The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are bound to be judged historically as being under a spell, during which modern atheism, rooted in a radical stream of the Enlightenment, mounted a savage assault on the belief in God in general and on the Christian faith in particular. Irrespective of its sometimes strong humanitarian concern, this woeful spell caused pervasive and excruciating calamities in the twentieth century in the extreme form of totalitarianism. Whether this telling movement is now really on the wane, or even put to rout by the resurgence of religion at the end of the last century, remains open to dispute. It is, however, by and large fair to deem Friedrich Nietzsche as a prophet of


The computer-assisted instruction(CAI) courseware for reproduction physiology is the project to invite tenders by Ministry of Public Health and has been published by the People Public Health Publishing Company.The paper introduces some items such as teaching design,system design,data preparing,courseware evaluating and modifying et al,then discusses a few announcements and techniques involved in developing multimedia courseware with Authorware according to the feature of medical courseware to have made.


It is well known that digital allpass filters can be efficiently realised by using lossless structures which possess low sensitivity, low roundoff noise and are free from limit cycles on implementation with finite word-length registers. It is established that every rational transfer function of a stable IIR filter can be expressed as a linear combination of a set of stable first-order allpass transfer functions. This leads to two types of implementation for every stable IIR digital filter in the form of a parallel or cascade connection of first-order allpass sections.


A revolution in computer interface design is changing the way we think about computers. Rather than typing on a keyboard and watching a television monitor, Augmented Reality lets people use familiar, everyday objects in ordinary ways. The difference is that these objects also provide a link into a computer network. Doctors can examine patients while viewing superimposed medical images; children can program their own LEGO constructions; construction engineers can use ordinary paper engineering drawings to communicate with distant colleagues. Rather than immersing people in an artificially-created virtual world, the goal is to augment objects in the physical world by enhancing them with a wealth of digital information and communication capabilities.


To figure out the influence of isotope effect on product polarizations of the N(2D)+D2 reactive system and its isotope variants, quasi-classical trajectory(QCT) calculation was performed on Ho's potential energy surface(PES) of 2A" state. Product polarizations such as product distributions of P(θr), P(φr) and P(θr,φr), as well as the generalized polarization-dependent differential cross sections(PDDCSs) were discussed and compared in detail among the four product channels of the title reactions. Both the intermolecular and intramolecular isotope effects were proved to be influential on product polarizations.


PurposeThis article considers a reliability model where the failure is due to cumulative damage exceeding a threshold level. The concept that the threshold level of cumulative damage at each arrival of shock can change based on whether the magnitude of each shock exceeds its defined threshold level is considered to compute the system reliability.Design/methodology/approachThe stochastic process approach is used to obtain the cumulative damage based on Poisson arrival of shocks. The general expression for reliability is obtained using the conditional probability over each arrival of shock. The method of maximum likelihood estimation is used to obtain the estimators of the parameters and system reliability. A sensitivity analysis is performed to measure the effect of the parameter representing the rate of arrival of shock.FindingsThe maximum likelihood estimates of the reliability approach the actual reliability for increasing sample size. A sensitivity analysis study on the parameter representing the rate of arrival of shock shows that as the values of parameter increase (decrease), the reliability value decreases (increases).Originality/valueObtained a new expression for the cumulative damage–shock model and the findings are positively supported by presenting the general trend of estimated values of reliability approaching the actual value of reliability. The sensitivity analysis also genuinely supports our findings.


Objective To investigate MR imaging features of large endolymphatic duct and sac syndrome for improving understanding of the disease. Methods MRI imaging findings such as morphology and signal of large endolymphatic duct and sac syndrome (n=13 cases, 26 ears) were analyzed retrospectively. All of 13 cases underwent routine MRI scanning and 3D-CISS or 3D-SPACE sequence MIP three-dimensional reconstruction. Results Large endolymphatic duct and sac syndrome manifested as dilation of endolymphatic duct and sac in different degrees, and its beak-shaped proximal end was connected with the vestibule. In the MR axial cross-section images, the dilated endolymphatic duct and sac displayed a typical "spoon-shaped"(n=21 ears), or"cakeshaped"(n=5 ears). In the MIP 3-D reconstruction images, all of them showed a typical " leaf-shaped " in themself coronal. The signal intensity of the dilated endolymphatic duct and sac were low on T1WI and high on T2WI, but non-homogeneous decreased signal intensity were found on T2WI in the dilated endolymphatic sac. Conclusion MRI has a higher sensitivity and specificity in large endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac syndrome, and plays an important role in making diagnosis for it.


The ecology of the hardwood forest herb Uvularia perfoliata L. (Liliaceae) was studied. Most phenological phases in the species life history were completed or initiated during 3 weeks in March and April, before closure of the forest canopy. Populations examined consisted of seeds, seedlings, strictly vegetative plants, vegetative plants which reproduced asexually, and sexually reproductive plants which also reproduced asexually. In terms of population dynamics, asexual reproduction was more important than sexual reproduction. During one growing season, population density increased asexually by 95%, which was 18.6 times the increase due to sexual reproduction. Seventy-five per cent of all plants were within three size classes and 67% of those reproduced asexually. Cross-pollination was the dominant type of breeding system and a staphylinid beetle was the pollinator. Ants dispersed the propagules. Transplant experiments were performed to determine if the reproductive mechanisms were changed by environmental conditions. There were significant alterations of population dynamics correlated with microenvironmental conditions created by the experimental canopy treatments. At the field-transplant site, where the most severe microenvironmental conditions were measured, transplants were unable to reproduce sexually and asexual reproduction was reduced to a very low level. At the pine site, both mechanisms were significantly altered, but the transplants were able to successfully complete both phases of reproduction at levels significantly below those of plants in the natural populations. At the hardwood control site, there were no changes of either reproductive mechanism. INTRODUCTION Plant species with restricted distributions have been used as indicators of specific conditions, because (1) they are adapted to particular environments and (2) changes in those conditions cause either elimination of the species or life history adiustments which ~i~qificantly alter the species population dynamics (Becking, 1968; Braun-Blanquet, 1965; Sampson, 1939). As indicator plants, many species of liliaceous spring-flowering perennials are restricted to climax staqes of deciduous forests in eastern North America. Various aspects of the ecologv of s~ecies within that group have been examined (Bazzaz and Bliss, 1971 ; Biarkman and Holmgren, 1963; Caldwell, 1969; Cantlon. 1953 ; Castelli, 1970; Cooper, 1961; Curtis, 1959; Daxer, 1934; Holmgren, 1968 : Kawano et al., 1968; Lieth and Ashton, 1961 ; Rabotnov. 1969; Rackham, 1966: Randall, 1952 and 1953: Sparling, 1967; Struik, 1965: Struik and Curtis, 1962: Whitford. 19491, but there is still little information concerning the relationship between life history and pop1 Present address: Department of Biology, Rider College, Trenton, N.J.


Food sciences-based technical graduates are a significant proportion of the food and drink industry's intake. Unlike many other graduate career pathways in the UK, aside from technical standards, there is no cohesive food science competency framework to support the key stakeholders of employers, students and degree providers. Clarity of desirable competencies for the range of graduate opportunities available, would enable students to undertake effective career planning and personal development, and educators to refine programmes to satisfy market needs.
This study aimed to develop a competency framework using a mixed methods approach. By engagement of a stakeholder group, an initial language tool was developed by a series of semi-structured interviews, followed by thematic analysis and group consolidation using a modified-Delphi approach. Steps to increase confidence in validity included student group interviews at three universities. After identification of typical graduate roles, the new language tool was incorporated into an industry-wide online survey (UK and Republic of Ireland), evaluated by descriptive analysis and principal component analysis. The tailored competency framework, Competencies for Food Graduate Careers (CFGC), is a set of 48 elements outlining which are desirable for each of 14 typical graduate roles.
Following development of appropriate methodology, CFGC was mapped against food sciences curricula at University of Nottingham (UoN) to evaluate appropriate levels of inclusion of each element in degree programmes. Initial integration of CFGC for careers education of UoN undergraduate students has been successful. Online resources have been developed to complement direct use at UoN, and support wider access to CFGC.
To increase the quantity of 'oven-ready' graduates entering the food industry, it is recommended CFGC be used for careers education and competency development by other degree providers. It can also underpin national initiatives already begun to encourage young people to enter the food industry as career.


