The main objective of the study is to evaluate the contribution of small scale sector in the development of a country. The paper will focus mainly on how small scale sector can help in alleviating poverty and generating employment. It will also examine the impact of Globalisation and Liberalization on the small scale sector. The idea is to be able to show that strengthening of small and micro producers will cover miles in bridging down the rural urban gap and check the growing inequality that South Asian Countries presently face. The paper will specifically illustrate how the Dabbawala industry, the Dairy industry and Lijjat papad industry have led not only to rural empowerment but also women empowerment.


Since the question of subjugation of woman in patriarchal power structure is crucial in modern culture, Indian as well as Western dramatists have used the stage to expose gender discrimination in patriarchy and how women fight against this injustice. The purpose of this research paper is to study patriarchal domination and inequal power structure in Vijay Tendulkar's play 'Silence! The Court is in the Session'.


Charge-transfer (CT) complex formation based on molecular recognition of organic π-dianions has been investigated by electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry combined with ab initio MO calculations. p-Quinone dianions (PQ2-) forms the 1:2 hydrogen-bonded complexes with McOH at low concentrations of McOH, and the 1:4 complexes at high concentrations. The hydrogen bonding of PQ2- with McOH is characterized by the geometrical and spectral properties. It is demonstrated that this situation is due to the strong n-σ CT interaction in the hydrogen bonds. The results suggest that the differing functions and properties of biological quinones are conferred by the n-σ CT interaction through hydrogen bonding of the dianions with their protein environment. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that π-dianions of redox-active organic molecules such as chloranil (CL) and TCNE form the π-π type CT complexes with 4nπ biphenylene (BP). Spectroelectrochemistry evidently gave the intermolecular CT spectra in the CL2--BP and TCNE2--BP systems. The complex formations are due to molecular recognition based on the favorable intermolecular HOMO-LUMO interaction of the dianions with BP, and the geometries of the dianion complexes differ from those of the neutral complexes. This background led to the development of the redox-mediated bistable complex formation systems characterized by the geometrical alteration and the chromatic change. The interconversion of the bistable complex formation in the systems is modulated through redox control of the intermolecular HOMO-LUMO interaction, with trichromic change arising from the neutral complex formation, the anion radical generation, and the dianion complex formation.


This survey was made in order to examine senior high school students' images of their favorite dress. Semantic differential method was taken to measure the images, and the results are as follows: 1) Senior high school students' favorite image-profiles are simplicity, casualness, refinement and quietness. 2) As for the difference between both sexes, boy students prefer dresses with sporty, quiet and manly images, while girl students prefer dresses with individual, womanly images. 3) As a result of checking the independent feature based on cross tabulation of each sex, we could some significant differences (p< 0.01) between both sexes for most of the items where differences were seen in image-profiles. 4) As a result of factor analysis, we could extract five major factors of images held by each sex. Boy students: 1, openness; 2, conspicuousness; 3, quietness; 4, age; 5, sex distinction; girl students: 1, openness; 2, activeness; 3, conspicuousness; 4, quietness;5, refinement. 5) Based on cross tabulation of each type of the four obtained through classifyingtheir consciousness of dress, we could make it clear that there are some differences in the images of their favorite dress among the types. (Received March 5, 1988)


Three simple spectrophotometric methods namely; area under the curve, simultaneous equation method, and modified simultaneous equation method was developed and validated for the determination of Ampyrone with the presence of its acidic product using zero-order spectra without prior separation techniques. The linearity was found in the range of (10-50 mg/L) and (10-55 mg/L) for Ampyrone and its acidic product, respectively. The recovery percentage was found to be in the range from 99.6 to 100.65 for the area under curve method and 96.64 to 104.8 for the simultaneous equation method and its modified version which showed good accuracy and precision for three proposed methods.


ABSTRACT Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) have been proved by a lot of studies playing a major role in cell proliferation and cell differentiation. However, the regulation of Grb2 expression by microRNAs (miRNAs) in chicken breast muscle still remains unknown. The expression profile of Grb2 was checked based on our previous RNA sequencing data and the Grb2 relative expression level in breast muscle of aged hens (55-week-old) was validated significantly higher than juvenile hens (20-week-old) using qRT-PCR. miRNAs that interact with Grb2 have been predicted in chicken and the relationship between the potential miRNA and Grb2 was verified using dual luciferase reporter assay in chicken DF1 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays results demonstrated that the expression of luciferase reporter gene linked with part sequence of the 3′UTR of chicken Grb2 gene was down-regulated by the overexpression of gga (Gallus Gallus)-miR-200a-3p in the DF1 cells, and the down-regulation behavior was abolished when the gga-miR-200a-3p binding site in 3′UTR of Grb2 was mutated, indicating that gga-miR-200a can suppress the expression level of its target gene Grb2. Therefore, we concluded that the significantly increased expression level of Grb2 in the breast muscle of aged chicken can (at least partly can) be explained by the decreased expression of miR-200a, which reduced the inhibitory effect on Grb2. Taken together, these findings suggest that gga-miR-200a can suppress the expression level of its target gene Grb2 and might be involved in the cell differentiation and proliferation of chicken breast muscle through binding with the 3'UTR of Grb2.


Conservation is an effort to preserve historical buildings and processes to limit the changes considering on past, present, and future aspects. Conservation at the Purwosari station area is applied as the basis for the development of the cultural heritage station building. Harmony by Contrast is one of the conservation efforts used in handling the preservation of the area by maintaining the harmony between new buildings with old buildings, maintaining the harmony of urban spaces and other urban elements without having to undermine the existence of old buildings. Purwosari Station in Surakarta comes as a large station building as well as a cultural heritage building, accommodating the transit of arrival and departure of passengers. In its development, population growth more and more so that station Purwosari require development of design enough to accommodate passenger transit activity. Appropriate design's planning is needed to realize a safe and convenient transit area. Because of that, it will be applied the evaluation-design-strategy to giving the attention about the aspects need to be addressed as well as to be developed with the approach of harmony by contrast's architecture.


Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are made up of tiny physiological sensors implanted in/on the human body which detect the health status of human body and transmit the information collected to the remote server via one or more coordinators. The rapid proliferation of WBANs has stimulated enormous research efforts that aim to maximize the lifetime of battery-powered sensor nodes and extend the overall network lifetime through designing optimal power allocation or relay selection schemes. However, previous works fail to jointly optimize the highly related resources of WBANs, thus may severely limit the performance of maximizing the network lifetime of WBANs. In this paper, a network lifetime maximization based joint resource allocation scheme is proposed for WBANs. We show that the problem of optimizing network lifetime is equivalent to maximizing the residual energy of sensor nodes which can be expressed as function of transmission modes of nodes, cooperative nodes, transmission power and time slots of both source and relay nodes, subject to resource allocation constraints. Through solving the optimization problem, an optimal joint transmission mode, relay selection, transmission power and time slot allocation strategy can be obtained. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is capable for extending the lifetime of network as well as guaranteeing user QoS requirements.


In the design of pile foundation,because of the lack of knowledge,people only consider whether or not the antigravity layer will be damaged,and neglect the problem of subsoil deformation that is caused by the soft soil consolidation under the specified conditions.This paper analyzes and discusses about this problem throngh a project as instance.


The performance of asphalt mixture is an important tache resulting in the service performance of asphalt pavement.The accuracy of related data directly impacts its application in engineering.Marshall Test is the most important item for testing the performance index of asphalt mixture.Some factors will impact the test data greatly in Marshall Test,which should be analyzed seriously and controlled by some measures.


The computer, being a logical and symbolic tool, can contribute to Mathematics teaching by impacting children's understanding of representative symbolic, linguistic and/or numerical systems. But using this tool in classroom depends on the chosen teaching methodology, as well as on the selection of software according to established objectives and the knowledge conception guiding the educational process. This work presents an instrument for quality assessment of educational software targeting elementary school Math. This instrument has been developed in the format of questionnaires addressing technical, functional, pedagogical, psychopedagogical, sociological, and cognitive aspects. It is then possible to assess educational software in order to identify the degree of applicability within the predetermined objectives.


A previously described quantitative theoretical treatment of the reactions mentioned in the title is extended so that it can be used to examine the effects of electronic excitations on the rate constants and equilibrium constants. The electronic excitations considered correspond to the 1A1g→1B2u and 1A1g→3B1u excitations of benzene. A new explanation emerges of why excitation to the triplet state has little effect on the pKa value for phenol whereas excitation to the singlet state has a substantial effect. Also, it is concluded that the types of linear free energy relationship which are found among ground state reactions are not, in general, to be expected among excited state reactions. However, the relative effects of para- and meta-ring substituents are predicted to be simply related to σp0–σm0. This relationship is shown to be consistent with available experimental data.


Italy's Constitutional Court has reaffirmed the legitimacy of a ban on human embryo research. In a decision late last month the Court declared that Article 13 of Law 40, a 2004 law on assisted reproduction, was constitutional.


