High dielectric constant or ferroelectric materials are needed for a range of devices, non-volatile ferroelectric computer memories, NVFRAMs, microwave devices utilising the non-linear polarisation as a function of electric field, or other microwave applications. High dielectric constant and low losses can be achieved in single crystals of ferroelectrics. However, film structures are needed for integrated circuits. Hence, there is a need of epitaxially grown thin films of ferroelectrics of quality approaching that of a single crystal. This thesis investigates ferroelectric films of Ba x Sr 1-x TiO 3 (x=0, 0.05, 0.25) (BSTO) grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on different substrates and buffer layers. In particular, interfaces between ferroelectric layers and electrodes are important and often limit the performance of capacitors. Strains, chemical inhomogeneities, oxygen vacancies and charged defects limit material properties such as dielectric constant ?, tunability and losses, tan?. I have investigated electrode materials such as the high temperature superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-? (YBCO), the metallic oxide SrRuO 3 (SRO), colossal magnetoresistance materials (Sr or Ca)MnO 3 , as well as noble metal double layers of Au/Pt. The former ones are all of perovskite structure, the same as BSTO. SRO was found to be the best electrode at room temperature and we propose the use of SRO as a buffer layer between Au/Pt and BSTO in microwave devices. The deposited films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transport measurements and dielectric spectroscopy. The latter was performed at temperature 5-300K, frequency 1kHz-50GHz and biases up to 50MV/m. Thin films of SRO were especially investigated. XRD reflexes and electrical resistivity ? depended upon the substrate temperature (690°C to 810°C). Films grown at 780°C consists mainly of orthorhombic phase with lattice parameter close to the value of a single crystal and a ? of 270??cm at both dc and microwave frequency. A larger amount of another 'crystalline phase' (seemingly pseudo-cubic) was present at other substrate temperatures and had a frequency dependent ? up to 1700??cm at the lowest deposition temperature. A 'dead layer' was extracted from ?(T) for BSTO on SRO. It had a thickness of about 10nm and an ? much less than 1GHz) were dominated by the series resistance of the SRO. Keywords: ferroelectric film, dielectric films, interfaces, tunability, high frequency loss, strontium ruthenate, barium strontium titanate


In order to appraise the plasticity and emergency capacity of Q500qE high performance steel girder,full-scale I-shaped beams made by high performance steel Q500qE and low alloy steel Q345qD are designed to study the ultimate bearing capacity by model tests and finite element analysis.The results show that Q500qE has a good plasticity and will not cause brittle fracture due to high yield ratio.I-shaped beams made by Q500qE and Q345qD have the similar behaviors on load-deflection curve and development process of plastic and neither of them has yield point jog.During different plastic stage of development,the ratio between the imposed load and the nominal yield load is basically identical,which indicates that the steel girders made by Q500qE and Q345qD have the same emergency capacity.Deflections under the key working loads are almost the same between calculation and test results and the error is small,which indicates that using the multilinear kinematic hardening model to simulate the constitutive relation of high performance steel is reasonable in the finite element analysis.


Moral education under Dewey's empirical philosophy is of great significance in advancing our education principle and methodology and in offering solutions to our existing problems in moral education.However,the "empirical method" has its own shortcoming,which is the fatal limitation in its theory.


The design of generalized predictive control (GPC) algorithm in a liquid level control system is studied, the CARIMA model of object is constructed, and the parameters selection of optimization measures in GPC is given. In order to solve the problems that are produced by the basic least squares algorithm in estimating the model parameters, the improved methods are given in the parameters recursive estimation, estimation convergence speed, estimation online verifying and in dealing with the input and output data of the object. Experimental results show that the improved methods are reasonable and practicable.


A new three-layer chiral grid structure is proposed based on the Greek gammadion design.Its geometric parameters are selected using parameter optimization.Its transmission and reflection spectra for different incident frequencies are gained through numerical simulations.Then according to the numerical simulation results,its electromagnetic characteristics and optical activity such as optical rotation,elliptic polarization,permittivity,permeability and chiral parameters are investigated by using inverse calculation.An improvement in optical characteristics of the new chiral structure is achieved,which provides a broader perspective for its future applications.


This study was designed to investigate the effect of different plant densities on architectural traits and yield components at the experimental field of ATTC- Lushnja, Albania, and to analyze the associations between plant density and above mentioned traits. Line L-3221 of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was sown at densities of 15, 20, 25, 30,35, 40 and 45 plants/m 2 during the growing seasons 2010 and 2011. A randomized complete block design with four replications was implemented. The results showed significant effect of plant density on architectural traits and yield components. In general, increasing plant density leads to reduced values of these traits in single plants, but increases their values per unit area. Although the increase in the plant density leads to a linear reduction of the plant yield components, the yield itself results higher. The densities of 35 and 40 plants per m 2 are most indicated to obtain the highest dry bean seed yield. Seed yield was highly and positively correlated (r = 0.91**) with plant density, but the yield components of plant were negatively associated with density. Also, significant and negative correlations between plant density and branch/plant (r = -0.93**), node/plant (r = -0.98**) and diameter of plant (r = -0.87**) were observed.


mobility. However, this could hardly have been true in the case of descendants of (the 'King's Architect') ustad Ahmad Shah Jahani nadir-al'asr (the Wonder of the Age) all of whom were muhandis with works in astronomy, mathematics, poetry and ethics to their respective credit. The larger question that Oaisar fails to appreciate is whether a mere catalogue of the materials of construction and the organisation of labour is at all useful without any evaluation of the social and cultural context in which they were located. An analysis of Mughal paintings solely as 'photographs' ignores the cultural environment in which they were produced, the intent of the painters involved as well as the context in which the miniatures


As always, a mathematical model is needed to describe the physical transmission channel. The nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation is found to serve this role and it is used to describe the slowly-varying envelope of the optical field.


Which platform(s) are you most interested in? How do you see a repository possibly assisting in your current or future work?


Radar sea clutter analysis has been an important area of radar research for many years. Very limited research has been carried out on coherent monostatic sea clutter analysis and even less on bistatic sea clutter. This has left a significant gap in the global scientific knowledge within this area. This thesis describes research carried out to analyse, quantify and model coherent sea clutter statistics from multiple radar sources. The ultimate goal of the research is to improve maritime radars' ability to compensate for clutter and achieve effective detection of targets on or over the sea surface. The first analyses used monostatic data gathered during the fight trials of the Thales Searchwater 2000 AEW radar. A further sea clutter trials database from CSIR was then used to investigate the variation of clutter statistics with look angle and grazing angle. Finally simultaneous monostatic and bistatic sea clutter data recorded in South Africa using the S-band UCL radar system NetRAD were analysed. No simultaneous monostatic and bistatic coherent analysis has ever been reported before in the open literature. The datasets recorded included multiple bistatic angles at both horizontal and vertical polarisations. Throughout the analysis real data have been compared to accepted theoretic models of sea clutter. An additional metric of comparison was investigated relating to the area of information theoretic techniques. Information theory is a significant subject area, and some concepts from it have been applied in this research. In summary this research has produced quantifiable and novel results on the characteristics of sea clutter statistics as a function of Doppler. Analysis has been carried out on a wide range of monostatic and bistatic data. The results of this research will be extremely valuable in developing sea clutter suppression algorithms and thus improving detection performance in future maritime radar designs.


In this paper a new architecture, Speculative-Aware Execution (SAE) is presented that employs speculative-awareness as a means of mitigating the drawbacks of speculative execution which are: useless work (uses speculative values so it produces incorrect results or is done on the wrong path) and redundant work (produces results previously obtained). In order to achieve this, SAE tries to partition the dynamic instruction stream into two disjoint parallel threads: A speculative thread that is partially speculative-aware (p-thread) as it records its speculative state and uses it to avoid useless work (using speculative values) but have no account for its control-flow violations; and a fully speculative-aware thread (f-thread) that has full record of p-thread's speculations, and so can steer p-thread away from incorrect control-flow paths and can accurately identify p-thread's correct work and avoid it, otherwise it would be redundant. By eliminating useless and redundant works, SAE outperforms existing architectures that share similar high-level micro-architecture while incurring only minor hardware additions/changes. Detailed experimental results confirm that SAE indeed reduces the number of useless and redundant computations. We also report an average performance improvement of 18% for the SPEC_INT2000 benchmarks.


Linear optical amplifiers combined with dispersion compensating Raman fiber amplifiers were used to successfully transmit sixteen channels of 10-Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexing signals over four 40-km spans of single-mode fiber. No add-drop-induced penalty was observed after the 160-km transmission when 15 out of 16 channels were dynamically add-dropped.


Large dollar reserves in Asian EMEs accompany large U.S. fiscal and current account deficits. Analysis of strategic sales by Asian EMEs suggests that an attack on the dollar is not certain but is possible. A unique equilibrium where Asian EMEs sell their reserves does not exist but there are multiple Nash equilibria. Therefore action, which includes adjustment, is required to coordinate to the better equilibrium. There is evidence that more flexibility in Asian exchange rates will reduce risk for Asian EMEs, but the flexibility will have to be limited, and it depends on more flexibility in the renminbi. Moreover, limits to adjustment in wages put limits on realignments between US and Asian exchange rates. Therefore while a gradual adjustment strategy is feasible it will require both expenditure switching and expenditure reduction with the latter moderated by the maintenance of robust global growth.