City areas who had taken the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) preparatory course, have reported that practice questions given in the course appeared in part or verbatim on the July 29 and October 21 LSAT exams. The students had all attended the Stanley H. Kaplan Educational Center Ltd. LSAT preparation course; an independent educational service headquar-tered in Brooklyn, New York, with nine other centers across the country. The LSAT exam was explained by Anthony Glocklar, LSAT program director, as being designed "to test the skills and abilities required of a good law student." The test is administered by the Educational Testing Service, which disavows any connection with courses or books designed to improve test scores. Students who took the July 29 and October 21 exams reported that reading passages, graphs and parts of the Cases and Principles section of the LSAT were distributed in class in the Kaplan course. People who took the course were reported by one student as "laughing through the test." having been familiar with "50% of the material." Other students previously enrolled in the course could not attest to the 50% figure, but contended that there was some duplication. Students who took the course are being asked to sign affidavits about the similarities between questions on the actual test, and on practice tests given in class. If sufficient evidence can be obtained, the ETS would be able to obtain a temporary injunction against Kaplan and therefore be allowed to use discovery proceedings to subpoena Kaplan's course materials and make an informed decision as to whether test materials have been duplicated. One affidavit states a conversation was overheard before the July 20 LSAT between a student enrolled in the Kaplan course and an instructor at the Center, during which the instructor "in-formed him (the student) thai if he could remember any questions on the LSAT and reporl back lo Kaplan, he would be reimbursed." The affadavil continues thai the student said, "I think he mentioned $5." Another affidavit reuttests to the similarities between the course material and the test, and their effect on the student's success with the lest. The stu-dent's affidavit stales,"Seeing the Iwo paragraphs before. .. made il a whole lot easier. The graph was the hardest one on the lest, seeing il before really helped." Students have reported that the sections of the LSAT they found duplicated in the Kaplan course were distributed only …


Hemangiosarcomas are rare malignancies derived from blood vessel endothelium. In most cases, the origin of the tumor is difficult to be accurately determined due to poor cell differentiation. As far as skin is concerned, there are three clinical forms of the neoplasm: 1. Idiopathic hemangiosarcoma – most commonly located on the facial skin or scalp. 2. Hemangiosarcoma presented with limb edema in patients after mastectomy – referred to as Stewart-Treves syndrome. 3. Radiation induced angiosarcoma (arising in previously irradiated skin areas). Angiosarcomas of deep soft and breast tissue in women were also reported. Recently an epithelioid angiosarco-ma has been described as a rare aggressive variant [1–4]. Neoplasms, due to their clinical picture, are usually diagnosed late. Initially, the lesions appear as purple or red slow-growing patches. Nodules, which can undergo ulceration, appear over time. Histopathological examination may reveal cell areas with polymorphic cells, numerous mitoses and irregular vascular channels. Some tumor cells have cytoplasmic vacuoles which correspond to the forming vessels. On the periphery, there are vascular channels with few atypi-cal endothelial cells. On dermoscopy, angiosarcoma is characterized by a combination of typical colors in vascular lesions – red, purple and blue. At the nodular part of the tumor, white lines can be detected. Radiation-induced angiosarcoma exhibits a more homogeneous pinkish-white pattern [5, 6]. Benign vascular lesions like rosacea, bruising, tumid lupus erythematosus or infections such as erysipelas and cellulitis are most often considered in differential diagnosis [7, 8]. The present case relates to a female patient with extensive angiosarcoma in the atypical location of the lower abdomen, which was treated locally over a long period of time, and dealt with as an erythematous spot of unknown etiology. The patient's history revealed brachy-therapy due to endometrial cancer. A 77-year-old patient exhibited her first skin lesions 5 months earlier; these suggested erythematous spots and were accompanied by severe itching. They were localized on the abdominal skin and were characterized by rapid growth. After 2 months, the lesions, bluish-violet at that time, progressed rapidly, and additional nodules and infiltrates appeared simultaneously. The patient history revealed brachytherapy due to endometrial cancer in 2002. The patient underwent a histopathological examination in an outpatient clinic in 2014 which revealed that the skin had numerous smaller blood vessels below the epidermis and within the dermis. The endothelium showed features of stimulation. At the time of admission to the Department of Dermatology at Medical University of Silesia, …


monarchist was defeated by the "abbé démocrate" Hippolyte Gayraud, whose candidacy was pushed by the Vatican and openly supported by the local clergy. Dumont's analysis of this election in Brittany illuminates the complexity of the "ralliement," for although Gayraud was clearly a "rallié," his support from the clergy, who threatened to withhold the sacraments from those who would not vote for the "candidate of the Pope" (p. 373), raised the issue of clerical interference in politics and thus contributed to the resurgence of anticlericalism that marked the closing years of the century. Dumont notes as well the importance of the Dreyfus affair, in which La Croix and many French Catholics aligned themselves with the antisemitic movement, as another source of the republican resistance to the "ralliement." But Dumont's explanation for its failure focuses much more on internal Catholic conflicts than on republican hesitancy.


Ramsey et al. [Nature Phys. 4, 277-281 (2008)] report the observation of quantum interference associated with tunnelling trajectories between states of different total spin length in a dimeric molecular nanomagnet. They argue that the interference is a consequence of the unique characteristics of a molecular Mn12 wheel, which behaves as a molecular dimer with weak ferromagnetic exchange coupling.
We show here that the data published by Ramsey et al. are not consistent and unfortunately mostly wrong. We show further that the Landau-Zener (LZ) formula, which links the tunnel probability with the tunnel splitting, can only be applied in a well-defined experimental region, which lays outside the region accessed by Ramsey and colleagues. Only a lower-limit estimate of the tunnel splitting can be obtained, showing that the observed transition cannot be explained with the dimer model. We also present other shortcomings of the paper questioning the dimer model, and that the alignment of the magnetic field is crucial for observing quantum interference.


The deprivation and denial of the life and liberty of humans are very common in spite of the enforcement system of human rights, subject to exceptions. The State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) are for the better protection of human rights but the term 'may' have been used by the competent central legislature of India which has the connotation that to constitute the SHRC is at the discretion of the State governments but discretion cannot be arbitrary and against the Indian Constitution. Some state governments of India still did not constitute the SHRC so far now in these circumstances how the better protection of human rights shall be possible? In the States where SHRCs has been constituted but due to the shortage of staff members or manpower to perform the functions as conferred on the SHRCs, now how the human rights shall be protected of people? In addition to the aforesaid, large pendency of cases also is existent. Whether the Legal Legislative Mandate of the Parliament by way of the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 (TPHRA) with the intention and objectives of this statue is being complied with or not by the state governments? Keeping in the special views as aforesaid, this research has been conducted which covers the existing State Human Rights Commissions (S.H.R.C.s), functions, power, procedure, the compositions, vacant posts, pendency, disposals, recommendations, registered cases on Suo-motu about the complaints in the furtherance of rule of law and in the adherence of Rule of Law in a democratic society.


the foundations of the discipline. More and more of the recent criticisms are coming, however, from individuals well known and widely respected within the mainstream of the discipline (e.g., from individuals such as Albert Hirschman, Daniel Suits, Lester Thurow, Melvin Ulmer, and many others). These critics are challenging more successfully than their predecessors at least some of the principal legs on which the foundation of economics science rests. The Joint Council on Economic Education (JCEE), an organization dedicated to imparting economic knowledge favored by most economists, has watched the debate with increasing interest. This is so because all teaching materials produced by the JCEE, all training it provides to teachers, and all curricular activities it conducts with schools reflect the consensus of main


THE 5236 journals now heing regularly abstracted by Chemical Abstracts come from 87 different countries. They are printed in 31 languages. Of these, 64.6% are published in the first seven countries on the list below. The 20 countries from which one or more per cent of the periodicals emanate furnish 86.6% of the publications. That the English language is now strongly predominant in scientific publication is clear from the fact that 44.8% of the periodicals abstracted come from English–speaking countries. A good many papers are published in the English language in journals appearing in other countries, as Japan and Sweden. There are a few international journals published largely or entirely in English. Here is a chart which lists those countries from each of which at least 0.4% of the periodicals come. As will be noted from the table, members of the British Commonwealth are listed separately. The percentage output for tbe whole Commonwealth ...


For Acehnese, having children is a dream of every family. Therefore, if a couple who has been married for more than two years has not had children, conflicts often occur in the family. Generally, wives are blamed as the main cause of having no children even though that is not necessarily true. Moreover, in Aceh, husbands are often embarrassed to see a doctor since they have fear of knowing the real cause of having no children. This condition has turned out to be a parameter of a person's success in a marriage and even causes conflicts that might result in a divorce. This study aimed to examine various factors that affect the subjective well-being of a married couple adopting a child in Darul Imarah Sub-district of Aceh Besar Regency. A qualitative design was employed in this research. The respondents were a married couple and an informant as a source of triangulation of information. Those respondents were chosen by using a purposive sampling technique. The research data were collected in July 2021 through interviews and observations, and the data analysis was carried out using data reduction, data display, and verification. The results showed that the couple has adopted a child, and they have been happy. They have always understood each other's strengths and weaknesses, actively communicated, supported each other, and made decisions according to mutual needs, so their subjective wellbeing has been stable. Two factors affecting the subjective well-being in this couple were internal factors including their optimism, self-esteem, and religious values, and external factors including wife's health regarding having undergone cyst surgery, the wife's age of 40, and support from a big family.


A resolver of a variable reluctance type includes a resolver stator portion of a substantially annular shape centered about a central axis, and a resolver rotor portion which is attached to a shaft of a motor rotor portion arranged inwardly of the resolver stator portion. The resolver is operable to increase accuracy for detecting a rotational angle when a size of gap g between a rotor core and a resolver stator portion at a predetermined point at an outer circumferential edge of the rotor core is set by using a maximum value for the gap g (gmax), a minimum value for the gap g (gmin), angle theta defined by a predetermined point and a reference point, axial double angle n, and the coefficient.


Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of etoricoxib tablets and mecobalamin injection in treatment of patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc.Methods One hundred and forty six patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc were divided into two groups: 76 patients in control group were treated with ibuprofen sustained-release capsules and 70 patients in observation group were treated with the combination of etoricoxib tablets and mecobalamin injection.The clinical effect of these two groups was compared.Results After treatment,the improvement of VAS and ODI scores in observation group was significantly better than those of control group(P0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in these two groups was similar,and their difference was not statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion The combination of etoricoxib tablets and mecobalamin injection in treatment of patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc has very significant effect,and it is worthy for promotion.


