Integrated pest management (IPM) is currently the most acceptable approach to pest control in the Australian Cotton Industry. The adoption of IPM in the cotton industry may be regarded as a continuous journey of discovery. Cotton growers are continuously learning about tools and strategies that can be used in IPM in order to minimise synthetic insecticide use. The introduction of Boilgard cotton crops will be a major boost and also a platform for IPM adoption in Bollgard cotton cropping systems. However, cotton growers will continue to grow conventional cotton crops alongside Bollgard crops as they learn more about the management of Boilgard crops for maximum yield and profitability. Subsequently, cotton growers will need new tools and strategies to manage pests on both Boilgard and conventional cotton crops with minimal synthetic insecticide intervention.


In this paper we describe the maximal and the minimal values of Lyapunov exponents for second order discrete time invariant linear system perturbed by time varying bounded perturbation. The results may be interpreted in terms of generalized spectral radius and applied to obtained formulas for robust stability problem.


In the study of geotechnical damage mechanics, the weighted average of the mechanical deformation states of structurally undamaged and structurally completely damaged soils is used to describe the actual mechanical deformation properties of soils. In the past, when the saturated remolded loess was used to simulate the mechanical deformation of loess, the loess still had some initial structural strength. A method for the preparation of saturated unstructured loess is presented. The strength deformation characteristics of saturated remolded loess were compared by lateral compression test and triaxial shear test. The method of preparing saturated unstructured loess is proved to be reasonable.


A systematic analysis of all the contexts from A. S. Griboyedov's works in which the words Armenia, Armenians and Armenian are used allows us to consider them as a single narrative describing the history of Griboedov's attitude to Armenia and the Armenians. At the beginning of his diplomatic career (the turn of the 1810-1820s) Griboyedov treated modern Armenians quite indifferently, without any personal interest. For Griboyedov, Armenia did not exist as a state entity but rather as a historical and cultural phenomenon, and his statements about the Armenian statehood are explained either by the ignorance of historical facts or by his poetic passion. However, Griboyedov knew the history of the forced resettlement of the Armenian people from the places of traditional habitation (Great Surgun). In the late 1820s, in connection with the mass immigration of Armenians to his historical homeland, Griboedov appeared to have reconsidered his attitude to the fate of modern Armenia, although his assistance to the Armenian people can be interpreted either as a state official fulfilling his duties, or as an interested assistance to the suffering people.


Water is an essential resource that is a foundation not only for people*s lives but also for economic development. According to statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021, over 2 billion people across the globe use water from contaminated sources leading to life-threatening diseases with over 485,000 deaths as a result of waterborne diseases being reported annually. There is therefore a need for tools and techniques that can be used to ensure water quality. Traditional water quality index calculations consume time and are often prone to errors. In the recent past use of Machine Learning (ML) in predicting water quality has generated interest among researchers as a real-time solution. From the reviewed literature, existing models only consider a few chemical properties of water while ignoring others. In addition, there is a need to compare the performance of different models. This study thus presents a supervised learning model for predicting water quality. Our hypotheses were that (i) most of such parameters are all important and none can be ignored and (ii) with supervised learning one can predict water quality based on its physio-chemical properties. Open data sets are explored as inputs with different models being evaluated. The results show that the Random Forest algorithm gives the best results with a 79 percent accuracy. The use of this model will go a long way towards ensuring water quality and thus reducing related diseases and fatalities.


We identify the phase of a cycle as a new critical factor for tipping points (critical transitions) in cyclic systems subject to time-varying external conditions. As an example, we consider how contemporary climate variability induces tipping from a predator-prey cycle to extinction in two paradigmatic predator-prey models with an Allee effect. Our analysis of these examples uncovers a counter-intuitive behaviour, which we call phasesensitive tipping or P-tipping, where tipping to extinction occurs only from certain phases of the cycle. To explain this behaviour, we combine global dynamics with set theory and introduce the concept of partial basin instability for limit cycles. This concept provides a general framework to analyse and identify sufficient criteria for the occurrence of phasesensitive tipping in externally forced systems.


The invention provides a spun yarn comprising polyester bicomponent staple fiber and acrylic staple fiber. The invention further provides a method for making spun yarns and fabrics. The spun yarn of the invention comprises at least 30 weight percent acrylic staple fiber and from 17 to 45 weight percent polyester bicomponent staple fiber comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate), based on the total weight of the yarn.


During the preadolescent and postclimacteric ages the vagina is the normal habitat for bacteria commonly referred to as the nonspore-forming anaerobic group. During menstrual life, the vaginal incidence of these same bacteria depends on the types of patients cultured, on the cultural methods used, and on the incidence of associated vaginal infections. It is also known that nonsporulating anaerobic bacteria represent a large part of the bacterial flora of the lower intestinal tract, and are frequently, if not always, present in the upper respiratory tract. The term nonspore-forming separates these bacteria from the spore-forming anaerobic Clostridia, which are more familiar to most clinicians. The anaerobic cocci are morphologically similar to aerobic cocci and are grouped by Bergeyl with the aerobic cocci in the genera Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Diplococcus, and Neisseria. An additional Gram-negative coccus, which may be of importance, is placed in the genus Veillonella. Bergey' regards all anaerobic, nonspore-forming, Gram-negative bacilli as species of Bacteroides. Although not recognized by Bergey,' the Gram-posi live, nonspore-forming, anaerobic bacilli from the vagina and elsewhere are usually regarded as species of Gorynebacterium (diphtheroids). Most American bacteriologists follow Bergey's' system of taxonomy and nomenclature, whereas, many European investigators follow a system advocated by Prevot.2 The two groupings are similar, with two major exceptions: first, Prevot recognizes a number of species of Gram-positive, nonspore-forming, anaerobic bacilli. Some of these form gas in culture and produce a fetid odor. For the lack of a better name we have regarded these organisms as anaerobic Corynebacteria. Prevot2 places them in the family Bacteriaceae Cohn emend., under the genera Eubacterium Janke 1930 emend., Catenabacterium Prevot 1938, Ramibacterium Prevot 1938, and Cillobacterium Prevot 1938. The second exception is that Prevot? on the basis of morphology, divided the Bacteroides of Bergeyl into two orders. Species not considered pleomorphic are placed in the order Bacteriales, whereas pleomorphic strains are believed to be closely related to the Actinomycetes, and are placed in the order Actinomycetales. On the basis of morphology, motility, capsule formation and other properties, a number of genera and species has been devised by Prevot. A more complete discussion of Bacteroides was published by Carter et a1.3 in 1953. From the standpoint of practical identification, neither Bergey's nor Prevot's groupings of the supposedly adequately studied species are of value to the bacteriologist working in obstetrics and gynecology. This deficiency is due to the fact that much of the work within this field has been done by clinicians or bacteriologists working with a single strain or with small numbers of strains. Emphasis in obstetrics and gynecology, as well as in other fields, has been on naming new species rather than in developing uniform methods applicable to the entire group. Many of the descriptions of the reported species are


This study is developed within the scientific areas of Information Science, Communication Sciences and Editorial Design. It refers to the hybrid publishing context in which there is a coexistence o...


Ad valorem property taxes are incorporated within the fiscal systems of well over 100 countries, with their use and application continuing to increase. One of the practical difficulties of a property tax system relates to the valuation and revaluation of the tax base to reflect changes in market values. The assessment approach has traditionally been to value property on an individual basis. However, with advances in information technology, systems are now available to the appraiser to mass appraise large homogeneous groups of property. This paper investigates the role and application of artificial intelligence to the mass appraisal process. A comparative approach is adopted to enable an evaluation between this new technique and the more conventional mass appraisal techniques utilising multiple regression


Italian is subject to regional variation in the phonetic realization of phonological features [2]. This study examines the duration of the phonemic quantity and voicing contrast of Italian stop consonants produced by speakers from South Tyrol. Speakers were recorded once in a soundproof booth and once in a cold chamber to additionally test whether speech patterns were affected by cold temperature. This allows us to test the stability of patterns observed and to investigate whether temperature has a systematic effect on speech as is the case for speech under other kinds of stress. The main correlates of the singleton/geminate contrast were stop closure and preceding vowel duration, in line with previous studies on Standard Italian [4]. Release duration was longer for velar consonants compared to apical and bilabial stops, consistent with results reported for voiceless geminates [18]. No systematic temperature effect was observed.


The study was designed to identify and characterize homogeneous clusters of smokers within the early stages of change in smoking cessation. The stages - pre-contemplation, contemplation and prepara...


In considering the experiments of Buccich (6) on propagation of sponges by cuttings, two main questions present themselves:— (1) If a sponge be divided into many fragments, will the total increase of such fragments and their progeny be greater than the increase of the intact sponge and its progeny would have been in the same time; the conditions of water, &c., being identical? (2) Are sponges, grown as recommended by Buccich, more or less favourably situated than those on the sea-bottom?


