In this paper a theory of marital fertility transition that treats birth control diffusion processes and the effects of mortality decline and economic and social development on fertility within a common analytical framework is developed. Utility-cost concepts provide the means for an integrated treatment. Family size utility functions are used and the theory is focused on the effects of development and diffusion on the utilities and costs of alternative family sizes. The principal innovation lies in the conceptualization and analysis of diffusion of birth control, in which the psychic costs of violating social norms against birth control play a central role. When norms shift in favour of birth control, the psychic costs of birth control fall, causing a decline in the demand for children. In highly integrated populations this process can occur very rapidly, resulting in rapid diffusion of birth control and sudden and rapid fertility decline.


Yong Le (1403-24), the third emperor of Ming Dynasty, sent altogether forty-eight missions abroad in twenty-two years. 1 These included Annam (which came under the Ming rule after 1406 for about two decades only) and most countries from Cambodia through the Indian Ocean. Of the forty-eight missions, only eight are known to have been led by bureaucrats: all three to Cambodia, and some early missions to Champa, Siam, Brunei, and the port of Palembang (Jiugang). For the rest


A control strategy incorporating a fixed carrier frequency constraint on the optimal field is presented. As an illustrative example we consider the creation of maximum coherence in a six-level system by solving the Schrödinger equation without the rotating-wave approximation in the field-interaction representation. We demonstrate that application of the optimal control theory optimization reformulated in the field-interaction representation allows one to keep the carrier frequency of the control field constant and successfully optimize off-resonant processes in multilevel quantum systems.


Structurally colored cross-linkable compounds usable in coating compositions of the formula: (I) wherein A is a single bond, an oxygen atom or an group, R1 being an alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, beta -cyanoethyl, methoxymethyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, monochlorophenyl or dichlorophenyl; X is the residue of a dye of the formula X(COOH)n or X(AH)n; Z is the residue of a polyisocyanate Z-N=C=O)p+1; Y is the residue of a hydroxyl compound YOH bearing q groups having a polymerizable ethylenic double bond; p is 1 or 2; n is a whole number from 1 to 4; and q is a whole number from 1 to 7, are disclosed together with methods for their preparation, their use in coating compositions and the coatings obtained thereby.


The Ba atom in the title complex, [Ba(C8H5O3)2(H2O)7], is nine-coordinated by two formyl O atoms and seven water molecules. A mirror plane bisects the molecule, with the Ba and three water O atoms lying on the plane. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link molecules into a three-dimensional network.


A statistical analysis is presented of tensile and bending strengths of a porous sintered structural steel which exhibits non-linear, quasi-brittle, behaviour. It is the result of existing natural flaws (pores and oxide inclusions) and of the formation of fresh flaws when stress is applied. The analysis is by two- and three-parameter Weibull statistics. Weibull modulus, a measure of reliability, was estimated by the maximum likelihood method for specimen populations < 30. Probability distributions were compared on the basis of goodness to fit using the Anderson-Darling tests. The use of the two-parameter Weibull distribution for strength data of quasi-brittle sintered steels is questioned, because there is sufficient evidence that the 3-parameter distribution fits the data better.


Objective To explore effects of sequential application of parathyroid hormone(PTH) and alendronate(Alen) on ultrastructure of bone in glucocorticoids-induced osteoporotic rabbits.Methods 30 rabbits were randomly divided into the control group,hormone group,and PTH and Alen treatment group,10 in each group.All rabbits were sacrificed after nine weeks.The baseline and the fourth loumbarwad were taken for the electron microscopic observation.Results The osteocytes of the hormone group represented resorptive,degenerative and decreased ones.The osteocytes of the control group represented formative and resorptive ones.However,the osteocytes of the treatment group represented formative and resorptive ones,and the ratio of resorptive ones was higher than the control group.Conclusion PTH and Alen have effect on preventing induced ultrastructure changes of bone in osteoporosis rabbits by glucocorticoid.


CVD diamond has become the mainstream trend for the development of diamond. Its ultra precision machining is one of the key technologies for expanding the application of CVD diamond film. The efficient polishing method is studied, called accelerant polishing technology, which can lower the activation energy needed in diamond graphitization by the accelerant action of transition metal. It accelerates reaction rates of graphitization and promotes the implementation of diamond's removal mechanism. Experimentation results indicate that the polishing method is one new type of precision polishing technology with low cost and high efficiency.


The present invention relates to a mould drum for moulding products from a mass of food starting material. The mould drum comprises one or more cavities with a mould cavity wall having at least partially a porous structure, whereas each cavity is connected to a passage. The present invention further relates to a cleaning apparatus and a forming apparatus preferably provided with a cleaning device for the inventive mould drum with supporting means for supporting the axis of the drum. Additionally, the present invention relates to a process for cleaning the inventive drum.


This white paper, based upon the final report of the University of Michigan Library Authority Control Working Group, submitted March 30, 2011, demonstrates that, within an environment of a single, Google-like search box, results are far more accurate with controlled headings.


Abstract. Purpose is to study the effect of milk production technology in the SPK "Glinskiy" with the use of robotic milking machines Lely Astronaut, DeLaval and linear milking machine ADM-8A, on the efficiency of milk production. Methods. An analysis of the efficiency of milk production with various technologies of keeping and milking cows was carried out on the basis of materials for accounting for milk productivity obtained for 2016–2019, and also the marketability of milk, the cost per unit of milk and the profitability of milk production during robotic milking and milking in a milk pipeline were determined. Scientific novelty. The analysis of the economic efficiency of milk production in the conditions of one farm is carried out, the differences in the level of milk productivity and milk quality are determined. Calculated: the cost price of 1 kg of milk obtained using the milking machine ADM-8 and automated milking machines Lely and DeLaval, profitability. Results. A large number of factors, both genetic and paratypical, affect the milk production of cows. The main paratypical factor is milk production technology, which includes keeping, feeding and milking livestock. Nowadays, the widespread technology is tethering cows with milking in a long milk pipe in stalls, this technology is considered traditional. She is being replaced by a more productive one – keeping a milking herd without a tether in groups with milking on automatic milking machines (robotic milking). Feeding with these two technologies is organized according to different principles. Our study revealed the influence of milking technology on the efficiency of milk production. As a result of the study, differences in the level of milk productivity and milk quality were determined. Our study revealed a positive effect of milking technology with the help of robotic installations on the efficiency of milk production: milk yield for each lactation increases by 7–28 %, which is confirmed by the lactation constancy index, the content of somatic cells in milk decreases to 2.4 × 105 cells per 1 cm3 providing an increase in the marketability of milk to 97.4%, in terms of physical and chemical indicators, milk of cows, with different methods of keeping, was within the normal range and average values for the herd.


Human resource development through education has been a subject of serious concern for many policyand decision-makers particularly those involved in rural community development programmes. This is true for both developed and developing nation-states. The developed countries have already succeeded in introducing various technologies in the school system while many others arc still trying to achieve these goals by not merely depending on the print-based materials as medium of instructions. Technology is often defined in terms of its more obvious artifacts such as equipment. It relates to the systematic thinking, planning and implementationnecessarytoproducegoodsandservicesofvalue.Australiaisacase in point, which has ventured to introduce technology in the post-primary schools in the rural areas. These technologies constitute mostly the tekpaks (scaled down working models, toolkits, teacher manuals, student exercises, and supplementary media materials) and telcmatics (combination of information and communications technologies).


Introduction. To date, Рalivizumab is the only approved monoclonal antibody preparation used to prevent the development of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The aim of the work is to evaluate the benefits of immunization with Palivizumab in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a day hospital of the Federal Center.
Materials and methods. One hundred seven infants of different gestational age at birth were immunized with Palivizumab in the day patient department of hospital-replacing technologies. The preparation was administered to infants at risk for the formation of severe consequences of an RSV infection.
Results. Of the 107 children hospitalized in the day hospital, 74 premature babies were diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (69%). Before immunization all infants were consulted by pediatrician, pulmonologist, and if necessary, other specialists. Discussion. The length of stay of children in a day hospital ranged from 2 to 3.5 hours on average. Each child stayed with their parents in a separate room. During this time period, the patient received the full range of the services associated with immunization.
Conclusion. Thus, immunization with Palivizumab in a day hospital of the Federal Center allows implementing a comprehensive multidisciplinary and individual approach to each infant, without exposing him to an undesirable risk of infection, in compliance with the principle of staged nursing of premature infants for patients with a new form of bronchopulmonary dysplasia who need a long follow-up observation.


Spaceborne gravitational-wave (GW) detectors observing at milli-Hz and deci-Hz frequencies are expected to detect large numbers of quasi-monochromatic signals. The first and second time-derivative of the GW frequency ($\dot f_0$ and $\ddot f_0$) can be measured for the most favourable sources and used to look for negative post-Newtonian corrections, which can be induced by the source's environment or modifications of general relativity. We present an analytical, Fisher-matrix-based approach to estimate how precisely such corrections can be constrained. We use this method to estimate the bounds attainable on the time evolution of the gravitational constant $G(t)$ with different classes of quasi-monochromatic sources observable with LISA and DECIGO, two representative spaceborne detectors for milli-Hz and deci-Hz GW frequencies. We find that the most constraining source among a simulated population of LISA galactic binaries could yield $\dot G/G_0 \lesssim 10^{-6}\text{yr}^{-1}$, while the best currently known verification binary will reach $\dot G/G_0 \lesssim 10^{-4}\text{yr}^{-1}$. We also perform Monte-Carlo simulations using quasi-monochromatic waveforms to check the validity of our Fisher-matrix approach, as well as inspiralling waveforms to analyse binaries that do not satisfy the quasi-monochromatic assumption. We find that our analytical Fisher matrix produces good order-of-magnitude constraints even for sources well beyond its regime of validity. Monte-Carlo investigations also show that chirping stellar-mass compact binaries detected by DECIGO-like detectors at cosmological distances of tens of Mpc can yield constraints as tight as $\dot G/G_0 \lesssim 10^{-11}\text{yr}^{-1}$.


