Describing turbulent transport in fusion plasmas is a major concern in magnetic confinement fusion. It is now widely known that kinetic and fluid descriptions can lead to significantly different properties. Although more accurate, the kinetic calculation of turbulent transport is much more demanding of computer resources than fluid simulations. An alternative approach is based on a water-bag representation of the distribution function that is not an approximation but rather a special class of initial conditions, allowing one to reduce the full kinetic Vlasov equation into a set of hydrodynamics equations while keeping its kinetic character [P. Morel, E. Gravier, N. Besse et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, 112109 (2007)]. In this paper, the water-bag concept is used in a gyrokinetic context to study finite Larmor radius effects with the possibility of using the full Larmor radius distribution instead of an averaged Larmor radius. The resulting model is used to study the ion temperature gradient (ITG) instability.


SCHWARTZ-KENNEY, Beth M., Michelle McCAULEY and Michelle A. EPSTEIN, eds., CHILD ABUSE: A Global View. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000, 296 pp., $49.95 hardcover. Research on family processes around the world is quite immense. However, few of these studies examine the issue of child abuse, even though anecdotal evidence and existing data from governmental and non-governmental (NGOs) agencies indicate that child harassment and sexual exploitation and the use of child labor is widespread around the world. Indeed, in the case of the developing world where the problem may be more acute and hidden under the rubric of culture and poverty, scholarly research on the topic is quite limited. Moreover, in the developing world, what constitutes child abuse can vary from one society to another as well as in time and space. Indeed, demographic researchers have long suggested that in many high-fertility countries around the world, children are beneficial to parents from an early age, as they are a major source of cheap labor. The extent to which these normative practices impact or lead to abuse is as yet unclear. It is in light of the above observations that the scholarly community and child care advocates would welcome a book devoted entirely to the topic of child abuse in different cultural settings. This edited volume by Schwartz-Kenney, McCauley and Epstein provide insights into the prevalence of various types of child abuse as well as the available treatment strategies in sixteen countries from all over the world. For each country, the authors) provide comparable data on the history, dimension and prevalence of various types of child abuse (e.g., maltreatment, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect). For example, in the case of Canada, the author indicates that the government has established child victim support programs to help prepare children for court cases. In England, the author points to the existence of two main ideological orientations that have influenced child abuse intervention programs: the belief that physical abuse arises from factors like stress, poverty and immaturity of parents, and the perception that child abuse is the result of male power and dominance. According to the chapter on India, the country's constitution has a provision that deals with issues affecting children. Unfortunately, these provisions are rarely enforced. According to the author on Ireland, treatment programs for sex offenders are scandalously underdeveloped. In the case of Israel, we are told that the belief that the Jewish family is pro-children has made it difficult for many people to accept the existence of the problem. Thus, the author calls for mandatory training about child maltreatment in professional studies such as medicine, social work and law. Japan does not have a cohesive, integrated system of child protection we are told. …


Background: Food colors are used to give an attractive appearance to food articles. Food colors are categorized as permitted and non-permitted colors. Use of non-permitted food colors has led to loss of real quality of food. Adulteration of food products is a cause of concern these days.
Objective: The objective was to detect the presence of non-permitted food colors in edibles using preliminary color test and thin layer chromatography. Materials and methods: Four types of samples i.e. turmeric, jelly, green peas and namkeen were collected from different locations for analysis. 20 samples of each were collected from different locations to be analysed for adulteration with most commonly used food colors i.e metanil yellow and malachite green. Non permitted food colors in collected edibles were detected using preliminary color test and thin layer chromatography.
Results: The colour change and Rf values of the test samples were analysed and it was observed that 46% of food products tested were adulterated with metanil yellow whereas adulteration with malachite green was about 44% of the tested samples.
Conclusion: The used methods of detection can be used in the area of food quality control to detect such harmful and banned colors in edibles without massive instrumentation.


A group of [Pd(dmit)2]2 salts, whose two‐dimensional structures take (pesudo‐) triangular lattice, has a diversity in the ground states. In order to investigate the ground states, we have developed the methodology for analysing subtle changes in the inter‐molecular interactions and MO level using the vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. This methodology is applied to several [Pd(dmit)2]2 salts. We have found some relationships between the ground states and the inter‐dimer and intra‐dimer interactions under HOMO–LUMO inversion.


The authors have examined the basic characteristics of hybrid-fiber coax (HFC) return systems to evaluate their ability to support bidirectional communications. The ability to support bidirectional communications on cable plants will allow deployment of two-way video applications as well as telecommunications services over the HFC plant. The results of the studies indicate that ingress in the cable return path is primarily due to broadcast signals which accumulate due to the noise-funneling effect of the cable return. Although this ingress can manifest itself in strong narrowband interferers which will prevent the use of large bandwidth channels, a reduction of node size to nodes on the order of 500 homes or lower will reduce the amount of interference. Filtering, in which a portion of the spectrum is blocked from the subscriber residence may also result in a significant reduction of ingress. Other phenomena on the return path can be dealt with by means of sound communication system design, including forward error correction to deal with impulse noise, and adaptive equalizers to deal with reflections in high data rate designs. TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA can all be utilized on the cable return path, but the capacities which result when less than perfectly synchronized CDMA is utilized are substantially lower than for TDMA and FDMA. A single carrier TDMA approach will be highly susceptible to narrowband interferers, and is unlikely to be successful. For these reasons a TDMA/FDMA or pure FDMA approach with narrow channels is likely to be the most robust multiple access technique for the cable return path. >


The question of whether or not to have your water tested is a serious one. It concerns the health of you and your family. Your water should be safe to drink and acceptable for all other household uses. In addition to illness, a variety of less serious problems such as taste, color, odor and staining of clothes or fixtures are symptoms of water quality problems. Even water that appears problem-free may not necessarily be safe or acceptable.