The results of a recent study by Lorsbach, Melendez and Carroll‐Maher (1991) suggest that children with learning disabilities may possess a general deficit in remembering the source of their verbal memories. The purpose of the present study was to examine further whether children with learning disabilities possess a general deficit in source monitoring and whether such a deficit is independent of performance on a recognition memory task. Children with learning disabilities and nondisabled children were presented with a series of incomplete sentences once or twice in either a listen‐listen (external source monitoring) condition or a think‐listen (reality monitoring) condition. Following the presentation of the study‐list, subjects were presented with the terminal nouns of the preceding sentences and asked to make old/new recognition judgments, as well as source attributions. Although children with learning disabilities were deficient in both forms of source monitoring, they did not differ from nondisabled ...


A face detection algorithms using two-dimensional (2-D) intensity or color images have been studied for decades. Recently, with the development of low-cost range sensor, three-dimensional (3-D) information (i.e., depth image that represents the distance between a camera and objects) can be easily used to reliably extract facial features. Most people have a similar pattern of 3-D facial structure. This paper proposes a face detection method using intensity and depth images. At first, adaboost algorithm using intensity image classifies face and nonface candidate regions. Each candidate region is divided into blocks and depth values are averaged in each block. Then, block rank pattern is constructed by sorting block averages of depth values. Finally, candidate regions are classified as face and nonface regions by matching the constructed depth map based block rank patterns and a template pattern that is generated from training data set. For template matching, the template block rank pattern is prior constructed by averaging block ranks using training data set. The proposed algorithm is tested on real images obtained by Kinect range sensor. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm effectively eliminates most false positives with true positives well preserved.


Theoretical and systematical aspects of the utilization of molluscs were elaborated in an effort to bioindicate pollution by radionuclides after the accident at Chernobyl` Atomic Electric Power Station (CAEPS). Beta-radiometry of shells, gamma-spectroscopy of shells and animals, and a number of chemical and radiochemical analyses were carried out. The composition of radionuclides, incorporated by molluscs before and after the accident, is cited. Average values of the factors of transition and accumulation (relative to water) {sup 90}Sr and {sup 137}Cs are estimated. Individual variability and taxonomic distinction of these parameters for {sup 90}Sr are analyzed. The results of radioecological monitoring of rivers of the Dnieper basin and reservoirs of the Dnieper cascade are shown. Direct beta-radiometry of molluscan shells is recommended as the most convenient method of rapidly estimating the level of pollution of the area of {sup 90}Sr.


According to the characteristics of air traffic control radar station, such as harsh natural environments like strong breeze, high lightning strike risk, and the lightning rod should meet the requirement of small radar cover angle. With overall consideration of the above situations and a kind of lightning rod of slender shape, small shelter, strong wind-resistance is designed. The finite element analysis is carried out on the designed lightning rod by using ANSYS software, the simulation results show the designed lightning rod can withstand strong winds of 80m/s with higher safety coefficient. The designed lightning rod in this paper can be widely used in the ATC radar station.


This article explores the nature and extent of crime in the railway environment in South Africa. Crimes against Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa, Transnet Freight Rail, Gautrain, and commuters are prevalent and the victims are being exposed to serious damage emanating from criminal activities. The challenges and implications for individuals and businesses, rich or poor consumers are recurrent themes in this study. A qualitative research approach was adopted to follow a non-probability purposive sample comprising 25 participants from the South African Police Service Rapid Rail Police Units. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews from research participants deployed in the Division: Visible Policing. The findings highlighted that the most prevalent crimes are cable theft, robberies and malicious property damage. The targeted trains are the Metro trains that operate locally, as they transport many commuters because it is the affordable mode of public transport in South Africa. The perpetrators also target this mode of transport because the train stations have an open system where perpetrators can easily access the entrance, therefore some do not even buy tickets and board the trains illegally. It is understood that Gautrain has a closed system and the security is advanced and watertight because of extra security measures such as the closed-circuit television cameras. Based on the findings, effective implementation of policies to improve safety is essential. Critical dialogues between all relevant.


INTRODUCTION During the course of continued intravenous injections of glucose in dogs 1 and man 2 described elsewhere, fever was observed under certain conditions, namely, when the rate of sugar injection was sufficiently in excess of the tolerance limit to produce a marked glycosuria with its concomitant diuresis; when the rate of water administration was less than the rate of diuresis and when these conditions were sustained until the animal or man had lost a certain weight by dehydration. Chills were also observed to occur under the same conditions after the body temperature had begun to rise. Both chills and fever were seen to subside when enough additional water was administered. In the experiments on dogs, the rates of sugar administration were controlled by one motor driven pump, the rates of water injection by another pump. The urine was collected and measured continuously by a catheter retained in the bladder which emptied


Positive lightning contributes less than 10 % of cloud to ground lightning activities worldwide. Despite the low percentage, this discharge had attracted considerable attention from scientist around the globe because of some reasons, which among them are; higher current amplitude as compared to its negative counterpart and found to be related to transient luminous event known as sprites. Since Malaysia lies in the equator, the number of thunderstorm days is very high and numerous lightning activities had been recorded every year. Unfortunately, studies on lightning activity in Malaysia especially the positive type is very limited thus the characteristics of this discharge remain poorly understood. This paper served to review all findings of positive lightning research that had been conducted so far in the temporal region and some in the tropics to fulfil the needs of a comprehensive research on positive lightning especially in Malaysia. Data from USA, Sweden, Canada, Sri Lanka and Malaysia were compiled, compared and presented in this paper. It was found that the characteristics of positive lightning recorded in the temperate region is different than those data in the tropics. Therefore, a profound and extensive study is suggested to be conducted to further understand the mechanism that leads to this disparity.


The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in 3.5%NaCl solution of aluminum alloy LC4 was studied by using slow strain rate testing. The exfoliation corrosion and intergranular corrosion were also investigated. The results showed that LC4 was susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in 3.5%NaCl solution, and strain rate affected the fracture morphology of stress corrosion cracking. LC4 was susceptible to exfoliation corrosion but not susceptible to intergranular corrosion.


The beneficial actions of n‐3 fatty acids on obesity‐induced insulin resistance and inflammation have been related to the synthesis of specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) like resolvins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of one of these SPMs, maresin 1 (MaR1), to reverse adipose tissue inflammation and/or insulin resistance in two models of obesity: diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice and genetic (ob/ob) obese mice. In DIO mice, MaR1 (2 mg/kg; 10 d) reduced F4/80‐positive cells and expression of the proinflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype marker Cd11c in white adipose tissue (WAT). Moreover, MaR1 decreased Mcp‐1, Tnf‐a, and Il‐1b expression, upregulated adiponectin and Glut‐4, and increased Akt phosphorylation in WAT. MaR1 administration (2 mg/kg; 20 d) to ob/ob mice did not modify macrophage recruitment but increased the M2 macrophage markers Cd163 and Il‐10. MaR1 reduced Mcp‐1, Tnf‐a, Il‐1b, and Dpp‐4 and increased adiponectin gene expression in WAT. MaR1 treatment also improved the insulin tolerance test of ob/ob mice and increased Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in WAT. These data suggest that treatment with MaR1 can counteract the dysfunctional inflamed WAT and could be useful to improve insulin sensitivity in murine models of obesity.—Martínez‐Fernández, L., González‐Muniesa, P., Laiglesia, L. M., Sáinz, N., Prieto‐Hontoria, P. L., Escoté, X., Odriozola, L., Corrales, F. J., Arbones‐Mainar, J. M., Martínez, J. A., Moreno‐Aliaga, M. J. Maresin 1 improves insulin sensitivity and attenuates adipose tissue inflammation in ob/ob and diet‐induced obese mice. FASEB J. 31, 2135–2145 (2017). www.fasebj.org


Olga M. Kalmukhambetova (Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)By now, postmodernism has lost its novelty, but its poetics continue to be studied by domestic and foreign researchers. Active processes of the syntax of the Russian language show that the postmodern worldview influences its development, and allow us to speak of language as a participant in the creation of a new culture. The article is devoted to the current state of the problem of parcellation as a multifaceted phenomenon, as a vivid reception of the actualizing syntax.Key words: postmodernism, parceling, parceled construction, parcel, text.


Jiangxi province is a large agriculture province.It is looked as one of Chinese crops bases.Jiangxi province cotton industry will face to world economical sharp compete after China joined WTO.This artical author analysed a lot of conclusive data and draw a conclusion that five superiority of Jiangxi cotton industry.He also analyse Continued developing ways of Jiangxi cotton industry.


Aim:In this study, clinical effectiveness and tolerance to metronidazole treatment carried out in two different regimens were compared. Materials and Methods: Forty-six cases applied to Infectious Disease Out Patient Clinics with dysentery complaints, were included in the study. In the stool samples, E. histolytica trophozoites were determined and no additional infectious agents that might cause diarrhea were present. In the group I. 10 day metronidazole treatment at 3x 750 mg/day dose was administered. In the group II., 5 day metronidazole treatment at 1x2000 mg/day dose were followed. During the study, daily clinical examination and parasitological test were performed for the first 5 day and on the day 14th. Results: In both groups, a complete treatment (%100) was obtained, and no difference in terms of effectiveness and side effects were noticed between treatment groups. Two cases from the group I did not complete the treatment regimen for unknown reasons. Compared with the 10 day regimen, treatment for 5 day is cost effective and more convenient. Additionally, no significant difference was noted between two groups. Conclusion: It is deemed advisable that 5 day metronidazole treatment at 1x2000 mg/day dose might be used for treatment of intestinal amebiosis.


