Starch defines one of the major fractions produced and processed from crops. Nevertheless, knowledge of the intricate pathway of starch synthesis and mobilization which requires the coordinated function of a network of over 40 genes is still not completely elucidated. In this review we summarize the essential features of this complex pathway in land plants and green algae. We also report on the evolutionary origin of this plant-specific structure within cyanobacteria. The consequences of this knowledge with respect to its possible use in plant breeding of major crops are discussed.


The low and slowly increasing soybean yield
restricts the development of soybean production. Accurate measures of total
factor productivity (TFP) for soybean production can be helpful in identifying
conditions, institutions or policies that promote soybean production development
in China. In this paper, TFP growth for soybean production was estimated for a
panel data of 10 major soybean producing provinces from 2005 to 2017. Results
reveal that TFP grew at an average rate of 1.3% over the whole period, with
technical progress contributing 2.3% and efficiency change providing the other
-1.0%. The change of TFP for soybean production over that time, whether
increase or decline, was mainly derived by technical change except in three
years (2005-2007). Positive TFP growth in the provinces of Liaoning and Inner
Mongolia, and negative TFP growth in Hebei and Anhui were mainly driven by
efficiency change, specifically scale efficiency change except pure technical
efficiency in Liaoning.


Listen to the experts in total quality management (TQM), and you will repeatedly hear that the key to successful implementation of TQM is to begin at the top of the organization, and then, with constancy of purpose, proceed downward (Deming, 1986; Imai, 1986; Townsend, 1990). What does "begin at the top" mean in practice? What is its significance in relation to the everyday behavior of the organization? This article describes the efforts undertaken and lessons learned by the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation (TDMHMR) as it began the transformation of the agency culture in keeping with a TQM model. The story is not complete, far from it. Although there have been successes over the past four years, these have been marked by a series of struggles that has its roots in a mixture of uncertainty regarding the next step to take and in the need for the agency's senior managers to personally transform the way they go about their work. We have come to realize that if the transformation of our agency culture is to occur, it must be preceded by a personal transformation. The struggle encountered in making this personal transformation is the subject of this study. Establishing the Context: The TDMHMR Vision While we have encountered many issues in our four-year implementation of TQM, the most significant has been the need for the agency senior managers to change the way they conceptualize and approach their work. That is, the senior managers must become the leaders of the agency.(1) In our experience, if this personal transformation does not occur, it is unlikely that our effort to transform our agency culture will be successful. Much has been written on the behaviors that distinguish managers from leaders (Conger, 1989; Marconi, 1993). Leadership is the first of the seven Malcolm Baldrige Award categories. Workshops on leadership skills abound. In preparation for our TQM journey, we became familiar with much of this literature and attended more than our share of workshops.(2) In retrospect, however, our knowledge was more literary than experiential. We knew the concepts and believed that we had thought through them carefully. Yet, at the time, we lacked an appreciation for the meaning that only experience can provide. It is from our experience that we derive our emphasis on the importance of personal transformation. From our efforts, we have discovered that it is one thing to embrace the concepts of leadership, to espouse them in speech, but it is quite another to change the way one personally approaches his or her job. Why Change: TQM in TDMHMR Why must top managers change both the conceptualization of their responsibilities and the way they work to meet these responsibilities? What makes this change important and not just a by-product of an allegiance to a different management philosophy? Because further transformation of the TDMHMR agency culture is contingent on this change. To understand the nature of this contingency, we need to review our involvement with TQM, and where it has taken us. TDMHMR is a configuration of 13 state schools providing services to people with mental retardation, 8 state psychiatric hospitals, 35 community mental health and mental retardation centers, 5 state community centers, 1 residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed youth, and a central office which is headquarters for the system. As a public provider of mental health and mental retardation services, our mission is to provide services to the 17 million citizens of Texas. In 1994, we served over 150,000,000 Texans with a biennial budget of almost $2.4 billion. We provide services to people who have little, if any, insurance and who otherwise cannot afford to obtain services. As a public provider operating in an environment where the "old" ways of doing things were drawing increasing fire, we were seduced by the customer appeal of TQM. As with most seductions, we began our relationship with TQM somewhat ignorant of some of its "deeper" concepts. …


Venkatakrishnan Ramakumar, Siddharthan Deepti This is swelling of the upper and lower gums secondary to diltiazemuse in aman inhis 40s (fig 1). The patient presented with painless inflammation that had progressed over three months and was associated with intermittent bleeding. Intraoral examination showed noticeable overgrowth of the interdental papilla, with attached and marginal gingiva covering almost the whole crown of each tooth.


Article 14 of "Labor Contract Law" caused the most social controversy during the promulgation and implementation of the law,because in this article,the"Labor Contract Law" stipulated the non-fixed term labor contract system,and the condition and scope of the application is much more wider than the regula-tions stipulated in"Labor Law".The regualtion of Article 14 seems somehow increased the labor cost for enterprises,and thus caused many conflicts from a lot of enterprises.This thesis provides a description for the legislative significance of"Labor Contract Law",makes a contrast of the regulations on non-fixed term labor contract system between "Labor Contract Law" and "Labor Law",gives an analysis on the implemta-tion for the non-fixed term labor contract,in order to correct the misunderstanding of the enterpirses to-wards the non-fixed term labor contract.


This survey reports on motive power developments for the year ending August 1998. Invitations to participate were sent to a number of locomotive builders throughout the world. Although the response was limited, railway industry trade journals and other rail magazines provided additional input. General information is presented on three diesel locomotives and 10 electric locomotives. For further details on any given design, the reader is urged to contact the builders.


The authors present a technique for cosmetic correction of protruding ears used in over 100 cases during the last ten years with good cosmetic results and no significant complications.


The authors would like to draw the readers' attention to an error in the following article: Nirmala D Sirisena, Shenal Thalgahagoda, Asiri Abeyagunawardena, Manuela Neumann, Hans-Otto Schmudlach, Rohan W Jayasekara and Vajira HW Dissanayake. Novel COL4A3 gene mutations in a consanguineous family with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome. Nephrology 2015; 20: 580 There is amisspelling in the novel deletionmutation c.1223_1224delGG reported in the third paragraph of the article where instead of GC, GG had been typed erroneously. The corrected mutation report should read as follows: "A novel homozygous missense mutation (c.1219G> T, p.Gly407Cys), and another novel homozygous deletion (c.1223_1224delGC) in exon 21 of the COL4A3 gene, which have not previously been reported in the literature were detected in all four children". The authors apologize for this error and any confusion it may have caused.


Chapter 7 focuses on the smaller cities in central Illinois where Greek immigrant confectioners settled and established small Greek communities, centered on the Greek Orthodox churches that were funded and supported by the Greek confectioners and other successful Greek businessmen and community leaders. Unlike the small towns where only one or sometimes two Greeks might open a candy store, these small cities often had several, such as Springfield, which had as many as ten to fifteen Greek confectioners around 1920. Many of these Greek entrepreneurs took their earnings and bought real estate or opened other businesses. The most famous of these were Gus and Louis Kerasotes, who went from making candy to opening the first of what became a nationwide chain of movie houses.


Human body communication (HBC) is a novel special strategy in gadgets that use the anatomy as a channel. It is build on the idea relating to Biology and Medicine observation framework. The anatomy Sensor fulcrum test the essential gesticulation of the anatomy and it acts as a conveyance channel. It is beneficial to the client for a longer period of clinical investigation, with greater versatility and selection of benefits with this pioneering. The Sensor Hub's system is set up or embedded within the anatomy of a essence called the Human Area Network (HAN). Now innovation managers empower correspondence by contacting the model of the human realm, an invention known as the RedTacton. This is another invention that is used as a system of shelter, rapid system transmission outside the human body. It essentially uses an electric field that radiates outside the human body. This invention is discretion for wired and remote correspondence, where links are used for correspondence between terminals in wired correspondence, and information in wired correspondence must be specified by the link, which is troubling. Moreover, we deal with the use of the personal body as a signal for correspondence. When a person meets a gadget, the mode of transmission is naturally shaped, and the correspondence between the portable terminals begins and the human body moves at 10Mbit / s, as a medium to support IEEE 802.3 Half-Duplex Correspondence.


The literature on the social development of infants and young chil dren has dealt more with the ages at which important new social skills are first shown and with developmental landmarks that usher in new levels of behavior organization, than with the manner in which social perceptions and action skills are put to use in everyday life. Once a child learns to recognize strangers and familiars; once he knows how to communicate wishes as well as his aversions; once reciprocity is established through gesture or through words,· how do these new ac quisitions affect the totality of his functioning in social contexts? By the same token, relatively little is so far known about the variety and range of social contacts that occur day by day and month by month between an infant and other people in the family milieu. As has been pointed out with increasing frequency in the literature, what we lack is a comprehensive view of the totality of events and circumstances that form the matrix of normal development. In short, a behavioral ecology of infant life guided by a developmental and psychological orientation is desirable. Our research group has attempted to make a start in this direc tion through an intensive longitudinal study of development dealing with the first two years of life. As an important part of the ambitious plan to record and systematically deal with all observable behavioral events that constitute an infant's waking life, we recorded all social encounters between the baby and other persons that occurred during


A new version of the biogeography-based optimization algorithm is proposed in order to consider multiple objectives. In fact, by exploiting non-dominated sorting of habitats, it is possible to approximate Pareto-optimal solutions in the objective space. The optimal shape design of an electrostatic micromotor, which is a benchmark in the Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems design, is considered as the case study.


