Although Frost once called himself a romantic, he usually used the word pejoratively.(1) In a letter to Louis Untermeyer in 1915, for example, he referred to Edgar Lee Masters as "too romantic," by which he meant too "false-realistic" (Letters 189). In 1938, in a letter to R. P. T. Coffin, he called Edwin Arlington Robinson a Platonist and a romantic: "By Platonist I mean one who believes that what we have here is an imperfect copy of some woman in heaven or in someone else's bed" (Letters 462). It is hardly surprising, then, that an overwhelming majority of Frost's critics believe that, whatever else he may have been, Frost was not a romantic. Like Lawrance Thompson (43, 93, 98), they are willing to grant that he grew up in the romantic tradition.(2) Yet, again like Thompson (43-49), they insist that Frost either greatly modified his romanticism or abandoned it altogether.(3) Hyatt Waggoner (59) and Reginald Cook (214-15), among others, have argued that Frost's poetic vision is fundamentally different from Emerson's.(4) Robert Langbaum (331) and Marion Montgomery (140-41) have made the same point about Frost and Wordsworth.(5) This view of Frost is based on two assumptions. First, Frost's critics tend to define romanticism as metaphysically naive, morally irresponsible, and epistemologically regressive.(6) Second, most of Frost's critics see the poet as a skeptic who regarded nature as an antagonist, stoicism as a moral ideal, and visionary experience as an illusion.(7) To many of them, Frost saw the external world as indifferent, alien, hostile. To most, he proffered religious affirmations only equivocally or ironically. And to some, he used poetry not as a means of discovery but as a defense against nature - therapeutically and self-protectively. Of course, if romanticism is defined as a simple-minded picture of human experience that no sane and sober adult would take seriously, then Frost was not a romantic. And if Frost's poetry shows him to be a tough-minded realist who believed that no affirmation can be more than "a momentary stay," then, once again, Frost was not a romantic. However, I believe that both of these assumptions are wrong for reasons that I hope to make clear. Not that the case for Frost as realist and skeptic cannot be made. Frequently, as in "Spring Pools," "Reluctance," and "Nothing Gold Can Stay," his poems deal with the irreversible change of seasons and the mutability of things. The joys of summer are brief, and the losses brought about by the fall (both seasonal and theological) are experienced in winter as a kind of spiritual death. Indeed, in many poems, such as "Stars," "Design," and "Once by the Pacific," the universe is portrayed as indifferent to human needs and even destructive of human life. The world of human beings, too, as Frost suggests in "The Bear," "Pod of the Milkweed," and "The Vanishing Red," is replete with evidence of vanity and violence. The fears that separate men from women, the miscommunications that keep them apart, and the loneliness that makes hatred harden into hostility are documented in the dramatic narratives of North of Boston and throughout Frost's poetry. In all of these poems, the realms of the real and the ideal are separated by a barrier that cannot be penetrated, transcended, or circumambulated. Yet, although this worldview is prominent in his poetry, Frost did not always espouse it. In his letters and essays, for example, he often contradicted his own antiromantic statements. After saying in "On Emerson" that "a melancholy dualism is the only soundness," Frost added, "The question is: is soundness of the essence[?]" (Prose 112). Having defined romanticism as a futile yearning for the ideal, he said, "Many of the world's greatest - maybe all of them - have been ranged on that romantic side" (Letters 462). In a letter to Thompson in which he called himself a dualist and questioned Arnold's enthusiasm for Emerson, he suggested that Arnold "was probably carried away by the great poetry. …


The deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression is associated with a variety of human diseases including cancer. Recently, it was found that the mucin1 (MUC1) oncoprotein is a direct target of miR‐125b and miR‐145 in breast cancer cells established from invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). It is known that data obtained using cancer cells are not always validated in intact tumor tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of miR‐125b and miR‐145 in IDC formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues with overexpression of MUC1. The FFPE samples of IDC were selected by immunohistochemistry and the expression of miRNAs was evaluated by real time PCR. The normal breast FFPE samples were used as control. Our results indicate that miR‐125b and miR‐145 expression was reduced 40% (P<0.05) and 60% (P<0.05), respectively. These findings suggest that miR‐125b and miR‐145 negatively regulate the expression of MUC1 in tumor tissue from patients with IDC. Thus, this study may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of MUC1 expression in breast cancer and to develop new therapeutic strategies for IDC.


For the development of vision-based driver assistance systems, large amounts of data are needed, e.g., for training machine learning approaches, tuning parameters, and comparing different methods. There are basically three possible ways to obtain the required data: using freely available benchmark sets, doing own recordings, or falling back to synthesized sequences. In this paper, we show that Google Street View can be incorporated as a valuable source for image data. Street View is the largest publicly available collection of images recorded from a drivers' perspective, covering many different countries and scenarios. We describe how to efficiently access the data and present a framework that allows for virtual driving through a network of images. We assess its performance and show its applicability in practice considering traffic sign recognition as an example. The introduced approach supports an efficient collection of image data relevant to training and evaluating machine vision modules. It is easily adaptable and extendible, whereby Street View becomes a valuable tool for developers of vision-based assistance systems.


To study the prophylaxis and anti-lipid peroxidation effect of the extract of Achillea millefoliun L on experimental hepatic fibrosis induced by CCL_(4).The result showed that the extract of Achillea millefoliun L could elevate the content of SOD and reduce the abnormally high levels of MDA(malondialdehyde).Conclusion: Extract of Achillea millefoliun L can protect hepatocytes from injury and prevent the progress of hepatic fibrosis by anti-lipid peroxidation effect in rats,which may associate with the effect of anti-oxidiation of the extract.


Eye size varies markedly among taxonomic levels, and this variation is often related to the patterns shaped by phylogeny and ecological and behavioral factors. The selective pressures underlying eye size evolution are especially studied in fishes, anurans, birds, and mammals. However, selective pressures underlying the eye size evolution in anurans have inconsistent scaling rules. Here, we investigated the links between eye size and both ecological (e.g., light availability and habitat type) and behavioral factors (e.g., activity time, foraging mobility, defensive strategy, and mating system) among 252 species of anurans by using phylogenetically controlled generalized least-squared (PGLS) regression. Results show that anuran eye size scales hypo-allometrically with body size. However, eye size was not significantly influenced by ecological and behavioral factors, including habitat type, activity time, light availability, foraging mobility, defensive strategy, and mating system. Therefore, neither ecology nor behavior plays a key role in promoting eye size evolution in frogs.


Feminist scholars have rarely ventured into the realm of child abuse research. The aim of this paper is to lay the foundation for a feminist understanding of women's violence against their children. It begins with an assessment of the fundamental nature of the oppression of women in society and within the family. It continues with a critical analysis of how conventional child abuse and family violence experts have attempted to explain the problem of violence against children in the family. Ultimately, this paper reveals that if one is genuinely interested in unlocking the secrets of maternal child abuse, then the key is a feminist perspective that provides insight into the lives of women in the patriarchy.


Voice disorders affect a large share of the population and often require sophisticated analysis techniques for a thorough diagnosis. One of the most popular methods is high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) (Döllinger et al., 2017). The recorded HSV is often segmented and the small-scale, high-frequency oscillation of the vocal folds is analyzed quantitatively. As asymmetries of the vocal folds' oscillation are a common occurrence in disordered voice production, it is necessary to extract the kinematics of both vocal folds individually (Bonilha et al., 2012). A detection of the glottal midline, connecting the anterior and posterior point of the glottis, is therefore necessary (Lohscheller et al., 2007). The HSV examination is depicted in Figure 1(a) and Figure 2(a) and 2(b) display exemplary HSV and segmentation data, respectively. A deep learning approach is a well-suited tool for glottal midline detection. However, as for many tasks in the medical field, the limited availability of labeled training data is a significant problem. A typical HSV recording has a duration of hundreds of frames and the anterior and posterior point usually move from frame to frame due to endoscope and patient movement (Lohscheller et al., 2007). Therefore, manual data labeling is particularly tedious. Hence, we present a method utilizing a novel numerical model of the vocal folds to create artificial segmentations in an unsupervised manner. An ideal glottal midline is available from the numerical model. Thus, we demonstrate training a neural network for glottal midline detection using solely synthetic data.


It used the citrus peel powder to investigate the total flavonoids with ethanol-cellulose treatment solution.The main influence factors(extraction time,extraction temperature,pH value and the ratio of cellulase to material) were ascertained by single factor experiments.And the orthogonal test design L9(34)was used to optimize the conditions of cellulose-assisted extraction.Based on the mathematical analysis,the optimum conditions were obtained as follows: the additived ratio of cellulose was 0.5%,the time was 130 min,pH value was 4 and the temperature was 50 ℃.Under the best extraction conditions,the total content of flavonoids was 3.46%.


Electrochemical behavior of an ITO/TiO 2 electrode both under ultraviolet (UV) illumination and in the dark was investigated using the methods of cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy. A new oxidative peak is observed at 0.15 V when the TiO 2 electrode was illuminated by UV light for a certain time. The peak current and the anodic photocurrent increased with the increase of UV light intensity. It is assumed that the new peak belonging to the oxidation of Ti 3 + , which was formed on the electrode surface during the UV illumination. It is also found that the apparent resistance was decreased but the capacitance was increased when the TiO 2 electrode was illuminated by UV light according to the measurement results of ac impedance. Based on the results in this paper, it was directly proved that Ti 3 + was actually formed when the electrode was irradiated by UV light.