Alcohol and drug abuse is becoming a growing economic and social problem in the Appalachian region. The aim of this study is to shed light on the characteristics of individuals who sought free health care services in the Appalachian southwest Virginia region and who are facing the challenges of unemployment and substance abuse problems and are in need of health care and mental health services. This descriptive exploratory study is based on a sample of 139 individuals (61.9% women) who attended the Remote Area Medical Expedition in Wise County, Virginia, July25 to 28, 2005. The results of this study show that there is a strong relationship between problems with unemployment and substance abuse in the southwest Virginia region. The disparities in substance abuse and mental health care services are also addressed, and implications for policy, research, and practice are suggested.


In internal combustion engines valve events and timings are among the most important parameters which have a major influence on the engine's operation and volumetric efficiency. By using camless valvetrain strategy, improvement in fuel economy as well as an increase in entering air charge is found throughout the engine map with the largest benefits arising from low speed operating conditions. The system offers a continuously variable and independent control of virtually all parameters of valve motion. This permits optimization of valve events for each operating condition without any compromise. In this paper we describe a phenomenological model for an unthrottled operation of a camless intake process of spark-ignited (SI) engine. Initially the cylinder breathing dynamics is modeled and results are validated with experimental data of a conventional engine with cam-driven valve profile during unthrottled operation. Then we determine the most optimized intake valve profile in order to have the most volumetric efficiency and proper operation for each operating condition based on the existing model and using numerical techniques.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


The present invention relates to a flexible silicon bushing socket for testing semiconductor package. The flexible silicon bushing socket for testing semiconductor package includes: a bushing body (20) containing a flexible material, and including a flat floor part (21), multiple bushing parts (22) integrally coupled to the floor part (21) protruding upward in a pillar shape, a spaced apart space parts (23) spaced apart from each other between adjacent bushing parts (22), and an electrode installation hole (22a) penetrating the floor part (21) from an upper end of each bushing part (22); and an electrode (30) inserted into the electrode installation hole (22a). According to the present invention, the spaced apart space is formed between electrodes of the bushing body so the electrodes can be prevented from being damaged from pressure generated by a downward movement of the semiconductor package, smooth access can be maintained even when an alignment error occur, and an occurrence of a sticky state during pickup can be reduced.


Music foundation theory class is one of important compulsory curriculums for music learners.Through the analysis of the plate of conformity knowledge and the distribution of class hour,it specifies the cut-in point of learning music well is the content of tone.At the same time,it summarizes how to use the effective time to study music foundation theory for getting the greatest achievement of method and experience.


The production of sandcrete blocks using groundnut shell ash (GSA) as cement replacement was investigated. Six number sandcrete blocks were cast for each replacement levels (0, 10,20,30,40, and 50 percentage) with GSA. The blocks were cured and crushed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results show that the compressive strength ranges from 4.50 N/mm 2 to 0.26N/mm 2 .The optimum replacement level was achieved at 20% with a corresponding strength of 3.58 N/mm 2. The strength at the optimum level was within the recommended limit of the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) 87:2000. The results also showed that the strength decreases with increase of cement above 20% replacement. It was also observed that in the chemical composition of the GSA as compared to cement, the amount of K2O was higher in GSA and also CaO was less than what is obtained in cement. (2012), " Groundnut shell ash as a partial replacement of cement in sandcrete blocks production " , Note: This is " In Press " version of the article and page numbers are not for citation purposes.


ATYPICAL FIBROXANTHOMA (AFX) is an uncommon spindle cell tumor that typically presents on actinically damaged skin of the older population. This superficial variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma most often presents as a single dermal tumor of the head and neck area. There has been only one case reported of a multiple AFX in an otherwise healthy patient. Herein, we report two AFX tumors presenting on the ear of an otherwise healthy 67-year-old man. To our knowledge, this is only the second such report.


The threat of death hung over every aspect of pirate life during the Golden Age of piracy. They threatened governors and governments who dared to capture, prosecute, and hang their fellow buccaneers. They threatened their victims for running away, for fighting back, or for hiding their money. They even threatened death on each other should any of them suggest leaving off their chosen course or for betraying their company. Even the iconic skull and crossbones "Jolly Roger" pirate flag was a visible, physical symbol of a threat of death: for victims it was a reminder that surrender may mean mercy, but resistance would be fatal; and for the Pirates themselves, a grim reminder that capture or failure could mean their end. Many pirate crews in the Golden Age took this menace of death to the extreme by threatening to blow up their ship to avoid the noose, promising to take prisoners and pirates, captives and captors, and gold and galleon to the bottom of the ocean, going "merrily to Hell together". Yet despite their boasts and despite embracing the symbols of death, when the time came to make good on their oaths, few of these crews took that final explosive step and fewer still succeeded. This paper examines twenty incidents from the Golden Age of piracy in which pirates or their victims threatened or attempted to blow up their ships and themselves to avoid capture. Witness statements, period newspaper accounts, and trial testimony reveal that the threat was frequent but the attempt was not. In the end it was often prevented by the pirates themselves after a change of heart, despite promising one another that they would "live & dye together".


Nowadays, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have made a spectacular entrance into all areas of our daily life. In recent years, in fact, they have penetrated into the field of education either by providing new dimensions to the learning process, or by constituting a valuable helping tool for educational authorities in the field of school leadership putting pressure so that educational systems change and transform their educational process not only in its content but also its organization and operation. The administration of educational institutions is one of the most important functions of education. New Technologies play a very important role in the effort that school principals make so as to monitor in a quick and efficient way everything that is going on in the school unit they are in charge of and to ensure its proper functioning. However, the frequency of computer use is not the same for all principals, as it depends on many factors which may be for example related to their level of knowledge or training skills on the use of ICT, the technological equipment of schools and so on. This research has come to useful and highly interesting conclusions concerning the contribution of new technologies to the effective management of schools on the part of their principals. The most important element that emerged is the principals' need for further training on the capabilities of ICT during their administration period in the school unit they run.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a ventilation system capable of preventing contaminated air from diffusing to a place where people exist, and maintaining comfort.SOLUTION: A controller 80 of a ventilation system 100 locates the position of a person from a detection result of a human position detection sensor 11, and locates the position of a contamination source from a detection result of a contamination degree detection sensor 12. Then, in order to form air flow from the position of the person toward the position of the contamination source, air amounts of a plurality of air supply fans 210, 220, 410, and air amounts of a plurality of exhaust fans 230, 240, 310, 510, 610 are controlled.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4


Irradiation of 1-nitrocyclooctene produces first the strained trans isomer, which in turn undergoes thermal Diels-Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene affording the tricyclic adduct.


Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly known as sleeping sickness is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. It can be fatal if left untreated. HAT is found in sub-Saharan Africa, but is restricted to the range of its tsetse vector. In recent decades, the foci of HAT infections have changed and it has been suggested that climate change and changes to the habitats of the tsetse vectors have influenced the observed changes. The paper by Tongue et al. clearly demonstrates the effects of habitat change on the transmission of African trypanosomiasis. Certain subspecies of Glossina have adjusted to the decrease in natural habitats by exhibiting peri-domestic behaviors that allow them to live in urban and suburban habitats near humans. The increase in urban and suburban habitats for subspecies of the tsetse vector Glossina has reduced the effectiveness of efforts to control, much less eliminate, transmission of the causative species Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (causes the acute form of the disease) and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (causes the chronic from of the disease). This study provides a cautionary tale about the influence of habitat changes and climate change on the future of HAT transmission (and other pathogens), assuming these changes continue to occur. In the next study, we move west off of the continent of Africa to consider a species of mosquito in the genusCulex and its possible role in the transmission of Dirofilaria immitis, the primary causative agent of heartworm disease. Although the Canary Islands are a known endemic focus of Dirofilaria immitis, the mosquito vector on the island has, heretofore, not been identified. This article by Morchon Garcia et al. provides convincing evidence that they found the mosquito species that serves as the vector of D. immitis on the islands. Five potential vector species of mosquitoes were collected on the islands. Using molecular biological techniques, the authors identified one species of mosquito, Culex theileri, which was infected with D. immitis. Recent studies in Iran [4] and Spain [5] suggest that C. theileri is a competent vector species. In addition, comparing analyses of the mtDNA in the cox1 gene between C. theileri populations in the Canary Islands and Iran suggest that the two populations are molecularly similar. Although the results of this study are supportive of the role of C. theileri in the transmission of D. immitis in the Canary Islands, the authors caution that additional studies are required to conclusively support their suggestions. Our next study takes us to Asia and consideration of the status of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Iran. In his review, Mohebali combines his personal experience with numerous (>3,000) cases of leishmaniasis in Iran with results obtained from a search of databases from 1996 through 2010. The author's results suggest that canids serve as the primary reservoir hosts of infection of humans a result found in previous studies [6]. Several species of Phlebotomus serve the insect vectors in Iran. In Iran, VL appears to be a disease of the young as children 12 years of age and younger made up 92.8% of the reported cases of VL during the time span under review. Mohebali found that the direct agglutination test was an effective means of detecting antiLeishmania antibodies and recommended it as a surveillance tool. The author concluded that VL is a serious zoonotic threat in Iran with sporadic prevalence in most geographic zones while being endemic in northwestern and southern Iran. Finally, we go further east and north to Mongolia where Papageorgiou et al. examined the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens in two of the country's provinces (aimags). Livestock were investigated using serology and PCR to identify exposure and infection


