NS-2, with its IEEE 802.11 support, is a widely utilized simulation tool for wireless communications researchers. However, the current NS-2 distribution code has some significant shortcomings both in the overall architecture and the modeling details of the IEEE 802.11 MAC and PHY modules. This paper presents a completely revised architecture and design for these two modules. The resulting PHY is a full featured generic module able to support any single channel frame-based communications (i.e. it is also able to support non-IEEE 802.11 based MAC). The key features include cumulative SINR computation, preamble and PLCP header processing and capture, and frame body capture. The MAC accurately models the basic IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA mechanism, as required for credible simulation studies. The newly designed MAC models transmission and reception coordination, backoff management and channel state monitoring in a structured and modular manner. In turn, the contributions of this paper make extending the MAC for protocol researches much easier and provide for a significantly higher level of simulation accuracy.


This research proposes the control system structure for a small-scale wind turbine. Significantly, the maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) and the pitch angle controller are deeply analyzed; this is the base for proposing the strategy of the MPPT algorithm combined with pitch-angle control in a wide speed range of wind. This article also researches the converters, then analyses the advantages of each converter to choose the suitable converter for the small-scale wind turbine. In the MPPT algorithm design, the expert experience takes advantage through the fuzzy controller. The pitch angle controller is built based on the PID controller with its parameters adjusted by Fuzzy logic. The results showed that the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is much better than that of the traditional control strategy. Moreover, in high and low wind speeds, the proposed control system operates reliably and stably.


Objective: This study aimed to investigate and analyze the anatomic characteristics of the retromaxillary cell (RMC) by using computed tomography (CT) images of paranasal sinuses and to improve its identification with ethmomaxillary sinus (EMS). Methods: The paranasal sinus CT scans of 441 outpatients or inpatients in our hospital from January 2018 to October 2018 were analyzed. The incidence of RMC, EMS, Haller cell, imaging anatomical characteristics, and morphological manifestations were observed via sinus CTs. The relationship of RMC and ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis was analyzed. Results: The incidence of RMC is 83.90% (740/882). The incidence of males and females was 83.81% (414/494) and 84.02% (326/388), respectively. The incidence of bilateral (72.79%, 321/441) was much higher than that of unilateral (22.22%, 98/441). The lateral extension of the RMC ranged from 1.18 to 13.31 mm, with an average of 6.10 ± 2.03 mm. The incidence of ipsilateral maxillary sinus opacification on the RMC sides and non-RMC sides has no significance difference (χ2 = .054, P = .459). The incidence of Haller cell and EMS decreased significantly in the presence of RMC (P < .01). Conclusion: The RMC is an anatomical variation originating from posterior ethmoid cells, which is commonly encountered in the clinic. The pneumatization of RMC is highly variable, and a bilateral is common. During endoscopic sinus surgery, it is necessary to carefully identify such an air cell to ensure the complete opening of the paranasal sinus during surgery.


A deep understanding of the kinetic properties of the electrons in a magnetic nozzle (MN), which is attracting attention as an acceleration stage for thrusters, is of great significance as it directly contributes to the development of the MN performance. In the sense that a conversion of the electron momentum to the ion kinetic energy determines the characteristics of the MN, fundamental research on the kinetic feature of a magnetically expanding plasma has focused on the spatial distribution of the electron properties and proposed directions to the desired application. Unlike the common perception of this importance, various research groups have proposed contradictory arguments based on their theoretical approaches regarding the ion beam acceleration from the viewpoint of heat flow of electrons. We point out that the main reason for the absence of a theoretical consensus for the nozzle efficiency improvements arises from the lack of the clear interpretation of the plasma properties by focusing only on the final state of the electrons. In this Letter, time-resolved measurement of the electron energy distributions has been performed to grasp a detailed series of expansion processes. It has been revealed that the effective potential well gradually formed by the self-generated electric field acts as a limiting factor in the motion of electrons; this effect attributes to the changes of the electron energy distribution represented as the accumulation of the trapped electrons. The accumulation over the entire region diminishes the degree of the cooling rate of a system and decreases the electric field in the downstream region initially generated by the adiabatic expansion. The present study emphasizes that the kinetic features of an MN are strongly affected by the non-stationary motion of the trapped electrons; thus, the temporal behavior of the trapped electrons must be considered for prediction and analysis of nozzle performances.


Abstract This paper is the result of the author's research in 2019. The background of this study is the actual issue of the strategic patterns of parenting of students to be considered. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of parenting of students in the Darul Muttaqin boarding school in Bogor. Data and information obtained through this qualitative research are the result of the thoughts of caregivers, religious teachers, managers, experts and related officials as well as an analysis of parenting patterns of students in Darul Muttaqin Islamic boarding school in Bogor. From the results of this study several things are suggested, namely: Islamic boarding schools need to optimize the implementation of the guidance and supervision of students continuously so as to create a child-friendly boarding school; pesantren need to create awareness of students to obey, obey the rules and discipline that apply; boarding schools need to intensively establish cooperation between teachers, parents and related parties in overseeing the development of student learning and the existence in boarding schools; and people who entrust their children's education in pesantren should be able to trust and be more confident in the pesantren's parenting patterns.


'Old boy networks' have not been rendered obsolete by modern communications technology. That is one of the conclusions of a study of global online labour markets by Christopher Stanton and Catherine Thomas. Their research shows that offline and local social ties help to increase the value of these markets. The study begins by noting that while the internet is connecting firms with remote workers, it remains difficult for people to get their first job. To address this problem, new intermediaries - 'agencies' - are enabling inexperienced workers to signal their quality to potential employers. Agency affiliation is especially important in technical work where worker quality is unknown until the job is done.


Throughout this article we have identified the relevance of the application of Smart technologies in organization of educational process in a technical university. Conditions of using e-learning environment during the organization of individual work of freshmen in subject of "Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics" have been justified and described.Pedagogical aspects of this process also have been described. In the article we've presented an example of development of"Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics" class in TPU MOODLE environment. Furthermore elements and a list of tools of the proposed course have been shown.Keywords: Smart-technologies,e-learning, individual work of the students, e-course in MOODLE, course's tools.


The authors describe two separate test techniques for evaluating concentrator photovoltaic components. For convenient characterization of concentrator solar cells, they have developed a method for measuring the entire illuminated I-V curve of a photovoltaic cell with a single flash of intense simulated sunlight. This method reduces the heat input to the cell and the time required to test a cell, thus making possible quick indoor measurements of photovoltaic conversion efficiency at concentrated illumination levels without the use of elaborate cell mounting fixtures or heat sink attachments. The other test method provides a technique to analyze the spatially dependent, spectral distribution of intense sunlight collected and focused by lenses designed for use in photovoltaic concentrator systems. This information is important in the design of multijunction photovoltaic receivers, secondary concentrators, and in optimizing the performance of conventional silicon cell concentrator systems.


In this paper, GM(1,1) grey models for observed data of the slope displacement with grey system are given, unequal time series are considered in process. The models obtained are accordant with the slope displacement tendency.


This paper proposes a triaxis magnetoresistive (MR) sensor of detecting not only x- and y-axes magnetic field intensities but also z-axis one, where all fields are based on the sensor coordinate system. Namely, not only azimuth but also angle of elevation of the sensor can be detected from triaxis components of geomagnetic field. The principle is as follows: a permalloy (FeNi) plate is stood aside MR element. The plate distorts magnetic field and generates x- (or y-) component from originally z-directional field. So, the resistance of MR element changes in proportional to z-axis field intensity, provided that other axes intensities are kept constant. By contriving a processing circuit, three axes components can be separately detected.


A crossed-beam scattering chamber was used to measure absolute cross sections for Auger-electron ejection by 50- to 600-keV ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$, $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ impact on ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$. Auger electrons emitted at 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the incident ions were analyzed by an electrostatic parallel-plate spectrometer with a resolution of 1.1% full width at half-maximum. The intensities of Auger-satellite lines were determined to study the simultaneous inner- and outer-shell ionization of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ by $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ at different energies. The Auger spectra were integrated with respect to energy and angle of ejection of the electrons to obtain total cross sections for $K$-shell ionization. The experimental results are compared with existing theories. Good agreement is obtained for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$, and $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$, but discrepancies appear for ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ impact at low energies. Ratios of Auger-electron and x-ray production cross sections are determined to study the effect of multiple ionization on the fluorescence yield.


Why do I write yet another R package, when R itself has Bessel functions and several CRAN packages also have versions of these? Short answer: I myself added the Bessel functions to R version 0.63, second half of 1998, but they have been seen to be limited for "large" x and / or large order ν.


With the increasing demand of visual surveillance systems, human recognition at a distance has gained extensive research interest. Gait is a potential behavioral feature to identify humans based on their motion. This paper describes a new scheme for extracting and selecting features from the gait of a human for recognition. The scheme combines two methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and dynamic time warping (DTW). PCA is applied to remove correlation between the features and also to reduce its dimensionality of the data features. These extracted feature vectors are used to recognizing the individuals. Dynamic time warping is used to recognize the individual. Firstly, the binary silhouette of a walking person is detected from each frame of the monocular image sequences. Then we divide the two dimensional silhouette of the walker into 7 parts in order to calculate the angle between front and back thigh. Finally, similarity measurement based on the gait cycles is calculed to recognize the different subjects. The result of experiments conducted on CASIA-A gait database show that the proposed gait recognition approach can obtain encouraging accurate recognition rate.