Despite recent gains, the development challenges of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region remain formidable. Job creation remains the most important one given the magnitude of its demographic transition and the seventy million people that are expected to seek employment opportunities in the next twenty years. Four reports published by the MENA region of the World Bank in 2003-04 spelled out the state of reforms and the fundamental transitions needed in the MENA economies to move to higher and more sustainable sources of growth and job creation. The reports identified three critical realignments or transitions: (i) from public sector-dominated to private sector-led economies; (ii) from closed to more open economies; and (iii) from oil-dominated and volatile economies to more stable and diversified economies. The reform agenda for MENA remains large. In this paper, we assess and attempt to explain the progress or lack thereof achieved in economic reforms in the MENA region. In order to be more specific and limit the scope of the paper we focus on the dimensions of economic reforms which are related to the first transition mentioned above: the development of a dynamic private sector. The importance of the employment challenges makes the development of a competitive private sector to become the lead engine for more productive growth and employment creation a central concern. In a sense, private sector development can be seen as symptomatic of the process of reforms taking place in MENA. Hence, from this angle, we analyze reforms in the region and their prospects.


Abstract A simplified analytical model is developed to analyze the removal of A12O3 particles from the TITAN rocket exhaust cloud. The model incorporates the physical processes of deposition and impact collection and includes consideration of particle size spectra. Results of computations are in good agreement with the measurements and show that sedimentation plays the most important role in the removal of the mass of material in the elevated ground cloud within the first hour after launch. The model allows for easy estimates of airborne concentrations and sedimentation when relevant sounding, exhaust mass and estimates of initial particle size distribution data are available.


The similarities between "Wenzhou Mode" and "Sunan Mode" lie in the fact that both are successful modes to develop economy. Different enterprises may have different background to rise up. The key to success is to have systematic innovation. Both have evolved and changed modes in development, but their direction are the same. Their differences lie in the different ways they carry out the changes in system, in the different emphasis they put on mode innovation, in the different structures in economy, in the different ways entrepreneurs are brought up as well as in the different stages they have developed and experienced. Apocalypse has been shown that clear property right is the power to promote the China's development in economy. There is no fixed mode for development. Civilian-owned economy is the principal part for China's development in economy in the future.de" ;"S


Shaping students' sound and wholesome personality is the most basic requirement of the talents developing in Chinese colleges, and promoting students' good psychological qualities is also an important aim of carrying out ideological and political education in colleges and realizing the education goal of moral cultivation. The process of learning English literature is also an emotional experience process of feeling, understanding, evaluation and aesthetic. Reading, studying and appreciation of literary works can play a positive role in maintaining students' mental health problems, which can help to correct, adjust and even cure some psychological problems. Based on the current situation of college students' mental health, this paper analyzes the psychological care function of English literature course, introduce the psychotherapeutic function of literature and explores how to integrate psychological care function into the teaching process.


Neural network methods exhibit strong performance only in a few resource-rich domains. Practitioners therefore employ domain adaptation from resource-rich domains that are, in most cases, distant from the target domain. Domain adaptation between distant domains (e.g., movie subtitles and research papers), however, cannot be performed effectively due to mismatches in vocabulary; it will encounter many domain-specific words (e.g., "angstrom") and words whose meanings shift across domains (e.g., "conductor"). In this study, aiming to solve these vocabulary mismatches in domain adaptation for neural machine translation (NMT), we propose vocabulary adaptation, a simple method for effective fine-tuning that adapts embedding layers in a given pretrained NMT model to the target domain. Prior to fine-tuning, our method replaces the embedding layers of the NMT model by projecting general word embeddings induced from monolingual data in a target domain onto a source-domain embedding space. Experimental results indicate that our method improves the performance of conventional fine-tuning by 3.86 and 3.28 BLEU points in En-Ja and De-En translation, respectively.


Due to high bandwidth-efficiency, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) has emerged as a promising technique to address the low bandwidth challenges in underwater acoustic networks. Although extensive research has been conducted at the physical layer for underwater MIMO communications, the corresponding medium access control (MAC) is still largely unexplored, which makes it difficult to apply the existing underwater MIMO technologies in real applications. In this paper, we propose a distributed MAC protocol, called Coordinated Transmission MAC (CT-MAC), for underwater MIMO based network uplink communications. In CT-MAC, an efficient coordination scheme among immediate neighbors is designed for channel competition, which can avoid flooding overhead in the network. This scheme could also effectively address the long propagation delay problem and the collisions among long control packets in underwater acoustic communications. Protocol performance in terms of throughput and energy efficiency is evaluated via simulations which show significant improvements over handshaking based and random access based MIMO MAC approaches.


We show that if one applies the constraint of symmetric demands in a network, then one can significantly simplify the wavelength-switching hardware at mesh nodes. We show designs for nodes of degree-3 through -6. All required components are commercially available. We experimentally demonstrate two designs


In contrast to naturalistic approaches to consciousness which investigate how consciousness is grounded in physical states, classic phenomenological approaches of the sort explicated by Husserl (1913/1982) take consciousness itself to be the necessary (a priori or transcendental) ground that enables us to conceive of physical states in the first place. That is, transcendental phenomenology emphasizes the fact that any knowledge we have of the world, including the knowledge of physical states in natural science, can be had only on the basis of consciousness itself. We do science only when we are conscious; and consciousness provides the sine qua non access we have to studying the physical world. A third-person statement to the effect that consciousness depends on physical or functional states presupposes the first-person con-sciousness of the subject making the statement. On this transcendental approach, then, the first investigation (in the order of knowledge rather than time) ought to be about the nature of the first-person experience that gives us the access and the wherewithal to understand the world and its physical states. Phenomenologists thus begin by pushing aside precisely the kinds of questions that naturalistic approaches are most interested in; for example, questions about how the brain causally relates to consciousness. Indeed, this is the first step into phe-nomenology and the first step of the phenomenological method. It is referred to as the phenomenological epoche.The epoche, as the first part of the method called "phenomenological reduction," consists in the "bracketing" of our folk or scientific opinions, beliefs, and theories about conscious-ness. The phenomenologist suspends judgment about whether and how the brain generates consciousness, about whether a dualist or materialist ontology is correct, about whether the consciousness–brain relation is best characterized as an identity claim, or a functional or emergent relation, and so on. These are simply not the phenomenological questions. This is not to say, however, that phenomenologists believe the brain has nothing to do with con-sciousness, or that naturalistic investigations of brain function are wrong-headed or useless. Phenomenology is not opposed to science, although it is opposed to scientism


Introduction Section 1: Sustaining communities Introduction to Section 1 Chapter 1: Lifelong learning and environmental sustainability Chapter 2: Literacy, lifelong learning and social inclusion: empowering learners to learn about equality and reconciliation through lived experiences Chapter 3: Women, education and peace-building in Northern Ireland Chapter 4: Community engagement and the idea of a 'good university' Conclusion to Section 1 Section 2: Learning and working Introduction to Section 2 Chapter 5: Welfare to work: training, benefits, un/employment and social justice Chapter 6: Social justice, inclusion and lifelong learning in Scotland: the experiences of adult learners Chapter 7: Learning to be a good citizen: informal learning through unpaid household work among recent Chinese immigrants in Canada Conclusion to Section 2 Section 3: Identities Introduction to Section 3 Chapter 8: Transformations: Lifelong learners in the era of globalisation Chapter 9: Dialogical processes in adult learning: Teacher identity and professional development in New Zealand's low socioeconomic communities Chapter 10: Challenging constructed learner identities: women's informal learning Chapter 11: Love in a cold climate: mental illness, co-dependency and learning to write I love you Conclusion to Section 3 Conclusion to the book


Pax‐6 is a regulatory gene with a major role during visual system development, but its association with corneal epithelial differentiation is not clearly established. Using the RCE1‐(5T5) cell line, which mimics corneal epithelial differentiation, we analyzed Pax‐6 biological role. Immunostaining of proliferating colonies and confluent sheets showed that Pax‐6‐positive cells were also K3 keratin‐positive, suggesting that Pax‐6 is expressed in differentiating cells. Pax‐6 mRNA was barely expressed in early cell cultures; but after confluence, its levels raised up to fivefold as demonstrated by Northern blot and RT‐qPCR. The raise in Pax‐6 expression preceded for 9 h the increase in LDH‐H and LDH‐M mRNAs, previously shown as early markers of corneal epithelial cell differentiation. The full‐length mRNAs encoding for the two major Pax‐6 isoforms were found at very low levels in proliferating cells, and abundantly expressed in the confluent stratified epithelia; Pax‐6 mRNA was 2‐ to 2.5‐fold more abundant than Pax‐6(5a) mRNA. The ectopic expression of Pax‐6 or Pax‐6(5a) decreased proliferative ability leading to the formation of abortive, non‐proliferative colonies. In contrast, culture conditions that delay or block corneal epithelial cell differentiation reduced or inhibited the expression of Pax‐6. Collectively, results show that Pax‐6 is the earlier differentiation marker expressed by corneal epithelial cells, and open the possibility for a major role of Pax‐6 as the main driver of the differentiation of corneal epithelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 348–356, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The magnetostatic analysis is important on the corrosion detection problems and the nondestructive inspection of the structures. Boundary element method is often used to the magnetostatic analysis conventionally because boundary element method does not require the discretization of the magnetostatic field domain and has an advantage for open domain problems. However, in case of the current density should be considered as the source of the magnetostatic field, the conventional method requires not only numerical calculation of current density distribution, but requires numerical region integration of this current distribution which has been calculated at discrete sample points. These two steps of discrete numerical calculation of 3D space increases computational time and loses the accuracy. In this paper, a new boundary integral method for analyzing magnetostatic field without the calculation and the integration of current density distribution in the electrostatic field domain which obeys Laplace equation is developed. The region integration of current density distribution is reduced to the infinite region integration of the fundamental solution using the derivative of the boundary integral equation for electrical potential field. Since the analytical calculation of the infinite region integration could be achieved, the accuracy and computational time are improved. In order to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the present method, some example problems are solved, and compared with the conventional method. Present method is also applied to the practical electro-plating problem.