During the last quarter of a century rapid developments have taken place along all lines of sanitary science, and nowhere is this progress more noticeable and striking than in the realm of food bacteriology. Since the passage of the Pure Food and Drugs Act in 1906, the need of bacteriology as applied to sanitation has been amply demonstrated. This is particularly true in connection with the production, care, and handling of all kinds of food material, both in their raw and in their finished state. The question as to the possibility of oysters and other shell-fish becoming contaminated with sewage-polluted water was one of the first problems to receive consideration after the passage of the Food Law. At the solicitation of a committee representing the North American Oyster Growers and Dealers Association, Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, arranged to have the necessary investigation made to study the whole oyster situation. Various phases of the industry were taken up and systematically considered in detail. The writer was instructed to take up the industry from the standpoint of the bacteriologistjt From the sanitary point of view the ruling of the Food and Drug Inspection Board made it unlawful to ship or sell in interstate commerce oysters or other shell-fish taken from polluted beds. This order also made it unlawful to sell or ship in interstate commerce oysters or other shell-fish which have beccme polluted because of being packed under insanitary conditions or being placed in unclean receptacles. It was further considered unlawful to ship or sell in interstate commerce shucked oysters to which water has been added, either directly or in the form of melted ice. Food Inspection Decision No. 121, an amendment to F. I. D.


Abstract:In this article, the literary publication of the Amazonian author Carlos Alvarado Narváez is analyzed to explore the deeper underlying social aesthetics of storytelling that define his works. The argument is that the literary aesthetics of Alvarado's work draw on the ancestors' emphasis on the body as the central site of struggle. Specifically, the article shows that Indigenous knowledge and ritual are forms of somatic strength against "cannibal" conquerors who seek to disarticulate and consume Indigenous bodies as a means toward the accumulation of wealth. The article concludes that storytelling and its underlying social-symbolic aesthetics become powerful social action during political struggles, as demonstrated by the recent events of the Indigenous protests in Ecuador.


A method to detect targets embedded in reciprocal media from scattering data is proposed that is based on the optical theorem. The optical theorem shows that the wave data from time reversal mirrors and cavities can be given energy conservation interpretations from which one can deduce the presence of the scattering targets.


&NA; Health professionals need accurate basic information about HIV disease as well as clinical research updates; earlier research suggests that information alone seldom changes practice behavior. This paper explores the consequences of a comprehensive clinical training package offered by an AIDS Education and Training Center, including an exploration of provider behavior change as a result of training. Follow‐up telephone interviews were conducted with 66 program participants an average of 9 months after training. Respondents reported opinions about the educational program, how practice patterns had changed, and whether they have trained others following their participation. Participants reported high satisfaction with training and indicated that they had increased the number of HIV‐positive patients in their practices. Training activities valued most highly included clinical emphasis and patient simulation. Respondents also reported doing considerable training of other providers after their training. The study findings suggest that HIV educational programs targeted to health providers should combine specific clinical information with skill development opportunities that emphasize patient contact. This combination training approach is especially important as new and complex drug therapies emerge that require joint decision making between persons living with HIV and health service providers.


Detection of nanoparticles in solution is required to manage safety and environmental problems. Spectral transmission turbidity method has now been known for a long time. It is derived from the Mie Theory and can be applied to any number of spheres, randomly distributed and separated by large distance compared to wavelength. Here, we describe a method for determination of size, distribution and concentration of nanoparticles in solution using UV-Vis transmission measurements. The method combines Mie and Beer Lambert computation integrated in a best fit approximation. In a first step, a validation of the approach is completed on silver nanoparticles solution. Verification of results is realized with Transmission Electronic Microscopy measurements for size distribution and an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for concentration. In view of the good agreement obtained, a second step of work focuses on how to manage the concentration to be the most accurate on the size distribution. Those efficient conditions are determined by simple computation. As we are dealing with nanoparticles, one of the key points is to know what the size limits reachable are with that kind of approach based on classical electromagnetism. In taking into account the transmission spectrometer accuracy limit we determine for several types of materials, metals, dielectrics, semiconductors the particle size limit detectable by such a turbidity method. These surprising results are situated at the quantum physics frontier.


The paper highlights the Michael addition reactions of 2-arylimino-3-aryl-thiazolidin-4-one 1 with acceptors like methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile to furnish the diadducts 5 and 8. Dieckmann condensation of 5 affords the spirocyclohexanone derivative. Also discussed is the interaction of 1 with 1,5-diarylpenta-1,4-dien-3-ones 9.


According to No.3 dam section of Dahuaqiao gravity dam, a three-dimensional finite element model is built by finite element software ANSYS. Mechanics of materials method, response spectrum method and time history analysis method are employed to analyze the strength of the dam section. Results show that the stress of dam toe, dam heel and downstream fold slope are relatively high and stress concentration emerges in those positions. The phenomenon indicates that these areas are vulnerable under the earthquake and precautions must be taken. But under the designed earthquake, the maximum stress of the dam section is below the allowable stress, representing the dam is in a safe state and the strength requirement is satisfied.


According to the law of universal gravitation between all material bodies, regardless of their nature, structure, dimensions, shape and position, there is a force of attraction is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force of attraction is characterized by an acceleration g, provided by a freely falling body. The acceleration of gravity at the Earth's surface varies from 978 gal at the equator to 983 gal at the pole.
The most common results of highly accurate gravity acceleration used in metrology, astronomy, geophysics, geodesy and geology. In this connection there is a need to develop instruments for measuring the absolute value of the acceleration of gravity with an error not greater than one eighth and even ninth sign of the first unit
The theoretical basis of the ballistic method of determination of the absolute value of the acceleration of gravity with a ballistic gravimeter is the law of accelerated motion of a test body in the gravitational field. On the basis of this law, the value of g is through the parameters of the motion of a freely falling body: distance traveled z, and time t.
The paper deals with the study and calculation of the polarization properties of the interferometer, which is a part of ballistic gravimeter, using the method of Jones. Found Jones matrix of the interferometer, and for him the calculation of its polarization properties. It is shown that modern ways of solving the problem of interference beams on the basis of Jones's possible to obtain results of a short and simple way. This is particularly valuable in practical interferometry. It is shown that the improvement in the form of the diffraction pattern can be optimized for a variety of surveying, mapping and navigation tasks.


The experiment with three levels of N fertlizer (0?150 and 300kg N/hm 2) was conducted for three years at alpin Kobresia humilis meadow to study responses of different plant groups and some species. The response of grasses was more significance than Non leguminous forbs to nitrogen addition. The synthetic dominated ratio (SDR) of grasses increased, and that of non leguminous forbs decreased with the increase of nitrogen, whereas the SDR of sedges and leguminous forbs were not significantly affected by N fertilizer. Plant diversity decreased and forage quality increased with the increase of nitrogen. Index of meadow quality (IMQ) was the highest at 150kg N/hm 2 plot, and showed no significant difference between 150 and 300kg N/hm 2 plot. Excessive nitrogen application did not improve the IMQ. Response of above ground biomass of plant groups was lagged when compared with plant diversity and IMQ. Total above ground biomass was significant increased with the nitrogen application. There were different responses of above ground biomass among plant groups to the nitrogen application. The results showed that the above ground biomass of grasses was significantly increased with N fertilizer application, and that of forbs was decreased. The responses of plant grounps to nitrogen application were more affected by precipitation and its distribution in July, therefore, the status of soil water after nitrogen application was a key factor to the responses of plant groups.


The previous research on ultra-high power laser was mostly focused on discharge tubes and resonator. However, little attention was focused on the heat exchange performance, which is also an essential technology to ensure the long time stable work of the CO2 laser. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the heat exchange performance of CO2 laser and to supply the method of heat exchanger design. Considering the inner heat cycle and characteristics of the 10 KW fast axial flow CO2 laser which is under development, various types of heat exchangers were compared, rectangle finned heat exchanger was chosen as the laser radiator, in light of the prominent heat transfer capacity and compact structure. Further more, this paper also established the heat balance equation, calculated the heat transfer capacity. The results indicate that the rectangle finned circle tube heat exchanger which has been chosen is suitable to 10 KW fast axial flow CO2 laser.


This paper aims at analyzing energy level radiation parameters of tin atom, molybdenum atom and molybdenum monovalent ion. With this research purpose, it measures tin atom branching ratio and the energy level radiation parameters of tin atom, molybdenum atom and molybdenum monovalent ion with TR-LIF technology. The research result shows that the life spans of the two energy levels 31654.79 and 40488.28 cm−1of molybdenum atom are respectively 21.4and 15.9 ns, which is closed to those measured by Whaling et al., therefore, the result is reliable.