Economists have discussed sharply about the role of the financial development in economic growth,or the role of economic growth in financial development,but not even discussed thoroughly about the mechanism between them.In this paper,we analyze the relationship between the financial development and economic growth in the short-run and long-run,and then try to outlook the "route"of them.From many empirical results now,the financial development can accelerate economic growth through the financial system function development first,then financial system function rationalize the financial structure,which is matched with the structure of industry,for economic growth depending on the industry growth,just "the real sector" growth.Thereby financial development can foster economic growth in the long-run.


Hospital medicine has a strong information directed feature. So, to build hospital medicine information server system (HMISS) can help users not only to collect a lot of medicine information in time, announce and react it, but also to guide how to use medicine. This thesis is mainly about how to build the HMISS for some hospital,introduces HMISS design process and how to use the software--Lotus Notes/Domino Server R5,moreover,inquires into the other corresponding technologies and knowledge.


The organic matter uf the Tremp Formation, a Garumnian sequence placed in Berga, Tremp and Ager (Central Pyrenees), has a humie composition derived from terrestrial plants being characterized five resinite groups. Ihe mineral phases determined being, mainly carbonates, appear intimately associated with macerals, as celi lumens or infilling celi walls replacing and, interbedded with the organic matter. Their nature and the period of sedimentation are related with the depositional environment. Maturity and source rock potential of organic rich beds in the Garumnian sequences are investigated using reflected light microscopy. The results are compared with other rank parameters (rock-eval, calurific value and diagenetic mineral matter). The vitrinite reflectance (R0 0.350.45) and the rock-eval T,a, (4300) are 10w and homugeneous in the studied areas. This values indicate that the rank of the samples fit tu an immature digenetie state bordering maturity, close tu the oil window. The parameters, namely calurific value bigger than 24 MJ/Kg wet sample without ashes and vitrinite reflectance lower than 0.50%, indicate ifie subbituminous cual rank for the Garumnian cuals. A guod digenetic correlation between the mineral matter diagenesis and the urganic matter maturity is found. The relatiunships determined between inorganic and organie phases in the Garumman subbituminous cual indicate a low-grade transformatiun, consequence of a 10w lithostatic pressure. The petrugraphic studies carried out indicate that the coal-forming peat was Cuadernos de Geologia Iberica, n. 0 17, 85-107. Editorial Complutense, Madrid, i993 86 M. Garcia-Valles eta!. stored in a predominantly forest-muur swamp environment. The liptinite assemblage suggests a subtropical and damp climate during cual depusitiun. The amuunt of organic matter decreases within the sedimentary sequence tu the uppermost depusits analyzed. Paleoenvironments were similar in the Berga. Tremp and Ager areas. It is also possible that the three areas uriginally were part of the same basin placed norther. Key-Words: Maceral, inurganic matter, sub-bituminous, cual, transfurmation.


The relation between the psychological theory of preschool-age children and executive function is now a hot issue on the study of the psychological theory of children. The concept of the executive function in the development of psychological theory argues that the executive function might influence either the expression or the emergence of the psychological theory. The essence of the executive function-inhibitory control,is closely related with the psychological theory of children in many aspects. They appear to share a common developmental timetable (they both develop in full growth in preschool period) and a common brain controlling region( that is, prefrontal contex). The absence of their combination appears to yield the same psychfunctional barrier(autism). In the recent research concerned, researchers have drawn some conclusions by various paradigms of experimental tasks.


The development of urban centres in the Prehistoric Aegean is outlined, focusing on evidence for scale, centralisation and differentiation. This is followed by a preliminary attempt to develop a comparative perspective on the nature and principal organisational and material characteristics of urbanism in institution-centred polities in the Bronze Age East Mediterranean and Near East. The objective of the study is to ascertain to what degree Cretan urban communities share fundamental features with their eastern counterparts, and in what ways they are distinct. Attention focuses on population scale and differentiation, the characteristics of palaces and temples as organising institutions and urban layout. The broad similarities suggest the value of more detailed comparisons at all scales from regional settlement size and distribution to the detail of individual institutions and their spatial interrelations within the city. This chapter is a preliminary sketch of an approach to analysing Minoan and Aegean urbanism in the Bronze Age. It comprises two sections, the first an outline of urban development, focusing particularly on the Cretan evidence, but situating that in its southern Aegean context, on the far western fringe of Eurasian Bronze Age urban societies. The second section is a preliminary comparative exploration of the Cretan data in the context of Bronze Age urbanism in the broader East Mediterranean and Near East. This is aimed at assessing whether, despite its geographical remove, Minoan urbanism shares significant characteristics with other examples of Bronze Age, institution-focused urbanism, and whether the diversity of the latter, with their more extensive textual documentation, may potentially provide models which can help us to analyse the Cretan evidence. 7.1. Investigating urbanism Today, urban status tends to rely on bureaucratic and legal definitions, which vary arbitrarily between jurisdictions (Roberts 1996). They are usually based on population size, sometimes on areal extent, but the underlying idea is that the size of the population interacting in a community has an impact on the nature of those interactions, with larger communities being more complex, with individuals, through spatial propinquity, being able to interact with greater numbers of other individuals, interact in more complicated ways, and require more organisation and infrastructure to facilitate these interactions (Bairoch 1988; Mumford 1966). This is well documented through recent analyses that explore the intensification of social interactions in larger cities (not just more, but more per person), whether positively, as measured through, for example, GDP or innovation rates, or negatively, through crime rates (Bettencourt et al. 2007; 2010). Moving away from modern industrial and post-industrial contexts, viewed cross-culturally, it has long been established that the largest community in a culture provides a general index of overall cultural complexity, measured in a variety of ways (Carneiro 1967; Tatje and Naroll et al. 1973; McNett 1973). The point is not to use such cross-cultural measures to make any top-down assessments of Aegean urbanism (we know MM and LM/LH society is complex and urbanised), but to highlight that trying to understand the nature of urban society, rather than simply name or classify it, is important. On the contrary, defining new vague categories, such as 'proto-urban' (Renfrew 1972:238), which is applied in Aegean prehistory to just about any community after the Neolithic, tells us little. But this does highlight one typical approach–'urban' is used as a valuation or assertion of significance (my site is urban, so it was important, and justifies the decades devoted to investigating it), rather than analytical framework. For informative analyses, we need a clearer idea of what characteristics are important about urban communities, why, and what focusing our analyses on such characteristics can tell us. Substantive definitions of urbanism, trying to distill the crucial characteristics which make a community urban, recognise various dimensions which can be broadly summarised as scale, concentration, and differentiation (Wirth 1938; Morley 2011). Urban centres are usually significantly larger than the norm in their culture, with abnormally large populations; the smallest (though arbitrary) cut-off I have come across in the literature is a population of 5,000 individuals. These are not just larger than other communities on a continuum, but are a distinct mode–they usually stand out from a much larger number of smaller communities, implying a different character and role. They represent a higher concentration of population (usually at greater residential densities), with all the social integrative challenges this will entail. This larger population will also, inevitably, be more differentiated than a village population, for all the reasons which are the foundation of geographical economic and social settlement models, in occupational specialisations, wealth, social groups, etc. As these communities are more complex than the bulk of those surrounding them, we need to think in terms of both intraand inter-community differentiation. Cities create different types of social and interaction environments; through numbers, they also create new social problems or challenges, which must be met organisationally to enable individuals to interact effectively beyond purely kinship or village scales of integration (Feinman 1998; 2011; Kosse 1990; 1994). 7.2. Urbanism in southern Aegean prehistory The urban phase in the prehistoric southern Aegean lasted most of the second millennium BC, with significantly different timescales and trajectories on Crete and the southern mainland. This was limited in time and space, but also was a very restricted phenomenon. Here we run into definitional problems, with communities as small as a hectare, with at most a few hundred residents, regularly hailed as urban. Sites such as Hagia Irini on Keos (Schofield 2011), with several hundred occupants, are nowhere close to urban, by any modern definition, but the argument is essentially that they participated in a more generally 'urban' form of culture (see chapter 14). By our earlier criteria, they are larger than the contemporary farmsteads and hamlets that surround them, but not by all that much. They represent a relative concentration of population, but again, on a small scale. Finally, we can anticipate that they had a more differentiated population than the surrounding hamlets, in this case involving elite (House A), at least part-time religious specialists (the Temple), and probably at most, parttime craft specialists pursuing cottage industries in many houses in the community. But held up against contemporary Knossos, with on the order of 22-25,000 occupants, with a palace 30 times the scale of House A at Hagia Irini, and almost certainly a comparable differential in support personnel and the resources required to construct and maintain the establishment, and administering a territory at least 25 times as large, where is it realistic to draw the divide–is Hagia Irini urban, or not? Drawing a line and assigning a classification is not particularly insightful, but thinking about what urbanisation means, raises interesting questions, encouraging us to try to understand the nature of each of these communities in terms of their own nature, but also in context. In the following assessment, I shall draw on data from a number of the surveys that have been conducted, on Crete and the mainland (principally the Peloponnese), which are documented in a way that facilitates comparisons in terms of the definition of site size and periods of occupation. I am interested in the general site size distributions, so have excluded sites which are complex palimpsests, where one cannot make an educated guess at the rough occupation size within the chronological period of interest. On the figures, I will add other well-known sites in each region (usually outside the surveyed regions), to serve as calibration points. In the figures, I distinguish between mainland and Cretan patterns, given the divergence in settlement behaviour on Crete from the start of the Middle Bronze Age, with the first states and urban communities. We do not see this urbanisation process until the end of the Middle Bronze Age on the mainland. In earlier prehistory, on both Crete and the mainland, we are dealing with landscapes of farmsteads, hamlets, and generally small villages (Fig.7.1). For the Neolithic, I include a histogram of Neolithic site sizes in Thessaly, simply for reference, since so many more Neolithic sites have been studied there than in the south. There are clear similarities in scale across all regions, with most communities well under a hectare in size, indeed mostly less than half a hectare, so probably farmsteads and hamlets with less than 50 inhabitants. On both the mainland and Crete, local regions tend to have one village of up to a few hectares, but most communities were much smaller. Very few southern mainland sites have been extensively exposed, so for internal differentiation, we have to look to Thessaly. In the earlier Neolithic, all houses are small and comparable in scale, fitting what we would expect for undifferentiated egalitarian communities. At a small number of later Neolithic sites, such as Dimini and Sesklo, there is a central structure, slightly larger than the rest though with comparable features and finds, but arguably representing the start of intraand probably intercommunity differentiation. Fig.7.1. Greek Mainland and Cretan surveys: Neolithic site size. On Crete, at Knossos and Phaistos, the only extensively explored Neolithic sites, there have been only limited area excavations. Recently, it has been suggested that there were open areas at the core of each site, perhaps venues for communal activities (Todaro and Di Tonto 2008; Tomkins 201


