The discovery of the citrovorum factor (CF) in yeast and in liver (Sauberlich and Baumann, 1948) was accompanied by the observation that a portion of the material existed in a bound form, from which it was liberated by incubation with an enzyme system ("conjugase") found in hog kidney (Bird et al., 1946). Bound forms of CF were found by Iwai et al. (1954) in higher plants, and these also contained an enzyme system capable of releasing free CF. By analogy with the bound form of pteroylglutamic acid obtained from yeast (Pfiffner et al., 1946), that of CF has been considered to be a y-linked heptaglutamate. Using a special bioautographic technique, Doctor and Couch (1953) studied the chromatographic behavior of the bound form of CF: the agar medium was inoculated with Leuconostoc citrovorum (now termed Pediococcus cerevisiae), together with a conjugase preparation from chick pancreas; in this manner, the presence of a bound form of CF (presumably a heptaglutamate) in commercial extracts of mammalian liver, in yeast and in autoclaved chicken liver, was confirmed. In contrast to the heptaglutamate form of CF, those derivatives of CF which contain only one or two additional y-linked units of glutamic acid are active for L. citrovorum; this was shown by Shive et al. (1950) who synthesized the diglutamate and triglutamate forms, as well as CF (5-formyl5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid). The chromatographic behavior and enzymatic hydrolysis of the diglutamate and triglutamate forms of CF have been studied by Bolinder et al. (1953). Using bioautographic techniques, Winsten and Eigen (1950) demonstrated that a liver preparation contained, in addition to CF, two other materials active for L. citrovorum. That these were polyglutamate forms of CF was suggested by their disappearance after incubation with the rat stomach conjugase system while the amount of free CF increased. Not only animal tissues and yeast, but also seaweeds (Banhidi and Ericson, 1953), lichen (Sj6str6m and Ericson, 1953), and marine algae (Ericson et al., 1953) contain, in addition to free CF, unidentified compounds with activity for L. citrovorum; comparison of these with the synthetic triglutamate and diglutamate forms of CF suggested that in lichen a triglutamate and in marine algae a diglutamate form of CF were present (Ericson, 1953). Simultaneously with our studies, referred to in an earlier note (Hakala and Welch, 1955), the observation that a triglutamate form of CF can be derived from Streptococcus faecalis was made independently in this laboratory by Zakrzewski and Nichol (1955). Also, several complex pteridine polyglutamates, some with activity for L. citrovorum, have been detected in Clostridium cylindrosporum by Wright (1955). In this paper, evidence that Bacillus subtilis contains a y-linked triglutamate form of CF (or a labile precursor of it) is presented. An enzymatic preparation of a similar compound from "Teropterin" (synthetic triglutamate form of pteroylglutamic acid) and comparisons of it with the substance present in B. subtilis are described.


To provide a four-wheel drive vehicle driving force control apparatus by appropriately controlling the driving force distribution to the auxiliary drive wheels, the driver can be avoided in an unexpected situation occurred steering is too small or too large steering. The four-wheel drive vehicle driving force control device performs control: by controlling the front and rear torque distribution clutch (10) driving force to the rear wheels (Wr, Wr) distribution to the front wheels (Wf, Wf) as the main drive wheel, rear wheel (Wr, Wr) as auxiliary drive wheels, wherein, in calculating the allocation for the drive means (10) assigned to the rear wheels (Wr, Wr) four-wheel drive torque, the following control: according to the estimation of the vehicle the steering angle and the driving force of the vehicle to limit the four-wheel drive torque upper limit. Thereby, it is possible to avoid the driver in unexpected situation because of the rear wheel (Wr, Wr) of the control result of excessive steering is too large, or because of the small amount of control caused by too small steering.


AbstractPurpose: This study aims at analyzing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the financial sector. CSR has been under debate and companies are expected to manage their businesses responsibly. Companies' tendency to communicate about, but not act in these questions have been discussed and criticized. Companies often see CSR as a communicational issue and as a strategy to build a legitimate brand. The financial sector has not been subject for these kinds of discussions since they are not considered to have a great impact on societal issues, especially not environmental issues. Therefore, this study aims at shedding new light on CSR-issues in the financial sector, since today there are indications that also banks should pay attention to these questions. By studying one of Sweden's four major banks, SEB, the authors examine why SEB works with CSR, how they translate CSR to fit their unique business, and how they communicate their CSR-commitments to gain trust and legitimacy.Method: To examine this, a qualitative case study has been made, and a semi-structured interview method has been used to collect material. This method has been supplemented with secondary material like annual reports and other.Results: In conclusion, the authors see proof that CSR has been institutionalized within the banking sector. SEB has put much emphasis on integrating their sustainability commitments into their core business, both by integrating responsibility aspects into the daily activities, and by developing concrete projects with responsibility profiles. This is done to create a long-term sustainable platform on which SEB:s business can grow. The results also show that SEB communicate their sustainability commitments with caution. However, the sustainability team reports to the chief of communications, which suggests that this question is of importance from a communications- and brand image perspective. Their strategy to "act first, talk after", is a strategy that can be successful from a legitimacy point of view.


Neural networks have shown great promises in planning, control, and general decision making for learning-enabled cyber-physical systems (LE-CPSs), especially in improving performance under complex scenarios. However, it is very challenging to formally analyze the behavior of neural network based planners for ensuring system safety, which significantly impedes their applications in safety-critical domains such as autonomous driving. In this work, we propose a hierarchical neural network based planner that analyzes the underlying physical scenarios of the system and learns a system-level behavior planning scheme with multiple scenario-specific motion-planning strategies. We then develop an efficient verification method that incorporates overapproximation of the system state reachable set and novel partition and union techniques for formally ensuring system safety under our physics-aware planner. With theoretical analysis, we show that considering the different physical scenarios and building a hierarchical planner based on such analysis may improve system safety and verifiability. We also empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and its advantage over other baselines in practical case studies of unprotected left turn and highway merging, two common challenging safety-critical tasks in autonomous driving.


The paper contributes to the growing literature on wage determination within academia. The data arise from a pay-equity study carried out in a single Midwestern U.S. university over the 1996-7 academic year. The focus is upon understanding differences between male-female wage structure, and in particular why females earn approximately 20% less than their male counterparts. Econometric results suggest that peer-review ratings and objective measures of productivity both play a significant role in male earnings determination. Interestingly neither dimension of academic productivity, play a significant role in the female wage specification. JEL codes: J3, J7.


Tannins can interact with anthocyanins to form complexes that stabilize color and protect anthocyanins from degradation. Thus, this work proposes to study the effect of the tannins of bark of the fruit of Saba Senegalensis and Combretum Micranthum on the stability of the anthocyanins of drink based on red calyxes of hibiscus obtained by co-maceration. The anthocyanin concentration was determined by the pH-differential method. The red color degradation index is determined based on the CIELAB (International Commission of Lighting) color system (L*, a*, b* and L*). R and Minitab 18 software were used for data processing. Monitoring of the residual anthocyanin content and the intensity of the red color was carried out over eight weeks. The results showed that Saba Senegalensis tannins interact better with anthocyanins. After eight weeks of storage at 4°C, 89.36 % of the anthocyanins are preserved with the Saba S tannins against 83.62 % for the control batches and 80.38 % for the Combretum tannins. Storage at 37°C for eight weeks reveals very high loss rates, 14.86 % of the anthocyanins are preserved (Saba tannins) against 3.38 % for the control and 1.84 % with the Combretum tannins. Moreover, the intensity of the red color is better preserved at 4 °C and 37 °C with the tannins of Saba Senegalensis.


Zhang Jian elements refer to such key factors as Zhang Jian's ideas and opinions,practice activities, graphic and literature documents which can demonstrate his personal image and charm.With Nantong Textile Vocational Technology College as an instance,this paper illustrated the necessity and feasibility of Zhang Jian elements' application in featured campus culture construction in higher vocational colleges from the perspectives of material culture,spiritual culture,institutional culture and behavior culture.


A mulberry leaf extract, a method and use of the same are disclosed in the invention. The mulberry leaf extract obtained by ultrasonication, water extracting and film concentrating contains multiple functional substances of polysaccharide, flavone and flavonoid glycoside, alkaloids, sterols, vitamins, amino acids, and the like, which has abroad application, especially is well applicable to tobacco production industry.


In this letter, the gate length dependence of X2121S and X2121T intercept behaviors for the MOSFETs in the breakdown region is first analyzed using the X-parameter model. Shorter gate length decreases X2121S coefficients and increases X2121T coefficients at high drain voltage and high input power due to the significant RF avalanche effect in the high field region. X2121S and X2121T coefficients are determined using artificial neural network. Good agreement between the measured and fitted output scattering wave is achieved. The presented analysis for the gate length dependence X2121S and X2121T can be beneficial to CMOS power amplifier designs with the scaled-down MOSFETs.


This study aims to examine the effect of transformational leadership on turnover intention and OCB by considering the role of psychological empowerment and affective commitment. Conducted in WS Warung Steak, this study involved 121 participants. For the analysis of this study using SEM-PLS with Smart PLS version 3.0. The findings of this study are that, transformational leadership has a significant effect on turnover intention, transformational leadership has a significant effect on psychological empowerment, transformational leadership has a significant effect on affective commitment, affective commitment has a significant effect on OCB, OCB has a significant effect on turnover intention, affective commitment mediates the effect of transformational leadership on OCB, transformational leadership does not have a significant effect on OCB, psychological empowerment has no effect on OCB, psychological empowerment does not significantly affect turnover intention, psychological empowerment does not mediate the effect of transformational leadership on turnover intention, psychological empowerment does not mediate the effect of transformational leadership on OCB. Further research is suggested to develop further research on the relationship of transformational leadership to turnover intention and OCB by considering other variables in order to obtain indepth results.


Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis is a paucibacillary form of cutane-ous
tuberculosis caused by exogenous re-infection in previously sensitized
individuals. The arms and feet were involved in three cases. Gluteal
area was involved in one case. Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid-Schiff
stains did not demonstrate any acid-fast ba-cilli. Cultures were
positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis except one case. Lesions of
tuberculosis verrucosa cutis improved after anti-tuberculous therapy.
There were no active organ and other skin tuberculosis.


InGaAsP/InP distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers operating at 1.5 μm have been successfully fabricated by a hybrid growth technique of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A threshold current of 180 mA at 23°C and single-longitudinal-mode operation have been obtained.


Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is recognized as a  human health issue, and its social, cultural, economic, and political consequences lead to an extremely large problem for human health. The aim of this study is to evaluate association between risk factors and HIV-positive patient's survival time. Material and methods: In this population-based retrospective cohort study, a total of 245 positive HIV/ AIDS infected patients were included. The  required information were collected by an interview and blood testing. The interview was conducted by an expert and trained social worker, using a structured questionnaire. The demographic and risk factors of HIV infection factors such as: age, gender, job status, marital status, education attainment, prison status, injection drug user, heterosexual, homosexual, infected mothers, sexually transmitted disease, sex worker status, addiction, disease stage at diagnosis, CD4+ T-cell count, HBV, HCV, and AIDS were collected. The survival time of HIV patients was considered as a main outcome. Since there was a lot of censored data, we applied Gaussian Mixture Model. Results: The analysis was done based on data of 205 (84%) patients. One hundred and sixty (78%) patients were male and the mean (SD) age of patients was 37.1 (9.3) years, varied from 4 to 65 years. During the study, 43 (21%) deaths were recorded. Median and mean with their 95% confidence intervals for survival time were 50.4 (range, 36.6-64.2) and 44.1 (range, 34.4-53.6) months, respectively, based on posterior distribution. Survival time was significantly correlated with the variables of disease stage at diagnosis time, sexually transmitted disease, CD4+ T-cell count, HBV, and AIDS. According to the sign of regression coefficients, there was strong negative correlation between survival time and disease stage at diagnosis time, sexually transmitted disease, HBV, and AIDS. Furthermore, positive correlation was found between survival times with CD4 level. Conclusions: Since there are numerous national surveys running in Iran to fill in the information gaps on HIV prevalence and related risky behaviors among most at risk population, it is recommended to implement several integrated bio-behavioral surveillance surveys for hidden and hardto-reach populations. HIV AIDS Rev 2017; 16, 2: 100-106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2017.68117


A biological assay template matching method, comprising the steps of: providing (200,201) a reference biometric template and a candidate biometric templates, each comprising a position data and orientation data of each of a plurality of details; from each candidate templates the details of the orientation data is compared (212) with every detail of the orientation data from the reference template; orientation data when the selected pair by no more than a first threshold value, determining (213) data representative of the position of the selected details the displacement vector difference; determining (214) from one another is less than the maximum number of displacement vectors of the second threshold value; if said number is less than the maximum displacement vectors third threshold value (215) does not match (216) is returned, otherwise return a match (217). Also it provides a method of biometric identification based devices and systems, and portable data carrier and an electronic security system having a processor.


With the passing of the Climate Change Act of 2008 the UK government stated that by the year 2050 the UK's net carbon account would be reduced by 80%. In the process emissions were to be capped over five year periods and interim policies designed to support this goal were introduced. The aim of this dissertation was to assess the extent to which commercial and investment enterprises in the UK construction industry understand embodied energy and the significant role its effective management will play in achieving these targets.
To aid in this research it was necessary to focus on three primary areas - the state of the UK economy and its impact on investment in construction; the understanding (and resulting attitudes) of stakeholders and the current degree to which embodied energy management is practised. In the process of investigating these issues the author considered research undertaken to date and carried out a qualitative literature review. In addition an online survey was conducted to assess the current level of awareness amongst clients and industry professionals. The study revealed that embodied energy (and therefore its management) has yet to be fully understood and that strong leadership and clear incentives are essential and expected by the relevant stakeholders if achieving the full potential of embodied energy management in reducing carbon emissions is to be realised.


The health supervision of infants under 1 year of age comprises a major segment of pediatric practice. Nevertheless, many infants receive only sporadic or episodic care. In this paper a numerical index is presented with which organized programs or private practitioners can rate the infant health supervision they actually provide. It may be used to (1) evaluate the patterns of preventive care of individual patients within a given program or practice, (2) identify meaningful subsets of infants within a given program or practice with respect to their health supervision, and (3)contrast the experience of one program or practice with another.


Nursing and care are central aspects of healthcare services, and improvements in the quality and efficiency of healthcare processes are important issues. Since these tasks involve both physical actions and information processing, they can be described as what the authors call "action-oriented intellectual services." There are striking mismatches between such services and current information and communication technology systems, which are generally designed as tools for deskwork. In addition, almost all nursing and care services are realized by the collaborative work of multiple staff members in distributed locations in the field, a situation with which conventional communication media are of limited utility. A smart voice tweet system for nursing and care is proposed to overcome these problems. To realize this technology, one needs to understand how staff communicates to realize collaborative work in healthcare domains. The authors therefore observed bathing assistance, night shift operations, and handover tasks at a private elderly care home for 8 days. The authors collected approximately 400 h of recorded speech, 42,000 transcribed utterances, data from an indoor location-tracking system, and handwritten notes by human observers. The authors also analyzed speech interactions in the bathing assistance task. The authors found that 1 staff members were almost always speaking during tasks, 2 remote communication was rare, 3 about 75% of utterances were spoken to the residents, 4 the intended recipient of utterances was frequently switched, and 5 about 17% of utterances contained personal names. The authors also attempted clustering utterances into what the authors call "passages", and about 33% of passages contained only one personal name. These results should be applicable in semi-automatic long-term care record taking.


In physical exercise, studying the incentives involved when a subject is developing within their activity has become one of the key concerns of sport and exercise psychology. The aim was to establish the predictive effects of some training habits upon the reasons for participating in route races. 1795 long-distance runners took part (1105 Spanish, 690 Mexicans). Of these, 85.65% were men with an average age of M = 38.98 (DT = 10.45), and 14.35% were women, with an average age of M = 37.88 (DT = 9.80). Data were collected via Spanish language adaptations of Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34) and several questions about training habits of the runners. In the early heyday of jogging, participating in marathons was more challenge, recognition, etc., and, over time, as has been popularized by the results obtained in this investigation, we conclude that every time more runners do to improve your self-esteem, health and give meaning to your life, especially in women. Women, for their training habits, seem to face the challenge of preparing for a marathon with more commitment and responsibility than men. Moreover, we obtained seven strong predictive models of the motivations of the runners that show that, although men and women run with similar motivations, these can be predicted by many different variables, hence it is absolutely necessary to always analyze this population by sex.


In some occasions, sport psychologists have a long time to prepare their athletes before important competitions. In other instances, the time to work with mental skills might be short. This article shares some of the experiences that two sport psychologists had during their work with Olympic and Paralympic athletes before and during the Olympic Games (2010) in Vancouver, Canada. In particular, the authors will share some of the potentials and pitfalls that both long- and short-term involvement by the sport psychologist might instigate. In short, there are both negative and positive aspects of having a long or short time during the preparation phase. However, we highlight that we prefer to work with athletes over several seasons, because the sport psychologist then has time to see the athletes in action and to help the athletes develop the necessary skills before important competitions.


This paper addresses the purchase options for courier companies looking for the type and number of machines to handle couriers, using Monte Carlo simulation and linear programming to simulate the processing of courier companies. The Jacques-Bella test for normality is first used, and the original hypothesis that both the machine processing capacity and the number of couriers given retain the random variables obey a normal distribution. The data are integrated into hourly time units using the principle of additivity of the normal distribution. Problem 1 requires the optimal number of equipment 1 to meet the basic operation demand of the courier company. According to the daily conditions, the article sets linear programming constraints, using Monte Carlo simulation of the number of machines working per hour for 200 cycles and gets the result that 16 machines are required. Problem 2 requires a comparison of the costs of purchasing equipment 2 and equipment 1. Due to the limitations of the work cycle of equipment 2, the article simulates 50 Google cycles to obtain the result that purchasing of three equipment 2 would meet the requirements. Because equipment 1 program costs less, the courier company should choose to buy 4 equipment 1.


The characteristic that the macroporous resins absorb and separate the red pigment from peach blossom were studied.Comparing the static-adsorption capacity and static-desorption rate of the resins,D101 resin showed higher adsorption and desorption capability in the 3 kinds of macroporous resins.The dynamic experiment results showed that the optimum adsorption conditions were the sample concentration was 7.0~9.6mg/mL and the velocity of flow was 0.5~2.0mL/min.The desorption effect was excellent when 80% ethanol was used as eluant and the velocity of flow was 0.25mL/min.D101 resin can be used to refine RPPB in industry.