1. Followers of the Old Empire just don't know when to give up. After years of planning and several failed prototypes, the 42nd Death Star is operational. The Death Star leaves a secret base and travels with constant velocity. Luckily the Republic intelligence discovers this and they decide to destroy both object. They even manage to obtain a bit of information on the Death Star itself. The data obtained is used to operate a very elaborate instrument that does the following: for a manually set point in space, the machine determines whether the Death Star is within a range of one parsec of it. Rather unfortunately the machine consumes a lot of power and it takes one second to charge it up for the next 'shot'. If the Republic can't get close enough to the base before turning on their sensors, the secret base might notice their presence and change its location. To prevent this, the base has to be located with a precision of R 1 parsec, before the fleet is deployed. How many dimensions can the space have for this to be possible? How do they find the base? On reaching the base, it is possible that the followers of the Old Empire contact the Death Star advising it's crew to change their path. If the Republic could locate the Death Star with sufficient precision (R) before invading the base, they could simultaneously attack both. Can they locate the Death Star, or do they have to rely on luck and hope that no transmission is sent to notify the Death Star of their presence? If they can't locate both simultaneously but the Force is with them and no transmission is sent, can they locate the Death Star with sufficient precision after the invasion of the base?


BACKGROUND Obesity is the condition where, since ingested energy exceeds used energy, the remaining energy is accumulated as triglyceride in fat tissue in the body, and body weight exceeds normal weight by 20% or over, which can bring about various health problems.1 It has been reported that obesity is related to chronic diseases and that it is even related to life quality, self-esteem, depression, and stress.2-5 Furthermore, those with extreme obesity have difficulty in finding jobs, and experience lack of self-confidence, isolation, and difficulty in social life and human relations.3,4


Objective To provide anatomical basis for neuromuscular pedicle of the first dorsal interosseous muscle branch with blood supply transposition to renovate opponens pollicis. Methods Twenty cadaveric upper extremities (10 of formalin fixation,and 10 of fresh)were dissected. The course,diamaeter,interfascicular dissectible length of the first dorsal interosseous muscle branch were investigated under operating microscope respectively. And then,the operational approach of using neuromuscular pedicle of the first dorsal interosseous muscle branch with blood supply to renovate the opponens pollicis were designed and executed. Results The first dorsal interosseous muscle branch of the deep branch of ulnar nerve gave off two branches. Each of them entered into the upper or lower 1/3 segment of the muscle. The diameter of the distal branch was about (1.5±0.2) mm. The uninjured dissectible length of it was (2.8±0.3)cm,which was the suitable length to reach the recipient area. The diameter of artery supplied the never branch was about (0.8 ±0.3) mm. Conclusions It is feasible to renovate the opponens pollicis by transferring neuromuscular pedicle of the first dorsal interosseous muscle branch with blood supply to the defects. The new neuromuscular pedicle transfer procedure provides an option for the restoration of the opponens pollicis function.


Abstract Residual stress and distortion continue to be important issues in shipbuilding and are still subject to large amounts of research. This paper demonstrates how the type of welding process influences the amount of distortion. Many shipyards currently use submerged arc welding (SAW) as their welding process of choice. In this manuscript, the authors compare welds made by SAW with DC gas metal arc welding, pulsed gas metal arc welding, Fronius cold metal transfer (CMT), autogenous laser and laser hybrid welding on butt welds in 4 mm thick DH36 ship plate. Laser and laser hybrid welding were found to produce the lowest distortion. Nevertheless, a considerable improvement can be achieved with the pulsed gas metal arc welding and CMT processes. The paper seeks to understand the relationship between heat input, fusion area, measured distortion and the residual stress predicted from a simple numerical model, and the residual stresses validated with experimental data.


Acoustic seabed classification from sonar data has generally focused on attributes of the return echo from the seafloor. For many shallow‐water engineering applications, such as dredging, detailed knowledge of the shallow sub‐bottom is also required. Consequently, acoustic classification of the sub‐bottom is also often essential. In 1995, a shallow‐water, high‐resolution seismic predredging survey was conducted on the St. Lawrence River in water depths of 10–15 m using the IKB SEISTEC high‐resolution profiler, which has a bandwidth of 1–12 kHz and subsurface penetration in excess of 10 m. In these river sediments, it was found that shallow gas had a controlling effect on the appearance of the seismic sections in some places. The shallow gas could often be identified as a curtain in which there are no acoustic returns below a strong subsurface reflector with a phase reversal relative to the seafloor reflection. The frequency dependency of the ratio of the signal amplitude between the seafloor and sub‐bottom reflectors may also be diagnostic of gas reflectors in that, instead of attenuation, resonances may occur. Using the spectral‐ratio method, the attenuation between successive reflectors characteristic of the sediment between the reflectors can be determined. Results of classifying sub‐surface sediments between distinct reflectors from this survey will be presented.


Aim To investigate the pathogens of ventilator associated lower respiratory tract infection for the early empirical application of antibiotics. Methods The pathogens and their drug resistance of ventilator associated lower respiratory tract infection in 113 cases were investigated from 2001 to 2004.Results Of 138 clinical isolates, Gram-negative organisms accounted for 63.0%, gram-positive organisms 23.9 % and the fungi 13.1%.Most of the pathogens showed multiple drug resistance.Conclusion Gram-negative bacterial was still the majority of the pathogens of ventilator associated lower respiratory tract infection. The pathogens showed multiple drug resistance in drug sensitive test. It is suggested that the effective broad-spectrum antibiotic should be chosen in early empirical clinical therapy in ventilator associated lower respiratory tract infection.


We use a plane-wave-based transfer-matrix method to investigate the dispersion and intrinsic reflection coefficients of electromagnetic guided waves at the facets of single isolated semiconductor nanowires and one-dimensional periodic nanowire arrays. The knowledge of such reflection losses can help people to understand the intrinsic threshold of laser operation in these nanowire laser systems. We find that the dispersion of guided modes in a nanowire array is not sensitive to the interwire distance, while the reflection coefficients of Bloch guided modes strongly depend on this interwire distance, and can be much different from that in a single isolated nanowire. The reflection spectrum also differs much for different polarization modes in the nanowire array. We also find that the quantitative features of these complex reflection spectra cannot be adequately explained by only considering the energy flux and field profiles of the guided mode itself that is involved in the reflection. A satisfactory physical model should involve the leaky wave modes supported by the nanowire. The contribution from both the propagating guided modes and decaying leaky modes has been fully described within the framework of the transfer-matrix method.


We agree with Omland et al, (1) that ''it is important to take disease-prevalence within the target population (pre-test probability) correctly into account'' for calculating Positive Predictive Value (PPV). However, this applies to a single screening test in the general population. Our study differs in that we assessed a combination of two tests in a very selected population of patients consulting tertiary headache clinics with a very high prevalence of migraine, and thus the proposed correction is not applicable (2). PPV mainly reflects sensitivity, which is necessary in screening studies. When a test is used for diagnostic confirmation, it should be highly specific. In fact, if the sample sizes in the positive (disease present) and the negative (disease absent) groups do not reflect the real prevalence of the disease, then positive and negative predictive values cannot be estimated and should be ignored (3). Moreover, we assessed a combined VEP-IDAP test, considered to be positive if there is a supra-threshold value in at least one of two tests. We proposed this combination of tests as a potential aid for diagnosing migraine in clinical samples of patients with uncertain diagnosis, and not for screening purposes in the general population. We underscored that this proposal was not made on the basis of the PPV but of accuracy, which combines sensitivity and specificity values. An abnormality of either VEP or IDAP (or of both) may thus confirm the diagnosis of migraine in patients not fulfilling all diagnostic criteria in the setting of a headache clinic. Declaration of conflicting interests


The COSIMIR (Cognitive Similarity Learning in Information Retrieval) model applies the powerful backpropagation algorithm to Information Retrieval, integrating human centered, soft and tolerant computing to the core of the retrieval processes. An overview of neural networks in Information Retrieval shows that current systems do not fully exploit the potential of neural networks. An empirical evaluation of COSIMIR has led to positive and promising results.


The precision positioning of optic fibers and component details is a main problem in fiber connectors and fiber splicing. As it is known, the exceeding of allowable misalignments of optical fibers has influence on the significant growth of insertion optical losses. Therefore the determination, of a positioning objects space disposition relatively base coordinates is an important moment. Therefore the problem of transversal (radial)displacement monitoring is reduced to determination of a side shift of a signal symmetry center. this operation in the computing unit is expedient for executing with principle of a matched filtering in the autoconvolution form


A micro-fluidic chip capillary electrophoresis injection and separation methods, including through a piston pump, a three-way valve and a set of high-voltage power supply to achieve capillary electrophoresis chip microfluidic injection and separation. Characterized in that: the network structure using a microfluidic chip, using the three-way valve and the piston by taking samples of cell waste air connection, a negative pressure in the waste sample pool, on the other sump microfluidic chip the sample solution and the buffer solution to the sample waste reservoir flows at the atmospheric pressure, formed at the intersection of a stable injection channel and the separation channel sample plug; valve position by switching three-way valve with the atmosphere the sample waste reservoir communication, other fluid reservoir buffer and sample solutions immediately stop picogram sample plug, driven by electroosmotic flow, the sample waste reservoir is formed at the intersection of the injection flow channel and the separation channel into the separation channel, so that separation test sample.


Abstract : The Defense Finance and Accounting Service-Columbus Center(DFAS-CO), one of six major Department of Defense(DoD) finance centers, will process more than 12 million paper documents (contracts, invoices, payments, status requests, and acceptance reports) per year by 1994. This volume and several other favorable characteristics(stable trading partner relationships, sufficient internal automation, and few business obstacles)make DFAS-CO a ripe environment for Electronic Commerce. We identify several applications of electronic data interchange (EDI) that will enable DFAS-CO to reduce the direct cost of its operations by more than $61 million over the next 10 years. The cost to DFAS-CO of implementing an electronic-based operating environment is projected at approximately $2.1 million; DoD activities that conduct business with DFAS-CO would need to invest an additional $6.6 million. To guide DFAS-CO EDI efforts, we provide detailed operating concepts and implementation schedules for each major opportunity area, along with a single technical configuration that uses gateway software and a commercial value-added network. Implementing those operating concepts will allow DFAS-CO to satisfy current and future payment responsibilities with minimum personnel growth.