Evidence is presented that the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) depends, at least partially, on cysteine proteinases for protein digestion. Midgut homogenates of CPB larvae have a mildly acidic pH and exhibit major proteolytic activity in the mildly acidic pH range. This proteolytic activity is activated by reducing agents, is inhibited by E‐64 (a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor), and is not inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors. In addition, consumption of E‐64 treated potato leaves by CPB larvae at rates as low as 0.8 μg/cm2 of leaf tissue has a deleterious effect on larval growth and development.


Single mode (SM) optical fiber green laser is a continuous wave (CW) or quasi-is configured to be driven in the green spectral range in the continuous wave (QCW). The green laser is composed of one micrometer pump source, single pass second harmonic generator (SHG), such as by the pump beam frequency doubling non-linear LBO crystal for outputting a green light at the signal wavelength to output a narrow line width of the pump from the base wavelength of the spectral range do. Pump source maintains a narrow line width than MOPFA configuration and 0.2nm in SM seed which emits a narrow line width of the SM pump than 0.2nm and at least one of ytterbium ( "Yb") optical fiber amplifier for receiving and amplifying the SM pump wavelength from the base It is configured so kind. SM green fiber laser works as a power conversion efficiency of between 15% and 30% in the power range between 510-540nm signal wavelength range with about 50W and the kW level.


Oligomeric mixtures of diorganyl cyclosiloxanes of the general formula F n D m−n (D=(CH 3 ) 2 SiO, F=CH 3 (CH 2 =CH)SiO, m=3-5 and n=o-m) are analyzed. The effect of vinyl group on the chemical shift of neighboring silicon atoms was estimated in terms of additivity parameters and good agreement was obtained between experimental and calculated chemical shift values. The distribution of dimethyl and vinylmethyl siloxy units in cyclosiloxanes is discussed. Pentad structures were observed in 29 Si-NMR spectra of poly(dimethyl-co-vinylmethyl)siloxanes and their intensities were found to be in confirmity with Bernoullian statistics


Despite the cross-culturally persistent high prevalence of cannabis use in general adult populations, in-depth analyses of extended use careers are uncommon in the scientific literature. This paper reports on in-depth interviews conducted with 104 users living in Toronto, Canada. A pretested questionnaire developed for use in a larger, cross-national study guided data collection on use levels and frequency from the first year to most recent month of use. The data support a controlled drug use model, with aggregate intake eventually decreasing and becoming stable or more moderate over time. Four main career patterns are identified and compared on measures of dependence and levels of consumption in the year prior to the study. In comparison with those whose long-term use has varied, stable users report fewer cannabis-related problems, despite using more heavily and frequently. While dependency problems are highly subjective, transitions in use patterns more generally reflect personal contingencies of lifestyle.


Monocytosis is a frequent trigger for blood smear review in a routine hematology laboratory whereas chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is infrequent and arises mostly in elderly patients. In order to define the best workflow for monocytosis, we studied three diagnostic approaches: the classical morphology approach (blood smear review), the flow cytometry assay (quantification of monocyte subsets as described by Selimoglu‐Buet et al in 2015), and the "mono‐dysplasia‐score" also referred to as "Monoscore (as described by our team in 2018 using the structural parameters of the Sysmex XN™ analyzers).


Introduction The treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis is primarily medical, with surgical treatment reserved for those patients with the complications of perforation, hemorrhage, carcinomatous degeneration, perirectal abscesses and fistulas, or intractable disease. Zetzel 1 has stated that most of the patients remain in a satisfactory state of health in spite of chronicity and recurrence and that only 10% to 15% require surgery. Many of the patients with extensive colitis come to the surgeon only after they have reached a state of emotional and physical exhaustion. The numerous postoperative complications have been extensively reported. 2,3 Two complications that have not been adequately emphasized are the development of sensitization to minor blood groups following multiple transfusions and the insidious occurrence of acute tubular necrosis accompanying surgery. The purpose of this paper is to describe the genesis of these complications and their management in a patient who had a onestage ileostomy and total


Based on examples, the article analyzes views based on gender differentiation and gender neutrality in medical euphemisms studied in world linguistics and used in the Uzbek language.  The differences in speech, character and behavior of representatives of different sexes are examined, how the speech situation in representatives of two sexes expresses gender differences in context, their impact on the social environment, medical euphemisms of the Uzbek language are grouped as euphemisms expressing male and female signs and features, physiological condition, disease.


Background: Quality of life and depression in HIV patients is an impact that will be received by HIV patients if the intervention is not carried out properly, to reduce the impact that will occur to eliminate the worst impacts, HIV patients must always be motivated and approach in the form of counseling and other approaches such as spiritual emotional freedom technique.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to collect the right type of therapy or intervention to reduce depression rates due to psychological impacts on HIV patients and improve the quality of life of HIV patients.Methods: The design of this study uses a systematic review approach by collecting several articles from a selected database consisting of science direct, pubmed and proquest with articles published in 2016-2021. The search for articles was conducted by entering the words "Spiritual emotional freedom technique OR SEFT OR Counseling AND Depression AND Quality of life OR QOL AND HIV OR AIDS". The search articles were limited to inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria in this study were HIV patients with low quality of life and depression. The study design was a randomized controlled trial and a quasi-experimental study, while the exclusion criteria were HIV patients without quality of life problems and depressive disorders, cross sectional and literature review.Results: The results of this study were the publication of articles, Science Direct articles 4513, proQuest 18862 article and 7350 pubmed article, 614 articles were deleted because duplicates 1560 were reviewed specifically and found 9 articles that matched the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research that met the criteria was presented in a systematic table.Conclusion: it was found that there are several appropriate interventions that can be given to HIV/AIDS patients, one of which is counseling about the disease and the provision of spiritual emotional freedom technique therapy


This paper deals with quantitative estimation of shikimic acid from the fruits of Illicium griffithii Hook.f. & Thoms and Illicium verum Hook.f. through high performance thin layer chromatography method (HPTLC). TLC plate (E.Merck) precoated with silica gel 60F254 was used as stationary phase and a mixture of Chloroform: Methanol: Formic acid (7:3:0.5, v/v) as mobile phase. The TLC plate was sprayed with vanillin-sulphuric acid and heated at 105°C in a hot plate till the development of colors for the spots and scanned at a wavelength of 210 nm using deuterium lamp. The calibration curve was found to be linear between 3 μg and 18 μg. The method can be used for the fast screening of the drug for its active ingredient. The fingerprint would be helpful in the identification and authentication of both Illicium species. The content of shikimic acid present in I.griffithii and I.verum were 1.66 and 5.48% respectively.


–A quantitative method based on the product of the reaction between the antiemetic metoclopramide and sodium nitrite in acidic medium by visible spectrophotometry is proposed. Cooling or coupling stage are unnecessary, due to the stability of the colored diazo compound, which has a maximum absorbance at 380 nm. This procedure was applied to pharmaceutical formulations containing metoclopramide as single drug. Analytical validation of the proposed method compared to the reference method, HPLC – UV was performed. The parameters of specificity, precision (CV = 0.994% and 1.58% for repeatability and intermediate precision respectively), accuracy (recovery between 98.50 to 101.33%), linearity and linear range obtained, fall within the values established by the British Pharmacopoeia, USP and Argentinian pharmacopoeia. Keywords––Antiemetic, generic tablets, metoclopramide, spectrophotometric method, validation.


A new plane strain upper bound solution for highly undermatched scarf-joined specimens with a crack is proposed. A distinguished feature of this solution is that the crack is arbitrarily located within the weld and its shape is also arbitrary, though some restrictions do apply. The latter are explained in detail such that the class of structures for which the solution is applicable is precisely specified. The solution is given in a form of several ordinary integrals.


Running for Governor is a rare satirical short story of Mark Twain's early works. Its fictitious hero, the decent Mark Twain, in the process of running for the governor of New York State, was fatally maligned and attacked by his opponents- the candidates of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In the end, he was forced to give up. Rereading it today, we hold that the yielding of the decent hero was the inevitable consequence of political struggle and hypocritical democracy in America. What was more important was that the cowardice of justice itself resulted in the ferocity of evils. People could do nothing but sigh before hypocritical democracy, which was the real situation of American politics at that time.


The pape introduces the necessity of PDM system implementation,the concept and key technologies of PDM system,the problem need to be cautioned during PDM implementation.Because it has important meaning to enterprise information integration,enterprise management level improvement and product development effect,PDM has been given more and more attention.


The enzymes having G6PD activity were isolated from 10 species belonging to 8 invertebrate phyla and their properties were examined in order to compare with those of vertebrate G6PD and H6PD. As a result it has been demonstrated that invertebrate G6PD has properties quite similar to vertebrate G6PD in the following respects; (1) The primary substrates are G6P and NADP; (2) Km's for G6P and NADP are in the majority of cases of the order of 10-5M and 10-6M, respectively; (3) Mg ions have no or only a slight stimulative effect; (4) The molecular weight of the monomer is about 55×103 and the enzyme exists as a dimer and/or a tetramer.No H6PD was found in the species studied.From these and other data it may be speculated that animal G6PD would not have undergone a marked change in the substrate specificity and in the molecular weight of the monomer during evolution and that echinoderms might be the only one among invertebrates that possesses H6PD. This suggests that if G6PD and H6PD might have a common ancestral molecule, the divergence might have occurred at the time of echinoderm evolution.