Project managers frequently feel deficient in two particular areas. First, they often encounter difficulty in forecasting actions which may lead to unproductive conflicts and disagreements with those who support them. Second, once a conflict has developed, they often have difficulty in finding an appropriate method to satisfactorily resolve the disagreement. This research reports an exploratory study which focused on delineating a number of propositions on specific determinants of project management conflict in high-technology organizations. The sources of conflict uncovered were then empirically tested by polling the expert opinions of 100 project managers in a wide variety of task-oriented situations.


Although this is a special education publication, in this article I engage the broader topic of creation of social hierarchy. Disability-which is subsumed under the generic construct "losing in stratified relations"-may be somewhat hidden from view. Moreover, for the purpose of clarity of argument, I intentionally oversimplify political positioning by referring to two inclusive sides, "leftists" and "rightists," a framing that challenges the neutrality of most people. Although this may seem to have little relevance to special educators, insights gained from a "big picture" view can shed light on current practice. I use graduation exit ("gateway") exams to show how social class relations are manifest _in school practice. After deconstructing the negative, I put forward ideas for reform and ask readers to join in a movement to transform hierarchical and excluding relations in school and society. Admittedly, these ideas are utopian, but so as not to drift toward unintended places and so that our daily efforts as professionals and citizens allow progress toward prized goals, an ideal community must be imagined (Anderson, 1983).


e17043 Background: The cellular transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) cleaves the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to let viral cell entry. Patients (pts) with prostate carcinoma (PCa) are expected to be at higher risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, TMPRSS2 transcription is significantly down-regulated by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists (LHRH-a) and enzalutamide used to treat different PCa stages and this could alter the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to enter target cells. This study aims to evaluate if Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TMPRSS2 gene are associated to a different risk for developing severe COVID-19. Methods: This is the translational part of a large retrospective-prospective real world study designed to estimate whether anti-androgen therapy for PCa is associated to a lower severity of COVID-19. Blood samples were collected from volunteer pts affected with PCa treated at our Institution who developed COVID-19. To be included, pts should receive at least LHRH-a for locally advanced o metastatic hormone sensitive or resistant disease. Genomic DNA of PCa pts was genotyped with the Axiom Human Genotyping SARS-CoV-2 array. Raw genotyping data were analyzed using the Axiom Analysis Suite and genotypes of 219 TMPRSS2 variants were extracted. Identified SNPs were used to compare reference and alternative allele counts between PCa pts and a control cohort of healthy European subjects (n = 2848; DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2020283) collected in the Milan area (Italy) with chi squared test. Uni- and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to investigate associations between such identified SNPs and severe COVID-19, defined as any between the need for hospitalization or access to an intensive care unit or oxygen therapy. Results: 45 pts were enrolled from November 2020 to May 2022. Median age at COVID-19 detection was 77 years (range 51-94). 10/45 (22%) pts had severe COVID-19, but none died. At COVID-19 diagnosis, 4/45 pts (9%) were receiving chemotherapy for PCa, 13/45 (29%) new generation hormonal agents, 24/45 (53%) LHRH-a, the remaining 4/45 (9%) other therapies. Compared to the control cohort, we identified 52 TMPRSS2 variants associated with the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the cohort of PCa pts (P-value < 0.05). Among them, 3 SNPs were associated with severity in univariable logistic regression models: 2 resulted to be protective (rs9974589, p 0.01, OR 0.26; rs28442123, p 0.04, OR 0.30), and one was associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19 (rs2070788, p 0.01, OR 3.8). A multivariate logistic model (p = 0.0004, AUC = 0.88) was performed considering rs11908828 (p = 0,0109, OR = 32.25), rs28442123 (p = 0.03, OR = 0.11) and rs2070788 (p = 0.02, OR = 6.33). Conclusions: These preliminary findings point to a possible role of TMPRSS2 SNPs in modulating the severity of COVID-19 in PCa pts. Validation in wider series is needed.


The thermal image of weld pool and its adjacent area contains many useful information related to the weld quality. Occurrence of weld defects such as porosity, slag inclusion, or crack or during welding causes the change of thermal distribution adjacent area where the weld defects occur. The accidental root gap change makes the different temperature distribution also. In this research the various thermal images of flux cored arc welding were obtained by use of a high-speed infrared camera. The thermal image of weld area 2cm behind the arc shows thermal image of bead and the corresponding signals of welding current and voltage. The 4 kinds of specimens, V-groove specimens without root gap, with changing root gap, filled partly with slag pieces and coated partly with grease at intervals of 30 mm were used. The thermal images for each case were analyzed by the specific evaluation values, Wt and At, extracted from the thermal image. Wt value indicates the width over the specific thermal intensity and At indicates the area which means the summation of the thermal intensity over the specific value. The analysis result showed a meaningful change of these values when any weld defects occurred. The change of At values was more prominent than the change of Wt value. It means the weld quality can be monitored by the change of At values from the thermal image of weld area during welding.


Indian standard recommended that the natural time period is a function of a building and the Base dimension of the building. Here in this work, the analysis is done to calculate variations of natural period according to various parameters of buildings. Details of total 10 buildings are considered. One of these buildings, namely a five storey building, is chosen as the basis, and is hereinafter called the Benchmark Building. It is a bare frame with a plinth beam (and no slab) at ground floor level. As per the different types of buildings, various effects are considered due to stiffness, mass, height of building and column orientation of building to study natural period. Analysis is done similarly as per book of C. V. R. Murty and with addition of this ETABS based shell and membrane based model. From the given study test results reveals that, as the stiffness, mass, storeys of building increases natural period increases. And for column orientation, natural period is larger for shorter direction of column size as compared to longer direction. Comparative analysis results shows that the natural period is more when it analyses by using ETABS. And from ETABS based model, values of natural period for membrane based model are more than shell based model. Keywords-Building; Natural Time Period; Membrane; Shell


Gentrification is a much talked about topic among academics and urban planners alike, with a great deal of the discussion focusing on its effects on minority communities. But how does gentrification affect older members of such communities? Alexander Barton profiles a new study by Ivis Garcia and Merida M. Rua which examines the impact of gentrification in Chicago on older Puerto Ricans. They find that as residents of protected housing, members of this community have relative housing security, but are being indirectly displaced by the socioeconomic, cultural, and physical changes that are happening to where they have lived for decades.


Cryptic species and lineages have been widely reported during the last decades, particularly in the marine realm. Misidentifications and ignoring species complexes imply many consequences, notably biasing biodiversity and connectivity assessments, which in turn mislead our understanding of ecosystems and impact the effective design and management of conservation plans. Focusing on the Indo-Pacific coral genus Pocillopora, playing key roles in reef ecosystems as one of the main bio-constructors, we report the first Pocillopora PSH16 (ORF53; sensu Gélin et al. 2017) colonies (N = 19) in the Western Indian Ocean (Nosy Tanikely, Madagascar), 6000 km further from its current distribution. Colonies were identified according to their mitochondrial open reading frame (ORF) haplotype and Bayesian assignment tests based on 13-microsatellite genotypes. Additionally, we performed genetic structure and diversity analyses with sympatric colonies from other Pocillopora species and Pocillopora PSH16 colonies from the tropical southwestern Pacific, revealing (1) a weak clonal richness, (2) a weak genetic diversity and (3) a relative isolation for the newly reported PSH16 colonies. These colonies thus represent either a new, distinct and uncommon, genetic lineage or isolated remnants of a wider one. In any case, unless specific management measures are implemented, their long-term maintenance seems compromised due to restricted gene flow within a restricted pool of genes.


Niobium surface defects and inclusions can be introduced during the manufacturing processes used in the production of SRF cavities. Bulk removal methods (sanding, polishing, etc...) are frequently utilized to remove or smooth away these defects on the surface of the niobium metal. It is hypothesized that these mechanical removal methods are capable of trapping performance-degrading particulates, which are then exposed during subsequent chemical processing, potentially contaminating the cavity prior to RF testing. This paper summarizes results of a series of surface roughness and etching experiments performed to determine the relationship between the extent of polishing and trapped particulate, and to determine a method for mitigating this particulate contamination through BCP etching. The relationship between these experiments and RF cavity performance will be explored as well.


This paper proposes a new protocol, called CSMA with adaptive reservations by interruptions (CSMA/ARI), to enhance the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocol. The proposed CSMA/ARI protocol allows active stations to contend/reserve channel capacity by sending requests during a successful ongoing frame transmission. To avoid corrupting the ongoing frame, for shorter frames, we scarify the precision of error detection by allocating a partial cyclic redundancy check (CRC) field for contention. The performance of the proposed protocol is studied by simulation and compared with the CSMA/CD and CSMA/RI with MAC delay, and channel utilization. Simulation results demonstrate that CSMA/ARI always offers better performance than CSMA/CD and CSMA/RI.


The importance of quenched dipolar and quadrupolar fields in disordered dipolar systems with effective ferroelectric interaction is reviewed. Stable or metastable domain states appear e.g. in K1 - xLixTaO3 (x = 0.063), KTa1 - xNbxO3 (x = 0.017) and PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3. Occasionally, unsmearing of the ferroelectric phase transition is possible by application of an electric field. Spontaneous relaxation towards quadrupolar long-range order is observed in KTa1 - xNbxO3, x = 0.017. In the low-x limit both ferroelectricity and random-field interactions become irrelevant in comparison with the random and frustrated interactions. They give rise to an Ising-type dipole glass transition in K1 - xLixTaO3, x = 0.011.