The microstructural variation and mechanical behavior of aged AZ61 wrought magnesium alloy were investigated. The solid solution treatment was carried out at 410C for 24hrs followed by water quenching. Subsequent aging treatments were carried out at 200C with various aging time intervals from 0.2hr to184hrs. The changes in microstructure due to aging were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the aged specimens were subjected to tensile testing and hardness measurements. The results showed that the solid solution and aging treatments of AZ61 alloy are essentially a microstructure transformation processes in which the discontinuous precipitate (Mg17Al12) at the grain boundaries in the as-received specimens was dissolved into the matrix after 24hrs solution treatment and then reprecipitates during the aging treatment. After prolonged aging time (up to 34hrs), a notable increase in the hardness was observed when aging treatment was implemented. Thereafter, with additional increases in the aging time (up to 167hrs), the dependence of hardness values and the tensile properties on the aging time became more pronounced due to precipitation of β-phase. The formation of discontinuous precipitate Mg17Al12 was recognized as the major reason for the observed changes. [El-Morsy A, Farahat A. Microstructure Variation and Mechanical Behavior of Aged AZ61 Wrought Magnesium Alloy. Life Sci J 2013;10(3):568-574] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 83


This work represents the work of one WPI undergraduate student submitted to the faculty as evidence of completion of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. The calligraphy robot was developed as a proof-of-concept for a compliant platform with a control system that maintains accuracy of position. The end-effector was designed to utilize a rotary series elastic actuator (SEA) for compliance and force-sensing. The mechanical system that supported the end-effector was a gantry system designed for smooth motion and accurate positioning. The mechanical platform and force-sensing software were designed to support the full integration with a PVT controller. The PVT software that created the motion paths and controlled the accuracy of the positioning was not a part of this MQP. It was programmed by Ennio Claretti and Allen Blaylock who were part of the team that prepared this robot for the Cornell Cup Competition. The Cornell Cup Competition, presented by Intel, accepts 30 teams from universities across the United States to participate in an embedded design competition that spans one academic year and culminates in an exposition and final judging. The competition required several design reviews to be conducted over the development of the design, in order to mimic a professional engineering process. However, there is not a significant body of examples and references that are helpful guides to critically approaching the creation of a design review. The Cornell Cup design reviews formed the analytical basis for a study on the choices that must be made during their creation and the forces that influence those choices, which culminated in a handout guide to help other students improve their design reviews. This study is included in Appendix A of the report. MOTIVATION & BACKGROUND Current robotics research tends to focus on either stiff, position-precise control or compliant, force-sensing control. However, there are tradeoffs between these two alternatives. Stiff robots have difficulty interacting with 5 | P a g e their environment and compliant robots have increased uncertainty in their positioning. I proposed a calligraphy robot to write in shaded scripts as a proof-of-concept for a system that combines both precision-position control and precision-force control. In order to interact with the world in a productive manner, robots need some way of obtaining information about the word. Traditionally, robots relied upon the creation of an accurate model of the world it was situated in …


Effects of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions on sintering and the thermal expansion behaviors of nepheline were investigated. Densification at lower sintering temperatures was promoted y Li2CO3 or Na2CO3 addition. The thermal expansion of nepheline decreased on substitution of Li+ for Na+, and increased on substitution of K+ for Na+. Nepheline solid solutions in the system MxNa1-xAlSiO4 (M=Li and K) had mean axial thermal expansion coefficients ranging from 14×10-6/°C to 20×-6/°C from room temperature to 1000°C.


Recently,it has been demonstrated that injections of high pressure fluids into underground formations are capable of inducing significant earthquakes with the ongoing exploitation of petroleum and gas from the subsurface. We first review the history of injection-induced earthquakes and summarize the methods which are usually used in this field. Then,we elaborate on three typical cases of injection-induced earthquakes. Finally, we discuss the perspective of studies of induced seismicity. Adequate observation datasets,including monitoring injection seismicity based on dense seismic network,regional geological structural setting and data of fluid injection,are essential to study induced earthquakes. It can be expected that injection-induced earthquakes will be studied in an interdisciplinary approach involving seismology,geodesy,geology and hydrogeology. In addition,we should monitor and understand the seismic activity with wastewater injection and build an appropriate injection management in the process of energy exploitation so as to achieve the goal of safe production.


To test the ability of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) hyphae to take up water, phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal couchgrass (Agropyron repens) or white clo...


In the in situ degradation of formaldehyde with electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide, the cathodic reduction of oxygen on the anodization graphite was first order in the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the aqueous phase. The oxidation of formaldehyde with electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide was second order in formaldehyde and first order in hydrogen peroxide. The activation energy was evaluated as 36 kJ/mol. A model calculation of the in situ degradation of formaldehyde with electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide correlated well with experimental results. The effects of temperature and initial concentration of formaldehyde on the induction period of the oxidative degradation of formaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide electrogenerated in situ were explored.


This paper will present an overview of developments in drink driving services in Victoria. It will examine the background leading up to the commencement of the Victorian Drink Driver Program in October 1990. It will look at developments in the Program since that date and an overview of the way in which the Program is managed. Finally, the paper will discuss future directions for the Victorian Drink Driver Program.


Systemic blastomycosis not infrequently mosqueroades under several diagnoses before its identity is recognized. The authors have reviewed the radiologic findings which should be helpful in arousing suspicion of the true nature of the disease.


The invention relates to a method for producing thermally surface post-crosslinked water-absorbing polymer particles, wherein the water-absorbing polymer particles are coated with at least one polyvalent metal salt before, during or after the thermal surface post-crosslinking, and the polyvalent metal salt contains the anion of glycolic acid or the anion of a glycolic acid derivative.


The use of stacked heat source modules in RTGs requires a structural support system which holds the stack together during launch, but allows it to disassemble when the generator housing melts during reentry. This is a much more difficult support problem than in the case of a monolithic heat source. A proposed, light-weight scheme for solving this problem is described, and illustrated with an actual RTG design for a specific mission. A detailed analytical model of the RTG and the spacecraft to which it is attached was constructed, and a NASTRAN analysis was carried out to assess the structural performance of the heat source support scheme under differential thermal expansion and dynamic launch loads, and to determine the system's characteristic frequencies, the loads transmitted to the RTG, and the resultant stresses and displacements. The analytical results presented confirm the structural feasibility of supporting a long heat source stack without intermediate support.


Questionnaires and sampling method are used in the investigation of implementation of the conversion of farmland to forest project in Guyuan County of Hebei Province.The results show that the project is executed well,the forest resources and the environment situation in the project area have been improved and the economic and social benefits in the project area are achieved.But there are still some problems such as the long stage of output achieving,the short stage of project subsidizing,the lagging development of the follow-up industry or the replaceable industry,the monoculture,incomplete arrangement of the management and protection system and so on.To solve existing problems,some proposals on adjusting industry structure,developing diversified management,establishing lead enterprises and improving relevant policies are put forward.


Osteocalcin contributes to the regulation of endocrine system. However, the association between osteocalcin and ketosis has not been evaluated. We thus aimed to explore the relationship between total osteocalcin and risk of ketosis in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).


ABSTRACT It can be important in Bayesian analyses of complex models to construct informative prior distributions which reflect knowledge external to the data at hand. Nevertheless, how much prior information an analyst can elicit from an expert will be limited due to constraints of time, cost and other factors. This article develops effective numerical methods for exploring reasonable choices of a prior distribution from a parametric class, when prior information is specified in the form of some limited constraints on prior predictive distributions, and where these prior predictive distributions are analytically intractable. The methods developed may be thought of as a novel application of the ideas of history matching, a technique developed in the literature on assessment of computer models. We illustrate the approach in the context of logistic regression and sparse signal shrinkage prior distributions for high-dimensional linear models.


Condition‐Based Maintenance (CBM) is a new maintenance strategy and interest of utilities for reliable operation of aged power equipment. Although attempts have been made to apply CBM to various types of equipment, owing to insufficient understanding of the effect of the accuracy of condition information provided by sensors, the specification of reliable information is still not clear and CBM has not been widely applied in real power substations. The effect of the accuracy of condition information on the criteria of failure recognition is treated in this paper. The potential failure curve (P‐F curve) used in the original Reliability‐Centered Maintenance (RCM) concept is studied and its effect is explained. The explanation is confirmed by comparison of proved original sensors for CBM and existing sensors in an SF6 gas slow leakage detection experiment. The experiment indicates that SF6 gas leakage at levels of less than 0.1% per year might be detected with a CBM sensor. It is concluded that special efforts should be devoted to the sensitivity and long‐term stability of sensors for reliable operation of power substations under the CBM strategy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(2): 14–21, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21114


A dynamical model of the airfoil with cubic and freeplay nonlinearity in both pitch and plunge was established. The nonlinear aerodynamic force and moment on the wing were evaluated by the third order piston theory. A bifurcation diagram,which presents the relevance between bifurcation parameter and amplitude of the periodic motion,was given numerically. When the dimensionless flight speed increases to the flutter critical speed, limited cycle can be observed in both pitch and plunge,and Hopf bifurcation appears,which means the stable point bifurcates to a periodic motion. And when further increasing the dimensionless flight speed,a more complex dynamic phenomenon will turn up .