This article focuses on the lecture-room debates which have been the central feature of the first-year history course at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) since 1993.1 The UWC History Department takes the position that in first-year teaching the main aim should be to show students that the discipline is always contested and to introduce them to historical argument. 2 The article makes a case for these lecture-room debates as a developmental sequence or series for the induction of first-year UWC students into historical argument in discussion, reading and writing. The article discusses the lecture-room debates as an attempt to 'stage' historical argument for students. Firstly, in the debates, lecturers take up conflicting positions and argue with each other in front of an audience of students in the lecture theatre. Each debate is intended to dramatise conflicts between historians on a specific issue in the course and at the same time show that history is a contested discipline. Secondly, the debates are planned as a series to develop historical argument stage by stage. For instance, the first debate is intended to show a simple, polarised contest but later debates set out to demonstrate more complex forms of historical argument.


International Children's Day, set as June 1, is celebrated in China with school performances, lectures, and guest essays in newspapers and magazines, all on the theme of appreciating the nation's children. "Letter to My Daughter" is acclaimed Chinese science fiction author Liu Cixin's 2013 contribution and has quickly become a classic of the genre.


In this work we check how social and environmental responsibility are inserted in Cooperativa Agroindustrial de Maringa - COCAMAR, Parana. The case study is supported in primary and secondary data. It is also supported by interviews with COCAMAR employees directly involved in social and environmental programs. We show the organizational changes and cultural values of the Cooperative that supports the range of social projects developed with the internal and external community. We conclude with an analysis of how corporate social responsibility is inserted at company's strategy, implications for practice and theory, as well as suggestions for future investigations. Social responsibility is part of the strategic actions of COCAMAR what agrees with the modern vision of cooperatives. Even during hard times and despite of strong competition the company kept its social responsibility initiatives. The company does not have any social responsibility related certification. Also do not take advantage of marketing actions for image potential.


PurposeThis study aims to investigate whether the increasing robot adoption will affect employment rate and wages to contribute to the economic cycle and sustainable development in the world.Design/methodology/approachThe authors introduce a two-way fixed effect model and ordinary least-squares (OLS) model to evaluate the influence based on relevant data of the eighteen countries with the largest robot stocks and robot densities in the world from 2006 to 2019 to test the influences and do the robustness test and endogeneity test by using empirical models.FindingsThe authors' research findings suggest that increasing robot adoption can cause strong negative impacts on employment for both males and females in these economies. Second, the effect of robots on reducing job opportunities has penetrated different industries. It means that this negative impact of robots is comprehensive for the industry. Third, robot adoption can have a strong positive influence on wages and increase workers' incomes.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of the study are that the influence of industrial intelligence technologies on the circular economy is diversities in different countries. Thus, this study should consider the development levels of different economies to do additional confirmatory studies.Practical implicationsThis study makes out the correlations between industrial robots and the employment market from the circular economy perspective. The result proves the existence of this influence relationship, and the authors propose some suggestions to promote sustainable economic development.Social implicationsThis paper addresses the activity of industrial intelligence technologies in the labor market. The employment market is an important part of the circular economy, and it will benefit social development if the government provides appropriate guidance for social investment and industrial layout.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few studies which considered the impact of industrial robots on employment and wages from the perspective of different industries, and this is very important for the circular economy in the world. The results of this paper provide an instructive reference for government policymakers and other countries to stabilize the labor market and optimize human resources for sustainable economic development.


As MRI contrast agents, more hydrophobic molecules reportedly accumulate in the liver and thus are potentially useful as liver MRI contrast agents. In this study, a generation‐4 polypropylenimine diaminobutane dendrimer (DAB‐Am64), which is expected to be more hydrophobic than the generation‐4 polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM‐G4D), was used to synthesize a conjugate with 2‐(p‐isothiocyanatobenzyl)‐6‐methyl‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (1B4M) [DAB‐Am64‐(1B4M‐Gd)64] for complexing Gd(III) ions. This DAB conjugate quickly accumulated in the liver and its characteristics were studied and compared with those of a PAMAM conjugate [PAMAM‐G4D‐(1B4M‐Gd)64], which is known to be a useful vascular MRI contrast agent, in regard to its availability as a liver MRI contrast agent. DAB‐Am64‐(1B4M‐Gd)64 accumulated significantly more in the liver and less in blood than PAMAM‐G4D‐(1B4M‐Gd)64 (P < 0.001). Contrast‐enhanced MRI with DAB‐Am64‐(1B4M‐Gd)64 was able to homogeneously enhance liver parenchyma and visualize both portal and hepatic veins of 0.5 mm diameter in mice. In conclusion, DAB‐Am64‐(1B4M‐Gd)64 is a good candidate for a liver MRI contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 46:795–802, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


We study optimal capital structure by first estimating firm-specific cost and benefit functions for debt. The benefit functions are downward sloping reflecting that the incremental value of debt declines as more debt is used. The cost functions are upward sloping, reflecting the rising costs that occur as a firm increases its use of debt. The cost functions vary by firm to reflect the firm's characteristics such as asset collateral and redeployability, asset size, the book-to-market ratio, profitability, and whether the firm pays dividends.

We use these cost and benefit functions to produce a firm-specific recommendation of the optimal amount of debt that a given company should use. In textbook economics, equilibrium occurs where supply equals demand. Analogously, optimal capital structure occurs where the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost of debt. We illustrate optimal debt choices for specific firms such as Barnes & Noble, Coca-Cola, Six Flags, and Performance Food Group, among others. We also calculate the cost of being underlevered for companies that use too little debt, the cost of being overlevered for companies that use too much debt, and the net benefit of debt usage for those that are correctly levered. Finally, we provide formulas that can be easily used to approximate the cost of debt function, and in turn to determine the optimal amount of debt, for any given firm.


This article presents the development of a copper synthetic mineral deposit and its appropriateness for evaluating geostatistical methods since it is possible to compare the results obtained with the current values and those methods can be performed from any sampling of the deposit. The creation of this kind of model is essential to quantify the quality of geostatistical methods once it is impractical to do it in real mining sites – due to the fact that, even exhausting the mine and computing the ore of every single block, one won't have the entire knowledge of the deposit. The synthetic model is based on a real copper mineral deposit model which presents geological and spatial statistics heterogeneity. The model reproduces a deposit with hydrothermal filling a reverse fault and bedrocks are meta-sandstones and shales folded. The spatial distribution was created by unconditional Sequential Gaussian Simulation. The sampling in the synthetic deposit was done by boreholes with separation of holes approximately 40 meters to the north and to the east. The direction and dip of the holes are approximately 270/45. The geostatistical analysis and stochastic simulation were calculated in this database and comparisons were made with respect to the deposit model. Comparisons were made by observation of descriptive statistics of the results, the sample, and the whole synthetic model. Moreover, the Q-Q plots were made to compare the distributions derived from simulation with the population distribution of the deposit. It was concluded that the experiment was satisfactory, because the results obtained by a known efficient simulation technique were consistent.


1 Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 2 National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 3 School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 4 Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, China, 5 Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China, 6 Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Research, Beijing, China


SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION 729 II. THE TREND TOWARD REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT 731 III. THE NORMATIVE APPEAL OF REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 733 A. Physical Proximity to the Alleged Crimes 734 B. Legitimacy of the Tribunal 736 C. Reduced Financial Costs of Regional Enforcement 738 D. Availability of Sufficient Judicial Resources in Regional Enforcement Mechanisms 739 E. Reduced Likelihood of Political Manipulation in Regional Enforcement Mechanisms 741 IV. THEORIZING REGIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 743 V. IMPLEMENTING REGIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 748 A. Regional Criminal Courts 749 B. The International Criminal Court Sitting Regionally 750 C. Regional Preference for the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction 751 D. Specialized Domestic Courts with Regional Judges 753 VI. THE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL ENFORCEMENT ON INTERNATIONAL LAW: Two VARIANTS 755 A. Fragmentation of International Criminal Law 756 B. Procedural Differentiation Within a Universal System 758 VII. CONCLUSION 760 I. INTRODUCTION Since the establishment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1945, the enforcement of international criminal law has largely occurred at the supranational level. Groups of states have come together either through interstate agreements after war,1 through Chapter VII action by the UN Security Council,2 or through international treaty-making3 to grant jurisdiction over international crimes to various international tribunals. More recently, the enforcement of international criminal law has migrated to the domestic level, first through the exercise of universal jurisdiction and subsequently through the establishment of semi-internationalized criminal courts, effectively grafted on to domestic judiciaries, such as the Special Panels in East Timor4 or the Special Court for Sierra Leone.5 As I have argued elsewhere, these developments have led to the emergence of a system of international criminal law enforcement operating at a variety of different levels.6 Within this system, domestic courts are on the front lines of enforcement, with supranational courts such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) stepping in under the regime of complementarity7 when domestic courts are unable or unwilling to act. To date, a core level of this system-the regional level-remains unexplored and underdeveloped. There has yet to be any systematic study of either the normative implications of enforcing international criminal law at the regional level or of the possible means for regionalization of international criminal justice. The lack of attention paid to regional opportunities for enforcing international criminal law is surprising in light of the trend toward new regionalism in the study of international relations and the growing number of regional regimes enforcing other substantive areas of international law. …


Oil and gas fabrication industry involves lots of activities starting from exploration, development, production, maintenance and abandonment activities. This variety of fabrication activities were being done in both upstream and downstream by fabricators – categorized as major, medium or even minor fabrication company. Categorization of those fabrication companies were done based on their capabilities; technological capability, yard capability and also financial capability. The categorization would able to help those fabrication companies to measure their capabilities and able to be internationalized; competitive and strong enough to stand next to international players. The problem statement of this research is how all local players in Malaysian oil and gas fabrication industry would be able to be internationalized in order to enhance their capability, so that there are competent enough. This research was conducted via collection and analysis of primary and secondary data from various sources apart from having some discussions from related personnel so that non-bias result of this research could be obtained. Primary data collected from survey questionnaire were being analysed using statistical software in three different analyses; reliability testing analysis, frequency analysis and correlation coefficient analysis. There is no regression testing analysis was conducted as this research is a non-hypothetical research.