E3L gene of sheeppox virus(SPPV)was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of a SPPV Gulang strain,and cloned into pGEX4T-1vector to express the GST-tagged recombinant protein E3Lin EscherichiacoliBL21(DE3)pLysS by IPTG induction.The result showed that this protein was about 46 ku in a molecular weight and mainly existed in supernatant,and more pure protein could be produced after GST binding resin purification.The purified protein could react with positive serum against SPPV conformed by Western-blot,which suggests that the expressed protein has good reactogenicity.The purified recombinant protein was used to produce polyclonal sera in BALB/c mice,and the antibody titer of the produced sera was about 1∶100 000verified by indirect ELISA.


Temperature distribution and thermal correlation of piston rings and piston in high speed diesel engines under actual operating conditions, in spite of their importance, have not been clarified due to the difficulties involved in the measurement. Authors overcame the difficulties and the temperatures were measured directly and precisely by means of thermocouples. As the result, concerning the heat flow pattern and the flow rate, interesting differences among the top, the second and the oil rings, and also between the plain and the taper faced ring were revealed. In addition, the amount of heat transferred to the piston, and the parcentage of each heat released from the piston to other parts were determined.


The conditions of traditional market are crowded and dirty, allowing microbes to live and thrive, unfortunately these conditions are rarely considered and can threaten health. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of visitor density to the number of air microbial colonies in traditional markets in Malang. This type of research uses descriptive quantitative, the population of which is two traditional markets, Pasar Blimbing and Pasar Besar Malang. The research sample was air microbes taken from 10 stations, including; fruit marchant, vegetable seller, fish seller, parking area, household appliance traders, cbutchers, clothes dealer, and food vendors. Data analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation test and visitor density with occupancy standards. From the results of the study it was found that the highest number of microbial colonies in the parking area with the number of 58x103 and Pasar Besar Malang the highest number of microbial colonies in the place of traditional hawker vendors was 98x103. The results of Pasar Blimbing with pearson product-moment correlation test show a sig value of 0.049 <0.05 which means there is a significant correlation between the density of visitors to the number of microbial colonies and in the Pasar Besar Malang shows a sig value of 0.01 <0.05 which means there is a significant correlation between densities visitors to the number of microbial colonies. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the density of visitors with the number of microbial colonies in the traditional markets of Malang City.


The Planetary Data System (PDS) requires that all science data to be included in its archive be accompanied by science metadata. Science metadata has been defined as the data about science data ''that encapsulates information such as: who did what and when, device characteristics, transform definition, documentation, citations, and structure''. ''It is imperative that the metadata remain attached to the data or the data become meaningless and unusable'' [French et al., 1990].The Mars Digital Image Model (MDIM) Data Engineering Database (DEDB) is a proof‐of‐concept prototype developed to validate the use of database technology for managing science metadata. This prototype demonstrates the extended use of the PDS catalog for managing science metadata while it is being collected, validated, and formatted for use in labeling data products.The concept of the Data Engineering Database (DEDB) focuses on the use of data semantics to drive the data engineering process, a model‐driven reasoning process. Specificall...


SUMMARY

The titres obtained in microprecipitin tests with purified preparations of pepino latent virus (PepLV) and the Andean strain of potato virus S (PVSA) using PepLV antiserum and two antisera to the ordinary strain of PVS (PVS°) indicated a close serological relationship between PepLV and PVSA. Using antiserum to PVS°, both viruses were detected by ELISA when infective Chenopodium quinoa sap was diluted to 10-5but not to 10-6. Particles of both viruses were decorated equally well by antibodies to PVSo, PVSAand PepLV in all virus-antiserum combinations. When PepLV was inoculated to C. quinoa, C. amaranticolor and potato plants, the symptoms induced closely resembled those of PVSAin these hosts. It is concluded that PepLV is an isolate of PVSAfrom pepino.


A local anaesthetic drug under development, intended for use in ear surgery, was tested with regard to adverse, ototoxic effects. Inner ear damage was not obvious. However, in the guinea pig a massive formation of new bone occurred in the middle ear (bulla tympanica) within 5 weeks after a single local administration of the drug.


34 BACKGROUND: Manual hyperinflation (MHI) and ventilator hyperinflation (VHI) are two methods of recruitment maneuvers used in ventilated patients to improve lung compliance and secretion mobilization. The use of VHI may minimize the adverse effects of disconnection from the ventilator, but it is uncertain whether high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) would decrease the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and consequently affect secretion clearance.


Based on traditional Chinese vocal education,Jin Tielin's National Singing Teaching System takes its form by taking in positive elements in western Bel Canto.These elements are belly breathing;sound mixing and others.


Mie resonators offer a novel way for the subwavelength localization of light, showing large local field enhancement without metal optical absorption. In this paper, an ultra-high quality factor Q and widely tunable Mie resonance nanofilter at telecom wavelengths is presented. The loss mechanisms in this hybrid resonators are systematically analyzed. A selected high-index Ge disk embedded at the center of plasmonic nanocavity acts well as a Mie resonator for coupling the incident light. Based on the theoretical analysis and modeling, a widely tunable spectra linewidth from 14.2 nm to 1.2 nm and the maximum corresponding Q as high as 1292 is achieved. The Mie resonance nanofilters provide the possibility to make high performance and practical resonance component for nanophotonics integration.


The article gives an outline of the stylistic development of Byzantine painting from the classicizing art of the Macedonian renaissance to the so called "ascetic trend", which dominated in the 1030–1040s. As far as too few works of monumental and icon painting dating to the second half of the 10th – early 11th c. survive, it is book illumination that gives the possibility to trace some most important processes in Byzantine art of this period.


Based on the unpredictable effect of context familiarity when students solve real-world problems, this work aims to analyse how certain contexts can be used by pre-service mathematics teachers in the representation and real-world verification of a first-order mathematical model in the classroom in the subject of Ordinary Differential Equations. Specifically, this paper reports a classroom experience in which pre-service mathematics teachers compared the solution of a first-order ordinary differential equations (ODE) with a real-world experimental model. Using documentary records (i.e., students´ hand-written solutions and field notes) and a questionnaire on students´ perceptions on this classroom experience, qualitative results indicated that the pre-service mathematics teachers' familiarity with an authentic context was a fundamental factor they chose a real-world model to represent the solution of a first-order ODE. Our analysis of the results highlights the importance of integrating familiar real-world contexts for pre-service mathematics teachers to model a first-order ODE, which is one of the fundamental principles of STEM disciplines.


A colloidal Suspension of nanoparticles composed of a dense material dispersed in a Solvent is used in forming a gap filling dielectric material with low thermal shrinkage. The dielectric material is particularly useful for pre-metal dielec tric and shallow trench isolation applications. According to the methods of forming a dielectric material, the colloidal Suspension is deposited on a Substrate and dried to form a porous intermediate layer. The intermediate layer is modi fied by infiltration with a liquid phase matrix material, Such as a spin-on polymer, followed by curing, by infiltration with a gas phase matrix material, followed by curing, or by curing alone, to provide a gap-filling, thermally stable, etch resis tant dielectric material.


Discussed by using sales opportunity management in textile enterprise,achieving the goal to reserving the old valuable customers and attracting the new valuable customers to promote the ability of corporation competition.So the paper researches on the principium,key technology of the sales opportunity management in textile enterprise,and defines the functions of the sales opportunity management in textile enterprise.The researches will lead itself to the implement of the sales opportunity management in textile enterprise in China.


ABSTRACT The political public sphere is at one and the same time both public, and private and religion operates in both the public and the private spheres in the modern way of life. This article approaches the dynamics between the cultural and the political public sphere from the point of view of religion; how the cultural intelligentsia developed its worldview fuelled with attitudes towards religion in times of political turmoil. The case study, based on the empirical analysis of cultural periodicals and societies around them, concerns the Finnish liberal intelligentsia in the early twentieth century. The first decade of the 1900s was a particularly important period of formation for the Finnish public sphere; the societal turmoil highlighted the importance of cultural periodicals in defining what was important for the national public sphere. The case of religion is an illustrative example of it, particularly from the point of view of the liberal intelligentsia of the era.


Evidence theory has a strong ability to deal with the epistemic uncertainty, based on which the uncertain parameters with limited information can be conveniently treated. To address the problem that epistemic uncertainties exist in the structural-acoustic system, an efficient numerical method is developed in this article to compute the response of structural-acoustic system with evidence variables by integrating the matrix decomposition technique with the finite element modeling. In the epistemic uncertain structural-acoustic system, the evidence variables are assumed to be uniform without varying spatially. Inspired by the probability theory, the mean value, standard deviation and cumulative distribution are used to describe the distribution characteristics of evidence variables. To reduce the computational cost, the interval analysis technique is adopted to acquire the approximate response bounds for each focal element. Numerical example of a shell structural-acoustic problem is given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the present method.


In order to achieve the optimization of measure decision-making for the information system risk countermeasures,the optimization decision-making method for information system risk assessment based on common case is proposed.The unacceptable risk,the risk affects is bigger for overall security of the system,the important asset and the user-defined important risk prevention measures are considered as common case after statistic investigation and system analysis.To make the improvement for the Amdahl's law that be used to realize the system optimization design,then obtains the quantification computational method of the single item risk for the selection on the type of technology input which should be strengthened,and have designed the optimization method for strengthening the information system risk assessment decision making on common case.Finally,a case study is presented to verify the feasibility of the model.