The modification of oscillator method for the detection of superconductivity is described. In this the specimen is a thin foil which covers the cylindrical core made from a ferromagnetic material. The apparatus has the advantage of a low working frequency (about 300 Hz) and a high percentage frequency change at the superconducting transition temperature.


Objective To explore the clinical value of monitoring the oxidants and antioxidants of in blood of senile people by determining tipid malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidative capability(TAOC).Methods The MDA,SOD and TAOC were determined and the value of TAOC/MDA was measured in 60 cases of senile cases and 30 young cases by thiobarbiturates,autoxidation of pyrogallol and Fe 3+/Fe 2+ chemical methods.Results The level of MDA was found higher in senile group than young group(P 0.05)and also higher in males than in females (P0.05).The level of TAOC was lower and the level of SOD was higher in males than in females,but both showed no significant difference (P0.05).The correlative analyses showed that MDA was in obvious correlation with SOD and TAOC(r 1=-0.821,P0.05;r 2=-0.745,P0.05),but in positive correlation with age(r=-0.766,P0.05).SOD TAOC and TAOC/MDA were all in negative correlation with age (r 1=-0.790,P0.05;r 2=-0.713 ,P0.05;r 3=-0.687 ,P0.05).Conclusion MDA,SOD,TAOC and TAOC/MDA play an important role in measuring senile oxidation and antioxidation,in preventing senile diseases and in delaying senility.


Let m>=2 and k>=2 be integers and let R be a commutative ring with a unit element denoted by 1. A k-th power diophantine m-tuple in R is an m-tuple (a_1, a_2, ..., a_m) of non-zero elements of R such that a_ia_j+1 is a k-th power of an element of R for 1 =3 and R=K[X], the ring of polynomials with coefficients in a field K of characteristic zero. We prove the following upper bounds on m, the size of diophantine m-tuple: m =5 ; m =8.


A multiresolution watermarking method with grey-level watermarking is presented. Both the watermark and the original image are decomposed into three-level multiresolution structures using different mechanisms. The decomposed watermark information is further coded by error correction coding. Each level of watermark information is embedded into the corresponding level of the transformed image. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against common image manipulations.


1. Catherine C. Skae, MD

1. Children's Hospital at Montefiore Bronx, NY

 Esophageal Foreign Bodies . McGahren ED. Pediatr Rev. 1999;20 :129– 133[OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2]

 Foreign Bodies-Ingested and Inhaled. Muniz AE, Joffe MD. Contemp Pediatr. 1997;14 :78– 100

 The "Penny Pincher": A New Technique for Fast and Safe Removal of Esophageal Coins. Gauderer MW, DeCou JM, Abrams RS, Thomason MA. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35 :276– 278[OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4][PubMed][5][Web of Science][6]

 Extracting Coins from the Upper End of the Esophagus Using a Magill Forceps Technique . Mahafza TM. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;62 :37– 39[OpenUrl][7][CrossRef][8][PubMed][9][Web of Science][10]

Every year, thousands of children in the United States swallow foreign bodies that lodge in the esophagus, resulting in numerous emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and procedures. Most foreign body ingestions occur in children between 6 months and 6 years of age, often when a child who has something in his or her mouth gets a bump to the head, falls, or is startled, leading to a reflexive deep inspiration or swallow. Developmentally delayed children are at high risk, as are children who have undergone esophageal surgery or have a damaged esophagus from a prior caustic ingestion. Coins, food, toys, marbles, buttons, and batteries are among the more common foreign bodies that children have ingested.

A swallowed or aspirated object can cause a respiratory emergency, no symptoms, or anything in between. The signs and symptoms of an ingestion, as well as the management, depend on the type of foreign body (sharp or dull, pointed or blunt, toxic or nontoxic), its anatomic location, and the duration of the impaction. Between 20% and 38% of children who have esophageal foreign bodies are completely asymptomatic, and fewer than 20% have symptoms that specifically suggest ingestion of a foreign body. Clinical suspicion is key because in up to 40% of cases, there …

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Exosomes are nanovesicles (~30-150 nm diameters) released via an endocytic pathway in almost all mammalian cell types. Exosomes are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane that encloses RNA, miRNA, proteins and DNA. This manuscript unravels how exosome cargo is collected by a highly precise process delineating two separate mRNA transcript entities encoding cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins separately. Ultracentrifuge isolated exosomes were directly converted into cDNA (Exo-cDNA), by a method developed in our laboratory. Cellular RNA was extracted from each cell line and cDNA was prepared (Cell-cDNA). We amplified mRNA transcripts translating cytoplasmic proteins CD10 and CXCR4 and mRNA transcripts translating nuclear proteins such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), CREB-BP, activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). We amplified all four different mRNA transcripts (PCNA, CREB-BP, AID, and TdT) from cellular cDNA but none from exosomal cDNA (Exo-cDNA). These findings suggest that exosomes carry mRNA transcripts encoding cytoplasmic proteins only but mRNA transcripts encoding nuclear proteins could not be detected. This important observation could prove to be crucial for the exosome research community since it sheds light on one of the limitations relating to the use of exosomes as biomarkers in cancer biology and other diseases. Graphical Abstract