Peer coaching is a process in which teachers visit each other's classes and meet to pool their observations and expertise. It is based on the premise that teachers have a wealth of experience and knowledge about teaching and that "we are the experts" and can improve our teaching both by observing others and by being observed. Faculty members' and students' responses to peer coaching programs have been overwhelmingly positive. For example, almost 60 percent of participants in New Mexico judged peer coaching as the most effective teaching improvement strategy when compared with teaching workshops, reading about teaching, and evaluations by administrators, peers and students.


Mesoporous SiO2 film with 2D p6 mm structure was successfully coated on K9 glasses via the hydrolysis-condensation process and the so-called evaporation induced self-assembly process using P123 as a surfactant.The structure and optical properties of the film were characterized with FT-IR,XRD,N2 adsorption-desorption,AFM and UV-Vis.The laser-induced damage threshold of the film was tested with "R-on-1" model on Nd:YAG laser(9.2 ns,1 064 nm).The as-prepared single-layer mesoporous SiO2 film was proved to have ordered 2D p6 mm structure,SBA-15 type and average roughness of 2.923 nm.The film showed high trassimittance of 99.6% at the wavelength of 1 064 nm.The laser-induced damage threshold was 21.6 J/cm2 when the laser pulse was 1 ns,at wavelength of 1 064 nm.


Breast secretion smears were obtained from 179 patients examined for nipple discharge. Aspiration smears of cyst were obtained from 13 patients.Of the total of 192 patients, 21 were breast cancer. Positive smears were in 13 of 21.Cytologic feature of desquamated cancer cell from papillotubular adenocarcinoma was as follows:1) Several clusters different on number of cells were seen. The cells of the cluster were arranged very irregularly and were overlapped each other.2) The cytoPlasmic boundary was most indistinct. Vacuolation of the cytoplasm was not seen usually.3) The nucleus was large and hyperchromatic and variable in size. The chromatin was most fine, however, difference of chromatin patterns may be seen in each different clusters and even in the cells of a cluster.The characteristics of desquamated cancer cells from comedocarcinoma were as follows:1) The cells usually present as single.2) The some of cells have round distinct cyto plasm, while others have poorly defined one.3) The nucleus varies in size, and abnormality was conspicuous. Necrotic nucleus was always seen.4) Morphologic feature of the cluster of come docarcinoma was similar as of papillotubular adeno carcinoma.


Based on the meteorological data and observed growth stage data of winter wheat and summer maize from 1983 to 2007 in northern region of Henan province,the conditions and variation trends of the crop primary phonological periods,light and heat resources during the whole growing periods and their utilization efficiency were statistically analyzed.The results showed that from 1983 to 2007 winter wheat got mature in advance significantly and the whole growing period decreased,with 4.9 days shortened every 10 years.For summer maize,the sowing date was in advance significantly and the whole growing period increased during the same period,with 4.0 days extended every 10 years.The temperature in this region increased remarkably,the effective accumulated temperature of winter wheat and summer maize during growth seasons increased significantly,at the rate of 7.8(℃·d)/a and 10.0(℃·d)/a,respectively.The global solar radiation during the growing period of winter wheat decreased significantly at the rate of 9.5 MJ/(m2·a),however,the trend was not statistically significant for summer maize.On average,the utilization efficiency of light and heat by winter wheat were 0.40% and 3.5 kg/(℃·d·ha),respectively,while for summer maize,the utilization efficiency of light and heat were 0.70% and 4.0 kg/(℃·d·ha) respectively,which were a little greater than those of winter wheat.From 1983 to 2007,the utilization efficiency of heat and light by winter wheat and summer maize both significantly increased.The increasing rates of heat utilization efficiency of wheat and maize were 0.7 kg/(℃·d·ha) and 0.6 kg/(℃·d·ha) every 10 years,and the increasing rates of light utilization efficiency of the two crops were 0.10% every 10 years.


The combined dewatering process and dry separation in a vibration fluidized-bed dryer was developed to upgrade Chinese lignite in terms of moisture and ash for effective utilization in power plants. The influence of operational parameters (fluidizing gas velocity, vibration strength, bed height, and drying temperature) and lignite properties (particle size and moisture content) on the drying or separation characteristics of −6–1 mm lignite was examined in a laboratory-scale vibration fluidized-bed dryer. Both operational parameters and lignite properties had a significant effect on the drying and separation performance. The drying and separation behaviors of a vibration fluidized bed were both enhanced in comparison to the case without vibration under the same operating conditions. Moreover, with the change in gas velocity, the drying and separation processes could be combined in the same vibration fluidized-bed dryer. Both processes achieved promising results compared to those of the fixed gas velocity c...


In this paper we study the existence and behaviour of solutions of some systems of nonlinear differential equations. Using known definitions concerning the asymptotic stability of the classes of solutions we present some definitions concerning the monotonic asymptotic stability of the classes of solutions along the coordinates and study several systems of differential equations with regard to the behaviour and stability of their solutions.


Taroshi-taki, a waterfall located in a mountainous region at Hanamaki City, Iwate Prefecture, sometimes freezes in winter. The circumference of Taroshi-taki has been measured in mid-February every year since 1975. In this region, it is said that in a year when Taroshi-taki freezes (does not freeze) with a larger circumference, a good (bad) harvest can be expected; it will be a hot (cool) summer. This study investigated whether a hot (cool) summer follows a cold (warm) winter in relation to the seasonal march of a temperature anomaly. Because the temperature anomaly must change its sign between winter and summer, we clarified when and why this occurs through a composite analysis in the northern hemisphere, mainly using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Data for 1975-2001 were analyzed because data on energy transport and its budget described below were available only for that period. During 1975-2001, Taroshi-taki froze (did not freeze) in 17 (10) years. We prepared the composite temperature anomaly for these 17 (10) years from the long-term mean (1971-2000) each month, and investigated its seasonal march. In these 17 (10) years, a negative (positive) temperature anomaly covering all of Japan in winter became positive (negative) in April; the temperature anomaly in winter disappeared in April in each case. Analyses of energy transport and its budget in the atmosphere (apparent heat source and moisture sink) revealed that, in April, when Taroshi-taki froze, the tropical Pacific released more energy to the west than the long-term mean. In April, when Taroshi-taki did not freeze, the spatial pattern of energy transport and its budget were almost opposite. In years when Taroshi-taki froze, the negative temperature anomaly in winter from eastern Asia to the North Pacific expanded the north-south temperature gradient (enhancement of baroclinity) including this area. During the subsequent April, this caused more atmospheric energy to be transported from the tropical Pacific to the middle latitudes, including Japan, compared to the long-term mean. This made the negative temperature anomaly in winter around Japan positive in April, which was maintained throughout the warm period. It is possible that the freezing of Taroshi-taki in winter represents negative feedback of north-south energy transport from the cold season to the warm season, which constitutes an important cause-and-effect sequence in the climate system.


Local second-harmonic generation (SHG) from a rough metal surface has been measured using a near-field optical microscope. The dependence of the SH signal on the tip-surface distance for excitation with $S$- and $P$-polarized light shows the presence of evanescent SH field components. With excitation by $S$-polarized light the SHG over the rough surface is found to be strongly related to surface topography. For $P$-polarized light excitation, local enhancement of SH emission have been observed that may be attributed to SH field localization.


Current military radio antennas forman-portable radios suffer frombandwidth, pattern, overall gainlimitation andcovertness. A numberofhelmet antenna designs willbeanalyzed anddemonstrated inthebandsof interest of750-870 MHz,and1350-2700 MHz. The helmet antenna solutions useconductive inkprinting techniques to realize antennaelements thatare conformal tothehelmet's shape.Thesolutions are highly integrated into thehelmet andother equipment on thesoldier headfora helmet antenna system with negligible ornoequipment weight gain.Thedesign of theantenna systemwilltakeintoaccount ofthe electromagnetic coupling ofthehead, torso andother soldier equipment ontheperformance oftheantenna system. A Specific Absorption Rate(SAR)study will ensure safety fortheuser.


This article aims to propose new possibilities of the anthropological study of homeless people. The secondary objective is to investigate both the empirical and theoretical levels of these possibilities. Drawing from my own fieldwork of "street people", I suggest four possible ways to look at future research topics: (a) urban adaptation (the traditional and problematic one); (b) urban geography of reciprocity; (c) "squat" becoming a place and (d) linguistic anthropology analysis. Finally, I will discuss the relationship of theory, empirical material and the validity of ethnographic research.


