Background: Appendicular lump is a well-known sequalae of acute appendicitis encountered in 2-6% of patients. Successful management of appendicular lump is controversial with different approaches. This study aims to evaluate the outcome of early appendectomy in an appendicular lump.Methods: A total of 210 patients were admitted in surgery and pediatric surgery department of Rangpur medical college and hospital with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and its sequalae over two years.Results: In this study, sixty patients were included who were presented with an appendicular lump. Maximum patients (50%) were found in the age group of 21-30 years. Males (66.67%) were more affected. Eighty percent of patients were coming from below-average socio-economic conditions. In group I, early appendicectomy had done and outcomes were satisfactory and favorable. In group II, eighteen patients were operated who were admitted at 6 to 8 days after an attack of acute appendicitis, and twelve patients were continued the conservative treatment. In group II, who had done surgery, among them, fourteen patients (77.78%) were found an appendicular abscess, and four patients (22.22%) were found perforated appendix per-operatively. In group I, the mean recovery period was less and they had minimum complications. In group II, the mean recovery period was more and they had more complications.Conclusions: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that early exploration in appendicular lump patients confirm the diagnosis, cures the problem, reduces the cost of management, and shortens the convalescence period and hospital stay with reasonably satisfactory outcomes.


We study the functional form of the star-formation law using the Vaschy–Buckingham Pi theorem. We find that it should have the form &Sgr; ˙ ⋆ ∝ G L &Sgr; gas 3 / 2 ?> , where L is a characteristic length that is related to an integration scale. With a reasonable estimate for L, we find that galaxies of different types and redshifts, including low-surface-brightness galaxies and individual star-forming regions in our Galaxy, obey this single star-formation law. We also find that, depending on the assumption for L, this star-formation law adopts different formulations of &Sgr; ˙ ⋆ ?> scaling that are widely studied in the literature: &Sgr; gas 3 / 2 , &Sgr; gas / t orb , &Sgr; gas / t ff ?> and &Sgr; gas 2 / v turb ?> . We also study secondary controlling parameters of the star-formation law based on the current evidence from numerical simulations, and we find that for galaxies the star-formation efficiency should be controlled, at least, by the turbulent Toomre parameter and the sonic and Alfvénic Mach numbers.


ABSTRACT A prospective study was conducted to investigate the throat carrier rate of beta hemolytic streptococci (BHS) and to serotype the group A streptococci (GAS) in asymptomatic preschool children in Pleven (Bulgaria). Throat swabs were collected from 74 healthy children aged 3 to 7 years (mean: 4.72 ± 1.28 years). The Lancefield group of the streptococci isolated in pure culture was determined using the latex agglutination test (Slidex Strepto-Kit, BioMerieux, France). The strains of GAS were serotyped with anti-T, -SOF and -M sera. BHS were isolated from 24.02% of asymptomatic children, ranging from 20% to 26.42% at different stages of the study. GAS represented 16.20% of all tested, group C streptococci were isolated in 6.70%, group G in 1.12% of those surveyed. Circulation was found in four M serotypes (M 11, M 12, M 14 and M 49), a leading M 14 (65.52%) and two T serotypes (T 11 and T 14), the dominant T 14 (82.76%). The results of our study highlight the importance of regular surveillance programmes to keep GAS infections and carriage in check.


operacional com os que maior tempo da métodos; Apoio à decisão. Abstract Among the activities of the mechanized forest harvesting, one of the most important is the extraction of eucalyptus trees, commonly carried out by means of the grapple skidder which is an intrinsic machine for harvesting modalities, currently used in Brazil. Therefore, the time and method study technique was applied to determine the production costs of operating a grapple skidder under different operating conditions. The study was conducted in the central western region of São Paulo State, where there was a forest planted with Eucalyptus platyphylla. The tree extraction was carried out by a John Deere grapple skidder. The time and study method was applied to determine the productivity per effective hour of the self-propelled machine, in addition, the methodology by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992) was adopted to estimate the programmed hourly cost of the self-propelled machine. The production cost of the operation was obtained by the ratio between the programmed hourly cost of the machine and the effective productivity. The analysis of the results showed that the times of the operating cycle elements with grapple skidder displacements are representativeness in the total operation time, and that the productivity per effective hour of the self-propelled machine with grapple skidder is influenced by the extraction distance and by the slope of the terrain.


One of the ways of ensuring information security are intrusion detection systems (IDS). IDS are used to detect malicious activity on the network. The standard approach to the detection of attacks it is looking for specific patterns, such as byte sequences in network traffic, or known malicious instruction sequences used by malware. This approach is highly efficient, but it does not able to detect the attacks without patterns. Modern approaches to detection of attacks use deep learning.
The purpose of this work was to explore the possibility of building a universal classifier of network traffic based on a deep neural network. For this, a recurrent autoencoder was trained on TCP packets from the CICIDS2017 dataset. During training the neural network was a model in which the expected vector was set the same as the original one. And learning was on normal traffic. The main idea was that a recurrent autoencoder trained in this way should recover anomalous traffic with a high loss. The TCP package is considered malicious if the recovery loss is above the threshold. However, the accuracy of recovering normal TCP packets was low due to the insufficient model capacity and the lack of the suitable representation learning method.
After the results analyzing, we proposed an approach that can improve accuracy of detection for some attacks. Based on this approach, the VAEGAN network was trained on normal network flows from CICIDS2017. The VAEGAN was used to detect malicious network flows: to calculate the anomaly score for flow; if score is above the threshold – the flow is malicious.
The VAEGAN network showed a high percentage of attacks detection and the F-score value – 0.933.


In this paper an efficient algorithm is proposed, which is based on applying the idea of spectral method using the B-spline polynomials to find an approximate solution of finite quadratic optimal control problems (QOCP), which are governed by ordinary differential equations, represent the constraints.


Introduction In many countries, the crude divorce rate nearly doubled in the second half of the 20 century. Divorce rates increased much in parallel with women's labor market participation and were associated with women's better education and increasing earnings that guaranteed more financial independence from the spouse. In recent decades, the educational imbalance has reversed in favor of women in many advanced countries. This trend has resulted in an increasing number of marriages where the wife is more educated than the husband (Esteve et al. 2012, Grow and Van Bavel 2015, Esteve et al. 2016). Women's higher relative education in the couple is likely to lead to a higher proportion of families where the woman earns more than the man (Klesment and Van Bavel forthcoming). At the same time, the former pattern of positive association between education and divorce seems to have weakened (Matysiak et al. 2014) and the connection between educational hypogamy and higher dissolution risk is disappearing (Schwartz and Han 2014). Analogously to the lower importance of education for divorce, it has been shown that the once positive relationship between women's relative earnings and divorce may not hold any more (Schwartz and GonalonsPons 2016). In this paper we investigate how women's relative earnings and education, compared to her male partner, are associated with the union dissolution risk in Europe.


In this paper, we are proposing a Firewall-based solution for protecting Android operating systems against privilege escalation attacks, mainly, confused deputy attacks and collusion attacks. The proposed Firewall protects the applications that have critical privilege permission. Any other applications without the critical permission will not be able to call protected applications via privilege escalation attacks. Since the Internet is the door of attack, we consider the permission to access Internet as a critical permission. As such, any application cannot access the Internet directly or indirectly, through privilege escalation, without confirmation of the user disallowing invulnerable leakage of private data. The proposed solution allows also protection to different critical permissions through the creation of multi-critical protection zones. We implemented the multi-critical protection zones by selecting READ_CONTACTS permission and INTERNET permission as critical permissions and the applications having one of these permission or both, they will be protected by our firewall against the privilege escalation attacks. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed solution are evaluated in this paper along with the imposed overhead. The evaluation includes the Android with one zone firewall and with two zones firewall.


The catchphrase "Industry 4.0" is widely regarded as a methodology for succeeding in modern manufacturing. This paper provides an overview of the history, technologies and concepts of Industry 4.0. One of the biggest challenges to implementing the Industry 4.0 paradigms in manufacturing are the heterogeneity of system landscapes and integrating data from various sources, such as different suppliers and different data formats. These issues have been addressed in the semiconductor industry since the early 1980s and some solutions have become well-established standards. Hence, the semiconductor industry can provide guidelines for a transition towards Industry 4.0 in other manufacturing domains. In this work, the methodologies of Industry 4.0, cyber-physical systems and Big data processes are discussed. Based on a thorough literature review and experiences from the semiconductor industry, we offer implementation recommendations for Industry 4.0 using the manufacturing process of an electronics manufacturer as an example.


The proverbial benefits of prevention over cure are self-evident—and yet we are reluctant to invest in staying healthy. Resolution of this age-old dilemma begins with a timeless truth: the benefits of good health come at a cost: prevention is not better than cure at any price. That logic leads to a testable—and refutable—proposition: that prevention should be favoured when an imminent, high-risk, high-impact hazard can be averted at relatively low cost. Application of this idea helps to explain why cigarette smoking is still commonplace, why the world was not ready for the COVID-19 pandemic, why the idea of a 'sin tax' is misconceived, why billions still do not have access to safe sanitation, why the response to climate change has been so slow, and why public health advice often falls on deaf ears. Much more money and effort are invested in health promotion and prevention today than is commonly thought, but the enormous avoidable burden of illness is reason to seek incentives for investing still more. The principles, together with a series of case studies in diverse settings, offer 12 lessons for prevention. These are methods and motives for shifting the balance away from reactive medical treatment, bypassing illness and injury, to promote better health and well-being.