The operator algebra of cellular automata cellular automata arithmetic fixed points and cycles commutation of CA rules additive rules - I. basic analysis additive rules - II. cycle structures and entropy additive rules - III. computation of predecessors the binary difference rule computation of pre-images the garden of Eden time series simulation surjectivity of cellular automata rules.


PURPOSE
To examine the relationship between near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signals and venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation (O2Hb%) and venous oxygen concentration (CvO2).

METHODS
Gastrocnemius muscles (GS) in six dogs were surgically isolated and pump perfused. NIRS signals were recorded and venous blood samples were collected at constant flow rates (Control Flow, High Flow and Low Flow) at rest as well as during electrically stimulated tetanic muscle contractions at rates of 1 contraction/2 s (1/2 s) and 2 contractions/3 s (2/3 s). Similar data were also collected at three different inspired O2 percentages (12%, 21%, and 100%) with constant blood flow.

RESULTS
Complete data from five animals were analyzed; all data from one animal were deleted because of erratic oxy-NIRS signals. Venous O2Hb% ranged from 7.6% to 97.5% across the various experimental conditions. After the NIRS signals were normalized to the physiological range, a high linear correlation was seen between the deoxygenated heme signal (HHbMb%) and venous O2Hb% (R = 0.92 ± 0.05), between the oxygenated heme signal (HbMbO2%) and venous O2Hb% (R = 0.92 ± 0.03), between HHbMb% and CvO2 (R = 0.89 ± 0.06), and between HbMbO2% and CvO2 (R = 0.90 ± 0.05). The overall relationships between HHbMb%, HbMbO2% and venous O2Hb%, as well as between HHbMb%, HbMbO2% and CvO2 were also linear and highly correlated with R values ranging from 0.81 to 0.90.

CONCLUSION
In this controlled canine muscle model, NIRS signals are highly correlated with venous O2Hb% and CvO2 across a wide range of physiological conditions. The practical application of our results is that for an individual muscle or perhaps muscle group, normalized NIRS HHbMb and HbMbO2 signals accurately reflect the mean venous O2 saturation of the interrogated muscle tissue.


According to one embodiment of the present invention, an electronic apparatus, the hollow rotary ring that can be installed rotating on the inside of the electronic device and, at least one pigam member to be disposed at specific intervals on the rotating ring, the rotating ring according to the rotation may include at least one sensor, and a processor for controlling to perform the functions set according to the detection of the detection sensor for sensing the at least one delay pigam sequentially. Further, it is possible that other embodiments.


2005 This dissertation proposes a novel scheme for neighbour discovery in Bluetooth that achieves fast discovery times and low power consumption. To tune the parameter values of the scheme, we develop a simulator to comprehensively explore the large parameter space and then validate the simulation results for selected parameter values through measurements with real devices. Our results show a twofold improvement in both mean discovery time and power consumption, at the same time, over the previously best known scheme. The evaluation of our neighbour discovery scheme reveals that there is a trade-off in the selection of its parameters between energy efficiency and discovery time. In the second part of this thesis, we propose two adaptive algorithms for dynamically switching these parameters, based on past activity. We evaluate these algorithms in a node mobility simulation. Our adaptive algorithms reduce energy consumption by 50% and have up to 8% better performance over a na¨ıve, power-conserving scheme. ii Acknowledgements


Jawbones have various properties that result from their peculiar embryonic development. Jawbones play a pivotal role in anchoring teeth. Any disturbance in their development leads to the pathology of the jaw and their surrounding structures. Since these pathologies develop from the jaw they have typical clinical radiographic and histologic features. The case report highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis which will lead to proper treatment and counselling of the patient.
This is a case report of 12 years old female patient who came to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with a chief complaint of caries. Later, on examination, the unusual swelling in the maxilla was noted with the patient being completely unaware and asymptomatic. On correlating various clinical radiographic and histologic features a rarest of rare concealed pathology of jaw bone was unshielded.


The present invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical synthesis, in particular a novel oseltamivir preparation method. By using an organic solvent agent, a reaction is performed for 2-4 hours by the Lindlar catalyst, the palladium content of which is 5%, under a certain pressure to obtain oseltamivir, wherein the reaction temperature is room temperature. According to the preparation method provided by the present invention, a column chromatography method is not necessarily used for purification, the experiment operation is simplified, the reaction time is shortened, the cost is lowered, and the obtained yield is high.


superior, substitutes for daunorubicin.4,5 More recently, a trial conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) demonstrated that doubling the dose of daunorubicin to 90 mg/m2 3 (cumulative dose 270 mg/m2) significantly improved survival in adults with AML under the age of 60 years.6 In the current study by the JALSG, daunorubicin 50 mg/m2 5 (cumulative dose 250 mg/m2) was found to be equivalent but not superior to idarubicin 12 mg/m2 3. Importantly, in both the ECOG and JALSG studies, the higher than standard doses of daunorubicin did not appear to increase the risk of infection or cardiomyopathy. What conclusions can be made? Whether one should use high-dose daunorubicin (250-270 mg/m2 cumulative dose) or either idarubicin, mitoxantrone (or even daunorubicin at 60 mg/m2 3) is unanswered, but one point should be a clear: daunorubicin 45 mg/m2 3 is no longer the standard of care in AML patients under the age of 65 years. The rationale for the administration of high doses of ara-C is based on a multitude of clinical and pharmacodynamic studies conducted over the past 3 decades. The oft-cited Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) trial 8461 demonstrated that, in patients under the age of 60 years, repeated cycles of ara-C administered at a cumulative dose of 18 g/m2 led to superior survival compared with lower cumulative doses of 2 g/m2 or 500 mg/m2.7 Further analysis of this trial, as well as others, showed that the benefit of the high-dose arm was observed, for the most part, in patients with a favorable karyotype; t(8;21) and Inv (16)—the core binding factor (CBF) leukemias.8 The JALSG study published in this issue reaffirms the effectiveness of high-dose ara-C compared with standard doses in CBF mutated AML patients, but shows a lack of benefit over standarddose ara-C– based consolidation therapy in the intermediate and unfavorable karyotypic subsets of AML. Are we giving too much ara-C to patients with AML? The higher incidence of prolonged myelosuppression and serious infections observed in patients treated on the highdose ara-C arm of the JALSG study should mandate a clearly proven clinical benefit for high doses to justify the risk of increased toxicity. For patients with CBF AML, the benefit of high-dose ara-C has now been demonstrated in multiple studies and this approach should be considered the standard of care. However, do we have to deliver up to 18 g/m2 to these patients or can we obtain similar efficacy with a dose somewhere between 2 and 18 g/m2? This is as yet unanswered. Also unanswered is the relevance of C-Kit mutations associated with the CBF AMLs. Do these patients benefit from the higher doses? For AML patients with intermediate and poor-risk karyotypes, the benefit of postremission high-dose ara-C is less well established. A retrospective analysis by the CALGB showed that in AML patients with a normal karyotype, a significant disease-free, but not overall survival, advantage was observed in the intermediate-dose and high-dose ara-C cohorts compared with lower doses.9 The current JALSG study suggests that these patients do just as well with standard-dose regimens. None of the studies have demonstrated an advantage for ara-C dose escalation in poor-risk patients. Thus it can be argued that the routine use of high doses of ara-C may not be justified in patients other than those with a CBF mutation. It is unfortunate that data on NPM1 and FLT-3 mutations are not available from the JALSG study. Retrospective trials have demonstrated that patients with NPM1 mutations, without FLT-3 mutations, have similar outcomes to those of patients with CBF mutations, and it would be helpful to know if high-dose ara-C is an important factor in this outcome.10 Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The author declares no competing financial interests. ■ REFERENCES


Cooperative banking – retail banking, carried out by locally-based small institutions, for years has played an important role in their local environments, enhancing bank reputation and trust. However, pre-crisis deregulation and the growing size and complexity of banking firms and post-crisis restructuring based on massive public assistance aimed at stabilizing the largest banks, create a hostile environment for locally based, small banks. Despite many declarations, the competitive, customer-friendly banking market is no longer a regulatory priority in the post-crisis era. Consequently, this paper analyses the relative position and future prospect of small banks,  based on the example of Polish cooperative banking. It concentrates on the question of whether those banks are indirectly discriminated against and in which way the sector could be aided.


The author of this thesis attempted to use the S-semigroups to determine series-parallel, and feedback decompositions of automata. This attempt was frustrated by a lack of knowledge of the structure of S-semigroups. Nor was it possible to determine the relation between an S-semigroup of an automaton and the S-semigroups of the automata involved in a decomposition of that automaton, for the same reason.


Abstract This book deals with the simultaneous making of Portuguese engineers and the Portuguese nation-state from the mid seventeenth century to the late twentieth century. It argues that the diff...


Teacher professional learning is widely accepted as a mediating factor for enhancing student outcomes. While many teachers across the world engage in professional development (PD) to enhance their professional learning, what is less evident is how to support that learning to result in change following teacher PD. Acknowledging that not all teacher PD needs to result in new practices and change, this paper focuses on a transformative model of PD, focused on implementing and sustaining change. This paper offers evidence of successful implementation and sustainability of practices by drawing from in-depth semi-structured interviews with teachers and principals in five Irish case study schools. It reports on the Systemic Factors to support implementation and sustainability of change: Support, Initiative design and Impact and Teacher Agency. Implications are drawn for bridging the gap between knowledge and practice or teacher PD and change within schools.