Rechargeable battery with large energy capacity as well as superior rate property is strongly required for electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle. Dual carbon battery which is expected as a post Li ion battery, is based on intercalation of anion and cation into graphitic carbon and advantages on cycle stability and high discharge potential (> 4 V). However, low coulomb efficiency by gas formation is the most serious issue for this battery. In this study, effects of mixing LiPF6-LiTFSI in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) for electrolyte of DCB were studied. For electrochemical measurements, graphitic carbon of KS6 (TIMCAL) and MAGD (Hitachi Kase) were used for the positive and negative electrode, respectively. For the charge/discharge investigations, a constant current rate of 0.5 mA cm−2 was applied for both charge and discharge steps, and the potential windows of 3.0 V to 5.2 V was used. LiPF6, LiTFSI and DMC of lithium battery grade (Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan) were used. The LiPF6-LiTFSI/DMC electrolyte was prepared by dissolving LiPF6, LiTFSI (battery grade) in DMC in a dry argon-filled glove box without further purification. Coin type cell was assembled in a glove box filled with a dry argon atmosphere. It was found that mixing LiPF6 and lithium bis(trifluoro methanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) at 1:1 for a support salt was highly effective for increasing coulomb efficiency and cycle stability. When LiPF6-LiTFSI in DMC was used, the discharge capacity of 90 mAh/g-cathode was sustained over 300 cycles without almost no degradation. Coulomb efficiency higher than 98% was achieved after 10 cycles suggesting a decreased gas formation, and it was also found that corrosion of Al current corrector was prevented by using LiPF6-LiTFSI mixed salt. DFT calculation and NMR measurement suggests that the complex anion of (PF5-TFSI)- and F- was formed resulting in the increased stability of intercalated anion and preventing Al current collector corrosion. It was also suggested that PF5-TFSI anion shows fast diffusivity in graphitic carbon which is in good agreement with superior rate property.


The piston ring, the piston ring (2) only on the inside with an inner coating (4, 8, 10) is provided, which has a different thermal expansion coefficient than the material of the piston ring (2), wherein the inner coating (4, 8, 10 ) extends axially only on a part of the inside of the piston ring (2) so that the edges of the inner side of the piston ring (2) (of the inner coating 4, 8, 10) are kept free.


Despite huge petroleum revenues with high development needs, the growth of international reserves in OPEC countries has been negligible. This study examined the impact of educational factors using different levels of literacy in stimulating the macroeconomic determinants of international reserves in OPEC member countries using data from 2008 to 2018 from World Bank Development Indicators for 15 member countries. The study used a dynamic panel model, and the data were analyzed using System of Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM). The results show that educational levels such as adult literacy, youth literacy, tertiary and secondary enrollment mitigate the negative impact of the exchange rate and stimulate the impact of crude oil prices, while tertiary enrollment stimulates the impact of foreign direct investment and reduces the negative impact of economic crises. Overall, youth literacy was most significant for these economies, while economic crises were significantly positive at all levels as a major determinant of international reserve accumulation. Therefore, it was concluded that education contributes to the economy's accumulation of more reserves. In particular, the study recommended that national governments provide adequate funding for the education sector to improve the quality of education at the junior and high school levels in order to provide adequate knowledge and skills to enhance foreign investment.


Inflammatory mediators are produced after hypoxia ischemia (HI) in the immature brain and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of brain injury. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and 18 (IL-18) are proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of HI induced brain damage. The present study was designed to demonstrate the influence of 1% and 3% creatine monohydrate (Cr) supplemented diet on concentration of IL (6 and 18) in female albino mice following neonatal brain damage. Female pups on postnatal day (PN) 10 were subjected to hypoxic ischemic brain injury (HI) by unilateral (left) carotid ligation and exposure to 8% oxygen for 25 minutes. Following weaning on PN 20 mice were fed with 1% and 3% Cr supplemented diet for a period of 10 weeks. A control group was maintained in parallel with similar experimental conditions but supplemented with normal rodent diet. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) concentrations were measured in the serum by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Our results revealed increased serum IL-6 and and decreased IL-18 concentrations in 3% Cr supplemented mice indicating that Cr has a potential to mediate the levels of both cytokines and can play a protective role in neonatal brains exposed to HI insult.


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the latest modulation techniques used in order to combat the frequency-selectivity of the transmission channels, achieving high data rate without inter–symbol interference. The basic principle of OFDM is gaining a wide spread popularity within the wireless transmission community. Furthermore, OFDM is one of the main techniques proposed to be employed in 4 Generation Wireless Systems. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the concepts behind OFDM. In this paper it is given an overview of the basic principles on which this modulation scheme is based.


Network transmissions in high performance networking scenarios, e.g., used for e-science or grid applications, require quality-of-service guarantees concerning bandwidth availability, but also timing constraints, e.g., deadlines, must be met. Current research efforts concentrate on supporting such environments with SLA-aware advance reservation management systems. Hence, the robustness of the management system against network failures is an important issue, especially since failures frequently occur in networks. Since accurate knowledge about the failure duration is unlikely available and estimations lead to considerably degraded performance, in this paper we present a novel load-based approach for dealing with link failures in advance reservation environments. The approach does not rely on prediction of the downtime, but instead reroutes flows only based on available information about the network


We consider polling systems in which a single server visits stations in cyclic order and serves customers at each station according to either the gated rule or the exhaustive rule of the station. There are multiple classes of customers at each station, and they are served in either the priority order or the first-come-first-served (FCFS) order. After completing a service at a station, each customer may be routed to one of the stations or leave the system according to the Markovian feedback mechanism. In this paper, a new approach to mean sojourn times in multiclass queues, developed in (11, 14, 15), is extended to the feedback polling systems as follows. We define the conditional expected sojourn times and find their linear functional expressions by solving some equations. The steady state average sojourn times are derived from these expressions by simple limiting procedures, and their values are obtained by solving a set of linear equations. We also consider composite scheduling algorithms and calculate mean path times.


The present invention relates to the FCC unit for the hydrogen treatment of the non-converted part to a thickening of heavy feedstocks, for example, hydrogen degradation at the end of the highly hydrogen-treated VGO or a VGO feedstock of this same type, the FCC the feedstock of the units have the degradation characteristics for light olefins such as ethylene and propylene. Integration of the aromatic complex, and the FCC is allowing the FCC recovery by the recovery from and at the bottom of a column of heavy aromatics from the aromatics complex flow by the BTX aromatic complex formed in the FCC.