Producing good welded components are continually challenged in order to improve the welding quality especially for mild teel welding. Mild steel has their unique welding characteristic compare with other material. Therefore, a research on optimizing the mild steel welded butt joints was carried out by using mathematically modelling, Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Response Surface Methodology
is an advanced optimization methods and statistical sampling techniques which can significantly help in understanding the interaction of parameter. Experiments were
carried out to study the influence of three MIG welding parameters that is welding current, welding voltage and welding speed on the strength of welded mild steel butt
joints. This project is been started by study the welding parameter for mild steel then follow with a welding process with different combination of parameter level. A tensile test was done to find out the respectively tensile strength. This tensile strength wills analysis together with three parameters and modelling by Response Surface
Methodology. A best combination of welding parameter will evaluate. With the right welding parameters setting, it able to produce a sufficiently dynamic strength and the
best weld quality, was ensured.


News reports as a media genre has received so much interest by mass communication researchers, linguists and discourse analysts because news is important in our daily lives since our social and political knowledge emanate from the news we hear and read every day.What the public refers to as 'news' from the media is misleading as Bell (1991) observes. He argues that if news was really actual reports of events as news makers would have us believe, then nobody would bother to read them because they would 'smack of dry, detached and depersonalized writing'. Instead, news is conceived and reported as 'stories', which means that it actually undergoes transformation and acquires 'a recognizable structure, direction and viewpoint in order to become 'palatable for general consumption' (Bell 1991:147). There is evidence that when news goes through 'editorial' processes during production, it is made to take a certain angle which the audience is expected to be persuaded to adopt.


The understanding and construction of the core competitive power is very important to higher vocational colleges and the construction of the faculty is critical in increasing the core competitive power.Higher vocational colleges should build a faculty team that is competent and with innovative ideas and strong ability as well as a long effective mechanism of building the faculty.Only by doing so,can higher vocational colleges survive and develop.


A case of E. Coli folliculitis of the face is presented. Unlike many of the reported cases, there was no preceding history of tetracycline therapy. The condition could be attributed to long term use of a hexachlorophene preparation.


In solid immersion lens (SIL) microscopy systems with high numerical aperture (NA), there always exists the aberration produced by Fresnel effects at the interface between SIL and the sample. This aberration may cause the degradation of the image of sample. We design a continuous phase filter and optimize the optical field distribution of SIL system. The numerical results show that when the continuous phase filter is used, the field distribution of SIL system can be optimized, and the focal depth and intensity of transmitted light can be increased. At the same time, the intensity of side-lobe and the resolution are kept almost unchanged.


METHOD(S): A retrospective analysis of 161 cases of hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy, over a period of 2 1⁄2 years from January 2002 to June 2004 was done. The incidences of maternal complications and fetal outcome in these pregnancies were calculated and compared with those in women with diabetes complicating pregnancy, an endocrine disorder which has universal screening recommended in pregnancy. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis.


Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a new group of targeted antitumor agents ([1][1]). They exert their activity against cancer cells by stimulating differentiation, by inhibiting proliferation, and by inducing apoptosis. Although the latter has been extensively studied, our understanding of


This paper describes a novel norm-one-regularized, consensus-based imaging algorithm, based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), that can be used by a high-sensing-capacity Compressive Reflector Antenna (CRA). The proposed method outperforms current state of the art iterative reconstruction algorithms in terms of computational cost; and it ultimately enables the use of a CRA in quasi-real-time, compressive sensing imaging applications.


A new method to analyze 1st‐ and 2nd‐order reaction rate curves as appearing in, e.g., thermal desorption and thermoluminescence is described. It is based on the concept of the ''characteristic time'' ψ of the process. It is shown that for constant temperature and hyperbolic heating schedules, the reaction rate depends on ψ only, while for the linear temperature sweep there is also a slight dependence on E/kTm with Tm being the peak temperature. The method is based on these facts, and, contrary to previous methods, makes use of all experimental data points, yielding both activation energy and frequency factor. The new method is demonstrated for a thermal desorption and a thermoluminscence peak.


was justified, fromn his own stand-point for declining to award them space in the Journal, and his refusal, at first, to publish them has in no way diminished my regard for him. But I do not believe that my reasons will be considered ridiculouls by others who approach the topic from a different stand-point, and who have recognized the necessity of adopting methods of procedure which will render the system of nomenclature stable, which is all the " neoAmerican school " is trying to accomplish and for which it, and all naturalists, have abundant authority. It is perfectly clear that as long as we allow ourselves a choice of names in anv way, so long will authors differ in their acceptance and the settling of this important matter be deferred. That this end can be, at least approximately, reached by priority, has been the judgment of most recent naturalists. Whether some entirely different method may not commend itself to those of future decades or some rad ical modification of the principles now employed be resorted to, it is at present impossible to surmise. It is, perhaps, not unlikely that some such move will be made. The American Ornithologists Union settled it so far as they were concerned, by driving bird names back as far as they could, and then as a body adopted the results thus reached, so that they have been maintained for a considerable number of years. This process has commended itself to some others, but has not been put into operation elsewhere, so far as I am informed. At all events, under the present methods of botanists it is important that all possibility of choice be removed as far as this is possible. For this reason I regard the " law t of the Paris Congress cited by Mr. Britten as authority for the use of Buda rather than Tissa as unfortunate and detrimental, anld do not consider myself at all bound to follow it. The number of cases in which change is desirable by reason of priority of place is not great. Mr. Britten cites the one of Amygdalus Linn. and Prunus Linn., the first standing on a page preceding the position of the. second, and pointing out that he thinks it would be necessary to call all the species now in Prunus, Amygdali. It certainly would be strange for a while to make this substitution, but I think he has selected an unfortunate example in support of his argument. While it would probably be quite as philosophical to call a plum a peach, as a peach a plum, I personally prefer to call a peach a peach, and am prepared to maintain that A mygdalus and Prunus are distinct genera. N. L. BRITTON. Columbia College, N. Y. City.


The dynamic evolution of the electrical loads aboard ships and vessels within the marine industry in the twenty-first century calls for further research and development of integrated marine power systems (IMPS) with drive systems and electrical propulsion components. As the future IMPS will become predominantly driven by power electronic devices, switched reluctance motor drives (SRM) would subsequently pave their way into the future shipboard systems. SRMs are double-salient machines that have salient poles on both the stator and rotor. This double-salient structure of the stator and rotor provides the motor with high starting torque characteristics that makes it suitable for maritime industry, in particular traction and hoist applications. Furthermore, as the phases of the SRM drive are electrically-separated, this feature makes the motor attractive for marine applications since survivability is extremely significant in marine systems. This paper presents an analytical design of an SRM drive system. The work reported here represents a part of an ongoing research carried out at the undergraduate level. In this work, an 6/4 SRM drive system is designed and tested. Since the torque production in SRMs is mainly depending on the magnetic characteristics of the motor, an algorithm is developed to determine the inductance profile vs. the rotor position of the SRM. The phase currents and the average torque produced by the motor are also obtained using proper control schemes. Additionally, an advanced angle control technique is developed to retain motoring operation (i.e. operation in Quadrant 1). Techniques to revamp the performance of the drive system are still being under study and will be reported shortly in due course.


This paper analyzes and compares different Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) algorithms for the classification of remote sensing (RS) images. The main purpose of the comparison is to identify advantages and disadvantages of different MKL algorithms in terms of their computational time and classification accuracy. Furthermore, some guidelines on the proper selection of the MKL algorithms associated with different RS image classification problems are derived.


A two-step catalyst annealing process is developed in order to control the diameter of nickel catalyst particles for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MW PECVD). Thermal annealing of a continuous nickel film in a hydrogen (H2) environment in a first step is found to be insufficient for the formation of nanometre-size, high-density catalyst particles. In a second step, a H2 MW plasma treatment decreases the catalyst diameter by a factor of two and increases the particle density by a factor of five. An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the catalyst after each step in the annealing process is presented. It is found that the catalyst particles interact with the substrate during thermal annealing, thereby forming a silicate, even if a buffer layer in between the catalyst and the substrate is intended to prevent silicate formation. The silicate formation and reduction is shown to be directly related to the CNT growth mechanism, determining whether the catalyst particles reside at the base or the tip of the growing CNTs. The catalyst particles are used for the growth of a high-density CNT coating by MW PECVD. CNTs are analysed with electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.