Introduction Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor particles that contain hundreds to many thousands of atoms (the particle diameter is typically in the range of 1 to 10 nm), which are often composed of atoms from group II-VI (e.g. CdSe, CdTe, CdS, and ZnSe) or III-V (e.g. InP , InAs, GaP, and GaAs) elements in the periodic table. [1,2] Because of their novel optical and electrochemical properties, which will be discussed in the next section, quantum dots are of current interest for chemical, physical and biological research.


Cysticercosis, although common in developing nations, is an uncommon cause of a breast lump. This article reports a case from India, where a young woman presented with a firm, nontender breast lump. Breast sonography imaging with a high-frequency transducer revealed a well-defined cystic lesion with an internal echogenic nodule and surrounding hypoechoic area. Subsequently, fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of cysticercosis.


In this paper, the noise is smoothed by the relative total variation model; the processed digital image is converted from the RGB color space to the CIE L * a * b * color space, and the two color components a and b in the space are extracted for color Recognition; use K-means clustering algorithm to cluster and analyze the color of handicrafts, and finally achieve the best segmentation of the color patterns of handicrafts. The color difference meter is used to identify the surface glaze color of handicrafts in Longquan area and Jingdezhen area of Ming Dynasty, and use the intelligent statistical platform The chromaticity index of the sample was analyzed and studied.


Recent advances in magnet technology suggest that magnetic positive positioning of liquids may become a viable technology for future spacecraft systems. Development of a new computational tool for simulating this process is presented as are results from experimental and computational studies of the process. Comparison of simulation predictions to known solutions for simple configurations and to experiment data, support the conclusion that the computational tool provides a good model of magnetic positive positioning. Sequences oFpredicted flow fields that extend the parameter space of the experimental investigation are presented and conclusions are drawn about the expeiiments, the simulation, and magnetic positive positioning.


Traditional fingerprint recognition systems require that the users touch a sensor to perform biometric acquisitions. In order to increase the usability, acceptability, and accuracy of fingerprint recognition technologies, touchless systems have recently been studied. With respect to touch-based biometric techniques, these systems present important differences in most of the steps of the recognition process.Studies in the literature can be classified into technologies based on two-dimensional and three-dimensional methods. These studies also present important differences in terms of accuracy and required level of user cooperation. This paper presents a brief survey on touchless recognition technologies, proposing a classification of two-dimensional and three-dimensional biometric recognition techniques.


Chlorine (Cl) is a highly toxic, widely used halogen disinfectant that is present in point‐source pollution discharges from wastewater treatment plants and industrial facilities. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency freshwater criteria for Cl are 19 μg total residual Cl (TRC)/L as a maximum 1‐h average concentration and 11 μg TRC/L as a maximum 4‐d average; however, toxicological data for unionids were not used in these calculations. To address this void in the data, we conducted acute tests with glochidia from several species and 21‐d bioassays with three‐month‐old Epioblasma capsaeformis and three‐, six‐, and 12‐month‐old Villosa iris juveniles. The 24‐h lethal concentration 50 values for glochidia were between 70 and 220 μg TRC/L, which are 2.5 to 37 times higher than those reported in other studies for cladocerans. Significant declines in growth and survivorship were observed in the 21‐d test with E. capsaeformis at 20 μg TRC/L. Lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effects concentrations in bioassays with juvenile V. iris were higher (30–60 μg TRC/L) but showed a significant trend of declining toxicity with increased age. Although endpoints were above water quality criteria, the long life spans of unionids and potential implications of chronic exposure to endangered juvenile mussels still warrant concern.


Model information and data from wind tunnel tests conducted on 0.04 scale 50 percent forebody models of the Space Shuttle Orbiter were presented. These tests were conducted using the phase change paint technique to determine aerodynamic heating rates due to various proturberances and recessions. Angles of attack from 20 deg through 45 deg were investigated at Mach 8.


In this paper, we present several variants of the Surface Area Heuristics (SAH) to build kd-trees for specific sets of rays' directions. In order to cover the whole space of directions, several sets of directions are considered and each of them leads to a different specialized kd-tree. We call Multi-kd-tree to the set of these kd-trees. During rendering, each ray will traverse the kd-tree associated with the set containing its direction. In order to evaluate the efficiency of our proposal, we have implemented a Path Tracing and an Ambient Occlusion renderer on GPU with CUDA. A SAH-based kd-tree has been compared to a Multi-kd-tree and we show that all the new heuristics exhibit a better performance than SAH over usual scenes.


A monitoring system and operating method thereof that are configured for use in a wind turbine, for detecting a separation of shell elements along one edge of a wind turbine rotor blade. The system includes any configuration of sensors, which are disposed within an inner cavity of the rotor blade, said sensors being oriented relative to a leading or trailing edge of the sheet and are configured to detect a physical property within the sheet that the beginning of a indicating separation between the shell elements along the monitored edge. A controller is configured to receive signals from the sensor and to initiate an automatic response to a detected separation.


An optimalized method of micropropagation of Douglas fir is described. Seasonal changes were found in optima for nitrate and sucrose in the medium and in the optimum for the light intensity during the culture of shoot initials. Differences in morphogenesis were obtained from shoot initials that had been isolated from buds in 10 topophysical positions on 2-year-old trees. These differences between the shoots were influenced by the medium, the light intensity, and by forcing or topping the mother trees or treating them with growth regulators. Shoots from each of the topophysical positions had a characteristic photosynthesis. A first attempt is made to compare in vivo flushing with the morphogenesis of shoot initials in vitro.


To understand how a cooperative organization carries out its strategic planning process, it is necessary to analyze the aspects that differentiate it from a noncooperative entity. This article discusses the mission and corporate values of the Mondragon Cooperative Corporation in Spain, as well as its organizational structure and functional operations. It concludes with a description of its corporate strategic planning process and the current version of the plan. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Two non mechanically transmissible viruses with filamentous closterovirus-like particles were extracted and partially characterized from leafroll-affected grapevine accessions of cv Koussan from Turkey (Y253) and cv Koudsi from Israel (Y252), both from the reference collection of grapevine viruses and virus-like diseases at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) in Colmar, France. These viruses, denoted Y253-TK and Y252-IL, were independently investigated in France (INRA-Colmar) and Italy (DPPMA). Y253-TK did not react in DAS-ELISA or RT-PCR assays that would have detected any of the Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) described so far; Y252-IL did give weak and inconsistent positive reactions in IEM only with an antiserum to strain LR106 of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 (GLRaV-4). A polyclonal antiserum to isolate Y252-IL decorated the homologous particles and, those of Y253-TK and, at lower dilution, particles of isolate GLRaV-4 LR106. A segment of the heat shock protein p70 homologue (HSP70h) gene, was amplified by RT-PCR of RNA from denatured purified particles of Y253-TK by using a set of degenerate primers. The 183 amino acid polypeptide deduced from the 549 bp HSP70h gene fragment showed a high degree of identity with the cognate genes of GLRaV-4 (95%), GLRaV-5 (91%), GLRaV-6 (84%), and GLRaV-9 (90%), but low identity with those of other GLRaVs (33-35%). The HSP70h of isolates Y252-IL and LR106 showed 95% amino acid identity. The coat protein sequence of isolates Y253-TK showed 99 and 94% amino acid identity with those of isolates Y252-IL and LR106, respectively, with changes concentrated in the N-terminus, a feature that might have a bearing on the reaction with their heterologous antisera. Based on serological and molecular data, it was concluded that


Abstract: Human-animal conflict has become a serious issue in agriculture and forestry, threatening human lives and squandering resources. As human risks to the natural environment increase, so does the necessity to track the evolution of diverse invertebrates. Conservation initiatives should be well-directed, yet the labour required to obtain information is frequently time-constrained. Estimates of the number of mammals give vital insights into conservation measures, but only a few systematic human studies and yearly census efforts have contributed in any way to this endeavour. Even despite these efforts, established techniques of measuring numbers vary greatly and are frequently overlooked in efforts to authenticate the data produced. To address this issue, wildlife monitoring can provide researchers with as much information as wildlife species, quantity, habits, quality of life, and habitat conditions, assisting researchers in understanding the nature and potential of wildlife resources, and providing the foundation for effective protection, sustainable use, and scientific management of wildlife resources. We demonstrate how this tool works in a number of contexts, including animal behaviour, population monitoring, and animal interaction.


Story ,  narrative , and  narration  are common technical terms used in research and other areas today in which the narrative predominates. They are analyzed in relation to other terms (e.g.,  fable ,  sujet ,  narrative discourse , and  narrative text ) in terms of the two- and three-level concept of the narrative, and at least a temporary definition is provided in all of this terminological confusion. Among these terms,  fable  and  sujet  are outdated; as a conceptual pair they already appeared in Russian formalism and have been replaced by  story  and  discourse , and by  story  and  narrative text . Today all of these terms are most commonly replaced by the pair  story  and  narrative discourse , or simply  story  and  narrative . In order to define the most common term and the umbrella term  narrative , a descriptive and a defining approach were used: the former provides a broader definition of the narrative as a cognitive, identity, performative, and inventive category, and the latter defines it more narrowly through the perspective of narratology as a concretization of a given narrative structure and as a unique literary organization of the topic and events, in which individual elements are arranged according to their literary effect. This narrower (narratological) definition becomes invalid if it is not addressed in terms of the two-layer (or even three-layer) concept and in connection with the story following the double logic principle of the narrative, when the story is the predecessor of narrative discourse, while also simultaneously proceeding from it. As a sequence of events, the story is recognized as a non-discursive and non-textual feature, and as a phenomenon of the text's deep and immanent structure. It is also placed in such an important position by its relative simplicity, which defines it as the protoform of the entire body of narrative literature, the simplest literary organism, and at the same time the highest common factor of all narratives. It is well known today that it makes more sense to advocate the intermingling nature of story and discourse rather than their duality, in which the story is not primarily a sequence of events, but their later construct derived from discourse. The broader definition interprets narration as a collective term for all of the epic types and genres referred to as narrative or epic literature or epics, and as the overall process of communication or discourse taking place between the author and the reader, and the narrator and the narratee. The narrow definition delineates narration as the production of what is narrated in the sense of the narrator's verbal narration or as one of the three message-formation processes of the narrative. In terms of the two- and three-level concept of the narrative, the connection between all three of the terms discussed (i.e., the story, narrative, and narration) proves that the terms and their fields mix and mingle, and their definitions change according to various directions and methods.