Transportation Demand Management (TDM) is a set of services and policies aiming at balancing the supply and demand of transportation system. Among various TDM measures staggered work hours, congestion pricing and high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes are three effective ones. Through elaborating the current research and practice of the three measures in China, adaptabilities of each of the three were analyzed. The research showed that the measure of staggered work hours is suitable for middle-sized cities, the measure of congestion pricing is a fine choice for urban area of megacities and the measure of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes has great potential in China in the future.


The technological development in various fields brings about the persistent development of the enormous information market. Huge information is drawing the attention of researchers in all the domains because of its greater utility. But, prior to the usage of numerous information innovation for huge scope, the security risks whereas preserving privacy should be taken care of. This paper surveys on the security issues and challenges faced and elaborates on the recent research carried out in maintaining highest protection by improvising confidentiality on numerous data. The effect on the attributes of the enormous information subsequent to authorizing the safety efforts is also focused.


Most of the rare-earth Nickelates (RNiO3; R= Nd, Pr, Sm etc.) exhibit a sharp metal- insulator transition, from a high temperature paramagnetic metal to a low temperature antiferromagnetic insulator. LaNiO3, the first member of the series, is the only exception in the RNiO3 family, which remains metallic down to low temperatures. Using local density approximation as an input to dynamical mean-field theory, we study the transport properties of both LaNiO3 and NdNiO3, and show that LaNiO3 remains a correlated Fermi liquid with an effective mass enhancement as the correlation increases upto the bandwidth. We also suggest the possibility of pressure and strain-driven metal-insulator transition in both the Nickelate compounds.


It is known that the automorphism group of any projective K3 surface is finitely generated [24]. In this paper, we consider a certain kind of K3 surfaces with Picard number 3 whose automorphism groups are isomorphic to congruence subgroups of the modular group $PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})$. In particular, we show that a free group of arbitrarily large rank appears as the automorphism group of such a K3 surface.


Judge Denny Chin has distinguished himself as a great trial judge. Although his unique status, as the first Asian American named a U.S. District Judge east of the Mississippi,1 and his unusual personal background, having grown up in a one-room apartment above an adult theatre in New York City,2 have attracted considerable attention, his extensive record deserves to be recognized for the balance he has brought to official decision making. Judge Chin has shown himself to be a pragmatist in the truest sense: he considers the consequences of his actions.3


In order to make fundamental research on the combustion process of internal combustion engine,a new type gasoline fueled constant volume combustion chamber(CVCC) with more functions has been successfully developed,the combustion chamber is divided into two parts(upper chamber and lower chamber) by the built-in adaptor,then the simulation test for spark ignition,jet ignition and compression ignition(auto-ignition) of gasoline engine is available.The structure,principle and leading features of the CVCC test system are introduced in detail,some test results have been obtained by flame propagation photo and gas pressure measurement,and then some preliminary conclusions have been presented.Owing to built-in adaptor with whole,higher flame propagation speed,higher combustion peak pressure value and higher combustion stability are available.In some conditions,because of flame trap effect,compression ignition(auto-ignition) occurs in the lower combustion chamber.


This study examines the effects of non-wetting phase trapping in viscous-modified low-interfacial tension flow during viscous surfactant waterflooding (or surfactant-polymer flooding) under three different injection flowrates in three initially preferential water-wet porous media (each with a different pore throat size) partially filled with heavy oil and brine. In two approaches developed in this study, dynamic mean pore-scale capillary number Nc1 is considered as the foremost criterion to characterize the effect of non-wetting phase trapping. In the first approach, which is a pore network approach, the effect of phase trapping on the value of Nc1 is neglected. In the second approach, which is a numerical method, the effect of phase trapping is included. By comparing the values of Nc1 from the pore network approach and numerical method, the effect of phase trapping is characterized. The change in Nc1 was found to be an appropriate tool to characterize the effects of phase trapping in viscous surfactant waterflooding.


The phase-sequence of K 2 CoBr 4 was investigated by measuring the time dependence of dielectric constant. It was revealed that the crystal undergoes a phase transition around 200°C and the high-temperature phase can be brought into the low-temperature region. The time-dependent recovering process from this metastable phase to the original low-temperature phase was observed. A ferroelectric-like behavior was detected.


The document-centric workflows in science have reached (or already exceeded) the limits of adequacy. This is emphasized by recent discussions on the increasing proliferation of scientific literature and the reproducibility crisis. This presents an opportunity to rethink the dominant paradigm of document-centric scholarly information communication and transform it into knowledge-based information flows by representing and expressing information through semantically rich, interlinked knowledge graphs. At the core of knowledge-based information flows is the creation and evolution of information models that establish a common understanding of information communicated between stakeholders as well as the integration of these technologies into the infrastructure and processes of search and information exchange in the research library of the future. By integrating these models into existing and new research infrastructure services, the information structures that are currently still implicit and deeply hidden in documents can be made explicit and directly usable. This has the potential to revolutionize scientific work as information and research results can be seamlessly interlinked with each other and better matched to complex information needs. Furthermore, research results become directly comparable and easier to reuse. As our main contribution, we propose the vision of a knowledge graph for science, present a possible infrastructure for such a knowledge graph as well as our early attempts towards an implementation of the infrastructure.