There are many observational studies of stable isotopes and d-excess in precipitation across Japan. However, the spatial and temporal variations are still un-known. This study reveals the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan by integrating previous observational data at 48 stations. The δ 18 O in precipitation were high in the Okinawa region during the winter months ( December–February ) and in other regions during the spring months ( March–May ) and the autumn months ( September–November ), since there were relatively low percentages of precipitation and high percentages of evaporation to precipitable water in the upstream area of water vapor flux. The δ 18 O in precipitation weighted by precipitation amount averaged for annual, spring, and winter months showed latitude effects ( decreasing δ 18 O as the latitude of the stations increased ). However, δ 18 O in precipitation during the summer months ( June– August ) ranged from − 10 ‰ to − 6 ‰ , since there were low percentages of both precipitation and evaporation to precipitable water by strong southerly water vapor flux. Also, those in autumn ranged from − 10 ‰ to − 4 ‰ , since typhoons and associ-ated precipitation supplied low δ 18 O. Seasonal variations of d-excess in precipitation were lower than 10 ‰ and higher than 15 ‰ in summer and winter, respectively. The d-excess values of precipitation on the Japan Sea side were higher than on the Pacific Ocean side, the Kyushu region, and the Okinawa region in autumn and winter. Therefore, it cannot say that precipitation on the Pacific Ocean side, the Kyushu re -gion, and the Okinawa region originates in the Japan Sea, despite the fact that d-excess values in winter were higher than 20 ‰ or higher than in summer. Intensive observation of stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan is required, because observation periods in most previous studies were not matched.


Abstract We studied the reproduction and shell size structure of the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) in the Mill River, Massachusetts, at sites of different mussel abundance, and assessed the dispersal capacity of its host fish, the tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi). We quantified 4 phases of reproduction at 5 study sites of contrasting adult mussel abundance (3 low-abundance sites, 1 intermediate, 1 high), including gravidity, glochidial release, host infection rate, and juvenile recruitment. The ratio of gravid to nongravid individuals was higher at the high-abundance site, and comparatively lower at the intermediate- and low-abundance sites. Glochidial release, infection rates on host darters, and juvenile recruitment were directly proportional to mussel abundance. The highest glochidia density (0.12/m3) occurred at the high-abundance site. Mean infection rates during early May to late June ranged from 31% at the high-abundance site to 8% at the intermediate- and 0 to 2% at the 3 low-abundance sites. The high-abundance site showed highest level of juvenile recruitment. Low-abundance sites showed narrow ranges of size classes, probably indicating few year classes. Movement by marked darters was minimal during glochidial release, with 94% of marked darters remaining in locations where they were originally marked. Reproduction by A. heterodon in the Mill River depends on mussel patch density, and mussel dispersal by the host fish may be limited to the immediate vicinity of the infection site. Such a low dispersal capacity may lead to a patchy mussel distribution and may hinder colonization and recovery of this species.


The climate is changing, and there is growing recognition that the social dimensions of vulnerability and adaptation must be brought to the forefront of development policies and practices. Until now, adaptation has most often been approached in an instrumental way, by promoting technical interventions and capacity-building programmes aimed at helping people to minimize the risks associated with specific climate impacts, such as higher temperatures, more frequent droughts, larger storm surges or greater flooding. Adaptation is being absorbed into prevailing approaches to development and 'mainstreamed' into every domain and sector, from health, education and governance, to agriculture, water resources, infrastructure and many others. In fact, the unprecedented risks associated with climate change – in the near term but especially in the long term – indicate that transformation of development itself may be required if we are to deal with climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, along with other social and ecological challenges.


This series of papers was originally presented as a symposium at the annual meetings of the American Educational Research Association (AERA) and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME) held between April 9, 2007, and April 13, 2007, in Chicago, IL. The authors represent school districts and departments of education across the United States, as well as researchers at Cleveland State University, Educational Testing Service (ETS), the Institute for Education in London, and the University of Wyoming at Laramie. All of the current ETS staff, along with Dylan Wiliam and Marnie Thompson, worked at ETS for several years on an iterative research and development program, out of which grew the Keeping Learning on Track® (KLT) program.

These papers represents the thinking about the theory behind the KLT program, describes the range of contexts used to implement the program, and illustrates the inherent tensions between the desire to maintain fidelity to a theory of action and the need to demonstrate flexibility in order to accommodate local situations. Papers 2 through 6 present descriptions of five implementations in chronological order.


The aim of the article was to propose a modified emergency department (ED) stroke code for the evaluation of patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 A stroke code used in COVID-19 patients with a time-sensitive condition such as AIS needs to ensure not only a rapid patient management, but also stroke team safety and the optimal and safe use of scan rooms and angio-suites In the pre-pandemic times, many EDs have adopted an Acute Stroke Code, an algorithm facilitating rapid assessment of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of AIS The stroke code triggers the activation of the stroke team, which comprises of an ED specialist, neurologist, radiographers, and radiologist During the COVID-19 pandemic, a need arose for a modified stroke code that would include COVID-19 screening To minimize the risk for health care workers during patient assessment and management, all personnel should wear adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and maintain a distance of at least two from the patient, unless strictly necessary Since stroke evaluation does not generate aerosols, the use of a positive air purified respirator may depend on its availability and institutional policy The stroke team should comprise of a minimum number of health care providers and use telemedicine to review the evaluation process Emergency physicians must have a high level of suspicion to identify AIS as an initial presentation of COVID-19 To address the challenges during this pandemic, a modified stroke code with a dedicated workflow needs to be established for screening, evaluation, and safe, coordinated management of AIS patients in the ED The implementation of a strict screening process in the ED can help identify suspect or confirmed COVID-19 patients The adherence to infection control measures by all members of the stroke team, a dedicated facility for neuro-imaging, and subsequent intervention in the angio-suite can ensure timely, safe, and optimal stroke management This article proposes a modified stroke code addressing all these issues that can be individualized and adopted based on local institutional practice


'Ecosystem-based fisheries management — criteria for the sustainable fishing' project was started in 2005. The general aims were to define the main factors that affect the state and demography of fish populations, and to develop a strategy for fishing and fish stock management abiding by the principles of sustainable use. The key objectives were to investigate (1) the effects of fishing on abundance, structure, production and genetic characteristics of fish populations, (2) the effects of maternal traits on the amount and quality of offspring, (3) the effects of piscivore fishing on the ecosystem, (4) the factors affecting the interactions between fishes, and (5) the reliability of different methods in estimating fish population abundance and structure. The perch (Perca fluviatilis), pike (Esox lucius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) were chosen as the main target species because they are the most abundant species in the recreational catches in Finland (Natural Resources Institute Finland 2015), but little studied from the abovementioned points of view. The maternal effects (i.e., the effects of female traits on the offspring characteristics) were studied in all three species. Special attention was paid to the role of large individuals in maintaining population renewability and to the effects of different fishing strategies on the food web structure and biological interactions. The experimental study lakes were located in the Evo forest area in southern Finland (61°13 ́N, 25°12 ́E). In addition, studies were carried out in some larger lakes in southern and central Finland (Roikonen 2014, Vainikka et al. 2017). The project was conducted in co-operation by the University of Helsinki and the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute (as of 1 Jan. 2015 Natural Resources Institute Finland), and financially supported mainly by the Bergsrådet Bror Serlachius Foundation.


Objective: To study the change of glutamate transporters (GluTs) function in hippocampus neuron of kainic acid (KA) kindled rats, and observe the influence of taurine (Tau) on the kindling and the function of GluTs. Methods: Fourty Wistar rats were divided randomly into 4 groups:Ⅰgroup(saline control group), Ⅱgroup( KA group), Ⅲgroup( low dose taurine group), Ⅳgroup( high dose taurine group). Ⅲ group and Ⅳ group were separately injected taurine intraperitonealy in a low dose of 1 g/kg and high dose of 2 g/kg for 3 days. Then, Ⅱgroup, Ⅲgroup and Ⅳ group were injected KA of 10 mg/kg intraperitonealy, while the control group was injected 1 ml saline?鸦 they were observed the behavior changes and studied GluTs function by means of assay of 3H-L- glutamate uptaken in synaptosomes of hippocampus. Results: Comparing to control group, the GluTs function of KA group was significantly decreased (P0.01). Comparing to KA group, the onset latency of taurine group increased?鸦 the occurrence of tonic seizures, the grade of seizure behavior and the mortality rate reduced?鸦 and the function of GluTs ameliorated, which depended on the dosage of taurine. Conclusion: KA can cause GluTs function decreasing in hippocampus neuron?鸦 taurine can prevent the seizures induced by KA?鸦 this partly contributes to the amelioration of GluTs function in hippocampus neuron.


STUDY OBJECTIVE
Lung density assessed by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is sufficiently sensitive for the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease, but may be hampered by uneven disease distribution. We determined the mean and subpleural density values in patients with diffuse fibrosing alveolitis (FA) and evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of both parameters, expressed as post-test odds ratios.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pulmonary HRCT was performed on 21 FA patients and compared to scans of 27 healthy volunteers. The HRCT procedure was standardized by taking 3 scans at the carina +/- 5 cm, and by defining inspiration levels at 50% vital capacity. Mean lung density (MLD) and subpleural lung density (SLD) were calculated for all participants.

RESULTS
MLD and SLD values for healthy subjects were significantly higher compared with the patient group. Odds ratios were 7.8:1 and 3.9:1 for SLD and MLD, respectively, demonstrating a superior discrimination power of SLD in the diagnosis of FA.