Europe has a number of ancient riveted metallic bridges, constructed during the second half of the 19th century up to the middle of the 20th century, which are still in operation. In this paper, a unified approach is presented to generate probabilistic S-N curves to be applied to structural components, accounting for uncertainties in material properties. The approach is particularly demonstrated for a plate with a circular hole, made of puddle iron from the Portuguese Eiffel Bridge. This paper presents an extension of the local strain-based fatigue crack propagation model proposed by Noroozi et al. The latter model is applied to derive the probabilistic fatigue crack propagation field (p-S-Np field). The probabilistic fatigue crack initiation field (p-S-Ni field) is determined using a notch elastoplastic approach, to calculate the fatigue failure of the first elementary material block ahead of the notch root.


The paper describes the mode of operation of the various types of detectors currently available for protecting machinery spaces and the methods of testing their performance. Facilities required in control panels are mentioned including fault monitoring of the panels and the detectors. The design approach for the complete installation is explained together with the location and selection of detectors for particular areas. Commissioning of the system at the fitting out stage and during sea trials is discussed.


Objective To explore ehealth literacy, ability to actively engage with healthcare providers and health system navigation among pregnant immigrant women and their descendants compared with women of Danish origin. Design and setting A cross-sectional survey at antenatal clinics in 2016, Denmark. Participants Pregnant women attending antenatal care (n=405). Outcome measures The eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ) and two domains from the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ): ability to actively engage with healthcare providers and health system navigation. Range of response options for eHLQ (1–4) and HLQ (1–5). With mixed-effect linear regressions, eHLQ and HLQ among immigrants and their descendants compared with women of Danish origin were assessed. Results The response rate was 75%. The overall trend was lower ehealth literacy and HLQ domains among immigrants and their descendants compared with women of Danish origin. For ehealth literacy, the results suggest that challenges related more to digital abilities than motivation, trust and access to technology. The mean ability to engage with digital services was 3.20 (SD 0.44) for women of Danish origin. Non-Western descendants (−0.14, 95% CI −0.31 to 0.02), non-Western (−0.20, 95% CI −0.34 to −0.06) and Western (−0.22, 95% CI −0.39 to −0.06) immigrants had lower adjusted means of this outcome. No differences in motivation to engage with digital services were found for descendants (−0.00, 95% CI −0.17 to 0.17), non-Western (0.03, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.18) or Western (−0.06, 95% CI −0.23 to 0.10) immigrants compared with the mean of the reference (2.85, SD 0.45). Lower ability to engage with healthcare providers was found for non-Western born immigrants (−0.15, CI 95% −0.30 to −0.01) compared with the mean of women with Danish origin (4.15, SD 0.47). Conclusion Generally, descendant and immigrant women had lower levels of ehealth literacy and health literacy than women of Danish origin. These differences are potentially antecedents of adverse birth outcomes and could inform structural efforts to mitigate health inequalities.


Soil Monitoring in Switzerland by the NABO-Network: Objectives, Experiences and Problems.- Monitoring and Control of Regional Material Fluxes.- Available Databases for the Assessment of Regional Mass Balances in Agricultural Land.- Objectives of Long-term Areal Soil Monitoring.- Gaps of Current Concepts in Soil Monitoring Potential and Drawbacks of Alternative Concepts.- Contaminant Mass Balances in Soil Monitoring.- Atmospheric Deposition Processes.- Filtering of Air-borne Contaminants by Vegetation Canopies.- Volatilization of Organic Chemicals from Soil.- Monitoring of Leaching of Reactive Solutes in Heterogeneous Soils: Problems Expected from a Modelling Perspective.- The Role of Soil Erosion in the Movement of Pollutants.- Contaminant Uptake by Plants.- Assessment of Contaminant Fluxes across the Soil Surface.- Assessment of Contaminant Fluxes across the Soil Plant Interface and below the Rooting Zone.- Sampling Efficiency for Mass Recovery Calculations.- Analytical Problems in the Determination of Inorganic Soil Contaminants.- Analytical Problems in the Determination of Organic Soil Contaminants.- The Potential of Microbiological Properties as Indicators in Soil Pollution Monitoring.- Magnetic Susceptibility of Soils in the Areas Influenced by Industrial Emissions.- Sampling and Analytical Techniques as Limiting Factors in Soil Monitoring.- Sources, Propagation and Control of Errors in Soil Monitoring.- Dealing with Spatial Variation.- Interference Between Spatial Variability and the Detection of Temporal Changes in Soils.- Using GIS for Processing Data from the Survey and Monitoring of Pollution.- Trend Detection in Soil Monitoring - Looking for the Needle in the Haystack.- Synthesis.- List of Participants.


We analyse the competitive equilibrium and socially optimal allocation of production fragments in a two‐country model where there is learning by doing with spillovers between fragments in the home country. We distinguish between forward and backward knowledge linkages, where learning results from producing products that are less (more) complex than the current knowledge frontier with forward (backward) linkages. We compare the pattern of comparative advantage in the competitive and socially optimal cases, and compare the intensive and extensive margins of fragments produced at home in the two cases. We establish a sufficient condition for the range of fragments produced at home to be non‐decreasing with forward linkages. We also show that with backward linkages, the home country will produce some fragments in the neighbourhood of the steady state that are more complex than those produced in the steady state.


An increasingly diverse work force is a definite trend in the United States, and a number of companies have linked valuing and managing diversity to increased productivity. Equal employment opportunity and affirmative action are pointed to as foundational to the development of formal programs for valuing or managing diversity in the workplace. The sense of urgency in the literature about valuing and managing work force diversity is not so much about getting diverse people into the labor force but about retraining and developing good workers at all organizational levels. Two different approaches to organizational programs for dealing effectively with diversity are valuing differences, which suggests efforts to develop attitude changes through awareness and sensitivity training, and managing diversity, which focuses on behavioral changes. A number of authors approach work force diversity as an organizational change issue and present either a training model or an organizational development model for effecting the change. Research on organizational culture suggests that a program for managing or valuing diversity might not effect real change in an organizational culture without addressing the need for long-term efforts that would increase awareness of deep-seated values and assumptions that underlie the organization's norms and individual behaviors. The system for valuing and/or managing diversity is a subsystem of the human resource system within the larger interactive organizational system. (Contains 38 references.) (YLB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


Systems and methods to use the caching of the character graphics input display with a Russell that facilitate text entry are available. In one aspect, the system carousel graphic comprises an interface component that is configured to generate an input display, and the carousel graphics type display comprising a plurality of characters arranged in a fixed line, the cursor is in the text on the line is configured to move at a time over, the cursor is shifted in response to reaching one of the second end of the first end or the line of the line from the first end of the line to the second end of the line. The system also includes an input component configured to receive a command to thereby move said character on said character to focus each character of said character.


In February 2012, 12 transgenic zebrafish with an AB background were imported into the quarantine room at the Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC; a part of the University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore), which is a repository and distribution center for thousands of mutant, transgenic, and wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio) lines used by the research community. The imported fish were housed in 1-gallon aquaria on a flow-through water system with a UV sterilizer. Effluent from all tanks in the quarantine room drains to a sump. The sump contains only system effluent. Water is pumped from the sump to a 5gallon sentinel tank. The sentinel tank is populated with 25 AB wild-type zebrafish, with no underlying health issues, from the ZIRC main fish facility. Effluent from the sentinel tank goes back to the same sump. Sump overflow drains to the municipal sewer. In the 3.5 months following arrival of the transgenic fish, high mortality rates were noticed in AB fish spawned with the transgenic line and in the AB quarantine room sentinel fish.


Under the background of flourished national fitness activities,the enterprise mass sports activity has become an important part of the group activities,and will affect the entire mass sports development.Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process method,the author has analyzed and evaluated the influence factors(human,financial,material) on the enterprise mass sports activities.It can be concluded that enterprise leadership is the key,and labor union cadres play an important role in the development of enterprise sports.More activities should be organized and more funds invested so that the functions of sports can be exerted fully in the development of enterprise.


Destructive physical analysis(DPA) technology is used to control the process of the component.It is important to the quality analysis and control especially for the key process.It can improve the reliability of the component while other method can't replace it.This paper discussed the test item and method of the DPA analysis technology in the process control and introduced the application of DPA with examples.The ability of component process control and the reliability of component can be improved by DPA.