An analytical reading of Webern's Op. 9 No. 1 (1913) begins with the identification and explication of linear-octatonic strands that span the entire movement. From this there is developed a model that illuminates significant surface features of the music. The introduction places this extraordinary essay in the context of Webern's nonserial at nal music, and a brief conclusion suggests questions concerning historical implications. gins with a thematic statement based upon 5-10, the only dered pentad of the octatonic scale, as will be recalled. rther, in m. 2-3 of that ovement two of the three vericals are of octatonic set-class 5-16, and they sum to a comlete statement of Collection II (see Ex. 16). What these rays into the octatonic universe mean in terms of Webern's This content downloaded from 184.108.40.206 on Thu, 25 Aug 2016 05:59:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


Non-observation of any dark matter signature at various direct detection experiments over the last decade keeps indicating that immensely popular WIMP paradigm may not be the actual theory of particle dark matter. Non-thermal dark matter produced through freeze-in is an attractive proposal, naturally explaining null results by virtue of its feeble couplings with the Standard Model (SM) particles. We consider a minimal extension of the SM by two gauge singlet fields namely, a ℤ2-odd fermion χ and a pseudo scalar ̃ϕ, where the former has interactions with the SM particles only at dimension five level and beyond. This introduces natural suppression in the interactions of χ by a heavy new physics scale Λ and forces χ to be a non-thermal dark matter candidate. We have studied the production of χ in detail taking into account both ultra-violate (UV), infra-red (IR) as well as mixed UV-IR freeze-in and found that for 1010 GeV ⩽ Λ⩽ 1015 GeV, χ is dominantly produced via UV and mixed UV-IR freeze-in when reheat temperature TRH≳ 104 GeV and below which the production is dominated by IR and mixed freeze-in. Furthermore, we have considered the cascade annihilation χ χ̄ → ̃ϕ̃ϕ→ 4γ to address the longstanding ∼ 3.5 keV X-ray line observed from various galaxies and galaxy clusters. We have found that the long-lived intermediate state ̃ϕ modifies dark matter density around the galactic centre to an effective density ρeff which strongly depends on the decay length of ̃ϕ. Finally, the allowed parameter space in Λ–g plane (g is the coupling between χχ̄ and ̃ϕ) is obtained by comparing our result with the XMM Newton observed X-ray flux from the centre of Milky Way galaxy in 2σ range.


This paper proposes a V-model method to build consensus on dependability of the target system through collaborative construction of D-Case aligned with the organizational structure of stakeholders. D-Case is an extended assurance case supported by D-ADD agreement description database in the DEOS process for open systems dependability. The example target system here is Business Broadcasting System, the mission-critical system of commercial TV stations. We identify four issues in consensus building using D-Case and show how they are overcome using the functionality of D-ADD in our method: 1) Ensuring the integrity of D-Case, 2) Identifying the area affected by a D-Case modification, 3) Writing D-Case with multiple authors, and 4) Clarifying the scope of responsibility of each stakeholder.


Background: Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand1 (PD-L1) inhibitors effectively treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and prolong patient survival, resulting in standard therapies of NSCLC. Clinical benefits of good response and long survival with anti-PD-1/L1 therapy are limited in a small population of NSCLC patients, although combinations with chemotherapy have been extensively developed. Tumor PD-L1 expression and mutation burden are well known as response biomarkers for these therapies. On the other hand, biomarkers monitoring clinical responses during anti-PD-1/L1 therapy have yet to be identified. Very recently, we reported robust biomarkers of NY-ESO-1 and XAGE1 serum antibodies (Abs) predicting clinical benefits with anti-PD-1 monotherapy for NSCLC. NY-ESO-1 and XAGE1 are major cancer-testis antigens in NSCLC and play important roles in the immune surveillance. Then, we investigated whether these Abs became monitoring markers of clinical responses to anti-PD-1 monotherapy in NSCLC. Patients and Methods: Patient sera were serially obtained during anti-PD-1 therapy (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) of the first or later line as a standard care, and serum Abs against NY-ESO-1 and XAGE1 antigens and mutant p53 (as neoantigen) were detected by ELISA. Ab-positive was defined for serum with extrapolated titers exceeding or equal to 100 (≥100). Objective responses to anti-PD-1 therapy were assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.1. Results: In patients responding to anti-PD-1 therapy, NY-ESO-1/XAGE1 serum Ab titers were increased with several spikes within two to three months after therapy and were gradually decreased with tumor shrinkage. The increase of Ab titers showed rapid or gradual type, and the former reflected rapid tumor shrinkage and the latter did slow one. The Ab titers in patients with complete response (CR) were gradually decreased to an undetectable level, and these patients experienced no recurrence. However, the decreased titers in patients with partial response (PR) remained plateau or under 100, and some of these patients experienced recurrence or regrowth. The Ab titers in patients with progressive disease (PD) were gradually increased and not decreased. On the other hand, p53 serum Ab titers were gradually increased after the peaks of NY-ESO-1/XAGE1 serum Ab titers, suggesting antigen-spreading of neoantigens associated with tumor destruction. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NY-ESO-1 and/or XAGE1 serum Abs are robust monitoring biomarkers of clinical responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors and are useful for decision making regarding the continuation or discontinuation of therapy in clinical settings. Citation Format: Mikio Oka, Koji Kurose, Yoshihiro Ohue, Takahiro Karasaki, Junichiro Futami, Takeshi Masuda, Masaaki Fukuda, Akitoshi Kinoshita, Katsuhiko Shimizu, Masao Nakata, Noboru Hattori, Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, Minoru Fukuda, Toru Oga, Kazuhiro Kakimi. Immunologic monitoring markers of clinical responses to anti-PD-1 therapy for non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B38.


The invention discloses an electrode metering and film-sealing apparatus. The electrode metering and film-sealing apparatus comprises a first film-sending device, a second film-sending device, an electrode metering mechanism, a hopper, a storage bucket, electrode-receiving hoppers, a film-sealing pressure plate, a heat-sealing knife, an end-sealing lower plate, and an end-sealing knife, the first film-sending device and the second film-sending device are used for storing film for film sealing, the electrode metering mechanism is used for sending electrodes with fixed weight to a space formed by an electrode-receiving base plate and electrode-blocking plates and pressing the electrodes and plastic films to the storage bucket, heat sealing and cut-out of the plastic films are realized via the film-sealing pressure plate and the heat-sealing knife, a base plate of the storage bucket is opened, the electrodes wrapped by the plastic films fall into a receiving bucket and transmitted to an end-sealing position, and two ends are sealed via the end-sealing lower plate and the end-sealing knife. The advantages and beneficial effects of the electrode metering and film-sealing apparatus are that electrode metering and electrode film-sealing are integrated, and the electrodes are sleeved by films before being packaged into paper boxes so that the goals of water resistance and rust resistance are achieved, the possibility of rustiness in a storage and transportation process of the electrodes is greatly reduced, and the product quality is improved.


The paper theoretically discusses the education cast accounting in institution of higher education and provides some ideas about how to establish the education cost accounting system.


Cyber resiliency in Cloud computing is one of the most important capability of an enterprise network that provides continues ability to withstand and quick recovery from the adversary conditions. This capability can be measured through cybersecurity risk assessment techniques. However, cybersecurity risk management studies in cloud computing resiliency approaches are deficient. This paper proposes resilient cloud cybersecurity risk assessment tailored specifically to Dropbox with two methods: technical-based solution motivated by a cybersecurity risk assessment of cloud services, and a target personnel-based solution guided by cybersecurity-related survey among employees to identify their knowledge that qualifies them withstand to any cyberattack. The proposed work attempts to identify cloud vulnerabilities, assess threats and detect high risk components, to finally propose appropriate safeguards such as failure predicting and removing, redundancy or load balancing techniques for quick recovery and return to pre-attack state if failure happens.


3D printing, also called Additive Manufacturing (AM), is a disruptive technology which some have argued has the potential to generate considerable economic and environmental benefits. However, and in order to realise the benefits of 3D printing, thought has to be given to the legal frameworks that support the manufacturing process from design to consumption. There are many areas of law that are relevant to this process including product liability, health and safety and environmental law. The one that will be considered in this paper is that of copyright, a branch of the law of intellectual property (IP). This paper examines 3D printing and selected copyright implications using a case study around the design and manufacture of three-dimensional chocolate products. This case study has been chosen because technology to print three-dimensional chocolates was designed and developed by Dr Liang Hao, a researcher at the University of Exeter. It also brings with it some particular challenges for the law of copyright around the co-creation process that it employs in the design of the chocolate products. The focus will be on three areas of the law of copyright, chosen because they lie at the heart of the chocolate business model, and because they are illustrative of just some of the challenges that are faced by both the law and 3D printing in responding to this new technology.


In this paper, the applications of the Gaussian sum filtering method to the carrier phase based relative GNSS positioning are considered. The distribution of the observation noise in the double differenced carrier phases is modeled by the weighted sum of Gaussian distributions, and the Gaussian sum filter derived by extend-ing and modifying the Gaussian sum filter proposed by Alspach and Sorenson [1] is applied to the positioning. The experiments are done by using real receiver data, and the performance of positioning as well as integer ambiguity estimation are investigated.