Abstract We present evidence that international trade may exacerbate the initial unequal distribution of hydric resources. This result is driven by the fact that countries exporting agricultural goods are relatively abundant (with respect to capital) in the combined availability of water and arable land but, in absolute terms, scarce in capital and not richer in water in comparison to more developed ones. Due to both the scarcity of capital and the lower relative price of natural resources with respect to capital, the total value of production in these developing countries is modest, implying that international trade can lead to a less even distribution of the water content of consumption. Policies sustaining water prices and, more generally, those of natural resources (or lower capital costs) may contribute to offsetting this effect and allow for trade to play a positive role in reducing the uneven distribution of water endowments.


Economically and physically, the countries most immediately vulnerable to the impacts of global warming are small island developing states (sids). sids are already beginning to feel the effects of global warming on their economies, their cultures, and their ecological systems,and should serve as a harbinger for the rest of the global community. For while geography dictates that sids will be the first to confront the tangible effects of climate change, it is soon to be a universal problem. Shared vulnerability was a strong factor in establishing the Alliance of Small Island States (aosis) in 1990. Since that time, aosis has been a very active participant in the climate change negotiations – advocating stronger commitment from industrialised countries and intensified involvement of developing countries. The authors contend that the Kyoto Protocol is a significant improvement over the Convention on Climate Change, in that it contains quantifiable goals and commitments. However, the guidelines that it establishes are regarded as not nearly so stringent as aosis had deemed scientifically necessary or politically feasible. In addition, the Protocol still contains serious loopholes and ambiguities that have the potential to interfere with its effectiveness. It is imperative that steps be taken not only to strengthen and tighten the language of the Protocol, but to further enable the participation of non-Annex I countries. This paper closely examines the strengths and weaknesses of the Protocol, examining articles that pertain to compliance, co-operation, and flexibility. Particular attention is paid to Articles 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 17.


Abstract : The arrival of the JAVELIN fire-and-forget antitank missile can allow the combat units of the United States Army to maximize the effect of direct fires in tactical depth on the battlefield by employing skirmishers. Throughout history, successful armies have adopted forward-deployed missile systems as skirmishers to effectively harass, delay, and disrupt enemy formations. Cyclic trends in tactics and technology have caused us to replace skirmishers in current doctrine with indirect artillery, but with the advent of smart missiles for ground combat we should reinstate the skirmishers to their historically proper place on the battlefield.


Islamic banking is a financial institution that has a very important role in advancing the Indonesian economy as well as responding to the community's need to use a banking system based on sharia principles. However, sometimes there are many perceptions that Islamic banking is the same as conventional banking. Islamic banking has fundamental differences with conventional banking, namely regarding legal aspects, organizational structure, financed business activities and work environment. Sharia banking operations are based on sharia principles, namely the principle of profit sharing, the principle of buying and selling and leasing by running a business through mudharabah, musyarokah, murabbahah and ijaroh contracts. While conventional banking provides services in payment traffic with the principle of setting interest for both deposit and loan products (credit) and applying various fees in the form of nominal and certain percentages.


This work proposes a soft computing based artificial intelligent technique Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS), to predict the weld metal deposition in the Metal Active Gas (MAG) welding process for a given set of welding parameters using hybrid learning algorithm to have a correct amount of weld metal deposition to meet the correct welding requirement. Total 81 nos. of experiments are designed according to full factorial design of experiments with varied input parameters and its results are used to develop an ANFIS model. Multiple sets of data from experiments are utilized to train, check and validate the intelligent network, which is used to predict the amount of weld metal deposition. The proposed ANFIS, developed using MATLAB functions, is flexible, and it scopes for a better online monitoring system to achieve better welding requirement.


The vision of Yeates Conwell, M.D., dovetails with the movement toward "integrated care," merging primary and mental health care with social services to improve service coordination and lower costs.


With the development of China's economy,master-of-law programs in Chinese law offered to foreign students have great potential for development despite certain difficulties.Law schools in the U.S.have a long history of running similar programs.Based on a comparative study of such programs in America and China,it is found that improvements should be made in our curriculum,contents of instruction and teaching methods so that a correct direction of program development will be established that will meet the needs of the country and schools as well as students.


The paper deals with the advances in research on resistance to disease of ecotomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza with the emphasis of the following aspects: the mycorrhizal fungi competing for the spare of living with pathogenic bacteria, the hyphal hyperparasitism of the fungi to pathogenic bacteria, producing secondary substance to resist to pathogenic germ and fungi, stimulating all kinds of plant hormone and changing the surroundings close to the root.


This study attempts to develop and discuss the applicability of a method for using river plant assemblages as indicators of ecological quality in a southern Iberian basin, located in Portugal. Several relevant aspects contribute to make this purpose scientifically challenging. Two thirds of the basin are located in Spanish territory, a large part of the river system is intermittent, the historical reference data on river plants in the basin are non-existent and the distribution patterns of Iberian river plants are scarcely known. A survey of 40 sites was conducted in late spring 1999, covering all the basin. Vegetation data were treated by hierarchical classification and by canonical correspondence analysis, using both environmental (19) and anthropogenic (9) variables. Three plant ecotypes were identified, having different geological and geographical backgrounds. For the selection of reference sites of each ecotype, the environmental variables significantly explaining within-ecotype species distribution were determined by a forward selection procedure and latterly used as co-variables. A partial canonical correspondence analysis was then performed for each ecotype, using a unique variable for the anthropogenic influence, henceforth, leading to a sequence of less human disturbed sites being opposed to the more disturbed ones along the first canonical axis. A cluster analysis for the group of sites of each ecotype contributed to the final distinction of the reference sites, still presenting some intrinsic natural floral variability. The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity within the group of sites from each ecotype ranged between a natural similarity variation and a maximum dissimilarity (a community within the same ecotype but with a plant composition completely different from the floral reference). This range was partitioned into four classes of floristic quality corresponding to an increasing deviation from the pro-natural floristic state. The use of river plants as indicators of river integrity and the method used are discussed, considering the particular features of the river system studied and its plant assemblages.


Background:
 Aggressive lymphoma arising in the setting of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), known as Richter's syndrome (RS), is associated with poor outcomes with standard of care therapies. There is limited capacity for PET-CT to distinguish patients (pts) who develop RS after ibrutinib (Mato Haematologica 2019). Data on outcomes of pts with RS having previously received ibrutinib is limited. Here we sought to determine if clinical characteristics associated with iwCLL criteria for progression (Hallek Blood 2018) predict the risk of RS and overall survival (OS) in pts treated with ibrutinib.
 Methods:
 We conducted a retrospective analysis of pts with CLL treated with ibrutinib from 2010-2019 at The Ohio State University. We identified pts that progressed after ibrutinib and classified the progression by 2018 iwCLL criteria. We then identified who developed RS on or after progression. Risk of developing RS was assessed through Fine and Gray model treating death as the competing risk. OS was measured from time of progression and estimated using Cox model.
 Results:
 We analyzed 559 pts who had received ibrutinib for CLL, and identified 179 pts who progressed per iwCLL criteria. 94% of the pts who progressed were relapsed/refractory prior to ibrutinib. 116 pts progressed on ibrutinib, and the median time to progression from ibrutinib start was 40.8 months (mos) (range: 0.2-103.9). 63 pts progressed after stopping ibrutinib due to an adverse event or development of a resistance mutation, and the median time to progression from ibrutinib start for these pts was 28.5 mos (range: 0.7-92.9).
 Of the 179 pts who progressed, 54 developed RS. Of these 54 pts; 83% had enlarging lymphadenopathy, 9% had an enlarging liver or spleen, 17% had constitutional symptoms, 31% had increasing lymphocytosis, 15%, 15%, and 2% had worsening thrombocytopenia, anemia, or neutropenia respectively. No pts had worsening of CLL in the bone marrow (BM) and 2% had new appearance of other organ involvement. As lymphadenopathy and lymphocytosis were the most common clinical features identified we analyzed them jointly; 61% had lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis, 9% had lymphocytosis without lymphadenopathy, 22% had both, and 7% had neither.
 Among pts with RS, median time from progression to RS was 0.4 mos (range: 0-49.3). Nine pts had biopsy confirmed RS on the date of progression. Median time from ibrutinib start to RS was 27.8 mos (range: 0.7-92.9). We performed a univariable analysis to determine whether clinical signs of relapse were associated with subsequent risk of RS, and found that presence of lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis at progression was significantly associated with risk of RS (HR 3.58, 95% CI 1.44-8.88, p=0.006) (Table 1, Figure 1A).
 To determine if there was an association between clinical features of progression and OS we evaluated all 179 pts that progressed; 72% had enlarging lymphadenopathy, 10% had an enlarging liver or spleen, 15% had constitutional symptoms, 46% had increasing lymphocytosis, 15%, 17%, and 2% had worsening thrombocytopenia, anemia, or neutropenia respectively, only 2% had worsening of CLL in the BM, and 1% had new appearance of other organ involvement. When analyzed jointly; 45% had lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis, 20% had lymphocytosis without lymphadenopathy, 26% had both, and 9% had neither.
 Median OS from progression was 24.4 mos (95% CI: 18.6-45.5), while median OS from RS diagnosis was 4.0 mos (95% CI: 2.1-7.1). Median OS from progression was 15.2 mos (95% CI: 7.8-24.6), and 49.9 mos (95% CI: 20.0-NR) for the lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis and the lymphocytosis without lymphadenopathy groups respectively (Figure 1B). On univariable analysis lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis was associated with a shorter OS (Table 1). These findings were maintained on multivariable analysis, with lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis remaining an independent predictor of OS (HR 2.12, CI 1.17-3.87, p=0.01).
 Conclusions:
 Here we show that pts who have received prior ibrutinib for CLL who progress with lymphadenopathy have a higher likelihood of having RS than those pts who progress without lymphadenopathy. Furthermore, pts who progressed with lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis have a shorter OS. Our data suggests that consideration should be given to perform a biopsy to rule out RS in any pts progressing with lymphadenopathy after receiving ibrutinib therapy for CLL.
 Figure 1 Figure 1.

