COVENANTS WITHOUT THE SWORD INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS IN TIMES OF WAR By BENJAMIN VALENTINO, PAUL HUTH, and SARAH CROCO Do the international laws of war effectively protect civilian populations from deliberate attack? In a statistical analysis of all interstate wars from 1900 to 2003 the authors find no evidence that signatories of The Hague or Geneva Conventions intentionally kill fewer civilians during war than do nonsignatories. This result holds for democratic signatories and for wars in which both sides are parties to the treaty. Nor do they find evidence that a state's regime type or the existence of ethnic or religious differences between combatants explains the variation in civilian targeting. They find strong support, however, for their theoretical framework, which suggests that combatants seek to kill enemy civilians when they believe that doing so will coerce their adversaries into early surrender or undermine their adversaries' war-related domestic production. The authors find that states fighting wars of attrition or counterinsurgency, states fighting for expansive war aims, and states fighting wars of long duration kill significantly more civilians than states in other kinds of wars. POCKET PROTESTS RHETORICAL COERCION AND THE MICROPOLITICS OF COLLECTIVE ACTION IN SEMIAUTHORITARIAN REGIMES By JASON M. K. LYALL This article examines how repression in semiauthoritarian regimes affects collective action by comparing antiwar protesting during Russia's first (1994—96) and second (1999—) Chechen wars. Vladimir Putin's creeping authoritarianism acts as a "natural experiment" where we can study collective action before, during, and after the introduction of restrictive measures. Two key findings emerge. First, despite the Kremlin's increasingly heavy hand, antiwar actions have grown in size and frequency over the course of Putin's tenure. Second, the movement's failure to replicate its Yeltsin-era success in forcing a peace, albeit temporary, in Chechnya is due to organizational culture, not state repression. Indeed, the antiwar movement's prevailing cultural norms have undercut mobilization by locking activists into using symbolic appeals that ring hollow among Russians. Activists are thus unable to wield latent antiwar sentiment as a cudgel to entrap the Kremlin into reversing course. This argument is supported by a protest data set, primary documents, interviews, and participant observation. FROM UNANIMITY TO CONSENSUS AN ANALYSIS OF THE NEGOTIATIONS AT THE EU'S CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION By THOMAS KONIG and JONATHAN B. SLAPIN In spite of the recent failure of two referendums, the drafting of a constitution for the second biggest economic power in the world, the European Union (EU), remains a major event in the history of European integration. Whether the constitution or a revised version of it will come into force or not, several important questions emerge. How did an increased number of twentyfive member states reach a conclusion, whereas a lower number of fifteen had failed at previous intergovernmental attempts? In particular, how did the constitutional convention differ from previous intergovernmental conferences (iGCs) at which the EU exclusively bargained its treaty documents in the past? How can one explain the outcomes of the convention, which proposes redistribution of power and resources among twenty-five or more member states? This article uses the positions of the delegates of the EU's constitutional convention to examine bargaining in a setting with few formal rules. The authors use theoretical insights from a spatial model and new survey data to determine the implicit voting rule used at the convention. They find that the convention differed from previous IGCs because the convention was governed by consensus, whereas previous EU bargains on treaties had always required unanimous support. The level of h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 7 / S 0 0 4 3 8 8 7 1 0 0 0 2 0 6 3 3 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . c a m b r i d g e . o r g / c o r e . I P a d d r e s s : 2 0 7 . 2 4 1 . 2 3 1 . 1 0 8 , o n 1 2 M a r 2 0 2 0 a t 1 7 : 5 6 : 1 2 , s u b j e c t t o t h e C a m b r i d g e C o r e t e r m s o f u s e , a v a i l a b l e a t h t t p s : / / w w w . c a m b r i d g e . o r g / c o r e / t e r m s . consensus was higher than simple majority rule but lower than unanimity. Since this threshold impacted who won and who lost at the convention, the authors also examine the sources of bargaining power, such as delegates' distance to the status quo, distance to the median, population size, and domestic constraints. The results confirm several findings in the EU bargaining and two-level game literature, for example, that actors closer to the status quo hold a stronger bargaining position and that actors from larger member states are neither more likely nor less likely to win at the negotiating table than are actors from smaller states. The findings on the irrelevance of domestic constraints also indicate why the popular votes in France and the Netherlands failed. THREE'S A CROWD THIRD PARTIES AND WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT By MARC L. BUSCH and ERIC REINHARDT Disputes filed at the World Trade Organization (WTO) are attracting a growing number of third parties. Most observers argue that their participation influences the institution's rulings. The authors argue that third parties undermine pretrial negotiations; their influence on rulings is conditioned by this selection effect. They test their hypotheses, along with the conventional wisdom, using a data set of WTO disputes initiated through 2002. Consistent with the authors' argument, they find that third-party participation lowers the prospects for early settlement. Controlling for this selection effect, the evidence also suggests that third-party support increases the chances of a legal victory at the WTO. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by The Johns Hopkins University Press for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $3.25 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. 0043-88 71/94 $03.25 h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 7 / S 0 0 4 3 8 8 7 1 0 0 0 2 0 6 3 3 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . c a m b r i d g e . o r g / c o r e . I P a d d r e s s : 2 0 7 . 2 4 1 . 2 3 1 . 1 0 8 , o n 1 2 M a r 2 0 2 0 a t 1 7 : 5 6 : 1 2 , s u b j e c t t o t h e C a m b r i d g e C o r e t e r m s o f u s e , a v a i l a b l e a t h t t p s : / / w w w . c a m b r i d g e . o r g / c o r e / t e r m s .


Background Large fat embolus is a rare but potential reversible cause of ischaemic stroke. Methods and results We describe the neurosurgical management of a complete right internal carotid artery occlusion due to a large fat embolus, caused by a mitral valve replacement. Conclusion Knowledge of acute cerebral ischaemia due to large fat embolism and its hallmark 'hypodense artery' is mandatory. Extracranial to intracranial bypass is a feasible rescue treatment after failure of endovascular embolectomy.


This study aims to see the determinants of investment and its effect on poverty in Indonesia. This research uses two analysis that is long-term equilibrium analysis by using cointegration equation and short term analysis with ECM (Error Correction Model) linear regression method. The secondary data used was obtained from Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, Bank Indonesia, period 1990-2016. Based on the results obtained, where together the determinants of investment affect the investment. Domestic investment (PMDN) and foreign investment (FDI) are simultaneously affecting poverty, while all investment determinants simultaneously affect poverty, as well as spawning government with routine expenditure procurement, development spending and shared regional spending affect investment and is crowding in. To ensure the growth of private investment, and to reduce poverty in Indonesia, it is recommended that the government maintain the stability of its spending expenditures, in particular spending on local spending, and maintain economic stability, in particular the gross regional domestic product, interest rate, inflation and human development index, these variables are instrumental in encouraging private investors to invest their capital, and contribute to the development of the State's economy, as well as opening up employment as widely as possible, thereby reducing poverty in Indonesia. In addition to reducing poverty in particular, the government should keep the increase in routine expenditure, and the development expenditure. Keywords: Investment Determinant, Investment, Poverty, Government Expenditure, Cointegration Test, and Error Correction Model (ECM)


In this paper, a hybrid method is applied to recove r parameters and motion of camera from a set of silhouettes of an object taken under circular motio n. Camera parameters can be obtained by maximizing the total coherence between all silhouettes. Two optimi zation methods, the Powell optimizer (PO) and the Genetic algorithms (GA), are applied to maximize th silhouette coherence and their performances are compared for several experiments. To take advantage of the strengths of the two methods, we developed a hybrid method that combines the genetic algorithm a nd the Powell optimizer to improve the performances in term of convergence speed and accuracy. The reco vered parameters are used for 3D image-based modeling to obtain high fidelity 3D reconstruction.


The main goal of this thesis is to review and offer robust and efficient algorithms for the detection (or the segmentation) of foreground objects in indoor and outdoor scenes using colour image sequences captured by a stationary camera. For this purpose, the block diagram of a simple vision system is offered in Chapter 2. First this block diagram gives the idea of a precise order of blocks and their tasks, which should be performed to detect moving foreground objects. Second, a check mark () on the top right corner of a block indicates that this thesis contains a review of the most recent algorithms and/or some relevant research about it.

In many computer vision applications, segmenting and extraction of moving objects in video sequences is an essential task. Background subtraction has been widely used for this purpose as the first step.

In this work, a review of the efficiency of a number of important background subtraction and modelling algorithms, along with their major features, are presented. In addition, two background approaches are offered. The first approach is a Pixel-based technique whereas the second one works at object level. For each approach, three algorithms are presented. They are called Selective Update Using Non-Foreground Pixels of the Input Image , Selective Update Using Temporal Averaging and Selective Update Using Temporal Median , respectively in this thesis. The first approach has some deficiencies, which makes it incapable to produce a correct dynamic background. Three methods of the second approach use an invariant colour filter and a suitable motion tracking technique, which selectively exclude foreground objects (or blobs) from the background frames. The difference between the three algorithms of the second approach is in updating process of the background pixels. It is shown that the Selective Update Using Temporal Median method produces the correct background image for each input frame.

Representing foreground regions using their boundaries is also an important task. Thus, an appropriate RLE contour tracing algorithm has been implemented for this purpose. However, after the thresholding process, the boundaries of foreground regions often have jagged appearances. Thus, foreground regions may not correctly be recognised reliably due to their corrupted boundaries. A very efficient boundary smoothing method based on the RLE data is proposed in Chapter 7. It just smoothes the external and internal boundaries of foreground objects and does not distort the silhouettes of foreground objects. As a result, it is very fast and does not blur the image.