Objective To investigate the expression of microRNA-145 and microRNA-375(miR-145 and miR-375)in invasive ductal breast cancer and its clinical significance.Methods Surgical specimens of breast cancer and normal breast tissue were collected from 41 patients with histopathologically confirmed invasive ductal breast carcinoma.The expression of miR-145 and miR- 375 were examined by RT-PCR,and its correlation with clinical data was analyzed by using SPSS software.Results The expressions of miR-145 and miR-375 in breast cancer specimens were significantly lower than those of normal tissue(P0.01).The expression of miR-145 was closely correlated with TNM stage,lymph node metastasis and tumor size(P0.01);and was not correlated with ER,PR status.The expression of miR-375 was correlated with TNM stage,tumor size(P0.01),lymph node metastasis and PR status(P0.05),and not correlated with ER status. Conclusion miR-145 and miR-375 are down-regulated in breast cancer,which indicates that miR-145 and miR-375 may function as tumor suppressor gene and might be used to evaluate the malignancy of breast cancer.


General meaning of the Mutual Fund Sharia (Islamic Infestment Fund) are not much different from the meaning of Mutual Funds in general. What distinguishes Conventional Mutual Funds Mutual Funds with Shariah lies in its operation, in which the Fund uses the provisions of sharia principles. Mutual Funds in Sharia principles used in the form of contract between owners of capital (rab al-mal) and the Investment Manager (amyl), selection and implementation of investment transactions, and in determining the distribution of results. Islamic Investment Fund is an agency that helps intermediaris surplus units do placements and to invest. One of the objectives of Shariah Fund is to meet the needs of investors who want to earn investment income from a source and a clean and accountable religiously, and in line with Sharia principles. Based on the background have been described, it is at issue is: How does the comparison of Mutual Funds and Mutual Funds Conventional Syariah? How forms of execution of the agreement (contract) in the mechanism of Sharia investment through mutual funds? How is legal protection for investors in Shariah investments through Mutual Funds? The method used in this paper is Normative research methods, with data collection in literature (Library Reseach). In this study, data collection method adopted by the authors is to use a technique reviewers of the sources of data have been obtained and related to the research problem. The study documents (library materials) data collection undertaken by the author is through the written record. By way of seeking data about things or variables such as notes, transcripts, books, newspapers, etc., that there is room library Keywords: Juridist, Reksa Dana, Syariah


demonstrated that the mixing of confined quantum fluids of light and GHz sound leads to the emergence of an elusive phonoriton quasi-particle—in part a quantum of light (photon), a quantum of sound (phonon) and a semiconductor exciton. This discovery opens a novel way to coherently convert information between optical and microwave domains, bringing potential benefits to the fields of photonics, optomechanics and optical communication technologies


The speech and hearing-impaired community use sign language as the primary means of communication. It is quite challenging for the general population to interpret or learn sign language completely. A sign language recognition system must be designed and developed to address this communication barrier. Most current sign language recognition systems rely on wearable sensors, keeping the recognition system unaffordable for most individuals. Moreover, the existing vision-based sign recognition frameworks do not consider all of the spatial and temporal information required for accurate recognition. A novel vison-based hybrid deep neural net methodology is proposed in this study for recognizing Indian and Russian sign gestures. The proposed framework is aimed to establish a single framework for tracking and extracting multi-semantic properties, such as non-manual components and manual co- articulations. Furthermore, spatial feature extraction from the sign gestures is deployed using a 3D deep neural net with atrous convolutions. The temporal and sequential feature extraction is carried out by employing attention-based Bi-LSTM. In addition, the distinguished abstract feature extraction is done using the modified autoencoders. The discriminative feature extraction for differentiating the sign gestures from unwanted transition gestures is done by leveraging the hybrid attention module. The experimentation of the proposed model has been carried out on the novel multi-signer Indo-Russian sign language dataset. The proposed sign language recognition framework with hybrid neural net yields better results than other state-of-the-art frameworks.


Farmers are a fundamental force in building a new socialist countryside,however if they have no increase of income,the construction of a new countryside will be an empty talk.The rural vocational education in which serving the rural economical construction must do according to the need of farmers,adjusting the resources,increasing finance investment,strengthening the construction of teachers troop,managing the characteristic vocational education according to the present condion,carrying on specialized establishment and the reform of course content,and begining to construct the platform so as to serve the farmers.


The Hotel English course aims to cultivate talents who can adapt to the trend of internationalization of the hotel industry. Therefore, qualified hotel employees must have good cross-cultural communication ability and cultural quality and other professional qualities. With the continuous advancement of educational reform, turning over the concept of classroom teaching mode has become an important research direction of higher education reform. By analyzing the characteristics and teaching status of hotel English, this paper analyses the problems and teaching programs of hotel English teaching under the background of information technology, so as to provide more opportunities for future hotel students to develop. The aim is to improve students' learning style and enhance their comprehensive ability. Emphasis on the process of student learning, focusing on the integration of students' abilities, advocating the collaboration of students' learning methods, and ensuring the electronicization of students' learning and practice. According to this model, the teaching design and practice of the English course of educational technology is carried out, and the suggestions for effectively applying the model are put forward. It has certain reference significance for solving the problem of curriculum teaching, improving teaching quality and promoting teaching reform.


Performance of sort-first cluster parallel rendering system is greatly influenced by load balance. Static load balancing method is poorly adaptive. As to dynamical methods, those based on geometry data traversing are not practical, and those based on coarse geometry data granularity can be put into practice but depend on the pretreatment of geometry data. Therefore, a practical load balancing method based on render history was proposed. This method does not depend on geometry data, but utilizes render time of previous frame and its information of load distribution as the input of load balancing for the next frame's rendering. The method is tested on cluster rendering platform and the test results show that it is very effective.


Summary form only given. A high thermally resistant material for a high average power laser has been required with scalability because the present laser materials do not have the necessary thermal properties. Quartz glass is a very special material which has not only a low thermal expansion coefficient indicating high thermal tolerance, but also high transmittance in the ultraviolet region, and a low nonlinear refractive index. We fabricated Nd Zeolite X-doped SiO/sub 2/ by the sol-gel method with colloidal silica. The Nd Zeolite X and colloidal silica powder mixture was gelled and dried and then sintered to be optically transparent. The fluorescence property of Nd Zeolite X-doped SiO/sub 2/ (Nd/sub 2/O/sub 3/:1.0wt.%) is shown. The peak fluorescence wavelength of /sup 4/F/sub 3/2/ to /sup 4/I/sub 11/2/ transition of Nd/sup 3+/ is at 1062 nm, which is able to work as an amplifier of YAG laser (1064 nm). The fluorescence lifetime is 403 /spl mu/s and the stimulated emission cross section is calculated as 1.15 x 10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/. These values are suitable for high-power laser application.


The purpose of this study is to examine and project John Rawls' idea of "public reason" in its differential potentiality, in relation to the problem of effe...


An abstract of a paper on this subject has been already published, but the paper itself was withdrawn for the purpose of revision. The fresh experiments which have been for this purpose instituted during the last year were made with improved apparatus, and the coefficient of viscosity of air redetermined, with a view of enabling the author to make more accurate correction for the effect of the resistance of the air. These more recent experiments on the loss of energy of a torsionally vibrating wire, besides confirming the results of the older ones, as far as the latter have been published, have furnished, more or less in addition, the following facts relating to the internal molecular friction of metals.


In this study comprehension of formal production features of two age group children was compared. 32 preschool(mean =4.4 yr) and 32 school-age(mean=7.4 yr) children watched parts of 6 programs(27 imn) in a small group under either free or test-instruction condition. Immediately after viewing, children were tested individually with short scenes from the programs. Comprehension level was analyzed as a mixed design with age(2), sex(2), order of program presentation(2 : 123456 vs. 456123) and instruction (2) as between-subjects variables and content area (4) as a within-subject variable. As results, the main effect of age (F(1, 48)=24.78, p<0.000) and three way interaction effect among age by order of presentation by instruction (F(1, 48)=7.27, p<.Ol) were found significant. In the within-subject variable analyses, the main effect of content area (F(3, 144)=37.98, p<.000) and two way interaction effect of contest area by age (F(3, 144) =3.23, p<.024) were also significant. Comprehension was high in the order of spatial relation (83.9%), connotative meaning (60.9%), temporal relation (58.3%) and special effect (37.5%). Two age group performed differently in all content areas except the temporal relation. In the detailed analyses, however, comprehension level was changed significantly depending format production features even in the same content area. Therefore it was suggested that appropriate formal features should be used in children`s program.


Context. Recent NuSTAR observations revealed a somewhat unexpected increase in the X-ray flux of the nucleus of NGC1068. We expect the infrared emission of the dusty torus to react on the intrinsic changes of the accretion disk. Aims. We aim to investigate the origin of the X-ray variation by investigating the response of the mid-infrared environment. Methods. We obtained single-aperture and interferometric mid-infrared measurements and directly compared the measurements ob- served before and immediately after the X-ray variations. The average correlated and single-aperture fluxes as well as the di ff erential phases were directly compared to detect a possible change in the structure of the nuclear emission on scales of ∼ 2pc. Results. The flux densities and di ff erential phases of the observations before and during the X-ray variation show no significant change over a period of ten years. Possible minor variations in the infrared emission are (cid:46) 6%. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the mid-infrared environment of NGC1068 has remained unchanged for a decade. The recent transient change in the X-rays did not cause a significant variation in the infrared emission. This independent study supports previous conclusions that stated that the X-ray variation detected by NuSTAR observations is due to X-ray emission piercing through a patchy section of the dusty region.


The birth in captivity of an orang utan is described, the mother being a young primiparou animal. A description is given of the foetal membranes.