The generalisation of Birkhoff's theorem to higher dimensions in Lovelock gravity allows for black hole solutions with horizon geometries of non-constant curvature. We investigate thermodynamic aspects of these 'exotic' black hole solutions, with a particular emphasis on their phase transitions. We consider an extended phase space where the cosmological constant acts as a thermodynamic pressure, and examine both uncharged and U(1) charged solutions. In d = 7, black hole solutions are restricted to having constant curvature horizon base manifolds. Uncharged d = 7 black holes possess novel triple point phenomena analogous to those recently uncovered in exotic d = 6 black holes in Gauss–Bonnet gravity, while their charged counterparts generically undergo small-large black hole phase transitions. In d = 8, we find that both charged and uncharged black holes exhibit triple point behaviour and small-large black hole transitions. We also show that a wide range of 'exotic' horizon geometries can be ruled out due to the appearance of naked singularities.


The results of a comparative study of electronic spectral properties as well as phonon Probability Distribution Function (PDF) are reported.
The study is done using Dynamical Mean Field Theory for the half-filled spinless and spinful Holstein model and for a single hole in Holstein t-J model.
Qualitative changes in phonon PDF signals a polaronic crossover while an electronic Metal Insulator Transition (MIT) due to pairing into a bipolaronic state can be seen from a gap in the electronic DOS or by the vanishing of the quasi particle spectral weight. MIT can be observed only at sufficiently high density provided the Coulomb repulsion is neglected. In the limit of low density the carrier show a polaronic behavior trough the development of a definite polarization shifting the average value of the phonon PDF. At large densities occupied and empty sites result an a bimodal the phonon PDF.
At the polaron crossover fluctuation of phonon coordinates tends to be larger than those at any other coupling. In this regime Born-Oppenheimer approximation is shown to fail also when phonon frequency is much less then electron bandwidth. For a single hole in the t-J model a further source of localization is due to magnetic superexchange energy which tends to localize the spin-defect spreading due to the presence of the hole.


This scientific opinion of EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids deals with the safety assessment of the active substances sodium erythorbate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, iron sulfate, activated carbon, cellulose, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride and water, used in mixture which is packed into sachets for absorbing oxygen/carbon dioxide emitting from/into the headspace surrounding packed food. All substances of this formulation have been evaluated and approved for use as additives in plastic food contact materials or as food additives. No migration of calcium, iron and sodium ions was detected. No volatile organic compounds other than carbon dioxide were detected at the limit of detection of 0.5 μg/l. The CEF Panel concluded that the use of the substances sodium erythorbate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, iron sulfate, activated carbon, cellulose, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride and water does not raise a safety concern when used in oxygen absorber/carbon dioxide emitter systems, in sachets that prevent the physical release of their contents into the food. The sachets are to be placed in the headspace of the packaging and as such may come into occasional contact with the food, e.g. during handling. The sachet should not come into direct contact with liquid foods or foods that have and external aqueous liquid phase on the surface (liquid or exudates).


The human complement (C) system recognizes foreign cells, and targets them for clearance and immune cytolysis (65). A major effector molecule participating in targeting of foreign cells is C3, the covalent binding of which provides ligands for C receptors on host effector cells in the immune system (Fig. 1). Host cells, but not foreign material, must be protected from C3-targeting for their survival. In the 1980s, membrane molecules capable of binding of the C fragments C3b, C3d and/or C4b and of inhibiting activation of the C cascades, the classical and the alternative pathways, were identified as a functional entity that participates in host cell protection from autologous C and receptors for the interaction of the C-`tagged' foreign material (64, 65). The study of these proteins has been extended by the availability of molecular techniques. In the late 1980s, it was established that each of these proteins is composed exclusively of short consensus repeats (SCRs) (2, 27, 64) which are characteristic of repeated motifs of 60-70 amino acids arranged in tandem (Fig. 2), and that their structure genes are located on chromosome 1q32 (2, 27) (Fig. 2). Thus, based on the structural, functional and genetic similarities, these proteins are named regulator of C activation (RCA) gene family proteins. Most of the cell-associated RCA proteins have been identified as virus receptors (5, 18, 24, 54). Additionally, some have been found to serve as bacteria receptors (4, 57). This review deals with structures, functions and physiological roles of the RCA proteins, and highlights their relationship with viral infection.


We live in the flow of time, and the sensor signals we get not only have a huge amount in space, but also keep coming without a break in time. As a general method for effective retrospective learning in neural networks (NNs) in such a world based on the concept of "subjective time", "causality trace" is introduced in this paper. At each connection in each neuron, a trace is assigned. It takes in the corresponding input signal according to the temporal change in the neuron's output, and is held when the output does not change. This enables to memorize only past important events, to hold them in its local memory, and to learn the past processes effectively from the present reinforcement or training signals without tracing back to the past. The past events that the traces represent are different in each neuron, and so autonomous division of roles in the time axis among neurons is promoted through learning. From the viewpoint of time passage, there are parallel, non-uniform and subjective time scales for learning in the NN. Causality traces can be applied to value learning with a NN, and also applied to supervised learning of recurrent neural networks even though the way of application is a bit different. A new simulation result in a value-learning task shows the outstanding learning ability of causality traces and autonomous division of roles in the time axis among neurons through learning. Finally, several useful properties and concerns are discussed.


Labor disputes are triggered, in most cases, by claims of economic or professional interests. Employees may have the belief that they are frustrated due to the granting of rights, ensuring optimal labor conditions or compliance with the terms of the collective agreement, becoming thus concerned about claims or even the onset of labor disputes. Through collective bargaining, these conflictive guidelines can be prevented or resolved at the optimum time.


Background:  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurs in association with prenatal conditions predisposing infants to inflammation and remodeling of the premature lungs. Because of the lack of useful biomarkers for BPD, the gene expression of tracheal aspirate fluid (TAF) cells in premature infants was analyzed.


Mode I steady crack growth was analyzed to determine the toughening due to domain switching in ferroelectric ceramics. A multi-axial, electromechanically coupled, incremental constitutive theory is applied to model the material behavior of the ferroelectric ceramic. The constitutive law is then implemented within the finite element method to study steady crack growth. The effects of mechanical and electrical poling on the fracture toughness are investigated. Results for the predicted fracture toughness, remanent strain distributions, and domain switching zone shapes and sizes are presented. Finally, the model predictions are discussed in comparison discrete switching models and to experimental observations.


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Phytophthora diseases cause widespread economic and environmental losses worldwide. Thousands of plant species are susceptible. Disease is typically initiated through the activity of motile, biflagellate zoospores. Plant penetration and colonisation are achieved through the secretion of a diverse range of cell wall-degrading enzymes and effector proteins. Effector proteins are especially important during biotrophic growth; they function to suppress host defence and regulate host metabolism to favour pathogen growth. Plants can detect the presence of Phytophthora cells and rapidly mount a basal defence response that often successfully inhibits disease development.A key aspect of basal defence is the formation of wall appositions that constitute a physical and chemical barrier to pathogen growth. Components of basal defence can be triggered by chemical and physical signals produced by invading Phytophthora cells. If basal defence fails to inhibit pathogen ingress, the plant cell under attack can undergo hypersensitive cell death. In Phytophthora-plant interactions, hypersensitive cell death can be triggered by elicitors or effectors. In the continuing arms race between pathogen and plant host, Phytophthora species have evolved a range of counter-defence mechanisms that include suppression of hypersensitive cell death, inhibition of plant degradative enzymes and protection against reactive oxygen species. This brief article provides an overview of the contribution of modern molecular cytology to our understanding of Phytophthora-plant interactions.


Variability in the exchange rates of the world's key currencies is a matter of concern to the SEACEN and other developing countries. This paper provides some quantitative evidence on the volatility of the exchange rates of key currencies during the decade of the eighties, using some of the most popular measures of variability. It also incorporates other relevant findings of some economists and international institutions.


In this article, we present an algorithmic approach to the eigenvalue perturbation problem. We show that any matrix perturbation <italic>A</italic>(<italic>ε</italic>) of an arbitrary nilpotent Jordan canonical form <italic>J</italic> with all eigenvalues having an order of the form O(<italic>ε</italic><supscrpt>1/(a positive integer)</supscrpt>) is similar to a matrix perturbation <italic>Atilde;</italic>(<italic>ε</italic>) in Arnold normal form that can be seen as generic. Calling <italic>A</italic>(<italic>ε</italic>) a <italic>&kgr;</italic>-matrix and <italic>Atilde;</italic>(<italic>ε</italic>) a Lidskii-Arnold matrix, we also provide a reduction algorithm for the computation of the Lidskii-Arnold form of a <italic>&kgr;</italic>-matrix. It is based on the minimization of the leading Jordan structure <italic>J</italic> and on Lidskii's genericity conditions for perturbed eigenvalues.


Ecosystem services (ES) in agriculture are vital for the supply of food and fibre. However, the provision of some of the ES by these ecosystems has traditionally been considered to be at a low level. Earlier studies attributed very low values of ES to farmland world-wide per annum but the authors recognize that this was a severe underestimate because of the paucity of data available at the time. These assessments were based on published studies that used 'value transfer' techniques, supported by a few original calculations. In contrast to these studies, the current work proposes a framework and a ' bottom-up' approach to asses ES experimentally at field level. It elaborates on the conceptual framework of ES in agroecosystems providing field-scale assessments, citing examples from Denmark and New Zealand. This work demonstrates that there is a very wide range of ES provision, with organic arable cropping delivering many times the ES value of that provided by conventional farming. This study also provides scenarios for balancing production and ES in agroecosystems that can be explored to maintain and improve farm sustainability and achieve food security.