 Kittai: Abbvie: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Bristol-Meyers Squibb: Consultancy. Bhat: Beigene: Consultancy; Onclive: Honoraria; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Aptitude Health: Honoraria. Bond: Kite/Gilead: Honoraria. Byrd: Pharmacyclics LLC: Research Funding; Acerta Pharma: Research Funding; Genentech, Inc.: Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Research Funding. Rogers: Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Woyach: AbbVie Inc, ArQule Inc, Janssen Biotech Inc, AstraZeneca, Beigene: Other: Advisory Committee; AbbVie Inc, ArQule Inc, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Janssen Biotech Inc, Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company,: Consultancy; Gilead Sciences Inc: Other: Data & Safety; AbbVie Inc, Loxo Oncology Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Company: Research Funding.


As one of the most important analysis techniques for non‐destructive imaging, X‐ray tomography has been widely used in materials science, medical science, and industry to evaluate the behavior of porous materials. By using this method, a three dimensional volume can be inspected in order to visualize in situ the progress of damage in materials and this can be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In the present study, we have used X‐ray tomography to investigate the fracture behavior of an ERG open cell aluminum foam. The process of damage development of a sample undergoing tension and the relation between the inter‐metallics and the cracks can be observed totally by the X‐ray tomography set‐up. Local tomography has in particular been used to image the microstructure at high resolution. A finite element model has also been developed in order to simulate this process of the damage using the 3D data obtained by the tomography.


An approach of optical target recognition via compressive sensing theory is proposed, its feature expressed on the usually suitability and robust on noise, it made a breakthrough on the complex operation which is used in the common recognition algorithm when the characteristic is extracted, it can classify the target accurately when plenty of information is consisted in the observing data and the test sample can be sparse expressed. and the disturbance error caused by noise could be even eliminated under the recognition structure expressed by sparse, the process of the simulation testify the validity of the proposed method.


This paper presents a dynamical model of a fluid-conveying pipe spinning about an eccentric axis. The coupled bi-flexural–torsional free vibration and stability are analyzed for such a doubly gyroscopic system. The partial differential equations of motions are derived by the extended Hamilton principle, and are then truncated by a 4-term Galerkin technique. The frequency and energy evolutions and representative mode shapes in the two transverse directions and torsional direction are investigated to unveil the essential dynamical attributes of the system. It is indicated that the stability of the present system mainly depends on spinning speed, flow velocity and eccentricity, while the torsional frequencies are almost immune to the flow velocity. The pipe reveals 'traveling-wave' modal vibrations in both transverse directions, and a general 'standing-wave' modal vibration in the torsional direction.


Sharing thoughts and information through internet has become crucial these days. An online writing enables the users to communicate with other people in a fast and convenient way. Considering this, the online writing application must be able to share the content or any other useful text in a faster way with minimum delay or with no delay. Firebase is one of the platform that provides a real-time database and cloud services which allows the developer to create these applications with ease. Instant writing can be considered as a platform to maintain communication. Android offers a better platform to develop various applications for instant writing compared to other platforms such as iOS. The main objective of this paper is to present a software application where people across the globe with similar interests can connect with each other and share their thoughts, insight, and emotions. The application developed will enable the writers to share their amazing content with the readers and also with the fellow writers. This application will be based on Android with the backend provided by Google Firebase.


Waxy rice cake, a popular New Year food in Japan, is occasionally adulterated with waxy maize starch. The stable carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) of 132 samples of 71 waxy rice cultivars grown in Japan and 54 samples of maize starch have been determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The 13C/12C values of fully-milled waxy rice and maize starch ranged from -24.4 to -27.3 parts per thousand (per mil) and from -9.6 to -11.1 per mil, respectively. Rice cakes with δ13C values higher than -24.2 per mil, 3 standard deviations from the mean of fully-milled rice, should be considered adulterated.


Based on the traditional highway project economic appraisal,with increasing classification of project information,the dimension of highway project economic appraisal expands to three.From bounded rationality theory perspective,this article establishes multiple-dimension economic appraisal model of highway investment project,which means to make meaningful explorations and improvements for the traditional highway project economic appraisal methods.


Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is caused by the uncontrolled growth of calcitonin secreting parafollicular cells accounting for 5% of all thyroid cancers. Vandetanib is the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that is indicated for locally advanced or metastatic MTC demonstrating clinical benefit in different trials for those patients with limited treatment options.
Next, we introduce two cases undergoing MTC in which the treatment with vandetanib has achieved stabilization of the disease in one and a partial remission of the cancer in another, both with manageable adverse reactions.
Conclusion: Vandetanib would be an effective therapeutic option in patients with advanced or metastatic MTC without the possibility of other treatment alternatives


Abstract Mary Garber began covering sports in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in 1944. Garber's work as one of the first female sports journalists in the nation has been well documented. Another important part of Garber's legacy, however, has been largely ignored by journalism historians. Garber was the first white reporter in North Carolina to cover black high school and college sports in a meaningful way. Garber's work brought the news about black athletes from the segregation of the Negro News page to the equality of the Sports Section. It also changed the way stories about black athletes were written. This study takes an in-depth look at who Garber was, why she did what she did, and how she overcame several obstacles to desegregate the sports pages. It also examines newspaper coverage to gauge how her work impacted her newspaper, as well as others in North Carolina. The data show that her influence was vast and is still being felt.


We explore a variety of design criteria applicable to the creation of collaborative interfaces for musical experience. The main factor common to the design of most collaborative interfaces for novices is that musical control is highly restricted, which makes it possible to easily learn and participate in the collective experience. Balancing this trade off is a key concern for designers, as this happens at the expense of providing an upward path to virtuosity with the interface. We attempt to identify design considerations exemplified by a sampling of recent collaborative devices primarily oriented toward novice interplay. It is our intention to provide a non-technical overview of design issues inherent in configuring multiplayer experiences, particularly for entry-level players.


We read with interest the study by Lehtola et al. 1 Anticoagulation (AC) in atrial fi brillation (AF) reduces the risk of ischemic stroke, but at the cost of increasing the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. We feel that the burden of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) might provide additional information as to the true risk of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in the study population. CMBs are a logical marker for ICH risk in patients with AF. An adjusted pooled analysis performed by the META-MICROBLEEDS study group showed that CMBs conferred a 3-fold increase in the risk of ICH in patients with AF. 2 Moreover, it has also been suggested that warfarin is independently associated with the development of new CMBs. 3 Because males and the elderly population have a higher prevalence of CMBs, it is hard to ignore the higher mean age (78 years) and the higher proportion of men (58%) in this study 1 suggesting a possible " triple " interaction among AF, CMB, and warfarin increasing the overall risk of ICH. Systematic studies in identifying patients at high risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the setting of AF and AC might open doors for physicians to preferentially reduce the risk of ischemic stroke by other means.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) systolic strain by four‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (4D‐STE) in order to provide the early detection of myocardial dysfunction in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS).


Objective To describe the clinical features of drug-induced liver disease,in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver disease(DILI).Methods 103 cases with DILI in our hospital in the past ten years were reviewed retrospectively.Results In 103 cases,there were 51 males and 52 females,with a mean age of(51.02±17.84) years.73.8%(76/103) were classified as hepatocellular type.The most common drugs inducing DILI were antitumor agents,antibiotics and Chinese traditional and herbal drugs.Conclusion Many drugs could cause liver injury.The symptoms of DILI are unspecific.Doctors should attach much importance to DILI.


The invention relates to a coffee machine, particularly espresso or coffee pad machine, with a brewing chamber (24), the at least one outlet opening (40), through the coffee into a discharge pot (30) flows, the at least one outlet pipe (32) for removing comprising of coffee. In order to further develop a generic coffee machine such that the prepared coffee flows in the collecting vessel provided by the user, it is proposed that the outlet cup (30) having a bottom with a rib structure. The inventive design an even flow of coffee is achieved. In addition, the pore size of the crema can be influenced by surprise.


People who have a history of a significant allergic reaction to a vaccine, medicine, or food or who have been advised to carry an adrenaline autoinjector should not receive the Pfizer/BioNtech covid-19 vaccine, the UK's medicine regulator has said.

The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is currently investigating two cases of anaphylactoid reactions in NHS staff who received the vaccine on 8 December. Both people—who have recovered—had a history of severe allergic reactions and carried adrenaline auto injectors.1

The MHRA has told people running sites that administer the vaccine to report any suspected adverse reactions through the yellow card scheme website2 and to ensure that they have appropriate resuscitation facilities available.