After September 11 terrorist attacks, in response to the calling of the US, and to protect themselves from terrorist activities, the major members of ASEAN countries cooperate with one after another and with major powers such as the US, China and Australia etc. against terrorism. Due to the factors of regional Islam, lack of funds and competition of regional domination, the cooperation is not as good as expected.


This historical investigation traces Australia's performance in the Winter Olympic Games and shows how the nation was a late bloomer, having won all twelve of its medals over the last twenty years. Reasons for the recent success are attributed to: increased financial commitment; the cultural importance of sport; the spin-off effect of Summer Olympic Games' success; improved infrastructure support; the new off-setting cycle of Winter and Summer Games; the targeted approach of concentrating on events with the most likelihood of success; and a certain amount of luck. The Australian Olympic Committee, many experts and media commentators declared the Australian performance in Sochi reasonably successful, with three medals won. However, there was disappointment expressed by the Australian Sports Commission, which implemented its new Winning Edge program in 2012 and expected slightly better results. The Sochi Games produced some unfortunate publicity for the Australian team, including an athlete funding row and a lack of team cohesion. Recommendations for improvement include a review of how team success is evaluated and the establishment of an Australia Olympic House at future Games, a feature which could minimize controversies. Based on the Sochi medal results as well as the fifteen top-ten finishes achieved by Australian athletes, the outlook for the 2018 Winter Games looks positive.


An airborne SAR experiment was carried out in order to investigate the L-Band and X-Band interaction with alpine snow and to study the capabilities for retrieving physical snow parameters. The investigations, including polarimetry and multi-baseline interferometry, were carried out at the high alpine area Kuhtai, located in the Eastern Alps of Austria. New insights into the radar signal interaction with snow are presented showing significant effects of small dielectric changes at the snow surface layer on the interferometric phase at L-band and on backscatter intensity at X-band. First results of the analysis of the multi-baseline L-Band data set applying the Pol-InSAR technique are presented. 1 Measurement Campaigns An airborne experiment was carried out to study the radar interaction at L-and X-band with snow cover in alpine regions under different target conditions and to develop procedures for retrieval of physical properties of the snow pack. The experiment was carried out at Kuhtai, a high alpine area covered by undisturbed natural snow and ski pistes with partly artificial snow, located at about 2300 m elevation near Innsbruck, Austria. The test site was imaged by the airborne ESAR, operated by DLR, in interferometric and polarimetric mode from two opposite flight tracks and under different look angles. On 30 March 2004 two missions were flown, with dry snow in the morning (5:00 to 6:20 UTC) and melting snow surfaces at noon (11:10 to 11:50 UTC). The snow depths varied significantly, with maximum values of 3.5 m. On 26 May 2004 the test site was covered largely by wet snow. X-band data were acquired on 30 March, 11:10 UTC, in cross track single pass interferometric mode to determine the topographic phase. At L-band interferograms were derived with baselines of 0m, 20m and 40 m from repeat-pass data acquired on 30 March at different times and for the time span 30 March to 26 May. The field measurements included: deployment and geodetic survey of corner reflectors, vertical profiles of physical snow properties at several sites, surface roughness, profiles of snow depth, measured at about 5 m intervals over several long lines [2]. On 30 March the snow pack was dry in the morning, and the snow surface temperature was several degrees below zero. At sites with deep snow pack the soil below the snow pack was at zero degree and wet, and also the lower part of the snow pack was at zero degree. 2 Snow Backscatter Modelling In order to estimate the various contributions to the backscatter signal of snow-covered ground at Xand L-band, we applied a one-layer radiative transfer model with Rayleigh scattering for calculating the volume contribution. For surface scattering we used the IEM model at the snow/air interface. At the rough snow/ground interface IEM was used for L-band and the geometric optics model for X-band [3]. The calculations were carried out for dry snow pack, corresponding to the morning conditions on 30 March, and for a thin layer of melting snow, to estimate effects of melting of the top snow layer at noon. The main model input parameters for the dry snow case were: snow depth 3 m, density 400 kg/m, grain size 0.4 mm, snow surface roughness h = 5 mm, l = 114 mm; ground surface roughness h = 20 mm, l = 77 mm. Wet snow layer: depth 0.1 m, liquid water content 1.5% by volume. Figure 1 shows the individual backscatter contributions over the incidence angle range 10 to 70 deg. In the centre of the test site the local incidence angles vary from 45 to 65 degrees, depending whether a pixel is located on flat terrain or on a back-slope. For Lband the backscatter contributions are very similar for the completely dry snow case and for dry snow with thin melting layer at the top. In Fig. 1 the dry snow case is shown. The by far dominating contribution comes from surface scattering at the snow/ground interface. For X-band in the dry snow case [2] backscatter at the snow/ground interface clearly dominates at incidence angles below 40 deg., whereas at higher incidence angles volume scattering becomes increasingly important. A thin wet snow layer obscures almost completely X-band signals from below, and scattering at the air/snow interface dominates. Figure 1: Model calculations of backscatter at L-band for dry snow pack (left), and at X-band for a thin layer of melting snow (right). For input specifications see text. Figure 2: Section of E-SAR acquisition of the central Kuhtai test site on 30 March 2004, covering about 1.5 x 1.5 km in area; radar illumination from top. (a) map of local incidence angle; (b) σ° XVV, image at 11:04 UTC; (c) σ° LVV, 11:27 UTC; (d) L-band interferogram, based on LVV 5:08 UTC and 11:27 UTC. The grey bar shows the dynamic scale of the 4 figures. 3 Interferometric and Backscatter Signatures The study of the interferometric signatures focused so far on the 30 March L-band repeat pass data sets, morning to morning (with different baselines) and morning to noon. The 30 March to 26 May interferograms show only small parts with suitable coherence, the main part of the test site decorrelated because it was covered by wet snow on 26 May. Figure 2 shows the central part of the test site. In the X-band VV image acquired at noon (Fig. 2b) the backscatter coefficient σ° of undisturbed snow is quite low (< –20 dB). This is because of high dielectric losses in the thin (about 5 cm) melting snow surface layer, caused by intense solar illumination. The main part of the snow pack was cold, but at X-band the signal does not penetrate the thin melting layer (Figure 1). Striking is the X-band backscatter difference between undisturbed snow and ski pistes (the bright linear features in the SAR image). σ° of most ski pistes is more than 10 dB higher than in the surroundings. Only on south-facing slopes, where surface melt is more efficient, the σ° differences are smaller. The high σ° of the ski pistes is similar to that of dry snow, where backscatter from the volume and snow/ground interface dominates. Obviously, the higher thermal conductivity of compacted snow at the pistes delayed the onset of melting on the flat parts of the pistes, whereas on south-facing slopes σ° decreased due to melting also on ski pistes (dotted line in Figure 2). Undisturbed snow has lower density and consequently better thermal insulation. The thin melting layer does not have an impact on Lband backscatter. The σ°-values of the morning and noon images are almost identical, without any clear temporal trend. However, in the morning-to-noon interferograms (Fig. 2d) phase shifts between ski pistes and undisturbed snow are evident that can be attributed to changes of the surface snow layer. A detailed analysis of this effect is shown in a short profile across one of the ski pistes (Figure 3). X-band σ° at the piste is almost 20 dB higher than in the surroundings. This coincides with an L-band phase shift of about 0.5 rad. Taking into account the various scattering mechanisms, this shift can be attributed to the slightly increased backscatter contribution of the airsnow interface, when the thin top layer of the snow pack is wet [3]. Theory shows that the change in phase in L-band under the given conditions cannot be explained by increase of phase delay through the snow pack, because the amount of liquid water was very small. However, the slight increase of backscatter at the snow surface, not clearly evident in σ°, causes the shift of the scattering phase centre between morning and noon. This points out that the interferometric phase is more sensitive to changes of target properties than backscatter intensity. 4 Pol-InSAR signatures of snow Next to the multi-temporal experiment component, a multi-baseline fully polarimetric data set has been acquired at L-band in a repeat-pass interferometric mode with temporal baselines of about 10 – 20 minutes and spatial (nominal) baselines of 10 and 20 m (corresponding to vertical wave-numbers of kz=0.1 and kz=0.2 respectively). The main objective of the multi-baseline Pol-InSAR data analysis is to provide a first evaluation of the polarimetric and baseline dependent behaviour of the interferometric coherence over snow at L-band. For coherence estimation the terrain induced coherence bias was corrected using the XTI derived DEM. Two key observations that allows insights in the scattering nature of snow at L-band: 1. The interferometric coherence varies with polarisation according to the scattering properties of the underlying ground: The attenuation through the snow layer is weak so that an increase of scattering amplitude of the underlying ground reflects directly into an increase of the overall interferometric coherence so that γVV ≥ γHH ≥ γHV for both baselines. The strong polarimetric behaviour of the ground reflects into a wide specFigure 3: Profile across a ski piste (full line in Fig. 2): (a) σ° at XVV 11:04 UTC, LVV 5:08 UTC (red), LVV 11:24 UTC (blue boxes) (b) LVV phase for 5:08 UTC 6:12 UTC (red) and 5:08 11:27 UTC (blue).