Finally, the goal of this thesis has been presenting simple, practical and efficient algorithms with little constraints which can run in real time.


At this stage, the aging of the population in our country is becoming more and more serious, and the life problems of the elderly population are gradually appearing, so the demand for long-term care is also gradually increasing. By summarizing the literature and integrating the current status of long-term care insurance financing in pilot areas in my country, and evaluating the financing efficiency of long-term care insurance through data envelopment analysis, using fund income, per capita contribution level, and per capita financial subsidy level as input indicators, coverage rate, the


Introduction: The blended learning with flipped classrooms combination may propose a more effective and efficient way to share information in the course sessions. However, a scientific-based investigation is required to confirm its effect on knowledge and self-efficacy improvement during the BLS course learning sessions.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-post test design, enrolling nurses who were participating in BLS Courses. Participants were assigned into two groups: a control group with Blended learning (BL) or conventional learning approach (n=30) and an experimental group with Blended Learning with Flipped Classroom (BLFC) (n=30). A knowledge questionnaire from the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines and a Self-Efficacy questionnaire of Resuscitation Self-Efficacy Scale (RSES) were employed to gather the study data. Data were then analyzed using the SPSS with the mean, median, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney tests.
Results: Wilcoxon test revealed a significant mean difference in knowledge and self-efficacy in the BL group with a p-value of 0.000 and 0.000, respectively. Further, the Mann-Whitney test showed mean differences between groups, with p=0.084 in the knowledge and p=1.000 in the self-efficacy variable.
Conclusion: Significant changes in knowledge and self-efficacy before and after the course sessions were observed in the BL and BLFC groups. However, findings yielded insignificant differences in the mean and median between groups.


The aim was to determine if a specific inhibitor of vacuolar H + -ATPases (V-ATPases), Bafilomycin A1 (BFM), could increase the low extracellular pH (pHe) typical of solid tumours and thus inhibit their growth in vivo.BFM inhibited the proliferation of various human cells and rat pituitary GH3 tumour cells in vitro (IC50: 2.5–19.2 nM), and flow cytometry on GH3 cells showed a marked increase in S and G2M phases after 16–48 h, but no evidence of increased apoptosis.BFM caused significant inhibition of GH3 xenograft growth, and histomorphometry showed a 30% decrease in mitosis but no change in apoptosis. 31 P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in vivo of GH3 xenografts showed that BFM increased pHe, but did not affect pHi, resulting in a decrease in the negative pH gradient (-pH).BFM decreased lactate formation suggesting a reduction in glycolysis.We suggest that BFM reduces extracellular H + -transport by inhibition of V-ATPases leading to an increase in pHe and decreased glycolysis, and thus reduced tumour cell proliferation. 19 F-MRS in vivo showed that a smaller -pH was associated with decreased retention of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) which was consistent with our previous data in vivo implying the -pH controls tumour retention of 5FU.


The monument examined in this article is extremely important for studying the culture and art of ancient Lycia. This building that was discovered and published during the 1970s by German archaeologists is now known as the tomb of Pericles of Limyra. It belongs to the same number of the most significant sepulchral structures of Lycia as the Nereid monument in Xanthos and the hero's shrine at Gjolbaschi-Trysa. The analysis of its architecture and sculptural decoration allows a better understanding of the specifics of Lycian culture that absorbed the elements of Western and middle Eastern cultures, and at the same time possessed pronounced local specificity.


We consider a situation where a set of two samples $\{X_1, \ldots, X_{n^{(1)}}\}$, $\{Y_1, \ldots, Y_{n^{(2)}}\}$, of independent real valued observations are obtained from unknown $\{F_X, F_Y\}$ under different conditions, with empirical distributions $\{\hat{F}_X, \hat{F}_Y\}$. In this case it is well known under the null hypothesis $F_X \equiv F_Y$ that the sample variation of the $\ell^{\infty}$ maximum distance, $|| \hat{F}_X - \hat{F}_Y ||_{\infty}$, has as asymptotic density of standard form independent of $F$. This result underpins the popular two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In this article we show that other norms exist for which the asymptotic sampling distribution is also available in standard form. In particular we describe a weighted $\ell^2$ norm $|| \hat{F}_X - \hat{F}_Y ||_{2}^w$ derived from a binary recursion of $\bkR$ which is shown to follow a sum of $\chi^2$ random variables. This motivates a nonparametric test based on the average divergence, $|| \hat{F}_X - \hat{F}_Y||_{2}^w$, rather than the maximum, $|| \cdot ||_{\infty}$, which we demonstrate exhibits greater sensitivity to changes in scale and tail characteristics when $F_X \ne F_Y$, while maintaining power for changes in location.


Abstract Introduction: Laparoscopic intragastric surgery was demonstrated to remove the lesion of posterior wall of stomach.1 We performed this procedure for the pediatric rare disease not only to ensure the minimally invasiveness and good cosmetic appearance but also to preserve the cardia function of stomach. In the video, we present our intragastric resection for gastric tumor under augmented reality navigation system. Materials and Methods: A 12-year-old boy was admitted due to hematemesis. Gastrointestinal (GI) fiberscope revealed the 4 cm size submucosal tumor located at the posterior wall. Located position was near the EC junction. The tumor was cystic type and seemed to be benign lesion. Hence, we planned to perform the intragastric surgery to preserve the cardia function of stomach. We also set up this procedure under augmented reality navigation system to prevent the around organ injury.2 Initially, GI fiberscope was introduced orally to determine the tumor. Next, laparoscope was introduced thro...


This essay argues that Deut 29–32, especially Deut 31, plays a significant role in 2 Cor 3, especially vv. 7–18: Paul's elusive allegorical narrative draws on Deuteronomic motifs of 'closure' (the end of Moses, of the law and of the Israelites); the national observance of reading the law and encountering the Lord face to face; and the succession of Moses by one named Ἰησοῦς in the LXX. This analysis extends scholarly discussion of Paul's use of Deuteronomy and contributes to the wider debate about Paul's use of scripture and his understanding of Jesus' relationship to Moses and the Mosaic covenant.


The Pre-Qin History by Mr.Xu Zhongshu,which generalized social and economic characteristics of pre-Qin period ranging from pre-history time to the Warring Period before Qin dynasty,has represented his lifelong research of the condensed main idea about pre-Qin History.Although it is not thick,its ideas are clear and profound.Quite a few times in the book,it mentions the period of ancient oral history,which could particularly reflect Mr.Xu's methods in reading ancient history.And it is worth our attention as it is closely related with modern historical circle in the debates on the historical time of legends in ancient China.


Inflammatory pseudotumor is an uncommon benign tumor of unknown cause that occurs most commonly in the lung. It is extremely rare in the oral and maxillofacial region. We report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor, located over left temporalis muscle in a 27-year-old male patient who found a mass over left temporal region 2 months prior to seeking medical attention. It was a hard mass, 6×6×3 cm in size, which was not movable and with no tenderness. Incisional biopsy followed by pathology report revealed inflammatory pseudotumor. Wide excision of the tumor was performed 1 week later via the route of coronary incision. Mild depression of left temporal area and loss of the ability to elevate left eyebrow were found. Post-operative 30-month follow up showed no local recurrence of the tumor. Inflammatory pseudo- tumor occurs commonly in the lung, liver, kidney, and orbit, but may be seen in a wide variety of locations in both children and adults. Here, we present pathologic findings and management of our case and a review of the literature.


1. A Democratic Hegemon? 2. Democracy, War, and Expansion through Historical Lenses 3. Dimensions of Resource Vulnerability: Some Elements of Rigor in Concept and Policy Analysis 4. U.S. Hegemony: Gone or Merely Diminished, and How Does it Matter? 5. The Real Decline in Nuclear Hegemony 6. The Future as Arbiter of Theoretical Controversies: The Scientific Study of Politics and Predictions with James Lee Ray 7. Courting Disaster: NATO vs. Russia and China with Allan C. Stam 8. A Neo-Kantian Perspective: Democracy, Interdependence and International Organizations in Building Security Communities 9. Democratic Intergovernmental Organizations Promote Peace with Jon Pevehouse 10. Security Council Expansion: Can't and Shouldn't 11. Liberalism 12. No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II 13. Democracy, Hegemony, and Collective Action


In order to grasp the opportunities and meet the challenges provided in a post-WTO era and the grand development of the western region, the CPA service market demands a prompt promotion in Shaanxi province. Accordingly, this paper is an achievement in a tentative analysis and review of the CPA service market in Shaanxi province through a practical survey of the statistics about the market.


Ordinarily a tractor works under variable load conditions, what brings unavoidably changing deformations of the tractor front and rear tires, which affects the front and rear axis height. This situation causes problems when the height of the suspended implement must be constant, especially during the crop fertilization operation. The spreader mass is changed from maximum when it is full of fertilizer to minimum when it is empty. The changeable mass of the suspended sprayer induces an uncertain mass centre point of the tractor. Mass transfer changes the height of the tractor axles, with the suspended spreader towards changeable position spreading of fertilizers is inappropriate, because the spread width is unstable. For solving such impact of mass transfer a special attachment of the front ballast with a possibility to change its forward distance was made. The aim of the research was to establish how much the adjustable front ballast can adjust the heights of the front and rear axis of the tractor and to maintain a constant spreader height. The investigative tractor "Ford 8340" and fertilizer spreader "BogballeEX Trend" were used in the research. Mathematical method was applied for the search potential of ballast that can generate an appropriate weight transfer of the front and rear axis load. This study has developed the correlation of the adjustable front ballast and the tractor axle height balance, and spreading quality during the crop fertilizing operation. The results show that the adjustable front ballast can reduce the mass transfer between the tractor axles, compensate the height of the front and rear axis and improve the distribution of fertilizers in the application width by 10-15 % compared to the case when the front ballast was used by default.