Contrary to current belief, cavitation has been found responsible for the depolymerizing effect of intense ultrasonic waves. This was demonstrated by irradiating two portions of a 1 percent polystyrene solution in toluene under conditions identical except for the following. The first portion was given no special prior treatment, showed many cavitation bubbles during irradiation, and decreased in molecular weight (as measured by the intrinsic viscosity) to about one‐tenth of the initial value. The second portion was given a preliminary treatment of degassing by boiling under vacuum, showed no cavitation bubbles during the irradiation, and underwent no appreciable change in molecular weight.Similar experiments with solutions of hydroxyethyl cellulose in water showed that, in this case also, cavitation is necessary for depolymerization. The opposite conclusion of earlier investigators is attributed to their inadequate method for eliminating cavitation.Oxidants known to be produced by ultrasonic waves in solu...


How will China's education participate in the international competition after China's access to WTO? How do we understand and grasp the essence of the internationalization of higher education? How do we cope with the relationship between the quantity increase and quality detainment in developing the higher education and pushing forward the mass higher education? On these issues the present author of this article makes comments, and presents the point of diversification of educational quality.


to those of the sewage. o-roreover, tlhe miiain drainage coinmittee pOinltS out, sewer v-enitilation-i lia lbeen in operation for -an inidefiniite period, and apparently nio outbreak of disease hias resuilted tlherefri-om-, wh-lile tile lmleni worklilng in sewers , and in closest contact wvitlh sewier air, lhave an excellent riecored of htealtlh. It is difficult, the commilllittee concludes, to accept the siiggestion thlat serious lhealtlh collsidlerations are involved, tlhouighi it is a(ldnitted that duiriulg the drougrlht there wvas a meaisaire of p)ublic ilnconvenien(e in certain localities. Tre difficulty is to reconcile popular oplinlion with the measures necessary for the safety of the sewers aiu(l the sewer miiell.


In order to study the performance degradation trend prediction and the fault evolution law of large rotors,a set of large rotor vibration signal acquisition system was designed based on STM32. And a practical circuit experiment was carried out.The sensor signals were processed by conversion,filter and some other signal processing. Then the external AD converter converted it to digital signal. A digital filtering by the main control chip STM32f103 x was used in the transformed signals,before it was output to PC for further processing through a serial port. Host user program was designed by Lab VIEW. The two channel vibration signals were real- time displayed in the waveform diagram at the same time. And the data were fully saved in the Excel sheet. The fast Fourier transform was used in the historical data,which were read from the Excel sheet,to map out a frequency domain graph. The experiments show that the system can realize real- time vibration signal acquisition and storage. It also can analyze the frequency domain of the historical data. It provides important information for the performance degradation trend prediction and the fault evolution law of large rotors.


Isodiametridae is a large family of Acoela with 22 nominal genera and nearly 100 species. Unfortunately, systematics of Isodiametridae, as it stands, is highly problematic. Genera frequently have been proposed without reference to an explicit phylogenetic hypothesis, such that the current classification system holds little or no predictive power. Many taxa do not fit with the family diagnosis, and it is increasingly difficult to determine in which taxon a new species should be described. Herein, we reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Acoela with a focus on Isodiametridae using both previously published and new ribosomal and mitochondrial sequence data. Our dataset comprises sequences from 45 species representing 16 of the 22 isodiametrid genera. Our results recovered a well-supported Isodiametridae, but provided further evidence that the family and several genera within require revision. We have updated the classification system of Isodiametridae to be consistent with its phylogeny, including the transference of Otocelis to Otocelididae, Postaphanostoma and Faerlea to Mecynostomidae and Alluna to Actinoposthiidae. Six other genera are placed in synonymy. We review the morphological taxonomy and provide an identification key of the genera in the revised family.


In the era of energy shortage, proton membrane fuel cell using hydrogen as energy source has attracted great attention because of its advantages of zero emission and high energy conversion efficiency. Hydrogen supply system is an important part of fuel cell system. Efficient hydrogen supply system can improve hydrogen utilization rate and relieve anode flooding and hydrogen hunger with optimal exhaust drainage time. At the same time, the pressure difference between cathode and anode must be maintained within a certain range when proton membrane fuel cells are running. Reasonable pressure control algorithm can improve the safety and stability of proton membrane fuel cells. In this paper, based on the model of the total fuel cell system, the anodic fuzzy PID pressure control algorithm and the cathode fuzzy PID pressure following control algorithm for proton membrane fuel cells are designed, and the effectiveness of the fuel cell pressure control algorithm is studied through simulation analysis.


In this study, we've analyzed and implemented three different algorithms developed for fault-tolerant routing in hypercube systems. First algorithm[1] proposes an approach to determine the shortest path between the source and the destination nodes in a faulty (or non-faulty) hypercube. Second algorithm[2] has a different approach to hypercube node structure and proposes that direct use of sharp product is not sufficent to discard only computational part (processor and memory) when only this part of a node is faulty. The procedures proposed within this algorithm, allow to obtain a set of extended fault-free subcubes which is a beginning set for further manipulation in hypercube multiprocessors and to increase the reliability of such systems. Third algorithm[3] proposes a procedure for definition of neighborhood and fault-free subcubes in a fault-free subcubes in a faulty-hypercube. We've implemented these algorithms in UNIX and in Intel iPSC/860 Simulation platforms. Simulations are done for static and dynamic routing. Performances are compared for path availability percentages and time used to find path.


Raffles City tower development building is located in Hang Zhou.The main tower is a super high-rise building,which is 250 meters high with 60 stories and 3 levels of basement.This paper is a summary of key structural analysis issues of the tower,including the preferences of the seismic load and wind load,structural system and the overview of structural analysis.Emphasis was put on the analysis on horizontal displacement of the inclined columns under gravity load and the stress conditions of the floor slabs between the inclined columns and the inner core tube.The results showed that wind load will be the lateral control load on super high-rise building,and the inclined columns with large slope will have displacement under vertical load,which may exert adverse effects on the floor slabs.It is necessary to adopt local strengthening measures for the safety of the structure.


The invention relates to a short-circuiting device for use in low and medium voltage systems for material damages and personal protection, comprising a switching element which is actuated by the trigger signal of a fault detection device, two mutually opposite contact electrodes having means for supplying current, which to a circuit with connections of different potential are contactable, further the contact electrodes, standing under mechanical preload, the spring force assisted perform a relative movement to each other in a short circuit, and another part in relative movement to the contact electrodes, these short-circuits, a sacrificial element as spacer between the contact electrodes and having an electrical connection between the sacrificial element and the switching element on the one hand and one of the contact electrodes on the other hand, to bring about a current flow caused by thermal destruction of the sacrificial element targeted. In a first embodiment of the invention, the sacrificial element is a thin-walled hollow cylinder made of a high-melting metallic material. In a second embodiment of the invention, the sacrificial element is a wire or rod made of a conductive material having a low melting integral, wherein the sacrificial element is contrary to the first embodiment to train under mechanical bias.


A protracted debate has persisted throughout the history of psychoanalysis concerning transference phenomena and how they resemble or diverge from ordinary relationships outside the analytic situation. Indeed, it is uncertain as to whether the entirety of the analytic relationship is determined by the transference or if "extra-transferential" aspects of the analytic relationship can be said to exist, such as, for example, the so-called working alliance, the real relationship, or the personal relationship. I believe these questions are a consequence of conflicting conceptions of transference, compounded by the uncertainty as to whether or not transference is merely a technical term for a variety of phenomena that are ubiquitous to the human experience. In this essay I explore certain aspects of the transference that are perfectly ordinary outside of analysis, and then endeavor to show how Freud's views about the nature of love, friendship, and rapport inspired his conception of the transference and the complications that inhere in its resolution.


1. Three-level PWM amplifiers and audio processing apparatus. 2.1. The invention relates to a three-level pulse width modulation (PWM) amplifier and to an audio processing apparatus including the same. 2.2. A three-level PWM amplifier according to the invention includes a PWM generator (300) is configured to a three-level PWM signal with a first level to a second level and a reference level by varying the width of pulses at the first level and by varying the width of pulses at the second level, respectively based on an input signal (iN) to produce, as well as an output stage (500) is configured based on the three-level PWM signal an output node to a level of a first power supply voltage to drive a second power supply voltage, or a third power supply voltage. 2.3. Using z. As for audio processing devices. Third 4 ,


Natural Language Processing (NLP), a branch of artificial intelligence, is gaining traction as a potent tool for business analytics. With the proliferation of unstructured textual data, businesses are actively seeking methodologies to distill valuable insights from vast textual repositories. The introduction of NLP in the realm of business analytics offers a transformative approach, automating traditional manual processes and fostering real-time, data-driven decision-making. From sentiment analysis to text summarization, NLP is facilitating businesses in deciphering consumer feedback, predicting market trends, and breaking down linguistic barriers in the age of globalization. This paper sheds light on the evolution of NLP techniques in business analytics, their applications, and the inherent challenges and opportunities they present.


In today's fast-changing world, innovation is essential for organisations to thrive and to meet the challenges of the new age. However, innovation initiatives have a huge uncertainty factor that is difficult to manage. It is therefore important that all innovation initiatives are managed with a project approach, supported from the project management side. However, the link between innovation and project management is not yet clear. Both fields are understood as separate disciplines, and innovation is often seen as an elusive concept. The aim of this paper is to show the outcome and success factors of innovation initiatives, linking them to the doctrines of project management. The aim of this paper is to show the views on research, development and innovation projects from the perspective of project management and deliverables, and to explore the relationship between the views of different organisational managers. We also aim to shed light on the individual differences in perception that determine the success factors of research, development and innovation projects and the conditions for their successful implementation.