Human health has probably posed some of the greatest challenges to humanity. While science has helped address many of these challenges (through the development of innumerable vaccines and antibiotics), the solution to many others is still elusive. The burden of health-related problems seems to be unjustifiably heavier on the poor, especially those in rural areas – advances in medicine take a long time to trickle down to them, new medicines may be too expensive, and the byproducts of technological advancement in the form of industrial effluents and pesticide residues may be making health even more difficult to sustain. Sometimes, the natural environment of a region can affect health too – arsenic poisoning due to high levels of the element in groundwater is a familiar example. Another (probably lesser known, though widespread) example is fluorosis (Figure 1). One of the world's oldest dental afflictions, fluorosis was described for the first time in 1901 by Frederick Sumner McKay, a young dental school graduate – he was intrigued by the 'grotesque dark stains' that he noticed on the teeth of many of the natives in Colorado. Three decades later, McKay and H. V. Churchill, a chemist, identified that ingestion of high amounts of fluoride caused the deformity (http://www. fluoride-history.de/mottledTeeth.htm and http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/topics/ fluoride/thestoryoffluoridation.htm). Dean and others proposed a formal classification of dental fluorosis in 1934, based on the intensity of the symptoms ranging from opaque white streaks or specks on the teeth to dark brown stains and pits. The 1930s also mark the beginning of studies on fluorosis in India. However, it


Emancipation is the process by which a minor becomes free from the custody and control of the minor's parents. There are twenty-eight U.S. states with emancipation statutes that set forth the procedure for obtaining emancipation status. Current emancipation statutes terminate the parents' obligation to support the minor. Thus, parents of emancipated minors are no longer required to provide financial assistance, health care or housing to the minor. Although minors must show that they have an independent and legitimate source of income when they first petition for emancipation status, the increased financial burden and limited options of support available to minors leave them vulnerable to becoming impoverished. Minors who seek emancipation due to domestic violence, child abuse, neglect, and abandonment are especially vulnerable to becoming impoverished and homeless due to financial insecurity, lack of affordable housing, and mental illness resulting from traumatic experiences in violent households. This Note proposes an amendment to state emancipation statutes authorizing the court to exercise its discretion in granting continued parental support to minors who are seeking emancipation due to maltreatment. Assistance should be calculated based on the state's guidelines for child support payments, but parents should not be responsible for debts incurred by the minor after emancipation is granted. Assistance should continue only until the minor reaches the age of majority. A grant of postemancipation financial assistance will further the state's interest in protecting the welfare of children by ensuring that minors have sustenance, housing, health care, and the opportunity to complete their education. Key Points for the Family Court Community * Currently twenty-eight states have statutes that set forth the procedure in which a minor can petition for emancipation status. * Nearly half of states with emancipation statutes terminate the parent's obligation to provide financial support to the minor. * Without support from their parents and limited options for work and housing, judicially emancipated minors are vulnerable to impoverishment. * Minors who seek emancipation status because they were abused, neglected or abandoned by their parents should not be forced to incur all expenses that result from leaving the household. Language: en


ABSTRACT This article explores representations of problems regarding citizenship in changes to the syllabi of social studies and history in Swedish secondary schools between 1970 and 2017. Previous research has shown that the general educational discourse changed from an emphasis on the societal needs of committed citizens to an emphasis on the individual's ability to cope in a rapidly changing society in the end of the twentieth century. This study contributes to this research by exploring the impact of these discursive changes on individual school subjects. The study shows that changes in social studies and history syllabi even preceded changes previously seen in overall educational discourse regarding individualisation. While changes to the social studies syllabi have developed very closely to the overarching educational discourse in changing socialisation to be more suitable for an individualised society, changes to the history syllabi appear to have been more geared towards subjectification.


n engl j med 375;23 nejm.org December 8, 2016 2303 1. Antic NA, Heeley E, Anderson CS, et al. The Sleep Apnea cardioVascular Endpoints (SAVE) trial: rationale, ethics, design, and progress. Sleep 2015; 38: 1247-57. 2. Weaver TE, Grunstein RR. Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy: the challenge to effective treatment. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5: 173-8. 3. Kritikou I, Basta M, Tappouni R, et al. Sleep apnoea and visceral adiposity in middle-aged male and female subjects. Eur Respir J 2013; 41: 601-9. 4. Kim AM, Keenan BT, Jackson N, et al. Tongue fat and its relationship to obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2014; 37: 163948. 5. Woodward M, Patel A, Zoungas S, et al. Does glycemic control offer similar benefits among patients with diabetes in different regions of the world? Results from the ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2491-5.


ABSTRACT Bibliographic instruction, teaching the use of the library, has only recently been given attention in library schools. There are still not many library schools that offer separate courses in bibliographic instruction. The position of bibliographic instruction within the library is new, as the discipline itself was only relatively recently recognized among professional circles. Bibliographic instruction builds confidence and efficiency in the use of the library, makes class assignments more profitable, and helps to free time for librarians while making demands on the library's resources.


Marx defined capitalism as an economic system governed by the laws of the market and of competition. Then he wrote a lot of stupid things, asserting that capitalists were so foolish and greedy and the workers so energetic and intelligent that capitalism would certainly come to a bad end. If he could see modern 'capitalism' now, he would shed more than one tear into his flowing beard. What has happened to competition? For a long time the spirit of the Mafia has triumphed in the world and markets have been divided. Who on earth would allow a tottering giant company to founder? This would almost amount to national bankruptcy!


Tick-borne diseases such as Lyme, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis are a continuing threat to public health in New England due to the abundance of infected blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The goals of this project are to monitor blacklegged and invading lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) at sentinel sites on the islands of Nantucket and Tuckernuck to document current conditions and provide a baseline for detecting changes over time. Results from three field seasons (2020-2022) will be used to inform the public and develop cost-effective procedures for monitoring abundances of these ticks and the disease agents that infect them. In June 2020, we selected ten sentinel sites where it is feasible to drag-sample for ticks along established trails, nine on Nantucket and one on Tuckernuck. At each site, we characterized the vegetation and sampled ticks on four days to report mean numbers of ticks per kilometer of trail. Densities of blacklegged nymphs were greatest at sites with the most tree canopy and shade, and lowest at sites with the least shade, such as open grasslands. Nymph densities were high at sites


Abstract In order to communicate effectively with people belonging to different social or ethnic groups, any language user is supposed to have not only a good command of the language code involved, but also what is generally known as "intercultural knowledge." As a consequence, the development of the students' cultural competence is perceived today as a major aim of the foreign language education. Starting from this hypothesis, the paper discusses the manner in which the concept of genre can provide students with insights into cultural expectations of creating a text in both spoken and written English.


Recent years, reinforcement learning has been developed in many area and achieve high performance in many application. However, for huge amount data and training will make hard leaning for the agent of reinforcement learning, in the project, the agent of DDQN Network was integrated with LSTM meta learner for learning the game called Cartpole and LunarLander. It get a good performance for large train.


Ownership structure is very important because it is closely related to the operational control of the company. From the point of view of the theory of accounting, earnings management is determined by the motivation of the company manager. Different motivations will result in a different amount of earning management, such as the manager who also shareholders of the company with a manager who is not a shareholder and board composition also plays an important role in control of what is done by the executive or the board of directors as well as monitoring the effectiveness of the board of commissioners are affected by some degree of ownership concentration, and the relationship between managerial ownership with earnings quality is interaction by ownership concentration. This study aimed to determine the effect of managerial ownership on earnings quality, the proportion of independent directors on the quality of earnings, the interaction between managerial stock ownership by the controlling stake of the quality of earnings and the interaction between the proportion of independent directors with a controlling stake of the quality of earnings. The research sample using companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchangein 2009-2011. "The technique of purposive sampling method. "These result indicate that managerial ownership has a negative effect on the quality of earnings, proportion of independent directors has a positive effect on the quality of earnings, the interaction between managerial stock ownership with no controlling shareholding positive effect on earnings and the quality of interaction between the proportion of independent directors with a controlling shareholding positive effect on earnings quality .


Due to the aircraft targets' uncooperative character, acquiring the complete scattering characteristics of enemy aircraft is challenging. An effective reconstruction method of target scattering centres based on characteristics analysis of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images is proposed in this letter. First, a positive definite manifold characterizing ISAR images of different attitudes is constructed. Then, Kullback–Leibler divergence is used as a measure of the variability between ISAR images. Finally, an ISAR image interpolation method based on the characteristics analysis of ISAR images is proposed to obtain the scattering characteristics with more attitudes. Furthermore, simulation results confirm that the proposed method is effective.


Objective To state change of coagulation mechanism in diabetic nephropathy(DN)and to probe the examination meaning for the disease develop and thrombosis.Methods Thirty patients with diabetic nephropathy as the objects of research.Thirty patients with diabetes and thirty healthy volunteer as control group.PT、APTT and Fg were detected by cogulation instrument;FPA was edtected by HPLC;D-D of serum was detected by ELISA,and the results were compared to the groups.Results Comparing DN with DM and DN with common control groups.TP、APTT were shorten,Fg was increase.There were no significant differences between the groups(P0.05).The measure of FPA and D-D in DN,FPA was 55.839±16.623 ng/mg Cr and D-D was 1.794±0.848 mg/L,comparing DN with other two groups,they were significantly different(P0.01).Conclusion(1)The scalp test parameters changes of coagulation function only reflect coagulable protein level totally in viro,but not the activation states of the coagulation system,so it is not direct correlation with tendency of thrombus formation.(2)The changes of FPA and D-D were very obviously in DN,and were activate index of coagulable factor,and can sensitive directly reflect the activation of coagulation and Fibrinolysis in coagulation process.