Functional Divergence between Histone Deacetylases in Fission Yeast by Distinct Cellular Localization and In Vivo Specificity Pernilla Bjerling, Rebecca A. Silverstein, Geneviève Thon, Amy Caudy, Shiv Grewal, and Karl Ekwall Karolinska Institutet, Sodertorn University College, S-141 04, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Genetics, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, New York 11724


It is an interesting notion that a minor cultural change in the medical profession 'more humility and greater human kinship'1 will save the planet from the catastrophe of the human species.

The mass extinction of which you speak is surely a biological phenomenon in that it will be one of the consequences of an uncontrolled population spike in the human population. The human species undergoes no significant natural predation. In such a model the population will be controlled by biological responses such as a drop in fertility rates, by the diseases and behavioural changes caused by over-crowding and by reduced access to food, water, shelter and other necessary resources. Like any other animal population, size is dependent on longevity and the differential between death rate and birth rate. Unfortunately for both our own species and the majority of other highly evolved species on earth today our ability to develop technology will prolong our struggle with the inevitable. In the course of this struggle, we will probably devastate the earth making it uninhabitable through climate change, habitat change and the consequences of armed conflict.

The irony is that the medical profession, in its remarkable efforts to preserve life, will be making the long-term outlook worse both by encouraging population growth and by a reduction in the stressors driving evolution. Perhaps the cultural change the profession needs is a greater emphasis on contraception.


Scattering from a dielectric nanowire coated by helical graphene strips (nanoribbons) is investigated for dual-polarized wave at oblique incidence. In the long-wavelength approximation, the helical strips are treated as a homogeneous layer with averaged tensor conductivity. It is shown that performance of well-known surface cloaks in the form of graphene monolayer, axial and azimuthal graphene strips can be deteriorated in a wide range of incidence angles. To overcome this problem, helical graphene strips are proposed as an advanced metasurface for dual-polarized all-angle cloaking of dielectric nanowire in the terahertz band. It is found that such metasurface suppresses scattering from nanowire more effectively as compared to graphene monolayer, regardless of the angle of wave incidence. Moreover, dual-polarized all-angle cloaking of dielectric nanowire can be broadly tuned in frequency with parameters of helical graphene strips.


1 Environmental Economics and Sustainability Unit (ESU), Sector of Industrial Management and Operational Research (SIMOR), School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA); Iroon Politechniou 9, Zografou 157 80, Greece


Postmitotic cerebellar granule cells, maintained for 5–6 days in Dulbecco's modified essential medium supplemented with 25 mM KCl, have been studied in whole‐cell recording conditions to characterize calcium currents. With 10 mM Ba2+ as the divalent charge carrier, and using a pipette solution highly buffered for Ca2+ (30 mM EGTA, 100 mM HEPES–Tris, pH 7.2), only a high‐threshold voltage‐activated barium current was recorded from a holding potential of – 90 mV. The addition of 1 mM ATP to the pipette medium allowed stable recording for an average duration of 10 min, compatible with pharmacological studies of the barium current. Ninety‐six per cent of the current was half‐inactivated at low negative holding potential (‐76 mV). A total block of current was obtained with 1 μM Cd2+. Sixty‐three per cent of the mean current was abolished by 3 μM ω‐conotoxin (ω‐CgTx; Ki= 10 nM for a 15 min application), but individual cells showed either full sensitivity to this toxin or incomplete sensitivity. Seventy‐eight per cent of the mean current was also abolished by 10 μM nicardipine but with a higher Ki, of 0.5 μM. After exposure to ω‐CgTx, BAY K 8644 had no effect on the remaining current, though it was suppressed by nicardipine. No sensitivity to diltiazem, desmethoxyverapamil or flunarizine could be detected. Our major conclusion is that at least half of the channels have a mixed pharmacology, showing sensitivity to both ω‐CgTx and dihydropyridine antagonists.


Reveals that the times when birds arise and roost are related to their foraging behavior as well as to light intensity.


The Lao People9s Democratic Republic made cautious progress during 2004. The socialist government does not tolerate dissent and there is continuing resistance by minorities, but generally, the year saw increased stability and greater confidence that the country is moving forward. Its economy continues to improve, albeit from a very low base. Some ambitious projects, particularly in hydroelectricity and mining, have commenced. The government is slowly building better international links within its region. However, the international community remains concerned about the lack of transparency in politics and administration, and Laos has not succeeded in normalizing trade relations with the United States.


A major risk for Internet software projects which have server and client components are decisions related to availability and features on client computers in the user community. Specifically, bioinformatics software developers intending to use Java face critical decisions about which Java version to implement, but few statistics are available about Java presence on user machines. To obtain this information, we implemented a measurement system to detect the presence, functionality and version of Java Virtual Machines on client computers of a large base of users from the biology community. We show that our system effectively collects the necessary information and provides decision-relevant statistics. Measurements performed on 1753 client computers showed that Java presence is high and dominated by the most recent Java versions. The proposed empirical approach can be used to reduce decision risks in any type of Internet software project with low level of control on client equipment and high demands on client interaction and performance. More details together with source code and measurement results can be obtained from the J-vestigator survey page (https://www.genevestigator.ethz.ch/index.php?page=jvestigator)


The news that the Department of Human Services (DHS) is looking to upgrade Centrelink's antiquated 30 year old Income Support Integrated System (ISIS) should come as no surprise to many. However, as many government departments before it, DHS has an incredibly risky task ahead.


This paper describes the design of a hypertext interface of a large bibliographical collection called S.M.R.C. (Sanidad Murciana Reyes Catolicos) containing documents of the Town Council of Murcia durgin the Renaissance.


The determination of the metal abundances in the neutral interstellar medium of dwarf star-forming galaxies is a key step in understanding their physical and chemical evolution. This type of investigation has been possible in the last 5 years thanks to FUSE. We will give a flavor of the issues involved by presenting the work that we are performing in this astrophysical field.


The contribution seeks to understand not only the development of spatial patterns in the human organism, on the basis of a morphological description of embryological processes, but also the spatial realisation of function principles in the embryo and in the adult organism.


The paper takes one significant element of agriculture production – the use of genetically modified organisms (GMO) – and considers it in relation to the overall profitability of agriculture in Poland. In so doing, the paper aims to examine Polish farmers' opportunity costs of being non-GM, were they free to use GMO. Specifically, the paper asks if, under ceteris paribus conditions, the use of GMO plants in Polish farms would influence their economic results. To answer this question, the scientific and theoretical assumption that GMO cultivation is permitted in Poland has been applied. The approach combines experience of the new biotech-based system of agricultural production with a modelling system that builds up and aggregates the impacts of individual farm responses under actual and assumed situations.


Sugarcane cultivation in the tropics and subtropics has been a matter of record for as long as written and pictorial records have survived the ravages of time, and it is undoubtedly true that the crop was cultivated by primitive humans long before. It is also undoubtedly true that cultivated sugarcane has been part of the diet of
domesticated animals for a similar period of time and, to this day, crop residues from cultivated sugarcane are an important source of forage or supplementary fodder in the tropics and subtropics (Peacock 1996, Aregheore 2005).

 In contrast, commercial sugarcane production now occurs in more than 100 countries in an area of more than 26 million hectares (FAOSTAT 2014), and its cultivation generates the highest annual tonnage of biomass of any crop, approximately 1.84 billion tons (FAOSTAT 2014).With an increasing global demand for meat, milk, dairy, and other products derived from domesticated animals, there is
an increasing demand for animal feed and an increasing need to integrate existing crop residues and processing products into animal feed. Given the prominence of sugarcane in global plant biomass production, it is clear that sugarcane has a significant role to play in increasing global animal production. Furthermore, modeling of integrated sugarcane and animal production shows that the approach can have substantial economic advantages (Gradiz et al. 2007).

 Sugarcane has significant advantages as a forage crop in the tropics and subtropics including - (i) adaptation to tropical and subtropical conditions; - (ii) reduced sensitivity to poor soil fertility, heat and humidity, and insect and disease pressures compared with other crops; - (iii) existing technology for production and processing at industrial scale; - (iv) high biomass yields can be achieved, and; - (v) the unusual ability to maintain consistent quality as a standing crop in the field (Pate et al. 2002).

Indeed, there are examples of sugarcane cultivars that have been specifically bred to provide animal feed and thrive under region-specific environmental conditions (Suzuki et al. 2014).

 This chapter provides an overview of how sugarcane crop residues, the products of sugarcane processing, and the products of raw sugar production are being used to support animal production and describes technologies available to
enhance them for this purpose.


This study explores how new users of mobile tablet devices experience and learn to adapt to the distraction they encounter due to the ubiquitous nature of the devices. After giving young adults mobile tablet devices, their uses of tablet devices were tracked for one year. A mixed method of online surveys and netnography was conducted on 35 participants in Australia. Participants were faced with continuous connectivity where they had to deal with multiple tasks. The tablet was perceived to be both an efficient tool that maximizes the use of time and a playful device that is distracting. This apparent dichotomy of productivity and distraction was well received by the participants, who did not think of the two as mutually exclusive. Participants negotiated their time and attention they gave to their devices switching from productive and distractive multitasking. Self-regulation strategies were adopted when they encountered distraction. Preventive and pre-emptive uses of the distractive activities were the main methods of dealing with the situation.