As pointed out byMisra, it is clear that dialysis bath bicarbonate concentration (BC) is not the sole determinant of plasma bicarbonate concentration (PBC), and that protein intake and nutritional status are very important. We have the same analysis of bicarbonate kinetics during a haemodialysis session, and of determinants of predialysis PBC. However, we are very cautious when Misra states that 'when adjusted for the confounding effects of nutritional status' PBC is not associated with adverse events. Given the link between nutritional status and PBC, and the impact of nutritional status on outcomes, this is not unexpected. In real life, the clinician nephrologist should refrain from increasing BC to high levels (≥28 mmol/L), since this could lead to dramatic issues in some patients in relation with postdialysis alkalosis, as in ref. 1 of Misra's paper. As recently demonstrated in a well-performed study by Yamamoto et al. (ref. 13 of our paper), PBC does not reflect the exact acidaemic status of haemodialysed patients: in a large database of Japanese patients, predialysis pH >7.4 was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. We believe that alcalosis per se might have detrimental consequences. Lower predialysis PBC is associated with higher protein intake in univariate analysis. Statistical analyses that adjust for the malnutrition–inflammation complex modulate this association, but many published studies have not taken into account C-reactive protein serum concentration, a variable that is not routinely measured in many countries. Marked predialysis acidosis (PBC <18 mmol/L) should not be neglected, since it may result from insufficient dialysis dose or inflammation leading to protein catabolism. In clinical practice, very low (<18 mmol/L) or very high (≥28 mmol/L) predialysis PBC should lead to careful evaluation of the patient's nutritional and inflammatory status and dialysis prescription. If possible, BC should be prescribed on an individual basis to a goal of PBC in the normal range, but most of the time this individualized prescription is very difficult to attain. Finally, the main determinants of well-being and survival in dialysis patients remain good nutritional status and sufficient protein intake, which for some patients leads to a predialysis bicarbonate level <22 mEq/L. Patients with insufficient protein intake and/or inflammation associated with low bicarbonate level should be carefully monitored.


Self-management skill can be a key factor to successful English learning, but few opportunities are available for Korean college students. In response to the lack of students' self-management in learning English, this study aimed to explore to what extent the mobile-assisted self-managed quiz affects college students' vocabulary learning among 80 EFL students. The students of the intermediate (n = 40) and the novice group (n = 40) participated in taking two quiz modes: the half of each level was assigned to either a self-managed quiz or an in-class quiz. Comparisons were made on the six test scores by independent samples t-test and the students' opinion was analyzed. The results showed intermediate students taking the self-managed quiz scored higher than those of the in-class on the achievement test at a significant level. No difference was found in the quiz scores among the students at either proficiency level. The results imply that students' proficiency could be a critical predictor to the achievement of vocabulary. Nevertheless, most students showed a positive attitude toward the self-managed quiz in a formal classroom. The findings suggest that university students in an EFL class need more opportunities to build autonomy through selfevaluation activities in a formal classroom.


The purpose of study is to find Branding strategies to market Dire Dawa as an appealing tourist destination. Mixed approaches with 345 usable samples were used to collect data from respondents purposively and relevant data were gathered, presented and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The finding reveals the city image and perceptions is developed through word of mouth communication  rather than attributes themselves and personal experience .Also it find out that the most influential attributes in determining destination choices is over all assuredness of being safe from physical harm and the major challenges for marketing Dire Dawa includes , lack of effort to rejuvenate tourists perception, failure to segment the market, shortage of recreational place and brand illusion with Harrar. So, the administration needs to work on safety and re-build ongoing brand by encompassing the strategy with flagship destination brand and slogan. Keywords : Destination Marketing; Destination Branding; City Marketing; Brand Ambassadors; brand illusion


In the frame of this work, thermal stratification effects withincooling channel flow of hydrogen cooled combustion chambers are investigated with theoretical approaches. Experimental results with a hydrogen cooled cylindrical combustion chamber segment with four different cooling channel geometries are presented. A new stratification approach that consideres the limited mixing capabilities within the turbulent core flow of the cooling channel is validated with the help of the experimental results.


Strongly interacting atom–cavity systems within a network with many nodes constitute a possible realization for a quantum internet which allows for quantum communication and computation on the same platform. To implement such large-scale quantum networks, nanophotonic resonators are promising candidates because they can be scalably fabricated and interconnected with waveguides and optical fibers. By integrating arrays of ring resonators into a vapor cell we show that thermal rubidium atoms above room temperature can be coupled to photonic cavities as building blocks for chip-scale hybrid circuits. Although strong coupling is not yet achieved in this first realization, our approach provides a key step towards miniaturization and scalability of atom–cavity systems.


A general formula in a 1-dimensional plane collision was established in an another report in which any physical quantities in both bodies immediately after collision are expressed in terms of collision velocities, material constants and coefficients before collision when both bodies collide with any collision velocities. In the present paper, the equations in the calculation to obtain any physical quantity are derived from the proposed general formula when two bodies are of the same material and the same cross-sectional area and both bodies collide each other and then shock wave is produced in the target at rest. And calculated values based on the derived theory are compared with experiments of the relation between shock pressure and relative volume. Consequently, both theory and experiment agree precisely, the proposed general formula in a 1-dimensional plane collision is proved to be valid also in the case of hypervelocity collision.


Human computation games (HCGs) are a crowdsourcing approach to solving computationally-intractable tasks using games. We outline a formal representation of the mechanics in HCGs, providing a structural breakdown to visualize, compare, and explore the space of HCG mechanics. We present a methodology based on small-scale design experiments using fixed tasks while varying game elements to observe effects on both the player experience and the human computation task completion. Ultimately, we wish enable easier exploration and development of HCGs, letting these games provide meaningful experiences to players while solving difficult problems.


Mandated by the Constitution of 1945 and encouraged by the raising of the national education budget, Indonesia has been rapidly progressing to develop a well–managed educational system in the movement of education reform. This study involved 127 Indonesian lecturers from 13 provinces in Indonesia to analyse the relationship of work and family demand to the work–family conflict. Multiple regression analysis showed that work and family demand were positively related to the workfamily conflict among Indonesian lecturers. The impact on the work–family conflict from work demand was higher than that from family. Implications toward academicians and policy makers were discussed.


Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 fine crystalline grains were synthesized by hydrothermal method.Based on the characteristics of the phases and morphology of the synthesized powder and the mensuration of quantity of TiO2 in the synthesized powder,the formation mechanism of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 powder by hydrothermal method was discussed.In the initial reaction period,the TiO2 particles gradually dissolved with the increase of reaction temperature.The titanium hydroxid was formed by combination of OH-anions and titanium-oxygen groups dissolved from the TiO2 particles.The growth units were formed by the reaction of titanium hydroxid and zirconium hydroxid.The Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 crystallites grow by precipitation,dehydration and crystallization of the growth units with Pb2+ anions on the interface of the Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 nuclei.


Primary colorectal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an extremely rare subtype of colon cancer, with an incidence of less than 1% of colorectal malignancies. We report a case of a 40-year-old male patient admitted to the emergency department with symptoms of acute intestinal obstruction. Histopathological evaluation of colonoscopic biopsies revealed squamous cell carcinoma. A sigmoidectomy was performed. In order to enrich the medical literature, we add our case to the collection of colorectal squamous cell carcinoma cases by analyzing and summarizing the clinical, pathological, and therapeutic features of this rare entity.


We show that a quantized large-scale system with unknown parameters and training signals can be analyzed by examining an equivalent system with known parameters by modifying the signal power and noise variance in a prescribed manner. Applications to training in wireless communications, signal processing, and machine learning are shown. In wireless communications, we show that the number of training signals can be significantly smaller than the number of transmitting elements. Similar conclusions can be drawn when considering the symbol error rate in signal processing applications, as long as the number of receiving elements is large enough. In machine learning with a linear classifier, we show that the misclassification rate is not sensitive to the number of classes, and is approximately inversely proportional to the size of the training set. We show that a linear analysis of this nonlinear training problem can be accurate when the thermal noise is high or the system is operating near its saturation rate.


The effect of the width of the vaneless diffuser on the stage performance and flow fields of a centrifugal compressor is studied numerically and experimentally. The diffuser width is varied by reducing the diffuser flow area from the shroud side (i.e., pinching the diffuser). Seven different diffuser widths are studied with numerical simulation. In the modeling, the diffuser width is varied within the range 1.00 to 0.50. The numerical results are compared with results obtained in previous studies. In addition, two of the diffusers are further investigated with experimental measurement. The main finding of the work is that the pinch reduces losses in the impeller associated with the tip-clearance flow. Furthermore, it is shown that a too large width reduction causes the flow to accelerate excessively, resulting in a highly nonuniform flow field and flow separation near the shroud.


Hetero-diffusion coefficients of zinc in Cu and self-diffusion coefficients of zinc in CuZn solid solutions have been determined in the concentration interval 8 to 38 at% Zn and temperature range 390 to 810 °C. The residual activity method has been applied using the isotope 65Zn. The values of the diffusion coefficients in the concentration interval 0 to 38 at% Zn satisfy an Arrhenius relation. The frequency factor and activation enthalpy concentration dependences can be described by an analysis developed in a previous paper [1].


The deep learning approach to machine learning emphasizes high-capacity, scalable models that learn distributed representations of their input. This paper addresses the use of deep learning algorithm to design the controller; to explore the feasibility of applying deep learning into control problems. The proposed deep learning controller is designed by learning discrete and continues PID controller which is most commonly used in industry. The input/output of the PID controller are used as the learning data set for the deep learning network. SAE (Stacked Autoencoder) algorithm is used to design the deep learning controller. We develop an extension of sparse autoencoder by incorporating a stacking 2 autoencoders and softmax layer for hidden units. Unlike the standard autoencoder, our model uses the backpropagation algorithm to fine-tuning which leads to promote category-dependent sharing of learned features, which tends to improve the generalization performance. The simulation is performed using MatLab/Simulink and the detailed results of a comparison study between the proposed deep learning controller and a PID controller was conducted. We also analyzed other neural network based control system in comparison to our proposed model. It is demonstrated that neural network based controllers can perform even better than conventional controllers.


Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) is an ideal cell type extensively used in cartilage multipotency to differentiate into cartilage and can be isolated from a wide variety of tissue sources with strong in vitro expansion.Since cartilage has the important mechanical properties,it is necessary to highlight and evaluate the mechanobiological properties of MSC-based tissue engineered cartilage.To better understand the relationship between inducing factor of cartilage repair,signal pathway and mechanical properties,this paper reviews the advances made on research of mechanobiology in MSC-based tissue engineering cartilage,discusses the existing problems in this field,and try to point out some new approaches or directions worthy of such investigation.


The density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) and Hartree-Fock (UHF) were carried out at 6-31G basis set for the geometry optimization of five-membered rings whose relative stabilities were compared from the calculated results. It is indicated that the stabilities of organic five-membered carbon rings are higher than those of inorganic nitrogen rings and phosphorus rings in iso-electronic system. The stability of phosphorus is higher than that of nitrogen in inorganic rings.


After introducing the basic principle of compatibily of polymer blends, the characters and types of compatibilizing reactions are discussed. Preparation methods,research situation and compatibilization effects on polymer blends of reactive polymers are described in details.


Meeting food and nutritional security needs for a growing population is a global sustainability challenge due to the heavy reliance on a few cultivated crops for dietary requirements across the world. To ensure local food security, it is imperative to diversify dietary options with locally available, neglected, and underutilized crops (NUCs) with nutritional and biocultural significance. In this context, the present study aims to explore the role of NUCs for nutritional, ethnomedicinal, and agricultural relevance in two districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, i.e., Mirzapur and Sonebhadra. Extensive field surveys were conducted in the study sites, and a total of 445 local respondents were interviewed based on structured questionnaires for calculating ethnobotanical indices, i.e., relative frequency of citation (RFC), frequency of citation (FC), use report (UR), and cultural importance index (CI) of NUCs. The study identified 116 NUCs belonging to 55 families and 103 genera. All reported NUCs had medicinal value; 55 were edible and used as food; and 41 had agricultural significance. Leaves were the most commonly used plant parts for medicinal purposes, followed by roots and stems, whereas flowers were the least commonly used parts. NUCs were used by the locals for their medicinal properties to treat various ailments, such as skin and eye problems, headaches, and liver problems. They were administered as decoction, paste, vapor inhalation, fruit juice, and poultice. The RFC, FC, UR, and CI values of the NUCs were in the range of 12 to 365, 0.03 to 0.82, 12 to 394, and 0.03 to 0.89, respectively. Fruits were the most commonly consumed part, followed by leaves, tubers, pods, and aerial bulbs, whereas the mode of consumption was stir-fry, soup, vegetables, salad, or in raw form. NUCs were bestowed with essential macro- and micronutrients and were found in the range of Ca (3.79–1147.3), K (2.6–1600.3), Mg (0.8–468.0), Na (0.4–270.8), P (1.15–305), Fe (0.1–327.6), Zn (0.1–84.6), Cu (0.047–33.3), Mn (0.1–62.3) mg/100 g, and vitamins like ascorbic acid (0.04–1561.1), thiamine (0.041–2.4), and β-Carotene (0.2–93.6) mg/100 g. These NUCs were cultivated in different settings, such as kitchen gardens, backyard gardens, border crops, and sometimes agricultural fields. The current study reveals the rich diversity and varied use of these NUCs with respect to their ethnomedicinal, nutritional, and agricultural relevance. Sustainable utilization with large-scale cultivation of promising NUCs can lead to local food security and the subsequent attainment of the associated UN Sustainable Development Goals.


Objective:To investigate oxidative stress,hemoglobin percentage and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in various aging groups.Methods:A total of 200 healthy volunteers of hoth genders between age group 20-65 years were selected by random method.Determination of hemoglobin percentage was done employing modified cyanide method of Dacie and Lewis.The erythrocyte lysis was observed in hypotonic solution of buffered saline at varying concentrations and optical density was measured at 540 nm.The extent of lipid peroxidation in form of malondialdehyde was measured by thiobarbituric acid method.Results:The study found a significant decrease in hemoglobin percentage,increase in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and increased lipid peroxidation in form of malondialdehyde with increasing age.Conclusions:Supplementation of antioxidants may prevent the oxidative injury in elderly group of subjects.


The simultaneous detection is argued with gas chromatography method for the organophosphorous pesticide residues in fruits.After slurrying of fruits,mixed solvents are distilled,and extraction pole purified.Result shows the correlation coefficient of this method to diversified organophosphorous pesticide is more than 0.99,recovery 60.0%~98.9%,relative standard deviation(RSD) 6.57% ~19.0%,and the limit 1μg/mL.It is concluded that this method meets the need of simultaneous detection of organophosphorous pesticide residues in fruits for its complete extraction,accuracy,and simplicity.


Three novel organic electroluminescence materials,i.e.,1-benzoxazolyl-α-pinene,1-benzimidazolyl-α-pinene,and 1-benzothiazolyl-α-pinene,were synthesized by the oxidation of α-pinene to myrtenic aldehyde,followed by the condensation with 2-aminophenol,1,2-phenylenediamine,and 2-aminothiophenol,respectively.The results indicated that 1-benzoxazolyl-α-pinene gave a strong yellow emission with a peak at 441nm and its UV-visible spectrum peak was at 466nm,1-benzimidazolyl-α-pinene emitted a strong blue-green fluorence with a peak at 384nm and the maximum UV-visible wavelength was at 299nm,and 1-benzothiazolyl-α-pinene showed a strong blue-green light with emission peak at 302nm and its UV-visible spectrum peak was at 368nm,which made them luminescent materials in OLEDs.


This article aims to briefly provide a missional hermeneutic of the other by undertaking a dialogue between Levinas and Confucianism. Regarding the other as heathen, uncivilized, and lost, the church has tended not to treat the other as its interlocutor. Levinas's hermeneutic of the other might help the church correct this tendency toward the other. However, Levinas's emphasis on the radical otherness of the other might lead to further distancing between the church and the world as the other. In this regard, Confucianism's relational and inclusive understanding of the other might be helpful for reducing the gap between the church and the other.


The graduates of Hotel Management choose not to work in the hotel,the most important reason is that they are lack of professional identity in their heart.This paper analyzes the impact factors of affecting students' professional identity,the quality requirements of the hotel on the talents,proposed that we should enhance students' professional knowledge,help them establish the correct career awareness,make long-term career development plan,and continue to enhance the professional emotion,so as to get a sense of belonging,and several other aspects to cultivate students' professional identity.


Stimulated by recent suggestion of Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment with Eu contained compound we develop a new method for accurate calculation of Schiff moments of even-odd deformed nuclei. The method is essentially based on experimental data on magnetic moments and E1,E3-amplitudes in the given even-odd nucleus and in adjacent even-even nuclei. Unfortunately such sets of data are not known yet for most of interesting nuclei. Fortunately the full set of data is available for $^{153}$Eu. Hence, we perform the calculation for $^{153}$Eu and find value of the Schiff moment. The value is about 30 times larger than a typical Schiff moment of a spherical heavy nucleus. The enhancement of the Schiff moment in $^{153}$Eu is related to the low energy octupole mode. On the other hand the value of Schiff moment we find is 30 times smaller than that obtained in the assumption of static octupole deformation.


Abstract In cellular mobile communications the subcarriers are repeatedly used for best utilizing the assigned frequency spectrum. The assignment of channels for users is complex and involves high computation time. Wong et al [15] proposed a heuristic algorithm to achieve the suboptimal solution for sub-carrier assignment. This proposal was based on constructive assignment in real time situation with prosperous results. However, the algorithm involves computational complexity. In this paper we proposes reinforcement learning algorithm for sub-carrier assignment to the users in a way that the total transmit power is minimized. Reinforcement learning algorithms are frequently used for optimization problems and are related to dynamic programming algorithms. Simulation results show that proposed reinforcement learning is robust and outperforms the heuristic algorithm proposed by Wong et al.


The medial pterygoid muscle, a major elevator of the jaw is a square-shaped masticatory muscle, located on the medial aspect of the lower jaw bilaterally. It is also known as internal pterygoid muscle. This muscle lies medial to the lateral pterygoid muscle.


Economic entities must keep their potential, their ability to produce goods and services. To do this, the holding gains (realized and unrealized) should remain in the entity to maintain the physical capital. Physical capital maintenance requires recognition of profit only if the productive capacity of the entity at the end of the period is higher than the productive capacity at the beginning of the period, after excluding any contribution or distribution of capital from or to the shareholders. This study aims at promoting the physical capital maintenance concept, as a solution for Romanian economic entities. This will be achieved by performing an analysis regarding the capacity of Romanian quoted economic entities to maintain the physical capital.


A glucose-tolerance test was performed in a number of healthy volunteers before and after a single dose of intravenous sodium thiopental. During this test, serum insulin levels were determined at similar intervals. A small but significant decrease in glucose tolerance, not related to serum insulin levels, was seen.


Coarsening in foams made from the pure liquid crystal, 8CB, has been studied. The foam was made in the nematic phase ($\textrm{T} = 35 ^{\circ}\textrm{C}$) by bubbling nitrogen through the pure liquid crystal. The coarsening behavior was investigated at three temperatures; at $\textrm{T} = 22 ^{\circ}\textrm{C}$ and $33^{\circ}\textrm{C}$ in the smectic phase and at $\textrm{T} = 34^{\circ}\textrm{C}$ in the nematic phase. In smectic and nematic phases the mean bubble radius $ $ has been measured as a function of time $ \sim t^{\lambda}$. In classical wet soap foams the growth exponent is typically $\lambda \approx 0.33$ where coarsening is by gas diffusion from bubbles with high curvature to bubbles with low curvature. In liquid crystal foams a growth exponent, $\lambda = 0.20 \pm 0.05$ is observed. This may be explained by the presence of defects at the surface of the bubbles which slow down the coarsening behaviour. This growth exponent can be observed in both nematic and smectic phases. At higher temperatures typically $>35^{\circ}\textrm{C}$ coalescence dominates the coarsening behaviour. In the isotropic state, $>41.5^{\circ}\textrm{C}$, the foam is rapidly unstable.