INTRODUCTION : Haemophilia is a disorder of coagulation. Haemophilia A is due to deficiency of clotting factor VIII and haemophilia B is due to deficiency of factor IX. Both are inherited as X-linked, so males usually exhibit the disease and females are carriers.
Prevalence of haemophilia A is 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 male births and that of
haemophilia B is 1 in 20,000 to 34,000 births. Haemophilia A accounts for about
80% cases of haemophilia and haemophilia B around 20%. Arthropathy is a
common and debilitating complication of haemophilia. If detected earlier
progression of disease process can be arrested by effective management.
METHODS :
Here 40 patients with haemophilia are studied and their indications of
admissions were noted. They were assessed clinically as well as radiologically for
the detection of arthropathy irrespective of whether they were admitted for
musculoskeletal bleeds or not.
RESULTS :
Majority of patients were admitted with musculoskeletal bleeds(29 of 40).
Most of the patients were haemophilia A patients(34 of 40). Family history was
present in only 10% cases. Majority of patients(23 of 40) were in stage III of
haemophilic arthropathy as staged according to Arnold hilgartner classification.
Out of 11 patients admitted with non musculoskeletal bleeds only one had clinical
evidence of arthropathy and out of the remaining 10 patients 4 were already in
stage III of haemophilic arthropathy without any symptoms and signs. Arthropathy
worsens as the duration of disease process increases.
CONCLUSIONS :
Haemophilia is a common coagulation disorder encountered by physicians. The
most common indication for admissions are musculoskeletal bleeds and knee being
the commonest joint involved. As the duration of disease process increases the risk
of permanent joint damage also goes on the increase. Those patients with early
stages of arthropathy are treated conservatively with factor replacement therapy to halt the progression of disease. If not treated adequately, due to chronic synovitis permanent joint damage occurs. Once this happens only surgical cure is possible to restore the joint function. The various modalities available are synovectomy, arthroplasty and joint replacement in severe cases.
Even in haemophilics admitted for non-musculoskeletal indications arthropathy may lie undetected and if unnoticed can result in joint damage.


We predict the matrix elements and resulting electron spectra for semileptonic meson decays using the quark potential model. Particular attention is paid to the high-energy electron end-point region in B decay since it is crucial to a determination of the b→u weak mixing angle. It is argued that in this region the usual inclusive ("quark decay") calculations are unjustified and must be replaced by explicit sums over decays of the original meson into low-mass exclusive hadronic final states.


Emotional states of humans and their impact on physiological and neurological characteristics are discussed in this paper. This problem is the goal of many teams who have dealt with this topic. Nowadays, it is necessary to increase the accuracy of methods for obtaining information about correlations between emotional state and physiological changes. To be able to record these changes, we focused on two majority emotional states. Studied subjects were psychologically stimulated to neutral - calm and then to the stress state. Electrocardiography, Electroencephalography and blood pressure represented neurological and physiological samples that were collected during patient's stimulated conditions. Speech activity was recording during the patient was reading selected text. Feature extraction was calculated by speech processing operations. Classifier based on Gaussian Mixture Model was trained and tested using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients extracted from the patient's speech. All measurements were performed in a chamber with electromagnetic compatibility. The article discusses a method for determining the influence of stress emotional state on the human and his physiological and neurological changes.


Lant Pritchett has argued that on the basis of empirical findings variations in fertility desires account for most of the variation in fertility rates across countries and that access to contraception contributes at best a significant but numerically small (2-3%) independent effect. Pritchett concluded that changing fertility desires and increased contraceptive access cause some trivial fertility reductions. Pritchetts empirical analysis is believed to be seriously flawed by his use of an essentially tautological statistical model. The focus of this comment on Pritchett is on the inappropriateness of the statistical model itself. The first section presents cross-national regressions of the total fertility rate (TFR) on three alternative measures of fertility preferences: the average ideal number of children; Lightbournes and Westoffs desired total fertility rate (DTFR); and Bongaartss wanted total fertility rate. The dramatic result obtained namely that two measures of desired fertility explain about 90% of the variation in the total fertility rate is an artifact of the model stemming from the inclusion of a slight transformation of the dependent variable itself as the explanatory variable. Moreover the results obtained are equally consistent with those one would obtain if the measures of excess fertility used were simply random noise. If the correct model is in fact that described by equations it is not surprising that instrumental variable estimation raises estimates of beta toward a value of one; nor is it surprising that other explanatory variables (e.g. contraceptive prevalence family planning program effort unmet need) when added to a regression of TFR on DTFR tend to be insignificant. When a variable is essentially regressed on itself little variation remains to be explained by other factors.


Objective
To investigate the curative effects of mini-plate internal fixation through modified anterior approach of elbow joint for the treatment of ulna coronoid process fracture.

Methods
From January 2013 to December 2015, 11 cases of ulna coronoid process fracture were treated by mini-plate internal fixation through modified anterior approach of elbow joint. The functional recovery of elbow joint was evaluated after the operation.

Results
All the patients were follow-up for 8 to 25 months with an average of 15.4 months. Bone healing was achieved in all the cases showed by X-ray. The range of motion was (115.00±8.56)° for elbow flexion and extension, (130.00±6.58)° for forearm rotation. According to Mayo Elbow Performance Score, the elbow function was rated as excellent in 6 cases, good in 4 cases, fair in 1 case. Mild heterotopic ossification occurred in 1 case. Lateral brachial cutaneous nerve injury occurred in 1 case. No infection, vascular injury, joint dislocation, traumatic arthritis and stiffness occurred.

Conclusion
In the treatment of ulna coronoid process fracture, elbow joint can be fully exposed by modified anterior approach and mini-plate internal fixation is reliable to achieve good clinical effect.

Key words:
Elbow joint; Fracture fixation, internal; Surgical approach; Mini plate


Ronald T. Hyman Rutgers University There is one point of universal agreement about classroom teaching-questioning is essential. Questioning is essential for the teacher because questions are a prime and necessary means to spur student thought and involvement.I Indeed, research shows that teacher questions are frequent and a central part of classroom interaction.2 Yet there is some disagreement as to the number of questions a teacher should ask and the effects that teacher questions have on students.3


Engineering organizations that want to improve their processes, develop new procedures, or reengineer systems must look to their internal and external customers. They need to be intimately familiar with the needs and wants of those who receive their products and services. Too often organizations and their management assume they already know, or worse yet, never think to ask the question before moving off to change, improve, or reengineer their operations and processes. The design engineering organization at Loral Aeronutronic in Rancho Santa Margarita, California, has adopted and consistently practiced the quality function deployment (QFD) methodology for listening to the voice of their customers. Specific examples of the application of QFD, the building of the "house of quality," and the resulting revelations and sometimes unexpected "aha's" are presented and discussed. The authors present both a brief generic overview of the QFD methodology and the "house of quality" matrix, as well as a summary of a few Loral Aeronutronic applications, highlighting successes, stumbling blocks, mistakes, recoveries and lessons learned.<<ETX>>


Engineering statics is a gateway course in engineering education that prepares students for subsequent courses such as dynamics and mechanics of materials. However, students may not explicitly voice their concerns or challenges encountered when trying to understand the material due to their unfamiliarity with engineering concepts in statics. Therefore, it is important to explore different venues that would allow the instructor to determine and understand the areas where students struggle. This work in progress investigates how web-based learning logs can help the instructor identify the information necessary to facilitate instruction, and help students understand difficult concepts regarding truss analysis. The intent of this work is to generate a framework, through constant comparative analysis, that describes the different areas engineering students struggle with when working on truss analysis. The objective is to describe the complexity of truss analysis in order to provide a series of codes and schemes that will eventually advance the research in engineering statics, and provide a better understanding of students' concerns in engineering statics to facilitate future interventions.


SummaryThree groups of carefully selected children, twelve with severe receptive aphasia, twelve with profound hearing loss and twelve unimpaired controls were given the task of discriminating between simple rhythmic sequences. The results of the aphasic children were very poor whereas the deaf and the control children did not differ significantly. The disability of the aphasics was found to transcend the auditory modality. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.


Ernst (1984) notes that most Quality Adverbs have two readings, one of which is a VP reading, the other one a clausal reading. However, within this group there are also adverbs such as loudly, woodenly etc., which only allow for the VP reading, the so called Pure Manner Adverbs. While Ernst holds that these adverbs form a class because of their limitation to one reading, he cannot explain why adverbs with two readings, such as quietly, graciously do not belong to this class, although their VP readings have the same semantics as the PMA. I propose to drop the 'one-reading' criterion in favour of a semantic characterization of PMA. The revised class of PMA will include adverbs with two readings, where the VP reading servers as the the primary reading and the clausal reading results from a metaphorical usage of the adverb. A template for deriving these readings is introduced, using the


The authors reveal the relevance of modeling electrohydraulic technology in terms of determining the parameters that cannot be measured by existing methods and technical means. The purpose of the chapter is modeling of electrohydraulic technology in agriculture. By modeling, the authors are developing an installation for obtaining nutrient solutions under irrigation conditions in order to increase the yield in greenhouse vegetable combines while ensuring the environmental friendliness of the process. The authors used the methods of research, analysis and calculation of technical means and control systems applied to high-voltage electro-technological installations of agricultural use. Mathematical patterns are established and a logically based relationship is established between the changes in electrical conductivity of water as a result of electrohydraulic processing.


Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types among women, and a leading cause of death in women [1, 2]. Years of experience have revealed that mammography constitutes the most efficient method in the early diagnosis of this type of cancer [3]. However, there are existing problems in mammographic imaging due to the subtle differences in the contrast between benign and malignant lesions, the mammographic noise, the insufficient resolution and local low contrast. These inherent difficulties of mammographic image reading prevent the medical expert from quantifying the findings and finally make a correct diagnosis [4-7]. Therefore, there is a non-negligible percentage of biopsies following mammographic examination, classified as false positive [8, 9]. Improvements towards the early diagnosis of breast cancer, as far as the computer science is concerned, belong to the so-called field of systems for computer aided mammography [10, 11]. Such systems have mainly dealt with detection and classification of crucial mammographic findings and they are based on image processing and analysis techniques as well as on artificial intelligence methods. There is no doubt that a major factor in good diagnosis is the human knowledge and the skills of the medical expert. The project that we present here, describes a training scheme for radiologists based on a computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system for mammography that we have developed [12, 13]. This system deals with the digital or the digitized mammographic image, offering computer aided risk assessment starting from a selected region with microcalcifications . It is based on methods of quantifying the critical features of microcalcifications and classifying them as well as their clusters according to their probability of being cancerous. A riskindex calculation model has been developed and included into the system. Furthermore, the calculated risk-index can be refined through other information such as the position and the direction of the cluster along with information from the patient record such as the age and the medical history of the patient [41, 42]. The design of the interface is based on the clinical routine and allows for interaction with the physician at any time, providing information about the procedures and parameters used in the model of diagnosis. In special cases, it is possible for the system to be


Chronic opioid treatment is complicated by the development of tolerance and hyperalgesia. Social environment alters both opioid‐induced behaviours and nociceptive mechanisms. Our previous studies demonstrated that, in adolescent rodents, the susceptibility to acquire opioid dependence and reward is dependent on the nature of social housing conditions. Specifically, our previous studies demonstrate that housing morphine‐treated mice with drug‐naïve animals mitigates the abuse liability of opioids. Thus, this study tested the effect of social housing conditions on the development of adaptive processes to morphine antinociception.


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Background: Abdominal procedures, whether open or laparoscopic are often complicated with an incisional abdominal hernia (IH). Approximately 15% 20 % of all laparotomies and 1% to 5% of all laparoscopic surgeries are complicated by IHs. IH is a really bad situation for doctors and patients. Dissatisfaction, long-term malfunction, and limitations of activities and unsatisfying cosmetic appearance are just a few of the side effects that patients endure as a result of IH. For doctors; it is a challenging surgical issue associated with multiple risk factors, unclear etiology and different pathological changes, affecting different patients. Management of such a variable surgical issue necessitates a good understanding of the anatomical and physiological features of the abdominal wall by the hernia surgeon beside a wide armamentarium of surgical options to deal with complex variants to repair and restore abdominal wall integrity and function, many procedures have been utilized to repair IH and to restore abdominal wall integrity. Objective: To review the feasibility and safety of the abdominal wall component release with contemporary onlay mesh fixation procedure in the treatment of incisional abdominal hernias. Conclusion: Large incisional hernias that are difficult to close in the midline might benefit from the component separation approach. Repair of incisional hernias by abdominal wall component separation with contemporary onlay mesh fixation results in favorable outcomes and lower recurrence rates. It gives a more durable abdominal wall repair, a more physiological repair in cases of loss of domain, an affordable financial outlay, and a low incidence of complications.


Oncological patients are at an increased risk of an opportunistic infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes . Listeriosis remains infrequent in oncological patients. This article describes a case report of a 15-year old boy diagnosed with T-ALL, who developed L.monocytogenes infection during an intensive cancer treatment. The patient's treatment proceeded with numerous complications. Impaired coagulation led to genetic examination and factor V Leiden and heterozygotic C667T and A1298C mutations of MTHFR detection. Corticosteroid therapy resulted in insulin resistance and hyperbilirubinemia with normal hepatic enzymes level. Gilbert's syndrome was confirmed. CT evaluating remission revealed asymptomatic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. After finishing Protocol II the rise in CRP was observed with decreased number of WBC. Patient was feverish and complained of nonspecific abdominal pain and dysuria. USG detected fluid in right iliac fossa. A few hours later boy's neurological state dramatically worsened. CT revealed acute hydrocephalus, which needed immediate drainage. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from CSF. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, infection caused boy's death. On clinical examination massive submandibular and cervical lymphadenopathy, petechiae all over the body, especially severe in pelvic girdle, splenomegaly (spleen reaching lower quadrant) and hepatomegaly (3cm above subcostal arch), tachycardia (150/min), on auscultation diminished vesicular murmur paraspinal on both sides were noticed. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis (104 ths./µl), III grade thrombocytopenia (22ths/µl) and hyperuricemia (27mg/dl), high level of creatinine (1,18mg/dl) and urea (75mg/dl). Boy presented with, both laboratorary and clinically, renal insufficiency in 4 th stage (GFR-22ml/min). Intravenous rehydration, rasburicase and diuretics were administered resulting in gradual decrease and normalisation of uric acid. RTG and CT examinations revealed widened mediastinum (implying tumour), pleural and pericardial effusion. Due to clinical presentation and laboratory findings, the initial diagnosis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was made and confirmed by myelogram and immunological examination of bone marrow. Treatment according to ALL IC BFM 2009 for intermediate-risk ALL was immediately administered. During induction phase clinical and biochemical signs of renal insufficiency occurred. Patient required hemodialysis with calcium supplementation (Ca-0,81 mmol/L) and hyperphosphatemia management at the same time (P-12,42mmol/L). Boy developed symptoms of tetany, which disappeared after normalisation of calcium


Based on statistical data (Banjar District in Figures, 2016), it was found that there was an increase in population density from 2013 to 115 people / km2, by 2014 117 people / km2 and 2015 by 119 souls / km2. To support human needs and activities, it takes a lot of space, especially built space. The purpose of this study is to analyze the public perception about the role of green space on environmental comfort in RTH Ratu Zalecha Square and analyze the role of RTH Queen Square Zalecha to the comfort of environment based on the index of discomfort. The research method used is survey method and quantitative descriptive analysis. The survey method aims to observe the condition of research sites such as physical condition and RTH characteristics. The survey also aims to determine the point of data collection, identify the green space structure, and take the microclimate primary data. The result of this research shows that the level of public perception on the comfort of RTH Alun-Alun Ratu Zalecha has positive effect for 84 respondent (87,5%) and 12 respondents (12,5%).  This indicates that H0 is accepted which presumes that there is positive effect of RTH of Queen of Zalecha against the comfort of environment and H1 is rejected and Chi-Square calculation shows that X2H value is 96,47 bigger than X2 table 5% that is 5,991 so that H0 is accepted, meaning there is a significant difference between the three levels of public perception towards the comfort of the environment with the highest level of positive perception is in the category of a very influential role and affect the comfort of the environment. Based on observation data at the study location, the average daily discomfort index at location I (on the surface), location I (1.4 meters), location II (1.4 meters), location III (1.4) meters) between 80,2-81,7 which is in the interval of the value of DI> 80, which means that 100% of respondents stated that all research locations in the category were uncomfortable for humans.


Risk management is the process that helps to identify hazards, analyze them, and then to create an action plan to avoid and mitigate these hazards. The main objective of risk management in product development and manufacturing is to provide safe and efficient products without spending too many resources. Medical device manufacturers also face enormous risks - regulatory, legal, and financial - based on their products and processes, and the concepts of risk management are particularly important because any single failure may result in serious damages to body or loss of life. In this regard, a set of guidelines for the application of risk management to medical devices has been issued by ISO and specified in the document ISO 14971 Medical devices - Application of risk management to medical devices. The main objective of this study is to investigate the application of risk management to dental implant development and manufacturing processes based on ISO 14971. A general risk management process is first introduced, and the application of ISO 14971 to dental implants is further investigated.


IEEE 802.11ac for high throughput wireless access supports the use of wide channel bandwidth for improving the capacity of data transmission. To properly balance the needs of individual wireless stations (STAs) and the available network capacity, the standard proposes dynamic bandwidth channel access (DBCA) where the wide channel is divided into primary and secondary channel components; and a station needs to contend for the primary channel while it can use the secondary channel without any contention, when it is sensed free. This leads to the unfairness in channel access. Further, the network gets severely affected when STAs demand for specific Quality of Service (QoS) for various applications belonging to different access categories (ACs) running over it. Different ACs with different QoS types require separate treatment in terms of channel bandwidth allocation, which the standard IEEE 802.11ac DBCA fails to provide. In this paper, we develop a packet scheduling mechanism, High Throughput Multi-Level Scheduler (HT-MLS), to support dynamic bandwidth allocation over QoS associated traffic classes, while ensuring the fairness among the contending STAs. HT-MLS utilizes an adaptive learning over the channel sensing environment; and a testbed implementation (with 30 wireless stations) and thorough evaluation of HT-MLS indicate that it can improve QoS performance significantly, while ensuring the channel access fairness for the STAs.


Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Si-MPs) have been demonstrated to be excellent hosts for molecules of various sizes, shapes, and functionalities. [ 5 ] The organically functionalized Si-MPs have unique structural features such as environmentally stable mesoporous structures, large surface area, tunable pore size, and well-defi ned surface properties. [ 3 ] In particular, the facile surface functionalization of Si-MPs and their effi cient internalization into cells provided Si-MPs with unique properties for stimuli-responsive controlled delivery applications. [ 2 , 4 ]


Productive shipbuilders provide customized or made-to-order products to customers. To date, most of these "world class" companies have succeeded by developing a series of repeatable type blocks, which may be chosen and combined to form products that respond to customer needs. Type blocks have been developed as a result of long experience in customizing ships to specific needs, while maintaining a repeatable build strategy. These are, therefore, empirically based. This paper reports on the early stages of work to develop a theory and methodology for developing type blocks for shipyards that do not currently have them in place and/or lack the historical base from which to extract common blocks. The concept, called Common Generic Block, builds these using the principles of mass customization, a block complexity matrix, grouping using clustering techniques based on production attributes, and applying a threshold value as a stopping criterion for the clustering. This paper describes the general framework of the approach and provides details on the block complexity matrix, used for determining the relative similarity of products to be included in a product family.