Purpose: To evaluate the associations between components of metabolic syndrome and retinal vascular changes in a Korean population based on data collected at health check-ups. Methods: Fundus photographs of 381 patients participating in a health check-up were examined to identify central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), and arteriovenous ratio (AVR) by IVAN software. Retinal hemorrhage, arteriovenous nicking, and retinal exudate were also noted. The association between metabolic syndrome and each component was then analyzed. Results: Significant associations were shown between metabolic syndrome and CRAE (p = 0.032), central obesity and CRAE (p = 0.037), triglyceride and CRAE (p = 0.011), and triglyceride and AVR (p = 0.005), in addition to central obesity and arteriovenous nicking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.68, p = 0.013), central obesity and retinal exudate (OR = 2.30, p = 0.038), serum glucose and retinal hemorrhage (OR = 8.06, p = 0.030), and blood pressure and arteriovenous nicking (OR = 2.78, p = 0.007). Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome showed a significant relationship with retinal artery diameter. Central obesity showed the greatest relationship with retinal vascular changes among each of the components of metabolic syndrome. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2016;57(7):1102-1108


Abstract The remating behavior of wild Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) females was examined after first mating to males from the wild or from one of two genetic sexing strains: Cast 191 (irradiated or nonirradiated males) or Seib 6-96 (irradiated males only). The observations were carried out in field cages set over a rooted host tree during a continuous period of 10 h in which females were individually identified. On average, 12% of females remated. The general trend was a higher rate of remating for females first mated with lab males compared with females first mated with wild males. It was observed that females that remated tended to start and end their first mating earlier than those females that did not remate, and the first mating of the former was shorter than that of the latter. However, there was no significant differences in copula duration between remater and nonremater females. Females mated initially to wild males showed the longest average refractory period and females mated to Cast 191 irradiated males the shortest. Females first mated to Cast 191 nonirradiated and Seib 6-96 irradiated males showed intermediate values. It is expected that the methodology used in this study can prove useful for routine quality control tests in medfly mass-rearing facilities.


Temperature‐dependent 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the title compounds are presented. The coalescence effects in the spectra are discussed and assigned to the racemization of the C2 symmetry conformation of the nine‐membered ring. The barrier of this process is ca. 64 kJ mol−1. A spirocyclohexane derivative revealed a second conformational process namely inversion of the six‐membered ring.


This study aimed to evaluate normal blood flow in the vertebral arteries and the basilar artery of preterm and term neonates by Doppler sonography.


Self-timed systems will have a major role in integrated circuit design in the future. Our analysis shows that, using current technology, the area penalties outweigh the advantages for all but a few circuit types and circuit feature sizes must be scaled down further before self-timed systems come into widespread use.


This research aimed to 1) evaluate English communication skills of nursing students who studied English conversation course developed by the application of blended learning approach in teaching and learning, and 2) survey students' satisfaction on the application of blended learning approach in teaching and learning English conversation course of Nursing students. The samples were 32 of 2nd year nursing students, Faculty of Nursing, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), obtained by simple random sampling. The study was conducted by asking students to take English Conversation tests, pretest and posttest, which included listening and speaking parts, then attained the English Conversation course of 5 units for a total of 15 hours. The research instruments included 1) English conversation lesson plans, activities and blended learning materials for teaching and learning, 2) pretest and posttest that evaluated the use of English for communication in everyday conversation, and 3) the satisfaction questionnaire on English conversation course with the blended learning activities. The obtained data were analyzed by using t-test and the effect size to compare the ability to communicate in English in both before and after class, mean and standard deviation of the students' satisfaction in learning English conversation course with activities and teaching materials based on the blended learning approach. The results of the research were as follows: 1) English communication ability of the sample was higher after the course was statistically significant level of .05 and had a score difference of 5.12, 2) The sample group had a high satisfaction on blended learning activities in English conversation course.


All mechanical effects are primarily aimed at improving soil conditions and the root system. Different treatment methods with different types of working organs affect the fractional composition of particles, agrophysical soil properties, and the ability to restore the root system of old-age, degraded stands of perennial grasses with a root-shoot root system. The article presents data on the results of three field experiments (2017–2019). An analysis of the fractional composition of soil with various cultivation methods was carried out, and the relationship between the number of first-order roots of the eastern goat grass stand and agrophysical soil properties was identified. The maximum soil fraction was 7 and 10 mm when treating with a BDT aggregate in one track, the minimum percentage was observed when treating with a Leader aggregate in two tracks to a depth of 10–12 and 16–18 cm. The greatest "clumpiness" of fractions was revealed with a smaller number of treatments. The optimal soil conditions for the growth and development of the root system of old-age goat grass stands in the 0–20 cm layer were established during flat cutting. By the end of the growing season, the number of first-order roots increased from 15,000 to 22,000 thousand units/ha.


Adaptive physical education is education that provides opportunities for students with special needs to be able to actualize physical activities through activities that are directed and planned in the learning program. Development research is a method for producing certain products or perfecting existing products and testing the effectiveness of these products. Researchers conduct research and development of adaptive sports models. The feasibility level of developing this model is known through validation by the material expert, validation by the media expert, validation by the teacher and trial use by students. Learning to use adaptive sports models for children with special needs has a response that is quite positive and has a good impact. This is shown in the data exposure related to the results of the teacher's response of two people and five students during the implementation of the trial with the acquisition of an average value of 4.5 for teachers and 4.6 for students so that if within the range values > 4.2 "very good", thus the response results show "very good" results.


Objective: To observe the effect of health care effect of soybean short peptide granules by the efficacy experiment. Methods: The effect and the role of anti fatigue and antioxidant experiments in mice on soybean peptide granules were studied. Results: Soybean short peptide granule had obvious anti fatigue and anti oxidation. Conclusion: Using this method to determine the function and effect of soybean peptide granules,simple operation,accurate and reliable,and to provide a scientific basis for clinical trials of soybean peptide granules.


A heterogeneous junction solar cell, crystalline silicon substrate on which plating layer essentially amorphous silicon thin film, and then placed in a diffusion furnace to form a PN junction, having to fabricate a heterojunction solar cell comprising at least containing electrically doped silicon crystal substrate, the nature of amorphous silicon thin film, a transparent conductive layer, a front electrode and a back electrode formed; in another preferred embodiment, the first system to generate a chemical solution growth method on a silicon substrate, silicon dioxide thin film layer, and plating a layer of amorphous silicon thin film nature, subsequently placed in a diffusion furnace to form a PN junction, having to fabricate a heterojunction solar cell comprising a silicon containing at least electrically-doped crystal substrate, a silicon oxide film, amorphous silicon thin film nature of the transparent conductive layer, a front electrode and a back electrode configuration. The present invention is not only more economical in the process equipment, and is compatible with the current production of the process and easy to mass production.


Psychological research on preventive intervention and promotion of mental health of children has been gaining impetus over the last few decades. This chapter presents key concepts of preventive mental health as applicable to working with young children between the ages of 0 to 6 years. The context of preventive child mental health in India has been clarified by briefly tracing models of child development, empirical studies and national policies and programmes. Recent research focussing on modes of prevention and wellness promotion has been reviewed. The studies reviewed have far-reaching implications for promotion of mental health among young children at various levels. Directions for future research that have been derived from the analysis have been outlined.


It was found through 2 years study that natural regeneration of Pinus tabulaeformis on sandy land is possible at Zhanggutai.There are 2 spatial patterns of the natural regeneration namely regeneration in forest gap regeneration along the edge of plantation.The naturally regenerated trees are distributed in shapes of belt group,in northeast direction of the mother trees;there is not natural regeneration in each year of the period with higher amount of regenerated trees in the years with plenty of precipitation namely 2004,2005 2008;the density of regenerated trees is 57-139 trees per 100 square meters.The regenerated trees grew better along plantation edges than that in forest gaps.


Myoelectric prostheses are preferred for their natural way of control and enhanced cosmetic restoration. Developing a software program that proportionally controls an upper limb myoelectric prosthesis is our target. Software processing of the (EMG) signal was performed by extracting the energy, RMS, and zero crossings features from the EMG signal, and then generating the appropriate control signal to the prosthesis for the required movements. A study for the amputee's muscles was performed to choose the suitable muscles for the prosthesis operation. Results had shown that the introduced control on/off performance was over 95% and its proportional performance was over 80 %.


Authors propose an efficient distributed facial recognition system based on the cascade of Convolutional Neural Networks. The traditional approach utilizing the centralized schema of recognition system has its main disadvantage concluding a high traffic and computing load of the central processing server: the more video surveillance cameras are served by the central unit, the more its load rate. But most of the time the high-quality video stream does not consist of facial information and the computational resources are being wasted. The main principle of our recognition system is the distributed hierarchical processing network utilizing the "coarse-fine" paradigm. Each source video stream is processed in-place by the tiny SoC computer which acts as an Edge Computing Unit and detects the presence of a face fragment in a video frame and crops the bounds of the ROI. The resulting stream including ROI is relayed to the main server if the face is detected.