Objectives This study aimed to explore the meaning of intergenerational experiences of childcare staff and to suggest ways for understanding and cooperation among childcare staff.
Methods To this end, in July-August 2022, a total of 20 teachers, 6 new teachers, 7 experienced teachers, and 7 the head of a daycare center, of daycare centers located in D and N cities were divided into new teachers, experienced teachers, and director groups, and each group A total of 9 group interviews were conducted, 3 times each. The collected data were analyzed by referring to the analysis procedure of Giorgi (2009) in group interview transcription data and field memo.
Results As a result of analyzing the intergenerational experiences of childcare staff, there was a difference in the perspectives of the childcare staff to each other, so they expressed 'different gaze each other'. And they wanted to be a 'relationship that wants to be respected and respected'. In addition, with expectations and burdens for each other, they showed the position that 'burdened and uncomfortable are the same', and suggested a common opinion that 'welfare is customized'.
Conclusions Based on the research results, 'culture of mutual respect', 'communication structure for sharing', 'principle of guaranteeing community and individual life', 'human welfare', 'common operating philosophy' for childcare faculty's understanding and cooperation of generations Suggested improvement measures.


This paper portrays the development of an energy self-sufficient sensor system, designed to identify gradual changes in the behaviour of a vehicles shock absorber. Based on the idea of a sensor application that generates the required power at the location of its instalment, a wireless sensor system with an electromagnetic energy harvester was designed. In order to realize a wireless information transmission a transmitter was installed on the circuit board. As the system is designed to be used while driving the vehicle, a mobile application is developed to display the data transmitted by the sensor system. The gathered data can be observed live and stored in order to be compared to previously gathered data, providing the ability to observe trends in the behaviour of the shock-absorber.


This research aims to investigate the effect of cooperative learning model TGT type toward learning motivation and science learning outcome of fifth grade elementary school students in Batur cluster, Bangli. This research was a quasi-experiment with Posttest-Only Control-Group Design. Research population was 128 fifth grade elementary school students Batur Cluster. Sixty students were selected as sample using random sampling technique. Learning motivation data were gathered using questionnaire and science learning outcome data were collected used multiple choice test. Data were analyzed using MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) assisted by SPSS 17.00 for windows. Research results show that: First, learning motivation of students who followed TGT type of cooperative learning model was significantly better than students who followed conventional learning (F = 276.890; p < 0.05). Second, science learning outcome of students who followed TGT type of cooperative learning model was significantly better than students who followed conventional learning (F = 29.991; p < 0.05). Third, simultaneously, learning motivation and science learning outcome of students who followed TGT type of cooperative learning model was significantly better than students who followed conventional learning (F = 149.734; p < 0.05).


The popular movements in the late Joseon period were ultimately supposed to overthrow the monarchy. Although Joseon people couldn't reach to reset the relationship with the hierarchy or bring about a system revolution for themselves, we should keep studying what direction such tasks were being performed in. The 'people-first' ideology formulated in the early Joseon was progressive to stress the duty of the political elite. However, it was still the logic to justify the small ruling class. Including Jeong Yakyong in the 19th century, thinkers in the Joseon state did not seem to get over the Joseon 'people-first' ideology and organize a political ideology toward a new system. Meanwhile, Joseon dynasty was established to be crowned by subjects and two kings were replaced in the name of the restoration justified by subjects. They had stressed to the king that there were values more important than a state or a royal family. All efforts to stand against state power and its violence became people's political capability. People's movements in the 19th century succeeded to their social experience of the previous time. It will be the significant task for study of popular movements to catch how the direct challenge against the state power was organized and performed.


Understanding the response of a crop to drought is the first step in the breeding of tolerant genotypes. In this study, two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes with contrasting sensitivity to drought were subjected drought stress by withholding water for 7 days at seedling stage; physiological and protein analyses were made. Reduction percentage was recorded on leaf water content, chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll. Shoot and root lengths reductions were observed in the drought-sensitive Cultivar (Tabat) while the drought-tolerant line (EL9) showed an increase in shoot and root lengths under drought conditions. Drought tolerant sorghum line EL9 accumulated higher proline (26% increase) when compared to the sensitive cultivar Tabat (5% increase). Mass spectrometry analysis coupled with nanoflow UPLC was used to compare daily-watered with drought stressed (7 days) seedlings. A total of 36 protein spots were detected, of which 23 were recorded for one or both accessions under drought stress conditions only. These proteins were identified using MASCOT database search in accordance with sequence similarity with previously characterized proteins from the Uniprot database. The identified proteins were assigned to different functional categories as follows: Response to stress (35%); metabolic processes (26%); photosynthetic (13%); fatty acid biosynthesis (4%) and cell wall biogenesis/degradation (4%). Seven of the identified proteins under stress condition were unique to El9, in contrast to 4 proteins were unique to Tabat. This study showed a differential protein expression pattern of two sorghum accessions under drought stress, which will be valuable for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in the future. Also, these proteins could be potential candidates for development of markers to be used in markers assisted selection.


On the basis of the ferment system of Bacillus subtilis for production of D-ribose, the pigment concentration of the fermented broth was presented by absorbance that was measured easily and correctly, and the computation methods on technology of the adsorbent decolorization of fermented broth were expounded. Based on experiments, 340 nm was the most suitable wavelength for measuring absorbance of the broth and the equation was obtained to compute pigment concentration by absorbance. Under batch operation condition, the optimum technologies of the adsorbent decolorization of fermented broth by active carbon were : adsorbent time 30 min, temperature 50 ℃ and pH 3.5. Adsorption isotherm and the corresponding equation were obtained, with its isothermal type L.


Porous-ceramic, thermal protection systems are used heavily in current reentry vehicles like the Orbiter, and they are currently being proposed for the next generation of US manned spacecraft, Orion. These systems insulate reentry critical components of a spacecraft against the intense thermal environments of atmospheric reentry. Additionally, these materials are highly exposed to space environment hazards like solid particle impacts. This paper discusses impact studies up to 10 km/s on 8 lb/ft3 alumina-fiber-enhanced-thermal-barrier (AETB8) tiles coated with a toughened-unipiece-fibrousinsulation/ reaction-cured-glass layer (TUFI/RCG). A semi-empirical, first principles impact model that describes projectile dispersion is described that provides excellent agreement with observations over a broad range of impact velocities, obliquities and projectile materials. Model extensions to look at the implications of greater than 10 GPa equation of state is also discussed. Predicted penetration probabilities for a...


Dramatic advances in technology, evolving organizational structures and increasing user influence are impacting the types of information systems (IS) being developed. These are not recognized adequately by existing taxonomies which tend to be incomplete, unclear, simplistic, unwieldy, inflexible or some combination of these. Fourteen models from the literature are described and discussed in light of today's myriad systems. A user-oriented two-dimensional taxonomy utilizing user type (institution or individual) and type of system support provided to the user (data, communication, information, or decision) is developed.


The cross-linked polyethylene insulation of power cables under multiple stresses will age and deteriorate, and eventually cause insulation failure, which threatens the reliability of transmission lines. In this contribution, based on Direct Current Integrated Charge method, the performances of XLPE under thermal aging are investigated. The results show that the charge minimally injects into the unaged XLPE insulation, and the charge injected behavior intensifies with the thermal aging time. Thermal aging treatment results in greater relative permittivity, volumetric conductivity, and absorbed charge of XLPE insulation. The permittivity of the aged XLPE insulation gradually increases by 18.24%, whereas the conductivity rises by 14.48 times, and the absorption charge shoots up by 18.03 times. It is conducted that the enhancement in charge injection and the acceleration of charge accumulation reflects the cable insulation thermal aging intensified.


This article reports the significance of the application of intraluminal electrocardiogram (EKG) positioning technology in peripherally inserted central catheterization (PICC) in children. It reviews the the application of EKG in the placement of PICC in children at home and abroad, the selection of EKG positioning tools, the guidance method, and how to decide the position of the tip of catheter by the P wave. It also analyzes the relevant factors affecting the stability of EKG in children. This study looks forward to the application prospects of EKG positioning technology in children's PICC catheterization, and puts forward suggestions to facilitate clinical guidance.