The invention discloses atransistor circuit layout structure, comprising a transistor which is provided with a source terminal, a drain terminal and a disconnecting grid electrode on a base material. The disconnecting grid electrode comprises an independent first block and an independent second block. Bit lines are disposed on the source terminal or on the drain terminal or are embedded into the base material, and are electrically connected with thedrain terminal. Word lines are disposed on the first block and are electrically connected with thefirst block. Back drive lines are disposed on thesecond blockand are electrically connected with thesecond block. Horizontal height of theback drive lines is different fromhorizontal height of the word lines.


Whilst the prohibition of tax relief in favour of "certain undertakings or the production of certain goods" as stipulated in Art.87(1) EC Treaty has attracted considerable institutional attention, the treatment of fiscal special charges to the disadvantage of "certain undertakings or the production of certain goods" has neither been regulated in the EC Treaty, nor has it been in the focus of the European Commission and the European Court of Justice. The recent Court of Justice's judicature revealed first signs of a tendency to regard special charges as the logical counter piece of state aids and to expand the constituent elements of this norm to include a comprehensive control of "differences in burden". However, following the jurisprudence on Art.4 lit.c ECSC from 1951, which expressly acknowledged the common features of subsidies and aids on the one hand and special charges on the other hand, it seems methodically more coherent to differentiate between state aids and special charges and to define these as advantageous or disadvantageous divergences from the "standard measure" of taxation. Against this background, the article examines whether and to which extent the existing EC-prescriptions are opposed to such disadvantageous fiscal charges. As the analysis reveals, special charges can neither be seen as a distortion of the Common Market under Art.96 et seq. EC, nor does the methodical differentiation between state aids and special charges leave room for an immediate application of Art.87(1) EC. However, there are good reasons to draw an analogy: An interpretation of Art.87(1) EC in the light of the fundamental concepts of Community Law as laid down in Art.2 et seq. EC, which aim at ensuring that "competition in the internal market is not distorted within the single market", suggests that a "judicial extension is of the law" is possible as long as one is sympathetic to the "effet utile" of the contractual norms and their dynamic interpretation.


We discuss the Bose–Einstein interference effect in multi-particle production. After a short review of various methods of implementation of this effect into Monte Carlo generators the weight method is presented in more detail and used to analyze the data for hadronic Z decays. In particular, we consider the possibility of deducing the two-particle weight factor from the experimental data.


Integrating multifunctional semiconducting metal oxide powders into a 3D printing technique to construct hierarchical porous structures is highly desirable and remains a significant challenge. Herein, an extrusion‐based 3D printing strategy is developed that can assemble TiO2 powders into hierarchical porous structures with multiscale pores at both the macro‐ and microscale. Powder‐based TiO2 inks with a significant shear‐thinning behavior and adequate storage modulus and yield stress are developed to meet the requirements of 3D printing of TiO2 in an air environment without the need for an additional solidification treatment, which provides good printing flexibility. The hierarchical porous structures with a relatively high compressive strength provide the 3D‐printed TiO2 structures with great potential for use in many applications, including filtration, thermal insulation, biomedical scaffolds, catalyst supports, and energy conversion. Compared with scaffolds with a compact morphology, the hierarchical porous TiO2 scaffold as a photoelectrode achieves a higher nitrogen photofixation yield due to its high surface adsorption and activation capacity caused by its porous morphology. Importantly, the powder‐based ink design and extrusion‐based 3D printing approach are readily extended to other semiconducting metal oxides such as ZnO and their composites.


The synthesis of dithiocacodylate complexes of the metals chromium(111), indium(111), manganese(11), cobalt(11), nicke1(11),  zinc(11), and copper(1) is described. The compounds can be prepared either from sodium dithiocacodylate Na[S2As(CH3)2] or by passing hydrogen sulphide through a methanolic solution of the metal cacodylate in the presence of hydrogen chloride. The infrared spectra in the region 4000-40 cm-1 of the new compounds have been recorded and assigned by a comparison with the spectra of several compounds which are closely related. The arsenic-sulphur and metal-sulphur stretching frequencies occur in the region of 450 cm-1 and 260-340 cm-1, respectively.


Background:- Spinal anesthesia is the most common anaesthesia technique for cesarean section. In this technique
injection of a local anesthetic agent is injected into the subarachnoid space. The most common complication of spinal
anesthesia is hypotension which is due to sympathetic blockade and activation of the Bezold Jarisch reex which leads to the utilization of higher
doses of vasopressors for the maintenance of blood pressure. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of intravenous ondansetron
premedication on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension with normal saline. An observa methodology:- tional study was conducted in 180 term
parturients of ASA - ІІ, scheduled for elective LSCS under spinal anesthesia. The patients were divided into two equal age groups: ondansetron
4mg (group O, n= 90) and saline group (group S, n= 90). Ondansetron 4mg (2ml) was given 10 min before the procedure in group O and group S
received 2ml normal saline. Under all aseptic precautions, subarachnoid space was accessed through L3-L4 or L4-L5 intervertebral space
using 25G Quincke's spinal needle. After conrmation of the free ow of CSF, a 2ml hyperbaric injection of bupivacaine 0.5% (Heavy) was
administered in the subarachnoid space. Mean arterial pressure less than 65mmHg was considered as hypotension and treated with iv
mephentermine 6mg bolus. The Occurrence of hypotension in Group O (22.22%) was signicantly l Result- ower than in group
S(61.11%)(p<0.001). The MAP was signicantly higher in Group O at 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,20 and 25 minutes (p<0.005). 18 (20%) patients
required one dose of mephentermine 6mg, and 2(2.22%) patients required two doses in group O. In group S 40 patients ((44.44%) required one
dose of mephentermine 10 patients ((11.11%) ) required two doses and 5 patients (5.55%) required 3 doses. In group O 3 patients (3.33%) and
in group S, 12 patients (13.33%) had nausea which was statistically signicant with a P value of 0.01. In group S 12 patients (13.33%) and 4
patients (4.44%) in group O had shivering. Which was statistically signicant with a P value of 0.03. Ondansetron is effective in Conclusion –
preventing spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section


Vision is a highly dynamic process, structured by frequent eye movements that bring a new image onto the retina and initiate a short episode of visual processing. Analysis of the spatial scene can be extremely rapid and precise: For example, human subjects can detect and classify objects in brief image presentations of ~100 ms [1]. What neural codes underlie such rapid image processing has been a longstanding question.


The report reprinted here was originally written by Samuel P. Heintzelman, the commanding officer of Fort Yuma, in 1853, although it was not published until 1857. It gives the reader a fascinating and relatively objective view of the state of interethnic relations, tribal life, and American military activities along the Colorado River during the early part of the 1850s; it also touches briefly on such disparate topics as Spanish attempts to establish a mission in the area, the Garra revolt, and the Oatman massacre, as well as on the effects of American emigration, floods, earthquakes, and geothermal events. Heintzelman's untitled report originally appeared in Indian Affairs on the Pacific, pp. 34-58. [U.S. Congress. House. 34th Congress, 3rd session. House Exec. Doc. No. 76. (Serial No. 906.) Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.] The interested reader can find further details in Samuel P. Heintzelman's Journal, 1851-1853, Fort Yuma. [Creola Blackwell, transcriber. Yuma: Yuma County Historical Society, 1989.] Several tables in Heintzelman's original report dealing with climatological data and troop deployments have been deleted.


This work reports a new set of experimental data of boiling point elevation (BPE), specific heat and density for soybean molasses and its aqueous solutions at different total solids concentration and temperatures. BPEs up to 8.2C were measured with an ebulliometer at pressure range of 7.6–86.9 kPa and mass fraction of total solids up to 0.6. The method of mixtures in a quasi-adiabatic calorimeter was used to determine specific heats from 3,394 to 3,948 J/kg/C as a function of mass fraction of total solids between 0.1 and 0.4. Densities of the same product measured by applying the oscillating U-tube method were close to 995–1,104 kg/m3 at 40–60C in the mass fraction range of total solids from 0.05 to 0.4. Different reliable empirical models (Capriste–Lozano, based on Duhring's and mixing rules) were suggested to estimate the examined properties in a temperature and a solid mass fraction range wider than those experimentally investigated. Transient data of mass fraction of total solids were also obtained in a single-effect evaporator at two different pressure (32.5 and 85.2 kPa). In order to highlight the importance of the measured thermophysical properties, a valid model based on conservative equations of mass and energy was used to simulate the process of concentration of aqueous solution of soy molasses.

Practical Applications
Soybean molasses is a carbohydrate-rich by-product from soybean meal processing for production of protein concentrate. This product is normally concentrated by evaporation and further used as raw material for animal feed, industrial boiler fuel, production of isoflavones and as a substrate in fermentation processes, especially for the production of alcohols. Despite the large volume generation of this agro-industrial residue and its growing commercial applications, its thermophysical properties, such as boiling point, specific heat and density, are not available in the literature. These properties are fundamental to design, simulate and optimize process operations involving such a by-product. In this context, this study aims to cover this lack, providing the experimental determination and modeling of the properties mentioned earlier.


