cells having user-specified optical properties out of the flow stream, making them available for further manipulation. There are two basic ways that FACS is accomplished. In one (used by benchtop machines such as the FACSort and FACSCalibur), a mechanical device downstream of the laser diverts the flow stream into a collection tube as a target cell passes by. In the other (used by larger machines such as the EPICS Elite used by Pel and colleagues), the flow stream is broken into droplets downstream of the laser inspection point, and droplets containing the desired cells are electrically charged and directed into a collection tube (Collier 2000, Reckermann 2000). Previous uses of FACS in plankton ecology include examining the genetic diversity of natural assemblages of Prochlorococcus (Urbach and Chisholm 1998) and measuring groupspecific C and N uptake rates (Li 1994, Lipschultz 1995). By adjusting sort parameters to account for the fact that the filamentous cyanobacteria were longer than the diameter of the sorting droplets, Pel et al. (2003, 2004a,b) were able to separate the three flow


The present invention relates to a business executive system of office appliance, which mainly comprises bran-new-concept vending machine of office appliance, client information management, supplier information management and safety management of network data communication. Vending machine exhibits goods in transparent window and pushes goods with automatic motor, having video screen and keyboard on the face side that enable client to register, select purchase, confirm inventory and quit, having network interface on the back side that connects with in-house network of supplier and surveys data via companyi»s in-house network and public network. When client at user side purchases from vending machine of office appliance, registration information is transferred to suppliersi» background system through network to be acknowledged. According to information provided by client, supplier sets correlative user file and limit control, encoding and testing, connects with user terminal vending machine, dispatches and stocks goods according to inventory level that is appointed with client beforehand.


Gleason, Mona. 2013. Small Matters: Canadian Children in Sickness and Health. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Hunleth, Jean. 2017. Children as Caregivers: The Global Fight Against Tuberculosis and HIV in Zambia. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Mintz, Steven. 2004. Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Morton, Helen. 1996. Becoming Tongan: An Ethnography of Childhood. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.


Fe3O4 magnetic nano-particles were prepared by co-precipitation method and then the above particel was used as seeding materials for the reduction of gold precursors to produce gold-coated Fe3O4 nano-particles(Fe3O4@Au).The synthesized nano-particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS),fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectrum and X-ray diffraction.The Fe3O4@Au nano-particles have a particle size of(15±5) nm and can be quickly separated in solution by an external magnet.The Fe3O4@Au particle has the better magnetism when the mole ratio of Fe3O4 and Au is 5 ∶ 1.


A time dependent thermal model for a superconducting constriction based weak-link (WL) is discussed for investigating the deterministic dynamics of its temperature and phase. A new dynamic regime is found where a non-zero voltage exists across the WL and its temperature stabilizes between the bath temperature and superconductor's critical temperature. This regime exists over a limited bias current range and gives rise to a new hysteretic regime in current-voltage characteristics. We also discuss the effect of fluctuations on the current-voltage characteristics and experimental implications of this dynamic regime.


This paper makes an analysis of the present situation and existing problems in the construction of cultural environment of university library,expounds the necessity of the construction of characteristic cultural environment,and advances some concrete measures and rational suggestions to the construction.


Aims Our objective was to investigate the physiological response of tea Chrysanthemum cultivars to salt stress in order to select salt-tolerant cultivars for use in saline soil. Methods Stress physiological, biochemical and photosynthetic physiological parameters were measured for four tea Chrysanthemum cultivars, which were irrigated with nutrient solution adding different concentrations of NaCl (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mmol·L -1 ) as treatment and without addition of NaCl as control. Important findings Following the increase with the degree of NaCl stress, data of relative membrane permeabil- ity (Cond), malonic aldehyde (MDA), proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS) content were increased in leaves of different genotypes of tea Chrysanthemum, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was initially increased and then decreased. Leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content of the 'Fanbailu' and 'Yurenmian' cultivars were initially in- creased then decreased, but continued to decline in the 'Ruhe' and 'Huangchulong' cultivars. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were significantly reduced, but the stomatal limita- tion value was first increased and then decreased following the increase of salt concentrations. Values of subordi- nate function were used to evaluate the salt tolerance among different tea Chrysanthemum cultivars. The salinity tolerance for those cultivars was 'Ruhe' > 'Yurenmian' > 'Fanbailu' > 'Huangchulong'. Under NaCl stress, pa- rameters for Chl, Pn, Tr and Gs were decreased less in 'Yurenmian' and 'Ruhe' than in the other two cultivars while parameters for MDA content and stomatal limitation value were increased less in 'Yurenmian' and 'Ruhe' than in the other two cultivars.