Hypoxia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in periodontal tissues. Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) is an enzyme protecting�cells from ROS. This study investigated SOD3 expression and function during rat orthodontic tooth movement�(OTM) and in hypoxia-exposed rat PDL�cells. OTM of right maxillary first molars were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats for 1 and 14 days (n�= 6 per group). SOD3 and HIF-1? expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. SOD3 effects on cell viability and proliferation, ROS production, and mRNA expression of�Hif-1?,�Rankl,�and�Opg�in PDL cells and osteoclast differentiation were investigated under normoxia�and hypoxia. SOD3 expression in PDL tissues decreased on compression side on day 1 and on both sides on day 14. HIF-1? levels significantly increased on compression side on day 14. Cell viability, cell proliferation, and�Opg�mRNA expression decreased, whereas ROS production and�Hif-1?�and�Rankl�mRNA expression increased in SOD3-silenced PDL cells. Hypoxia reduced�Sod3�and�Opg�mRNA expression and increased ROS,�Rankl�mRNA expression, and osteoclast formation; SOD3 treatment attenuated these effects. Therefore, SOD3 plays a role in periodontal remodelling during OTM and in hypoxia-exposed PDL cells through ROS, HIF-1?, and RANKL/OPG pathways.


The aim of this work was to study the effects of the accumulation of nickel and copper centres in heteropolyanions on their electrocatalytic behaviour. As concerns Ni-containing heteropolyanions, several compounds based on the trivacant [B,α-PW9O34]9- with different Ni nuclearities were selected. Their stability and redox behaviour in aqueous media were evaluated by UV/vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry as a function of pH with the aim to find conditions under which these compounds could be suitable candidates for electrocatalytic processes. Detailed electrochemical studies on the behaviour of Cu-substituted species were carried out, and particularly on the behaviours of Cu-centres. Also, particular attention was devoted to the electrochemical studies undertaken on the wheel-shaped [Cu20Cl(OH)24(H2O)12(P8W48O1 84)]25-. We demonstrate that an increase in the number of copper centres within this polyanion has beneficial effects on the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate and nitrite. We have succeeded in isolating several pure samples of α1-P2W17M complexes, (M = MnII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII) by a simple method where preparation and isolation of the lacunary α1-K9LiP2W17O61. 18H2O from K12[H2P2W12O48]. 24H2O were not explicitly necessary steps.


We are developing a Fast Ferrite Tuner (FFT) for use in the Lower Hybrid current drive system at 4.6GHz. The FFT consists of two stub tuners mounted on the narrow sides of a WR187 waveguide whose phase lengths are electrically controlled by adjusting the bias magnetic field in ferrite blocks mounted in the stubs. The current in the coils producing the bias magnetic fields will be driven by power supplies which are computer controlled. An algorithm in the computer will change the phase length of the stub tuners to eliminate the reflection from the load. The challenging tasks in the development are obtaining the necessary phase shift with minimum field variation, keeping the losses low (<0.1dB), avoiding resonances in the waveguide during field changes, avoiding breakdown at for high power (>100KW), and developing a power supply that can respond in sub millisecond timescales. This report presents the design concept, the results of measurements on the tasks, and CST simulations of the design.


As products in many industries are technologically at the same level, their success depends increasingly on design, since functionality and quality are a given. Still, the question remains open how far certain design features influence the perception of a brand. Taking the example of a car interior, an online study with 160 student participants examined the relationship between design features and appraisal of brand personality based on a model by Hieronimus (2003). Using images, the participants were asked to evaluate different car interiors, in which the colours and materials of certain components were systematically changed. The study has shown some initial indications of the relationship between design features and certain aspects of brand personality. Thus, different colours of the interior resulted in different appraisals of the dimension 'trust and safety', whereas materials were shown to have a particular impact on the dimension 'temperament und passion'.


Colorectal cancer is a prevalent form of cancer worldwide. According to the world cancer report, colorectal cancer is among the five most frequently diagnosed types of cancers among men and women around the globe. The risk of developing colorectal cancer has been reported to be influenced by several behavioural factors, such as diet, alcohol intake and physical inactivity, and to occur more frequently in highincome countries.


In the context of the rapid development of science and technology, people's demand for energy is also increasing. Moreover, mineral resources are an important type of energy indispensable in the development of the national economy. However, as the mining volume of mineral resources continues to increase, the difficulty of mining mineral resources is also increasing. Therefore, we must improve traditional mining machinery and equipment and increase the production capacity of mining machinery and equipment. Only in this way can we improve mining efficiency. In this process, we can use modern mechanical design methods to ensure that the design of mining machinery is compatible with the actual mining of minerals. At the same time, this can also improve the design level of mining machinery and equipment, and ensure mining benefits.


Native skin flap necrosis is a potentially devastating complication following skin‐sparing or nipple‐sparing mastectomy with a reported incidence of as high as 30%. Treatment depends on the depth and extent of tissue necrosis and can range from dressings to surgical debridement and further reconstruction. This can have implications on patient physical and psychological wellbeing as well as cost of treatment. This study aims to identify and appraise cost‐effective non‐surgical adjuncts for the prevention of native skin flap necrosis.


Introduction Section I: Introspection and Phenomenal Consciousness 1. Cognitive Phenomenology David Woodruff Smith 2. For-me-ness: What It Is and What It Is Not Dan Zahavi and Uriah Kriegel Section II: Embodiment and Sociality 3. Lived Body, Intercorporeality, Intersubjectivity: The Body as a Phenomenological Theme Dermot Moran 4. The Body and Its Image in the Clinical Encounter Dorothee Legrand 5. Merleau-Ponty: Actions, Habits, and Skilled Expertise Komarine Romdenh-Romluc 6. The Minds of Others Shaun Gallagher Section III: Self-Awareness and Knowledge 7. Interoception and Self-Awareness: An Exploration in Interoceptive Phenomenology Daniel O. Dahlstrom 8. Knowing One's Own Desires Jonathan Webber 9. Phenomenal Conservatism and the Principle of All Principles Walter Hopp Section IV: Perception and Dreams 10. Hearing, Seeing, and Music in the Middle Dan Lloyd 11. Eyes Wide Shut: Sartre's Phenomenology of Dreaming Nicolas de Warren Section V: Affectivity 12. Defending a Heideggerian Account of Mood Lauren Freeman 13. The Significance of Boredom: A Sartrean Reading Andreas Elpidorou Section VI: Naturalism and Cognition 14. Prospects for a Naturalized Phenomenology Jeffrey Yoshimi 15. Bringing Philosophy Back: 4e Cognition and the Argument from Phenomenology Mark Rowlands


In the world of industrial automation, PLCs are the most used types of automatic controllers and for this reason it is necessary for engineers to have the ability to develop optimized and highly complex software applications. In this paper, the authors present an automation design of a two-axis control using Sinamics S210 and S7-1511T PLC useful for master's students in the field of electrical engineering. To provide an experience closer to real world applications and allowing the study of PLC programming, PROFINET industrial communication protocol, design screens for Human Machine Interfaces (HMI) and positioning applications, the students can use the proposed solution in the faculty laboratories. Therefore, the students can start with the development of low complexity software applications and finish by making high complexity applications.


Treatment of Inflamed Dental Pulp, by Mr. Bate; and Prize Essay on the Pathology of Dental Caries, by Mr. Bridgman; etc. In this list there are, as will be seen, several subjects treated of, and that with ability, which are not only interesting to the dentist, but also to those engaged in general practice, and who are frequently called on to treat diseases of the teeth. The getting up of the book-as regards paper, typography, and binding-shows that the Odontological Society have not been sparing of expense in this particular ; and, where necessary, well-executed woodcuts and coloured plates are introduced.


The present invention relates to a hydrophobic particles, their preparation, and method of forming breathable waterproof structure, the hydrophobic particles comprise a hydrophobic resin film covering the aggregate and aggregate, the aggregate size is 6 to 300 mesh the hydrophobic resin film is a hydrophobic epoxy resin, phenol resin, urethane resin, a silicone resin or a film formed when the plurality of resin-coated aggregate; hydrophobic particles are prepared: a bone was heated to 50-400 deg.] C, the hydrophobic resin added, stirred uniformly, so that the aggregate surface of the coating, cooling, crushing, sieving to obtain particles of hydrophobic; the hydrophobic particles may widely grown in the desert, seepage lake, river impermeable, landscape water impermeable bottom layer as a waterproof breathable applications, having a good water permeability.


Objectives: There is some evidence of an improvement in falls risk in the elderly after completing a wobble‐board training program. This study examined the effects of wobble‐board training on ability to discriminate between different extents of ankle inversion movements in a group of older subjects, tested wearing shoes and barefoot.


The object of the inquiry that is captured in this article was the safety of pupils in schools and the increasing number of incidents of school-based violence. We argue that children and youths in schools need assistance to defend their right to learn, and that it can be forthcoming from school communities themselves in a bottom-up manner, because it does not appear to come from the authorities. Incidents of theft, vandalism, burglary, fighting, abuse, rape and even murder, are reported on school grounds. We investigated the spate of school-based violence in 34 schools in Gauteng Province. We collected data from these schools via questionnaires, and individual- and focus-group interviews. The findings show an increased prevalence of school violence, as well as its manifestation in an increasing variety of forms. We conclude that successfully combating school-based violence will depend on a multi-level systems approach that is endorsed by and embedded within school communities.