[1] This work reports the first remote sensing measurements of atmospheric HFC-23 (CHF3) using solar occultation measurements made by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mark IV (MkIV) balloon interferometer. A total of 8809 ACE occultations measured between 2004 and 2010 have been processed, along with 24 MkIV occultations measured between 1989 and 2007. ACE data (yearly averages over the 10–25 km altitude range) in the tropics/subtropics (40°S–40°N) reveal a trend of 4.0 ± 1.6% per year in the growth of HFC-23 for 2004–2009 (or 3.9 ± 1.2% per year for 2004–2010), slightly smaller than surface measurements from Cape Grim air archive samples over the same time period (4.7 ± 0.3% per year). The northern midlatitude and high-latitude MkIV data (averaged over the 10–25 km altitude range) indicate a growth rate of 5.8 ± 0.3% per year over the period 1989–2007 (5.3 ± 0.4% per year for just the midlatitude data), similar to the Cape Grim surface trend of 5.7 ± 0.1% per year over the same period. The absolute HFC-23 volume mixing ratios measured by ACE and MkIV in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere are in good agreement (<5% bias) with each other but are ∼30% larger than ground-based measurements. The source of this bias has not been definitively ascertained; however, spectroscopic errors are the most likely cause.


Ultrasonic gear honing is a precision machining method of gears with good application prospects,and design of its vibration system is a key technique.Through analyzing the coupling relationship between its horn and gear,the vibration system was reasonably simplified.On this basis,a new design method for the vibration system was put forward by combining boundary conditions.Furthermore,using the proposed method,the horn was designed and the dynamic characteristics of its gear and horn was analyzed.Comparing the calculation results with those from finite element analysis and tests showed that the proposed theoretical model is reasonable and feasible,and the calculation results in examples are closer to the measured ones than the results from finite element analysis be.The corresponding conclusions provided a guidance for designing a vibration system of ultrasonic gear honing.


This work investigates the flow instability of thermoplastic polymer melt that occurs on the flow front when it enters micro-cavities. On the flow front, it was observed that small balls are formed and coalesce with each other, creating many micro-weld lines. The experimental results in this work showed occurrence of this phenomenon for polypropylene and polyamide but not for high density poly(ethylene), poly(methylmethacrylate) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. It was found that onset of this instability is related to the spherulite size. The effects of temperature and geometry have been scrutinized. As a conclusion, the ratio of spherulite size and channel width has been proposed as a dimensionless number related to this instability.


Methods: In this study, a gene expression profiling approach was used to uncover differentially expressed genes related to the disease and the pattern of regulation across the three grades of breast cancer development and progression. The investigation was undertaken using 12 breast archival invasive ductal carcinoma tissue samples of progressive grades, three of which were benign controls. From these samples, mRNA was extracted and gene expression profiles were determined using microarray hybridisation.


A biochemical-pump with a flow cell was constructed by using active pressure increase through catalase asymmetric-immobilized membrane with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as enzyme substrate. By applying H2O2 to the lower case of the flow cell, the buffer slolution was continuous discarged from the upper cell-case by the active pressure increase through the enzyme membrane.


The laminar boundary layer on the leeside of a slender cone shows a nonlinear high rate of growth prior to separation. It is shown how the mathematical model for the effects on the unsteady aerodynamics is essentially the same as that for the effects of the separation-induced free body vortices at higher angles of attack or of the leading-edge vortices on delta wings. The developed analytic method, which accepts static data as an input, predicts the large dynamic viscous crossflow effects observed in ballistic range tests of a 10-deg slender, sharp cone.


Poly(hydrogenated butadiene-b-styrene) copolymers are very effective emulsifiers for blends of polystyrene and low-density or high-density polyethylene. It is shown that the extent of improvement in mechanical properties is dependent not only on the molecular weight but also on the structure of the diblock copolymer. A comparative study of the morphology and the mechanical behavior of modified low-density polyethylene/polystyrene blends demonstrates that a tapered diblock is more efficient than a pure diblock with the same composition and molecular weight. It is assumed that the unique behavior of the tapered sample results from its particular miscibility characteristics at the blend interface. The tapered copolymer could behave essentially as a solu-bilizing agent for the homopolymers at the interface and provide a "graded" modulus responsible for the improved mechanical response of the material.


The purpose of this experimental study is to determine whether acts 1 percent chlorxetidine and 1 - percent thymol easy (Cervitec r ) at the level of S. Mutans and L.Acidophillus in patients with fixed orthodontic devices.


Dred Scott v. Sandford1 is one of the most troubling opinions ever issued by the United States Supreme Court.2 Though its deficiencies are legion, the particular problem this brief essay focuses on is the opinion's acceptance and perpetuation of the notion that America affords multiple tiers of citizenship and multiple tiers of personhood. The tiered citizenship that Dred Scott accepted suggests that denying certain citizenship rights to specific groups of citizens is acceptable. Similarly, the tiered personhood that Dred Scott allowed suggests that rights ostensibly owed to all people by virtue of their personhood are not owed to certain groups of people. Rather than attempt to justify the differential treatment between groups of citizens and between groups of people, the Dred Scott opinion simply noted the differential treatment and accepted it. For these reasons alone, Chief Justice Taney's majority opinion deserves the opprobrium that has been heaped upon it.3 The twin ills of tiered citizenship and tiered personhood were largely eliminated, in theory and eventually in practice, by the Reconstruction Amendments—the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Through their language and subsequent interpretation, those amendments introduced a formal equality that created a single


In recent years, blooms of Sargassum horneri have occurred frequently in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Optical satellite remote sensing is an important means to monitor Sargassum horneri, the method being based mainly on exploiting the significant spectral differences between the water mixed with Sargassum horneri and the background seawater. Thus, it is necessary to study the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri in seawater with a view to improving measurement accuracy. To date, both laboratory-based experiments concerning the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri as well as satellite-based remote sensing monitoring have been performed, but these studies have focused mainly on large areas of Sargassum horneri, and there has been limited recognition of the differences in the spectral characteristics for situations where the Sargassum horneri outbreak is early, and where the Sargassum horneri and the background seawater have just mixed. In this study, experiments have been designed to carefully examine the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri in seawater. The main findings are: (1) In general, the spectral distribution for the two forms of Sargassum (the strip form and the uniformly distributed form) are similar. (2) The peak wavelengths for the two forms of Sargassum horneri in seawater are different. The peak maximum for the strip form is at 825 nm while that for the uniformly distributed form is at 725 nm. Thus, spectral measurements may be used to distinguish between the two forms. (3) The concentration of suspended matter in the background seawater may influence the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri in seawater. These findings have great significance for remote sensing of the mixed state of Sargassum horneri in seawater, namely, the possibility for differentiation of the uniformly distributed form and strip distribution form. Also, the results have important implications for remote sensing of Sargassum horneri in seawater where the concentrations of suspended matter are variable.


Thermal energy management in the automobile industry has been a growing challenge to ensure effective engine cooling and increase performance. The objective of this study is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids with different concentrations. The study focuses on the effect of thermophysical properties such as density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity on the thermal performance of the flat tube. Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles concentrations of 0.05 to 0.3 per cent by volume were added into the mixture of the base fluid. CATIA V5 was used to design the flat tube, and the model was further simulated using ANSYS Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The base fluid consisting of 20% ethylene glycol and 80% water was observed to have a thermal conductivity of 0.415 W/m.K. The thermal conductivity, however, increases with the addition of 0.3% volume concentration of Al2O3 and CuO nanofluid, which are 0.9285 W/m.K and 0.9042 W/m.K, respectively. Under the same operating condition, the Nusselt number was observed to increase from 94.514 for the base fluid to 101.36 and 130.46 for both Al2O3 and CuO nanofluid, respectively. It can thus be concluded that CuO with a 0.3% concentration has the highest heat transfer rate compared to others. The heat transfer coefficient was recorded at 22052.200 W/m2 K, and the thermal conductivity obtained was 0.9042 W/mK, Nusselt number was 130.459, and the rate of heat transfer was at 66.71 W. There was a 10% increase in heat transfer coefficient at 0.3% nanofluid concentration when compared to 0.05%.

http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pertanika PAPERS/JST Vol. 30 (2) Apr. 2022/01 JST-2713-2021


Abstract A predictability analysis developed within a general framework of linear stochastic dynamics in a companion paper is applied to a simple coupled climate model of tropical Atlantic variability (TAV). The simple model extends the univariate stochastic climate model of Hasselmann by including positive air–sea feedback and heat advection by mean ocean currents. The interplay between the positive air–sea feedback and the negative oceanic feedbacks gives rise to oscillatory coupled modes. The relationship between these coupled modes and the system's predictability is explored for a wide range of coupled regimes. It is shown that the system's predictability cannot be simply determined from oscillatory behavior of the dominant coupled mode when coupling is weak. The predictable dynamics of the weakly coupled system depend upon the interference among many coupled modes and the spatial structures of the stochastic forcing. Using the simple model as an example, the concept of optimizing the predictability o...


This study examines the relationship between school autonomy gap, principal leadership, school climate, teacher psychological factors, teachers' job satisfaction and organizational commitment under the context of school autonomy reform. A path model has been developed to define the relationships between principal leadership and teachers' outcomes via mediating variables. Multiple-group comparison was used to explore the effect of school autonomy gap in this process. We collected the data through a survey carried out in 26 senior secondary schools in China. In total 528 teachers and 59 principals and assistant principals participated. The results suggest a significant influence of instructional and transformational leadership on teachers' job satisfaction and organizational commitment, mediated by the indirect impact of school climate and teachers' self-efficacy. School autonomy gap, which is closely related to principal leadership, emerged as an important influence in the path model.