In Hermann von Helmholtz' physiological writings the word 'apparatus' can have several meanings. In his famous treatise Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik (1863), for example, Helmholtz refers to at least three different apparatuses: the experimental "apparatus" used for producing single tones, the "apparatus belonging to the drum of the ear", which consists of hammer, anvil, and stirrup connecting eardrum and labyrinth and, some pages later, the "termination of the auditory nerves" in Corti's organ is characterized as a kind of "peculiar auxiliary apparatus" made for resonating [Helmholtz 1870, 178, 199, and 212]. The diverse use of the word was by no means unusual in the golden age of German 'organic physics' in the decades between 1845 and 1870 [Lenoir 1997, 75-95]. On the contrary the ubiquitous talk about apparatuses itself might be understood to constitute organic entities as physically defined technological objects. As a consequence it could appear that it is only meant metaphorically, when Helmholtz talks about the several parts of the inner ear in terms of an apparatus. But if we understand metaphors with


Background. Radiologic tests to determine the size and location of cancer on peritoneal surfaces are needed for patient management and for clinical research activity.


The compositions and sequence distributions of homogeneous styrene (S)–ethyl methacrylate (E) copolymers, obtained by low conversion solution polymerization have been studied by 1H- and 13C-NMR. A new set of peak triad assignments was proposed for the δ 2.1–4.2 ppm region in the 1H-NMR spectrum, whereby the reactivity ratios of rS = 0.59 and rE = 0.50 were used to establish this new assignment. The EEE and SSS blocks, present in these copolymers, have a high degree of syndiotacticity (σEE = 0.23, σSS = 0.39), whereas the ESE units are exhibiting a slight tendency toward isotacticity (σES = 0.66).


The cloud-based solutions are becoming inefficient due to considerably large time delays, high power consumption, and security and privacy concerns caused by billions of connected wireless devices and typically zillions of bytes of data they produce at the network edge. A blend of edge computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques could optimally shift the resourceful computation servers closer to the network edge, which provides the support for advanced AI applications (e.g., video/audio surveillance and personal recommendation system) by enabling intelligent decision making on computing at the point of data generation as and when it is needed, and distributed Machine Learning (ML) with its potential to avoid the transmission of the large dataset and possible compromise of privacy that may exist in cloud-based centralized learning. Besides, the deployment of AI techniques to redesign end-to-end communication is attracting attention to improve communication performance. Therefore, the interaction of AI and wireless communications generates a new concept, named native AI wireless networks. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive overview of recent advances in distributed intelligence in wireless networks under the umbrella of native AI wireless networks, with a focus on the design of distributed learning architectures for heterogeneous networks, on AI-enabled edge computing, on the communication-efficient technologies to support distributed learning, and on the AI-empowered end-to-end communications. We highlight the advantages of hybrid distributed learning architectures compared to state-of-the-art distributed learning techniques. We summarize the challenges of existing research contributions in distributed intelligence in wireless networks and identify potential future opportunities.


Indium tin oxide is a widely used material in modern optics and electronics and has a wide range of applications from antireflection coatings to liquid crystal displays. This work is devoted to the use of indium tin oxide films in the field of solar energy. Films were obtained using magnetron sputtering, using the PVD (physical vapour deposition) method. The optimization of film synthesis modes is one of the most important tasks for solar photovoltaic. In this paper, we show the results of studying the influence of oxygen fluxes during the synthesis on a glass of indium-tin oxide films obtained by magnetron sputtering, as well as the effect of the thicknesses of the obtained films on their optical and electrical properties. Optical properties are presented as transmission spectra. Electrical properties are presented in the form of results of measurements of resistivity, mobility and concentration of carriers and their relationship with the speed of movement of the samples, the thickness and flow of oxygen. It was found that the characteristics of indium-tin oxide films depend on oxygen fluxes, as well as on the thickness of the films themselves. Annealing of films at a temperature of 300 ° C was chosen as optimization of the technological process.


The performance of two different types of heatsink design for a Liquid Crystal Display has been studied. Design of Experiments method was carried out to select 25 designs for each type, and the models were then analysed using computer simulation techniques to obtain the performance of the designs. The performance data were then used to construct approximate quadratic response surface equations which were used to find the optimal designs for each design type and to identify key design parameters.


This paper discusses design of an autonomous rope climbing robot for identified industrial applications. Modified design goals are drawn up after analyzing the same from prior publications. A modular design with wheel based drive is conceptualized and suitable calculations are done to select drive motor, onboard power source etc. Limited laboratory based test is also carried out to establish suitability of the suggested drive mechanism. An embodiment is drawn out next for light weight modular construction satisfying the design goals. Salient design features are compared with published designs.


Jane Jacobs wrote (1989, p. 92), of four similar squares near City Hall in Philadelphia, that only Rittenhouse Square was 'beloved and successful'. Her explanation was its diversity of pedestrian generators. Other theorists, including Hillier (1999) and Gehl (2010), have given equally confident explanations of why some spaces are more popular than others. Small urban public open spaces (POS) are a problem in China as well as in the west. But POS in China tend to have different origins and to be used in different ways. This was an aspect of the research. In China there were few POS before the 20th century and a great many have been made since 1978. My research set out to develop and test a systematic assessment method which could be used (1) to test theories about POS use and use intensity (2) to assess the character and quality of individual POS in urban areas. In addition to published data, the assessment method uses criteria drawn from theorists and includes assessments of use intensity made by the researcher. The assessment method was tested on 100 small urban POS in London and Tianjin. It was found that the best theories for predicting use intensity were those which grew from empirical research, rather than from armchair theorizing. Further investigation revealed that although no one criterion has universal validity, but that particular criteria can be used to explain the popularity of particular POS. The assessment method could therefore be used to help with the problems that: (1) in China, most POS are surprisingly unpopular (2) in Europe, some POS are less popular than expected. Use intensity is the main criterion used to indicate popularity but it is recognized that other indicators (e.g. questionnaires) could be used.


Based on the molecular dynamic decomposition theory,the mathematical model for the exploitation of natural gas hydrate by thermal excitation is established.The effect of the inverse reaction of the natural gas hydrate decomposition in the exploitation process on the decomposition law of the natural gas hydrate and the seepage law of the decomposed natural gas in formation is considered in the model.The pressure control equation and the temperature control equation are solved by finite difference method,the distribution laws of formation pressure and temperature in the exploitation process of natural gas hydrate and the variation law of natural gas yield are obtained,and the effect of formation permeability on them are analyzed.The results show that,in front of the hydrate deposition,the pressure presents leaping and the temperature reaches to the lowest point;the natural gas yield presents cyclic variation tend,and the cycle becomes longer with the increase of the exploitation time;they are all sensitive to the change of the formation permeability.The results tally well with the experimental results in literature [8],which shows the established model and the obtained results are correct and reliable.


of thromboembolism (VTE) events in patients hospitalised for a diagnosis of bowel disease (IBD). Their analysis, utilising the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from to 2018, that 4,859,728 hospitalizations of patients with IBD included 128,236 (2.6%) having a VTE event, with 6352 associated deaths. Notably, the rate of VTE increased during the study pe-riod from 192 to 295 cases per 10,000 hospitalizations (AAPC 2.4%, 95% CI 1.4%– 3.4%, p < 0.001). Although not plotted over time, their analysis included patients with prior VTE and found on multivariable analysis that these individuals had an especially high risk of VTE development while hospitalised (aOR: 1.75, 95%CI 1.66– 1.84). Notably, on their analysis of patients admitted specifically with a primary IBD diagnosis, VTE rates did not increase over time.


Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) has been widely used as one of the most important technologies for determining coseismic deformation. However, DInSAR processing is often perturbed by errors including atmospheric effects and those in topographic models, SAR satellite orbits, and phase unwrapping operation. These nuisance components can degrade the accuracy of the measurements and, therefore, distort the inversion of fault slips especially for moderate earthquakes. We propose in this letter a multitemporal InSAR (MTInSAR) method aiming to accurately determine coseismic deformation. By jointly analyzing a set of preseismic SAR images and one postseismic image, the method allows effective separation of coseismic deformation from topographic and satellite orbital errors deformation based on the distinct spatio-temporal characteristics of the signals. Since the solution is achieved directly from wrapped differential phases, the retrieved deformation is also immune to phase unwrapping errors. The October 6, 2008 Mw 6.3 Dangxiong, China earthquake is studied with the proposed method as an example. The slip inverted, respectively, from the MTInSAR and DInSAR coseismic deformation measurements shows up to 34-cm differences, indicating that the topographic error and inaccurate removal of orbital errors can bias the fault slip inversion.


have been categorised into three groups: thosewith full insight (aware, correct attributers); those aware of beingunwell, butwhomisattributed their symptoms (aware, incorrect attributers); and those unaware of being ill (unaware).Cluster analysis of 'awareness of illness'and 'relabelling of symptoms'scores onthe Schedule for the Assessmentof Insight confirmed three distinct subgroups.The unaware groupwere impaired on executive andmemory tests, whereas those inthe aware, misattributing group were cognitively intact.Findings support an association betweenunawareness of illness and executive dysfunction, and highlightthe separation of symptom misattribution fromunawareness of illness.