Study Design. Systematic review. Objective. The primary objectives of this review were to compare the effectiveness and safety of various anterior cervical decompressive and reconstructive procedures for diffuse or multifocal cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). An additional objective was to describe the most common ancillary stabilization techniques used with the different anterior decompressive procedures. Summary of Background Data. Surgical management of CSM provides for neurological recovery and disease stabilization in a cost-effective way. Although both retrospective and prospective data support management of CSM by anterior cervical decompression and fusion, the choice decision between various anterior surgical options remains unclear. Methods. We conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration Library for human studies in the English-language literature published through September 2012. We included studies comparing multiple discectomies with single or multiple corpectomy, multiple discectomies with discectomy-corpectomy hybrid, and multiple corpectomies with discectomy-corpectomy hybrid, comparing effectiveness and safety outcomes of each procedure, and defining the ancillary stabilization techniques used. Exclusion criteria included patients with degenerative disc disease or degenerative joint disease without CSM, single-level CSM, ossified posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), spinal tumor, concomitant infection, and ankylozing spondylitis. Case series, case reports, data not reported separately for each comparison group, or studies that consisted of an N less than 10 for either comparison group were excluded. The evidence strength was rated using the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) criteria. Results. Of the 49 citations identified from our search, 10 studies were initially found suitable for inclusion. Patients undergoing any of the 3 procedures generally experienced improvements in clinical outcomes (neck disability index, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, and Visual Analogue Scale score for pain) as well as overall sagittal alignment, with minimal perioperative morbidity. There is moderate evidence supporting selection of multiple discectomies compared with corpectomy or discectomy-corpectomy hybrid procedures with regard to superior clinical outcomes and postoperative sagittal alignment. Furthermore, if more extensive operation is needed, there is evidence to support the selection of discectomy-corpectomy hybrid procedures compared with multiple corpectomies if it is technically feasible to accomplish the requisite decompression. The multiple discectomies approach also may have a lower incidence of C5 palsy than corpectomy or discectomy-corpectomy hybrid approaches. Conclusion. All 3 operative approaches are effective strategies for the anterior surgical management of CSM. When the patient pathoanatomy permits, selection of multiple discectomies is favored compared with corpectomy or discectomy-corpectomy hybrid approaches. Evidence-Based Clinical Recommendations. Recommendation 1. When pathoanatomically appropriate with minimal retrovertebral disease, we recommend the selection of multiple discectomy over corpectomy or discectomy-corpectomy hybrid procedures. Overall Strength of Evidence. Low Strength of Recommendation. Strong Recommendation 2. When retrovertebral disease is significant, we recommend, when possible, that discectomy-corpectomy hybrid procedures be performed instead of multiple corpectomies. Overall Strength of Evidence. Moderate Strength of Recommendation. Strong Summary Statements. There is no evidence to guide choice of ancillary external immobilization techniques following multilevel anterior decompression and fusion procedures for CSM.


In this paper we performed a basic and common DBA tasks on the two products and measured the time taken and the steps required to complete each task, to assess their relative manageability. The time taken to complete the tasks was then weighted according to their frequency of use in a typical DBA workday to arrive at an overall time savings percentage.


Abstract
In geopolitical terms, Iraq is a zone combining multiple religious groups : it is the borderline between Sunni and Shiite Islam, between the Arab world on the one hand, and the Persian and Turkish worlds on the other. Thus, the Iraqi war seems to reveal the current challenges of the world were identities, religions and cultures have a predominant place when it comes to conflict causes. Instead of the "New Middle East" promised by neo-conservative ideologists, it is rather the catastrophic scenario of the clash of civilizations that seems to be prevailing. It would be premature to condemn today the American project in the ancient Mesopotamia, but the "libanization" of Iraq's situation forces us to wonder about the influence of the religious issue.


Crystal surfaces typically premelt into a thin liquid layer slightly below the melting point. Such surface premelting are prevalent in all classes of solids and plays important roles in metallurgy, geology, and meteorology such as glacier movement, frost heave, snowflake growth, and skating [1– 3]. Premelting has been studied using X-ray diffraction [4], and differential scanning calorimetry [5] which lack single-particle resolution, hence, the underlying premelting mechanisms are not clearly understood. Colloids are outstanding model systems for studying phase transitions [6] because the thermal motions of individual micron-sized particles can be directly tracked using optical microscopy [7]. Here, we employed colloidal spheres with tunable attractions to form equilibrium crystal-vapor interfaces and studied their surface premelting behaviours with singleparticle dynamics. We found that monolayer crystals exhibited incomplete blocked premelting with a constant surface-liquid thickness, whereas twoand three-layer crystals exhibited conventional complete melting with divergent surface-liquid thicknesses. The microstructures of the surface liquids partly deviated from the conventional assumptions in premelting theories. We discovered a novel mechanism that the incomplete premelting is triggered by a bulk isostructural solid-solid transition and interrupted by a mechanical-instability-induced homogeneous bulk melting. Twodimensional (2D) melting under the presence of free surfaces (i.e. solid-vapor interface) has yet to be observed at the single-particle level. In contrast to the conventionally assumed surface melting for 2D and three-dimensional (3D) crystals [5, 8], we observed that the 2D crystals melted from within. Such bulk melting was accompanied with the formation of grain boundaries, demonstrating the grain-boundary-mediated 2D melting scenario [9] in attractive crystals. These novel interplays among surface premelting, bulk melting, and solid-solid transitions cast new light to all of them and present challenges on surface premelting and 2D melting theories. 2 This is the Pre-Published Version


This study examines the acoustic features of the monophthongs of Penang Malay (PM) based on the frequencies of the first (F1) and second (F2) formants as produced by five selected female speakers who are of the Jawi Peranakan (JP) community in Penang, Malaysia. This study is significant as it describes the monophthongs of PM because previous studies have focused on the acoustic analysis of Standard Malay (SM) and analyzed PM from impressionistic and phonological aspects. The target vowels are [a], [i], [u], [ɛ], [ɔ], [ə], [e], and [o]. A series of words were used to elicit data from the speakers. The tokens produced by the speakers were recorded and analyzed using Praat version 6.0.50. The two formants were analyzed using the Formant Frequency Model, and independent samples t-tests were conducted. The findings reveal that the PM participants mostly produced vowels following impressionistic studies of past researchers. However, PM speakers did not distinguish between [ɛ] and [e] as the sounds were conflated as one vowel. These results challenge past claims of homogeneity between PM and Kedah Malay (KM). This study expands knowledge on PM's phonetics and highlights avenues for future research.