Elastic energy storage mechanisms have been shown to improve locomotory performance and efficiency in many animals. In this paper we consider the role of elastic energy storage in jet locomotion of the squid, Loligo opalescens. The jet is powered by the contraction of circular muscles in the mantle. In addition, the mantle contains a collagen fibre based energy storage system (the mantle "spring") which captures some of the mechanical energy produced by the circular muscles and then releases this energy to power the refilling of the mantle cavity. The mantle spring is constructed so that it stores energy from the circular muscles only at a time in the jet cycle when, by virtue of the cylindrical geometry of the mantle, the circular muscles are unable, to apply their full mechanical output to the generation of hydrodynamic thrust. Thus the mantle spring increases the utilization of the circular muscles, and our analysis indicates that these muscles are used at virtually 100% of their potential through the ...


This paper presents a high-gain, low-power amplifier based on cascade structure and clock-control technique for MEMS acceleration sensor readout circuit. By controlling the clock signal, the amplifier has a superior performance. With ±5 V power supply, using the 0.5 um CMOS process technology, the Cadence simulation shows that, the total gain is about 167 dB with the unity gain bandwidth of 2.63 MHz. The power consumption of the amplifier is only 127.5 uW, which significantly reduces the whole power of the circuit.


The discrepancies in existing land cover data are relatively high, indicating low local precision and application limitations. Multisource data fusion is an effective way to solve this problem; however, the fusion procedure often requires resampling to unify the spatial resolution, causing a lower spatial resolution. To solve this problem, this study proposes a multisource product fusion mapping method of filtering training samples and product correction at a fine resolution. Based on the Superpixel algorithm, principal component analysis (PCA), and statistical extraction techniques, combined with the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, reliable land cover data were acquired. GEE and machine-learning algorithms correct the unreliable information of multiple products into a new land cover fusion result. Compared to the common method of extracting consistent pixels from existing products, our proposed method effectively removes nearly 38.75% of them, with a high probability of classification error. The overall accuracy of fusion in this study reached 85.80%, and the kappa coefficient reached 0.82, with an overall accuracy improvement of 11.75–24.17% and a kappa coefficient improvement of 0.16 to 0.3 compared to other products. For existing single-category products, we corrected the phenomenon of overinterpretation in inconsistent areas; the overall accuracy improvement ranged from 2.99% to 20.71%, while the kappa coefficient improvement ranged from 0.22 to 0.56. Thus, our proposed method can combine information from multiple products and serve as an effective method for large areas and even as a global land cover fusion product.


Mother-to-child transmission is one of the three routes of HIV transmission and is also the primary route of HIV infection in children.Patterns of infant feeding play an important role in mother-to-child transmission of HIV,and also influence survival status of HIV-exposed infant.The article reviewed the latest progress in foreign researches on feeding for those infants born by HIV-infected mother,including HIV-infected mothers' choice willings of feeding patterns for their babies,different feeding patterns,baby survival status under different feeding patterns,relationship between breastfeeding and mother-to-child transmission rate of HIV and evaluation of safety of formula-feeding,so as to provide new information about infant feeding for HIV-infected mothers in local MCH hospitals.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of allergic rhinitis and trace elements in the Ningxia region and provide a reference for clinical diagnosis,treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis.METHODSA total of 106 patients were diagnosed as allergic rhinitis(study group) in our hospital from June to October in 2010,at the same time,103 Healthy volunteers were recruited as control group.The concentration of Ca,Ni,Fe,Mg,Zn,Sr,Mn,Cu,Se in serum and hair were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES).The difference of the level of the trace elements in the two groups was analyzed with t-test.RESULTS In the Hui nation,the level of Cu,Ni in serum of patients with allergic rhinitis were higher than that in control group,but Zn,Se were lower than that in control group(P 0.05).In the Han nation,the level of Ni in serum of patients with allergic rhinitis were higher than that in control group,but Zn were lower than that in control group(P 0.05).The level of Cu,Ni were increased and Zn,Se were decrease in study group compared with the control group in all male and female,the difference was significant(P 0.05).In subjects of 6 to18 years,the level of Zn,Se in serum of allergic rhinitis group were significantly lower than that in control group,but the level of Cu was higher than that in control group,the difference was significant(P 0.05).In subjects of 19 to40 years,the level of Zn in serum of allergic rhinitis group was significantly lower than that in control group,but the level of Cu and Ni were higher than that in control group.In subjects of over 40 years,the level of Ni,Cu were higher than that in control group,the difference was significant(P 0.05).CONCLUSION This study showed that the level of trace elements Zn,Se,Cu,Ni in serum and hair was significantly different between the allergic rhinitis group and control group in Ningxia region.It indicated that the some trace elements may be related to the development of allergic rhinitis in the Ningxia region.The Age,nationality may have some influence on the level of serum trace elements of allergic rhinitis.


This cross-sectional study examines the association of care aides missing or rushing essential care tasks with work environments in nursing homes in Canada.


As an important part of the Olympic Games, the Winter Olympic Games has developed into one of the most influential sports events recognized in the world. For the host country, the significance is more than just a sports event. Whether it is the Winter Olympics or other international events, they all play an important role in promoting economic and social development. Taking the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics as an example, this paper focuses on China's economic growth before and after the Beijing Winter Olympics, including its cultural and tourism market development, payment methods, communication technology, infrastructure improvement, regional economy and other aspects of the impact, and then compares and summarizes experience from the development of previous international events. Finally, it puts forward the countermeasure proposal of international pageant to promote our economic growth.


Background: Sleep disorders are a common concern among pediatric epilepsy patients. This study aimed to assess the sleep quality in children with epilepsy. Subjects and Methods: The present study examined parent-reported sleep problems in 34 children (20 boys and 14 girls; age 4–14 years) with epilepsy. Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) assesses sleep patterns with 33 sleep disturbance items, and each item is rated on a 3-point scale (99 total score) that describes the frequency of the behaviors. A score of 41 was used as a cutoff for identification of poor and good sleeper. Results: Epilepsy poor sleepers (based on CSHQ score) have more sleep impairment than epilepsy good sleepers (CSHQ score) (P < 0.04), and the CSHQ subscores are as follows: night awakenings (P < 0.03), sleep duration (P < 0.04), daytime sleepiness (P < 0.04), sleep-onset delay (P = 0.02), and bedtime resistance (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Although sleep problems are known to be common among young children with epilepsy, the results of this work may provide the basis for focused studies to gain deeper understanding of sleep disturbances in this population.


Fiber technology has stepped into an essential position in the textile industry. It is forecasted that smart textiles will keep on developing constantly and vigorously. Having a convenient drug delivery system for treating various illnesses and bacterial infections is always in demand. Hollow fibers, which consist of a hollow structure and exceptional characteristics, such as high loading capacity and high surface reactivity, have been considerably used in medical equipment. A pilot study was performed in this paper for opening up environmentally friendly, convenient and repeatable drug delivery functions of industrial, ready-made hollow fibers for sustainable development in various aspects. The hollow fiber drug delivery system of this project is believed to tackle the challenges observed from the traditional drug delivery system, which include the following: (1) replacement of one-time delivery by repeatable drug loading and releasing; (2) loading complex drugs, such as in Chinese medicine; (3) using common materials available in the current textile market. Nylon 6 hollow fiber was the main subject of the pilot study. Its drug loading capability was investigated with the application of woven fabrics via the process of simple and direct drug loading under negative pressure (i.e. vacuum). The antibacterial performance of the drug-loaded fabrics and the drug release kinetics of the hollow fibers were examined.


Deng Xiao-ping′s thought on combating corruption and building a clean government(CCBCG), originated form the great practice of this aspect in China, is a scientific sum-up of the work experience of CCBCG and the inheritance and development of Mao Ze-dong′s theory of this aspect permeated with scientific spirit of Marxism. Deng Xiao-ping stresses that in the work of CCBCG, the guiding principle attaching importance to education, the institutional construction and supervision will still be our party′s theoretical basis of CCBCG at present and in the certain period of the future.


Water distribution systems (WDSs) are costly infrastructure, and much attention has been given to the application of optimization methods to minimize design costs. In previous studies, ant colony optimization (ACO) has been found to perform extremely competitively for WDS optimization. In this paper, five ACO algorithms are tested: one basic algorithm (ant system) and four more advanced algorithms [ant colony system, elitist ant system, elitist-rank ant system ( ASrank ) , and max-min ant system (MMAS)]. Experiments are carried out to determine their performance on four WDS case studies, three of which have been considered widely in the literature. The findings of the study show that some ACO algorithms are very successful for WDS design, as two of the ACO algorithms (MMAS and ASrank ) outperform all other algorithms applied to these case studies in the literature.


The social stability thought holds the important status in the Deng Xiaoping Theory.Deng Xiaoping regards social stability as political prerequisite of China's socialist modernization drive,has deep assurance to various factors which influence social stability,and sets forth the correct response strategy for dealing with uncertainty.This text describes Deng Xiaoping's social stability view at first,and then probes into its contemporary enlightenment emphatically.


As part of a continuing effort to understand the process of turbulence decay in the atmospheric boundary layer, we have measured profiles of winds and turbulence variables in the central Salt Lake Valley. These data were collected in an October 2000 field program that is part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Vertical Mixing (VTMX) initiative. Sampling was done using three collocated instrument systems: a sonic anemometer mounted at 8.5 m, a single-axis minisodar, and a 915 MHz wind profiler/RASS. These systems operated continuously for nearly three weeks. In treating the wind profiler data, we have made extensive use of the NCAR Improved Moment Algorithm (NIMA) for extracting both winds and turbulence from the profiler. Through reprocessing the profiler spectral data, the NIMA allows credible profiles of winds and, in particular, dissipation rate, to be constructed for periods as short as 5 min. In this paper we will discuss the process of turbulence decay as reflected in measurements of turbulence kinetic energy, dissipation rate, and heat flux from the sonic anemometer in the context of diurnal flows as well as the time-height structure of dissipation rate and mixed layer depth from the profiler.