Around 28.8% (around 0.3 billion) of Indian are vegetarian which equivocally advocates the importance of pulse protein in Indian diet, in particular and Indian economy, in general (Akibode and Maredia, 2012; Singh et al., 2016). The pace of its exploration in terms of research has always been slow. Among the thirteen pulses grown in India, mung bean or green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] belonging to subgenus Ceratotropis is a selfpollinated, diploid (2n=2x=22), short duration pulse/grain legume having579 Mbp genome size (Nair et al., 2019). It is a widely cultivated crop in Southern and Southeast Asia particularly the humid tropics where Cercospora leaf spot disease (CLS) is a key constraint of socioeconomic importance to its production (Mew et al., 1975). Occurrence of disease coincides with reproductive phase of crop (Vakili, 1977) leading to considerable yield loss (Iqbal et al., 1995) which in turn have been compounded by the evolving pathogenic variants of C. canescens (Shanmugasundaram, 1987; Chand et al., 2012). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 01 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


This is a collection of selected, peer reviewed papers from the 4th International Conference on Applied Mechanics, Materials and Manufacturing (ICA3M 2014, ICAMMM2014), August 23-24, 2014, Shenzhen, China. The 336 papers are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Nanomaterials Science and Technology; Chapter 2: Metals and Alloys; Chapter 3: Optical and Magnetic Materials, Semiconductors and Technology; Chapter 4: Composite Materials and Applications; Chapter 5: Chemical Materials and Technologies for Chemical Engineering; Chapter 6: Building Materials and Construction Technology; Chapter 7: Technologies of Material Processing; Chapter 8: Applied and Computational Mechanics in Designing and Research; Chapter 9: Industrial Equipment and Technology; and, 10 Chapter 10: Mechanical Structural Strength, Reliability and Risk Analysis and Assessment. It also includes: Chapter 11: Vibration, Sound, Noise Analysis and Control; Chapter 12: Measurement Technology, Instruments and Sensors, Monitoring, Detection Technologies and Methodologies; Chapter 13: Mechatronics, Industrial Robots, Automation and Control Technologies; Chapter 14: Electronics, Circuit Technology and Electrics; Chapter 15: Computer Applications and Mathematical Modeling, Intelligent Algorithms and Optimization; Chapter 16: Industrial Engineering, Production Management, Operations, Quality and Control; and, Chapter 17: New Technologies in Engineering Education.


We compute the differential →Xsγ decay width in the Standard Model as a function of the photon energy using Dressed Gluon Exponentiation (DGE). The resummed spectrum is matched with the fixed–order expansion, making use of the next–to–next–to–leading order (NNLO) results for the matrix element of the magnetic dipole interaction O7 and NLO ones for other operators in the effective Weak Hamiltonian. We develop a new technique to implement constraints on the analytic structure of the Sudakov factor in moment space. This improves the behavior of the resummed spectrum away from the Sudakov region. We also derive an analytic expression for the Borel transform of the perturbative series for the O7 spectrum in the large–β0 limit. Using this example we demonstrate that exponentiation in moment space is necessary for the calculation of the spectrum for Eγ 2 GeV. Finally, we investigate numerically the relation between renormalons, power corrections and support properties. We present predictions for the branching fraction and the first few spectral moments as a function of a cut E_0$>Eγ > E0 and estimate the theoretical uncertainty.


Many process Industries have the integral process with time delay. When compare to the ordinary process these process are difficult to control because of the pole lying at the origin. satellite attitude control ,distillation column, tank system with constant outlet is some of the real time systems existing in integral type Many controller methods are found in the literature but the stability of the system gets affected if the load disturbance act on the systems. The objective of the paper is to improve the servo and regulatory responses of the integral process.


The study examines how program-induced mood and a five-second countdown warning affect reception of midroll video commercials. Building on mood regulation theory, findings from three studies suggest that program-induced moods and five-second countdowns systematically influence advertising effectiveness. When the main program is tragic (comedic) and when a countdown precedes (does not precede) the midroll ad, viewers have more positive attitudes toward the ad and purchase intentions. The findings are replicated in realistic (Study 1) and controlled (Studies 2A and 2B) settings.


The study aims to explore the current reality of internet service in school libraries affiliated with the education of Karak by identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the service and identifying the most important problems facing the use of the Internet in school libraries. The study also aimed to knew the views and perspectives of each of the managers, secretaries and employees of school libraries on the impact of the Internet service in their libraries. The study gains its importance by addressing the issue of the Internet and its basic services in school libraries and its importance and benefits in the scientific research process. The study population consists of students of the education schools in Karak Governorate from the preparatory and secondary school levels. The study sample is represented in the Kasbah of Karak schools for males and females for the preparatory and secondary stages. The researcher used the descriptive, analytical approach and the case study approach. The researcher collected data through books and periodicals that dealt with the Internet topic and the interview with the librarian and the questionnaire. The study came out with a set of findings and recommendations for students and librarians, which will help develop the use of the Internet in school libraries.


This concise history of New York City municipal unions makes a persuasive case that union leadership in NYC has often behaved like a junior partner in the management structure by conceding to City demands (oftentimes over the protest of the membership); by excluding the rank and file from decision-making; by doing management's job of enforcing workplace discipline; and by undermining and marginalizing militants within the ranks.


In this manuscript, a new design of a compact printed elliptical disc ultrawideband antenna with defected ground plane for UWB applications is proposed. The designed antenna is fed by a 5Ω microstrip line and printed on a dielectric FR4 substrate of permittivity εr = 4.4 and thickness h= 0.8 mm. The optimization process on the planar ellipticalshaped monopole has been presented to achieve an ultrawideband at -10 dB return loss bandwidth. The proposed compact design enhances the bandwidth and improves the return loss. The antenna under investigation covers 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX, 7.25-7.76 GHz for downlink of X-band satellite communication system, 4 GHz-8 GHz that is C band and 8 GHz-12 GHz that is X band for radar application and 8.01-8.55 GHz ITU band. In addition to this, the antenna has a simple planar structure and small size of 26×30 mm2. The antenna exhibits a good radiation pattern in horizontal plane which makes it useful for various applications.


Three dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of shape parameters (plate width and thickness) on the stress intensity factor for crack in the integrally stiffened plate. Analysis was done for width ratios of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and thickness ratios of 2, 3, 4, 6. Based on these results, an empirical equation of geometry factor is formulated as a function of crack length and thickness ratio.


For a UWB pyramidal horn antenna with a curved ridge and a fin, the effect of the resistors at the end of the fin on reflection coefficient or return loss is investigated. The results from both simulation and experiment show that it is a very important factor on its performance that these termination resistors well match the impedance at the antenna's end.


This research aims to 1) study, design and develop fertilizer mixer using Internet of Things. 2) develop application control the fertilizer mixer using mobile application. The results shown that the fertilizer mixer using IoT technology and conFig.d with application via smartphone. The research is divided into 2 parts: 1) hardware 2) software. The hardware using ESP32S platform for control devices and applications, Users can mix fertilizers according to the formula they want with the program that runs on their smartphones, calculating formula N-P-K to get the mixed fertilizer by weight of the fertilizer. The user can set schedule for the fertilizer mixer in 2 ways: 1) the fertilizer mixer immediately 2) set the schedule date, time for the fertilizer mixer. User can also choose from two forms of blending: 1) select according to the recommended formula or saved formula (by selecting from plant name and plant age) 2) by setting N-P-K values such as 16-20-0 or 15-1515, etc. The results of automatic fertilizer mixer was found that the automatic fertilizer mixer was able to perform the work according to the specified capacity efficiently and the error of the weight of the fertilizers from the automatic fertilizer mixer is 7% of the total weight of the required fertilizer.


Through make analysis into the shortcoming of the traditional architecture of security and authentication,and based this,this article will put forward the solution to the architecture of security,authentication and accessing control;it will also give some resolvable methods to several problems maybe fell across in the path of implement;in addition,the spreading version of the architecture of security and authentication for Web Service and the framework which based on the Oriented Object method and the technique of single sign on will be put forward.


Classical canon law based its matrimonial dogma on ancient foundations: the solid base of matrimony had been laid by the late Antiquity. Earlier in the Middle Ages, the Church had linked its view of a valid and legitimately contracted marriage with the observance of secular marriage customs and rites. Later, however, the Church sought more actively to define the necessary aspects of the making of marriage. Here the paths of the Church and the secular society forked. The Papal Revolution and the establishing of the Churchs exclusive jurisdiction over the sacrament of matrimony intensified the need to create an exhaustive and complete legal doctrine of marriage formation. Scholarly opinions of the ends and aims of the Churchs policy of consent have varied. Some have stressed the revolutionary nature of the freedom and democracy of marriage. Others have more cautiously doubted the intention of the consensualists to sponsor adolescent self-determination.Keywords: Churchs policy of consent; classical canon law; marriage formation; matrimony; Middle Ages; Papal Revolution


Most Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) users address the convergence problem by applying diagnostic tools to the output produced by running their samplers. Potentially useful diagnostics can be borrowed from diverse areas such as time series. One such method is phase randomization. This paper describes this method in the context of MCMC, summarizes its characteristics, and contrasts its performance with those of the more common diagnostic tests for MCMC. It is observed that the new tool contributes information about third‐ and higher‐order cumulant behaviour which is important in characterizing certain forms of nonlinearity and non‐stationarity.