Most commercially available thermochromic dyes are not resistant to washing and rubbing when applied to textile materials. This is due to their low affinity for fibre. The addition of silica extracted from rice husk ash using the sol-gel method was performed to improve colour fastness and maintain the stability of thermochromic dyes printed on cotton fabrics. The rice husks used in this study were derived from the Baroma rice variety with silica content in ash and silica gel of 97.05% and 99.20%. The morphological structures and particle sizes of the silica obtained were analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and particle size analyser (PSA). The particle sizes of the silica product, thermochromic dye and silica-dye mixture were 53.64–60.66 nm, 2.603 nm and 5.827 nm, respectively. The printing process of silica: the dye mixture was applied to cotton fabric in a ratio of 1:1. Fluid of silica: the dye showed good stability until the seventh day of observation. Colour fastness to washing assessed using a staining scale was better with the addition of silica than without silica, i.e. 3–4 in the first washing and 3 in the third washing. Similarly, fastness to rubbing was also better with the addition of silica, i.e. 3–4 dry rubbings and 3 wet rubbings. Moreover, the combination of silica, binder, PDMS and dye (in a ratio of 1:1:1:1) gave the best colour fastness to washing and rubbing.


In book II of his epic romance The faerie queene (1590), Edmund Spenser narrates the journey of Guyon, the knight of Temperance, and his faithful Pamer, generally viewed as the external embodiment of Guyon's Reason. In a close reading of Palmer's behavior, from his appearance at Gloriana's court to his final destruction of the Bower, his flaws may be addressed and properly diagnosed as more than the obvious workings of righteous anger. Additionally, a faceted analysis of the Palmer allows for better distinction between the ideas that Spenser's humanistic influences and his Protestant leanings bring to his metaphorical table.


-I used a DNA-DNA hybridization method to generate more than 1,200 pairwise comparisons among species of the family Gruidae (cranes) and an outgroup Limpkin (Aramidae). A matrix of genetic distances included average delta T,, values for all cells, and reciprocals among cranes, based on 3-10 replicate experiments per cell. I chose delta T,, as the appropriate dissimilarity measure because virtually all homologous single-copy DNA sequences in crane genomes were sufficiently similar to form hybrid duplexes under standard experimental conditions. The normalized percent hybridization (NPH) values approached 100 for all crane species pairs. The delta T, data departed slightly from metricity as a result of experimental variation associated with the measurement of small genetic distances. The DNA data, analyzed with a best-fit tree approach and checked for internal consistency by jackknifing, support the traditional view that crowned cranes (Balearica) are the most ancient lineage of extant gruids. The enigmatic Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) appears as the sister group of the remaining species, which fall into four closely related groups. Bugeranus and Anthropoides are sister groups. The three species of Australasian Grus (antigone, rubicunda, and vipio) form a clade, as do five predominantly Palearctic Grus (grus, monachus, nigricollis, japonensis, and americana). The Sandhill Crane (G. canadensis), while clearly a member of the gruine clade, is an old lineage without close relatives. Received 21 March 1989, accepted 18 May 1989. THE CLASSIFICATIONS of Peters (1934) and Wetmore (1934) established the traditional familylevel distinction of cranes (Gruidae) within the Order Gruiformes. This arrangement, though not universally accepted (Cracraft 1973), has persisted in most recent revisions (e.g. Wetmore 1960, Storer 1971, Sibley et al. 1988). Opinions regarding species affinities within the Gruidae have varied greatly. Following Peters (1934), most workers have accepted the existence of 14 extant species in four genera, though Walkinshaw's (1964) designation of a 15th species has gained many adherents. The crowned cranes (Balearica) are commonly placed in the Balearicinae, apart from the remaining species (Gruinae; Brodkorb 1967) based on their lack of sternal excavation and tracheal convolution. Balearicines, apparently the more ancient lineage, are abundantly represented by Tertiary fossil materials from western Eurasia (Brodkorb 1967). Gruine fossils appear in the Miocene of Europe, but are best represented in North American Pliocene deposits and by a scattering of Pleistocene remains worldwide (Johnsgard 1983). Cracraft (1973) inferred from these ma1 Current address: Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 USA. terials that cranes diverged from a common ancestor with limpkins (Aramidae) in the late Paleocene. Archibald (1975, 1976) performed the first comprehensive analysis of cranes based on a coherent set of characters. His study of crane unison calls (stereotyped behavior patterns involved in pair-bonding) led him to identify clusters of similar species (Fig. 1). Archibald's work verified the distinctness of crowned cranes (Balearica) and suggested an unexpected relationship between Bugeranus carunculatus (Wattled Crane) and Grus leucogeranus (Siberian Crane). Archibald included leucogeranus as a member of Bugeranus, and recommended "Species Group" status for the remaining Grus and Anthropoides clusters. Wood (1979), like Archibald, found a high level of similarity between Wattled and Siberian cranes, which, aside from complicated multivariate resemblances, lack the exaggerated tracheal convolutions present in other gruines. Ingold et al. (1987) attempted to resolve crane relationships with allele-frequency analysis. Their species arrangement was a major departure from traditional views, although Balearica appears distinct from gruines. Their work involved small sample sizes, and only approxi603 The Auk 106: 603-618. October 1989 This content downloaded from 126.96.36.199 on Thu, 15 Dec 2016 04:53:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 604 CAREY KRAlEwsKI [Auk, Vol. 106


To understand the physical mechanism of pulse generation in gamma‐ray bursts, we have investigated delays between hard gamma‐ray emission and soft gamma‐ray emission within individual bursts. We have applied the techniques of cross‐correlation analysis and cross‐spectral analysis to BATSE data from two bright bursts to determine the form of the hard‐soft phase delays. We chose to use time‐to‐spill data from the GRO archives for the bursts of 910503 and 910601. We find that well‐defined delays can be seen in the cross‐spectral analyses, but that these delay times are not always equal to the times derived from cross‐correlation analyses. One possible reason may be the existence of two or more physical regimes within a given burst, each of which gives rise to a separate characteristic time delay.


Purpose – Aims to provide some answers to the question: "What does the future look like for libraries?"Design/methodology/approach – The paper's approach is a review of various initiatives undertaken in the USA.Findings – All the projects show that a positive use of technology is taken.Originality/value – Provides information of value to all those involved with information management.


In short term, the preceding period of yield has negative effects on the current period of yield; the preceding period of price has positive effects on the current period of yield. In long term, the cost is the main influencing factor on yield, and positive effect; the price has little effect on the yield.


and provides a summary of some of the most recent international literature as presented in other leading journals, but with an emphasis on what is relevant to our continent. availability, including radiographs and computerized tomography (CT). Quality PoCUS educational programs in Africa's emergency care settings hold immense potential to affect preventable morbidity and mortality, to improve diagnostic capability, and improve health equity. This paper provides a novel PoCUS curriculum for Africa, developed by expert consensus, establishing core competencies grounded in functionality and contextualized to local epi-demiology and resources. The authors further describe five phases of PoCUS curricula delivery (introduction, experience-gain-ing, competency assessment, revalidation and education/teacher phases) and identify five strategic program development consider-ations that would enhance the intended collaborative best practices, core competencies, and oversight for PoCUS training and use in emergency care in the African region. These are:


In this paper,a multimode aircraft research model is built.The rotor mode and fix wing mode's performance characters that have been researched by the experiment,CFD and the project evaluation methods.According to the aircraft flight test verification,the way of flight of the multimode aircraft is feasible,and provides some suggestions for improving its performance.


This article is based on a research which conducted a study about the history of Souza Cruz since its beginning that goes from 1903 until 2007. The specific objective was to analyze the historical sense of the ideology of the company on social responsibility and its ambiguities, inserted into social projects of the company. The 1


In in vivo extracellular recordings from anesthetized adult rats, midbrain dopaminergic neurons fire spontaneously at low rates, averaging around 4 spikes/second (Bunney et al., 1973; Guyenet and Aghajanian, 1978; Deniau et al., 1978; Tepper et al., 1982). Under these conditions, the neurons exhibit 3 distinct patterns or modes of firing. The first is that of pacemaker-like firing, characterized by very regular interspike intervals (Wilson et al., 1977; Tepper et al., 1995). The second, and most common pattern of activity in vivo is a random, or occasional mode (Wilson et al., 1977), characterized by long post-firing inhibition which rises smoothly into a flat autocorrelation function indicating that the remaining interspike intervals are distributed randomly, best characterized by a Poisson distribution. The third, least common mode of firing, is burst firing, in which the neurons exhibit stereotyped bursts of 2-8 action potentials in which the first intraburst interspike interval is around 60 ms, followed by progressively increasing interspike intervals and progressively decreasing spike amplitudes (Grace and Bunney, 1984). The bursts are not usually rhythmic or continuous, and occur embedded in background random single-spike firing activity. Both in anesthetized and unanesthetized rats (Freeman et al., 1985), dopaminergic neurons often switch between different firing modes, and the three firing patterns are best thought of as a continuum, with the pacemakerlike firing on one end and burst firing on the other. However, in vitro, the burst pattern and the random pattern are not seen. Instead, virtually all dopaminergic neurons fire in the pacemaker mode (Grace, 1987; Kang and Kitai, 1993). The absence of the burst and random firing modes in vitro suggests very strongly that the different firing patterns of dopaminergic neurons are primarily controlled by afferent input. However, precisely which afferents are responsible for modulating the firing pattern of dopaminergic neurons has remained unclear.