CONCLUSION
Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative HRCT measurements in FA was improved by the separate evaluation of subpleural lung density, which is a better indicator of the presence or absence of lung fibrosis than is mean lung density.


A monolithic, electrically-pumped, passively mode-locked diode laser at 1550 nm with 58 pJ of pulse energy has been demonstrated. The laser produces 10-ps pulses at a 4-GHz repetition rate.


In order to evaluate the safety of greenhouse horticultures, a large number sample sources were collected, and the fungi of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. were isolated from them. Indirect competitive ELISA method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were applied to confirm the ochratoxin A producing abilities of isolated strains. One hundred ninety two sample sources including soil, pepper, strawberry and water mellon were collected for fungi isolation from western Gyeongnam, Andong and Gyeongbok. One hundred forty two strains of Aspergillus sp. and one hundred fifty three strains of Penicillium sp. were isolated respectively from them. The isolated fungi were tested for the production of ochratoxin A by ELISA. After culture of them on the modified sucrose low salt medium at for 15 days, we found that five strains of Penicillium sp. produced ochratoxin A at the levels of . Among them, #129-2 strain isolated from water melon, showed the highest level of ochratoxin A as broth. However, all of isolated Aspergillus sp. didn't produce ochratoxin A. When we compared the results of ELISA method with HPLC method, ochratoxin A production of each isolated strains showed very similar levels.


Virtual Reality (VR) offers advantages for learning and research when dealing with concepts or systems that are highly spatial. The ability to gain a new perspective by moving the head or by using the hands to manipulate an object is highly intuitive and allows learners to focus on the subject matter rather than the interface. Even so, many obstacles remain for this potential to be reaped at scale and across disciplines in formal educational and research settings. Here we describe an end-to-end effort to create and implement an immersive tool for learning and research that would overcome these obstacles and prove practically usable and useful in such contexts. The creation process required overcoming myriad design and engineering challenges — these and our corresponding approaches are described in detail.


Knowledge can play an important role in ascertaining an organization's competitive edge if the knowledge of employees is nurtured and utilized as an asset with a potential to improve service delivery. The study focused on knowledge sharing at the Thomas Mofolo Library in Lesotho to determine if knowledge sharing was being used to improve service delivery at the Library. A case study design that triangulated interviews and questionnaires was used in this study. Quantitative data was processed using software packages. Data from the interviews was analyzed through content analysis based on the objectives of the study. This study established that staff recognized the need to share knowledge. However, knowledge sharing occurred on an ad hoc basis. There was a limited use of technology-based and human-based mechanisms of sharing knowledge. The study suggests practical knowledge-sharing practices that may contribute to improved service delivery in a library setup. As a case study, study may also contribute to the development of theory about the phenomenon.


Purpose: To report the use of a centralized electronic medical record (EMR) to provide timely retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening in a previously fragmented monitoring system in a standalone children's hospital in Connecticut. Methods: A chart review of 306 visits for ROP screening in 3 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) over a time period of 24 months. Results: All infants born at <30 weeks gestational age or birth weight <1,500g (N = 107) at these NICUs were screened for ROP according to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. Data was collected before the implementation of our centralized EMR list, during a transitional period, and once the list was established. Our analysis of the data found an improvement in delay of care from 16.85% to 10.83% of visits, and a decrease in number of visits done during off hours from 20.4% to 5% of visits. Conclusion: Our tool was a free and cost-efficient centralization of a once difficult-to-manage process for ROP screenings in Connecticut. The decrease in delay of care and improvement in physician scheduling will lead to better outcomes for our patients and better sustainability of practice for our providers.


Taxes on consumption items necessary for subsistence burdened the British middle and workings classes heavily throughout the early nineteenth century. The Weekly True Sun urged the Whig government to replace the window tax, not with a house tax, but with an income tax, and urged taxpayers to refuse to pay the window tax. Charles Dickens transcribed the seditious libel trial of the True Sun editors when he was very young and later remembered the Whig indecision on tax policy in a strongly negative editorial of his own. This article describes how Dickens played a prominent role in tax reform that followed.


Organic solar cells have advantages over the traditional inorganic solar cells. The flexibility and light-weight of an organic solar device lead to novel deployment unattainable by inorganic solar devices. There is a wide range of materials that can be used to fabricate an organic solar cell with many suitable conducting polymers and small molecules. The large number of appropriate materials means that it is possible to tune an organic cell to target specific wavelengths of light by targeting specific band gaps. Despite all these benefits, the commercialization of organic solar devices has been limited by their low efficiency. One path to raising the efficiency is to better understand how the morphology or internal structure of the solar cell influences charge transport. The work presented here is a Dynamical Monte Carlo (DMC) simulation that can model the processes that govern the conversion of light to electrical power. The Monte Carlo simulation describes how the interacting particles in the solar cell move and behave. This simulation can provide insight to how the structure of the cell can influence both charge creation and charge collection. The DMC simulations were performed for two archetypal organic solar cell material systems: CuPc-C60 and P3HT-PCBM. Various morphologies were used for these material systems to examine the effect of morphology on both internal and external quantum efficiency. Introduction Since the introduction of the bilayer donor-acceptor heterojunction organic solar cell by C.W. Tang in 1986 [1], organic solar cell efficiencies have been rising. However, the efficiencies of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells still lag behind their inorganic counterparts, with the most efficient OPV cell rated at 10% efficiency [2]. The challenges to successful organic solar cell design are numerous. Chief among these is that organic solar cell physics differs greatly from that of inorganic solar cells. Thus, the theoretical framework developed to describe inorganic solar cells cannot be directly applied to organics. A new approach for organic solar cells is needed. The Organic Solar Cell The physics and analysis of organic solar cells differ greatly from their inorganic counterparts. The energy states are distributed differently in an organic vs. inorganic solar cell. For an inorganic solar cell, the periodicity of the inorganic semiconductor crystal lattice leads to the formation of conduction bands and valence bands. The charges move along these bands and carrier movement can be solved analytically with Bloch wave functions [3]. Organic solar cells have two important energy states: highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Rather than form energy bands, the disorder of the organic cell leads to highly localized states. Charge movement is described by hopping from localized state to localized state [3]. Figure 1(a) and (b) show the movement of charges in the energy structure of an inorganic semiconductor and an organic semiconductor, respectively. The hopping behavior of charge movement in the organic semiconductor lends itself well to be described by the Dynamic Monte Carlo method. The basic organic solar cell is a stacked structure. Starting from the bottom, there is the glass substrate, the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer, the PEDOT-PSS layer, the active layer, and lastly the aluminum top contact. An example of this structure can be seen in Figure 2. The ITO is a transparent layer which serves as the hole contact. The PEDOT-PSS layer is a hole transporting layer, which matches well energetically with the ITO contact, serves to smooth the rough ITO layer for better active layer deposition, and blocks electrons to prevent recombination at the electrode. The active region layer is where absorbed photons are converted into holes and electrons and consists of two types of materials, an electron conducting material and a hole conducting material. Hereafter, the electron and hole conducting materials will be referred to as the acceptor and donor materials, respectively. For this work, three different active region morphologies are considered: the bilayer which is a layer of acceptor material on top of a layer of donor material, the chessboard which is a morphology with alternating columns of acceptor and donor materials, and the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) which is a mixture of acceptor and donor material. Lastly, the aluminum layer is the electron contact. Figure 1: Charges moving through the energy structure of an inorganic semiconductor and an organic semiconductor [23] (a): Inorganic Semiconductor (b): Organic Semiconductor Photovoltaic Process The photovoltaic process starts with the absorption of a photon in the active region layer which generates an exciton. The exciton is a quasiparticle representing a tightly bound electron and hole pair. This exciton diffuses through the cell until it reaches a donor-acceptor material interface where it dissociates into the electron and hole. The exciton can also recombine before it reaches an interface. An exciton that recombines does not contribute to the photovoltaic effect. The generated electron and hole will only travel in the acceptor and donor material respectively. These charge carriers move through their respective material type until they reach a contact, from which they can provide power to an external circuit. A diagram of this process can be seen in Figure 3. Figure 2: The structure of the organic solar cell. Figure from [24]. Figure 3: The photovoltaic process in an organic solar cell. Figure from [25] Two figures of merit for the organic solar cell is the external quantum efficiency (EQE), denoted as , and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) denoted as . The EQE is the number of carriers collected at the contacts of the solar cell divided by the number of incident photons. To determine the EQE, the efficiencies of four processes need to be considered: the absorption efficiency describing the number of excitons generated for a given number of incident photons, the exciton diffusion efficiency describing the number of excitons that reach a donor-acceptor interface without recombination, the charge transfer efficiency describing the number of dissociated electrons and holes generated for a given number of excitons that reach a donor-acceptor interface, and the charge collection efficiency describing the number of charges collected at the contact for a given number of dissociated electrons and holes. The calculation of EQE is as follows:


India is undergoing a digital revolution with penetration of SMART phones has bought a generational change in way of providing services. Academic libraries in India are still in old mode of doing things with a card based catalogue method. There is a need to reform the academic libraries in tune with present technological advancements .Government of India's Digital India Programme has further provided impetus in reinvigorating the libraries .The purpose of this paper is to investigate the primary roles of interactivity, perceived usefulness and ease with which user uses' and user attitudes and intentions to use mobile library apps. Additionally, with the advancement of mobile library services, the current study employs techniques such as user satisfaction factors as antecedents of intentions to use mobile library apps and this proposed model helps to build quality in digital libraries (DLs) which is grounded framework of digital libraries ie.,4 S Spaces, Structures Scenarios, and Societies.