A new and rapid potentiometric method to quantify aluminum ions concentration was developed. The method involves the development of an aluminum ion sensor with a membrane consists of diethyl (2-azobenzoic acid) malonate (DAM) as a novel ionophore in poly (vinyl chloride) matrix membrane plasticized with orthonitrophenyl-octyl ether or dioctylphthalate. The structure of the synthesized ionophore (DAM) was identified using Fourier transform infrared, 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The proposed electrode reveals a Nernstian response over Al3+ ion in a concentration range 1 × 10-7-1 × 10-2 mol L-1 with the cationic slopes of 19.6 ± 0.3 and 19.3 ± 0.2 mV decade-1, and the limits of detection 5 × 10-8 and 7 × 10-8 mol L-1 aluminum(III) for orthonitrophenyl-octyl ether and dioctylphthalate-based membrane sensors, respectively. The electrodes showed good discrimination toward Al3+ ion in the presence of the most common cations. The electrodes show response in a short time (10 s) for the entire concentration range and used for 11 weeks without significant variation in potentials. To evaluate the application of the investigated electrodes was used to determine Al3+ ion at different collected samples from environmental sources. In addition, these sensors have been used as indicator electrodes in the potentiometric titration of Al3+ ion against Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.


Agrarian Law or National Land Law in Indonesia adheres to Customary Law. One of them is the principle of cash and carry in the sale and purchase of land rights. People who have problems in the sale and purchase of land rights often want to cancel unilaterally without knowing about the application of the principle of cash and carry in the sale and purchase of land rights. This research method uses a form of normative legal research using a statutory approach with legal material collection techniques using literature studies and secondary data. The results of this study indicate that the carry principle of buying and selling land rights in Indonesia cannot be canceled unilaterally if it has fulfilled the cash and carry principles adopted by national land law from customary law in Indonesia.


This work studies a flexible methodology to predict radiated noise. The main contributions of this work are focused on the way flow parameters are acquired in fluid dynamics simulations are synthesised, stored and later used to predict radiated noise, but also on the procedure considered in the radiation calculations. The methodology has been restricted to low Mach number flows where the noise generation is dominated by the interaction of the flow with a surface at least one of whose typical dimensions is short compared to the wavelength of intereset, known as a compact source. The radiation calculations may employ purely analytical methods or numerical methods, depending on the application. Finally, the requirements in data storage and transfer are significantly reduced by using this method. Besides, if the flow remains essentially the same, the Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation should not need to be repeated in case different acoustic scenarios should be studied.


In 1933, Kolmogorov published his book, Foundations of the Theory of Probability, laying the modern axiomatic foundations of probability theory and establishing his reputation as the world's leading expert in this field [...]


Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy is used to probe the active sites of zinc-finger peptides, via ring modes of metal-bound histidine and metal−S(cysteine) stretching modes of Cd-substituted peptides.


As the BPM marketplace continues its rapid evolution, there is an increasing array of technology offerings available for modeling and enacting business processes. Yet despite the advances that have been made in the process technology area, it is more difficult than ever for organizations to select an appropriate tool on which to base their business processes. These difficulties stem from two major causes: (1) the increasing diversity of offerings that fall under the BPM technology umbrella, and (2) the complexity associated with reconciling the needs of the organization and the capabilities of available products.


The present invention relates to a CMOS image sensor and a method for manufacturing and at the same time ensure the reliability of the driver transistor to improve an output voltage of the photodiode, CMOS image sensors of the present invention is a photodiode transistor region and a driver transistor region semiconductor substrate, which is defined as; and, the photodiode first gate insulating film of the transistor region formed on the substrate, a second gate and, formed on the driving transistor region insulating and characterized by comprising comprises a. According to a feature of the present invention, picture formed in forming the photodiode transistors and the driving transistors constituting the at least 3T type CMOS image sensor, different from each other, the thickness of the gate insulating film of the photodiode of the gate insulating film of the transistor thickness and the driving transistor and simultaneously increase the output voltage of the diode it is possible to ensure the reliability of the driving transistor. CMOS, image sensors, the photodiode, the gate insulating film


New nonthermal mechanism of sound photoexcitation in semiconductors having transition into ferromagnetic phase is proposed. The efficiency of this mechanism is compared with the efficiency of electron-deformation mechanism. Simple situation of a drift with constant velocity is described. The duration of generated acoustic pulse depends on the velocity of the drift and the thickness of transition area.


Increasing the response rate and minimizing non-response rates represent the primary challenges to researchers in performing longitudinal and cohort research. This is most obvious in the area of paediatric medicine. When there are missing data, complete case analysis makes findings biased. Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) is one of many available approaches for reducing the bias using a complete case analysis. Here, a complete case is weighted by probability inverse of complete cases. The data of this work is collected from the neonatal intensive care unit at Erbil maternity hospital for the years 2012 to 2017. In total, 570 babies (288 male and 282 females) were born very preterm. The aim of this paper is to use inverse probability weighting on the Bayesian logistic model developmental outcome. The Mental Development Index (MDI) approach is used for assessing the cognitive development of those born very preterm. Almost half of the information for the babies was missing, meaning that we do not know whether they have cognitive development issues or they have not. We obtained greater precision in results and standard deviation of parameter estimates which are less in the posterior weighted model in comparison with frequent analysis.


The ability of an obstruction-scaling model of solute diffusion to account for solute diffusivity in polyelectrolyte gels composed of semiflexible chains is presented. The diffusion of FITC-dextran in poly(acrylic acid) gels was measured at different pH conditions to determine the effect of the ionization degree of the poly(acrylic acid) on the diffusivity of the FITC-dextran. The obstruction-scaling model, as well as a hydrodynamic-based model and a jumping frequency model, was applied to the data. It was determined through regression analysis that the obstruction-scaling approach provided a better fit and could effectively account for the observed effect of the variation in the ionization degree on solute diffusivity.


Abstract The question of the sources for Christian Ethics has been a perennial problem. In the first part of this study a heuristic continuum is set up in order to examine briefly six ways of relating faith and morality at the level of sources for Christian ethics which some theologians have actually adopted (e.g., Karl Barth and James Gustafson). In the second part, the author's own constructive proposal is offered along with a critical analysis of the previous positions. It is argued that a critical-dialogical relation between faith and morality offers the best possibilities both for preserving the relative autonomy of each and for utilizing the resources of faith and morality in the discipline of Christian ethics.


Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea Received: November 19th, 2013; Revised: January 25th, 2013; Accepted: February 5th, 2014 Purpose: In this study, the performance of cooling system with the water-water heat pump system of 100kW scale made for cooling agricultural facilities, especially for horticultural facilities, was analyzed. It was intended to suggest performance criteria and performance improvement for the effective cooling system. Methods: The measuring instruments consisted of two flow meters, a power meter and thermocouples. An ultrasonic and a magnetic flow meter measured the flow rate of the water, which was equivalent to heat transfer fluid. The power meter measured electric power in kW consumed by the heat pump system. T-type thermocouples measured the temperature of each part of the heat pump system. All of measuring instruments were connected to the recorder to store all the data. Results: When the water temperature supplied into the evaporator of the heat pump system was over 20°C, the cooling Coefficient Of Performance(COP) of the system was higher than 3.0. As the water temperature supplied into the evaporator, gradually, lowered, the cooling COP, also, decreased, linearly. Especially, when the water temperature supplied into the evaporator was lower than 15°C, the cooling COP was lower below 2.5. Conclusions: In order to maintain the cooling COP higher than 3.0, we suggest that the water temperature supplied into evaporator from the thermal storage tank should be maintained above 20°C. Also, stratification in the thermal storage tank should be formed well and the circulating pumps and the pipe lines should be arranged in order for the relative low-temperature water to be stored in the lower part of the thermal storage tank.


To meet the society needs,we optimized the curriculum system of civil engineering drawing course,which focused on training students' application ability and help them learn to meet practical needs.We proposed measures to improve students' drawing ability from aspects of the teaching content,teaching methods,and evaluation methods.


Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that level of exercise is associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk. Treadmill training can decrease Apc Min/+ mouse intestinal polyp number and size, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Understanding the molecular changes in the tumor following exercise training may provide insight on the mechanism by which exercise decreases Apc Min/+ mouse polyp formation and growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise can modulate Apc Min/+ mouse intestinal polyp cellular signaling related to tumor formation and growth. Male Apc Min/+ mice were randomly assigned to Control (n=20) or Exercise (n=20) treatment groups. Exercised mice ran on a treadmill at a moderate intensity (18 m/min, 60 min, 6 d/wk, 5% grade) for 9 weeks. Polyps from Apc Min/+ mice were used to quantify markers of polyp inflammation, apoptosis, and (cid:1) -catenin signaling. Exercise decreased the number of macrophages in large polyps by 35%. Related to apoptosis, exercise decreased the number of TUNEL positive cells by 73% in all polyps. Bax protein expression in polyps was decreased 43% by exercise. (cid:2) -catenin phosphorylation was elevated 3.3-fold in polyps from exercised mice. Moderate-intensity exercise training alters cellular pathways in Apc Min/+ mouse polyps and these changes may be related to the exercise-induced reduction in polyp formation and growth.


Since its emergency in early 1970s the marketing of higher education has been an attraction both to academics and practitioners.Summarizing the historical background and current situation of higher education marketing in western countries over the past 30 years,the authors analyzes its applicability in terms of advantages and disadvantages in China,and finally puts forward some proposals for formal marketing in Chinese higher education from a perspective of marketing through associations.