【Objective】To investigate the clinical features and the management of urachus small cell endocrine cancer.【Methods】One case of urachus small cell endocrine cancer report.The patient was a 26 years old male who was hospitalized because of the entire gross hematuria for 1 month.Ultrasonography showed there was a moderate-intensity echo mass in the bladder dome,and a part of which had extended into the bladder.CT scan found a mass in the right of the bladder dome which had extended out of the cyst.3 times urine exfoliated cells examination showed once suspicious tumor cell and twice negative.【Results】The pathology result showed after partial cystectomy was urachus small cell endocrine cancer.There were tumor embolus in the vascular tissue and the tumor had invaded the muscle and the fat.Immunohistochemistry :NSE(positive).The patient was given the chemotherapy by the program of the MEP.And he died because of the bone metastases.【Conclusion】The urachus small cell endocrine cancer was rare in the clinic.Clinical symptoms include hematuria,irritative voiding symptoms,the imaging findings were the same as the bladder tumor.Now the therapy consists surgical and chemotherapy.But the patient with urachus small cell endocrine cancer have poor prognosis and short lifetime.


4. 200426 2/1970 France ................................ 427A221 73 Assignee: The United States of America as 47-16821 5/1972 Japan ................................... 427/221 represented by the Secretary of the 54-37121 3/1979 Japan. 427/221 Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1-1 13454 5/1989 Japan ...... ... 523/213 Washington, D.C. 1-141960 6/1989 Japan ................................... 523/213


It can be realized on the risk quantification by identifying the metrics index of the critical genetic factors(the critical genetic index),which is described as a state of quantitative parameters.It can be translated into measuring their response measures to achieve the risk quantification when the state parameters of the critical genetic factors are difficult to be measured.When the monitoring of the response measures are still difficult to be measured,the general qualitative method is adopted,it can measure the state quantitative parameters to achieve the risk quantification through the establishment of a two-dimensional matrix.


Introduction: The Man and the Legend Part I: The Years of Hope and Ambition Part II: The Years of Triumph and Trauma Part III: The Wilderness Years Envoi: The Legend and the Legacy.


Abstract Established biological effectiveness of high-energy gamma rays and the implications for risk assessments and determination on dose limits are reevaluated and compared with experimental data.


Malaria is a chronic contagious disease carried and transmitted by mosquitoes.Prevention and cure of malaria is still grim in our country,because the prevalence of the disease are caused by many complex factors and affected by floating population as well the epidemic situation in neighboring countries.In prevention,the paper emphasizes such aspects as the supervision of contagion source and epidemic situation,insect vector control and crowd protection as well as health instruction.In treatment,to cure the disease and to delay drug resistance,reasonable joint medication should be adopted to avoid drug resistance in the abuse of antimalarial.


In Mesozoic,the Ordos basin is a down warped lake basin sediment in a typical stable Craton.In the Triassic Yanchang period,the margin of the lake basin ramp belt(northern of the line Wuqi-Ziwuling)developed sedimentary slope breaks,however,using seismic reflection characteristics and lithological stratum correlation techniques are difficult to identify it.Within a three-sequence-stratigraphic framework,this paper identifies the margin of the ramp belt's sedimentary slope breaks of the Yanchang period's basin from three aspects:sequence stratigraphy filling shape,sedimentary microfacies association types,short-term base-level cycle superposition types,and the corresponding ratio(A /S)of the accommodation space(A)and the supply of sediment flux(S).On this basis,an identification method of the margin of the ramp belt's sedimentary slope breaks of down warped lake basins and its recognition model are established.


"Although we commend the USPSTF for upgrading the recommendation for PSA- and digital rectal exam-based prostate cancer screening from a "D" to a "C" grade (JAMA 2018; 319:1901–13), we believe that not enough emphasis is placed on screening high-risk groups for prostate cancer," write Navin Shah, MD, and Vladimir Ioffe, MD.


We study multi-item profit maximization when there is an underlying distribution over buyers' values. In practice, a full description of the distribution is typically unavailable, so we study the setting where the mechanism designer only has samples from the distribution. If the designer uses the samples to optimize over a complex mechanism class -- such as the set of all multi-item, multi-buyer mechanisms -- a mechanism may have high average profit over the samples but low expected profit. This raises the central question of this paper: how many samples are sufficient to ensure that a mechanism's average profit is close to its expected profit? To answer this question, we uncover structure shared by many pricing, auction, and lottery mechanisms: for any set of buyers' values, profit is piecewise linear in the mechanism's parameters. Using this structure, we prove new bounds for mechanism classes not yet studied in the sample-based mechanism design literature and match or improve over the best-known guarantees for many classes.


In India, annual storage losses were estimated as 13.98 million tonnes of food grains worth of Rs. 6845 crores of every year. Out of this, food grain losses due to insects alone account for nearly Rs.1275 crores (Mohan and Kavitharaghavan, 2008). In India, approximately 10 per cent of food grains were lost during storage and half of which is due to insect pests (Narang, 2002). During storage, various biotic and abiotic factors are responsible in deterioration of physical and chemical quality of the food grains and amongst the biotic factors, insect pests cause the major damage. Among the several storage insect pests, the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Bostrichidae: Coleoptera), is a primary pest of stored food grains such as paddy, wheat, maize and sorghum but can also infest various other commodities including pulses and dried cassava root. The beetle has been reported to be highly polyphagous and cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, but it has also been found in some warm and temperate regions (Potter, 1935; Haines, 1991). The weight loss in wheat by the feeding of grub and adult stages of R. dominica was 5 and 149 mg kg -1 , respectively (Hagstrum and International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 6 (2017) pp. 165-171 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Being lack of consistent understanding of risk makes the research of risk filled with conflict and con-troversy.Based on the analysis of the common understanding of risk,this essay gives the essential attributes,the definition,the classification and the research methods of risk.


The article examines a number of problems of the post-war reconstruction of Energodar - the only satellite city of the NPP in Ukraine that was under occupation. The restoration of the city depends entirely on the wartime events at the Zaporizhia NPP, which became the subject of blackmail and a nuclear threat from the Russian Federation to the whole world. The satellite city reconstruction program is closely related to the restoration of the NPP, which is possible only with the de-occupation of the station itself and the surrounding area. The future of the station will depend on the trends in the use of nuclear power in the world and the reform of the energy base of Ukraine.
The stages of formation and development of the city of Energodar are analyzed, the peculiarities of its functioning and the rhythm of life depending on the industrial production base are shown. The architectural and planning organization of the city built according to the established principles of Soviet urban planning, as well as other satellite cities of the NPP in Ukraine, is considered. The role of the nuclear power plant in achieving high social standards of the city of Energodar in its pre-war state is shown.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the development of urban planning systems as a basis for the development of strategic plans for the post-war recovery of the city, as well as the factors that will be the guarantee of such recovery, are considered.
The material of the article includes references to a number of program documents regarding various scenarios of the future development of the city and  highlights the problems associated with the work of the ZNPP, taking into account the changes in the social sphere of the post-war period. A number of proposals have been put forward regarding the post-war reconstruction and further development of the city, relating to: honoring the memory of our soldiers and residents, their resilience and courage in resisting the invaders; a new look at the organization of the functional planning structure of the city, residential environment, purpose and location of public buildings, landscape and recreation areas; the specified problem of migration policy and the levers of the return of the population to the city and regional and state relations.
The latest events at the Kakhovsky Reservoir, which are closely related to the ZNPP and, accordingly, to the city itself, show that the restoration process of Energodar is not fixed in time and will change and adjust along with the rapid development of wartime events.


Marianne L. Novy. 1998. Engaging with Shakespeare: Responses of George Eliot & Other Women Novelists. Athens: University of Georgia Press.1994. Reprint Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. $17.95 sc. 271 pp. Matthew A. Fike American University in Bulgaria It seems appropriate that Marianne L. Novy's Engaging with Shakespeare would be reprinted at a time when numerous Shakespeare plays and nineteenth-century women's novels are being adapted for the big screen. What we are observing in our own age is a close cousin to the "engagement" that she observes on the part of women novelists. Her object of study is not the restaging of whole plays but the appropriation of elements from Shakespeare by Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, George Eliot, and an international array of twentieth-century women novelists. Their engagement with Shakespeare's plays and cultural image ranges from "involvement" to "contestation" (imitation and divergence), providing an alternative to previous critical paradigms such as the view advanced by Mary Wollstonecraft and Virginia Woolf that Milton's misogyny promoted female submission, and Gilbert and Gubar's contrasting sense of women's rebellion. Engagement is instead "a kind of identification acknowledging difference, a model of appropriate creativity rather than the creativity of revolt" (6). What accounts for Shakespeare's overwhelming influence on western culture and on women novelists in particular is the playwright's sympathy, the sense that he was extraordinarily attuned to the situation of others and able to set aside his own ego. Sympathy which is much like Woolf's notion of androgyny and Keats's idea of the chameleon poet, helps account for the adaptability of the plays in our own age and unites Novy's exploration. Kathleen Blake's statement that Novy "is pretty unconcerned with the anxiety of influence, the anxiety of authorship, the literary battle of the sexes" is a slight misrepresentation (1995, 119). Bloom's terminology is not part of the apparatus of this book, and women writers' acknowledgement of and dialogue with Shakespeare are a most important, not patricidal, misreading, or what Bloom calls "misprision proper." But Novy readily sees a kind of"contestation" even in women writers' response to each other, a holistic act akin to Bloom's tessera, in which a writer "antithetically `completes' [her] precursor, by so reading the parent-poem as to retain its terms but to mean them in another sense, as though the precursor had failed to go far enough" (1989, 14). It is not that Novy and Bloom are talking about different literary phenomena but that Novy uses a more neutral vocabulary. Similar understatement characterizes her treatment of the so-called "battle of the sexes," especially in connection with characters like Rosamond Oliver in Jane Eyre whose name echoes Rosalind in As You Like It. A key distinction in Engaging uith Shakespeare is that Austen and Bronte engage with Shakespeare in significantly different ways, which Eliot combines. Austen uses mild irony to allude to Shakespeare's comedies; Bronte, more aligned with Shakespeare's cultural image as a writer of sympathy, alludes mainly to his tragic and supernatural figures in order to evoke dignity for characters who lack tragic stature. In actual execution, however, this distinction is not ironclad. As Novy shows in one of the nicest pieces of sustained analysis in the book, Jane Eyre's allusions emphasize Shakespeare's tragic men and the supernatural, but Bronte does not exclude the comedies. A more Bloomian type of contestation or divergence follows in the central chapters on Eliot, who shares Austen's interest in Shakespeare's women and, like Bronte, rewrites Rosalind and his tragic men, with the idea of sympathy again providing a significant link to Shakespeare. …