Abstract A stochastic meta‐production frontier model is estimated to examine the inter‐country differences in levels of technical efficiency of semi‐intensive/intensive and extensive carp pond culture systems among the major carp producing countries in South Asia, namely India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. The mean technical efficiencies for semi‐intensive/intensive farms vary from 0.68 for Nepal to 0.79 for India, with an overall average of 0.75 and those for extensive farms vary from 0.48 for Bangladesh to 0.62 for Pakistan, with an overall mean of 0.57. Differences in efficiency levels are explained in terms of various farm‐specific and country‐specific factors by estimating a model for technical inefficiency effects. The adoption of recommended fish, water, and feed management practices is found to be critical for improved performance of carp producers. For each country, the study also compares the efficiency scores based on its own production frontier with those obtained from the meta‐production frontier.


From a philosophical perspective, the author discusses Confucius' ideas on learning, including learning as the foundation, learning for knowledge, learning for thinking and learning for improvement, which the author believes are the foundation of Confucius' ideas on education and an important part of Chinese cultural tradition.


This paper describes compression of images with the help of JPEG compression technique. JPEG compression is a lossy technique because the redundant data is selectively discarded to achieve good compression ratio. The images are compressed using Discrete Cosine Transform. The paper also discusses how different levels of compression can be achieved.


Nearly 60% of Antarctic invertebrate species are found nowhere else in the world but Antarctica. They have clearly not arrived on the continent recently, but must have been there for millions of years. How they survived past ice ages, the most recent of which ended less than 20,000 years ago, has long puzzled scientists. Now an international collaboration, including British Antarctic Survey scientists, has found new evidence that the steam and heat from volcanoes and heated rocks may have allowed plants and animals to survive. The steam and heat can melt large ice caves under the glaciers, or keep small areas of ground ice-free, as well as providing a much warmer environment than in the general frozen region, in which species could survive. This could solve the long-running mystery of how some species survived in parts of the planet covered by glaciers. The research team studied the vast records of Antarctic species collected over decades by hundreds of researchers. They found that there are more species close to volcanoes, and fewer further away, suggesting that some species took refuge there and have been gradually moving away since the last ice age. The findings can help scientists understand how species survived past ice ages in other icy regions across the globe, including in periods when it is thought there was little or no ice-free land on the planet.. Furthermore, they indicate the likely locations of biodiversity "hotspots" in Antarctica, suggesting a critical focus for future conservation efforts.


This Request for Comments (RFC) provides information about the
preparation of RFCs, and certain policies relating to the publication
of RFCs. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.


Migration, far from being the loss of the migrant's identity, often results in powerful forms of cultural and social mobilization. Such mobilization is more visible today due to easier access to varied means of communication. Somalis in Canada are trying to maintain their cultural identity through daily use of video, television, and radio. The media practices of the Somali community reflect the desire to create a space to negotiate a point of view, critical to being represented in the Canadian public space, and to propose a specific vision of the lived world. Designing this space reflects the need to create a "footprint" for the symbolic reconstruction of war-torn Somalia.


THIS IS THE PRE-PEER REVIEWED VERSION OF THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE: Gilson AM, Maurer MA, Ryan KM, Skemp-Brown M, Husain A, Cleary JF. Ensuring patient access to essential medicines while minimizing harmful use: a revised World Health Organization tool to improve national drug control policy. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2011;25(3):246-51., WHICH HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN FINAL FORM AT http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/15360288.2011.599485.


This thesis extends the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm to solve the mult!ple-input, multiple-output problem of alleviating N/Rev (revolutions per minute by number of blades) helicopter fuselage vibration by means of adaptive inverse control. A frequency domain locally linear model is used to represent the transfer matrix relating the higher harmonic pitch control inputs to the harmonic vibration outputs to be controlled. By using the inverse matrix as the controller gain matrix, an adaptive inverse regulator is formed to alleviate the N/Rev vibration. The stability and rate of convergence properties of the extended LMS algorithm are discussed. It is shown that the stability ranges for the elements of the stability gain matrix are directly related to the eigenvalues of the vibration signal information matrix for the learning phase, but not for the control phase. The overall conclusion is that the LMS adaptive inverse control method can form a robust vibration control system, but will require some tuning of the input sensor gains, the stability gain matrix, and the amount of control relaxation to be used. The learning curve of the controller during the learning phase is shown to be quantitatively close to that predicted by averaging the learning curves of the normal modes. For higher order transfer matrices, a rough estimate of the inverse is needed to start the algorithm efficiently. The simulation results indicate that the factor which most influences LMS adaptive inverse control is the product of the control relaxation and the the stability gain matrix. A small stability gain matrix makes the controller less sensitive to relaxation selection, and permits faster and more stable vibration reduction, than by choosing the stability gain matrix large and the control relaxation term small. It is shown that the best selections of the stability gain matrix elements and the amount of control relaxation is basically a compromise between slow, stable convergence and fast convergence with increased possibility of unstable identification. In the simulation studies, the LMS adaptive inverse control algorithm is shown to be capable of adapting the inverse (controller) matrix to track changes in the flight conditions. The algorithm converges quickly for moderate disturbances, while taking longer for larger disturbances. Perfect knowledge of the inverse matrix is not required for good control of the N/Rev vibration. However it is shown that measurement noise will prevent the LMS adaptive inverse control technique from controlling the vibration, unless the signal averaging method presented is incorporated into the algorithm.


Abstract Raman studies in the low frequency region (<100cm−1) as a function of temperature, has been undertaken on single crystal of cesium titanyl arsenate (CTA). A soft mode like behavior for the lowest optic phonon for A1 symmetry has been observed. Temperature dependence of the mode intensity and the frequency shift suggest the possible coupling of the soft optical mode with the acoustic mode. The present results, give the first strong proof of ferroelectric nature a crystal of the KTP family.


The liquid medium B-2 proved to be significantly more sensitive for the isolation of tubercle bacteria from menstrual blood and endometrium than the standard U1T egg medium. In female genital tubercul


For a connected simple graph $ G $ with $ A_{\alpha} $ eigenvalues $ \rho_{1}\geq\rho_{2}\geq\dots\geq\rho_{n} $ and a real number $\beta $, let $ S_{\beta}^{\alpha}(G) =\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\rho_{i}^{\beta}$ be the sum of the $ \beta^{th} $ powers of the $ A_{\alpha} $ eigenvalues of graph $ G $. In this paper, we obtain various bounds for the graph invariant $ S_{\beta}^{\alpha}(G) $ in terms of different graph parameters. As a consequence, we obtain the bounds for the quantity $ IE^{A_{\alpha}}(G)= S_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\alpha}(G),$ the $ A_{\alpha} $ energy-like invariant of the graph $ G .$


Abstract Art flourished during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and members of both the imperial court and the elite scholar-official class were active patrons. Blue-and-white porcelain, carved lacquerware, painting, and calligraphy were exceptional products of the period and, therefore, have gained an international reputation. These Ming arts are well represented in museum collections worldwide; however, an equally distinguished Ming art—garden design, is less well known. Obviously the Ming gardens were impermanent and immobile and, therefore, had to be observed during the period. Yet the gardens particularly in the area of Suzhou (near modern Shanghai) were such a stupendous addition to the cultural legacy of the period that they influenced all subsequent garden design.


The antibacterial action of Ag-doped Al2O3 nanolayers, deposited by RF reactive magnetron sputtering on hard contact lenses, was established. Synthesis of Ag/Al2O3 protective coatings is necessary for suppressing the infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms following the placement of hard contact lenses. The chemical composition, morphology and optical properties of the coatings were studied. Microbiological studies conducted of the nanocomposite Ag/Al2O3 layers against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) proved their antibacterial effects. Intense action of the layers was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa - full inactivation after 2 hours; Escherichia coli - full inactivation after 5 hours; Staphylococcus aureus – full inactivation after 24 hours. Our experimental findings suggest a very promising application of such antibacterial Ag/Al2O3 nanolayers regarding the reduction of eye infections when the hard contact lenses are used.


Abstract Despite the learning opportunities inherent in Nigeria's history and the country's access to mainstream and alternative development paradigms through decades of development cooperation, its successive post-independence leaders have failed to leverage these opportunities to build a strong, cohesive and prosperous nation. This paper uses comparative desk research to explore key initiatives taken by Japan in its quest for development and, provides some explanations why the replication of similar transformative initiatives in Nigeria remains elusive. Specifically, the study contends that the extractive political and economic institutions foisted on the country by its post-independence leaders, colonial legacy and political instability, mono-economy, policy inconsistency, widespread corruption, among other factors, account for its inability to learn from the development milestones of Japan and indeed other developed nations. The paper concludes that while the lessons offered in Japan's development pathways remain useful to Nigeria, the 'critical historical junctures' and global architecture navigated by the former for its development have changed. Hence, Nigerian leaders must negotiate the country's development within the currents of contemporary realities, eschewing those conducts that undermine inclusive prosperity. The study contributes to the broader discourses on development assistance, knowledge transfers and socio-political impediments to the transformative use of knowledge in receiving countries.


Objective
To analyze the mechanism of metformin in improving oxaliplatin resistance of colorectal cancer cells.

Methods
The expression levels of EIF3G in 71 cases of colorectal cancer and adjacent tissues were detected by RT-qPCR. The survival curve was established by Kaplan-Meier method. The survival rate difference between the two groups was compared by Log-rank test.HCT-116 cells were infected with shEIF3G lentivirus, HCT-116 L-OHP-resistant cell line was constructed.After treated with metformin, sensitivity to L-OHP was detected by CCK-8 assay, RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to analyze the EIF3G mRNA and protein levels. The subcutaneous tumor model of nude mice was constructed to observe the effect of metformin on tumor growth.