A static liquefaction flow failure occurred in the upstream slope of the North Dike of Wachusett Dam near Clinton, Massachusetts on April 11, 1907 during the first reservoir filling. The fine sands of the upstream dike shell liquefied and flowed approximately 100 m horizontally into the reservoir. This paper presents a description of the construction of the North Dike, failure of the upstream slope, and the results of stability analyses that were conducted to estimate the shear strength mobilized in the liquefied soils during failure. Analyses of the postfailure geometry, the prefailure geometry, and an analysis incorporating the kinetics of failure were conducted. The back-calculated shear strength considering the kinetics of failure is in agreement with other liquefaction flow failure case histories published in the literature. As a result, it is recommended that the kinetics of failure be considered to determine the shear strength mobilized during a liquefaction flow failure.


There are four classes of Classical Group. Perhaps it is most straightforward to name a significant group within each class and to then describe the various related groups in the class. Four significant groups, then, are GLn(q), Spn(q), On(q) and Un(q). We begin by describing these groups in some detail. This paper is a survey of progress towards a geometric description of the subgroup structure of the classical groups. We shall describe Aschbacher's Theorem in some detail, even though Aschbacher's approach is clearly not geometrical, for Aschbacher's Theorem demonstrates very largely the structure that one should expect to find. It is unrealistic to expect to furnish a proof of Aschbacher's Theorem that is entirely geometric, but it is a reasonable hope that nearly all the maximal subgroups of classical groups can be described geometrically and that maximality can be proven using geometric means. Maximal here means nothing more than maximal relative to inclusion. The general linear group, GLn(q), consists of the invertible linear transformations of an n-dimensional vector space V = V (n, q) over the finite field GF (q), where q = pe with p prime. Above this sits ΓLn(q), the group of all invertible semi-linear transformations of V . Below GLn(q) sits SLn(q), the set of all linear transformations of V having determinant 1; SLn(q) is a characteristic subgroup of ΓLn(q). The centre of ΓLn(q) is the group Z of non-zero scalar linear transformations; this also the centre of GLn(q). The quotients PΓLn(q) = ΓLn(q)/Z, PGLn(q) = GLn(q)/Z and PSLn(q) = Z.SLn(q)/Z act naturally on the projective space PG(n− 1, q). In this context, PΓLn(q) may be viewed as the set of all collineations of PG(n− 1, q). For some people, this is the natural geometric group. For others, PGLn(q) is the natural geometric group because its elements can be represented as matrices. From another perspective, PSLn(q) is sometimes regarded as the most important group in the class because it is usually simple. The symplectic group, Spn(q), is the group of all elements of GLn(q) preserving a non-degenerate alternating form; the non-degeneracy leads to n being even. There are various ways to describe Spn(q) in terms of matrices. One is to consider the matrix JS = [ 0 I −I 0 ] . Then Spn(q) consists of the matrices A such that AJSA = JS . Above Spn(q) sit ΓSpn(q) consisting of the invertible semi-linear transformations that preserve the alternating form up to a scalar, and GSpn(q) = ΓSpn(q)∩GLn(q). A feature of Spn(q) is that its elements already have determinant 1 so it is a subgroup of SLn(q). Each group has a corresponding projective group, namely its image in PΓLn(q). In geometric terms, PΓSpn(q) preserves a symplectic polarity. The geometric objects are the absolute subspaces with respect to this polarity, although PΓSpn(q) may be viewed as the group of collineations preserving the set of absolute lines. The group PSpn(q) is usually simple. The unitary group, Un(q), is defined when q is a square and is the group of all


Abstract It is known that H2(UO2)2(AsO4)2. 8 H2O (synthetic troegerite) undergoes several phase transitions, in particular a first order one, at room temperature, from a paraelectric phase I to a probably antiferroelectric phase II. The space group of none of the phases have been determined and although some reasonable guesses have been made taking as starting points the previously known facts and some macroscopic symmetry considerations, the observation that phase II behaves also as a ferroelastic justifies a new assesment of the possible point groups. From X-ray data, the point group of phase I is P 4/mmm. From these starting points and taking into account Aizu's criteria the number and orientation of permissible domains and both w and w' domain walls has been calculated for the possible point groups. Comparison with the observed domain structure gives 4/mmm F 2/m as the most probable transition. In an attempt to detect other than the optically observed four domain walls, and as TEM studies are preclude...


Optimal use of available memory bank-level parallelism and channel bandwidth heavily impacts the performance of an application. Research studies have focused on improving bandwidth utilization by employing scheduling policies and request re-ordering techniques at the memory controller. However, potential to extract memory performance by intelligent page allocation that maximizes opportunity for bank-level parallelism and row buffer hits is often overlooked. The actual physical page location in memory has a huge impact on bank conflicts and potential for prioritizing low-latency requests such as row buffer hits. We demonstrate that with more intelligent virtual to physical paging mechanisms it is possible to reduce bank conflicts at the memory and achieve higher bandwidth utilization. Such intelligent paging mechanisms can then form a basis for other request re-ordering techniques to further improve memory performance. In this study we only focus on virtual-to-physical paging techniques and demonstrate 38.4% improvement on DRAM bandwidth utilization with a profile-based scheme. We study a wide variety of workloads from varied benchmark suites. We present results for profile based as well as preliminary results for dynamically adaptive paging techniques. Our results demonstrate improved bandwidth utilization with DRAM aware page layouts. Dynamic paging schemes further demonstrate the potential of run-time adaptive techniques in improving bandwidth utilization of increasingly parallel multi-channel main memory systems.


A kind of target simulator for instrumentation radar measure is introduced, Its key element is Virtex II series FPGA combined with USB2.0 and mass capacity synchronous DRAM. Firstly the simulator's mathematical model and basic functions are analyzed in detail, its experiment result is given. Lastly the design features are analyzed. The target simulator can meet our demands on high velocity target echo simulation. With its use, system debugging cost and field test difficulty are reduced. [


Experimental and numerical studies have shown that the occurrence of abrupt secondary instabilities, or mode-jumps, in a postbuckling stiffened composite panel may initiate structural failure. This study presents an optimisation methodology, using a genetic algorithm and finite element analysis for the lay-up optimisation of postbuckling composite plates to delay the onset of mode-jump instabilities. A simple and novel approach for detecting modejumps is proposed, based on the RMS value of out-of-plane pseudo-velocities at a number of locations distributed over the postbuckling structure.


A solution to the bi-tangential Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation problem with a complexity constraint is presented, which is the natural extension of the theory developed for the scalar and matrix interpolation cases. The solution can be obtained by minimizing a strictly convex functional. This optimization problem is derived in two different ways. First, this functional is derived, in a geometric way, by path integration of a one-form which defines the bi-tangential Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation problem. In the context of the geometric derivation, it is shown that the further generalization to Kullback-Leibler-von Neumann distance of the theory of analytic interpolation with a complexity constraint is impossible. This functional is also derived in the context of duality theory in the mathematical programming. The theory is applied to a sensitivity shaping problem, and a certain choice of a free design parameter is suggested to obtain a controller of lower degree than the generic bound. Notation Below is the notation used throughout this paper. C+: open right half plane in C, {s ∈ C : Re s > 0}. D: open unit disc, {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}. D: closed unit disc, {z ∈ C : |z| ≤ 1}. T: unit circle, {ζ ∈ C : |ζ| = 1}. L2(T): Lebesgue space of square integrable functions on T. H2(D): Hardy space of L2(T) functions which admits analytical extensions to D. H∞(D): Hardy space of L∞(T) functions which admits analytical extensions to D. ∗Division of Optimization and Systems Theory, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden: {yohei, email@example.com Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems, Kyoto, Japan, July 24-28, 2006 FrP01.1


M ilton thought pain was a perfect misery and the worst of all evils. But Thomas Dormandy has shown us that humans have taken bold and positive steps to remove this evil and misery. In his historical account of the pursuit and conquest of pain the author has explored ancient mythology, literature, philosophy, music, painting, opera, war, famine, disease, and heroism, moving between science, literature, and history of the ancient and new worlds with consummate ease. As someone with limited linguistic and literary skills I found the book somewhat overwhelming but fascinating nevertheless.

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Thomas Dormandy

Yale University Press, £19.99/$35, pp 560 ISBN 0 300 11322 6 http://www.yalebooks.co.uk/

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In mythical and ancient times pain was considered a gift of gods; so were the remedies of the time: wine and the poppy. Faith was the basis of everything, including the "painless" deaths of countless martyrs. A multiplicity of saints flourished to help deal with ailments; an example was St Fiacre, whose merciful intervention was sought to relieve irritation around the anus. The …

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Although the performance of today's JavaScript engines is sufficient for most web applications, faster and more predictable runtimes could be desired for performance-critical web code. Therefore, we present Speedy.js, a cross-compiler that translates JavaScript/TypeScript to WebAssembly, a new standard for native execution supported by all major browsers. Speedy.js only imposes minimal restrictions on the JavaScript code, namely that the performance-critical functions are wrapped in TypeScript and only engage a performance-optimal subset of the JavaScript language. With this approach, we manage to make compute-intense web code up to four times faster, while reducing runtime fluctuations to the half.


A generic, sudden transition to chaos has been experimentally verified using electronic circuits. The particular system studied involves the near resonance of two coupled oscillators at 2 : 1 frequency ratio when the damping of the first oscillator becomes negative. We identified in the experiment all types of orbits described by theory. We also found that a theoretical, 1D limit map fits closely a map of the experimental attractor which, however, could be strongly disturbed by noise. In particular, we found noisy periodic orbits, in good agreement with noise theory.