In this paper, we introduce the concept of strongly torsion property of semigroups. Then we prove that the strongly torsion property of a semigroup is a necessary and sufficient condition for a finitely generated semigroup to be finite, and hence, the strongly torsion property is equivalent to the torsion property together with the permutation property for the class of finitely generated semigroups. Finally, we give an application of our main result to language theory. A question proposed in [H. Prodinger, Congruences defined by languages and filters, Inf. Control 44 (1980) 36–46] is consequently answered.


Although PID control scheme is widely employed in industrial control systems, it is hard to search the model-free appropriate control gains for achieving good dynamic performance. The selected constant PID control gains can not achieve consistent control accuracy for different temperature setting points or testing runs. In addition, the temperature control system has nonlinear time-delay, time-varying, slow response speed and one-way control input characteristics, it is also difficult to accurately estimate the dynamic model for designing a model-based general purpose temperature controller to achieve good control performance. Recently, temperature is become an important production control parameter in chemical and semiconductor industry. How to design an appropriate gains auto-tuning control strategy for achieving accurate temperature control accuracy has become an interesting research topic. Here two model-free auto-tuning PID and fuzzy PID control strategies are introduced to design a general temperature controller for different plants. The designed temperature control plants have heater control phase only without cooling control function. The experimental results show that these control schemes can obtain reasonable control performance. The steady state error of the step input response is less than 0.2°C without overshoot. The setting point dynamic response behaviour is better than that of the model-based IMC-PID due to the modelling uncertainty and modelling error.


Objective Determination of aluminum in foods to improve detection and analysis of pollution.Methods 55 samples were determined to improve the monitoring results were analyzed after the study.Results The new method simplifies sample handling,improved the color condition,easy to master applications.Test results showed that the jellyfish,fried food,puffed food there are different levels of aluminum contamination.Conclusion The new method can serve as a national standard method of improvement and replacement.Aluminum contamination of food caused by human factors,should be based on new measures to increase control efforts.


It is hard to believe a web form without a CAPTCHA. The web survival in this cut-throat competition is impossible without the mechanisms for blocking spam-boats. The spam-boats have now been made intelligent enough to break through machine printed CAPTCHAs. Handwritten CAPTCHA image can be one solution. In this paper handwritten CAPTCHA images have been used to enhance the web security. Introduction of randomness at various stages is proven to increase the recognition complexity for the spam boats, whereas the ease of recognition of handwritten words by human beings eventually increases the usefulness of such CAPTCHA. The technique used to produce colored image of handwritten letters also has randomness associated with it. The proposed CAPTCHA images contain alphanumeric content, one word with letters and a number with handwritten numerals. CAPTCHA images developed using proposed technique have been tested across various OCRs and online available resources as well..


Today, upon entering a synagogue we can see the prayer service is taking place, the Torah being read, the shofar blown and the prayers are not censored. In the early days, between the 13th and 14th centuries, Jews were prevented from building synagogues in the city and were therefore compelled to build them outside of the city, in a field near the cemetery. It was usually in a valley that had been purchased from the governor of the city. This is evident in Rosh' where he writes that in those days the synagogues were out of the city causing many regulations to be instituted; such as reciting prayers like Barukh Hashem Le 'olam Amen Ve 'amen and Magen Avot.Barukh Hashem Le'olam (Blessed be the Lord forever), is a passage recited at Arvit on weekdays in the Ashkenazik rite. Since, in former days, the synagogues were located outside boundaries of towns and villages, and since the worshipers feared staying late until after the Shemoneh Esreh (Eighteen Benedictions) was recited, a shorter prayer, containing the Name of God eighteen times, corresponding to the eighteen blessings, was therefore instituted.' Another reason for adding Barukh Hashem Le'olam was so that latecomers could catch up with the congregation and everyone could leave together.3Magen Avot ("The Shield of our Forefathers") is a prayer said on Friday evening after the silent Amidah in the reader's repetition. Although in the Arvit service the Amidah is never repeated on Friday night, an exception is made and an abridged form is said. The reason for saying this abridged Amidah on Friday night is sakanah ("danger") ; i.e. listim "robbers:" The synagogue was situated outside of the town and therefore the rabbis prolonged the service so latecomers might not be left alone in the synagogue and have to return home by themselves.4Among Sephardim it was customary to cover the Aron Hakodesh (The Holy Ark) in Israel, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, and Morocco with aparokhet (curtain) both on the inside and outside. However, in Spain and in Portugal they hung the parokhet on the inside only. This was out of fear of the Catholics who persecuted the Jews and did not permit them to beautify their Synagogues with the curtain - like decorations. They therefore removed the outside parokhet so that if they should suddenly come into the synagogue to find out if they were holding services, they could see that it was an ordinary chest in the room.5In 1990, when I was in Russia teaching liturgy and chants at the chor-shul in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) I was told by Mr. Grossman, then president of the shul, that Jews were afraid to walk on the street where the shul was located because they would be seen by the Russian authorities.Today when we walk into a synagogue we hear and see the Torah read on Shabbat and on Monday and Thursday. There was a time when reading from the Torah was prohibited. This came about under the rule of the king of Syria, Antiochus Epiphanes IV who banned and burned the Torah. The reading of the Prophets was introduced as a substitute. The Talmud" writes the Haftarah had to be "one that resembles" i.e. there must be some relationship between the contents of the Haftarah and the content of the weekly Parashah. Establishing the reading of the Prophets was out of fear that the Torah would be forgotten. Later, when the Jews regained their independence after the Hasmoneans defeated the armies of Antiochus, the reading from the Prophets was retained as a remembrance, but only after the Torah was read. In addition to the prohibition of reading the Torah, Sabbath observance, circumcision, as well as the observing of the New Moon was prohibited upon the Jews.7THE BLOWING OF THE SHOFARThe new year, Rosh Hashanah, that falls on the first day of Tishre is called Yom Teruah a day of blowing the Shofar. Originally, the Shofar was blown early during the morning service. Apparently, during a time of political unrest, the Romans interpreted these sounds as a call to rebellion and fell upon the Jews and massacred them. …