This paper reports on work undertaken for the South East England Development Agency (SEEDA) that was designed to determine the impact of the London-Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam-Cologne high speed rail network on socioeconomic development. A detailed literature review has been undertaken which has covered computable general equilibrium models, accessibility studies and ex-post monitoring studies. This review indicates that there are theoretical reasons to expect high speed rail to have socio-economic benefits over and above those measured in conventional cost-benefit analyses, largely due to the promotion of more competitive land and labor markets and of agglomeration economies. However, at the practical level these net benefits are difficult to measure, as they may be swamped by external factors, although gross effects are easier to discern. In the empirical part of this paper data on economic activity rates, population changes, planning consents and land values are collated and related to changes in travel patterns and accessibility. Detailed case studies are provided of two types of location in southern England. The first are locations with direct access to long established high speed services for which ex-post analysis is possible. An example is Ashford in Kent. The second are locations where high speed services are being planned, pre-opening impacts are expected and ex-ante analysis can be undertaken. Examples include St Pancras (central London), Stratford (East London) and Ebbsfleet (Kent). The case studies confirm the results of the literature review namely that the wider economic benefits of high speed rail are difficult to detect, as they are swamped by external factors, but are likely to be larger in more central locations such as St Pancras than more peripheral locations such as Ashford.


Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are commonly discarded into environmental waters through sewers with human waste or by direct disposal causing serious contamination. Photocatalytic degradation of phenazopyridine (PAP) as a model pharmaceutical contaminant was investigated using TiO2 nanofibers and hybrid PEDOT infused TiO2 nanofibers. A novel material of PEDOT infused TiO2 nanofibers was fabricated via electrospinning and calcination to form TiO2 followed by the introduction of PEDOT using vapor phase polymerization. By changing the calcination temperature, the phase composition in TiO2 nanofibers can be adjusted to pure anatase phase, mixed phase and pure rutile phase. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2 nanofibers before and after PEDOT polymerization were measured by monitoring the decreasing concentration of PAP in aqueous solution under UV illumination using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. PEDOT infused TiO2 nanofibers showed an improved photocatalytic performance compared to their non-PEDOT infused counterparts for the degradation of PAP. This improvement can be attributed to the introduction of hole transport layer of PEDOT leading to an enhanced hole transfer from the TiO2 nanofibers to PEDOT. PEDOT infused rutile nanofiber has the most degradation enhancement (125%) compared to other two types of fibers (70% for PEDOT infused anatase & 30% for PEDOT infused mixed-phase).


Components incorporating lattice structures have become very popular lately due to their lightweight nature and the flexibility that additive manufacturing offers with respect to their fabrication. However, design optimization of lattice components has been addressed so far either with empirical approaches or with the use of topology optimization methodologies. An optimization approach utilizing multi-purpose optimization algorithms has not been yet proposed. This paper presents a novel user-friendly method for the design optimization of lattice components towards weight minimization, which combines finite element analysis and evolutionary computation. The proposed method utilizes the cell homogenization technique in order to reduce the computational cost of the finite element analysis and a genetic algorithm in order to search for the most lightweight lattice configuration. A bracket consisting of both solid and lattice regions is used as a case study in order to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the method, with the results showing that its weight is reduced by 13.5% when using lattice structures. A discussion about the efficiency and the implications of the proposed approach is presented.


In 1960, at the age of 17, Gruber wrote the first two pieces which he is still prepared to acknowledge: the Suite for 2 pianos, wind instruments, and percussion, and the Mass for mixed chorus, two trumpets, cor anglais, double bass and percussion. It is worth considering what that acknowledgement implies, for the works themselves clearly do not measure up to the high technical standards Gruber sets himself today, or even to those which he achieved in the Concerto for Orchestra sketched that same year.


We confirm, quantify, and provide a table of the coherent velocity substructure of the Milky Way disk within 2 kpc of the Sun toward the Galactic anticenter, with a 0.2 kpc resolution. We use the radial velocities of ∼340,000 F-type stars obtained with the Guoshoujing Telescope (also known as the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, LAMOST), and proper motions derived from the PPMXL catalog. The PPMXL proper motions have been corrected to remove systematic errors by subtracting the average proper motions of galaxies and QSOs that have been confirmed in the LAMOST spectroscopic survey, and that are within 2.°5 of the star's position. We provide the resulting table of systematic offsets derived from the PPMXL proper motion measurements of extragalactic objects identified in the LAMOST spectroscopic survey. Using the corrected phase-space stellar sample, we find statistically significant deviations in the bulk disk velocity of 20 km s−1 or more in the three-dimensional velocities of Galactic disk stars. The bulk velocity varies significantly over length scales of half a kiloparsec or less. The rotation velocity of the disk increases by 20 km s−1 from the Sun's position to 1.5 kpc outside the solar circle. Disk stars in the second quadrant, within 1 kpc of the Sun, are moving radially toward the Galactic center and vertically toward a point a few tenths of a kiloparsec above the Galactic plane; looking down on the disk, the stars appear to move in a circular streaming motion with a radius of the order of 1 kpc.


Following the quick entry of robotics in production engineering during the last dec ade the state of the art of the current robot technology has reached a level which might open thoughts for new applications in other branches. Such a branch could be civil engineering. Productivity nearly reached stagnation in Federal Republic of Germany after the introduction of machines like cranes, hydraulic excavatores, mobile concrete mixers etc. At the moment we are standing at the very beginning to introduce robotics into the reality of modern contracting companies. From the technological point of view two general approaches are possible : o development of an intelligent autonomous system o step by step development of already existing machines with the aim of increasing automation or implementation in civil engineering After a brief review of the present state of the art in production engineering concerning industrial robots some case'studies are presented. The aim of this paper is to think about the possibilities and the problems of advanced handling-units in civil engineering for specified examples. A joint project KFK/IPA is currently in process to cover the above mentioned task. The present paper gives the first results for the branch civil engineering.


The present invention, by using the air cooling inflation method in which the molten polybutylene terephthalate resin tube extruded from the annular die expanded by air injection, and a step for producing a polybutylene terephthalate film, wherein the said extrusion resin temperature a polybutylene terephthalate, the melting point -15 ℃ ~ -5 ℃ the melting point of the resin, and provides a method for producing characterized in that the extrusion resin pressure to 8.3~13.7 ㎫, a polybutylene terephthalate film. Polybutylene terephthalate film, a shape memory, air-cooling inflation, packaging, extrusion


Pharmaceutical Laboratory Work Tonight at 7:30 and again at cam pus life, "Highlights of 8:4.5 in Macbride auditorium UnIowa." lversity ot Iowa faculty and stuThe film1 aoout 45 minutes in * * '* ... -• .If. * * * In the shots reluesenting the titles, art work and all photowas done by Joe Sherry and various colleges and departgraphy, titling by Ben Mercer. ments, students are shown at Lee cochran, supervisor of the The numerous outside scenes ......... Since that time, work has been underway editing and titling the film in preparation for tonight's length, includes every coilege and dents and any other Iowa Citians school in the university as well interested may see the campus as many representMive $cenes premiere of the visual instruc. from student life-living quartion depal'tment's new colored ters, social functions and l'ecrea~ work as much as possible to visual instruction department, shown in the opening part of make the film as true to life was in charge oC all pbotography the picture depictin, gene.al premiere showing, as could be done. for the new picture. Vernon Putcampus lite were taken last faU Admission to the 7:30 showing


Normality in connection with $\gamma_5$-hermiticity determines the basic chiral properties and rules. The Ginsparg-Wilson (GW) relation is one of the allowed constraints on the spectrum. Interrelations between features of the spectrum, the sum rule for chiral differences of real modes and contributions to the Ward identity are pointed out. The alternative chiral transformation of L\"uscher gives the same Ward identity as the usual one, in the global and in the local case. Imposing normality on a general function of the hermitean Wilson-Dirac (HWD) operator, inevitably leads at the same time to the Neuberger operator and to the GW relation. In this context also the case with zero eigenvalues of the HWD operator is handled. The eigenvalue flows of the HWD operator obey a differential equation the characteristic features of the solutions of which are discussed.


Bacillus macerans produced an extracellular endo-pectate lyase when cultivated with grated potato tuber. The enzyme activity was markedly activated by 1 mm calcium or manganese ion, but completely inactivated by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). The activity was maximum at pH 9.0 and 60°C. The enzyme activity was stable up to 50°C and 55°C for 10 min at pH 9.0 in the absence and presence of calcium ion, respectively, and between pH 6.5 and 9.5 for 2 hr at 37°C. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 35,000 and a pI of 10.3. The Michaelis constant and maximum reaction velocity of the enzyme for polypectate were 0.11% and 74 μmol of unsaturated galacturonate formed per min per mg protein, respectively. The enzyme also attacked pectin that contained 4.3% methoxyl groups. The enzyme was stable in 100 mm ammonium chloride buffer (pH 9.0) for a month at 10°C, but 70% of its activity was lost in 20 mm ammonium chloride buffer (pH 9.0) after 24 hr at 10°C.


AbstractSulphite was introduced into the alkaline developer, in 1881–82, to prevent the staining of gelatin emulsions by oxidized pyrogallol. It has proved to play an indispensable part in the functioning of development by benzenoid developing agents, and a centenary opportunity is taken to review development in relation to this fact. Very little fundamental progress has been made in development over the century. The developers available in 1882 could already achieve virtually full emulsion speed, though at high contrast, and this is demonstrated with an ASA 400 film of today. Adequate chemicals for viable development in monochrome or colour have been available since 1892. The demonstration with the ASA 400 film is used to establish the kinetics of two modes of development: (1) Where development proceeds as if the surface area of the developing centre controls the rate, development has to be full if the least-exposed grains are to develop, and high speed goes with high contrast. (2) Where development proc...