Results
The expression level of EIF3G mRNA in colorectal cancer tissues was up-regulated by (3.24±0.43) times compared with paraneoplastic tissues (P<0.01). EIF3G level was significantly correlated with the prognosis of colon cancer patients. Knockdown EIF3G could enhance the L-OHP sensitivity of HCT116/L-OHP cells (P<0.05); Metformin can reduce the expression level of EIF3G and improve the drug resistance of HCT116/L-OHP cells (P<0.05), and inhibit the development of colorectal cancer in vivo (P<0.05).

Conclusion
Metformin can inhibit the expression of EIF3G and improve the L-OHP resistance of HCT-116 cells.

Key words:
Colorectal neoplasms; Metformin; Drug resistance, neoplasms


Abstract This study is aimed at assessing the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on corn flour using dynamic characterization methods including RVA, TPA, Rheometer, SEM, and DSC along with co‐culture technique in order to enhance its applicability by evaluating the variations in rheological, textural, morphological, thermal, and structural properties. Our findings suggested that bacterial incorporation both individually and in combination (co‐culture) revealed an improved corn dough profile with better properties. SEM showed irregular shape of particles having more grooves, indentations, and cracks. RVA demonstrated different pasting behavior on the dough. Bacterial inoculation in flour attributed to increase the TO (68.61–71.18), TP (73.74–78.42), TC (78.78–85.36), melting temperature (10.17–15.19), and ΔH (2.72–5.40). The hardness of corn was found approximately 75% of native dough. In treated corn, an increase was noted in both loss and storage modulus in correspondence with changes in the starch configuration and leaching of constituents. The results from DSC presented an increased melting temperature range and gelatinization enthalpy owing to bacterial treatment accredited to diversified morphological characteristics. The outcomes concluded in demonstration of a novel influence on structural, thermal, morphological, and rheological capabilities and capacities of corn dough. Lactic acid bacteria hydrolyzed part of the corn and flour had smaller, irregularly shaped particles with more holes in them, resulting in a reduced water retaining capacity. Textural, thermal, and pasting profile has also been improved due to degradation of macromolecules. Furthermore, the insight alterations induce various changes leading to improved corn flour. It may also develop the associations about the upright insurgence in the corn dough profile and its potential usage in industry and homes.


of the inedibility of filamen tous algae. These papers are genuine gems. At scientific meetings Maciej Gliwicz is a fireball of energy. He is always thinking about what the speakers are saying, and often con tributing insightful questions for dis cussion. Recently, he has begun to produce a number of excellent stu dents who themselves are carrying on his personal tradition of discover ing genuinely new phenomena. It is a great pleasure to welcome Maciej Gliwicz as an honorary member of our Society. Honorary Member Subcommittee Saran Twombly (Chair) Terry Boyle Judy Grassle Margaret Lowman Joe Travis Dee Doersma Laurel Fox Peter Sale


OBJECTIVE
To establish the models of postmortem redistribution(PMR) in dogs with epidural anesthesia and to investigate the effect of temperature on the PMR of Bupivacaine.

METHODS
Eighteen male dogs were executed by epidural anesthesia with a dose of 5 mg/kg bupivacaine hydrochloride and randomly divided into three groups, room temperature (20-23 degrees C) group, 4 degrees C group and -20 degrees C group. The cardiac blood, peripheral blood, liver and cerebrum were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120h postmortem. The contents of bupivacaine in those samples were analyzed by GC-NPD and GC-MS, the difference among three groups were compared.

RESULTS
The bupivacaine PMR of room temperature group was evident and complex in cardiac blood, peripheral blood and cerebrum. The PMR of 4 degrees C group was weaker and slower than that of normal temperature group. The bupivacaine PMR of the -20 degrees C group was the weakest in three groups.

CONCLUSION
PMR of bupivacaine will happen in epidural anesthesia death dogs, but it could be delayed or prevent by low temperature storage.


Seven ice mass balance instruments deployed near 83°N on different first-year and second-year ice floes, representing variable snow and ice conditions, documented the evolution of snow and ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard in January–March 2015. Frequent profiles of temperature and thermal diffusivity proxy were recorded to distinguish changes in snow depth and ice thickness with 2 cm vertical resolution. Four instruments documented flooding and snow-ice formation. Flooding was clearly detectable in the simultaneous changes in thermal diffusivity proxy, increased temperature, and heat propagation through the underlying ice. Slush then progressively transformed into snow-ice. Flooding resulted from two different processes: (i) after storm-induced breakup of snow-loaded floes and (ii) after loss of buoyancy due to basal ice melt. In the case of breakup, when the ice was cold and not permeable, rapid flooding, probably due to lateral intrusion of seawater, led to slush and snow-ice layers at the ocean freezing temperature (−1.88°C). After the storm, the instruments documented basal sea-ice melt over warm Atlantic waters and ocean-to-ice heat flux peaked at up to 400 W m−2. The warm ice was then permeable and flooding was more gradual probably involving vertical intrusion of brines and led to colder slush and snow-ice (−3°C). The N-ICE2015 campaign provided the first documentation of significant flooding and snow-ice formation in the Arctic ice pack as the slush partially refroze. Snow-ice formation may become a more frequently observed process in a thinner ice Arctic.


Abstract. Recently multispectral LiDAR became a promising research field for enhanced LiDAR classification workflows and e.g. the assessment of vegetation health. Current analyses on multispectral LiDAR are mainly based on experimental setups, which are often limited transferable to operational tasks. In late 2014 Optech Inc. announced the first commercially available multispectral LiDAR system for airborne topographic mapping. The combined system makes synchronic multispectral LiDAR measurements possible, solving time shift problems of experimental acquisitions. This paper presents an explorative analysis of the first airborne collected data with focus on class specific spectral signatures. Spectral patterns are used for a classification approach, which is evaluated in comparison to a manual reference classification. Typical spectral patterns comparable to optical imagery could be observed for homogeneous and planar surfaces. For rough and volumetric objects such as trees, the spectral signature becomes biased by signal modification due to multi return effects. However, we show that this first flight data set is suitable for conventional geometrical classification and mapping procedures. Additional classes such as sealed and unsealed ground can be separated with high classification accuracies. For vegetation classification the distinction of species and health classes is possible.


When measuring velocities in turbulent gas flow, approximation signal analysis with hot wire anemometers having one and two wire probes are used. A numeric test of standard analyses shows the resulting systemmatic error increases quickly with increasing turbulent intensity. Since it also depends on the turbulence structure, it cannot be corrected. The use of such probes is thus restricted to low turbulence. By means of three wire probes (in two dimensional flows with X wire probes) in principle, instantaneous values of velocity can be determined, and an asymmetric arrangement of wires has a theoretical advantage.


Report discussing testing to determine the effects of control profile on the dynamic hinge-moment and flutter characteristics of a trailing-edge flap-type control. A conventional control and two control profile modifications were examined. Information about spring moments is also provided.


This paper displays an improved asymmetric watermarking algorithm.The watermark is constructed on the basis of the theorem of eigenvector and the property of an equation which has innumerable solutions.Calculation of correlation value acts as the method of watermark detection.Moreover we analyze its robustness when exhaustive search and subtraction attack are inflicted on the watermarked content.Finally experiments prove that this algorithm is efficacious.


Due to the recent expansion of the motor fuel ethanol industry, which is largely based upon traditional food and feed crops, supplies of ruminant feeds have become limited in many areas of the world thereby creating a need for alternatives. Rice straw, a substantial biomass source worldwide, could fill this role if its nutritional value was higher. Our aims were to determine changes in the nutritive value of rice straw during long term storage, and short term field drying, as well as the voluntary DM intake of rice straw by heifers before, during and immediately after field drying. In Experiment I, rice straw was macerated and stored for 82 days after baling, but there was no effect on chemical components or 30 h in vitro fermentability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) due to maceration or storage time. In Experiment II, samples of a late maturity tall (M401) and an early maturity short (M202) rice straw variety were collected prior to harvest, during simulated field drying and when fully dried. The M401 had higher acid detergent fiber (473 versus 445 g/kg dry matter (DM); P<0.01), lignin(sa) (38 versus 34 g/kg DM; P<0.01), total Si (55.0 versus 43.0 g/kg DM; P<0.01) and Si in NDF (372 versus 270 g/kg DM of total Si; P=0.01). The M202 produced 14.4, 10.6 and 9.1% more gas than the taller M401 at 4, 24 and 72 h of in vitro fermentation, respectively. Fresh plants produced 6.8, 15.6 and 8.9% more gas than plants collected during simulated field drying and as dry plants at 4, 24 and 72 h of in vitro fermentation, respectively. In Experiment III, voluntary DM intake of rice plants was measured at the same three stages (i.e., fresh, during simulated field drying, dry), and results were consistent with Experiment II, in that DM intake of fresh plants was higher than plants during both simulated field drying and when dry (5.14 versus 4.13 versus 3.69 kg DM/day; P<0.01). That long term storage of straw after baling did not impact levels of its chemical components or 30 h in vitro fermentability of NDF, but gas production of fresh plants was higher than that of plants during simulated field drying and when fully dried, supports the hypothesis that the much higher voluntary DM intake potential of fresh rice plants occurred due to changes during field drying that reduced its fermentability. It seems certain that this depressed DM intake was related to the decrease in fermentability of dry versus fresh plants, although the cause Abbreviations: ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADNDF, sequential analysis with acid detergent followed by neutral detergent; CP, crude protein; D, dry rice straw; DM, dry matter; FD, field drying; dNDF30, 30 h in vitro digestible NDF; Fz, frozen rice straw; GP, gas production; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; OM, organic matter; Pre, pre-harvest rice plants; SFD, rice straw during simulated field drying; SiADF, Si in ADF; SiADNDF, Si in ADNDF; SiNDF, Si in NDF. ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 530 754 7565; fax: +1 530 752 0175. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (P.H. Robinson). 1 Present address: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 1L5, Canada. 0377-8401/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.05.012 Author's personal copy M.B. Santos et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 159 (2010) 96–104 97 of the reduced fermentability is not clear. However analyses of Si levels in the detergent fiber fractions provided indications that the location of the Si in the structural carbohydrates may be important in this regard. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is an eye ailment affecting millions of diabetes patients globally. DR is a systemic pathology, one that occurs due to problems in the insulin levels of the body. Glucose intolerance badly affects the blood circulatory network including the micro-vascular structure of the retina where damaged vessels dump unwanted liquids into it. Early detection is the key here and if not detected and treated in time, DR results in partial to complete blindness in a high percentage of all diabetics worldwide [1]. This review is an attempt at a rundown of various image processing algorithms and systems employed for the recognition of these retinal pathologies. Although the grading efficacy is examined, most of the algorithms are honed in for a target set of patients so abstraction among these is not easy. It is also exhibited that the feature extraction of these pathology detection algorithms has seen stable improvement so much so that their efficiency now competes human expert levels diagnosis.