Key words:
Children; Intracavitary electrocardiogram; Peripherally inserted central catheter; Application


Background: Older adults with multiple myeloma (MM) may be at increased risk for toxicity of therapy. The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) frailty model, which includes age, functional status, and comorbidities, accounts for the presence of toxicity. The Cancer and Aging Research Group (CARG) Toxicity Tool (Hurria et al, JCO, 2011) includes more aging-associated domains and has been well validated in older adults with solid tumors, though not in hematologic malignancies. The association between the CARG toxicity tool and toxicity of therapy in older adults with MM is unknown. The parent study tested feasibility of an electronic modified geriatric assessment (mGA) tool providing real-time results to physicians.
 Methods: A retrospective chart abstraction was conducted on patients from the parent study to identify all treatments prior to the GA, time on treatment after enrollment, clinical data, treatment sequencing, incidence of Grade 3-5 toxicities, dose modifications, and treatment discontinuation or new line of therapy initiated. Patients were categorized as fit, intermediate fit or frail based on the IMWG score. The CARG score, adapted to apply to MM by removal of solid tumor type and use of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation to calculate creatinine clearance, as recommended by the International Myeloma Working Group was calculated for each patient.
 Results: Data was available on 100 patients from the parent study. Average age was 71.3 ± 5.4 years, 58% Male, and 75% White. 71 individual regimens were identified with 575 incidences of use. Most patients were on their 4th line of therapy (mean=3.8 ± 2.9) and 22 were not receiving treatment at the time of the GA. Patients averaged 4.5 ± 3.7 lines of therapy and 46 patients underwent autologous stem cell transplants. Mean time on treatment for 78 patients after mGA was 27.2 weeks ± 28.4 weeks. CARG scores ranged from 0 to 17 with a mean of 5.9 + 7.8. mGA results were 35.7% (n=35) fit, 39.8% (n=39) intermediate fit, and 24.5% (n=24) frail using the IMWG frailty score. There was significant correlation between mean CARG scores and fit/frailty status (p<.000), with higher scores in frail patients. Hematological events after GA were common with 97% (n=97) reporting 1 or more > grade 3 events. Non hematologic events were less common with 38% (n=38) reporting 1 or more > grade 3 events. Incidences of hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities were not associated with CARG or IMWG frailty status. 44.9% (44 of 98) had dose modifications and 50% (49 of 98) had early therapy cessation.
 Conclusion: Older adults with MM are likely to require multiple lines of therapy over the course of their disease. Individualizing treatment and mitigating risk requires consistent application of geriatric assessment and toxicity tools. Our study did not find a significant association between the CARG toxicity tool, adapted for myeloma, or the IMWG frailty status. Future study will be needed to understand which patients were treated with initial dose reductions and how this impacted the risk of adverse events.

 Wildes: Janssen: Research Funding; Carevive: Consultancy.


Currently Australia has a well developed aged care service system. Comprehensive 'mainstream' aged care services are generally effective in delivering appropriate levels of care and support to the majority of the aged population. Despite the richness of services available, there are still groups of people in the community who are not gaining access to these services or not utilising the full potential of these services to meet their needs. There are also some people for whom the services available lack the specialised skills or resources required to adequately address their needs. Relatively little is known about the incidence of alcoholism and substance misuse in older people, including misuse of over-the-counter medication. Although there is a general perception that this kind of abuse is uncommon in older generations, it is more likely that the incidence is hidden. While it has been well documented that alcohol use and misuse generally declines with age, the use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs increases in later life. The frequency and effects of substance abuse, particularly of illicit drugs among older people has not been thoroughly investigated. Changes in attitude in subsequent generations mean that alcohol consumption amongst older people, and possibly use of illicit drugs, is likely to increase as these groups age. We have already begun to see evidence of this change with survivors of heavy drug use from the 'flower' generation (the 1960s and 1970s) beginning to enter aged care services and presenting with a number of drug related ailments.


The invention relates to a biopsy guide mounting structure, an ultrasonic probe, and an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. The biopsy guide mounting structure mounts a biopsy guide (1) to guide and hold a biopsy needle (2) to the ultrasonic probe (3). The biopsy guide mounting structure includes a guide mounting portion (4) provided at a side face of an end portion (6) of the ultrasonic probe (3). The end portion (6) has an ultrasonic wave transmission/reception surface (5). The biopsy guide (1) is attached to the guide mounting portion (4) detachably.


This paper studies the possibility of classifying coffee beans by using their features of color, shape and size. The process of acquiring the images were done in controlled lighting conditions.
 Based on segmented images, color, shape and size provide information about the physical alteration in green coffee beans, during the growing and drying process that affect the flavor and taste of the drink by Developing a computer program to sort coffee beans by types
 In the case of color images are analyzed in RGB space, which were preprocessor in order to reduce noise and separate from the background and enhance its features. The location was used for an algorithm for identifying and setting contours ellipse, an algorithm Mahalanobis distance classifier, an algorithm called Flood of growth, for the segmentation of those defective grains.
 The emergence of methods that take advantage of technological advances is an option whose benefits encourage the study of new possibilities. The classification of coffee beans throughout the analysis of images is a very promising because it is a minimally invasive method and the exposure of the grains are not visible to look deteriorates significantly.
 Many farmers sort their coffee beans by hand but only a few thousand dollars invested in a automatic sorting optical machine such us Sortex or Xeltron. In this paper we develop algorithms based on image processing techniques for the classification of defective beans


Nektar is developing Amphotericin B Inhalation Powder (ABIP; NKTR-024) to prevent invasive pulmonary fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. NKTR-024 is a proprietary dry-powder amphotericin B (AmB) formulation that is delivered to the patient's respiratory tract with a proprietary breath-actuated inhalation device (T-326). This study assessed 1) the safety and tolerability and 2) the pharmacokinetics (PK) of AmB in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and plasma after a loading dose (LD) and 4 weekly maintenance doses (MD) of NKTR-024 in healthy subjects. Thirty-six (36) subjects enrolled in a single center in the US into 2 cohorts 2:1 to receive either NKTR-024 (n=12) or a matching (powder load) placebo inhalation powder (n=6), respectively. Subjects in Cohort 1 (Coh1) received a 25-mg LD and 4 weekly 5-mg MD (25/5) and subjects in Cohort 2 (Coh2) received a 50-mg LD and 4 weekly 10-mg MD (50/10) of NKTR-024 or placebo, respectively. PK assessments used blood [plasma] and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) [ELF] samples. Concomitant medications, adverse events (AEs) and other safety parameters were monitored for 17 wk (screening period of up to 28 d, a 4-wk treatment period, and a 9-wk post-treatment period). All 36 subjects received 1 LD and 4 MDs. Subjects were mostly male (n=24, 66.7%) and Caucasian (n=27, 75%). Mean age=28.1 yr, median height=175.3 cm and median weight=77.4 kg. PK data have been previously presented and will not serve as the focus of this abstract. Maximal plasma AmB concentrations occurred at ∼8–12 hr postdose following a ∼1 hr postdose lag. Plasma AmB concentrations ( 20% temporally related to bronchoscopy. Repeated administration of NKTR-024 resulted in high pulmonary and low systemic AmB exposure. Plasma AmB concentrations were well below those associated with renal toxicity; this observation supports an important potential benefit of the NKTR-024 investigational product. Constitutional symptoms and electrolyte abnormalities traditionally seen with systemic administration of AmB were essentially spared.


A rapid calculation scheme is proposed for the potential Green's functions in the rectangular waveguide. The Ewald sum technique converts the slowly convergent Green's function series into the sum of two rapidly convergent series through the error-function transformation. The efficient numerical calculation method of the resultant expression is also presented.


Resection of the rectal mucosa, total colectomy and continent anal ileostomy was carried out on 10 dogs. Nine dogs survived. One dog died of small bowel volvulus. A complete morphologic integration of the ileum loop within the rectal muscle tube could be demonstrated angiographically and histologically. Continence was retained.


In the last two decades, most researchers have taken an interest to understand how technology affects negatively. It is extensively reported that techno stress is evoked due to technology among different groups like prospective teachers. This quantitative survey examined the technostress level of prospective teachers in the department of education using a validated technostress instrument. The findings of the study show that the used instrument was found valid to examine technostress with minor modifications and examining prospective teachers' moderate levels of technostress can affect their work performance in the class. The findings of the study found that final-year students have less technostress as compared to first-year students. Moreover, this study will be used as a potential reference in the context of Pakistan to know that if there is advanced technology then there might be the existence of technostress. This research study will provide awareness to the management of HEIs to overcome technostress among prospective teachers.


Aims: Dill(Anethum graveolens L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the (Apiaceae or Umbelliferae) family, with high essential oil content, and dill leaves and and seeds are used as seasoning. This study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at Iran County, aiming to determine the effects of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on grain yield, essential oil yi eld, and essential oil composition of dill.


There has been considerable attention on Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) arising from the increased in risks in the current business environment. Despite the focus on ERM, however, the element that can help organizations manage their risks appropriately and improve their performance is not only the usage of ERM but more importantly how ERM process should be designed for different circumstances. Therefore, there is a need to study different designs of ERM process and their implications in different situations. This study aims to examine the impact of two main sources of risk for the organizations on the two components of ERM design process including interactiveness of event identification techniques and frequency of risk identification. More specifically, it examines how interactiveness of event identification techniques and frequency of risk identification are associated with the perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU) and the strategy that organizations choose. A model is advanced and tested using PLS path modeling and data were collected from a sample of 100 public listed companies (PLCs) in Malaysia. The results suggest that greater emphasis on more interactive methods in identifying events faced by the organizations is associated with businesses facing higher environmental uncertainty and the ones with prospector strategy. The results also revealed the existence of a positive association between PEU and frequency of risk identification. However the study found no evidence of a significant relationship between prospector strategy and frequency of risk identification.