From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. Received for publication September 28, 2020; accepted December 29, 2020. Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2021;9:e3451; doi: 10.1097/ GOX.0000000000003451; Published online 24 June 2021.) Related Digital Media are available in the full-text version of the article on www.PRSGlobalOpen.com. Disclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. Removal of Aquafilling Using Body-jet: A Waterjet-assisted Lipsuction Device


"Nooo! Not me!! No way! I've never had a mouse in my aviary:' How many of you old-timers believe that B.S. when you overhear it at a bird meeting? I confess openly to having had world-class experience with rats and mice. I've had aviaries in seven or eight different locations and have never been without resident mice. Rats, on the other hand, have only been a problem once and I can tell some hair-raising tales on that subject but I'll reserve them for another time. This short article will consider just mice.


ion of Action The preceding discussion of purpose and effect in imitation leads us to the following insight. Motion-for-motion or action-for-action matchingöeven if novelöare not necessarily suf¢cient for the success of attempted imitation. In particular, such types of mapping are unlikely to be suf¢cient in the case of differently embodied systems. When one considers imitation for some purpose or sequence of subgoals, ¢lling the form or achieving the effect desired for each subgoal is what is required and is suf¢cient for success. Abstraction away from particular microactions to classes of actions that achieve the same subgoal leads to an appropriate notion of what to imitate. An action or sequence of actions is a successful component of imitation of a particular action if it achieves the same subgoal as that action. An entire sequence of actions is successful if it successively achieves each of a sequence of abstracted subgoals. Notice that success of imitation, thus de¢ned, depends on identi¢cation of subgoals in the behavior to be imitated. Thus, an implicit characteristic of imitation is mapping for some purpose (or sequence or hierarchy of purposes). At the same time, the imitator should avoid unnecessary effects on the environment (a following robot that takes shortcuts by smashing through walls or knocking over furniture would hardly be considered successful for practical purposes). In the painting example, a successful mapping is one that uses the body-environment coupling to get the same abstracted effects of covering the wall (and nothing else) with paint. The judgment of success or failure is observer-dependent, since the goals may be externally imposed by an observer not within the system itself. We emphasize that in using the shorthand notions of goals or des2 One would also like to stipulate the nonattainment of side effects: e.g., wild £ailing of arms or getting paint on the glass of an adjacent window would be considered unsuccessful components of an attempted imitation for painting behaviors. They achieve other signi¢cant effects than those required for the purpose of painting. LIKE ME ± MEASURES OF CORRESPONDENCE AND IMITATION 23


Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by the rise of blood glucose levels beyond normal (hyperglycemia) caused by a defect of insulin production and/or insulin response. Postprandial hyperglycemia is the elevation of plasma glucose after a meal. There were some shreds of evidence that the loss of postprandial glucose control both in DM or non-DM people may be an independent risk factor and could be a potential cause of the cardiovascular disease.1 Absorption of starch hydrolysis product is the main source of increased glucose in the blood. A group of enzymes, including pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase, are directly involved in starch hydrolysis. Inhibition of these hydrolytic enzymes is believed to be an attempt to control postprandial blood sugar levels.2 Conventional DM management using chemical drugs such as biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinide, thiazolidinedione (TZD), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, and α-glucosidase inhibitors are known to cause some side effects. Some evidence of the side effects of synthetic hypoglycemic drugs such as hypoglycemia, digestive, and central nervous system disorders had been reported.3 Finally, finding new drugs from natural resources was a strategic effort for solving these problems.


The North American ruddy duck, introduced into Europe in the 1960s, threatens the globally endangered white- headed duck with extinction through hybridization. A regional control trial, conducted in three areas of Britain, killed over 2,600 birds and led to a significant regional reduction in ruddy duck numbers. Control using firearms was effective but trapping ineffective. Population modeling suggests that the ruddy duck population in Britain can be reduced to fewer than 175 individuals in four to six years using year-round control if access is available to the principal wintering sites. The likely cost of the program is between £3.6 m and £5.4 m. In recent years, there has been a growing apprecia- tion of the need to prevent the introduction of, and to control, nonnative organisms that threaten native biodiversity. At the global level, the Global Invasive Species Program was established in 1997 to address threats posed by nonnative species that disrupt ecosystem processes and hence threaten biodiversity, health and economies. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has established an Invasive Species Specialist Group that has published guidelines on the prevention of biodiversity loss caused by invasive alien species. At the European level, the Bern Convention has addressed inva- sive species issues by producing various policy documents, and by holding workshops to increase awareness amongst policy makers. In Britain, a review of the Government's policy on nonnative species is due to report in late 2002. 2 Status and distribution of the white-


FIELD: search for mineral resources. SUBSTANCE: procedure refers to method establishing point of leak of material chosen from rock formation and cement that surrounds borehole and contains fluid medium in process of leakage test. Procedure includes positioning of acoustic transmitter in chosen location in borehole, application of chosen pressure to fluid medium causing by that stresses in above- mentioned material which generate acoustic emission of above-mentioned material. Acoustic transmitter should be suitable for generation of signals presenting acoustic emission of above-mentioned material. Transmitter detects acoustic emission. Characteristic is determined on basis of mentioned signal and pressure applied to fluid medium. Leak pressure is determined as pressure under which graph of pressure in mouth of borehole depends on injected volume of fluid medium and becomes non- linear. Point of leak is found on basis of signal of acoustic emission by doubled frequency of acoustic shocks. EFFECT: enhanced reliability of procedure. 2 cl, 3 dwg


The practice of musyarakah financing in Islamic banking allows conflicts to occur between parties, the most dominating conflict in financing practices is the default. Arbitration is one of the non-litigation dispute resolution forums that can be used in resolving musyarakah financing disputes in Islamic banking. The purpose of this study was to analyze the settlement of default disputes on musyarakah financing practices which were resolved through the Badan Arbitrase Syariah Nasional (BASYARNAS). This research is normative legal research using a statutory approach. The results of the study show that financing disputes in Islamic banking occur because there are default factors behind them, namely intentional factors and negligence factors. Both of these factors can give a loss to the creditor (Bank) as the provider of funds. Musyarakah financing dispute settlement in Islamic banking is an agreement of the disputing parties. If it is contained in the agreement clause which states that dispute resolution is carried out through BASYARNAS, then BASYARNAS has the authority to resolve the dispute as stipulated in the law. In an era of disruption full of change and innovation, arbitration with the online system is an important matter in resolving disputes at BASYARNAS.


Background: The Healthcare sector has developed over the past 50 years, and the
marketing communication in this sector has developed along with it. The Swedish
healthcare has undergone several chan ...