WHAT DO WE REGULARIZE AND WHAT IS REGULAR: RUSSIAN VERBS THROUGH THE CENTURIES One of the most notable and widespread long-term processes in language change is the regularization of morphological forms. It has been studied from various aspects, and questions that have been addressed include, for instance, who is most likely to eliminate irregularities, children or adults (Hudson Kam & Newport 2009), when irregularities are most likely to be eliminated, in what social circumstances (Berdichevskij 2012), which irregularities are most likely to be eliminated (Lieberman et al 2007, Carroll et al. 2012). In this paper, we deal with the latter question. We also show, however, that in order to get a reliable answer a more fundamental question has to be addressed first: What is regular for the speakers' minds? The answer is not always obvious. In a well-known study where a neat correlation between the rate of regularization of irregular English verbs and the frequency of word usage was found, Lieberman et al. (2007) classify the -ed verbs as regular and all other verbs as irregular, which seems a logical thing to do. Studying the same process in German strong verbs, Carroll et al. (2012) also use a binary opposition, noting though that for German this decision presents certain problems. We perform a similar study on Russian verbs, which cannot be divided into two classes ("regular" and "irregular"). Of the 16 basic inflectional classes (Zaliznjak 1977), 5 are sometimes labelled "regular" and 11 "irregular", but they are in fact irregular to a different extent. Since binary notation is not an option, an understanding of what regularity actually is and how it should be operationalized is required. We propose two metrics based on different intuitive understandings of what is regular. The first metric is form-based and answers the question about how different from each other the forms within one paradigm are. The second metric is based on type frequency and answers the question about how typical the inflectional pattern is in the given language (cf. Carroll et al. 2012: 163–165). It is well-known that many Russian verbs have changed inflectional class, most often by means of a so-called "suffix shift" (Nesset & Kuznetsova 2011). It is typically believed that verbs tend to move into a more regular class. We compile a list of the verbs that at some point of the millenial history of written Russian have changed class or are currently in the process of changing it (ca. 60 verbs). We use then both metrics to measure the change in regularity. On the whole, the regularity increases, although for some of the verbs a pattern attested in Old Russian is more regular (under both understandings) than the one currently existing. We analyze the intricate relationship of the regularization rate with token frequency and some other factors identified by previous research. Finally, we attempt to estimate which of the two understandings can be more useful for a universal definition of regularity that would be applicable to different languages, and how the two metrics correlate with each other.


The formation and characterization of dinuclear gold(I) dialkyl- and diaryl-dithiophosphinate complexes of the type [AuS2PR2]2 are described. The complexes are readily prepared from the reaction between a chloro–gold(I) starting material and the corresponding dithiophosphinate salt. The structures of the complexes show both the absence (R = Et, 1) and presence (R = Ph, 2a) of intermolecular Au···Au interactions as confirmed by X-ray crystallographic study in the solid state. Reaction between [AuS2PPh2]2 and [Au(CH2)2PMe2]2 in CH2Cl2 solution leads to a ligand transfer reaction to form the hetero-bridged complex [Au2{(CH2)2PMe2S2PPh2}] (3a) in high yield. Additionally, the latter complex reacts with Cl2 to form the oxidative addition product [Au2Cl2{(CH2)2PMe2S2PPh2}] (4), the first gold(II) complex with a S-P-S bridging moiety. The X-ray crystal structure of both 3a and 4 exhibit rare boat conformations in the solid state, and 4 has a formal Au(II)—Au(II) single bond of 2.5611(5) A. Reaction between [AuS2...


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is categorized by social, behavioral and must crucially communication deficiencies. Early detection is necessary for an improved positive result in therapy. This paper proposes a voice parameter analysis for the early detection of ASD in children. The Study used MATLAB programming software to display the signal analysis of an obtained voice data from an autistic and a normal child. The key experimental result shows a major difference in both voices in the time-domain, frequency, and spectrogram signal view. It is seen that the power spectrum (dB) set off with a high pitch level, at -50db for the autistic child, while the normal child is slightly below but closer to 60db and it remained relatively stable for an autistic child along the normalized frequency within 0.58hz -1.0hz. The paper thus recommends early voice screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a significant first step to identify children at risk of the disease development and will need additional evaluation, intervention, and services.


The demands engine developers face today are increasingly complex. Improved driving comfort in conjunction with stricter legal emissions laws and shorter development times require new innovative technologies and forward-looking methods need to be developed and established. In this regard, the Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation (HiL simulation) at the test bench can make an important contribution to decrease the development times. The following gives an overview on the goals of the HiL simulation as well as the configuration of the HiL test bench at IAV. Furthermore, the used physical models are introduced. Finally, some first measurements of the simulation at the test bench are shown.


A single-layer bidirectional antenna that provides circularly polarized (CP) radiation of the same sense in both of the hemispheres has been designed and evaluated. The concept is the combination of two identical endfire CP antenna elements in a back-to-back configuration. The design of each element is based on the superposition of two closely spaced complementary dipoles connected by phase delay line. A single coaxial probe can be used to simultaneously excite the two elements. Taking 5.8-GHz ISM band applications (5.725–5.875 GHz), for example, experimental results show the designed antenna has a usable bandwidth from 5.72 to 5.88 GHz (the common overlapped bandwidth limited by the 3-dB axial ratio and −10-dB |<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>|). The overall antenna size is only <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${0.53\lambda }_{{0}} \times 0.47\lambda _{{0}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> with a low profile of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rm{0.029\lambda }_{\rm{0}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>.


The "Brain Govern the Spirit Light" theory corrects the insufficient of "Heart Govern the Spirit Light" theory,makes Chinese Traditional Medical culture more perfect and more developed.It is a very important basic theory in the treatment of encephalopathy.This essay concludes different viewpoints in this field,explains the meaning of "Brain Govern the Spirit Light",the understand of its basis and its domination in the treatment of encephalopathy,in order to make contribution to the development of Chinese Traditional Medical System and sets a guideline to the medical use in clinic.


Muhammad Iqbal is regarded as a prominent thinker of last century in Islamic World. In his philosophy he was an activist one, and the concept of ?ego? with its connotations has a fundamental place in that philosophy. In his reconstruction of religious thought he set aside a distinctive place for a ?muslim man? with his ?ego?. Dynamism lies both in his individual and societial understanding as well as universe. These dynamism applies in theoretical frame to basic concept of theology which leads to philosophical theism of Iqbal.


Abstract: A 63‐year‐old man was hospitalized because of jaundice and anorexia. An upper gastrointestinal series and hypotonic duodenography revealed circumferential sclerosis and stenosis of the duodenal wall. Endoscopic examination disclosed an ulcer, the upper margin of which was located at the papilla of Vater. The papilla was situated in the base of the ulcer. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography disclosed mild dilatation of the common bile, intrahepatic bile and pancreatic ducts, but with neither severe stenosis nor occlusion. Nevertheless, there was some degree of circumferential compression and mild stenosis of the terminal portions of the bile and pancreatic ducts, as potential causes of obstructive jaundice in this patient. Computed tomographic examination of the abdomen revealed a tumorous lesion at the duodenal bulb. Because malignancy in the duodenum could not be ruled out, a pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. Histopathological examination showed a postbulbar duodenal ulcer, associated with inflammation of the papillary orifice and fibrosis of the region near the papilla. There was no evidence of a tumorous lesion. In this case, a postbulbar duodenal ulcer may have caused obstructive jaundice.


During a study onthe inflorescence structure ofthe apetalous Hamamelidoideae(Endress, 1970), I received afruiting specimen from the Morris ArboretumHerbarium,Philadelphia, fromTaiwan (Taichung: Rengechi, 24-7-1955, Yii, Keng et al., s.n., MOAR; also cited inLi, 1963), labelled 'Sycopsis formosana Kanehira & Hatusima'. However, this specimen turned out to be Distyliopsis dunnii (Hemsley) Endress (= Sycopsis dunnii Hemsley).


This article is devoted to pre–judicial investigation of criminal actions and is concrete for a stage started pre–judicial investigation. In spite of the fact that changed criminal procedure of Lithuania does not provide, before working, stages of excitation of criminal case, in practice the beginning of pre-judicial investigation became a reconstruction of a stage of excitation of criminal case. In given article the analysis of a developed normative situation is resulted. The purpose of given article – to study norms of the criminal procedure, regulating started pre-judicial investigation, with the purpose of search of optimum introduction of norms of practical process. In article more all base on the scientific articles printed in periodicals, on articles which have been let out by periodicals of Department of Police and conclusions of executed generalizations of the State Office of Public Prosecutor. So, those relations which develop during pre–judicial investigation between various participants of criminal procedure, and are object of our research. In the article others are considered also connected with the beginning of pre–judicial investigation of a problem: the organization of pre–judicial investigation, information interchange between the official of pre– judicial investigation and the public prosecutor, use of the operative information in the beginning of pre–judicial investigation, etc., are investigated in theoretical. Not scientific criminalists and criminal procedure discuss the first year concerning the optimum beginning of pre–judicial investigation. Before discussion a stage of excitation of criminal case concerned. In this discussion practical workers wanted to achieve greater freedom at the initial stage of investigation of a crime and suggested to expand a circle of actions which they could carry out before excitation of criminal case. In changed conditions of regulation of criminal procedure this problem has not disappeared. It is possible to assert safely, that after 2003 problems on this question has increased, namely: a question of concept of a stage of the beginning of pre–judicial investigation, an opportunity of performance of verifying actions, an opportunity of performance of actions in the beginning of pre–judicial investigation, the coordination of norms of criminal procedure and other statutory acts at this stage, etc.