Occlusion of the maxillary ostium is considered to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of maxillary sinusitis. In this study, the authors determined the effect of ostial occlusion on pressure in the rabbit maxillary sinus which, like most humans, has only one ostium. We compared pressures in the normal and occluded maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity during spontaneous breathing in anesthetized adult animals. Serial pressure measurements were obtained from sinuses with patent ostia in nasal‐breathing rabbits and with occluded ostia in both nasal‐breathing and tracheotomized animals.


In the era of minimally invasive procedures, laparoscopic hysterectomy is preferred over total abdominal hysterectomy as the primary treatment of endometrioid cancer limited to the uterus. Lymphovascular invasion (LVSI) is an important prognostic indicator for this tumor. Studies have observed presence of vascular pseudoinvasion in the surgical specimen excised via laparoscopic hysterectomy. Some studies have reported no increase in LVSI after minimally invasive surgery, implying that there is no vascular pseudoinvasion. Here, we present a 59-year-old female with history of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, asthma, and biopsy-proven well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and sentinel node dissection. An ill-defined friable mass (2.1 cm in maximum dimension) was present in the posterior lower uterine segment and had the morphology of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, grade 1 out of 3, invasive into the outer half of myometrium. There was no true vessel invasion but rather abundant contamination—smearing of tumor into vascular spaces. An immunostain for D2-40 identified no lymphatic invasion. Immunostains for CD31 and CD34 highlighted tumor cells present in vascular spaces consistent with pseudoinvasion. No regional lymph node metastasis was seen. Peritoneal fluid did not show malignant cells. After surgery, the patient received radiotherapy and had no evidence of recurrent disease. It has been proposed that the artifact of vascular invasion as seen in our case could be associated with the technique of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Substantial LVSI, in contrast to focal or no LVSI, has been shown to be the strongest independent prognostic factor for pelvic regional recurrence, distant metastasis, and overall survival. Its presence is a deciding factor for the type of adjuvant therapy. Therefore, it is important to recognize vascular pseudoinvasion to avoid misdiagnosis of LVSI.


The present invention relates to a composition for treatment of cartilage damage including degenerative arthritis and, specifically, to a pharmaceutical composition for bone diseases, wherein the composition contains the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and the extracellular matrix (ECM) and enables bone generation without side effects to minimize the surgical operation, such as incision, leading to no scars and a quick recovery. In addition, the treatment for cartilage damage including degenerative arthritis can be effectively performed by adding platelet rich plasma (PRP), an aqueous solution of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), and hyaluronic acid to the composition.


This paper proposes an inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)-parameter-adjustment method for wireless heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNet), in which low-power nodes (such as pico base stations (BSs)) are overlaid with conventional high-power macro BS deployment. The fractional radio resource reuse (resource partitioning) scheme adopted for HetNet promises to mitigate interference from high-power BSs to low-power nodes. However, the ratio of protected resources that maximizes the system throughput may depend on the distribution of users or BSs. Thus, this ratio cannot be determined in advance. In this study, we consider both cell association and optimization of the resource-partitioning parameter in HetNet. The proposed resource-partitioning parameter-adjustment method alleviates the above mentioned problem, and improves network performance in terms of the geometric mean of user throughputs. The strong performance of the proposed method is verified by system level simulations of various cell distributions. The proposed method does not require manual adjustment of the resource-partitioning parameter.


The waste of invaluable agri-food produce is the concern of United Nations Organisation and all countries across the world. The purpose of this paper is to identify and model the drivers of agri-food waste management in India.,The interpretive structural modelling method is used to model the drivers in this study. This method helps in understanding the driver-dependent relationships among various drivers/criteria which are selected for studying.,The findings of the study vividly shows that the drivers such as disaster management planning, information dissemination, and training and awareness programs for farmers are most vital for tackling the issue.,This work would help the policy makers in developing the effective policies regarding the management of agri-food waste in a sustainable manner.,This work would be very helpful for deeply understanding the causes of occurring waste and carefully handling it scientifically with a managerial perspective. Hence, it has the potential to reduce the generation of waste and saving the food for society.,With the help of this study, the people, society, and underprivileged will be benefited directly. The savings in agri-food waste will not only help in controlling the prices of it but also its more availability would be beneficial for all in beating the hunger.,The identification of drivers for the sustainable management of agri-food is the novelty of this research.


Teaching reform of the electric and electronic experiment is an important conponent of course reform,the idea and view of education is converted actively,and it is necessary to cultivate students' innovative ability。From the view point of innovative ability cultivation,the paper analyzed the optimizing experimental contents and methods modenization,improving test rules,construting open lab and optimizing lab staff against the experimental teaching.


We report on the detection of the weak intersystem transition of semiforbidden C II 2325 A in the sight line toward Zeta Oph using the Ech-B mode of the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph. The measured equivalent width of the semiforbidden C II line is W(lambda) = 0.52 +/- 0.12 mA, implying a C II column density of 1.80 (+/- 0.42) x 10 exp 17 atoms/sq cm and (C/H) sub Zeta Oph = 1.32 (+/- 0.32) x 10 exp -4.


Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) is a palm that grows excessively in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). As one of primary commodity of NTT beside lontar, gewang is being used for many kind of products. The potency of gewang for people of Linamnutu, Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, NTT lies on its availability and dispersion in nature. This research aims to learn about density, distribution, and natural reproduction of gewang to support people in Linamnutu Village. The research data was taken by field survey and remote sensing method. Six study sites were chosen based on the image character and the road access. The results showed that total density of gewang in nature was 218 trees per hectare with natural seed reproduction of 0.002%. Total average density of gewang calculated with remote sensing method in Linamnutu Village was 210 trees per hectare in 8,000 hectare area. Total number of trees in Linamnutu Village was 1,681,034 trees. The biggest area and highest total number of trees was found in very dense category, includes 5,106 hectare with total number of 1,307,172 trees. With apropriate conservation management, this high density and number of trees in Linamnutu village could provide a promising potency for bioresources. Total biomaterial potency calculated as biomass of gewang in Linamnutu Village was 4,706,895 tonnes.

Keywords: gewang, Corypha utan Lamk., potency, remote sensing, Linamnutu


The goal of controlling peak flow rates at individual sites to pre-developed levels can be met using detention basins for design storms from 2- to 100-year return periods. However control of peak storm runoff flows along receiving streams by multiple detention basins operating simultaneously within larger urban catchments are much more difficult to achieve. The latter topic was studied in the past by several investigators, but the findings were very limited in scope and were focused primarily on larger runoff events such as the 10-year to 100-year flows. At the same time, there is evidence that stream geometry, water quality and aquatic habitat are impacted significantly whether this type of detention is used, or not, as areas urbanize. The profound hydrologic and geomorphic changes caused by urbanization require more robust control of the frequently occurring, smaller, runoff events. In response to this, different approaches toward designing stormwater detention were investigated and modeled by the authors. This testing was first done using design storm protocols employed by the Urban Drainage & Flood Control District for the Denver area of Colorado and then followed up using the EPA SWMM 5.0 model calibrated to 15-years of recorded 5-minute rainfall (5 gages) and runoff (2 gages) data for a 3.1 square mile watershed. This paper presents the findings most applicable for the Denver region and other locations having similar precipitation patterns; however, the underlying principles used to develop this concept can be used to develop design protocols for other hydrologic regions of the USA and other countries. This approach for the sizing of detention basins has been labeled by the authors as full-spectrum detention and was based on the following: 1) The first stage of a two-stage full-spectrum detention ( FSD ) basin captures approximately the volume equal to 1.1 times the excess urban runoff volume ( EURV ). EUVR is the difference in volumes between urbanized and predevelopment land use conditions, 2) This EURV is then released over an extended period of time (72 hours in the final version), and 3) The upper stage is sized to capture the larger events to control the peak flow rates to predevelopment for the 10- 25-, 50- or 100-year or storm (100-year event in the case tested). This paper describes how this concept was developed and evaluated and that it shows promise in providing simple on-site detention design protocols that reasonably controls stormwater peak flow rates not only at individual sites but also along receiving waters when multiples of similarly designed on-site detention basins are used in larger watersheds. The controls provided are quite robust for a very broad spectrum of runoff events; from very small to very large.


requirements but is now taking on an ever-greater role in the quest for health optimization. The latter focus is a luxury that is primarily the purview of an affluent society and has little relevance in many areas where mere survival is the driving force. from the basic-nutrition perspective, there is a clear dichotomy in demonstrated need between different regions and socioeconomic groups, the starkest being addressing injudicious consumption in the developed world and under-nourishment in less developed countries (LDCs). Both extremes suffer from forms of malnourishment, one through inadequate supply, the other, in many but not all instances, through inappropriate choices, the latter often influenced by economic considerations. from the food deserts of inner cities to the real barren wastelands of many regions, access to a healthy diet is a challenge. Dramatic increases in the occurrence of obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and related ailments in developed countries are in sharp contrast to chronic under-nutrition and genuine malnutrition in many LDCs. Both problems require a modified food supply and the tools of biotechnology, while not the sole solution, do have a significant part to play. Plant Biotechnology: The Answer to your Nutrition Needs!