The Probabilistic Risk Assessment Unit at EG G Idaho has developed this handbook to provide guidance to a facility manager exploring the potential benefit to be gained by performance of a risk assessment properly scoped to meet local needs. This document is designed to help the manager control the resources expended commensurate with the risks being managed and to assure that the products can be used programmatically to support future needs in order to derive maximum beneflt from the resources expended. We present a logical and functional mapping scheme between several discrete phases of project definition to ensure that a potential customer, working with an analyst, is able to define the areas of interest and that appropriate methods are employed in the analysis. In addition the handbook is written to provide a high-level perspective for the analyst. Previously, the needed information was either scattered or existed only in the minds of experienced analysts. By compiling this information and exploring the breadth of knowledge which exists within the members of the PRA Unit, the functional relationships between the customers' needs and the product have been established.


: The article begins by examining Durkheim's editorial role in the creation of Hubert and Mauss's essay on sacrifice, published in his new journal, the Année sociologique , in 1899. It then brings out how, in Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse , Durkheim operated both with an 'official' and a more or less 'hidden' theory of sacrifice, the first based on the approach in Hubert and Mauss's essay, the second rooted in Durkheim's earlier views and critical editorial comments on Hubert and Mauss's ideas. In the process it brings out, through a detailed analysis of the work's chapters specifically on sacrifice but also on piacular rites, tensions, ambiguities and cross-purposes in the work as a whole. These especially turn round Durkheim's approach to violence and to the sacrificial offering or gift, and are also evident in his concern with different types of effervescence, the foundational and commemorative, as well as the 'joyous' and piacular. The article concludes by linking these tensions with issues at stake in Durkheim's interest in the French Revolution and account of the role of effervescence in moments of rupture and fundamental social change. hours effervescence ideals arise formulas guide humanity hours experienced, men will spontaneously feel the need to relive them from time to time in thought, that is, to keep their memory fresh through celebrations that regularly reproduce their fruits. 1912a: 610–611).


Background : Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) develops due to external mechanical pressure of superior vena cava (SVC) by a mass lesion or by an enlarged lymph node, tumor invasion of the vessel wall, or venous thrombosis resulting in intraluminal obstruction. Approximately 3,9% of lymphomas are complicated with SVCS. This rate reaches to 7% in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The objective of this article was to describe a case report of a young woman with a diffuse large B cell lymphoma, complicated with pericardial-pleural effusion and SVCS. Methods: A 25 year old woman referred to the Internal Medicine Clinic of Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital with complaints of bloating in the neck and both arms. She had chest pain, dyspnea, cough, and epigastric discomfort for 10 days. A thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test and pathological assessment were carried out. Results: A mediastinal mass 64x112x82 mm in size, displaced the heart and main mediastinal structures to posterior, was detected by thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test. The result of the pathological assessment of the biopsy specimen revealed large B cell lymphoma, stained strongly and diffusely with CD20 and bcl-2. She was referred to the hematology unit and doing well after a chemotherapy. Conclusions: Diagnosis of SVCS requires high level of clinical suspicion, detailed and complete physical examination. Moreover, SVCS should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of patients presented with edema in the neck and upper extremities.


Full List of Studies Identified by EPA Office of Water ................................................................. 2 Studies Available on Webpages...................................................................................................... 3 Copies of Studies Included in this Compilation Document ............................................................ 4 Amitai et al 2007 (pp 843-850) ....................................................................................................... 5 Blount e al 2006 (pp 1865-1871) .................................................................................................. 13 Tellez, et al. 2005 (pp 963-975) ..................................................................................................... 20


Commercial radiotelephone connections must generally be accessible to any telephone in an extensive wire system. Speech signals delivered to the radio terminals for transmission to distant points vary widely in amplitude due to the characteristics of the wire circuits and individual voices. To provide the best margin against atmospheric noise, it is usually the practice to equalize this wide range of speech amplitudes and thus drive the radiotelephone transmitter at its full capacity. Many devices have been proposed to adjust automatically the gain in a circuit to equalize speech volumes. The difficulties of providing a device which will respond properly over a wide range to the complex qualities of a speech signal have only recently been overcome to a satisfactory degree. The voice-operated gain-adjusting device, or "vogad," described in this paper is a practical design based upon more than a year's experience with one of the most promising devices made available by earlier development effort. A trial installation of this latest vogad is now under way at Norfolk in connection with a new radiotelephone system for harbor and coastal service.


This paper studies the multi-attribute decision making problem,in which the decision information takes the form of triangular fuzzy number complementary judgment matrix. The relation between the triangular fuzzy number complementary judgment matrix and its weight vector is presented and a goal-programming model is established. The weight vector of triangular fuzzy complementary judgment matrix is obtained by solving the model. By using a existing priority formula of triangular fuzzy numbers, the decision alternatives are ranked. Finally, a numerical example is given.


It is known that the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Silba was demolished in 1828 so as to provide the necessary building material for the completion of the new parish church which inherited the dedication from the old one. As we learn from the archival records, the demolition was authorized by the Archbishop of Zadar Josip Nowak who stipulated that the Franciscan Church of Our Lady of Carmel would function as the local parish church while the new one was being built. All that remains from the old church today is the bell tower which continued to be used by the new parish church.  It is obvious from the schematic ground plan and the dimensions of the demolished church, recorded in the now lost document from the parish church archive, that it was a single-nave longitudinal structure with a rectangular sacristy to the east, two shallow chapels extending from the lateral walls and a porch of the lopica type (resembling a loggia) at the front which abutted onto the corner of the bell tower with its own south corner. Apart from the high altar, placed against the back wall, the church had three pairs of side altars.  The analysis of the canonical visitations carried out during the second quarter of the seventeenth century demonstrates that the church, recorded for the first time in 1579, was a modest building in which the oil for the anointment of the sick was being kept because the local parish church of that time, dedicated to St Mark, was too far from the village. The church was provided with five side altars put up by the more distinguished individuals and members of the lay fraternities the most prominent of which was that of Our Lady of the Rosary after which the church was called by eighteenth-century locals. Based on the analysis of the 1670 visitation of Archbishop Evangelisto Parzaghi who described the renovation during which certain altars changed their places, the article argues that the church was completed just before this visit. The bell tower was mentioned as a campanile for the first time in 1678. By means of comparative analysis, it can be established that the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin at Silba belonged to the same architectural type as a large group of simple yet spacious churches which were built in rural communities along the east Adriatic coast by local masters during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The activity of such masters on the island of Silba is corroborated by contemporary birth, marriage and death records as well as a number of monuments such as a tombstone in the Church of St Mark and the door lintel in the house of master builder Franic Lorencin (1660), both of which depict building and carving tools.  The analysis of the land registry maps and topographical drawings of 1824 and 1833 shows that the church's south wall, to the east of the chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary, was laid in a different direction compared to that of the rest of the wall, indicating that this portion belonged to an earlier layer of the building which, judging from everything, seems to have been medieval. Therefore, the wall was widened and extended towards the west during the rebuilding documented in the visitation of 1670. This possibility, which a future excavation of the site ought to be confirm, is strengthened by the frequency of such alterations as can be seen on the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century churches on the island of Ugljan and in particular on the Church of St Lawrence at Lukoran, built in 1632, which is the best example of that architectural type. Another feature of these churches is the lopica-type porch which stands out as an architectural element typical of Istria and the Quarnero gulf to which, geographically speaking, the island of Silba gravitates. The lopica porch of the Church of the Nativity at Silba had a particularly elongated plan and featured two symmetrical sets of three supports and an axial main entrance into the porch, that is, the church. It is unlikely that the porch was added prior to the late seventeenth century because during that time, Silba was exposed to the raids of the Turkish pirates who threatened it directly. It is certain that the bell tower was used for defensive purposes and the addition of a porch would have diminished its importance as a fortification structure and hampered the visual communication with the entrance to the church. The examination of the architecture of the bell tower revealed two different building phases: an earlier one which included the body of the bell tower and a later one which saw the addition of the pyramidal structure together with a shallow square drum. In its original form, the bell tower had a compact body featuring a round-headed opening at the centre of each side of the two topmost storeys. Their stylistically undefined morphology corresponds to modest bell towers which were built in this area from the late sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The original pyramidal top had to be dismantled in 1858 due to wear and tear and it was replaced by the present one which has oval openings at the bottom of each side of the drum. This structure is almost identical to the top of the bell tower of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary at Preko on the island of Ugljan which was built in 1844. Based on the archival records, the article also establishes that the substantially repainted image of the Virgin and Child with SS Mark and Matthew, today at the high altar of the parish church, was originally larger. It was the object of ex-voto veneration and numerous offerings had been placed in its glass case. The painting was cropped so that it could be inserted into the niche of the marble altar piece designed by Ciril M. Ivekovic (1898) which meant the loss of the two evangelists. According to the preserved contract and drawing, the lower part of the altar was set up in 1860 by Giovanni dalla Zonca, an altar maker from Vodnjan, and it featured the still preserved wooden statues of SS Peter and Paul which are dated to the mid-seventeenth century on the basis of their stylistic features. Therefore, it can be concluded that painting and the statues were taken from the high altar of the demolished church.


Four different kinds of porous media were used as the storing matrix for organic phase changing matters.The storage and phase changing features of organic phase changing matters in the porous media were studied experimentally,and the tuning effect of the porous structure on the phase changing behaviors of organic phase changing matters are analyzed.For relative pure organic phase changing matter,the phase changing temperature range is widened by the porous structure,and the phase changing temperature moves to the direction of higher temperature at a pace which is proportional approximately to the volume fraction of organic phase changing matter in porous media.But for impure organic phase changing matter,the tuning effect is rather complicated,even contrary.