Simultaneous mastopexy and augmentation can be an extremely rewarding surgery for both patient and surgeon. However, it is one of most complex cosmetic surgical procedures with a high revision rate, relatively high complication rate and higher than average litigation rate. Trying to simultaneously adjust two breasts for a new submuscular implant pocket, new NAC position, new parenchymal arrange-ment, new infra-mammary fold (IMF) position, great symmetry, perfect amount of skin and fat removal, with great scars all while maintaining vascularity is no small task. A clear understanding of the optional procedures and variables involved when combining these techniques will significantly benefit the surgeon in obtaining safe and predictable results while limiting the vast majority of complications.


Between 1750 and 1840, the world became more prosperous, more crowded, and more interconnected. State-centred patterns of distribution of resources, which were typical of many forms of empire and of the mercantilist orders of early modern Europe, were destabilized by these changes. New orders that gave more scope to private initiatives, including the new nations in the Americas and the new forms of organization, consumption, and production in Great Britain and its colonies, grew rapidly....


In the training of abilities of solving problems in review lesson, attention should be paid to the three followings: first, basic skills are foundation to solve problems; second, questions used for training should be systematic; last, students should be trained to think in mathematics and grasp good ways.


This paper addresses the distinction between learning styles and learning strategies. Two learning strategies are proposed-planned and emergent. A model is developed which suggests that there are four types of learner, who are named sleepers, warriors, adventurers and sages. A survey of 168 managers was analysed and it was found that the degree to which individuals adopted the two learning strategies was only slightly positively correlated, and that it was possible to draw up scales of items relating to these two strategies where the items within each scale were strongly inter-correlated. Implications of the findings of the survey are examined for individual learners, for developers and for researchers, and the findings are put into the context of changes in the practice of education, development and training.


The tallest cactus in the United States, the saguaro, is restricted to southern Arizona in this country. When the saguaro is wounded, either mechanically (knives, rocks) or naturally (birds, wind), it responds by forming a hard tissue layer (callus) around the injured area. Paper and thin layer chromatographic analyses together with ultra violet spectral analysis of saguaro callus extracts indi cated the presence of several phenolic acids. Among these were: 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 3-methoxy-if-hydroxybenzoic acid. Following the same procedure, extracts of the pulpy cortex indicated the presence of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. One flavonoid, quercetin, and a second unidentified flavonoid were found to occur in the callus. There was apparently no flavonoid content in the vascular elements of the cactus, the woody ribs. Although no structural identification of alkaloids was attempted, chromatographic analysis of the callus, the ribs, and the intermediate pulpy area indicated the presence of at least five alkaloids. Previously, only one alkaloid, carnegine, had been found in the saguaro.


James F. Cavanagh,1 Ian Eisenberg,1 Marc Guitart-Masip,2 Quentin Huys,3,4 and Michael J. Frank1,5,6 1Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02915, 2Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom, 3Translational Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Biological Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, 4Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland, and 5Department of Psychiatry and 6Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island


Compared to children with non‐edematous severe childhood undernutrition (SCU), those with edematous SCU have slower glutathione synthesis and lower intracellular cysteine (Cys) indicating a shortage in Cys supply. We tested the hypothesis that children with edematous SCU will utilize dietary Cys more efficiently to maximize supply during early nutritional rehabilitation. Cys flux, oxidation and its splanchnic extraction were measured in 5 children with non‐edematous and 7 with edematous SCU during early metabolic stabilization (3.8±0.5 d post‐admission) and during mid catch‐up growth (20.1±2.0 d post‐admission) using primed‐continuous 6 h tracer infusions of 2H2‐Cys intragastrically and U‐13C3‐Cys intravenously. Starting 2 h before the isotope infusions, 33% of daily food intake was given by constant intragastric infusion for 8 h. Cysteine (μmol/kg/h) Splanchnic Uptake Exogenous Intake Oxidation Balance Early Stabilization No Edema 4.1±0.5 13.5±0.4 5.6±1.1 7.9±1.5 Edema 5.9±0.9 14.5±0.5 1.6±0.3 12.9±0.8 P < 0.01 0.01 Mid Catch‐up Growth No Edema 9.6±1.0 25.5±0.8 8.9±0.8 16.6±1.2 Edema 9.8±1.4 26.3±0.4 2.8±0.6 23.5±0.8 P < 0.01 0.01 Mean±SEM


The present invention provides a screen for holding white balance and obtaining a high contrast picture. The screen includes: a base material 2; and a pigmented layer 5 provided on one surface of the base material, the pigmented layer 5 including a first pigment 7A that absorbs a visible light component contained in room light OL1, and a second pigment 7B that absorbs ultraviolet light, wherein the second pigment 7B absorbs the ultraviolet light contained in sunlight OL2, and varies the color imparted by a remaining visible light component unabsorbed by the first pigment 7A absorbing the visible light component of the sunlight OL2, the color being varied in such a manner as to reduce the absolute value of a color difference on a chromaticity diagram between a white point and a point indicative of the color imparted by the remaining component.


politics and the politics of its members are not necessarily the same. The use of the phrase 'Muslim politics' implies that there is also a 'Hindu politics', which gives a wrong interpretation of politics in practice. Had this study also taken into account the reactions and responses of the Bengali Muslim masses to the politics of Bengali Muslim leaders that would have completed the picture of the politics of Bengali Muslims. Based on a large number of Muslim newspapers, periodicials and pamphlets in Bengali which so far had not been explored by researchers and vast archival records, this is no doubt a useful contribution to the existing works on Bengali Muslims.


Introduction Since the definition of chronic migraine as a new disease entity in 2004, numerous clinical trials have examined the efficacy of preventive treatments in chronic migraine. Our aim was to assess the adherence of these trials to the Guidelines of the International Headache Society published in 2008. Methods We searched PubMed for controlled clinical trials investigating preventive treatment for chronic migraine in adults designed after the release of the Guidelines and published until December 2017. Trial quality was evaluated with a 13-item scoring system enlisting essential recommendations adapted from the Guidelines. Results Out of 3352 retrieved records, we included 16 papers in the analysis dealing with pharmacological treatment of chronic migraine. The median score was 6.5 (range 2–13). All trials were randomized, the large majority (81.25%) were placebo-controlled and double-blinded (87.5%). Adherence was lowest on i) a priori definition of outcomes (31.25%), ii) primary endpoint definition (37.5%%) and iii) trial registration (37.5%). Discussion Most clinical trials adhered to the recommendations of the IHS, whereas adherence to migraine-specific recommendations was lower. Greater awareness and adherence to the guidelines are essential to improve the quality of clinical trials, validity of publications and the generalizability of the results.


This handbook offers a careful survey of the rights of lesbians and gay men under the present law, specifically in regard to freedom of speech and association, employment, housing, the military, family relationships, protest and other expressive activities, criminal matters, security clearances, and HIV infection.


Artificial bee colony (ABC) is a new optimisation technique, which has been successfully applied to various optimisation problems. In this paper, we propose a new ABC algorithm called ABCDE, which utilises the differential evolution (DE) scheme. It is known that both employed and onlooker bees in ABC use the same solution search strategy to generate new candidate solutions. In our new approach ABCDE, the employed bees still use the original solution search strategy, while the onlooker bees employ the DE scheme. Experimental studies are conducted on a set of recently proposed CEC 2014 benchmark functions. Computational results show the good search abilities of ABCDE. To further verify the performance of ABCDE on discrete optimisation problems, we apply ABCDE to solve production scheduling problems. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach can achieve promising solutions.


In design of a parallel resonant Induction heating system, choosing a proper capacitance for the resonant circuit is quite important. The capacitance affects the resonant frequency, output power, Q-factor, heating efficiency and power factor. In this paper, the role of equivalent series resistance (ESR) in the choice of capacitance is significantly recognized. Optimal value of the induction heating resonance capacitor is achieved by used genetic algorithm under voltage constraint for maximizing the output power of an induction heater, while minimizing the power loss of the capacitor and inverter switching frequency at the same time. Based on the equivalent circuit model of an induction heating system, the output power, and the capacitor losses are calculated. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by computer simulations.


Chemical synthesis of proteins bearing base-labile post-translational modifications (PTMs) is a challenging task; for instance, O -acetylation and S -palmitoylation PTMs that cannot survive Fmoc removal conditions during Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis. In this work, we developed a new Boc-SPPS-based strategy for the synthesis of peptide C-terminal salicylaldehyde (SAL) esters, which are the key reaction partners in Ser/Thr ligation and Cys/Pen ligation. The strategy utilized the semicarbazone-modified AM (aminomethyl) resin, which could support the Boc-SPPS and release the peptide SAL ester upon treatment with TFA/H 2 O and pyruvic acid. The non-oxidative aldehyde regeneration was fully compatible with all the canonical amino acids. Armed with this strategy, we finished the syntheses of the O -acetylated protein histone H3(S10ac, T22ac) and the hydrophobic S -palmitoylated peptide derived from caveolin-1.