Humans can recognize geometric transformations, such as translation or rotation, regardless of the original patterns. Transformation recognition is subsumed under the Lie group theory. As is known, as humans grow, they acquire the transformation recognition ability and mental transformers to apply to any imagined objects. However, the underlying mechanism of transformation recognition remains unclear. Although transformation discovery models have been researched extensively, many of these studies used an unrealistic amount of dataset, which is unsuitable for modeling the transformation recognition ability of humans, who can immediately recognize transformations using only a few examples. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new approach to learning Lie group transformers from a few sequences of images in an unsupervised way by embedding ordinary differential equation dynamics in the transformer, which can naturally be derived from the Lie group theory. Unlike the conventional models, our model considers objects as a collection of tiny points, to which it locally applies a transformation to ensure the invariance to the shape of objects. We train our model to discover the transformation in a custom dataset of translation, rotation, or scaling transformation and successfully acquire a Lie group operator that is applicable to unseen objects outside the dataset.


Fishery scientists wishing to quantitatt' chlorinated hydrocarbons find a multitude of methods only marginally appropriate to the routine analysis ofmarine fishery products. This paper is a laboratory manual, delineating details of a simple, rapid, and reliable method for the extraction and cleanup of samples of fish. fishery products. and paper for analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons. such as PCB,\ dieldrin. and DDT and its


The paper deals with a new application solution of Ytterbium Picosecond Pulsed Fiber Laser for surface modification of 3Kh2V8F hot-work tool steel (the analog of AISI H21 steel). Surface modification was conducted by B4C-Al powders from preplaced pastes followed by laser heating. The ratio of B4C-Al powders was taken as 5/1 by weight and the paste thickness was approximately 1 mm. Laser treatment was conducted according to the following parameters: 1070 nm of wavelength, 100 W of power, 1 mJ of pulse energy, 100 ns pulse duration, pulse frequency range from 50 kHz to 90 kHz. Several tracks with different widths were obtained as a result of treatment depending on velocity of the laser move. EDS analysis showed that B4C particles were not completely dissolved in the weld beads. However, an enhanced concentration of boron (8-12 wt.%) was revealed in the vicinity of B4C particles. The aluminum concentration was low (up to 0.79 wt.%) on the surface of the weld beads.


Horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus) belong to the Old World family Rhinolophidae. They are high-duty cycle bats and many species use echolocation calls dominated by high frequencies (above 60 kHz). Much is known about how they use their echolocation calls, but very little is known about why these bats use echolocation calls of such high frequencies, or what has caused the divergence in echolocation call frequency between rhinolophid species. I test five hypotheses that may explain the evolution and divergence of high frequencies in the horseshoe bats: (1) The Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis echolocation frequencies outside of moth hearing range (allotonic frequencies) have evolved in response to moth hearing; (2) The Allometry Hypothesis highfrequency echolocation calls are simply a function of body size; (3) The Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis selection pressures linked to habitat structure have shaped the evolution of high-frequency echolocation calls; (4) The Foraging Habitat Hypothesis foraging style and habitat of a bat should correspond to echolocation call frequency and wing design; and (5) The Acoustic Communication Hypothesis echolocation frequencies evolved under selection pressure which eliminated overlap among sympatric species of rhinolophids, within the context of effective communication. To explore the evolution and divergence of high frequencies, a robust phylogeny is required. To date no robust phylogenetic hypothesis has been erected for the family, and in many instances South African species have been excluded from partial phylogenies. To develop a robust phylogeny for the majority of the rhinolophids and in particular for the South African Rhinolophus species, I used a molecular supermatrix approach which included mitochondrial cytochrome band three nuclear introns (TG, THY and PRKC1). The resultant robust phylogenetic hypothesis allowed me to investigate the geographical centre of origin for the Rhinolophidae and to estimate dates of divergence using a relaxed Bayesian 11l Un ive rsi ty of C pe To wn clock. The phylogeny for the family, multivariate analyses on echolocation and morphological data, together with the inclusion of habitat data, were used to test the predictions made by the above hypotheses. Acceptance of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis requires two independent predictions to be validated. Numerous studies support the first prediction that the proportion of tympanate insects will be highest in the diets of bats whose echolocation calls are dominated by frequencies outside the hearing range of moths. Here I tested the second prediction of the Allotonic frequency Hypothesis, that within any family of bats, species using allotonic frequencies should be phylogenetically more derived. I found no support for the second prediction of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis, viz that bats using allotonic frequencies should be derived rather than ancestral if high frequencies in this genus have evolved in response to the selection pressure imposed by moth hearing. Rather, high frequencies are the ancestral condition. Rhinolophids evolved in forests, probably within Asia, and the high frequencies that characterize this genus are an adaptation to the cluttered habitats in which they arose and still occur today. An allometric relationship exists between body size and echolocation frequency within the Rhinolophidae: however, body size alone cannot explain the evolution of high frequencies in this family. There is a complete overlap in body sizes between the Rhinolophidae and other families, such as the Vespertilionidae, which use lower echolocation frequencies. Among the rhinolophids echolocation frequency has stronger allometric relationships with morphological characters directly associated with sound production, emission, and reception. This contrast strongly suggests that selection has acted directly on echolocation rather than on body size. Furthermore, many species echolocate at frequencies much higher than predicted by body size allometry. These deviations towards higher frequencies cannot be explained by the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis. For present-day species, differences in habitat IV Un iv rsi ty of Ca pe To wn structure and climatic variables cannot explain differences in echolocation call frequency, nor can they explain why some species use echolocation calls of much higher frequency than would be predicted by the allometric relationship between call frequency and body size. Both low-frequency and high-frequency species occupy syntopic habitats (the same habitat within the same geographical range) and, because of this, habitat alone cannot explain the higher frequencies used by this family of bats. Limited support was found for the Foraging Habitat hypothesis, with some species that deviated from the body size/echolocation frequency relationship also deviating from the body size/wing design relationship. However no relationship exists between wing loading and peak echolocation frequency for the South African rhinolophids, nor for the global set of horseshoe bats. Thus, the evolution of frequencies higher than predicted by allometry are not due to selection acting simultaneously on wing morphology and call frequency. Echolocation call frequencies of South African rhinolophids do, however, support predictions of the Acoustic Communication Hypothesis and also show support for the hypothesis that the high frequencies used by many rhinolophid species have evolved to enable efficient conspecific communication. Thus, evolutionary divergence of echolocation frequency among the Rhinolophidae was driven by the partitioning of sonar frequency bands for effective communication. v Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn


This paper discusses questions of the practical use of In2O3(Sn)-based conductive coatings transparent in the visible region, obtained by electron-beam evaporation in vacuum. The optimum coating thicknesses are determined that satisfy the requirement that the total transmittance and surface resistance of the coating must be sufficient for them to be used as transparent heater elements. An example is given of a specific application. © 2004 Optical Society of America


. Comparison of official statistics on mining reveals that there are different agencies that are collecting and disseminating data on the mining sector, but there also exists data anomaly between different agencies. For the purpose of detecting data anomaly in the mining sector, official statistics provided by three government agencies are examined. The variation in the number of mining workers (both organized and unorganized sector) ranges from 2.2 million to 0.54 million to 0.52 million in 2011 between the National Sample Survey Organisation, the Director General of Mines Safety, and the Indian Bureau of Mines which clearly indicates the differences in methods for collecting and collating of official statistics.


Background Perioperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Conflicting evidence exists whether patients with POAF after cardiac surgery have an increased long‐term risk of stroke and other adverse events. Methods and Results We prospectively followed for up to 5 years 4624 patients without prior atrial fibrillation who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in an international study. POAF was defined as atrial fibrillation that occurred during the initial hospitalization for surgery, lasted for ≥5 minutes, and required treatment. Outcomes assessed were a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke, and its individual components. Median age was 67 years, and 778 (16.8%) had an episode of POAF. The incidence of the composite outcome was 6.84 and 4.10 per 100 patient‐years in patients with and without POAF, and the incidence of stroke was 0.75 versus 0.45, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were 1.36 (95% CI, 1.16–1.59) for the composite outcome; 1.33 (95% CI, 1.10–1.61) for death; 1.58 (95% CI, 1.23–2.02) for myocardial infarction, and 1.27 (95% CI, 0.81–2.00) for stroke. In a landmark analysis excluding events of the initial hospital admission, the aHRs were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.03–1.54) for the composite outcome, 1.28 (95% CI, 1.03–1.59) for death, 1.70 (95% CI, 0.86–3.36) for myocardial infarction, and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.59–1.93) for stroke. At hospital discharge, 10.7% and 1.4% of patients with and without POAF received oral anticoagulation, respectively. Conclusions Patients with POAF after cardiac surgery had an increased long‐term risk of adverse outcomes, mainly death and myocardial infarction. The risk of stroke was low and not increased in patients with POAF. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00463294.