The mRNA vaccine has so far been approved in Canada and the UK, where people over 80 who are attending hospital …


Oxytocin is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland by oxytocin neurons to trigger uterine contractions during birth. We have recently shown that the oxytocin neuron firing rate increases in response to intracerebroventricular (ICV) kisspeptin only in late‐pregnant rats. Furthermore, the kisspeptin projection from the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PeN) to the perinuclear zone (PNZ) surrounding the supraoptic nucleus (SON) increases in late pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the site and mechanism of central kisspeptin activation of oxytocin neuron activity in late pregnant rats. First, in vivo extracellular single unit recordings were made from SON neurons in urethane‐anaesthetised non‐pregnant and late‐pregnant rats during microdialysis application of kisspeptin (100 μM in the dialysate) into the SON. Intra‐SON kisspeptin consistently increased the firing rate of oxytocin neurons in late‐pregnant rats but not in non‐pregnant rats. Two‐way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between REPRODUCTIVE STATUS and TIME (F(6,88) = 10.31, p < 0.001); post hoc all pairwise Holm‐Sidak tests revealed a significant increase in firing rate in late‐pregnant rats at 30 (p < 0.05), 40, 50 and 60 minutes (all p < 0.001 versus pre‐kisspeptin), and a significantly higher firing rate than in time‐matched recordings from non‐pregnant rats at 50 and 60 minutes (p < 0.05).


Through analysis of full scale settlement observation data of littoral weak clay foundation in four costal areas and based on Terzaghi consolidation theory and the thoughts on multi-factor relationship as well, a prediction model for littoral weak clay foundation settlement based on multi-factor relationship is presented in this paper. The calculated values are compared with the measured values. The results show that the calculated model is correct and practical.


Cleveland Fed President Loretta J. Mester explained how employment, inflation, fiscal stimulus and geopolitical risks factor into her thinking about the economy and appropriate monetary policy in a May 30 interview at the bank with Greg Robb, of MarketWatch.


No matter that the contemporary verdict must be that Vilfredo Pareto's distinctive approach to sociology has proven sterile and that his more seminal contributions to economics and sociology are today only of historical significance, he makes stimulating and provocative reading still. One cannot seriously engage any of Pareto's major works (18961897, 1902-1903, 1906, 1907) without the acknowledgment that one has encountered a rare thinker of keen analytical intellect, impressive classical learning, considerable applied mathematical skill, ascerbic wit, and iconoclastic passion. Now, thanks to the careful editing of Elisabeth Abbott, to Philip E. Allen of the Pareto Fund, and the University of Minnesota Press, English readers have access to the authorized, abridged version of Pareto's sociological magnum opus. The relatively obscure Compendium, apparently never before translated (p. xi), was published in 1920 and intended by Giulio Farina to expose Italian students in related disciplines to the method and substance of sociology "raised . . . to the dignity of science" by the "genius" of Pareto (p. xiv). Farina's efforts resulted in a truly outstanding compilation of nearly all that was of significant methodological and theoretical consequence in something less than a quarter of the length.


The purpose of this dissertation was to explore and develop an understanding of the impact that the Big Society ethos has had on the influence of local communities and to gauge what affect this has had on developer practice and the development process.
The target participants of the research were the local community of Lyvennet, as the study closely analysed the case of the Lyvennet community development project to get a better grasp of the Big Society ethos in action. Questionnaires were given to 33 people within the Lyvennet local community. Other subjects that participated in the research were the Eden Council Leader, a Lyvennet Community Trust member, a pressure group representative and four developers. They were each given interviews comprising of five questions.
Based upon the findings of the research, it is recommended that more of a concerted effort should go into clarifying the objectives of the Big Society, as well as the role of supporting legislation in helping to make the underlying ideals of the ethos a reality. An area for future research could be to explore whether the anticipated changes identified by the study have taken place and what developers have done to adapt in accordance with the changes.


Rockfall analysis traditionally has used conventional stationery tools, that is, pencil and paper, for data collection. Traditional methodologies are being revisited with the advent of personal digital assistants (PDAs) or pen-based computers that enable field data to be collected electronically. The advantages over data collection with pencil and paper include automatic error and data integrity checks during data input and the elimination of manual data entry. PDAs also allow automatic branching to solicit data input on the basis of previous data entered and support for code or scripting, which can be used to create unique files names from the data entered. These advantages are illustrated in an electronic data collection methodology as implemented within a rockfall hazard rating system for the Tennessee Department of Transportation.


This article introduces the Premiere, video clip production purposes, then analyzes the video shooting, collecting methods, video post-production, each link related methods, such as making video clips to make more exciting.


Reinforcement Learning is concerned with developing machine learning approaches to answer the question: "What should I do?" Transfer Learning attempts to use previously trained Reinforcement Learning models to achieve better performance in new domains. There is relatively little work in using expert-advice to achieve better performance in the transfer of reinforcement learning models across domains. There is even less work that concerns the use of expert-advice in transfer deep reinforcement learning. This thesis presents a method that gives experts a route to incorporate their domain knowledge in the transfer learning process in deep reinforcement learning scenarios by presenting them with a decision set that they can edit. The decision set is then included in the learning process in the target domain. This work describes relevant background to both Reinforcement and Transfer Learning, provides the implementation of the proposed method, and suggests its usefulness and limitations by providing a series of applications.


This paper addresses the asymptotic stabilization problem of an unmanned surface vessel. The unmanned vessel under consideration is propelled by a water-jet and not actuated in the sway direction. A backstepping control law is proposed to make the origin of the unmanned vessel asymptotically stable. The construction of the controller is facilitated by the introduction of several nonlinear coordinate changes. A virtual simulation system is designed by using Vega Prime. The effectiveness of the proposed control law is verified by simulation.


Silicone rubber based composite with nano sizestrontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) as inclusion have been fabricated with a view to develop high dielectric loss, flexible and thin single layer microwave absorbers and their reflection loss and microwave characterization were studied in the X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) of microwave frequencies. M-type hexagonal strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) particles have been prepared from nitrate precursors using co-precipitation technique. The nano size of strontium ferrite is confirmed by XRD analysis. The complex Permittivity (εr = εr / − εr // ) and permeability ( r =  r / −  r ) of strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) have been measured for various weight fraction of the composite. Strontium ferrite when impregnated into the rubber matrix imparts the required complex dielectric permittivity and permeability to the composite. Thickness of the absorber is an important criterion influencing the absorber characteristics. Composites samples of 3.5mm and 4mm thickness are found to absorb over the whole X-band frequencies with -10 dB reflection loss. A minimum reflection loss (S11) of -15 dB is observed for the composite with weight fraction 60 wt. % and tanδε = 0.2 (loss tangent,tanδε = εr //


Summary. Separate attitude inventories for fathers and mothers relating to the upbringing of children, were used in a survey concerning 411 primary school boys representative of an urban, working-class area. Analysis of responses produced scales of authoritarianism for both fathers and mothers, and a scale of under-concern for mothers. Scores on these scales were found to be slightly related to bad behaviour in school and later delinquency on the part of the boys. The rate of parental response was rather poor, and it was shown to be significantly related to social handicap and educational and occupational status. Absence of completed inventories was found to be as much related to bad conduct and delinquency as were the attitude scales. The investigation explores the practicability of studying parental attitudes and relating them to objective criteria concerning children.


Abstract Fourth order nonlinear evolution equations, which are a good starting point for the study of nonlinear water waves, are derived for deep water surface capillary gravity waves in the presence of second waves in which air is blowing over water. Here it is assumed that the space variation of the amplitude takes place only in a direction along which the group velocity projection of the two waves overlap. A stability analysis is made for a uniform wave train in the presence of a second wave train. Graphs are plotted for the maximum growth rate of instability wave number at marginal stability and wave number separation of fastest growing sideband component against wave steepness. Significant improvements are noticed from the results obtained from the two coupled third order nonlinear Schrödinger equations.


In the image processing system, the images which is preprocessed, are very important essential elements. Generally, we obtain the 2-D images with normal cameras for the variable process. But, the images are not perfect to get the information of 3D environment. In this paper, we proposed the method which is get the 3D-like image using FFT and BPEJTC. This method will be to apply many image processing systems and implemented.


While many Chinese mental health professionals are familiar with modern psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are the mainstream therapy education and practice in today's China. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited evidence-based psychotherapy that was originally developed for the treatment of depression. It has since been supported by over 250 randomized clinical trials in the treatment of various mental conditions including anxiety, and eating disorders. Despite good evidence for efficacy, IPT was not formally introduced to China until recently. This article describes a strategic plan for disseminating IPT knowledge in China and reports on current progress to date. We also summarize the discussion results from recent training lectures and workshops, and present suggestions for cultural adaptation per feedback from many enthusiastic trainees. Challenges and the future of promoting further integration of IPT as another effective psychotherapy option in China are discussed as well.


Necessity of the termination of financing of inefficient charges in modern conditions promotes introduction in practice of techniques of an estimation of efficiency of expenditure of the limited budgetary means, including consolidated budget of region. The authors in the article present the results of analysis of inefficient charges in sphere of public health service of Irkutsk region for 2007-2009 years and suggest the measures aimed at their minimization.