This study examined how the pattern of feedback seeking affects how feedback-seeking behaviour is evaluated in organisations. Controlling for the performance history of the feedback seeker, we studied how the type of the sought feedback (strengths versus weaknesses) and the frequency of seeking (frequent versus occasional) affect targets' impressions of feedback seekers and their seeking. We also assessed how the targets' implicit person theory and their attributions for feedback seeking affect the relationship between feed back-seeking behaviour and targets' impressions. Results show that targets' attributions for feedback seeking are one of the underlying mechanisms for why feedback seeking behaviour affects important individual outcomes in organizations and that the targets' implicit person theory is a relevant moderator of these effects.


. The goal of the current study is to develop an algorithm for generating pedagogically valuable questions. We focus on verbatim questions whose answer, by definition, can be literally identified in a source text. We assume that an important keyphrase relative to a specific learning objective can be identified in a given source text. We then further hypothesize that a pedagogically valuable verbatim question can be generated by converting the source text into a question for which the keyphrase becomes an answer. We therefore propose a model that identifies a keyphrase in a given source text with a linked learning objective. The tagged source text is then converted into a question using an existing model of question generation, QG-Net. An evaluation study was conducted with existing authentic online course materials. Corresponding course instructors judged 66% of the predicted keyphrases were suitable for the given learning objective. The results also showed that 82% of the questions generated by pre-trained QG-Net were judged as pedagogically valuable.


Summary Recognition factors have been demonstrated to constitute one component of macrophage surveillance. Since depletion of plasma recognition factors occurs in experimental and clinical neoplasia, studies were undertaken to evaluate the contribution of macrophages and recognition factors to neoplasia. Employing Shay chloroleukemic cells as the transplant, the administration of recognition factors at the tumor cell transplantation site induced an 86% decrease in tumor weight. Specificity of this inhibitory response on tumor growth was demonstrated by the observation that administration of human serum albumin resulted in no modification in tumor growth. The isolated recognition factor fraction enhanced phagocytosis in vitro and also exerted a pronounced chemotactic effect. Macrophages and recognition factors may be of significant importance in tumor cell detection and rejection mechanisms. This investigation was supported, in part, by NIH Research Grant CA 13746 from the National Cancer Institute. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Eugene Handler of Hunter College for initially providing the Shay chloroleukemia tumor-bearing Long–Evans rats.


This paper focuses on the limits of partial discharge apparent charge estimation and calibration using an unified approach. The fundamental problems that prevent accurate apparent charge estimates (resonances, attenuation and partial discharge pulse splitting) are tackled through this approach, highlighting the physical limitations that prevent partial discharge charge to be measured properly. The feasibility of calibration of ultra-wide bandwidth measurement systems, something that is not treated in the IEC 60270 standard, is also discussed.


The basic equation of rainwater superimposing is established according to the principle of micro-topography rainwater superimposing utilization. The mathematical models for the ratio of ridge and ditch of micro-topography rainwater superimposing utilization are deduced aiming at several different utilization conditions. It is very convenient to design and plan the modes of micro-topography superimposing utilization by using the equation, thus it has important significance and guidence effects for the dissemination of the micro-topography rainwater utilization technique.


Some journal editors of periodicals ostensibly libertarian oriented yet practice an editorial policy with would be in other contexts seen as anathema to this philosophy: to wit, affirmative action. The present paper documents this case, offers a criticism of this practice, and considers several objections to its thesis.


All rings in this note are commutative rings with identity, and all Rmodules are left unitary. "A proper submodule E of an R-module X iscalled nearly quasi prime submodule, if whenever abx ∈ E, with a, b ∈


Aim: Patient D.T., age 34, presented at Department of Periodontology with complaints of strong pain with multiple periodontal abscesses and significant tooth migration. Familiar history was positive. Material and Methods: Advanced aggressive periodontitis was diagnosed and initial periodontal therapy performed with addition of systemic antibiotics. Reevaluation after two months showed significant improvement. Next pathologic tooth migration, significant mobility and loss of interdental contacts in upper front were addressed. Using elastic bands teeth were realigned in 3 weeks and composite fiber-reinforced splint done. Closure of interdental spaces and apical reposition of contact points resulted in reappearance of papillae. Results: Aim was to control the infection and stabilize upper front teeth. There were no active residual pockets after debridement in the frontal area so orthodontic movement was undertaken. Further surgical therapy is planned for lateral teeth. Conclusion: Minor orthodontic movement using elastic bands and composite fiber-reinforced splint resulted in realignment and stabilization of the upper front. Esthetic correction resulted in significant motivation for the patient as his major complaint was impairment


:  Development of gut microflora in abalone Haliotis discus hannai cultured at two abalone farms in Japan was similar: (i) gut microflora of juvenile abalones fed on microalgae matched microflora cultured from seawater; and (ii) gut microflora changed coincident with the abalone switching food sources from microalgae to algal pellets. After abalone reached 4 months of age, the gut microflora was replaced by algal polysaccharide-degrading bacteria, which were almost entirely characterized as facultative anaerobes. Dominant species were alginolytic, non-motile fermenters (NMF) and Vibrio spp. The gut microflora seemed to be stable in abalone older than 1 year, with NMF bacteria dominating. Ninety-six percent of the NMF isolates were identified as Vibrio halioticoli by species-specific identification using the colony hybridization method. These results show that abalone H. discus hannai has a unique developmental process in which gut microflora shifts to alginate-degrading bacteria, especially V. halioticoli.


The DC performances of a novel InP/InGaAs tunneling emitter bipolar transistor (TEBT) are studied and demonstrated. The studied device can be operated under an extremely wide collector current regime larger than 11 decades in magnitude (10-12 to 10-1A). A current gain of 3 is obtained even operated at an ultra-low collector current of 3.9x10-12A (1.56x10-7 A/cm2). The common-emitter and common-base breakdown voltages of the studied device are higher than 2 and 5V, respectively. Furthermore, a very low collector-emitter offset voltage of 40 mV is found. The temperature-dependent DC characteristics of the TEBT are measured and studied. Consequentially, based on experimental results, the studied device provides the promise for low-power electronics applications.


A die with two die halves (4, 5) is placed in a tank with an incompressible liquid. The die joint is located in spaced parallel relationship to the horizontal plane passing through the longitudinal axis (13) of the hollow body (1b). The ends of the hollow body (1b) are placed under the influence of hydraulic cylinders (17). Plugs (15) are driven into the ends of the hydraulic cylinder (17) and are held in the sealing position at the high internal shaping pressure (P(i)) in the hollow body (1b). The hollow body is preformed in the liquid by closure of the die before the closure of the ends and the application of internal hydraulic pressure.


In a system of thin alternating layers of superconductors and insulators the equations describing static and dynamic fluxon solutions are derived. The approach, represented by a useful compact matrix form, is intended to describe systems fabricated for example of niobium or niobium‐nitride thin films; in the limit of ultrathin superconductor films it may give a model for describing fluxon motion in layered high‐Tc superconductors. Numerical examples of current versus voltage curves to be expected in such an experiment are presented.In a system of thin alternating layers of superconductors and insulators the equations describing static and dynamic fluxon solutions are derived. The approach, represented by a useful compact matrix form, is intended to describe systems fabricated for example of niobium or niobium‐nitride thin films; in the limit of ultrathin superconductor films it may give a model for describing fluxon motion in layered high‐Tc superconductors. Numerical examples of current versus voltage curves to be expected in such an experiment are presented.


We report on 2-photon excitation processes in laser-cooled 87Rb that yields frequency upconversion at coupling powers of 200 pW in an optical nanofiber. We demonstrate Autler-Townes splitting and EIT mediated via the fiber.


It can be easily claimed that social work, as any welfare profession, is built on relationships and knowledge, and also that these concepts are contested all the time, and should be so, in order for the profession to develop. Knowledge matters have been on the agenda in all European countries over the last decade as far as I can see. In some countries with a welfare system in transition, the knowledge issue has been focused on creating professional systems and education, developing a new profession to deal with the welfare issues. In many countries sometimes heated debates have considered the possibility of evidence based practice, both when it comes to the possibility of finding the evidence with all of its scientific and ethical implications, and then, if ''found'', being able to use it in practice settings. Quite often practice and research pose different questions and need different answers as well. Another debate dwells in the marshland of practice wisdom, how it can be expressed and how its status could be enhanced. Several attempts to do so have been made within the paradigm of the reflexive or critically reflexive practitioner. Theoretically these claims seem much harder to make than in practice. During the next year this journal will present a theme issue focusing on critical reflection in social work. In practice it is evident that some practitioners are able to handle difficult situations much better than others and that the ability to do so is not only related to their theoretical knowledge, but to practical experience and wisdom. Relationships is the other perennial and inevitable theme for the welfare professions. When Yeheskel Hasenfeld made his often quoted distinction of Human Service Organisations, the relational aspect was one of the main features of their activity, beside the unclear aims, moral implications for people and organizational dependence on professionals with a high level of discretion. And for the individual social worker this is of course no news whatsoever. But also for the profession of social work, relationships are essential for the ability to develop and to enhance its interventions and activities as well as their professional status. For the profession the most important relationships are with the state (local and national), with other professions and, not to forget, with the public. When social work has relational problems and lacks trust in relation to these actors, it will definitely run into problems with its professional development. In earlier issues of the journal this has been described, for example, from the English perspective, with negative press and lack of trust from politicians and public resulting in social workers deserting social work practice. This issue of the European Journal of Social Work is no exception; knowledge and relationships are key themes in several articles. And this time, the articles not only emanate from the European scene, but also welcome authors from Australia and Hong Kong. In ''Freedom as self-transgression: transformations in the 'governmentality' of social work'' Kaspar Villadsen from Denmark presents a genealogy of social work, inspired by the works of Foucault. The author claims that the growing prominence of neo philanthropic European Journal of Social Work Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2008, 91 92