The C 1 Σ + excited electronic state of 6 LiH and 7 LiD isotopomers has been studied by a pulsed optical-optical double resonance fluorescence depletion spectroscopic technique, in which a band-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection scheme was used. Forty-two 6 LiH vibrational (v = 2-43) levels and fifty-five 7 LiD vibrational (v = 4-58) levels have been separately observed. The absolute vibrational numbering of the 7 LiD C 1 Σ + state is identified via a comparison between observed term values and those calculated with a hybrid potential energy curve reported previously for the 7 LiH C 1 Σ + state. Among the highest observed vibrational levels, the highest observed rovibrational levels are respectively the (43,5) level for 6 LiH and the (58,8) level for 7 LiD, compared to the level (43,8) reported previously for the 7 LiH case. The spectral term values for the vibrational levels lying above v = 33 for 6 LiH, and those above v = 44 for 7 LiD, occur in an irregular order. The v = 34, J = 0 level of 6 LiH and the v = 45, J = 0 level of 7 LiD lie mainly in the inner, small well. The term values for the observed rovibrational levels, for 2 ≤ v ≤ 32, 0≤J≤ 11 of 6 LiH and for 4 ≤ v ≤ 44, 0 ≤ J ≤ 13 of 7 LiD, in the outer ionic well are described by a set of Dunham-type coefficients. Together with previous observed term values of 7 LiH, a combined isotopomer Dunham-type analysis has been performed, and five hydrogen and three lithium mass-dependent Born-Oppenheimer breakdown correction terms for the C 1 Σ + state are determined.


This study is to estimate residual capacity in battery energy storage systems (BESSs) based on model-based design and Coulomb-counting method. To maintain the balance of momentary energy within the micro-grid, the auxiliary reserve services have to frequently absorb and approach power flow applied technique for its high peak shaving and valley filling service. Therefore, how to approach the power quality problems of distributed energy under the safe and stable operation can play the significant role to sustain the reliability of power supply. This paper presents unique approaches to deriving adaptive Coulomb counting controller in terms of state of charge tracking control laws, on which state of charge tracking and residual power estimation can be achieved. Simulation results obtained from a 336 watt-hours BESS have verified the analysis and discussion.


Research the structure and composition of vegetation, biomass estimation, carbon  content and the rate of photosynthesis was conducted in Citalahab Central Village, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, on August 2010. The purpose of  research to determine the components and characteristics of each tree species at the study sites associated with biomass, the rate of CO 2 assimilation and transpiration.  Results showed that, the form of classified forest area of primary forest with a little disturbed. There were recorded 337 individual trees (stem diameter > 10 cm) per hectare from 71 species, 50 genera and 32 families. Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Meliaceae are the 5 most common families found in the plot area, that is dominated by Altingia excelsa, Blumeodendron elateriospermum, Ardisia zollingeri, Gordonia excelsa, Tricalysia singularis, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Knema cinerea,  Laportea stimulant, Vernonia arborea and Dysoxylum excelsum. Estimated biomass recorded of 304.5 tons dry weight / ha with a carbon content of 152.3 tons / ha of basal area of 28.89 m 2 /ha. Quercus oidocarpa, Litsea noronhae, Saurauia nudiflora, Castanopsis argentea and Altingia excelsa has recorded the highest photosynthetic rates compared with other species. While the highest transpiration rate is owned by the Macaranga triloba, Sandoricum koetjape, Prunus arborea, Urophyllum corymbosum  and Altingia excelsa.


This paper examines the frequency response of human body-simulating impedance networks found in information and communication technology safety standards, then explores their reactions at radio frequencies used for wireless telephony. It explores the possible existence of human-body inductance, resonance and skin effect. Finally, it postulates a working model for evaluating the safety of high-power circuits operating at radio frequencies.


The adsorption of D2O and O2 on polycrystalline FeTiO3 (natural ilmenite) has been studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Oxygen was found to absorb reactively with Fe0 on Ar+‐sputtered surfaces at and above 150 K while D2O was found to adsorb molecularly or in ice layers below 170 K on both Ar+ and O+2 ion‐bombarded ilmenite. The D2O desorbs at 170 K with either the formation of an OD complex or a strongly bound molecular layer of water.


Based on requirements of the new Hospital Financial System and Hospital Accounting System, we have constructed the "Department Full Cost Accounting System" in the context of the hospital financial system, with cost management as the foundation and the performance appraisal as the platform after nearly one year's exploration and practice. This system has provided progressive innovation on many aspects of hospital management, for example, the improvement on management system, operating mechanism and methodology and tools, etc. On the other hand, great achievement has been made in hospital management, improvement of service ability, promotion of economic operation structure adjustment and department cost control. Over one year's practice, this system have proved to operate smoothly. It has realized the "soft landing". This article has summarized the practical experience of our hospital in creating and applying the "Departmental Full Cost Accounting System", in order to provide reference and support of cost accounting management for the medical industry.


Background: Gallstone disease (GSD) and its complications are major global public health issues, and it remains a common cause of surgical intervention, contributing substantially to health care costs. This study is to estimate the risk of diabetes and life style risk factors responsible for cholelithiasis (gallstone). Materials & Methods: This was a case control study, 137 cases were recruited from cholelithiasis patients (proven by sonography) admitted in the surgical wards of Government Medical College, Trivandrum from June to December 2009. Sex-matched controls (n = 274) comprising of patients admitted for other morbidities and sonographically negative for gallstones were simultaneously recruited from the same wards. Results: People with diabetes mellitus have 2.37 times increased chance of developing cholelithiasis. The chance of getting cholelithiasis was found to be 2.7448 times higher in age group of 50 years or more, with odds ratio of 2.7448. It was found that those with sedentary lifestyle have almost double the chance of developing cholelithiasis compared to non-sedentary, odds ratio of 1.8985. Conclusion: It has been found in this study that in Type 2 diabetes, sedentary physical activity, increasing age, over-weight and obesity were the risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis. Regular exercise with maintenance of healthy body weight with good diabetes control can help in delaying or preventing the development of cholelithiasis.


The purpose of the research. The comparison of the osteophatic manipulative treatment (OMT) and the physiotherapy which was based on the sling exercise therapy for the patients experiencing low back pain. Study material and methods. The study was held from November 2014 until April 2015 at Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu clinics, the Centre of the Rehabilitation, Physical and Sport Medicine, out-patient rehabilitation department. The patients were assessed before rehabilitation programme by applying documentary part, the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and the Roland – Morris Questionare. The assessment of the pain characteristics and evaluation of the functional status of the vertebra was accomplished. The study sample comprised randomly recruited patients suffering from low back pain into two homogeneous groups that differ by applying accessory procedure: the experimental group underwent OMT, the control group - physiotherapy which was based on the sling exercise therapy. In all the treatment groups, procedures were performed by the same specialists and the same methods were used. The second evaluation was carried out on the same or next day after completion of the rehabilitation program. Statistical analysis was performed using SPPS 20.0 program and MS Excel. Results. The study included 43 patients, 30 (69.8%) women and 13 (30.2%) men. The average age was 44.4 ± 12.8 years, the youngest patient was 23 years old, the oldest - 68 years old. 93% of subjects consisted of the regularly employed. The distribution according to the phases of pain: acute phase - 9 (20.9%) subjects; subacute - 2 (4.7%), and acute exacerbations of chronic pain phase - 32 (74.4%) subjects. After rehabilitation, the pain intensity dropped from an average of 5.79 ± 1.92 to 3.37 ± 1.90 points of numerical pain scale (p 0.05). 5. Statistically significant reduction in pain and improvement in functional status was monitored in patients who underwent osteophatic manipulative treatment compared to patients who had additional physiotherapy which was based on the sling exercise therapy. 6. Osteopathy should be included in the rehabilitation process, because it is an effective treatment method. Lower back pain is the growing socio-economic problem. It is important to continue the rehabilitation performance assessment to include Osteopathy, as an effective method of treatment, creating optimal rehabilitation programme.


'The Woman Reader' by Belinda Jack.

This ambitious book maps out the relatively undeveloped field of women's reading habits across time and cultures, all in fewer than 350 pages. It is not an easy task, but Belinda Jack accomplishes it brilliantly. She shifts seamlessly between wide-ranging examples, from the Byzantine princess Anna Komnene, who persuaded her tutor to help her circumvent a parental ban on erotic poetry, to The Peony Pavilion (1598), a popular play whose heroine became an alter ego for the young Chinese women who read it obsessively to the point of exhaustion, prompting some concerned mothers to burn their copies...


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second deadliest diseases next to lung cancer. Cisplatin is the first generation platinum based alkylating agent using for treatment of advance CRC patients. Continuous usages of cisplatin lead to resistance which limits its therapeutic efficacy. Recent research is focused on studying the chemotherapeutic efficacy of the phytochemicals as they are less toxic compared to the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Neferine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera. The anticancer and chemosensitizing effect of neferine has been well reported in several cancer cells. However, there are no reports on the chemosensitizing effect of neferine on cisplatin-resistant colorectal cancer cells (CRCs). Hence, the present study aims at identification of target proteins responsible for cisplatin-resistance in colorectal cancer cells. The present investigation elucidates the specific interaction of neferine with various cell surface receptor proteins related to cisplatin-resistance, multi-drug resistance (MDR) proteins, signal transduction protein and transcription factors via molecular docking approach. The interaction between neferine and the target proteins of cisplatin-resistant colorectal cancer was analyzed through Schrodinger Maestro 11.9 module. From our docking studies we could suggest that neferine is most active for insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2), zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAIL1), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and transforming growth factor beta receptor-1 (TGFβR1) when sorted according to their docking score.