I examine some behavioural and heuristic models of individual decision-making and argue that the diverse psychological mechanisms these models posit are too demanding to be implemented, either consciously or unconsciously, by actual decision makers. Accordingly, and contrary to what their advocates typically claim, behavioural and heuristic models are best understood as 'as-if' models. I then sketch a version of scientific antirealism that justifies the practice of as-if modelling in decision theory but goes beyond traditional instrumentalism. Finally, I relate my account of decision models to the recent controversy about mentalism versus behaviourism, reject both positions, and offer an alternative view.


Optical interferometric techniques have come to forefront in precision metrology applications such as surface profilometry, deformation analysis and defect testing. Reliable phase measurement from a recorded fringe pat- tern is the primary goal in most of these interferometric techniques. A primary constraint for accurate phase measurement is non uniform intensity fluctuations in fringe patterns caused by irregular illumination, uneven reflectivities and pixel defects. This problem is further aggravated in dynamics studies with multiple image capture where the intensity fluctuations can vary with time and thus lead to several fringe patterns getting affected. In this paper, this problem is investigated using the second order optimization framework along with the total variation regularization on a graphic processing unit (GPU). In our study, a series of fringe patterns are simulated with additive white Gaussian noise at signal to noise ratio of 20 dB. To induce fringe corruption due to the non uniform intensity conditions, the object wave amplitude is varied using an ellipse shaped filter which enables brighter conditions or stronger amplitudes inside the elliptical boundary and relatively darker conditions or weaker amplitudes outside of it. For time varying studies, we varied the size of the filter sequentially to gener- ate a series of interferograms with temporally varying non-uniform intensities. Further, orientations of elliptical illuminations are changed to verify the robustness of the algorithm. For processing a series of interferograms each with size of 512 by 512 pixels with dynamic range of 10 (ratio of brightest to darkest amplitude), we obtained root mean square error less than 0.25 radians for every interferogram using the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is robust for handling non-uniform intensity corruptions in fringe patterns for dynamics based investigations.


This paper analyzes the process involved in establishing a center dedicated to the investigation, documentation and conservation of indigenous languages and cultures in the town of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the north-west Brazilian Amazon. Our analysis will focus on how the sociolinguistic situation in the area of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, the complexity of local demands from community members and indigenous organizations, and the institutional context in the region are related to the center's strategic plan and initial activities. The goals of this paper are to identify and discuss potential directions for this pioneering initiative in Brazil, and to call attention to the complex practical and theoretical questions that it raises about collaboration, institutional and community involvement, and academic and traditional knowledge. We will contextualize our discussion of the center within the field of Language Documentation and Conservation (LD&C) and suggest practical directions for its future activities. Ultimately, this paper is intended to go beyond the analysis of a case study and function as a lens for current issues in LD&C theory, such as community involvement, collaboration, and empowerment.


We report the experimental results of the field H and temperature T dependent magnetization M measurements of MgB2 superconducting thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition. MgB2 thin films were obtained from a precursor layer deposited in UHV at room temperaure from stoichiometric target, then an annealing treatment in Mg atmosphere allowed to crystallize the superconducting phase. From the hysteresis loops at each temperature of measurement the critical current density Jc(H) has been extracted according to Brandt's model for a transverse geometry. At low temperatures an anomalous behavior has been observed in the hysteresis loops: as the exernal magnetic field approaches the zero field region on the upper and lower branches, a double peak of the magnetization occurs. This magnetic flux jumping can be explained within an adiabatic critical state model, and can be ascribed to thermomagnetic instabilities as in bulk samples.


In the context of smart grids, generation expansion planning is confronted with many uncertain factors, such as renewable energy penetration, users' options, applications of new technologies, etc. However, some of the uncertainties may only have partial information, making it difficult to use a traditional optimization method to solve the planning problems. In this paper, a robust two-stage stochastic programming model is investigated to handle generation expansion planning problems with incomplete information of uncertainties. In this model, it is assumed that the availability of the first and second moments information of random variables is known. By adopting the duality technique and an affine rule, the proposed two-stage stochastic programming problem can be reformulated as a deterministic second-order cone optimization problem under the robust optimization paradigm. A tractable mathematical model is derived, which minimizes the investment and operational costs subjected to system constraints. Case studies illustrate that an expansion solution always can be obtained under uncertainties with incomplete information. Sensitivity analysis is also conducted, which demonstrates that the robustness of optimal expansion decision depends on the levels of uncertainties.


To uncover the pathological feature of delayed renal graft function (DGF) and to explore corresponding prevention and treatments, 84 recipients receiving renal biopsy in our center from December 2007 to September 2010 were enrolled in this study, and 32 cases belonged to DGF. B-type ultrasonography-guided renal needle biopsy with BARD (a company in USA) biopsy needle was performed. After H and E staining, histochemical staining and C4d immunohistochemical staining, pathological types of all biopsy specimens were identified based on Banff'05 standard. DGF was finally confirmed based on the pathologic state of renal graft, and meanwhile clinical data, treatments and curative effects of each patient were recorded and analyzed. After renal biopsy, all patients must be in supine position for 8 h, and anti-inflammatory treatment and hematischesis was given. The main cause of DGF was acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in 20 cases, acute rejection (AR) in 8 cases and nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressants in 4 cases, 31 cases received hemodialysis, and one case received surgical removal. After timely treatments, renal function gradually restored normal in 28 cases, serum creatinine was between 135 to 300 μmol/L in 3 cases, and renal graft was finally removed in one case due to AR. DGF is a common postoperative complication of kidney transplantation, with high incidence. ATN and AR are the main etiological factors of DGF. The appropriate style and timely performance of plasma exchange is crucial for the prognosis of DGF. Other complementary treatments are also conducive to the restoration of renal function. The majority of DGF can gradually recover by plasma exchange in combination with complementary treatments.

 Key words: Kidney transplantation, delayed renal graft function, rejection, immunosuppressants, dialysis.


Compared to other professional groups in the healthcare sector, physiotherapists seldom use historical references in their efforts to define or empower their profession's identity. This article shows that the gender politics of physiotherapy is central in attempting to answer why this is the case. As illustrated, the gender mechanisms of the professionalizing of physiotherapy consisted of two co-existent developments—homosocial, or professional rivalry between men of differing professional scientific backgrounds—and heterosocial, where women competed against men in order to re-legitimize their professional occupation. Focusing mainly on Sweden but with references to England for comparison, the article brings together masculinity studies with women's history in order to show how the demasculinization of physiotherapy as a profession benefitted women in certain ways while disadvantaging male physiotherapists.


We present an alternative method of spin-transfer-induced magnetization switching for magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) using a conductive atomic force microscope (CAFM) with pulsed current. The nominal MTJ cells' dimensions were 200 × 400 nm2. The AFM probes were coated with a Pt layer via sputtering to withstand up to several milliamperes. The pulsed current measurements, with pulse duration varying from 5 to 300 ms, revealed a magnetoresistance ratio of up to 120%, and an estimated intrinsic switching current density, based on the thermal activation model, of 3.94 MA cm−2. This method demonstrates the potential skill to characterize nanometre-scale magnetic devices.


As its purpose, this paper identifies the organizational entities that representatives from NATO's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) StratCom and U.S. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A) STRAT EFFECTS might collaborate with (in priority order), and then provides recommendations on how to collaborate with these groups.


had been heard was somewhat increased, and the crepitant rales had become much louder, coarser and moister. In another case in which I injected 2 milligrammes, the patient had only just had a severe attack of heemoptysis, and it was thought by some that the injection might provoke further htemorrhage; but, on the contrary, the expectoration became freer and more mucous, and without any appearance of fresh bleeding. Nothing to me is more remarkable in connection with this treatment than the feeling of subjective amelioration which so constantly followt these strong reactions in cases of advanced disease....... Belap8ea.-Finally, there is the question of relap3es. I suppose there is no doubt that cases of lupus have already relapsed, but this, it seems to me, was to be anticipated. It is too much to expect that with one course of treatment extending over a few weeks only, a disease like tubercle is to be wholly eradicated from the body. Koch himself appears to have expected that relapses would occur, and that a reapplication of the treatment would be in many cases needed.


Annual seedlings of Dendrobenthamia angustata were planted in two different cultivable mediums.The results indicated that the seedling height,shoot diameter above the ground and the biomass of the seedlings planted in soil culture were obvious higher than that of in the sand culture.The difference lasted 2-3 years.The effects were the most significant in the first year,and the amounts of dissimilarity gradually reduced to the second and the third year.The proportion of stems in vegetative organs was the smallest in the first year,and the biggest in the third year.old seedlings had proportion.The root system of Dendrobenthamia angustata was strong.


The invention discloses an auction theory-based power distribution method in relay communication, and relates to the technical field of wireless communication. The method mainly solves the problem of power distribution under the conditions of complete information and incomplete information and sets the target bit error rate for ensuring that a destination node receives effective information. Under the complete information condition, a relay node calculates the auctioned optimal scale value according to a scale value price and all channel information by using an auction theory to acquire maximum gain; and under the incomplete information condition, the relay node regulates the scale value by adopting an update iteration algorithm, and applies a power server for power to acquire maximum gain. The method also sets the target bit error rate to ensure that the destination node receives the effective information.


Future versions of data relay satellite systems are currently being planned by NASA. Being given consideration for implementation are on-board digital beam-forming techniques which will allow multiple users to simultaneously access a single S-band phased array antenna system. To investigate the potential performance of such a system, a laboratory simulator has been developed at NASA's Lewis Research Center. This paper describes the system simulator, and in particular, the requirements, design and performance of a key subsystem, the phased array antenna simulator, which provides realistic inputs to the digital processor including multiple signals, noise and non-linearities.