Influence of roxazyme–G on the utilization of maize offal was investigated using 420 broiler chicks and 210 (5-week old) growing broilers at starter and finisher phases, respectively. A basal diet that met the nutrient requirement for each phase was formulated and used for the trial. Basal diet meant for starter phase contained 529 g kg -1 maize while basal diet for finisher phase contained 569 g kg -1 maize. For each phase, 25% or 50% maize component of each basal diet were replaced with maize offal. Thereafter, the maize offal-based diets were divided into 3 equal parts and designated diets 2, 3 and 4 for diets in which its 25% maize component was replaced with maize offal and diets 5,6 and 7 for those with their 50% maize components replaced with maize offal. Roxazyme-G was added to the diets at levels of 100, 200 and 300 mg kg -1 in diets 2 & 5, 3 & 6 and 4 &7, respectively. The birds were fed their respective diets for 21 days. At the close of the starter (2-4 weeks of age) and finisher (5-8 weeks of age) phases 10 chicks and 10 chickens per replicate, respectively were sacrificed conventionally and their blood collected for blood analysis. Of the growth indices measured only the final weight of chicks was significantly (P≤0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. The entire haematological indices measured were not significantly (P≥0.05) influenced by dietary treatment in both starter and finisher birds. At starter phase, the optimum level of maize offal inclusion could be achieved at 132.3 g kg -1 + 200 mg kg -1 roxazyme–G while 142.3 g kg -1 maize offal + 200 mg kg -1 roxazyme-G was for finishers. Conclusively, the use of maize offal and roxazyme -G at these optimal levels could lead to more of maize offal being included in broiler diets in tropical countries. Keywords : Finisher, maize offal, starter, roxazyme-G


Within the context of the Period Fixed-Effects Model, this study of cigarette consumption in the US uses a state-level panel dataset to investigate a new hypothesis. This hypothesis argues that the presence in the home of minor-aged children, that is, children under 18 years of age, reduces the percentage of the population that smokes cigarettes. The eclectic model includes the levels of federal plus state cigarette excise taxation along with a number of other established explanatory variables. The empirical estimates in this preliminary study find support for the hypothesis proffered here, that is, it is found that the percentage of the population that smokes cigarettes is a decreasing function of the percentage of households with minor-aged children residing in the home. Moreover, aside from providing further insight into smoker behaviour, the results from this study also raise the question that since this phenomenon has been ignored in previous related studies involving such public policies as cigarette taxation and cigarette smoking bans that those studies may suffer from omitted variable bias. JEL Classification: R22, I18, H71, H29


The biological characteristics,marketable fruit traits and yields of Jiangshu No.2,Jiangshurousigua,Jiangshu No.1(CK) and Zaoxiangsi were compared in greenhouse,to screen out suitable high-quality towel gourd cultivar for Zhenjiang area.The results showed that,Jiangshu No.2 possessed the advantages of early maturity,high yield and good quality,and it could be planted in large scale as early-maturing cultivar in Zhenjiang.And Jiangshurousigua exhibited goodcomprehensive performances,but its fruit shape was not fit for the local consumption habits,thus it could be planted step by step.


Urban spatial morphology evolution can reflect the regional urbanization in the concise and effective way. It comes into effect to achieve the regularity of spatial morphology evolution by identifying landscape change characteristics dynamically with landscape expansion index. In accordance with current problem in landscape expansion index calculation, this article proposes a method that analyzes the characteristics of urban spatial form change by improved calculating landscape expansion index. Firstly, 3 topological relationships(contain, intersect and not-touch) are applied to representing 3 landscape growth pattern which are infill,edge-expansion and outlying accordingly. Secondly, by judging the new patches of urban topological relationship, each landscape expansion index is calculated depending on the definition. And then based on the results of calculation, this article analyzed the morphology of urban spatial pattern evolution in Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou(SXC) region in each period during 1985-2008. From the aspect of the total trend of landscape expansion pattern in SXC region, the edge-expansion was the leading expansion trend which was belong to compact growth. Seen from the other aspect, there were differences in the location of the urban morphological growth.In the urban district or the administration center of each town, the morphological growth could be summarized as compact growth in edge-expansion way. And both of the urban sprawl or the compact growth could be found in the rest of the area. The results illustrated that by using the method of the landscape expansion index the morphology of spatial pattern evolution can be analyzed dynamically. Furthermore, box-counting dimension, as one of the most popular fractal methods, was applied to calculating the urban fractal dimension. The results shown that box-counting dimension of the urban in SXC region increased through the years. During 1985 to 2008 the dimension value is range from 1.22 to 1.504 in the low growth rate which means that the spatial morphology of urban was always between the concentration status and the equilibrium status. On the other hand, the results of landscape expansion index showed that patches of outlying pattern increased from 1995 which gave some disturbances to the leading compact growth pattern. This spread pattern caused spatial heterogeneity among the urban and towns. The growth poles of the new construction land brought about the change to the space structure. Urban expansion in outlying pattern would enhance the randomness of spatial morphology and instability to the spatial structure. These results could explain the result of box-counting which fractal method could not explain well. Therefore, landscape expansion index can provide spatial process interpretation for fractal dimension which is the result of spatial morphology as supplementary. Furthermore, the decision maker can comprehend the trend of spatial morphology evolution during the urban expansion by calculating landscape expansion index so that urban sprawl can be controlled by macro policy in the reasonable way.


The author summed up by many years of experience in turning threaded process, the use of lathe processing thread cited buckle, tail and teeth buckle top burr processing essentials; optimize the production process, turning the screw to provide greater profit margins, better quality assurance at the same time greatly reduce the labor intensity.


By means of chemo-photometric models for galaxies of different morphological types, we have carried out a detailed study of the history of element production by spheroidal and dwarf irregular galaxies. Spheroidal galaxies suffer a strong and intense star formation episode at early times. In dwarf irregulars, the star formation rate (SFR) proceeds at a low regime but continuously. Both galactic types enrich the intergalactic medium (IGM) with metals by means of galactic winds. We have assumed that the galaxy number density is fixed and normalized to the value of the optical luminosity function observed in the local Universe. Our models allow us to investigate in detail how the metal fractions locked up in stars in spheroids and dwarf irregulars, those present in the interstellar medium (ISM) and those ejected into the IGM have changed with cosmic time. By relaxing the instantaneous recycling approximation and taking into account stellar lifetimes, for the first time we have studied the evolution of the chemical abundance ratios in the IGM and compared our predictions with a set of observations by various authors. Our results indicate that the bulk of the IGM enrichment is due to spheroids, with dwarf irregular galaxies playing a negligible role. Our predictions grossly account for the [O/H] observed in the IGM at high redshift, but overestimate the [C/H]. Furthermore, it appears hard to reproduce the abundance ratios observed in the high-redshift IGM. Some possible explanations are discussed in the text. This is the first attempt to study the abundance ratios in the IGM by means of detailed chemical evolution models which take into account the stellar lifetimes. Numerical simulations adopting our chemical evolution prescriptions could be useful to improve our understanding of the IGM chemical enrichment.


The purpose of this research to determine How Implementasi Learning Sentra Platter Peran in develop social skills on a group of A in Paud Bilal Bin Rabbah Central Beji Kemiri Kebakkramat District Karanganyar of the Doctrine 2019/2020. This study using thedescriptive analysis with the approach kualitatif. Collecting data do to use a technique observations, the interview and documentation. The data that has been collected examined the validity of the data with triangulasi the source. The data that has been collected dipilah through a analysis interactive namely ( 1 ) collecting data, ( 2 ) reduction data, ( 3 )
presentation data, and ( 4 ) of verification or the conclusion. The subject of this research is Children Marginalized A Paud Bilal Bin Rabbah Beji Central. The
results of research shows that Ketrampilan social children can in implementasikan through learning sentra play a role, so that the development of social skills of children group A in Paud Bilal Bin Rabbah, through the Imitate, Cooperate, and behaves familiar in Centers play the role of.


A three-dimensional explicit time-dependent full Navier-Stokes computation was carried out for a turbulent subsonic mixer-ejector flow field. The objective was to obtain better insight into the complex flow field and to utilize computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to design a mixer ejector with less jet noise while maintaining high thrust and efficiency. The grid consists of about 660 000 nodes in two blocks. The numerical simulation shows that the flow field was dominated by a system of large streamwise vortices. These vortices are created at the exit of the mixer nozzle, and they exert a significient influence on the mixing process between primary and secondary flows. Computed velocity, total pressure and total temperature distributions in the exit of the mixer ejector were compared with experimental results. Agreement between computational results and experimental ones is generally good.


Asked what we should do about inflation, economists give a lot of different answers. Some economists say government is the sole source; responsibility for inflation resides in Washington. Some say the real source is federal budget deficits. Others say that monetary policy alone is the cause of inflation. I think monetary expansion is the fundamental underlying cause. Some also say that the causes of inflation are social, with all groups continually trying to increase their share of the pie; this can't be realized, so we have inflation as a result.