A water-borne polyurethane-polyacrylate(PUA)hybrid emulsion was prepared by crosslinkers(TPGDA and TMPTA).The influence of crosslinker contents on the properties of latexes and films was investigated.Results showed that the properties of films were optimum while TMPTA and TPGDA were 0.9%and 0.6%respectively.


The current study evaluated and established the activity of Allium sativum Linn., Aloe barbadensis Mill., and Solanum nigrum Linn. against some common fungal species associated with superficial mycoses. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of these plants were tested to establish the antimycological effects against dermatophytes, saprophytes, and Candida species isolated from infected hospitalized patients. The in vitro antifungal activity was established by observing and measuring the zones of inhibition formed on selective nutrient media. Zones of inhibition were categorized as very high (41–50 mm), high (31–40 mm), medium (21–30 mm), and low (11–20 mm). High zones of inhibition were noted with ethanol extracts of Allium sativum, Aloe barbadensis, and Solanum nigrum.


Purpose To explore key amino acids sites on HA sequence which may determine the virulence of influenza a H5N1 for mammalian species. Methods Based on experimental results on mammalian species in archives,54 H5N1 viruses were divided into high or low virulence group.HA sequences of these viruses were downloaded from NCBI Genbank.Random Forest model was used to explore the hypervariable sites between groups. Results Sites 279,102,228,156,154,172,140 and 8 were selected from the HA gene as hypervariable sites,Strong positive interaction were detected between site 154,156 and other selected sites,as well as between site 172 and 140.The predict rate of random forest model using these 8 key sites was 83.33%. Conclusions The selected hypervariable sites may play a critical role in determining the virulence of H5N1 for mammalian species,related molecular mechanism should be searched thoroughly.


This editorial refers to 'Indication of long-term endothelial dysfunction after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation'† by S.H. Hofma et al. , on page 166

Hofma et al .1 report the presence of abnormal coronary vasoconstriction to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine distally to the site of sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation. The investigators prospectively studied 15 patients undergoing stenting for a single de novo lesion: nine with a SES and six with a bare metal stent (BMS). Coronary endothelial function was assessed at baseline and 6 months follow-up. The presence of abnormal coronary flow reserve or anatomical differences between the groups was ruled out by the coronary flow response to adenosine using intracoronary Doppler and by intravascular ultrasound, respectively. There was significantly more distal epicardial vasoconstriction to acetylcholine in the SES when compared with the BMS group. The authors concluded that SES might have an adverse effect on local coronary endothelial function. The current study compliments a recent report from Togni et al .2 which demonstrated that exercise-induced coronary vasomotion is abnormal in segments distal to SES.

Thus, recently two reports in the literature demonstrated the presence of coronary endothelial dysfunction related to SES when compared with BMS. However, both studies assessed coronary endothelial function by a different methodology: the current study testing the receptor-dependent response to the endothelial-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine and, Togni et al .2 using exercise-induced shear stress and endothelial-dependent vasodilatation.1 Taken together, these studies imply that the phenomenon of coronary endothelial dysfunction following SES is more generalized and not depending on a specific pathway.

The endothelium is a monolayer of endothelial cells lining up the lumen of the vascular bed, strategically located from a mechanical and metabolic point …

*Corresponding author. Tel: +41 21 3140010; fax: +41 21 3140067. E-mail address: eric.eeckhout{at}chuv.ch


The Court of Appeal decision in Corby Group Litigation Claimants v Corby BC 1 is a thought-provoking contribution to the task of working out the place of nuisance in the modern law. The simple question asked of the court in this strike out action was whether a tort claim for damages arising out of a public nuisance could extend to personal injury. And the simple answer was 'yes', with the explicit proviso that the House of Lords might (but apparently should not) decide otherwise. Ultimately, although not discussed by the Court of Appeal, this case is about the existence and scope of liability for personal injury in the absence of fault. The Corby claim is also a perfect piece of 'environmental' litigation, of which we have seen surprisingly little in the UK. It raises questions about the relative roles of regulation and litigation, public and private law, community and individual rights and wrongs. The 18 claimants in Corby were born between 1986 and 1999 with deformities of the upper limbs. They allege that these deformities were caused by the exposure of their mothers to toxic materials by the defendants. Until the late 1970s, the town of Corby was dominated by the steel industry, but British Steel closed its Corby site in 1980, concentrating steel production in fewer locations. The defendant local authority carried out a lengthy clean up of heavily contaminated former British Steel sites, to enable redevelopment of those sites at a time of severe economic and industrial downturn. The local authority purchased three areas of land, one of which (the 188-acre Deene Quarry Tip site) was not part of the former industrial site, but received the waste (the contaminated soil and other materials) generated by the reclamation works on the two industrial sites (the Willowbrook North, and Soothills/Southbanks sites). Heavily contaminated material was transported by road to the Deene Quarry site.


Background: In our GHSG HD18 study for patients with newly diagnosed advanced-stage Hodgkin9s lymphoma (HL), we used early interim positron emission tomography after 2 cycles of eBEACOPP (PET-2) to guide further treatment. In contrast to other groups, we defined a Deauville score at interim staging (iDS) ≥ 3 as positive. The prognostic impact of PET-2 in the context of eBEACOPP was and still is unclear, however. We thus investigated its association with baseline characteristics and treatment outcome in patients treated with eBEACOPP in our international phase 3 HD18 trial (NCT00515554). Methods: We recruited 2101 patients aged 18-60 years between 05/2008 and 07/2014. All patients received 2xeBEACOPP followed by centrally assessed PET-2, determining the iDS ranging from 1 (no FDG uptake) to 4 (FDG uptake above liver). Before 06/2011, patients were randomized 1:1 between 8xeBEACOPP and experimental treatment depending on iDS. After 06/2011, patients with iDS 1-2 were randomized 1:1 between 6xeBEACOPP and 4xeBEACOPP treatment, while all patients with iDS 3-4 received 6xeBEACOPP. Radiotherapy was recommended in case of residual lesions with DS ≥ 3 (until 04/2014)/ DS 4 (after 04/2014) after chemotherapy. We explored the association of iDS with baseline characteristics, and assessed treatment outcomes according to iDS among patients treated with 6xeBEACOPP within our trial after 06/2011, considering different cutoffs for positivity. We applied means of descriptive statistics, Fisher9s exact test and multivariate logistic regression, and analyzed survival outcomes according to Kaplan-Meier, using Cox regression for comparisons. Findings: Among 1945 randomized patients, 1005 (52%), 471 (24%) and 469 (24%) had iDS 1-2, 3 and 4, respectively, according to central review of PET-2. Many clinical risk factors were associated with an unfavorable iDS, including adverse performance status, high international prognostic score (IPS) and the presence of large mediastinal mass (LMM), extranodal disease, 3 or more nodal areas and elevated ESR. Since patients with clinical stage (CS) IIB were only qualified for the trial when presenting with a large mediastinal mass, they had a high iDS more often than patients with CS III or IV or without B symptoms. Accordingly, in a multivariate analysis including all factors with univariate p After 06/2011, 216 patients with iDS 1-2 and all 506 patients with iDS 3-4 were assigned to receive 6xeBEACOPP. Among those 722 patients, PET after chemotherapy due to the presence of residual lesions was done in 83 (38%), 204 (76%) and 188 (80%) of patients with iDS of 1-2, 3, and 4, respectively, and FDG uptake above the liver (DS4) was observed in 3 (1%), 19 (7%) and 73 (31%), respectively (p Conclusion: The Deauville score after 2xeBEACOPP is associated with many clinical risk factors at baseline. For patients treated with 6xeBEACOPP followed by irradiation of PET-positive residuals, iDS 3 does not indicate an increased risk of treatment failure and is associated with long-term outcomes identical to those after clearly negative PET-2 (iDS 1-2). DS 4 at PET-2 adds some prognostic information to the baseline risk factors, but 3-year outcomes do not suggest a need for treatment intensification beyond standard therapy. Based on these results, the GHSG has decided to adopt the more widely used cutoff of iDS 4 for PET positivity. Thereby, about 75% of patients could take advantage of the abbreviated treatment with only 4 cycles of eBEACOPP in a PET-2-guided approach as defined in the HD18 study. Disclosures Borchmann: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Honoraria. Greil: Takeda: Honoraria, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Novartis, Celgene: Research Funding; BMS, Amgen: Honoraria. Meissner: Takeda: Other: Non-Financial Support; BMS: Other: Non-Financial Support; Celgene: Other: Non-Financial Support; Amgen: Other: Non-Financial Support. Krause: Novartis: Honoraria. Engert: Affimed: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Meyers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda Oncology: Consultancy, Research Funding.


The corrosion behaviors of P91 ferrite heat--resistant steel were studied in presence of KCl, ZnC12 and KCl--ZnCl2 mixture salt films respectively in flowing oxidizing gaseous environment at 450℃. The alloy suffered from seriously accelerated corrosion in all cases while the most serious beneath KCl--ZnCl2 mixture deposits. The oxide scales formed were rather porous and with bad adherence to the matrix, local corrosion products induced by chlorine were sometimes present within the matrix. Significant amount of chlorine was always enriched at the scale/substrate interface. The mechanism for the accelerated corrosion is examined by taking into account the nature of the scale structure.