Abstract The effects of gate entry velocity on the soundness of magnesium alloy ZK51A was investigated. Surface turbulence was evaluated using a high resolution optical video camera. The results show that in this alloy, the critical gate velocity approaches 0·5 m s−1. Surface turbulence phenomena occur at velocities above this value, reducing the mechanical properties of the cast product. The results are in line with the critical gate velocities observed in aluminium alloys.


A new real-time two-stage blind source separation (BSS) method for convolutive mixtures of speech is proposed, in which a single-input multiple-output (SIMO)-model-based independent component analysis (ICA) and a new SIMO-model-based binary masking are combined. SIMO-model-based ICA can separate the mixed signals, not into monaural source signals but into SIMO-model-based signals from independent sources in their original form at the microphones. Thus, the separated signals of SIMO-model-based ICA can maintain the spatial qualities of each sound source. Owing to this attractive property, novel SIMO-model-based binary masking can be applied to efficiently remove the residual interference components after SIMO-model-based ICA. In addition, the performance deterioration due to the latency problem in ICA can be mitigated by introducing real-time binary masking. We develop a pocket-size real-time DSP module implementing the new BSS method, and report the experimental evaluation of the proposed method's superiority to the conventional BSS methods, regarding moving-sound separation.


We introduce the category of information structures, whose objects are suitable diagrams of measurable sets that encode the possible outputs of a given family of observables and their mutual relationships of refinement; they serve as mathematical models of contextuality in classical and quantum settings. Each information structure can be regarded as a ringed site with trivial topology; the structure ring is generated by the observables themselves and its multiplication corresponds to joint measurement. We extend Baudot and Bennequin's definition of information cohomology to this setting, as a derived functor in the category of modules over the structure ring, and show explicitly that the bar construction gives a projective resolution in that category, recovering in this way the cochain complexes previously considered in the literature. Finally, we study the particular case of a one-parameter family of coefficients made of functions of probability distributions. The only 1-cocycles are Shannon entropy or Tsallis α-entropy, depending on the value of the parameter.


Motor control mechanism on a robotic platform has been dominated by microcontroller-based system for the past decade. With the advancement of the reconfigurable hardware platforms such as field programmable gate array (FPGA), such control mechanism is being ported to the platform in order to improve efficiency and achieves higher performance. This paper presents the FPGA implementation of the servomotor control technique which is applied for a six-legged robot platform. The hexapod robot consisted of 18 continuous servomotors with 3 servos on each leg. Each of the servomotors is assigned with single pulse width modulation (PWM) output and could be individually controlled by the main controller. To enable smooth movement of the hexapod, all the PWM output are synchronized based on a simple tripod gait movement. The servo motor controller is implemented in the Spartan-3 FPGA chip and the hardware design is described in Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL). The controller design is simulated and verified using Xilinx's ISE Simulator (ISim). Initial hardware implementation also has been conducted on several basic movements on the hexapod such as standing-up, forward and backward movement. Overall, the implementation of the servomotor controller in an FPGA has offered several advantages in terms of circuit design flexibility and simultaneous command executions when compared to conventional microcontroller-based system.


The formal dimension can greatly condition the operation of an organization. The present article aims to study the mobilization of organizations' formal structures within educational institutions. To achieve this goal, I analyze the situations between 1858 and 1913 in which the bylaws and/or regulations of the Disadvantaged Children's Shelter of Horta (Asilo de Infância Desvalida da Horta-AIDH), the Azores, Portugal, are explicitly noted with different chairmen and administrations through documents found in the organization's archives. We find that these formal instruments are mobilized not only by the chairman and the administration but also by the governance, whether to justify the shelter's operation, legitimize decisions already made, or refer to the importance of these formal official normative guidelines. As a result, we find that this formal dimension is of the utmost importance, not only as a potential guiding framework but also for legitimizing action, even though it does not necessarily reflect the operations of an organization.


Objective To investigate the prevalence of the drug-resistant tuberculosis of this area and provide the evidence for the control and prevention.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the drug-resistant tuberculosis prevalence in Tianjin:The subjects were all culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients newly diagnosed or retreated in Tianjin tuberculosis control institutions from January 2008 to June 2009.The proportion method recommended by WHO/IUATLD was used for testing the strains' susceptibility to rifampicin,isoniazid,streptomicin and ethambutol.Results 656 subjects were included,the prevalence of overall resistance among all cases was 26.98%,the drug-resistance rate of the re-treatment cases was higher than that of new cases (χ2=13.54,P=0.000);SMINHRFPEMB;Single drug resistant was the mainly pattern of the area,the prevalence of MDR-TB among all cases was 6.25%,and the rate of re-treated cases was much higher than that of new cases(χ2=47.09,P=0.000).Conclusion The status of drug resistance tuberculosis in this area is not so serious,single drug resistant is the main pattern,and the re-treated cases are the main prevalence people of drug-resistant.We must strengthen the treatment and management of the new cases,reduce the number of re-treated cases,and implement the strategies and the surveillance seriously to prevent against drug-resistance tuberculosis.


NSV 11154 has been confirmed as a new member of the rare hydrogen-deficient R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars based on new photometric and spectroscopic data. Using new photometry, as well as archival plates from the Harvard archive, we have constructed the historical light curve of NSV 11154 from 1896 to the present. The light curve shows the sudden, deep, irregularly spaced declines characteristic of RCB stars. The visible spectrum is typical of a cool (Teff ≲ 5000 K) RCB star, showing no hydrogen lines, strong C2 Swan bands, and no evidence of 13C. In addition, the star shows small pulsations that are typical of an RCB star and an infrared excess due to circumstellar dust, with a temperature of ∼800 K. The distance to NSV 11154 is estimated to be ∼14.5 kpc. RCB stars are very rare in the Galaxy, so each additional star is important to population studies leading to a better understanding the origins of these mysterious stars. Among the known sample of RCB stars, NSV 11154 is unusual in that it lies well above the Galactic plane (5 kpc) and away from the Galactic center, which suggests that its parent population is neither thick disk nor bulge.


In this paper the results of a series of rockfall impact tests on a sheltering tunnel are discussed. A reinforced-concrete (RC) sphere (mass 850 kg, diameter 0·9 m) was dropped (falling height ranging between 5 m and 45 m) on a tunnel along a road in the Dolomites. This experimental programme represents the extension of a previous one, performed at Politecnico di Milano (Campus Bovisa), when the same RC sphere was dropped on a circular pool filled with a loose sand stratum. The new programme is characterised by larger falling heights and the monitoring of the mechanical response of the shelter. A series of instruments have been employed to measure impact forces, stress propagation within the absorbing soil stratum on top of the shelter, and its deflection. The results, which are in good agreement with available literature data, are presented with the aim of highlighting the features of the complex impact event and discussing the engineering factors to be considered for conceiving a realistic and reliable ...


In recent decades, agrarian landscapes and livelihoods underwent dramatic changes in Southeast Asia. Farming households had to adapt to the mounting influence of global drivers of change in an increasingly connected world (e.g. market integration, economic policies, environmental regulations, climate change). As a result, agrarian societies with agriculture as main occupation, as most important economic activity and as dominant ideology of rural development – gradually shifted to societies increasingly based on industrial production and services. These rapid and profound societal and environmental transformations have been influenced by megatrends such as the commoditization of agriculture, increasing divide between different forms of agriculture e.g. agribusinesses versus smallholders, and diversification of livelihoods. These trends are driven by a combination of factors such as demographic changes, market forces, government policies that impact differently local land uses depending on the stage they have reach in the shift from subsistence agriculture to commercial farming. The range of agricultural productions has greatly expanded, including intensive annual crops, livestock and tree plantations. For example, hybrid maize cultivars have replaced traditional varieties, leading to a sharp yield increase and rapid expansion of the cultivated areas. Equally dramatic was an accelerated shift toward smallholder tree plantations. This market-driven phenomenon was facilitated by strong productivity increases in annual crops, enabling large areas to be released from food production to more profitable and environmentally sustainable tree-based systems


The Black Sea started to play an essential role in our geopolitical calculations only when threat coming from that direction began to grow bigger and bigger. Truthfully, even during the ancient Greek period, Europe didn't pay too much attention to the Black Sea, although we can search in history for some exceptions like the Crimean War. If we considered the Black Sea like a Cinderella, the worldwide and European geopolitics had resembled it like an ugly duckling. But during the past years, the Black Sea area was brought into the spotlight by European organizations, Transatlantic organizations and the global powers, considering its geographical position, it's current threats and not to forget the advantages offered like economic, political and military co-operation.