Abstract : This report offers Army instructors and instructional designers a practical review of research findings on the successful implementation of computer mediated communications (CMC) for distance education and a reference guide to international resources useful to both researchers and practitioners. The report summarizes and integrates material drawn from a wide range of international resources, including distance education journals, internal reports, conference papers, ERIC documents, and books and journals pertaining to education, psychology, technology, computers, and communication. Part 1 of the report, the literature review, provides instructors and instructional designers with practical knowledge regarding the design and implementation of distance training with CMC, including relevent knowledge about specific needs of distance students. Example topics include frequency of feedback; effective design and implementation of group activities; shifts in instructor role for a distance environment; characteristics of successful distance students and instructors; and recommendations for pacing of students and instructors.


Whereas in most of Europe the decline of the grey partridge Perdix perdix is due primarily to agricultural intensification, the Pyrenean grey partridge P. p. hispaniensis is believed to suffer from the opposite effect, namely the abandonment of agricultural practices which allows the encroachment of dense shrublands. We investigated habitat use by the Pyrenean grey partridge during the breeding season and its relationship with reproductive success and survival. The study was based on 22 radio-tagged grey partridges in a 5,800-ha upland area of the eastern Pyrenees. Habitat use was non-random, and shrubland with a shrub canopy cover higher than 40% was the most important requirement during the breeding season. In the spring, pairs that successfully reared a brood used shrublands (20–60% cover) twice as frequently as unsuccessful breeders, then in the summer halved their use of open habitats (montane grassland and shrubland with <40% cover), whereas failed breeders increased it sevenfold. Consequently, a good mixture of different cover types in the spring and summer is likely to provide the most suitable breeding habitat. There was no evidence linking the spring/summer survival of adult partridges to a particular habitat use. Current grazing practices, especially with the use of controlled burning to clear shrubby vegetation, reduce the amount of mature shrublands used by Pyrenean grey partridges. However, grazing management also delays the natural vegetation succession and hence contributes to the long-term persistence of partridge habitat. Grazing practices that prevent reafforestation and maintain a mosaic of dense and open shrublands should be encouraged in the Pyrenean uplands.


The skulls and mandibles of 182 wild boars from the Western Pyrenees (WP) and the Middle Ebro Valley (MEV), Aragon, Spain, were assessed for dental variability. We evaluated whether there were differences in the frequency and age and sex distribution between areas, and whether any differences might be related to their environments (acquired) or were heritable (congenital). Variability included hyperdontia and hypodontia (more or fewer teeth than is normal), persistence (presence of deciduous teeth in adults), rotation and malposition (teeth deviations from the vertical or horizontal axes, respectively), diastema (abnormal space between two teeth), injuries, tooth loss, and tartar. Acquired variability such as tartar and injuries were significantly more frequent in the WP, which might have been due to differences in diet between the areas (e.g., in WP, rooting was considerable). Among the congenital, the areas differed significantly in the frequency of diastema, which might have been a hereditary characteristic in the MEV. Overall, the incidence of rotations (100%) and malposition (90%) were high, which suggests that these are characteristics of the dentition, rather than abnormalities. Among the congenital, diastema (and the frequently associated hypodontia) was the most common, which we interpret as an incipient adaptation towards a reduction in the number of teeth as a response to a shift to a predominantly vegetarian diet.


Arytenoid dislocation is a well-described injury in adults.1-6 We report here what we believe is the first neonatal case and contrast the findings and course to those previously described.
 CASE REPORT
 A 2,640-g girl was born at 38 weeks' gestation by spontaneous delivery after labor complicated by the passage of meconium-stained amniotic fluid. She was intubated with a 3.0-mm oral endotracheal tube without a stylet. No meconium was found below the vocal cords. Apgar scores at 1, 5, and 10 minutes were 5, 7, and 9, respectively. When the baby was admitted to the nursery, she was described as having pink color, a strong cry, no retractions, a cardiac rate of 136 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 48 breaths per minute.


In the days leading up to the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the protection and promotion of Iraqi women's rights was used as fuel for war. Today, many Iraqi women are worse off after the invasion as they suffer the daily loss of loved ones, food shortages, and increased levels of violence. In 2007, Iraqi activist Haifa Zangana published a scathing book on the role of "colonial feminists" in encouraging the war in Iraq, and American feminists' misguided focus on the legal representation, rather than the immediate safety of women in their postinvasion activities. 1


The agricultural non-point source pollution has already become one of main environmental pollution problems.Non-point source pollution caused by nitrogen from cropland with increasing use of nitrogenous fertilizer became the major factor seriously causing water quality degradation seriously.In this paper,authors have collected recent published research data on nitrogen loss in farming land cited in Chinese academic journal web and some foreign references.The results indicated that there exist four main ways of nitrogen loss on the fertilized farming land,including ammonia volatilization,runoff erosion,soil leaching,nitrification and denitrification.Some factors affecting nitrogen loss intensity and environmental problems caused by nitrogen loss were also discussed.Effects of ecological shelterbelts on the nitrogen loss process and possible factors determining their ecological efficiency were also analyzed.Ecological shelterbelts could control the water body pollution or take off eutrophication caused by agricultural non-point source pollution in certain degree,and increase use efficiency of nitrogen in the soil.Some suggestions were given about how to improve shelterbelt structure,allocation and function aiming at alleviating nitrogen loss.


[reaction: see text] The o-quinone methide (2) derived from vitamin E (1) can be stabilized at low temperatures in a complex with the highly polar N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (5). The lifetime of 2 can thus be prolonged from less than 10 s to several minutes. In the complex formed, 2 adopts a zwitterionic, aromatic structure with the exocyclic methylene group in perpendicular arrangement to the ring plane, stabilized by the negatively charged oxygen in 5.


ABSTRACT A quasi-equilibrium problem is an equilibrium problem where the constraint set does depend on the reference point. It generalizes important problems such as quasi-variational inequalities and generalized Nash equilibrium problems. We study the existence of equilibria on unbounded sets under a coerciveness condition. We discuss the relation of our results with others from the literature.


There is a trend amongst programming languages to mix multiple programming paradigms into one language or environment. Some languages directly include multiple paradigms, some environments (like the JVM) need to support languages from multiple paradigms.
The automatic translation with usage of metamodells from concepts of functional languages into concepts of the object-orientation is analysed, described and implemented in this elaboration, including a working implementation of a Haskell to Ruby compiler in Haskell.


Community care has lost its innocence. Critics and evangelists vie for television space and newspaper headlines. The Chief Medical Officer had to beg for clarification of a term that had developed too many meanings and an "ethos of virtue" (Acheson, 1985). How should it be defined? Can a hospital be part of the community? Does it mean care 'in' 'by' the community? The Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) definition seems to be "the provision of alternatives to long-term institutional care for the chronically sick or those suffering from long-term handicaps or disabilities" (Hunt, 1985). Lord Trefgarne (1984) put the policy aim, more simply, as "to move out of hospital those people who do not really need to be there".


Objective To observe the curative effect of Naomai`an Capsules in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) of syndrome type of phlegm-stasis obstructing collaterals and its influence on plasma endothelin (ET). Method The patients with diagnosed ACI of syndrome type of phlegm-stasis obstructing collaterals (n=88) were randomly divided into the treatment group and control group (each n=44). Two groups had the same basic treatment and then the treatment group was given Naomai`an Capsules orally and the control group, nimodipine and aspirin orally. The changes of European stroke scale (ESS) and ET were observed in two groups before and after the treatment. Result After treatment for 2 weeks ESS was improved and ET level was decreased significantly in the treatment group than those in the control group (P0.001). Conclusion Naomai`an Capsules has a reliable curative effect on ACI of syndrome type of phlegm-stasis obstructing collaterals.


The new super-strenght aluminium alloy(w(Zn)7.5%)is a kind of critical role material in aero industry.The preparation of this alloy is always a focus in materials research because of its strong crack tendentiousness when casting.The melt and semi-continuous casting technologies of new super-strenght aluminium alloy are be studied systematically in this paper.The efects of alloy elements,refine condition,casting temperature and velocity on formability of ingot are investigated roundly.The suitable technologies of melt and semi-continuous casting have been achieved and 200 mm×600 mm rectangle ingots have be made successfully.


rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and ankylosing spondylitis (as) are severe chronic inflammatory joint diseases with different immune-mediated mechanisms playing a role in their pathogenesis. rheumatoid arthritis is an erosive arthritis of peripheral joints and as is a spondyloarthropathy affecting mainly sacroiliac and spinal joints leading to excessive bone formation and ankylosis. The coexistence of rA and As in the same patient is rare. Presented here is a 52-year-old patient with long-standing As with bilateral ankylosis of sacroiliac joints who developed peripheral symmetric polyarthritis while being treated with the interleukin 17 inhibitor secukinumab introduced due to secondary inefficacy of the tu - mor necrosis a inhibitor etanercept. He was finally diagnosed with seropositive rA coexisting with As and treatment was changed to the Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib. eventually, remission was sustained with use of the interleukin 6 inhibitor tocilizumab. This is the first case of rA developing during anti-interleukin 17 therapy. Although tocilizumab lacks efficaciousness in As, in this case therapy was succesful as the rA-driving cytokine mechanism possibly prevailed.


is a truly international affair, with the editorial board comprising notable scientists fromcountries all over the world. The basic theme of the journal is the 'science of molecules', and this broadsubject area will allow us to encompass disciplines as wide and diverse as chemistry, molecular biology,molecular physics and chemical physics. We hope that in the coming years we will have the opportunity topublish many high quality papers in all these areas, and that the Journal will build into a valuable repository ofscientific findings.I have personally had quite a bit of experience with both formal internet publications [1, 2] and informalinternet presentations [3], and believe that the


Ill‐posedness is one of the most common and intractable issues that arise when solving geophysical inverse problems. Ill‐posedness could be induced by various factors such as noise, band‐limited intrinsic property of seismic data and inappropriate forward operators. Regularization has been proven to be an effective method widely accepted for mitigating the adverse effects of ill‐posedness. Aiming to improve the stability and fidelity of the pre‐stack seismic inversion process, we implement the inversion in a Bayesian framework, with a logarithmic absolute criterion taken as a likelihood function, and an ℓ1−2 ‐norm metric as a priori constraint. Here, we exploit the linear approximation as the forward operator, and optimize the regularized misfit function by the alternating direction method of multipliers. Applications of the method to synthetic and real data sets yielded improved inversion results in terms of accuracy and resolution, and demonstrated the robustness of the method to noise.