A phase field model is presented to study dislocation formation (coherency loss) in two-phase binary alloys. In our model the elastic energy density is a periodic function of the shear and tetragonal strains, which allows multiple formation of dislocations. The composition is coupled to the elastic field twofold via lattice misfit and via composition dependence of the elastic moduli. By numerically integrating the dynamic equations in two dimensions, we find that dislocations appear in pairs in the interface region and grow into slips. One end of each slip glides preferentially into the softer region, while the other end remains trapped at the interface. Under uniaxial stretching at deep quenching, slips appear in the softer region and do not penetrate into the harder domains, giving rise to a gradual increase of the stress with increasing applied strain in plastic flow.


Kaffir lime is one of the plants that produce secondary metabolites. This plant can be used as intercropping plant in the Agroforestry project. Part lime leaves have been used by communities as a refresher, stimulant and insecticide. This study aims to determine the yield of kaffir lime leaves extract and its toxicity against larvae of Aedes albopictus. The extraction method used in this study was maceration with methanol solvent. Yield of extraction Kaffir lime leaves was 8.16%. Toxicity test of Kaffir lime leaves extract against larvae of Aedes albopictus with 24 hours treatment were 2430 ppm for LC 50 and 3760 ppm for LC 90 . This result is classified to the category of low. Keywords : kaffir lime leave, secondary metabolite, intercrooping, ectract, toxicity.


William Spratling revolutionized silver jewellery design in Mexico. Arriving in Taxco in 1929, by 1940 he had over 100 silversmiths producing his enormously popular silver creations. Important figures of the North American literary and art establishment, among them John dos Passos, William Faulkner and Georgia O'Keeffe, purchased his designs and sang his praises. Out of Spratling's workshop emerged many of Mexico's finest silver designers, including Hector Aguilar, Antonio Castillo and his brothers Jorge and Justo, Salvador Teran and Antonio Pineda. Their stiking jewellery and hollow-ware in silver - often set with precious stones and pre-Columbian artefacts - are prized collectibles.


Owing to the highly competitive and volatile business environment, companies in the West African markets face significant challenges. This study was conducted to examine the challenges faced in the marketplace in Ghana by successful entrepreneurs. Accra was intentionally sampled for the analysis of four successful entrepreneurs from the Makola market. Findings revealed that access to finance, high competition, instability in macroeconomic indicators, poor management competences, lack of skilled labor and deficiencies in marketing strategies are the major factors confronting the survival of entrepreneurs in the marketplace. The results provide insights into the important and current challenges facing entrepreneurs in the informal sectors. Recommendations were made to help overcome the challenges faced by business people in their operations.


This article examines a recent case involving freedom of expression in Botswana and tests it against the country's constitution. It argues that the Court of Appeal in Botswana erred in the manner i...


A general theory of optical transport systems has been developed that can be used to determine preliminary design specifications for light guide systems. Several generic light guide types are analyzed, including hollow reflective light guides, prism light guides, solid dielectric and fluid-filled light guides, lens guides, and open light wells. Minimum theoretical aperture requirements are determined for each type as a function of the specified optical transport efficiency and design parameters (light guide length, transmitted luminous flux, etc). Generally, a system's aperture requirement would be inversely related to its cost. Solid dielectric (e.g., optical fiber) light guides would be very compact and practical for retrofit applications, but their high cost option, but would require the greatest aperture area. Hollow reflective light guides, prism light guides, or lens guides may offer the best compromise between cost and space requirements. But in order to achieve optical concentrations and efficiencies near the theoretical limit, the collector system would need to maintain optical and tracking tolerances exceeding the capabilities of existing systems so further advances in core daylighting will require improvements in collector technology. 4 figs., 16 refs.


Total water saturation is an important parameter for calculating the free gas content of shale gas reservoirs. Owing to the limitations of the Archie formula and its extended solutions in zones rich in organic or conductive minerals, a new method was proposed to estimate total water saturation according to the relationship between total water saturation, V P -to-V S ratio and total porosity. Firstly, the ranges of the relevant parameters in the viscoelastic BISQ model in shale gas reservoirs were estimated. Then, the effects of relevant parameters on the V P -to-V S ratio were simulated based on the partially saturated viscoelastic BISQ model. These parameters were total water saturation, total porosity, permeability, characteristic squirt-flow length, fluid viscosity and sonic frequency. The simulation results showed that the main factors influencing V P -to-V S ratio were total porosity and total water saturation. When the permeability and the characteristic squirt-flow length changed slightly for a particular shale gas reservoir, their influences could be neglected. Then an empirical equation for total water saturation with respect to total porosity and V P -to-V S ratio was obtained according to the experimental data. Finally, the new method was successfully applied to estimate total water saturation in a sequence formation of shale gas reservoirs. Practical applications have shown good agreement with the results calculated by the Archie model.


Mass mining and particularly the cave mining industry is facing technical challenges that include those associated with greater depths, lower grades and demand for increased productivity (Flores 2014). New orebodies and expansion of current mines demand safer, faster, and lower-cost approaches to establishment and operation. The rate at which a cave is established is crucially dependent on the efficiency of the undercut process, which is becoming increasingly difficult and costly to execute in deeper orebodies. For these reasons, the development of alternative and more effective cave establishment methodologies has become critical. In this context, Newcrest has initiated the NextGen Caving programme, which endeavours to develop and implement novel, cost effective techniques for mining the next generation of block caves aiming to unlock low grade massive ore bodies at greater depths. Among the NextGen initiatives is the Undercutless Caving concept or Single Pass Cave Establishment (SPCE). This aims to improve safety, and reduce cave establishment time and cost, by establishing the drawbell and undercut components of a traditional block cave method from a single level and process. If proven to be successful, Single Pass Cave Establishment will not only change how Newcrest evaluates and constructs block cave projects, it will also represent a step change for the caving industry. To engineer, test, validate and implement this concept, Newcrest has embarked on an ambitious project consisting of a design study and two trials. This paper introduces the Undercutless Caving concept alongside the results of the first practical trial at the Telfer Mine in Western Australia. Successful results from a practical trial at Telfer have been achieved, with complete undercut and connectivity gained across the major and minor apex pillars of the planned four drawbell layout, of comparable pillar sizes to that at Cadia East. As an industry first of achieving drawbell and undercut establishment from a single level with no void above and with unprecedented drawbell and pillar dimensions, this milestone represents a significant step forward in cave establishment for the industry.


Aim To observe blood-activating and stasis-eliminating effects of Wuling capsule in rats.Methods The model of blood stagnation was established by giving rats high dose of adrenaline and immersing them into freezing water.The indexes of hemorheology were detected by Rheogoniometer.Prothrombin(PT),Partial thromboplastin time(APTT) and fibrinogen(FIB) were measured by auto-appratus of blood viscocity.Results Wuling capsules could decrease high rate of shear of whole blood viscosity, middle rate of shear of whole blood viscosity,low rate of shear of whole blood viscosity,high rate of shear of the whole blood reduction viscosity,high rate of shear of whole blood relative viscosity and low rate of shear of whole blood relative viscosity markedly while had no effects on plasma viscosity.It could also increase RBC inflexibility and packed cell volume and elongate APTT(P0.01,P0.05).Wuling capsules could recover the whole blood viscosity,RBC inflexibility and packed cell volume,which made no significant difference compared to Fufangdanshen guttae.Conclusion Wuling capsule can promote blood circulation by removing blood stasis.


An application of a new approach of 2D optimisation of electrode configurations is presented for borehole and surface-to-borehole surveys. The applied optimisation algorithm includes the sensitivities of the data and search for arrays that maximize the survey resolution. The resulting optimised data set has a practical size (≤ 7.5% of the comprehensive set) but almost the same resolution. Two applications to a resistive CO2 plume (of varying thicknesses and saturations) sequestrated in a conductive reservoir and resistive/conductive root zone in sandy soils have been presented as a function different configurations and inversion setups here and in Petersen and Hagrey (2009).


The growth of public interest in heritage, in recent years, has positioned the use andpromotion of it as an essential part of heritage management in Korea. The past attitudetoward heritage to view as 'a barrier of national development', had made an argument forthe conservation of heritage being defe...


ObjectiveThe present study attempted to investigate the correlation between individual differences of the capacities in spatial memory and the sensitivity to the conditioning aversive effect of the morphine withdrawal in rats. MethodsGood memory(n=8) and poor memory (n=8)rats were respectively selected according to their performance in probe test in the Morris water maze, then both groups were trained with a place aversive conditioning procedure induced by morphine withdrawal with the saline control group. ResultsGood memory group and poor memory group showed significant difference in their time spent in trained quadrant and platform area during the probe test but no detectable difference in their performance in training task. In the CPA test, the aversive effect of the morphine withdrawal was highly in good memory group(560.12±60.09 vs 333.00±150.25)then in poor memory group(568.37±57.25 vs 471.37±130.67)and the difference was significant between groups by repeated measure with analysis of variance(F=5.324,P<0.05). ConclusionThese results suggest that the variation in morphine withdraw-induced CPA in rat is related to that of spatial memory.

Key words:
Morphine withdrawal; Spatial memory; Conditioned place aversive; Morris water maze


Case report of patient, been operated because of penetrating cranio-cerebral trauma with corpus alien in her head is given. The 95 years old women have hammered in her head a sewing needle with a suicide purpose.