In this project I plan to investigate by means of numerical simulations the dynamics and rheology of lowdensity equilibrium gels made of limited-valence building blocks. I will start with simple toy models of patchy particles and then add complexity in the form of inner degrees of freedom by investigating systems that undergo a hierarchical self-assembly process. Examples of such systems are recently synthesised DNA constructs and telechelic star polymers. The novelty of DELTAS lies in the focus put on the role of the internal exibility as a tool to tune the dynamics and the rheology of equilibrium gels. Indeed, the possibility of ne-tuning the structure of these materials lend themselves well to many applications, ranging from medicine to material science. The project goes one step further by proposing to investigate the kinetics, dynamics and mechanical properties of these systems in the framework of ( exible) patchy systems. The usage of simple toy models will grant a better understanding of the phenomenology of these systems. In addition, the realistic systems I plan to investigate will, on one hand, establish a stronger link between theory and numerical simulations and experiments and, on the other hand, provide a testing ground for the results obtained with toy models. Grant agreement ID: 702298  Project website DELTAS


An exploration of a Native American business model used by the Cherokee and Muscogee (Creek) Indian tribes. Key words: Economic development, Native American economy


We used satellite platform transmitting transmitters (PTTs) in 1998-2000 to track spring and fall migratory movements of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus ) captured at Long Point, Ontario. Migration corridors reported here corroborated those identified in previous studies using alphanumerically coded neck collars. However, PTTs provided additional information on duration of spring and fall migrations, duration of stay in different staging re - gions, time spent on breeding and wintering areas, and migration speed. Birds migrated between the Atlantic coast and northern prairies along a narrow geographic corridor through portions of the southern Great Lakes. From the northern prairies, swans followed 3 corridors to breeding areas on the west coast of Hudson Bay, central High Arctic, and Mac- kenzie River delta. While swans spent considerable time on Great Lakes (27% of spring migration) and northern prairie (40%) staging areas in spring, the northern boreal forest was an important fall staging area (48% of fall migration). Tundra Swans spent 20% of the annual cycle on wintering areas, 28% on spring staging areas, 29% on breeding areas, and 23% on fall staging areas. The long duration of migration and the fact that birds spend half their lives on staging areas underscore the importance of conserving Tundra Swan migratory habitats. Thirty-gram neck-collar-attached PTTs were more suitable than 95-g Teflon-harness-attached backpack PTTs for tracking Tundra Swans. Resume : L'utilisation d'emetteurs satellites (PTT) nous a permis de suivre les deplacements migratoires au printemps et a l'automne (1998-2000) de cygnes siffleurs (Cygnus columbianus columbianus ) captures a Long Point, Ontario. Les corridors de migration que nous avons identifies confirment ceux qui ont ete reconnus dans des etudes anterieures a l'aide de colliers munis de codes alpha-numeriques. Cependant, les emetteurs PTT fournissent des donnees additionnel- les sur la duree des migrations de printemps et d'automne, la longueur des sejours aux differentes stations de rallie- ment, le temps passe sur les sites de reproduction et d'hivernage, ainsi que la vitesse de migration. Les oiseaux se


We examine the effects of plastic flow that appear in a neutron-star crust when a magnetic stress exceeds the threshold. The dynamics involved are described using the Navier--Stokes equation comprising the viscous-flow term, and the velocity fields for the global circulation are determined using quasi-stationary approximation.
We simulate the magnetic-field evolution by taking into consideration the Hall drift, Ohmic dissipation, and fluid motion induced by the Lorentz force. The decrease in the magnetic energy is enhanced, as the energy converts to the bulk motion energy and heat. It is found that the bulk velocity induced by the Lorentz force has a significant influence in the low-viscosity and strong-magnetic-field regimes. This effect is crucial near magnetar surfaces.


IR spectroscopy with a resolution ⋋/△⋋ ≳ 10, 000 is a powerful technique for the investigation of short-periodic giant extra-solar planets. For an unambiguous direct detection attempt one exploits the large-amplitude Doppler modulation of the planet's IR spectrum. A successful measurement of the planet's radial velocity amplitude would yield directly the planet-star mass ratio. Spectral information can be extracted if high per-pixel S/N levels are achieved.


Experiments with anther cultures of 22 carrot cultivars were carried out to study the effect of various factors on the effectiveness of embryogenesis in these cultures. The factors included: the stage of microsporogenesis, genotype, training of donor plants and their growth conditions. A modified B5 medium (Gamborg, et al. 1968) containing 500 mg L-1 glutamine, 100 mg L-1 serine, 0.1 mg L-1 of 2,4D, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA, 100 g L-1 sucrose and 6.5 g L-1 agar were used to induce androgenesis. Regeneration was carried out on MS media and B5 with reduced concentration of sucrose at 20 g L-1 without aminoacids and hormones or with small amount of hormones. Substrates that were a mixture of various components, such as peat, sand, mineral wool and charcoal, were used for adaptation. Ploidy of the obtained plants was determined by cytometry method. Homozygosity of the plants was established using two isoenzymatic systems: PGI — phosphoglucose isomerase, and AAT — aspartate aminotransferase. Anatomical studies of embryogenesis during anther cultures were also carried out to confirm the androgenetic origin of embryos. It was found that the uninucleate stage was the most suitable time to stimulate microspores to produce embryos, and that bud length was a good external indicator of the stage of microsporogenesis. The studied cultivars differed in their ability to undergo androgenesis in vitro. It was shown that it was not necessary to remove all shoots and umbels except the main one. Generally, the embryos were obtained regardless of the way the donor plants were trained, even when the plants were not trained at all. The donor plants grown in a greenhouse produced more embryos than the plants grown in the field. On MS and B5 media without hormones, used to regenerate plants from embryos, secondary P R A C E E K S P E R Y M E N T A L N E


Antoine Hatzenberger's Rousseau et l'utopie: De l'Etat insulaire aux cosmotopies is a remarkably erudite study of the role that utopia plays in Rousseau's corpus. Hatzenberger aims to show that the question as to what extent Rousseau's oeuvre contains utopian undercurrents should be a central rather than marginal concern in Rousseau studies (9). According to the author, utopia was a source for many of Rousseau's political ideas, as well as a mode by which these ideas could be expressed (669). As such, Rousseau's work constitutes not so much a rejection of utopian models (as is often argued) but, rather, functions as a crossroads between classical and modern schemata thereof, between narrative utopias and socialist programs (20). Rousseau's contributions must therefore be regarded as having added a new dimension to existing utopian schemata insofar as he directly confronted the question as to if and how international relations could figure into the utopian perspective and vice versa (26). Hatzenberger's objectives—all of which are satisfied by the study's completion—are threefold. First, he wishes to illuminate both the centrality and the diversity of utopianism in Rousseau's thought. Second, the author seeks to articulate Rousseau's positive contributions to the historiography of utopia. Finally, Hatzenberger demonstrates the degree to which Rousseauian perspectives persist in contemporary political philosophy. Rousseau et l'utopie is made up of an introduction and three parts, the latter of which are each subdivided into three discrete chapters. The introduction faithfully and concisely sets out the broad theoretical outlines of Hatzenberger's problematic. Part 1 ("Contextes") provides a nuanced view


6 Introduction 7 Chapter One Episodic Memory and the Associative Process: The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying 13 Chapter Two Imagination, Conventional Language, and Processing Reality: Speak Memory, "That in Aleppo Once," To The Lighthouse The Imagination and Reality 49 Conventional Language and Reality 75 Chapter Three Infantile Memory, Collective Memory, and Confabulation: Rethinking The Sound and the Fury, To the Lighthouse, Speak Memory The State of Earliest Impressions 92 The Divide between Collective Memory and Individual Memory 114 Confabulation: The Transformation of Memory 122 Conclusion Why Memory Believes Before Knowing Remembers 134 Works Cited 143


The sharp decline in interest rates in the past two decades has shifted attention to a new policy question. Do low interest rates interfere with the ability of a central bank to do its job? Some say the answer is yes. According to them, with rates low the central bank has lost the option to cut them further in the event of a bad economic shock. 1 According to McCallum, the right answer is no. He asserts that the central bank has a second tool for stabilizing the economy: the exchange rate. He maintains that the central bank can stabilize the economy by exploiting its control over the exchange rate, even if it cannot cut the interest rate because it is stuck on its zero lower bound. According to McCallum's model, exchange rate policy can even lift the economy out of the worst case scenario. This occurs when the nominal rate of interest is zero and the expected future price level and exchange rate are Sxed because the public Srmly believes the central bank is committed to a price level target. In this scenario, a standard prescription for stimulating the economy reduce the real interest 1ate by committing to loose money in the future is ineffective. According to McCallum's model, this worst case scenario is not as big a problem as it might seem. The central bank can still stimulate the economy by depreciating the currency through purchases of foreign exchange. In my comment I make two points:


Vortices around nodes where the wave function vanishes are studied in the potential scattering. They can be visualized in quantum streamlines, which follow the directions of current densities in space. We consider an incident particle with mass m and total energy E is scattered by a spherical potential-well. We shall study the vortex formation and its evolution at low incident energies.