Gas gangrene after drug injections. Dr. Herbert liinghans (Deutsch.medic. Wochenschr. 1933. No. 22), after analyzing his case of gas gangrene after an injection of digipurate, cites from the literature 60 cases where gas gangrene developed at the injection site of the same medicinal substances.


ABSTRACT Diagnosability is an important metric for measuring the reliability of multiprocessor systems. In 2012, Peng et al. proposed a new measure for fault tolerance of the system, which is called g-good-neighbour diagnosability that restrains every fault-free node containing at least g fault-free neighbours. As a favourable topology structure of interconnection networks, the Cayley graph generated by the transposition tree has many good properties. In this paper, we give that the 1-good-neighbour diagnosability of under the PMC model and MM model is except the bubble-sort graph under MM model, where , and the 1-good-neighbour diagnosability of under the MM model is 4.


Rationale and ObjectivesWe investigated whether it is possible to investigate degenerative changes in human tissue on a sub-100-&mgr;m resolution scale not only on special high-field small-bore MR-microscopy systems but also on a 3T whole-body MR-scanner. MethodsSpin–spin relaxation, proton density, and diffusion microimaging were investigated in studying human atherosclerotic arteries. Strong diffusion weighting and high spatial resolution was achieved by means of a strong dedicated gradient system and a small birdcage radiofrequency resonator. ResultsQuantitative parameter maps were obtained at voxel sizes down to 73 × 73 × 600 &mgr;m3. The morphologic structure and pathology connected to lipid deposits, plaques, small thrombi, and bifurcations were well visualized. ConclusionHigh-resolution parameter-weighted and parameter-imaging at sub-100-&mgr;m pixel resolution can be achieved for excised tissue on a 3.0 T whole body MR system. Perspectives for the characterization of atherosclerotic plaques imply not only cost advantages but also equivalence of contrast, especially as to T2, for in vivo and high-resolution ex vivo investigations on the same MR scanner.


book review 4 in 2009 in the electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies - review of Russell, Catherine (2008) The Cinema of Naruse Mikio: Women and Japanese Modernity, Durham: Duke University Press


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Clock and carrier recovery are very critical in high speed digital wireless communication for achieving high data rate with low packet error rate. In this paper, we propose a linear estimator for both clock and carrier recovery in a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication system and show that this is also the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator. We present simulation results to illustrate the convergence of the estimator under different multipath channel conditions.


The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in cardiovascular and renal physiology and disease, and the benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker, and renin inhibitor therapies are mediated in part by their modification of the levels and actions of angiotensin peptides. Despite its long history, the RAS remains an active area of research. Contrary to the classical view of the RAS as an endocrine system whereby kidney-secreted renin acts on circulating angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin peptides in the circulation, it is now recognized that tissues are the main sites of angiotensin peptide formation by the action of plasma- (kidney-) derived renin on plasma-derived and locally synthesized angiotensinogen.1–3 A receptor for prorenin and renin was recently identified4,5 that is hereby referred to as the (pro)renin receptor. Prorenin and (pro)renin receptor research offers the exciting possibility of a new paradigm for the RAS whereby renin and prorenin binding to the (pro)renin receptor not only target and facilitate angiotensin generation but also lead to activation of (pro)renin receptor signal transduction pathways distinct from angiotensin II receptor signals.6,7 By revealing novel potential mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, this new paradigm offers the possibility of new therapies that may be more effective than those currently available. It also suggests that stimulation of the (pro)renin receptor by the increased renin and prorenin levels that accompany angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker, and renin inhibitor therapies may attenuate the benefits these therapies.7,8 Recent reviews and editorials have discussed this research.6,9,10 The purpose of this brief review is to critically assess the evidence for this new paradigm from the perspective of disease pathogenesis and to advocate caution in its interpretation. The available evidence presents contradictions and difficulties of interpretation that preclude any conclusion about the reality of …


Stable Superstring Relics (SSR) provide some of the candidates for the possible origin of the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR). After a brief overview of the motivations for introducing such relics, we address the question whether statistical fluctuations in the formation of the air showers generated by the primary spectrum of protons can be separated from a possible signal of new physics hidden in the first impact with the atmosphere. Our results are generated by using minimal modifications in the cross section of the primaries, and using available simulation codes used by the experimental collaborations. The results indicate that substantial increases in the cross section of the first impact, possibly due to new interactions, are unlikely to be detected in geometrical and/or variations of multiplicities in the cascade.


Objective: to describe the characteristics of cases of co-infection by virus of hepatitis B (HBV) and/or C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods: a descriptive study about cases reported to the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (Sinan) in the period 2007-2010; were analyzed socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral variables. Results: in 46,969 reported cases of viral hepatitis, 1,318 (2.8%) corresponded to cases of co-infection HIV/HBV, 3,032 (6.45%) of co-infection HIV/HCV and 201 (0.43%) of co-infection HIV/HBV/HCV; sexual contact with carriers of HBV or HCV was more prevalent in HIV/HBV co-infection; use of drugs showed a higher proportion in cases of co-infection HIV/HCV, most often in individuals aged 40 years or more (p<0.001). Conclusion: risk factors and transmission mechanisms common to hepatitis viruses and HIV may explain the high frequency of co-infection.


Student, Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract – Over the years human-computer interaction has evolved in many ways. Being an important part of non-verbal communication which plays a vital role in our daily life, hand gesture controlled man-machine interaction is one of the most significant one. This paper presents a novel real-time method for hand gesture recognition. In this framework, the hand region is extracted from the background by skin color threshold. The palm center and finger tips are located after segmentation of finger-palm region. The segmented region is centered and the angle between finger tips and palm center is calculated. A rule classifier makes use of the number of finger tips detected and the calculated angle to predict the label of hand gesture


Owing to the unique feature that the signal and reference waves of self-interference digital holography (SIDH) contain the same spatial information from the same point of object, compared with conventional digital holography, the SIDH has the special spatial coherence properties. We present a statistical optics approach to analyzing the formation of cross-correlation image in SIDH. Our study reveals that the spatial coherence of illumination light can greatly influence the imaging characteristics of SIDH, and the impact extent of the spatial coherence depends substantially on the recording distance of hologram. The theoretical conclusions are supported well by numerical simulation and optical experiments.


Corticosteroids have been widely used as antiinflammatory agents in medicine. Now a days, antibacterials are frequently combined with corticosteroids in pharmaceuticals since corticosteroids are meant to treat inflammation, they may cause temporary masking of the underlying disease e.g., infection. Therefore, combination of steroid with antibiotic is useful to resolve both inflammation and infection. Prednisolone acetate, 11β 17, 21-trihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione 21-acetate (Fig. 1), is a corticosteroid used to treat steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions where ocular bacterial infection or a risk of infection exists. It is differentiated from dexamethasone due to its higher corneal permeability, although its glucocorticoid potency and receptor binding capacity are smaller. It has been quantitated in multicomponent mixtures of natural and synthetic corticosteroids or as adulterant in local drugs by HPLC. Chloramphenicol (Fig. 2) is a broad spectrum antibiotic possessing antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial infections, used for the treatment of rickettsial and chlamydial diseases and topically for superficial conjunctival infections. The drug acts by binding to 50S subunit in the prokaryotic Stress Degradation Studies and HPLC Method Development for Simultaneous Estimation of Prednisolone Acetate and Chloramphenicol in Topical Eye Drops


It is paradoxical that despite the enormous advances in antihypertensive drug therapy, the Number of people with uncontrolled hypertension has continued to rise. A new 2017 study [2] by the American Heart Association, projects that by 2035, cardiovascular disease (CVD), will become the most expensive and prevalent killer if left unchecked, will place a crushing economic and health burden on the nation's financial and health care systems. According to the study, in the next two decades, the number of Americans with CVD will rise to 131.2 million-45 percent of the total U.S. population with costs expected to reach $1.1 trillion. There are many hypertensive drugs, but prolonged use and multi-drug use does lead over time to side effects. There is a need for a safe, cheap alternative to existing drugs. Metadichol is a Nanoemulsion of long-chain lipid alcohols (C-26, C-28, and C-30), which are commonly known as Policosanols. and it binds to VDR and which has been shown to have a role in hypertension [1,3-5]. Open label study


This paper reviews the newly emergent trend of audience-centered debate paradigms, such as the narrative and the issues-agenda paradigms, in light of an informal logic perspective on the argumentum ad populum fallacy. The paper demonstrates the complexity involved in the evaluation of ad populum arguments as well as the care which must be taken in evaluating paradigms. The paper also explores the inherent deficiency of audience-centered debate paradigms and develops standards for the demonstration of argument: as inappropriately ad populum involving an emphasis on context and function. Following a consideration of the special constraints on paradigmatic evaluation, the paper concludes by applying contextual and functional standards to the ad populum appeals in the issues-agenda and the narrative paradigm. The conclusion reached is that the ad populum appeals within this trend of audience-centered debate are inappropriate to the activity: they are descriptive rather than normative, rhetorical rather than dialectical, and interventionist rather than critical. Fifty-one references are appended. (MS) *** ********** **** ********* ***** ***** ************** ************ X* ****** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.