As a model for non-axisymmetric flows in the terrestrial and planetary atmospheres under axisymmetric circumstances, symmetric breaking of flows are realized by a very simple laboratory experiment where a cylindrical container is filled with water and the disk at the bottom is rotated rapidly. We have been reported on the analytical solution of the axisymmetric flow obtained using boundary layer theories, which is necessary as a basic flow for the analysis of the symmetric breaking processes. This theory can predict the parameters of the basic circular flows. Similar theory was proposed by Toph ø j et al. (2013), where they decide the basic axisymmetric flow under the condition that the angular momentum given from the rotating bottom disk should be balanced with that lost at the lateral boundary. They estimated the momentum exchange with boundaries based on the assumption that it is proportional to the square of the relative velocity of the internal flow to the boundary. We examined the data of the rotation rate of the regime transition and the change of the water depth which are obtained by the laboratory experiments, and compared them with the present theory and that by Toph ø j et al. (2013). The comparison shows that present theory well predict the experimental results. The assumption that the momentum exchange is proportional to the square of the velocity difference is considered to underes-timate the momentum exchange at the lateral boundary and consequently to overestimate the flow speed of the rotating water. We have discovered that a block ice placed on a flat surface of a warm brass column rotates without any external driving torque. Air bubbles supplied to the ice-metal interface as ice melts are found to be essential to the spontaneous rotation. According to our observation, while the ice rotates, air bubbles almost remain stationary on the metal surface. Heat supplied at the bottom of the ice block is also essential. The ice block cannot rotate when the temperature of metal column is low enough. We carried out the experiments to examine the dependences of the rotation rate on several parameters, which are the heat flux, the supply of air bubbles, the weight of ice, and the size of ice, under the setup with which the stability and the reproducibility are established. It is found that the angular velocity of the rotation is proportional to the 0.51th power of the temperature gradient in the brass column and the minus 0.56th power of the size of the ice block. On the other hand, the air supply and the weight of the ice had little effect on the angular velocity. We have developed a scaling theory for the angular velocity assuming that the rotation is driven by the excess pressure of the air bubbles in the water layer. Due to the difference between the thermal conductivities of water and air, the melting of ice just above air bubbles is retarded, resulting in the growth of inverted ridges of ice. The pressure in the air bubble is higher than it in the water layer because of the surface tension. The excess pressure pushes the ridges, and the ice block rotates. The scaling formula of the angular velocity, which is derived from the balance between the driving force and the viscous force on water ice interface can explain many of the experimental results quantitatively. Coherent flow structures in the outer core are controlled by the magnetic field and rotation of the Earth. It is important to know the basic behavior of flow in relation to the magnetic field, for understanding the flow patterns observed in the real Earth and core dynamo simulations. On the other hand, spontaneous flow reversals generally observed in high Rayleigh number thermal convections may provide clue to the mechanism of random geomagnetic field reversals. As the most basic setting to observe the nature of flow structures with their time variations, we performed numerical simulations of Rayleigh-Benard convection in a three-dimensional square vessel by an electrically conductive low Prandtl number fluid, under a uniform horizontal magnetic field. Computed behaviors are consistent with the result of laboratory experiment (Yanagisawa et al., 2013) that shows flow reversals, and detailed process of reversals is clarified. The key mechanism is the emergence of a global circulation in the horizontal plane and following reconnection between rolls. An increase of global circulation induces bend and reconnection of convection rolls. It establishes a reversed flow state through roll number transitions. The horizontal circulation is related to the skewed-varicose instability of two-dimensional roll structure aligned in the direction of the magnetic field. This is a newly identified mechanism of flow reversal that works in large-scale three-dimensional geometry. Spontaneous flow reversals of convection rolls that were recently observed in experiments using a liquid metal layer in a box under a horizontal magnetic field (Yanagisawa, e t a l ., 2011) have collected attentions related to geomagnetic polarity reversals. If applying magnetic field is strong enough, convection disappears because of energy dissipation in Hartmann boundary layer on the side wall of box. On the other hand, the convection in liquid metal layers that have extremely small Prandtl number easily achieves thermal turbulence condition without applying magnetic field. In the intermediate cases of magnetic field, quasi-two dimensional rolls aligned parallel to the magnetic field are formed and instabilities occur toward losing two-dimensionality with decreasing the intensity of magnetic field. The flow reversals appear in this way to the thermal turbulence. Decreasing the intensity of magnetic field also produces decrease of the dominant number of convection rolls in the fluid layer. Yanagisawa, e t a l . (2013) explained that the flow reversals consist of competition between two modes having different number of rolls and relatively fast switching of flow direction is caused by Skewed-Varicose instability that was reported as one of instabilities on two-dimensional rolls in general Rayleigh-Benard convection in shallow fluid layers. Including the instability having O (1 s) time scale, there are three different time scales, oscillation of convection rolls with O (10 s) and the flow reversals with O (100 s). And we can assume that the flow reversals consist of three different mechanisms. We performed detailed experimental investigations of process of transitions on convection rolls with decreasing the intensity of magnetic field from quasi-two dimensional rolls toward flow reversals. For rectangular box filled by liquid gallium with 200 mm ∗ 200 mm ∗ 40 mm in dimensions, ultrasonic velocity profiling (UVP) and thermistor probes were adopted to capture spatio-temporal velocity profiles and time fluctuation of temperature. These information provide the number of rolls, magnitude of velocity in the directions perpendicular or parallel to the magnetic field, dominant frequency of roll oscillation and intensity of temperature fluctuations. Summarizing the results elucidated that in the process of decreasing of magnetic field primary and secondary Hopf bifurcations occur. The first bifurcation keeps two-dimensionality on the rolls and the second one provides three-dimensional motion on the rolls. Fluid motions parallel to the magnetic field become considerable and corresponding flow velocity takes from 4 to 5 mm/s. Traveling time of fluid particles in the fluid layer with this velocity scale is in O (100 s). We can deduce that the development of three-dimensional motion provides large scale, long time scale motion in the fluid layer triggering SV instability for the flow reversals. The convective behavior of a fluid layer with internal heat generation at low Rayleigh number (6 ≤ RaI/RaIc ≤ 12) was experimentally investigated. The horizontal fluid layer of 0.5 wt% KCl water solution was internally heated by Joule heating using the electric current. We quantitatively measured 2-D temperature and velocity fields by seeding the micro-encapsulated thermo-chromic liquid crystals in the fluid layer. We experimentally obtained the fluid dynamic scaling on non-dimensional temperature and the maximum downwelling velocity as a function of the Rayleigh number, and also refined the experimental data obtained by the previous studies. The scaling relations were combined with a phenomenological model based on the stability of the top thermal boundary layer. This phenomenological model consistently explained the increase in convective wavelength with increasing the Rayleigh number. The elastic anisotropy of the earth's inner core as revealed by recent seismic observations is considered to originate from the alignment of texture formed along the solidification of the core or alignment of the preferred orientation of crystals by plastic deformation of fluid motions. The depth dependency of the anisotropy is difficult to explain by the solidification mechanism, whereas the various factors driving fluid flows in the inner core considered thus far do not appear to yield sufficiently strong stresses for generation of the elastic anisotropy. Takehiro (2011) proposed Joule heating of the magnetic field penetrating diffu-sively from the inner core boundary (ICB) as a possible source of inner core flows. His specific calculation in the case of toroidal magnetic field with the horizontal structure of spherical harmonics Y 20 showed that downward flow in the equatorial region and upward flows in the polar region are induced by the Joule heating. This flow field has non-zero radial velocity component at the ICB, causing mass exchange between the inner and the outer core. This feature is a result of the constant normal stress boundary condition at the ICB, and it is implicitly assumed that the phase change occurs instantaneously at the ICB. However, the actual speed of the phase change is finite. If the speed of the phase change is slow enough, the ICB would be deformed and the surface displacem


Abstract Historical nuclear fuel cycle process sampling techniques required sample volumes ranging in the tens of milliliters. The radiation levels experienced by analytical personnel and equipment, in addition to the waste volumes generated from analysis of these samples, have been significant. These sample volumes also impacted accountability inventories of required analytes during process operations. To mitigate radiation dose and other issues associated with the historically larger sample volumes, a microcapillary sample chip was chosen for further investigation. The ability to obtain microliter sample volumes coupled with a remote automated means of sample loading, tracking, and transporting to the analytical instrument would greatly improve analytical efficiency while reducing both personnel exposure and radioactive waste volumes. Sample chip testing was completed to determine the accuracy, repeatability, and issues associated with the use of microfluidic sample chips used to supply microliter sample volumes of lanthanide analytes dissolved in nitric acid for introduction to an analytical instrument for elemental analysis.


Genome research in temperate fruit crops has experienced major growth over the last decade. The development of new markers, particularly microsatellites, has greatly facilitated the construction of comparable linkage maps, and the amount of information available on map position of major genes and QTLs for the most important agronomic traits, is increasing rapidly. Comparative mapping using transferable markers has been done within the genus Prunus. The present data, based on maps involving seven species (peach, almond, apricot, cherry, P. cerasifera, P. davidiana and P. ferganensis), demonstrate a high level of synteny between all of them, indicating that all Prunus species share the same genome. A similar pattern has been found between apple and pear, and a first comparison between apple and Prunus also suggests a high level of conservation, although some major chromosome rearrangements are already evident. Based on the synteny within Prunus, it has been possible to place 28 major genes and 28 QTLs on a "consensus" map, using data from different Prunus inter- and intra-specific populations. Markers tightly linked to some of these major genes are currently used for selection, including the self-incompatibility locus of Prunus and several disease resistance genes from apple and Prunus. The significant progress recently achieved in the development of genomic tools for this group of species, including a Genome Database for the Rosaceae, will further accelerate research in this important group of crops.


To ensure the safe operation of dangerous experiment teaching, a three-dimensional (3D) virtual experiment system was developed based on OpenSceneGraph (OSG), which would provide a safe and simple virtual lab environment for students. The virtual scene was rendered and managed through 3D engine OSG. Firstly, the system's architecture and scene organization were analyzed and designed. Secondly, a general experiment data format was designed and the operation processing method was realized, which could be used to customize applications for various experimental items easily. The application results show that this system had good performance on real-time and operability, and could make the students to master the security measures and experimental procedures efficiently.


Normalized Cross Correlation(NCC) algorithm is robust,but it has poor real-time performance due to its large amount of computation.By analyzing the principle of the algorithm,we present a fast NCC algorithm,which reduces the redundancy computation of addition and subtraction by designing accumulation sum table and square sum table.At the same time,FFT algorithm is adopted to decrease the computational cost of multiplication.In addition,this fast NCC algorithm is lossless to the capability of correlation,and insensitive to the increment of template size or search region,so that it is quite fit to practice in reality.


The Antarctica crustal structure is still not completely unveiled due to the presence of thick ice shields all over the continent which prevent direct in situ measurements. In the last decades, various geophysical methods have been used to retrieve information of the upper crust and sediments distribution however there are still regions, especially in central Antarctica, where our knowledge is limited. For these kind of situations, in which the indirect investigation of the subsurface is the only valuable solution, the gravity data are an important source of information. After the recent dedicated satellite missions, like GRACE and GOCE, it has been possible to obtain global gravity field data with spatial resolution and accuracy almost comparable to those of local/regional gravity acquisitions, paving the way to new geophysical applications. The new challenge today is the capability to invert such gravity data on large areas with the aim to obtain a 3D density model of the Earth crust. This is in fact a problem characterized by intrinsic instability and non-uniqueness of the solution that to be solved requires the definition of strong constrains and numerical regularization.

In this work the authors propose the application of a Bayesian inversion algorithm to the Antarctica continent to infer a model of mass density distribution. The first operation is the definition of an initial geological model in terms of geological horizons and density. These two variables are considered as random variables and, within the iterative procedure based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, they are adjusted in such a way to fit the gravity field on the surface. The test performed show that the method is capable of retrieving an estimated model consistent with the prior information and fitting the gravity observations according to their accuracy.