Four unrelated Calabrian families in which an αJ-globin chain variant segregated have been studied. Structural studies identified the variant as Hb Norfolk (α2 57 (E6) Gly → Asp β2) in one family, and Hb J Oxford (α2 15 (A13) Gly → Asp β2) in three families. The abnormal hemoglobin has been quantitated both in absolute and relative terms in all the carriers in order to obtain information on the possible heterogeneity among the normal αA-haplotypes. The findings in one family strongly suggest that two quantitatively different α-haplotypes segregate. This provides evidence for the occurrence of a quantitative polymorphism of the α-haplotypes also in this population.


The authors model has been elaborated from the sea-beam map of the Rhone deep-sea fan established from a network of 328 parallel and overlapping sea-beam profiles 40 to 60 km long, issued from the Deltarho-Profans cruises of the R.V. Jean-Charcot. It represents marine areas ranging from /minus/2,580 to /minus/200 m. The area above /minus/200 m (marine and continental) has been constructed from preexisting data. This model has been built by Szep (Laboratoire de Geodynamique, Villefranche) at a scale of 1/200,000 by superimposing and pasting on a series of cut-out polystyrene sheets. The thickness of these sheets varies from 5 mm (corresponding to 50 m elevation), in the areas shallower than /minus/2,000 m, to 2 mm (20 m elevation) in the deeper areas in order to provide smoother, more precise fan morphology. The resulting vertical exaggeration is 20. The size of the model, in centimeters, is 144 (L) /times/ 78 (W) /times/ 33 (H). It weighs about 15 kg. All the main features displayed by the sea-beam map are striking: meandering deep central channel, abandoned channels, new fan construction linked with channel avulsion, gravity fault scars, damming salt domes. Other features such as deep, small basins at the foot of themore » canyons are very clear and illustrate the strength of the erosive processes occurring in these areas.« less


ABSTRACT In a survey of instructors of human sexuality courses at 58 US universities and colleges, for 51 institutions the female/male ratio of enrolled undergraduate students ranged from 2/1 to 38/1, and typically 3/1 to 6/1. Most courses were offered in departments of psychology or health, which usually have high F/M ratios for majors. However, the high F/M ratios in sexuality courses could not be explained entirely by departmental or institutional F/M ratios, and were not related to the size of the course, the gender of the instructor, or the geographical area of the country. It is concluded that men are much less likely than women to enrol in a college sexuality course. Many instructors expressed concern about the high F/M ratios and some attributed it to stereotypes about masculinity. Research indicates that masculine ideologies result in many boys having a negative attitude about sex education. Many university men believe that they already know enough about sex, but there was some evidence that men were more likely to enrol when courses were offered on-line, allowing for some degree of anonymity and privacy.


This is a book about domestic "gun culture", not the military use of firearms; and while the author observes that "military and domestic gun culture did not occupy separate universes" (3), the focu...


Using the Martin-Schwinger variational technique (1959), a new theory is obtained for electron-atom (molecule) inelastic scattering. This theory constitutes a higher order approximation than the GRPA elastic theory. In analogy with elastic scattering, an equivalent optical potential, named, the transition potential, is introduced for inelastic scattering. In the GRPA this transition potential is of the first-order static-exchange type. The present theory adds three new effects to the GRPA transition potential. One of them represents the screening of the first-order exchange term, another one the transition polarization effect and the third the effect of the final state field. In contrast to close-coupled or Kohn-type variational theories, the present theory has the advantage of decoupling the scattering channels through the use of the energy-dependent transition potential.


In this paper, the ethanol extraction of flavonoids from Jerusalem artichoke was studied. On the basis of single factor tests, the orthogonal test was used in the optimization of technological parameters. The significance of these factors affecting was in the following order: material ratio > concentration of alcohol > extraction temperature > extraction time. Their optimal parameters were: extraction temperature 80degC, concentration of alcohol 70%, the ratio of solid to liquid 1:20 and extraction time 40 min. Under this optimal condition, the contents of flavonoids were 8.81 mg/g. Antioxidant experiments showed that the flavonoids extract (FE) from Jerusalem artichoke had strong DPPH radical scavenging activities. DPPH radical scavenging activity of FE (95.2%) was substantial powerful than BHT (77.3%), closed to the ascorbic acid (97.7%). In addition, the antioxidation capability of FE was confirmed in lard system and it was similar to BHT and rutin. This study revealed that FE from Jerusalem artichoke is an effective potential source of natural antioxidants.


U-Boot is widely used in various embedded processor system.The structural characteristic and the startup flow of the BootLoad-er are introduced simply,and how configure the U-Boot for new board system.The fat operation system can be replaced by U-Boot with vary device drivers,which is show the universal applied value of U-Boot obviously,via making start-logo,debugging the objective imagi-nary file based and transplanting the backlight driver for the convenience of backlight brightness adjustment.


Fines are sanctions or punishments that are applied in the form of the obligation to pay a sum of money imposed on the denial of a number of agreements previously agreed upon. There is debate over the status of fines in Islamic law. Some argue that fines may not be used, and some argue that they may be used. In the context of fines for delays in payment of taxes, in fiqh law it can be analogous to ta'zir bi al-tamlīk (punishment for ownership). This can be justified if the tax obligations have met the requirements. Whereas according to Islamic teachings, fines can be categorized as acts in order to obey government orders as taught in the hadith, and in order to contribute to the realization of mutual benefit in the life of the state. As for the amount of the fine, the government cannot arbitrarily determine fines that are too large to burden the people. Penalties are applied as a message of reprimand and as a means to cover the lack of the state budget.


The discovery of a prolific palaeolithic site near Cambridge, led to an examination of its relationship to other sites in England, and it seemed that the time was approaching for a general survey of the palaeolithic succession in this country concerned with open stations of a period prior to that already dealt with by Dr Garrod and Dr Grahame Clark. To this end it is intended to devote a series of papers, to be published consecutively in this journal, descriptive of various industries in the light of the latest evidence, both geological and prehistoric. The first paper, hereunder, is given over to a description and analysis of the palaeolithic site mentioned, for, as will be demonstrated, it has been found essential to the main thesis on succession. The sequence in East Anglia will be chosen for initial study, partly because it is a region with which the author is best acquainted, and also because it has been found to form a distinct cultural province, more nearly related, indeed, to Belgium and Germany than to southern England and France. The contacts between these provinces are many and it will be the whole purpose of one of this series of articles to show these connections by cultural and geological correlations. Therefore, references to comparable industries will be left out of the discussion of the finds following the description, and will be treated fully in an appropriate chapter at a later date.


We have theoretically studied exciton states and photoluminescence spectra of strained wurtzite ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}$ quantum-well heterostructures. The electron and hole energy spectra are obtained by numerically solving the Schr\"odinger equation, both for a single-band Hamiltonian and for a nonsymmetrical six-band Hamiltonian. The deformation potential and spin-orbit interaction are taken into account. For increasing built-in field, generated by the piezoelectric polarization and by the spontaneous polarization, the energy of size quantization rises and the number of size-quantized electron and hole levels in a quantum well decreases. The exciton energy spectrum is obtained using electron and hole wave functions and two-dimensional Coulomb wave functions as a basis. We have calculated the exciton oscillator strengths and identified the exciton states active in optical absorption. For different values of the Al content $x$, a quantitative interpretation, in good agreement with experiment, is provided for (i) the redshift of the zero-phonon photoluminescence peaks for increasing the quantum-well width, (ii) the relative intensities of the zero-phonon and one-phonon photoluminescence peaks, found within the nonadiabatic approach, and (iii) the values of the photoluminescence decay time as a function of the quantum-well width.


To test the availability of Universal Grammar (UG) in second language acquisition (SLA), researchers concern themselves with the Principles-and-Parameters framework (Chomsky, 1981, 1986) and adopt different methods to multidimensionally investigate the accessibility of UG to the process of SLA. This paper, by concentrating on the Subjacency Principle, examines the testing of the UG principles and parameters in SLA. It also discusses the experimental methodology in SLA research.


The character of the methylhydrazine carbothioamide moiety in the title compound is a thiosemicarbazone Schiff base was confirmed by its bond lengths and bond angles. In the crystal, molecules of the title compound are mediated into sheets parallel to the ab plane by N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π interactions.


In the present work we apply Green's reciprocity theorem for the determination of surface and volume averages of the potential and electric field over an imaginary sphere in an electrostatic field. To the best of our knowledge this approach has not been used so far for such averaging. The derived results have importance when studying the properties and behaviour of dielectric media.


When a source emits a gravity-wave (GW) pulse over a short period of time, the leading edge of the GW signal is redshifted more than the inner boundary of the pulse. The GW pulse is distorted by the gravitational effect of the self-energy residing in between these shells. We illustrate this distortion for GW pulses from the final plunge of black hole binaries, leading to the evolution of the GW profile as a function of the radial distance from the source. The distortion depends on the total GW energy released {epsilon} and the duration of the emission {tau}, scaled by the total binary mass M. The effect should be relevant in finite box simulations where the waveforms are extracted within a radius of < or approx. 10{sup 2}M. For characteristic emission parameters at the final plunge between binary black holes of arbitrary spins, this effect could distort the simulated GW templates for LIGO and LISA by a fraction of 10{sup -3}. Accounting for the wave distortion would significantly decrease the waveform extraction errors in numerical simulations.


We present results of studies of formation mechanism of luminescence centers of the blue range in lithium fluoride crystals. We found that the centers under study are intrinsic defects of crystal lattice formed as a result of a radiation-thermal process in the temperature range much higher than room temperature. Experimental confirmation of simultaneous formation of these centers and F3+ centers, the increase in their concentration during thermal destruction of F3+ centers, and absence of the phonon structure characteristic of R2 centers give basis to attribute the considered centers to a stable configuration of intrinsic radiation defects constituting isomer of F3 center.