An understanding of state accountability systems is critical in the discussion of educational reform. Clear and complete definitions of expectations for learners are needed before conducting educational assessments. This document describes findings of a study that examined six state accountability systems, with a focus on how they impacted low-performing school districts. The results of case studies of two low-performing school systems, one in South Carolina and one in North Carolina, are presented. The case studies examined how the state accountability systems related to: (1) the culture of poverty and politics of race; (2) the role of state agencies in supporting reform; and (3) the limitations of current state accountability systems. It is concluded that hasty implementation of accountability systems is a major impediment to educational reform. Rather than taking over continually low-performing districts, the state agencies need to implement midcourse corrections to help schools succeed. Examples of supportive state-agency practices in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are briefly described. A policy framework that supports all schools' ability to meet standards is outlined, with eight recommendations. (LMI) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** IU S DEPARTMENT 0* EDUCATION Office of Educahonat Research and Improvement ED CATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Thu document has been reproduced as recenved from the parson or organtzetton ong,natmg it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Dually 'Points Of view 0, opinions stated on this documem do not necessanly reprossnt official OE AI position or policy A New Framework for State Accountability Systems Revised September 8, 1994 Special Report of The South Eastern Regional Vision for Education


Research and development are aiming to develop critical thinking skills-based modules on the respiration system materials to empower the learning outcomes; verify the effectiveness of critical thinking skills-based modules with teaching materials in schools based on student learning outcomes. Research and development method are using Borg & Gall development procedure with nine phases. Data analysis that used for the research and development are qualitative and quantitative descriptive. Research and development results show that critical thinking skills-based modules on the respiration system materials were developed according to the indicators of critical thinking skills and knowledge dimension that visualised on the objectives, materials, activities and evaluation questions which are developed to empower the learning outcomes. The result of module effectiveness test, showed by Anacova test result are FCount = 180,4 on factual, conceptual, procedural learning outcomes which are visualised in the form of multiple choice questions and FCount = 40.2 metacognitive learning results are visualised in the form of essays.


Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has completed a prototype Cargo Monitoring System (CMS). The system illustrates a method to provide status on nuclear material or waste while in transit during normal and potentially, abnormal scenarios. This accomplishment is tied to a concept to provide 'seamless continuity of knowledge' for nuclear materials, whether they are being processed, stored, or transported. The system divides the transportation- tracking problem into four domains. Each domain has a well-defined interface that allows each domain to be developed independently. This paper will describe the key technologies employed in the system. Sandia is developing a modular tag that can be affixed to cargo. The tag supports a variety of sensor types. The input can be Boolean or analog. The tag uses RF to communicate with a transportation data unit that manages and monitors the cargo. Any alarm conditions are relayed to a central hub. The hub was developed using the Configurable Transportation Security and Information Management System (CTSS) software library of transportation components, which was designed to facilitate rapid development of new systems. CTSS can develop systems that reside in the vehicle host(s) and in a centralized command center.


We investigate the ability of various methods to reveal the true ranking of players competing in multiple incomplete round-robin tournaments, which arise when not all tournament competitions are held. Statistical and graphical analyses in this simulation-based study reveal that a method based on players' average winning percentages is usually best.


The students' relationships with one another and their teachers can become difficult at different times. However, entrance into the university seems to be a particularly tense moment, due to the hazing suffered this stage of their academic lives. This study presents a review of the literature on the hazing, especially that have happen in medical schools, trying to identify the characteristics and maintaining factors of those ritual. In parallel, constructs a metaphor of the vampire myth, proposing this legend as a paradigm for understanding the human relationships in the medical schools. The common characteristics between vampires and victims, found in myth, and these interrelationships are discussed in medical schools, approaching at possible management strategies.


Renewable natural oils can be converted into potentially high value terminal oxygenates by a single-pot, high yielding metathesis–isomerisation–methoxycarbonylation–transesterification reaction sequence.


This genus resembles most other tube-incubating Spirorbinae of the Southern Hemisphere in having a very asymmetrical distribution of uncini. It is particularly close to Protolaeospira, having a thoracic stalk for the attachment of embryos, and may have evolved recently from this genus, by simplification of collar setae. The straightened tube may be an ecophenotypic response to life on muddy bottoms.


Students tend to be a little unstable and quickly effect when there is news of unclear validity. Quickly effect when there is confusing news. Society expects students to become agents of change, capable of making appropriate criticisms of the government. Students often carry out activities that deviate from the community and conduct demonstrations that are often detrimental to society or institutions. This can be effect by several aspects such as the family environment, campus environment, organizational environment, and community environment. This research was conducted at Universitas Negeri Makassar with 37,594 students; because of the large population, the sample selected was 100 people who were chosen randomly. The data collection technique was carried out using questionnaires and interviews.


Accurate prediction of the ionization potential and electron affinity energies of small molecules are important for many applications. Density functional theory (DFT) is computationally inexpensive, but can be very inaccurate for frontier orbital energies or ionization energies. The GW method is sufficiently accurate for many relevant applications, but much more expensive than DFT. Here we study how we can learn to predict orbital energies with GW accuracy using machine learning (ML) on molecular graphs and fingerprints using an interpretable delta-learning approach. ML models presented here can be used to predict quasiparticle energies of small organic molecules even beyond the size of the molecules used for training. We furthermore analyze the learned DFT-to-GW corrections by mapping them to specific localized fragments of the molecules, in order to develop an intuitive interpretation of the learned corrections, and thus to better understand DFT errors.


The present study aims to understand the public opinion on the Chinese Public Weather Service and evaluate its benefits. Statistics based on a nationwide survey conducted in China in 2006 show that the receipt and perception of weather information vary across different ages and groups. People obtain weather information from various sources (television ranks first); younger generations favour new media. There is a high demand for information services related to severe weather and short‐range weather, which have the largest impact on daily lives and professional needs. The respondents' satisfaction with the current weather service and forecast accuracy are very high, although the accuracy of weather forecasts requires improvements. The benefits of the Chinese Public Weather Service and cost–benefit ratios are evaluated via direct, indirect and reverse willingness‐to‐pay evaluation models. For the entire country, the benefit of the Chinese Public Weather Service is estimated to be at least 46.482 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), which accounted for 0.22% of the Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006; the national cost–benefit ratio is 1:26. The regional cost–benefit ratios of the Chinese Public Weather Service exhibit a wide range from 1:2 to 1:81 over different provincial‐level regions. The cost–benefit ratios are much higher in economically developed areas (Central and East China) than in economically underdeveloped areas (Northwest China). The social development level, especially certain aspects of primary industry and transportation, is closely related to the cost–benefit ratio of the Chinese Public Weather Service. These findings can assist the China Meteorological Administration and its supervised meteorological bureaus in providing a weather service that meets the public needs effectively.


: Wheat flour is most widely used all over the world. The present study investigates the quality of the different brands of wheat flour. Microbiologically, total plate count, coliforms, yeast and mould count, Staphylococusaures spp, E.coli, salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes are also determined. The Indian standard which is identical with ISO (International Organization for Standardization) helps to identify the different species in the food samples. The use of wheat flour and gluten food stuff is extremely common because of their heat stability and useful effects on the texture, moisture retention and flavor. Gluten is a combination of proteins such as prolamine and glutelin present in wheat flour. Number of coliforms are also identified in different brands of wheat flour samples. This study shows different gluten content in different wheat flour samples. Different brands of wheat samples of two brands (195 ppm), (130 ppm) and local brand (745 ppm) aureus, listeria monocytogenes was not detected in our different brands of wheat flour samples. Some naturally occurring species are only analyzed in wheat flour samples. Specified microorganisms are not detected or their presence is minimal. The results show similarities related to previous studies. Different kinds of flour samples shows different gluten content.Flour samples contain <20 ppm labelled as "gluten free" and flour samples contain >20 ppm labelled as very low gluten. Brand 1 shows 145 ppm, Brand 2 shows 130 ppm and also local brand shows 749 ppm. The samples of wheat flour were tested for microbial parameters (total plate count, yeast and mould count, coliformcount, staphylococcus aureus spp, salmonella spp, E.coli spp, listeria monocytogenes spp) and gluten allergen test. The three samples were identified based on their bacterial count. The best sample was identified as Brand 2.


The changes of nutritional composition of the wound site of Fuji apples by artificial mechanical damage during storage at 5℃ or 18℃ were investigated.The results showed that the content of organic acid,reducing sugar,vitamin C and total sugar decreased rapidly after mechanical damage,but the content of protein,cellulose raised gradually during initial storage and decreased obviously during later storage,and the higher the temperature,the greater the range of change.the increasing or decreasing repeatedly of the nutritional composition during storage showed the injured tissue raised metabolism and caused decreasing in nutritional composition of the wound site rapidly to carry out self-repaired function,and lower temperature storage was benefit for maintaining the nutritional of apples and healing up the wound site.


ABSTRACT Michael Hand argues in his article 'Against autonomy as an educational aim' that the project of erecting autonomy as an educational aim is wrongheaded. I argue that his argument fails. I discuss two lines of his argument that deal with different senses of autonomy. The first line of argument trades on an ambiguity. As soon as we disambiguate, we can see that this argument is not cogent. The second misconstrues the point of the concept of autonomy Hand discusses in this line of argument.