This article describes the frequency of occurrence of potencial enteropathogens in calves from two beef farms, one reporting sporadic cases and another recurrent cases of diarrhea, both from Sao Paulo State. In each farm, the same animal group had feacal samples (n = 123) collected in 3 different times, from birth to wean. For enteropathogens detection, the followed technics were used: nested-RT-PCR, for bovine coronavirus (BCoV) detection; direct ELISA for group A rotavirus (RV-A); water-ether centrifugue-sedimentation and centrifugue-flotation in sucrose super saturated solution, for enteroparasites identification; bacterial isolation and biochemical characterization for enterobacteria; in isolatted Escherichia coli, multiplex-PCR to dettect the followed virullence factors encodding genes: Stx1, Stx2, Sta, K99, F41 and intimin (eae). The observed frequency of occurrence of both BCoV and RV-A was low and restricted to animals up to 3 months age, whereas enteroparasites and enterobacterias showed increasing tendency on its frequency related to progression of animals aging. It was possible to detect STEC and AEEC E. coli patotype. The present study contributes to characterization of calf enteric microbiota. However, points related to specific differences between healthy and diarrheic enteric microbiota remain unclear, emphasizing the importance of future studies to simultaneously investigate different potencial enteropathogens in beef calves.


ABSTRACT The spatial distribution of organisms associated with marine intertidal macroalgae may be a direct result of their tolerance to air exposure or an indirect consequence of the distribution of their host. We compared amphipod assemblages from five intertidal macroalgae to investigate their relationship with algal identity. To test the effect of height regardless of algal characteristics, we transplanted coralline algal turfs to three different levels within the intertidal zone and compared amphipod assemblages after 1 and 14 days. Interstitial volume was positively correlated to the abundance of amphipods, suggesting that this attribute may correspond better to the potential space for their occupation when compared to algal biomass, thallus volume or the ratio between thallus and interstitial volume. Algal level determined the structure of the amphipod assemblages. Upper-level (Acanthophora spicifera and Caulerpa racemosa) and intermediate-level (coralline) algae host similar amphipod assemblages dominated by Apohyale media, but different from lower-level algae (Padina gymnospora and Sargassum cymosum), which were dominated by Hyale niger. Ten of the 15 amphipod species reported from natural communities were found in the transplanted plots. Distinct pools of amphipod species colonized coralline transplants at upper and lower levels after 1 day. However, regardless of the position on the shore, transplanted coralline turfs supported similar assemblages after 14 days, indicating that algal identity is also important for species assemblages. Our results suggest that both height on the shore and host identity combine to determine the vertical structure of amphipod assemblages in the rocky intertidal.


The cardiac persistent sodium current (INaP) presents a novel target for cardiac ischaemic protection. Herein we investigated the effects of the INaP blocker riluzole in a pig model of regional myocardial ischaemia. Landrace or Large White pigs were subjected to 3 h ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Pigs received either saline (500 mL/h, i.v.) throughout the experiment (control; n = 7) or riluzole (2 mg/kg in 2 mL propylene glycol in 100 mL saline, i.v.; RIL; n = 7) between 15 and 5 min prior to ligation. The arrhythmia score was calculated in 5 min epochs. Myocardial damage was assessed using epicardial image analysis and histological sectioning. In the control group, all seven pigs developed premature ventricular contractions (PVC), seven developed non‐sustained arrhythmias and six of seven developed sustained arrhythmias. Of the sustained arrhythmias, 23 of 28 instances were initiated by R‐on‐T extrasytoles (extrasystoles within the vulnerable period that can trigger re‐entrant arrhythmias). In the RIL group, all seven pigs developed PVC, six of seven developed non‐sustained arrhythmias and only three developed sustained arrhythmias, of which two of five instances were R‐on‐T initiated. The riluzole‐treated pigs exhibited less myocardial damage than pigs in the control group (65% smaller surface area (P = 0.008) on gross epicardial inspection, 51% less oedema (P = 0.01), 53% less fibre waviness (P = 0.029) assessed by haematoxylin and eosin staining and 79% fewer fragmented nuclei (P = 0.009) assessed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end‐labelling). In conclusion, riluzole significantly reduced Phase 2 (the period associated with irreversible damage) ischaemic R‐on‐T triggered and non‐R‐on‐T arrhythmias and myocardial damage occurring during the 3 h period of regional ischaemia.


The customary library can't meet with the demand of information times and the development of knowledge economy any more and confronts with radical changes and reformation. Digital library is the result of transformation, whose externally direct motivation is documental information digitalization and informational interchange network.


In this paper,after discussing the important role of department reference rooms in the teaching and research of colleges and universities,the author analyzes its current situation and puts forward some suggestions on its development and management.


In extended equal area criterion(EEAC),dynamic saddle points(DSP)encountered in disturbed trajectories can be regarded as not only the criterion of power system instability,but also the observation point for the quantitative analysis of stability degree.However,the strong time-varying of image systems might result in some special trajectory points,which although satisfy the definition of DSP,are not suitable for accurately assessing the stability degree.If the above ill-conditioned DSPs(IDSPs)can be distinguished,the computational burdens can be further reduced in the engineering application via early termination of the integration process.The studies show that around IDSPs,image systems not only exhibit the strong time-varying characteristic,but also exist the potential energy.With this knowledge,an ill-condition index of DSP and the corresponding identification method for IDSP are proposed.They are thoroughly verified in the New England system.This research also contributes to the study on stability mechanisms of general nonlinear dynamic systems.