Corn is a vital food source for human consumption, animal feed as well as industrial processing. However, corn faces repeated spoilage and contamination by a huge range of fungi especially by Fusarium and Aspergillus species. These fungi are known of producing mycotoxins such as fumonisins (FBs), moniliformin (MON), zearalenone (ZEA), beauvericin (BEA) and aflatoxins (AFs). The main objective of this study was to quantify the mycotoxins produced by both fungi associated with cornmeal in Malaysia. The extracted mycotoxins were qualitatively analyzed using A. salina bioassay, and quantitatively using ultra-fast Performance Liquid chromatography (uFLc). Three hundred and fourteen isolates of microfungi were obtained, 90.5% isolates belonged to Aspergillus species, namely A. flavus (76.8%), A. niger (7.6%), A. nidulans (4.5%) and A. fumigatus (1.6%). Another 9.6% isolates were Fusarium species, identified as F. verticillioides (4.5%), F. semitectum (3.2%) and F. proliferatum (1.9%). As for the mycotoxin analysis, out of 40 isolates of Aspergillus, 29 isolates produced AFB 1 and only two isolates produced AFB 2 . Fifteen out of 16 Fusarium isolates produced MON, 12 isolates produced BEA and all isolates produced FB b but none of them produced ZEA. The analysis of A. salina revealed that all the five mycotoxins extracts were toxic to the brine shrimp despite the concentration of the mycotoxins.


Leaves of Solanum tuberosum var. Green Mountain were inoculated with leucine-3H or cytidine-3H labeled spores of Phytophthora infestans. Microradioautography showed that such spores germinated and developed an extensive radioactive intercellular mycelium but the release of radioactive substances, and their transfer to host organelles were not detected. Possible explanations are discussed briefly.


During the last shutdown the Stellarator W7-AS underwent two major modifications: First, the limiters were replaced by ten divertor modules, and the diagnostic set associated with the plasma boundary and target plate regions was greatly expanded. Secondly, the previously counter tangential neutral beam injector box was shifted to a co-position. Thus, the heating efficiency should be considerably increased at low magnetic fields and high densities. After resuming experiments these improvements will be used to test the boundary island divertor concept and further expand operational boundaries during the remaining experimental time until permanent shutdown in 2002. The present operational boundaries are reviewed with respect to the stability of high β and density limit discharges. Discharges with good confinement properties will be discussed where further progress was achieved after installing control coils to modify the size and properties of vacuum field islands. In contrast to the usual net-current free mode, W7-AS also allows operation at large toroidal currents. In this way disruption-like events in the presence of rather large external poloidal fields can be produced.


Tararua Forest covers some 300,000 acres of steep mountainous country in southern North Island and is mainly State Forest (258,000 acres) including 23,000 acres vested in Wellington City Council. The forest is predominantly red and silver beech with rimu/ miro in association at lower altitudes. The severe storm of 1936, which devastated several thousand acres on the western side of the range, inadvertently demonstrated that the forest plays a most effective protective role in relation to capital values of the order of 100 million dollars downstream, and vital communications. Nearly half a million people live around the forest, which is extensively tracked and provided with 42 huts to facilitate outdoor recreation. One road end, recently developed as a picnic site, has attracted up to 16,000 visitors in a year, indicating that there is a tremendous latent demand for this type of recreation. It is concluded that Tararua Forest plays a most important dual role in southern North Island. Upper catchment protection is without question the most important role in view of the vulnerability and high values off site, but the need for recreation and outdoor education of a large, rapidly growing population is such that maintenance of the forest could be justified for this reason on its own.


A new method for natural color image segmentation is proposed.The phase congruency is applied to detect edge and obtain the major geometric structures in an image.The boundary lines representing potential region distribution are taken as region model,and seeds are got automatically by boundary information to realize region segmentation by region growing.Experimental results show that this combined method can effectively avoid segmentation defection when edge detection or region growing technique is adopted separately and the segmentation results are consistent with those executed by people.


One of the most important criteria to remain competitive in the marketplace is a suitable product design that satisfy requirements of a diverse range of stakeholders. But, ambiguous, different and general description of customer needs, major technological advance and significant change from traditional requirements (cost, performance etc.) to new requirements such as, economic, environmental, ecological and societal consideration make the design process more complicate. It should be noticed too, while the new requirements have a major effect on the product successfully, the traditional requirement should not be forgotten by designers. Unfortunately, new issues sometimes are deeply coupled with traditional functions, so the current design methodologies are not able to consider them in the product design process. In this regard, the development of new design methods and tools that facilitate design process by consideration new requirements is vital. The Axiomatic Design (AD) approach is one of the most promising design methodology in the field of conceptual design. This method is emerging as a superior method of design, particularly when innovation versus incremental design is needed. This paper focuses on setting up the redesign of the Beech Baron 58 tail, by using AD method that integrate with Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Eco-Design concepts. c © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The 10th International Conference on Axiomatic Design.


This is an expository paper on approximating functions from general Hilbert or Banach spaces in the worst case, average case and randomized settings with error measured in the $L_p$ sense. We define the power function as the ratio between the best rate of convergence of algorithms that use function values over the best rate of convergence of algorithms that use arbitrary linear functionals for a worst possible Hilbert or Banach space for which the problem of approximating functions is well defined. Obviously, the power function takes values at most one. If these values are one or close to one than the power of function values is the same or almost the same as the power of arbitrary linear functionals. We summarize and supply a few new estimates on the power function. We also indicate eight open problems related to the power function since this function has not yet been studied for many cases. We believe that the open problems will be of interest to a general audience of mathematicians.


A 70-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and transient ischemic attack was referred for transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale (PFO). The patient complained of dyspnea on exertion but showed no other signs of heart failure. A previous transthoracic echocardiogram had documented normal left ventricular size and function, continuous left-to-right shunting across the PFO, right ventricular enlargement, severe pulmonary hypertension, and a Qp:Qs ratio of 1.4:1 calculated by Doppler echocardiography. The patient was brought into the procedure room to undergo catheter-based closure of the PFO. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed throughout the procedure and confirmed the presence of a characteristic PFO with left-to-right shunting across the space between the septum primum and secundum (Figure 1).

Figure 1.
Color Doppler image of left-to-right shunt across a characteristic PFO, demonstrating flow between the septum primum and secundum. LA indicates left atrium; RA, right atrium.

Venous access was obtained through …


Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO), in which the base station transmits multiple streams to multiple users, has received significant importance as a way of achieving spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). However, these two important design criteria conflict with each other and a careful study of their trade-off is mandatory for designing future wireless communication systems. This paper investigates the trade-off between EE and SE in downlink MU-MIMO system which is adopted by 3GPP LTE-Advanced to meet IMT-Advanced targets. The EE is measured as, "throughput (bits) per Joule" while both RF transmit power and circuit power consumptions are considered. In this paper, given the SE requirement, a constrained optimization problem where constraints redefined with cubic inequality is formulated to maximize EE. Then, a novel resource allocation algorithm is proposed to achieve maximum EE. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and illustrate the fundamental trade-offs between energy efficient and spectral efficient transmission. Our analytical results shed light on future "green" network planning in downlink MU-MIMO systems.


Despite the fact that researchers in information systems (IS) have given a focus in understanding the users' adoption of information technology (IT), they put a minimal focus upon individual user's adoption of IT. This research intends to fill this gap. Therefore, the aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive review of the extant of IS literature related to users' adoption of IT with an emphasis on the extensible business reporting language (XBRL) and to develop proposed conceptual model based upon the review. To achieve the overall aim of this research, three objectives are proposed: (1) to review and evaluate the suitableness of antecedent factors and models of technology adoption; (2) to determine the suitable factors of the different models used to understand the individual diffusion of XBRL; and (3) to propose a conceptual model for XBRL adoption and usage. The contributions of this research are: (1) it integrates the suitable IS literature in order to consolidate knowledge of technology adoption from the user perspectives; and (2) provides clear directions for future research. To achieve this, this research, firstly, assesses the flexibility of antecedent models for studying technology adoption issues. Secondly, it joins antecedent research outcomes to develop a comprehensive and coherent picture for the adoption of technology research conducted in the IS areas. Thirdly, this paper provides a conceptual model that integrates factors from different technology adoption models to study XBRL diffusion from the perspective of the users.


Existing research on relative clause processing mainly focuses on native speakers. This paper studies the processing of subject and object relative clauses by L2 learners. The study is based on a self-paced reading experiment participated by two groups of Chinese learners of English at different proficiency levels and a control group of English native speakers. Results show that master students process the clauses in almost the same way as native speakers,by making use of structure-based active filler strategy as well as semantic information. In contrast,high school learners mainly rely on semantic information. It is thus inferred that L2 proficiency plays an important role in L2 learners' recruitment of syntactic information. This research sheds some light on the construction of L2 sentence processing models as well as second language teaching practice,especially English teaching in China.


A crystal structure determination proves that the reaction of 2-methyl-1,3-benzoxaphosphole with tetrachlor-o-benzoquinone leads to 6-methyl-benzo[h]-tetrachlorobenzo[c]-2,5,7-trioxa-1- phosphabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane via a [4+2]-cycloaddition. The possibility of an oxidative [4+1]- cycloaddition of the quinone can therefore be excluded. The compound crystallizes monoclinicly (P21/c, a = 849.9(1), b = 1009.5(2), c = 1859.4(2) pm, β = 94.03(1)°, Z = 4). The bicyclic system shows cis-configuration. In the crystalline state the endo-conformation is present