In the Ouro Preto - MG region, there are several soap stone workshops where artesans create souvenirs and pans. This activity produces a large amount of residues which are discarded without any control. The objective of this work was to recover the talc mineral present in the size fraction below 74µm of these residues by froth flotation and chemical leaching with HCl. Among the flotation variables studied, only the percentage of solids and frother dosage proved to be significant for mass recovery and whiteness. This process produced a concentrate whose whiteness (ISO) was 68.56% and whose chemical composition meets paint and paper standards. After chemical leaching of the flotation concentrate, a whiteness of 84% was obtained and its chemical composition met the specifications of the plastic and anti-adherant plastic industries.


The use of special preventive methods with recourse to illegal initiatives by the police or other vigilantes on the pretext and in the name of providing security for people and properties jeopardizes personal liberties. This is while using closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras is not illegal in public places and for providing security; but the utilization of cameras in private sanctuaries of individuals is blatant violation of the personal sanctuaries and rights of individuals. Based on the rational option theory which is the foundation of this method, individuals' incentive to commit crimes is impoverished upon noticing CCTVs due to fear of apprehension. Due to the intricacies of the issue, however, there is not a self-contained and comprehensive law currently in the Iranian law, considering how and why CCTVs are utilized; this underlines the need for further investigation to criminalize the cases of abuse and illegitimate intrusion into personal sanctuaries and penetration into civil rights of individuals through the installation of CCTV cameras. In this paper we will investigate the stance of such procedures in the Iranian judicial circle.


The PandaX-II experiment employed a 580kg liquid xenon detector to search for the interactions between dark matter particles and the target xenon atoms. The accidental coincidences of isolated signals result in a dangerous background which mimic the signature of the dark matter. We performed a detailed study on the accidental coincidence background in PandaX-II, including the possible origin of the isolated signals, the background level and corresponding background suppression method. With a boosted-decision-tree algorithm, the accidental coincidence background is reduced by 70% in the dark matter signal region, thus the sensitivity of dark matter search at PandaX-II is improved. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.


A total of eighteen linear polysiloxanes of general formula Me3SiO-(MeSi(E)O)x(MeSi(H)O)ySiMe3 (E = —(CH2)nester; x+y = 40) have been prepared by the platinum catalysed addition of CH2=CH(CH2)n-2 -ester to Me3SiO-(MeSi(H)O)40SiMe3 under anhydrous conditions. Polymers containing the ester functionalities—(CH2)3CO2R(R = Me, CF3, Et, Pr, and CH2COMe),—(CH2)3-CHMeCO2Et, —(CH2)2CH(CO2Me)2, —(CH2)3CH(CO2Et)2, -(CH2)3CO2CH= CHCO2CH2CH=CH2 and —(CH2)3CO2C6H4CO2 CH2CH=CH2 have been characterised by analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. Factors affecting Markownik off versus anti-Markownikoff addition of allyl acetate to this polymethylsiloxane have also been explored.


.............................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements.................................................................................. v List of Tables and Figures........................................................................ vii List of Appendices................................................................................. viii Chapter I: Introduction............................................................................... 1 Chapter II: Methodology............................................................................ 5 Chapter III: Results................................................................................. 13 Chapter IV: Discussion............................................................................ 17 Chapter V: Review of Pertinent Literature...................................................... 21 References........................................................................................... 35 Appendices...........................................................................................42


A study was carried out to investigate the cyclic behavior of steel-fiber cement-mortar overlaid concrete beams at various stress levels. Two different volume fractions of steel fibers were selected for the pres~nt study. The.concrete-beam speci~ens use~.in this study were tested simply supported with a point load at tnldspan. ~o different ~pes of J;> nding conditions were studied. The deterioration in the flexural rigidity of the ~st specimens ~fter bemg subjected to a predetermined number of load cycles was evaluated. The test sIJl7clmens ~ere sUbJec~d to ~OO,OOO cycles of loading under a maximum load of 45, 55, and 65% of the ultimate static load. Static loading tests to failure after 100,000 cycles of applied load showed that some of the beams loaded up to 65% of ultimate static failure strength failed by partial or complete delamination of the overlay. The results of the experimental tests are summarized and discussed in this paper.


The electronic structure of few-layer (FL) black phosphorus (BP) sensitively depends on the sample thickness, strain, and doping. We show that it is also vulnerable to air exposure. The oxidation of BP caused by air exposure gives several optical signatures, including the broadening of resonance peaks and increased Stokes shift between infrared (IR) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) peaks. More importantly, air exposure causes blueshifts of all resonance peaks in IR absorption and PL spectra, with more prominent effects for thinner samples and higher-order subband transitions. Our study alludes to a convenient and exotic way for band-structure engineering of FL-BP through controllable air exposure or defect creation.


Theory of shallow donor in III-V semiconductors in the presence of magnetic field is reinvestigated. Considerations are performed within the 3-level Kane model. In order to avoid singularities caused by the Coulomb potential we divide it into short- and long-range components. The latter one is the slowly varying potential and contrary to the Coulomb potential it satisfies all demands for envelope function equation. The short-range part is contributing to a chemical shift. Calculation of energies of two possible spin states of ground donor level are then performed using variational method.


This paper was presented at the Bloemfontein Alumni meeting held on Friday 13 March 2015 at the OSSA Congress held in Durban. It is five o'clock on a Wednesday morning on a farm just outside Bloemfontein. A glimmer of light starts to appear on the horizon and we try to warm ourselves with coffee and rusks. The English Pointers in the back of the SUVs and bakkies are starting to get restless with excitement and the Peregrine and Lanner Falcons on our fists rouse and flap their wings. The hunt is about to begin ..


BioHashing generates a BioCode from a user's biometric features by projecting them onto user-specific random vectors and then discritizes the projection coefficients into zero or one. Since biometric features are distorted by the non-invertible transforms and template matching is performed in a transformed state, it has been claimed that BioHashing is oneway and a BioCode is as secure as a hashed password. However, we disprove it by showing that even without a genuine's private random vectors, a preimage of a BioCode is easily calculated from a lost BioCode and an attacker can gain an illegal access to a system.


DVD recorded density is mainly limited by laser wavelength, It is important to study short wavelength laser for super high density DVD system. Several short wavelength blue laser's characters and applications are introduced in the paper.


When I reviewed Daniel Harris-McCoy's text, translation and commentary on Artemidorus' Oneirocritica (G&R 60 [2013], 318–19), I never dreamed that eight years later I would be reviewing two more books on Artemidorus – or, rather, a co-ordinated pair of them. It would be an uncharitable joke to describe Harris-McCoy's translation as a nightmare: even so, I was not alone among reviewers in judging it unidiomatic and often defective. Martin Hammond's characteristically fluent, lucid, and (importantly) accurate translation is supplied with notes on the Greek text and an outstandingly useful sixty-two-page index; Peter Thonemann contributes an informative introduction and explanatory notes on the content.


Silver chloride thin film (SCTF) with high specific surface area was synthesized through precipitation reaction by adding sodium chloride solution on top of frozen silver nitrate solution. Effects of precipitation time and silver nitrate concentration on the morphology of SCTFs were investigated. SEM images show that small crystal AgCl grains forming rod-like structure appeared on the bottom surface of the SCTF. After exposure of SCTFs to UV light, clusters of silver atoms were formed on the surface of SCTF as indicated by XRD analysis. Six SCTFs were attached to interior wall of the photo-reactor using double sided adhesive tape for investigation of photocatalytic property of the films. Almost completed decolorization of orange II dye by SCTF can be achieved under UV light illumination within two hours. SCTFs made under different initial silver nitrate solution concentrations of 8.4 M, 4.2 Mand 3.6 Mhave little impact on dye decolorization efficiency. The photocatalytic degradation of orange II dye by SCTF under visible light illumination is less efficient than that under UV light. Around 31% of color can be removed after two hours.


Tendency to ex-prisoners back into previous environment after being released from the detention center is a phenomenon that raises a big question. Although training programs have become routine activities provided by the government every year and inmates are trained in various skills in preparation for their after-free, some still choose to return to the criminal world.  Empirical studies show that there are two main causes, namely (1) the training program is given to make them skilled workers that after they acquire freedom no company will hire former prisoners, (2) there are constraints such as capital and knowledge emerge as for those starting and running a business. A new approach is necessary for construction problems. This study attempts to test the model of human resource development for former prisoners to prepare them for entrepreneurship. This study is the first step in testing the model of development of human resources for ex-prisoners to prepare them for entrepreneurship. In this study, the object to be examined is inmates of a prison in Banjarmasin. The data collection is done by filling in questionnaires, in-depth interviews to 150 inmates of their last year before the end of the period of detention, business confidence surveys, training and mentoring consultancy. The results from the test using MSC-T Miner questionnaire method showed 100 of the 150 prisoners have entrepreneurial potential. 100 people have been matched with their preferred business qualifications only 50 people who have interest in accordance with market rates. Intervention by the research team is to provide motivation and knowledge about entrepreneurship and personality development showed better results than before the intervention of the 50 inmates in preparing for entrepreneurship.


This paper presents a new dispatching rule for multi- product, multi-machine job shops with routing flexibility, targeting on maximizing throughput at a low level of WIP (work in process). It shows the relative advantage of the newly developed dispatching rule "work in parallel queue" (WIPQ) in comparison to other dispatching rules which attempt to increase the production system throughput. A simulation study is performed with a simulation model derived from a real world production system, which is a semiconductor test field. The results of this paper are logistic characteristic curves for each of the discussed dispatching rules in the evaluated production system. The results indicate a significant improvement of throughput as well as a more balanced workload within the studied production system by implementing the WIPQ rule.