In this paper, we propose a method for kernel-based object tracking in order to deal with partial occlusion. We use particle filter to estimate target position accurately. The incremental Bhattacharyya Dissimilarity (IBD) based stage is designed to consistently distinguish the particles located in the object region from the others placed in the background. While the target is occluded by background or other objects, the kernel parameters change which adaptively improves the target model. In addition, the number of particles increases in the next frame. To attain the appropriate accuracy in tracking, we use multi-feature to describe the target. The color histogram feature is robust to scale, orientation, partial occlusion and non-rigidity of the object. However, this feature is sensitive to illumination variations. Therefore, we utilize the combination of color histogram and generalized LBP for object edge points to describe an appropriate target model. The performance of this method is evaluated for real world scenarios such as PETS benchmark.


As visual representation of highway geometric design,sight distance has great influence on driving behavior.To carry out Highway Safety Assessment(HSA),Firstly,domestic and foreign classification of sight distance and assessment methods are introduced in this paper.Taking spatial characteristic into consideration,3D dynamic sight distance assessment is utilized to assess the safety degree of highway alignment of Xinfu Expressway.Then safety assessment of the geometric design of Xinfu Expressway is done,from aspects of static and dynamic sight distance.


The design of latticed towers is often controlled by the stability of the overall system as opposed to local member buckling. The purpose of this paper is to develop an elastic stability analysis for both planar and three dimensional X-braced truss towers using the techniques of discrete field mechanics. The use of discrete field mechanics offers several advantages over alternative approaches for the structural analysis of latticed systems. The foremost of these advantages are that the discrete mathematical model is usually 'exact' in the sense of linear elastic, small deflection theory, thus yielding very accurate results. The solution forms are independent of the number of joints in the system thus allowing the user to avoid having to solve large systems of equations for eigenvalues as is usually the case with other elastic stability analysis methods.


One-way and factorial independent-means analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be accomplished via a multiple regression analysis (MRA) in which the dependent variable is predicted from sets of level-membership variables or, preferably, contrast variables representing the factors. Doing so can be useful in the two-group design in that it provides an easily interpretable and often remarkably low estimate of the proportion of variance in the dependent variable, that is accounted for by an experimental manipulation. It also helps in the choice among alternative approaches to analyzing unequal-n factorial designs by showing that full-model analyses involve the comparison of unweighted means and that testing an effect uncorrected for any other effects implies making comparisons among weighted means. Furthermore, testing an effect corrected for confounds with some, but not all, other effects involves comparisons among the means that are difficult to characterize, require hand computations beyond those provided by ANOVA computer programs, and are unlikely to be of any real interest to the researcher. SPSS commands for carrying out factorial ANOVA via the MANOVA and REGRESSION commands are provided.

Keywords:

analysis of variance;
multiple regression;
unweighted means;
weighted means;
sequential analysis


Abstract Representation of Magnetic Fields by Generalized poloidal and Toroidal Scalars Every solenoidal vector field can be represented by unique poloidal and toroidal scalars. This description is especially appropriate to the geometry of a sphere. A generalization which can be applied to a more or less complicated geometry could be elaborated by means of transforming integrability conditions of space into integrability conditions of surfaces. This formalism enables us to give simple proofs of other important representations of vector fields by two scalars (magnetic coordinates, complex-lamellar fields).


SiC powder was coated with SiO2 layer by chemical vapor deposition, and the SiC(core)/SiO2(shell) composite powder was consolidated to a SiC/SiO2 composite with a mosaic microstructure by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1923 K for 1.8 ks. The SiC(core)/SiO2(shell) powder with a 80–100 nm thick SiO2 layer resulted in a SiC/SiO2 composite with a relative density of 97% and hardness and fracture toughness of 17.1 GPa and 8.4 MPa m1/2, respectively.


The principal objective of this paper is to understand the basic essential components of the expert system and to understand the working of the expert system. The system presented in this paper consists of rule-base providing the required knowledge, inference engine performs the reasoning, a knowledge-based compiler that optimizes the reasoning process. Expert systems were one of the first applications to emerge from initial research in artificial intelligence. This paper is structured as follows. In section 2, it explains the introduction to AI and importance of expert system. In section 3, the essential components needed to build an expert system are explained. In section 3, the basic architecture and functionality of expert system is covered. In section 4, Advantages and disadvantages of using expert system is mentioned.


Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is a progressive and 23 devastating neurodegenerative condition for which there are no effective treatments. 24 Understanding the molecular pathology of AD during disease progression may identify new 25 ways to reduce neuronal damage. Here, we present a longitudinal study tracking dynamic 26 proteomic alterations in the brains of an inducible Drosophila melanogaster model of AD 27 expressing the Arctic mutant Aβ42 gene. We identified 3093 proteins from flies that were 28 induced to express Aβ42 and age-matched healthy controls using label-free quantitative ion- 29 mobility data independent analysis mass spectrometry. Of these, 228 proteins were 30 significantly altered by Aβ42 accumulation and were enriched for AD-associated processes. 31 Network analyses further revealed that these proteins have distinct hub and bottleneck 32 properties in the brain protein interaction network, suggesting that several may have 33 significant effects on brain function. Our unbiased analysis provides useful insights into the 34 key processes governing the progression of amyloid toxicity and forms a basis for further 35 functional analyses in model organisms and translation to mammalian systems. We 97 also show that these proteins are likely to be bottlenecks for signalling in the network, suggesting that they comprise important proteins for normal brain function. Our data is a valuable resource to begin to understand the dynamic properties of Aβ42 proteo-toxicity during AD progression. Future functional studies will be required to determine the causal role of these proteins in mediating progression of AD using model organisms and to translate these findings to mammalian systems. experiments are needed to confirm this and to investigate its relationship with nucleation and the aggregation process. The four hub-bottlenecks are consistent with Aβ42 inducing stress. Hsp70A, a heat shock protein that responds to hypoxia, was significantly upregulated at early time-points (5 days) 293 in Aβ42 flies, compared to healthy controls which exhibited stable expression of this protein throughout life. Although the levels dropped in Aβ42 flies between days 5 and 31 post- induction, at later time-points Hsp70A increased again, possibly suggesting a two-phase response to hypoxia in Aβ42 flies. We found that Gp93—a stress response protein that binds unfolded proteins—to be increased across age in Aβ42 flies compared to controls possibly suggesting early and against Aβ42-induced biological processes modified in AD, we identified 12 modules enriched for processes previously implicated in ageing and AD. This validates the use of our Drosophila model in identifying progressive molecular changes in response to Aβ42 that are likely to correlate with progression of cognitive decline in human disease. Further work is required to modify the genes identified in our study at different ages, in order to elucidate whether they represent mediators of toxicity as disease progresses, factors which increase neuronal susceptibility to disease with age or compensatory protective mechanisms. Model organisms 448 will be essential in unravelling these complex interactions. Our study therefore forms a basis for future analyses that may identify new targets for disease intervention that are specific to age and/or pathological stage of AD.


This chapter looks at the impact of segregated housing and schools on the performance of Black children on tests of academic skills, finding them lagging far behind White children. It shows that majority-Black school districts receive significantly less funding for education than majority-White districts. It then discusses in detail the 1973 Supreme Court case of San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, brought by Demetrio Rodriguez and other Hispanic parents of children in the Edgewood district of San Antonio, Texas, whose schools received less funding than majority-White districts because of state laws that based school funding largely on property taxes. Statistics showed that poor and largely Hispanic and Black districts with low property values could not match the funding of affluent White districts. The Supreme Court ruled 5–4 against this challenge, with Justice Lewis Powell writing for the majority in stating that Texas (and other states) need provide minority students only with "the basic minimal skills" to participate in civic affairs, with a passionate dissent by Justice Thurgood Marshall. The chapter then returns to Detroit, where Black students came in last in the nation in test scores; more than two-thirds could not even grasp fundamental skills in reading and arithmetic. This barrier to advanced education and good jobs stems from the systemic racism that places Black children far behind Whites in school readiness, raising the question: How can Blacks catch up with Whites when they start so far behind?


In this article, we formulate and analyze a two-level preconditioner for Optimized Schwarz and 2-Lagrange Multiplier methods for PDEs with highly heterogeneous (multiscale) diffusion coefficients. The preconditioner is equipped with an automatic coarse space consisting of low-frequency modes of the subdomain Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps. Under a suitable change of basis, the preconditioner is a 2 × 2 block upper triangular matrix with the identity matrix in the upper-left block. We show that the spectrum of the preconditioned system is included in the disk having center z = 1/2 and radius r = 1/2 − , where 0 < < 1/2 is a parameter that we can choose. We further show that the GMRES algorithm applied to our heterogeneous system converges in O(1/ ) iterations (neglecting certain polylogarithmic terms). The number can be made arbitrarily large by automatically enriching the coarse space. Our theoretical results are confirmed by numerical experiments.