The material balance method is the common one in those of calculation the dynamic reserves of gas reservoir.Pressure buildup method is a conventional well test method of calculation the dynamic reserves of gas well.Those two methods have many strong points and those strong points have been verified in a certain extent by the practical application in the field.But it is hard to ensure which one is more suitable for the limiting condition of their own,especially the pressure buildup method for the analysis of dynamic reserves of gas well.One method united by the two methods enable the reserves calculation coincides with each other by establish a multi-objective optimization function.This method has many advantages,for example: more excellent apply of the pressure buildup method also incarnate the material balance method、overcome the shortcoming of their own、make the applicability of the method more roominess and the result more confidence、more popularize and apply value especially for the tight gas reservoir.Through the comparing and verifying of the field example of the dynamic reserves of gas well indicate that the method is reasonable in theory and viable in the field validate.


The utility model relates to a storage box device, in particular to a storage box device for a flat plate part inside a vehicle. The storage box device is provided with a shell which is provided with at least one entrance opening, wherein a drawer can be at least moved partially through the opening. Moreover, the utility model relates to a drawer with a side wall and a base part; and the drawer can be moved between an inward contraction position and an outward extension position through the entrance opening of the shell. A drawer cover can be moved between a covering position and an exposing position.


In this paper we give an applicable parameter formula about the bifurcationand stability of periodic solution for a four-dimensional differential system. By using thisresult in a simple electronic neural network system, we obtain a strict condition of theexistence of periodic solution.


The utility model relates to a combined fabric for comfortable floss thermal underwear, which is characterized in that fine acrylic fiber serves for an outer layer; low elastic yarns serve for an intermediate layer; a natural cotton fabric serves for an inner layer; the three layers are woven together into a whole. The utility model has the advantages of moisture permeability, air permeability, moisture absorption, wind resistance, water resistance, wash resistance, no deformation after wash, high strength and excellent expansion rate; underwear made of the combined fabric has comfortable wearing and is suitable for all people. Besides, compared with protein fiber, the fabric also has the advantages of moth resistance, mildew resistance, easy preservation, easy wash, easy drying, less wrinkle after wash, etc.


Coronoid fractures are challenging to manage and rarely isolated. It's always
associated with three instability patterns of the elbow, which is the terrible triads, varus
posteromedial rotatory instability and transolecranon fracture- dislocation. We have
performed an open reduction and reconstruction of the coronoid process using autologous
tricortical iliac bone graft for one patient after persistent elbow dislocation in malunited
type III coronoid fracture. The main goal of management of coronoid fracture with elbow dislocation is to maintain the joint stability and acceptable elbow functions. Through
understanding the pattern of injuries, proper investigation and approach could improve the outcome of surgery. We believe that reconstructing coronoid process using tricortical iliac bone graft provides acceptable stable elbow joint and good functional flexion arc of motion.


No matter the height of turf was higher or lower than or as high as that of green bristlegrass, the heights of the three turf which were 10cm or so increased and their output reduced after getting to the temperature during 26-37deg C and water less than 40% for 7 d. The increase degree of these three turf heights in the density of 100-200 plants per square meter of green bristlegrass is two times as that in others scopes of green bristlegrass density, that the output decrease degree of these three turf was less half weight at the density of 150 plants per square meter of this weed planted at same place with turf together.


Comments from the reviewers: Reviewer 1 This paper describes the development of a new way to perform source apportionment looking into SOA formation from traffic related and cooking -like emissions, looking into laboratory experiments and testing the results with ME2 analysis of ambient data. The topic of this paper is interesting to the community and will help on improving future source apportionment studies. I recommend this paper for publication after the authors address the following comments. We appreciate the comments from the reviewer on this manuscript. According to the points mentioned by the reviewer, we supplemented the corresponding descriptions of the vehicle and cooking experiments in the materials and methods section. We also added the detailed description of source apportionment by using PMF and ME-2. The texts in bold black are the comments from the reviewer, followed by our responses in blue and/or red. All the changes are marked in the revised manuscript.


This study deals with determining land-use scenarios that will assist in reducing sedimentation at a dam site. The study site is the contributing basin of the Bili-Bili Dam, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The land-use scenarios were formulated by using an erosion model built within a Geographic Information System framework. Input data for the model were collected using aerial photographs, satellite imagery and direct observation. Seven land-use scenarios were developed for evaluating the most suitable land use within the drainage ba-sin.The model results show that the basin without conservation generates 1473.04 m3 km–2 year–1 of sediment. The fourth scenario (with conservation) can potentially reduce sediment to approximately 1022.72 m3 km–2 year–1, which is lower than the dead storage of Bili-Bili Dam. It is recommended that this sedimentation rate be maintained in order to reach the design life of 50 years for this dam. Based on this work, it was also determined that the existing land-use framework implemented by the local government (Gowa Regency) generates erosion rates higher than the tolerable soil loss (TSL). It is therefore suggested that the existing land use should be modified according to the scenarios developed in this work.


Background: Football is a sport of high intensity and intermittent activity where players are required to repeatedly perform the motion, spinning, running and jumping, which places great demands on the neuromuscular system. Therefore, the ability of lower extremity muscles to produce muscle explosive power and agility are important fitness component for football players. Plyometrics training has proven to be an effective method to increase the ability to run and jump. Lateral bound is plyometrics exercises that use a single pedestal with maximum blast, with a horizontal trajectory, and done repeatedly. The provision of proper exercise, programmed, and regularly can improve the physical components that correspond to the sport branch.
Aims of Research: To determine the effect of exercise on the bound lateral leg muscle explosive power and agility football players aged 10-14 years.
Results: Statistical test using the Wilcoxon test values obtained significant p-value of 0.000 (<0.05). Exercise bound to give effect lateral leg muscle explosive power (8.84%) and agility (5:39%).
Research Method: This study used a pre-experimental, with pre and post test approach one group design. The number of samples in this study 18 samples. How to sampling using purposive sampling method. Muscle explosive power measurement instruments with a vertical jump and agility with ilinois agility test.
Result: Statistical test using the Wilcoxon test values obtained significant p-value of 0.000 (<0.05). Exercise bound to give effect lateral leg muscle explosive power (8.84%) and agility (5:39%).
Conclusion: There is a positive effect of exercise giving lateral bound to increase explosive power leg muscle (8.84%) and agility (5:39%).

Keywords: Plyometrics, Exercise Lateral Bound, Vertical Jump, Ilinois Agility Test.


The present invention relates to an organic light emitting device including doped fullerene by metal oxide and/or carbonic metal, a manufacturing method thereof, a light emitting device including the same, and a display device including the same.


Low carbon steel is the main component that is widely used in the shipping industry for the manufacture of ship plate materials. The ship plate is a material that is used as a leather ship that is directly related to environmental factors. Environmental factors such as temperature, air salinity, wind and the others. The influence of environmental factore are ship's plate. The research of this study was conducted a variable factors that influence changes in pH so as to corrode vessel plate material in a period of time. The research method used was immersion of ship plate specimens for a period on three months. The sea water media of used in Panjang Port and Bahauhen Port at Lampung. The measurement variables for  specimens are temperature, pH, and corrosion and then calculated based on Faraday's law. The research of based on the results obtained that are temperature variable can be to influence pH. This is evidenced by the value a initial temperature of the immersion a specimens in Panjang Port seawater medium of 29,1 o C which is a pH value of 8,7 and changes to 25,8 o C with a pH value of 6. The same is true with the sea water media, with initial Initially a temperature value of 31,12 o C for H 8.4 within three months changed to 25,8 o C with a pH of 6,0. Meanwhile, the regression values obtained were 0,994 and 0,995 which is showed changes in pH in sea water increased the corrosion rate on the ship's plate.  Keywords:  Temperature, pH, Corrosion Rate, and Ship Plate


The River Protection Project is to design and build a high level nuclear waste treatment facility. The waste treatment plant is to process millions of gallons of radioactive waste stored in tanks at the Hanford Site. The high level nuclear waste treatment process includes various unit operations, such as ultrafiltration, precipitation, evaporation, ion exchange, and vitrification. Ion exchange is identified as the optimal treatment method for removal of cesium-137 and Tc-99 from the waste. Extensive ion exchange testing was performed using small-scale columns with actual waste samples. The objectives of this study were to: demonstrate SuperLig 644 ion exchange performance and process steps for the removal of cesium from actual AN-104 tank waste; pretreat actual AN-104 tank waste to reduce the concentration of cesium-137 in the waste below LAW vitrification limit; produce and characterize cesium eluate solutions for use in eluate evaporation tests. The experiments consisted of batch contact and small-scale column tests. The batch contact tests measured sorption partition coefficients Kds. The Kds were used to predict the effective resin capacity. The small-scale column tests, which closely mimic plant conditions, generated loading and elution profile data used to determine whether removal targets and design requirements were met.


Results are presented of an assessment of the potential of the remote sensing technology to supplement current inspection procedures regarding emissions from motor vehicles and to improve the process of identifying big polluters. About 20,000 vehicles were tested for CO, HC, CO2 and NOx emissions, using the remote sensing system manufactured by the MD Lasertech Co. More than 200 vehicles were tested also at idle in accordance with the current European inspection procedure. Methods of dirty and clean screening were checked and errors of commission as well as errors of omission were evaluated for various CO cut-points. Improvement of the inspection results was estimated, when compared with the data of two series of random roadside tests without remote sensing, which were carried out in 1997 and 2001. For the covering abstract see ITRD E122175.