Risk of developing cancer in paediatric patients is higher compared with adults and hence need for optimization strategies in paediatric medical imaging is very critical. The higher risk is attributable to the fact that children have developing organs and tissues which are more sensitive to the effects of radiation, and also they have longer life expectancy which allows more time for any harmful effects of radiation to manifest. Optimization of radiological protection is a means of adjusting imaging parameters and instituting protective measures such that required images are obtained with lowest possible radiation dose, and net benefit is maximized to maintain sufficient image quality for diagnostic purposes. Special consideration is given to the availability of dose reduction measures for paediatric imaging equipment. A unique aspect of paediatric imaging is with regards to the wide range in patient sizes and weights, therefore requiring special attention to optimization and modification of equipment, technique, and imaging parameters. Good radiographic technique for paediatrics include attention to patient positioning, field size and adequate collimation, use of protective shielding, optimization of exposure factors etc. In CT, dose reduction is optimized by the adjustment of scan parameters such as mA, kVp, and pitch in accordance with patient weight, age, region scanned, and study indication. Paediatric radiological imaging should therefore be performed by trained and experienced health personnel in the medical imaging department. The overall aim of the research was to enhance the capability of Ghana to improve the efficiency of existing modalities for paediatric medical imaging and to implement and enhance optimization techniques and methodologies for advanced paediatric medical imaging in CT. In addition to providing appropriate clinical recommendation for clinicians for dose management during CT scan. MVL DICOM application software was used to access image data during abdominal CT scan. Effective dose estimates were estimated as developed by ICRP 103 recommendations. The data collection was based on retrospective extraction of image data, using MVL platform where detailed information of the CTDIvol and DLP were available for recording. The weighted CTDI (CTDIW) was estimated by multiplying the volumetric CTDI (CTDIVOL) by the pitch factor. The effective dose was estimated by the product of the region-specific normalizing constant and the dose length product on each image. For image quality Signal to Noise Ratio was estimated and compare with effective dose for dose optimisation. In conclusion, the mean dose parameters exceeded the recommended dose parameter and hence an urgent need for an action to minimise radiation dose to paediatric patients.


The development of an organizational culture focused on design is a differentiation strategy for companies. Thus, this paper proposes to arrange an organizational culture for an upholstery microenterprise as a means to identify strengths and weaknesses for the implementation of the design management. It is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study, which takes place through a case study. Results point to a favorable position of the company regarding the design management application.


Steel wire mesh held by a pattern of bolts can be used to stabilize a rock slope. Knowledge of the force‐displacement response of steel mesh is essential in the design of this support system. Laboratory tests have been used to test mesh that is held to rigid steel frames. These testing conditions differ from how steel mesh is held in the field by bolts. The existing laboratory test data may underestimate the deformation and overestimate the load‐bearing capacity of the steel mesh. This paper focuses on the response of the high tensile strength steel mesh held by commonly used bolt patterns. Discrete element models were used to study the force‐displacement response of the steel mesh pinned by bolts. The influences of different bolt patterns and varying ratios of bolt spacing on the effectiveness of steel wire mesh were analyzed. Relationships between the resistance force of steel mesh and bolt density at various mesh deformations were developed. These relationships can help engineers choose the bolt spacing and provide an estimate of the resistance force that a steel mesh can mobilize at a desired deformation limit for a given bolt pattern.


Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged as an effective method for solving discrete-time sequential decision-making problems. This thesis studies how deep reinforcement learning can be applied to solve combinatorial optimization problems. To this end, we conduct a case study motivated by a real-world problem. Acting as an educational institution, the Konrad Adenauer foundation (KAS) offers courses to their scholarship students and past members. Based on their preferences, the assignment problem consists in finding a reasonable assignment of students to their requested courses. Drawing inspiration from a catalogue of rules these assignments should obey, we interpret this problem as combinatorial optimization problem and formulate a simplified version thereof as a linear integer program. In order to apply DRL, we reformulate the problem using Markov decision processes and construct neural network architectures that enable DRL agents to learn a meta-policy which is applicable to arbitrary instances of the assignment problem, as opposed to being forced to learn instance-specific policies only. We compare our proposed DRL methods to a strong solver, namely Gurobi, that uses a branch-and-cut method for solving integer programs, whereby we put our focus on the ability of DRL to approximate optimal solutions and its time-efficiency compared to Gurobi.


The total planting area of double low Qianyou 2 reached 67200 ha inside and outside of the province of which there are 47200 ha in Guizhou from 1995 to 1998. The average yield of rapeseed was 1670 kg/ha, it was 173 kg/ha more than check local cultivars increasing by 11.56%. The total yield of rapeseed was about 11 thousand tons, the increased output value counted for about 27 million yuan. The total output of rape cake was 77.2 thousand tons, and its increased value amouted 23.3 million yuan. By planting double low Qianyou 2, the economical net income increased by 204 yuan/ha.


An integrative model of relationships among environmental dimensions, diversification strategy, firm size, structural divisionalization, and economic performance was developed and tested using environmental and organizational data from 110 large manufacturing firms. The results suggested that among those organizations, (1) higher levels of environmental instability were associated with lower levels of divisionalization and diversification, (2) strategy followed structure, and (3) size did not mediate the strategy-structure relationship. Furthermore, both environmental instability and diversification were positively related to market-determined performance, and instability was negatively related to operating performance. The results provided support for portions of each of three models, the external control, strategic management, and inertial models.


This article proposes that transfrontier diplomacy, based on what is termed a consociative model of peacemaking, can ameliorate relations not only between border communities but also between central governments and even entire societies—if several conditions are met. The first is that the nations in question must "face," or consciously confront, one another, and thus have one another's full diplomatic attention. The second is that their domestic political systems must be so structured as efficiently to transmit border-community perspectives to national decisionmaking centers, which in turn must keep in touch with peripheral communities. The third is that international agreements, including "good neighborhood" or bon voisinage treaties, should be concluded to bind countries legally to a regime of border cooperation. Such bilateral border agreements can be elicited and also reinforced by multilateral "frame-work" cooperation pacts that cover larger regions.


OCT. 24 — The long pent-up struggle between Mos cow and Peking erupted at the 22nd Congress of the Soviet Communist P arty when Khrushchev denounced the A lbanian Communist Party, w h ich is closely allied w ith Peking, as g u ilty of the S ta lin ist " cu lt of person a lity ." Simultaneously Khrushchev renewed the campaign w ith in the Soviet CP against the 1957 " a n ti-pa rty " group of Molotov, Kaganovich, M alenkov and Voroshilov. This was the f irs t tim e the la tte r was pub lic ly added to the lis t. Speakers then attacked them as " c rim ina l," " de generate" and bearing " personal responsib ility" fo r S tal in 's mass murders and frame-ups. In each case of th is double barrage, the Khrushchevites repeatedly invoked the revelations about the S ta lin cu lt made at the h istoric 20th Congress of the Soviet CP. The open cleavage between Moscow and Peking and the new attack on the " a n ti-p a rty " group were dram atic high points in a Congress where the K rem lin leaders addressed themselves above a ll to the Soviet w ork ing masses and youth. The program they presented was studded w ith promises of greater democracy, higher liv in g standards, greater equa lity and other reforms. Such concessions and promises are reflections o f the irres is table demands of the Soviet masses. The public dispute was o f Moscow's, not Peking's, choosing. The fuse was l i t by the K re m lin 's calculated exclusion of the A lban ian W orkers (Com m unist) P arty as a fra te rna l delegation. Then in his opening speech, Oct. 17, Khrushchev accused the A lbanian CP o f having " embarked on the road of a sharp worsening o f relations w ith our pa rty and the Soviet Union." Moreover, " the A lbanian leaders do not hide the fact tha t the course taken by our p a rty towards a decisive overcoming of the ha rm fu l consequences of the cu lt o f S ta lin 's in d iv id u a lity does not please them ." A t the conference o f the 81 Communist Parties in Moscow a year ago, A lbania openly supported Peking's position on " peaceful coexistence" and related matters. Enver Hoxha, head o f the A lbanian regime, reportedly referred to Khrushchev as a " revisionist." Since then Moscow has increasingly w ithd raw n cred it and m ilita ry insta lla tions from A lbania. Recently Peking announced i t was o ffe ring tha t country $123 m illio n — a sum equal to a ll the credits from the Soviet bloc du ring A lban ia 's previous F ive Year Plan. On the Congress' th ird day, Chou E n-la i, P rem ier of the People's Republic o f China, rose in public opposition to the K re m lin 's attack on the Albanians, although he re fra ined from m entioning Khrushchev by name " Open condemnation of a fra te rna l pa rty ," Chou said, " can on ly grieve our friends and gladden our enemies." The next day, Oct. 20, Anastas M ikoyan, f irs t deputy prem ier o f the USSR, w ith arguments obviously aimed at China, accused the A lban ian CP o f " s lid ing in to a nationalist position." Top Soviet and pa rty o ffic ia ls and foreign delegates now jo ined in a command ro ll ca ll o f speeches supporting Khrushchev and by condemning A lbania and its " cu lt o f leadership." (Continued on Page 2)


Abstract Private supplementary tutoring became a widespread phenomenon in Japan during the 1960s. Since then, institutions providing tutoring known as juku have provided a wide range of services to supplement mainstream education. During decades of development, the shapes and functions of juku have changed in response to changes in schooling. Government attitudes towards juku have also shifted from rejection to collaboration, partly because juku have become so entrenched in Japanese society and can no longer be excluded from public decision-making processes. Collaboration between schools and juku is becoming increasingly evident in a series of neoliberal policy choices and socio-demographic changes. Patterns underline a government move to mobilize profit-driven juku to serve the public good. The inclusion of juku in public schooling necessitates reconceptualization of the roles of juku in the educational landscape. This article presents a conceptual framework based on an overview of the changing relationships between juku and schooling. It also identifies challenges in the collaboration, and explores implications for future relationships between mainstream and shadow education.