Organic shale analysis of Talang Akar Formation, south Sumatera basin has been carried out using integrated seismic attributes, petrophysical and geochemical data. This shale layer has been deposited in sagging phase with low deposition energy at transgression period, which results in abundant shale deposit. The paper is aimed at characterizing the geochemical and petrophysical properties of shale rock formation and mapping their distribution using transformed seismic data into acoustic impedance and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The assessment of this shale formation is carried out by first analyzing rock physics properties to identify the interest zone of a reservoir. The next step is performing geochemical analysis to quantify TOC and determine the maturity level of the shale formation. In order to map the shale formation distribution, we transform seismic data into acoustic impedance and further into organic-rich shale (TOC) distribution. Our analysis of petrophysical and geochemical properties shows th...


Since test results could vary from one laboratory to another making the EU-directive on boiler efficiency (92/42/ECC) inapplicable, laboratories have gathered their forces and investigated the reasons for the problems. Helped by the EU Commission, a research programme was set up and has led to a new harmonized test method which does not imply extra testing costs. With the new method, the inter-laboratory reproducibility has been clearly improved. At part-load measurements there are problems due to too high measurement inaccuracies. A second phase in the working programme aims at identifying and reducing these remaining errors. This will be done with the help of a new concept of intercomparison starting in 1998. The present paper highlights the different results obtained and the actions which will be taken in the near future in order to improve and furthermore maintain the accuracy of European laboratories.


what constitutes utopianism. She succeeds on both scores, while demonstrating the vitality and in some cases the persistence of medieval utopian visions. Some readers may quibble with her expansive de fi nition of utopianism, but I see this as a productive strategy to reinvigorate utopian theory. She uses the medieval past so as to establish aspects of utopianism: the centrality of estrangement, of perspectival shifts, of melancholy, of cosmopolitanism and provincialism, and of social critique. This is an important and original book.


The purpose of the project was to install a geothermal system in the trustees house on the Bedford campus of Middlesex Community College. In partnership with the environmental science faculty, learning activities for environmental science courses were developed to explain geothermal energy and more specifically the newly installed system to Middlesex students. A real-time monitoring system highlights the energy use and generation.


The utility model relates to a balance device for a multi-stage centrifugal pump, which is composed of a rolling disk body 1, and a bearing or a roller which is inlaid on the rolling disk body 1. The utility model solve the problem that the balance disk plane of the traditional centrifugal pump can be rubbed directly. When a pump body works, the utility model can cause the friction drag to be reduced when the balance disk is rotated, the attrition DEG of the balance disk to be reduced, the service life of the balance disk to be extended, the pump to be kept the good working condition, the maintenance time to be reduced, and the availability factor of the pump to be raised. Therefore, the utility model can be widely applied to the multistage centrifugal pump of an oil field.


At temperatures $T T^{wire}$ a spin polarized state controlled by the electron-electron interaction and electron density is identified at short times. As a result the anomaly in the conductance $G > 2 \times 0.5 {e^2}/{h} $ appears. At $T \to 0$ by varying the gate voltage we find that our problem is equivalent to a resonant impurity level. As a result perfect transmission with a conductance $G \simeq \frac{2 e^2}{h}$ is obtained. The model presented here can be used as a spin filter which operate by varying the temperature. Transport through a short quantum wire with electron-electron interaction and length ``$d$'' coupled to Luttinger leads is considered. The short wire model might explain the ``0.7 anomaly'' observed in quantum point contacts.


The article presents innovative experience aimed at improving the professional environment of teachers and specialists of the psychological and pedagogical support service of the Novosibirsk region in the context of the introduction of professional standards. The presented practice contributed to the improvement of psychological, professional skills as well as information and communication skills (ICS) of teachers and specialists of educational organizations through participation in online professional communities. A short-term educational psychological and pedagogical program "From Problems to Actions" was developed and implemented as a form of network professional culture in order to provide organizational and methodological support for the professional development and skills of teachers and specialists engaged in the field of education, upbringing and socialization of children in the conditions of digitalization of education. The practical value of the presented experience is noted as an innovative and interactive form aimed at improving the quality of training and design of methodological products by placing them in an open educational network of professional communities.


This chapter addresses the main issues regarding the possibilities of using arbitration in dispute resolution under the Brazilian Bankruptcy Law (BBL). Such possibilities include an insolvent company agreeing to an arbitration clause and the viability of submitting insolvency-related disputes to an arbitral tribunal. The Brazilian insolvency system is regulated by the BBL. In essence, this provides for two kinds of proceedings: judicial restructuring and liquidation. Judicial restructuring proceedings give debtors the opportunity to present a reorganizational plan to their creditors. Debtors will attempt to convince creditors not only of their ability to overcome the temporary economic and financial crisis, but also of their business' feasibility. In some circumstances, the economic and financial distress is so extreme that no means exist to reverse the situation, in which case it is preferable to definitively interrupt the debtor's activities, forcibly eliminating the enterprise from the market and liquidating its assets, in order to pay creditors and prevent the damages inflicted on the community from aggravation by breaching credit reliability. Brazilian liquidation proceeding may be initiated by debtors (voluntary petition) or creditors (involuntary petition).


This study deals with a unique crown that was created for Queen Arsinoe II. The aim is to identify and understand the symbolism that is embedded in each pictorial detail that together form the crown and how this reflects the wearer.s socio-political and religious positions. The study focuses on the crown and its details, while also including all contextual aspects of the relief scenes in order to understand the general meaning. The results of this study suggest that the crown of Arsinoe was created for the living queen and reflected three main cultural positions: her royal position as King of Lower Egypt, her cultic role as high priestess, and her religious aspect as thea Philadelphos. It indicates that she was proclaimed female pharaoh during her lifetime and that she was regarded the female founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty: the crown of Arsinoe became a symbol of authority worthy of continuation. (Less)


Our session today needs few words of introduction, for most of the foundations for our programme this morning have already been laid during the papers and discussions yesterday. It is perhaps only in relation to the secretory activities of neurons (which we shall discuss later this morning), and in particular the use of the term 'neurosecretion' that some comments of mine might be appropriate and useful. For many years those of us who are interested in the field of neuroendocrinology have appropriated the word 'neurosecretion' to describe certain specific elements in the central nervous system which appear to be engaged in endocrine activity. The earliest of these specialized neurons to be described, namely those tracts linking the hypothalamus and pituitary pars nervosa in vertebrates, and those linking the brain and the sinus gland in crustaceans and the corpora cardiaca of insects, were clearly distinguishable by histological means from other neurons. Moreover, in terms of function and biochemistry also these classical neurosecretory systems seemed to have distinct characteristics. Unlike other neurons they released peptide hormones into the bloodstream and this, and some other features, formed the basis for the original neurosecretion concept proposed by Scharrer and Bargmann.


Both analysis of international trade and the knowledge resource theory of the firm imply that language skills should play a vital role in exporting. This may be apparent to large multinationals with sites in many different linguistic locations, but we show it is less obvious to smaller companies. With data on the language used by each of a large sample of European small and medium sized enterprises in their export markets we test and estimate the effects of language assets on language performance in export markets and on export sales. Controlling for the possibility that language skills may be acquired by exporting, we find a very substantial export return to linguistic expertise, indicative of unexploited gains from investment in languages. There is also evidence of greater under-investment in language skills in English-speaking Europe, which we show can be a prediction of Konya's (2006) trade model.


Identification of significant process parameters using experiments needs to be carefully formulated as it can be a resource demanding process. Using appropriate statistical techniques such as the Taguchi method of factorial design of experiments, the number of necessary experiments can be reduced and the statistical significance of parameters can be safely identified. In the case of linear friction welding it was found that the frequency of oscillation, power input and forging pressure are statistically insignificant for the range of friction pressures studied.


A triple-transistor Doherty power amplifier (PA) architecture supports two in-phase input and output signals is proposed in this paper. To be specific, a single carrier PA is applied to operate in the low-power region, while two peaking PAs are used in the high-power region. Compared with classic configuration which needs four transistors to realize the same functionality, the proposed design greatly reduces the overall circuit size and cost. Theoretical analysis will be given for deep understanding of the operation principle regarding this novel Doherty PA. To validate the effectiveness, a prototype PA corresponding to the proposed architecture is implemented based on Cree's GaN HEMT transistors. Experimental results demonstrate very high drain efficiencies at both saturation and back-off regions.


This paper examines a differential game model of voluntary provision of a public good in which private agents' contributions accumulate over time and derives subsidy rules that achieve the socially efficient steady state. It is shown that the optimal subsidy rule is a simple one when agents use the open-loop strategy, while under Markovian strategies it intricately depends on the parameters of the economy. Copyright 2006 Blackwell Publishing Inc..


Signal processing hardware designers of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) decoders used in modern optical communications are confronted with the need to perform multi-parametric design space exploration, targeting very high throughput (hundreds of Mbit/s) and low-power systems. This work addresses the needs of current designers of dedicated GF(2m) NB-LDPC decoders that necessitate robust approaches for dealing with the ever-increasing demand for higher BER performance. The constraints pose tremendous pressure on the on-chip design of irregular data structures and micro-circuit implementation for supporting the complex Galois field mathematics and communications of hundreds of check nodes with hundreds of variable node processors. We have developed kernels targeting GPU and FPGA (HLS and its equivalent RTL) descriptions of this class of complex circuits for comparing area, frequency of operation, latency, parallelism and throughput. Exploiting techniques such as using custom bit-widths, pipelining, loop-unrolling, array-partitioning and the replication of compute units, results in considerably faster design cycles and demands less non-recurring engineering effort. We report a throughput performance of 800 Mbps for the FPGA case.