Parents employ private tutors to supplement the teaching their children receive in school. Tutoring extends students' opportunity to learn outside the normal school day and may provide a helpful boost in the years leading up to transitions from primary to secondary school, GCSE to sixth form and sixth form to higher education. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic description of the nature and extent of private tuition received by students at these three points of transition. A sample of 30 primary and 34 secondary schools and colleges participated in the research, in areas representing a range of demographic characteristics and school organisation. Over 3000 students in years 6, 11 and 13 completed a questionnaire survey of the nature and extent of private tuition in school curriculum subjects, their views about and evaluations of private tuition and demographic information. In the sample as a whole 27% of students had a private tutor and there was no significant difference between the year groups. Most tutoring was in mathematics, followed by English. The main reason for tutoring was to help students do well in entry tests for secondary school and in national examinations. Primary school students who did not receive tutoring felt that members of their family were able to give them enough help, whereas secondary students were more likely to ask a teacher if they needed help. The implications of these findings are discussed.


Obama administration take a series of initiatives to promote pre-school education development,including separate funding for pre-school education to perfect financial operation mechanism;innovating model of pre-school development to establish high quality standards;building up a special leading institutions to strengthen pre-school leadership;increasing conservation funding to improve pre-school education quality;raising the income of early childhood teachers and ensuring the training of kindergarten teachers;concerning the vulnerable groups of younger children to ensure that pre-school education fairness,and so on.From these initiatives can we see that they have the traits of popularity,high quality,fairness and balance,which have important inspirations to further promote the development of China's preschool education.


Provided is a shut-off valve used to control flow of pressurized gas. The shut-off valve for controlling flow of a pressurized gas comprises a passage between a gas inlet and a gas outlet. The passage is closed when a sealing member is in a first position and open when the sealing member is in a second position. In the passage there is provided an elongated restrictor which is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the passage. The restrictor is biased towards the sealing member by a biasing element acting on a first axial end of the restrictor such that a second axial end of the restrictor is in contact with the sealing member. The restrictor at its second axial end extends in a radial direction of the passage to essentially cover a mouth of the passage. Further, the restrictor comprises longitudinally extending guiding means for guiding a gas flow between the gas inlet and the gas outlet when the sealing member is in the second position. The guiding means are arranged to allow gas to leave the passage in a radial direction of the restrictor. The shut-off valve is beneficial for reducing particle shock-ignition on the sealing member when the shut-off valve is opened.


Postgraduate supervision in South Africa currently takes place in the context of university transformation, increasing numbers of disadvantaged students and appeals for improved completion rates. Thus there is concern for quality. Among others, quality is determined by the extent to which students' expectations are met. Data about students' perceptions of supervision provides important information about their expectations and if these are satisfied. Survey research was employed to determine distance education students' perceptions of their postgraduate supervision in the Faculty of Education, University of South Africa. Students had to rate the supervision they were given regarding the stated outcomes of these degrees. Their judgments of individual styles of supervision were also determined. Finally, students had to describe the most rewarding or frustrating aspects of their studies and what they would recommend regarding postgraduate supervision. The article concludes with suggestions to enhance the quality of supervision. These include the training of supervisors.


Anatomy of the Nodose Ganglion in the Rat: Central Projections of Afferent Fibers in the Hepatic Vagus September 1983 Bonnie E. Pipkin, B.A., San Diego State University M.S., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Professor Katherine V. Fite Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the rostral end of sectioned hepatic vagi (HV) . Subsequently, a count of HRP—labeled cells in the nodose ganglia (NDG) yielded an estimate of the minimum number of afferent fibers in the HV of 139. HHP labeled cells were found only in the left NDG and were diffusely spread throughout the ganglia. No HRP labeling was found in areas of the brain previously reported to contain vagal afferent projections. In three cases small numbers of HRP labeled cell bodies were seen in the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) . The NDG were organized with cell bodies on the sides and their processes and fibers of passage in the center. The NDG have an apparent population of two cell types; large sensory neurons and smaller glial cells. However, the possibility of a population of smaller sensory cells is discussed. An average of total sensory cell counts for three NDG yielded an estimate of 9115 sensory cells. These results corroborate previous research that reported the existence of vagal afferent fibers with their cell bodies


We discuss results of our study on AM CVn binaries formed with donors that never ignited He before contact. For the first time, we treat the donor's in these systems in the context of a full stellar structure evolution theory and find that the binary's evolution can described in terms of 3 phases: contact, adiabatic donor expansion, and late-time donor cooling. Details of the first and third phase are new results from this study and we focus on generally characterizing these two phases. Finally, we present our predictions for the donor's light in these systems.


Coastal geomorphologists are becoming increasingly concerned with applied studies for a variety of reasons, including economic considerations. However, there are other remaining challenges for coastal geomorphologists including relating processes and forms, observa tions and theories to produce convincing and useful explanatory frameworks. Without these developments, applied studies will always lack rigour and predictive power. In the following sections I review some recent observational, theoretical and applied work in coastal geomorphology in general and then focus on coastal sand dune studies.


Various authors argue that school textbooks often misrepresent cultural minority groups by inaccurately portraying aspects of these groups. For example, Bennett (2007) claims that many current school textbooks overemphasize exotic information about Africa, and this is likely to promote ignorance about this region and its descendants. Textbook authors may at times have good reason for offering an imbalanced perspective; they have limited book space and often cannot include important topics about a group (Sadker & Sadker 2001). Another reason why only one point of view may be offered has to do with the desire of authors to avoid offending parents, teachers, and school board members or expressing a controversial perspective (Sadker & Sadker 2001). In general, the portrayal of various groups has significantly improved in the past thirty years. Gollnick & Chinn (2006) report that perspectives in school textbooks are better balanced today and educational resources are not as racist or sexist as in the past. This article will discuss research on four school textbooks currently approved for use in public schools, which contain descriptions of the Middle East. This study explores topics investigated by earlier studies concerning the way the Middle East has been portrayed in American school textbooks, discussing the ways in which the political, cultural, religious, and pictographic portrayals of the region are presented.


Due to the recent popularization of digital broadcasting systems, selective contents broadcasting depending on viewers' preference have attracted great attention. For example, a user selects his answer and watches the video content for the answer in a quiz program. The conventional methods reduce the waiting time by producing an effective broadcast schedule. Although the server can deliver programs that meet users' preferences, clients have to wait until their selected contents are delivered. In this paper, we propose a method to reduce the waiting time on selective contents delivery with node relay based webcast that relay data among nodes. Our proposed method reduces the waiting time by scheduling contents considering available bandwidth of each nodes.


The amalgamation of the rules for legal and equitable proceedings may be designated as the first of these. Inasmuch, however, as this is a subject which affects pleading more profoundly than trial practice, it can be more appropriately dealt with in the division relating to pleading, and is therefore omitted here. The remaining subjects will be taken up as follows: (i) The Rule-Making Power, (2) Venue and Service of Process, (3) Summary Judgments, (4) Discovery before Trial, and (5) The Use of Juries.


Rheum nobile Hook. f. & Thomson (family Polygonaceae) is extraordinary, unexploited, and vulnerable Himalayan rhubarb with high ethnomedicinal values. Traditionally in Nepal, its rhizomes are used to relieve pain, swelling, and in bone fractures. In this study, several in vitro and in vivo assays of the rhizome extracts were carried out. The hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanolic extracts obtained after fractionation of 95 % ethanolic extract showed potentially cytotoxicity against Artemia salina nauplii and antibacterial effect. The 80 % ethanolic extract displayed sedative effect in mice (ED 50 = 100.32 mg/kg). The same extract inhibited 66.60 and 81.49 % of acetic acid-induced writhes in mice at doses 250 and 400 mg/kg, respectively ( p <0.0001). The extract could increase the reaction latency up to 774.59 % in the Eddy's hot plate assay ( p <0.0001). A high anti-inflammatory effect was observed in the Albumin-induced paw edema assay. The extract also exhibited hypoglycemic activity by lowering blood glucose level in normoglycemic rats, and antifertility activity in pregnant rats. CNS depressant and antifertility activities are observed for the first time in genus Rheum .


The ability of organisms to buffer external and internal disturbances is collectively called developmental buffering. Developmental buffering has been quantified using morphological traits of various organisms, including a microbe, insects, plants, and a mammal. Among these, wings of Drosophila melanogaster have been used as a model system to study developmental buffering. With the recent development of various genetic tools, genetic regulation of developmental buffering of wing shape has been intensively studied in D. melanogaster using both candidate gene and genome-wide screening approaches. This article briefly introduces morphometric approaches for quantifying wing shape of D. melanogaster, and reviews recent progress in the examination of the genetic architecture underlying developmental buffering using those morphometric approaches. Detailed phenotyping using morphometrics combined with genetic analysis has proved to be a powerful approach when applied to a quantitative genetic phenomenon such as developmental buffering. Applying morphometric approaches to developing organs such as imaginal discs, and quantifying their shape throughout development would lead to a better understanding of the genetic regulation of developmental buffering.


This paper aims to solve the multi-project multi-item investment combination under stochastic surroundings. A new stochastic chance-constrained programming model for investigating its problem will be presented, in which there are three objectives with some stochastic constraints to construct a 0-1 integer programming model, and demonstrate how to use PSO to solve the optimization model with a small modification of constraint-handling rule. A simulation experiment is employed to illustrate the application of the proposed model to get the Pareto-optimal solutions by applying the modified algorithm PSO.