Stair falls during descent are a dangerous and costly occurrence. Contrasting tread edge highlighters have been shown to improve measures of stair safety, however the necessary contrast magnitude of these aids has not been investigated. Data from thirteen older adults (age; 67.7 ± 5.5 years) were analyzed as individuals completed stair descent trials under normal and low lighting conditions, blurred and normal vision, and four different contrast levels between the tread edge highlighter and the staircase. Cadence, foot-to-step clearance, and degree of foot overhang were determined for all conditions, and were significantly affected by contrast level. Blurred vision was observed to be a greater factor influencing biomechanical measures of fall risk than low ambient lighting. Results suggest higher contrast highlighters improve measures of safety, even more so during simulated vision impairment, and that at least 50% contrast difference may be necessary to provide adequate visual information for safer stair ambulation.


Bilinear systems are an important subclass of nonlinear systems. Bilinear representations have been found in various engineering areas: see, for example Koivo & Cojocariu (1977); Espana & Landau (1978). Recently, attention has been given to the stability of bilinear systems (Quinn, 1980; Longchamp, 1980; Youg et al., 1989). Most papers consider timeinvariant continuous bilinear systems with linear feedback. Almost all of the references study stability by finding a sufficient condition for the existence of a feedback control such that the resulting closed-loop system is asymptotically stable. In some well known results, the sufficient conditions for stability require the existence of Liapunov functions for the systems or the existence of some negation (or positive) definite matrices such that the feedback input u(t) depends on those matrices, but sometimes those matrices are not easy to find. Most systems are influenced by time-delay factors in practical circumstances. Timedelay systems are difficult to study both in theory and application. Even for first-order definite systems, discussion of solutions and properties is difficult because of the infinite dimension in solutions space. In this paper, the stability of the differential bilinear time-delay system is first studied. Some significant results are given. We consider the time-varying bilinear time-delay systems with output feedback in the continuous-time case. Here we assume that the feedback function f is in a function space which includes linear functions, these satisfying the Lipschitz conditions and quadratic functions. The analysis is given using the normtransformation method, see Ji Guojun & Song Wenzhong (1997).


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Consultant orthodontist, Chesterfield Royal Hospital, Chesterfield, United Kingdom. Consultant orthodontist, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom. NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. Oral surgery trainee, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom. Professor, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Professor, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest, and the following were reported: Jonathan Sandler is a consultant for American Orthodontics, in tion and lectures. American Orthodontics provides by Jonathan Sandler, Alison Murray, and Kevin O were reported. Funded by the British Orthodontic Society Foundatio Address correspondence to: Jonathan Sandler, Ch Calow, Chesterfield S445BL, United Kingdom; e-m com. Submitted, November 2013; revised and accepted, M 0889-5406/$36.00 Copyright 2014 by the American Association of Or http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.03.020


By investigating auditing regulation behavior of China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRC),this paper finds that the quality of clients and the expertise of audit firms are the important factors that affecting the penalties of audit firms by regulatory authority.Audit firms whose clients have higher average profitability and lower account receivables have less probability of penalties by CSRC.At the same time,audit firms with higher industry concentration are less likely to encounter the penalties by CSRC.The results are robust with or without Big 4 audit firms,and do not vary with measurement methods of variables or regulation mechanisms of CSRC.


Wireless Sensor Networking is envisioned as an economically viable paradigm and a promising technology because of its ability to provide a variety of services, such as intrusion detection, weather monitoring, security, tactical surveillance, and disaster management. The services provided by wireless senor networks (WSNs) are based on collaboration among small energy-constrained sensor nodes. The large deployment of WSNs and the need for energy efficient strategy necessitate efficient organization of the network topology for the purpose of balancing the load and prolonging the network lifetime. Clustering has been proven to provide the required scalability and prolong the network lifetime. Due to the bottle neck phenomena in WSNs, a sensor network loses its connectivity with the base station and the remaining energy resources of the functioning nodes are wasted. In this paper, a new hierarchical clustering scheme is proposed to prolong the network lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks . Finally, the simulation results shows that our proposed scheme is more effective in prolonging the network lifetime compared with LEACH.


What is the appropriate role for public law in promoting the fidelity of elected representatives to the people? We examine the qualification (and disqualification) of representatives i five common law jurisdictions; Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We identify requirements seeking integrity and competency, and avoid conflicts of interest. We argue all are undemocratic, because courts do not need to intervene where electors could make their own judgements as to the suitability of their representatives. To facilitate informed electoral - not judicial- choices, we propose a regime of compulsory public disclosure by candidates.


Objective To study the self-management of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and its influencing factors.Methods A general information questionnaire and self-management scale were applied among 203 elderly type 2 diabetic patients through convenient sampling.Results The total score of self-management behavior of patients was(68.53±16.12),which indicated their self-management remained in the middle level and only 21.2% of the elderly with good self-management.All subscales scoring from high to low in turn were medicine,diet control,exercise,foot care,treatment of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and blood glucose monitoring,and the scores of patients with diabetes education,unemployed,those without complications,non-smokers were higher than the scores of those lack of diabetes education,on-the-job,those with complications and smokers(P0.05),whereas gender,education,marital status,family income,ways of payment,family medical history,treatment methods and glycosylated hemoglobin standard rate exerted no significant influence on self-management(P0.05).Conclusion Self-management of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes needs to be improved.Effective efforts should be made to promote patients' knowledge and eventually improve their quality of life.


Depended on the practical background of spare parts repair and supply for weapon equipment in PLA, used for reference from the result of studying on repairable inventory model theory at home and abroad, this paper establishes the valuable spare parts inventory model under the system of three- echelon repair and supply by studying on the typical METRIC(Multi-Echelon Technique for Recoverable Item Control)model and theory. The optimal inventory strategy for different echelon could be obtained from the model by thoroughly discussing the parameters such as cost for order, stock level and back order etc, and then, the optimal military and economic efficiency of weapon equipment support could be obtained. At last, the multi-echelon inventory model of weapon equipment repairable valuable spare parts is simulated and analyzed also.


With the impending opening of the trans-Alaska pipeline system, government and industry officials will soon have to make a number of important decisions regarding the pricing and marketing of North Slope oil. The Prudhoe Bay reserves-estimated to contain some 9.6 billion barrels of crudeare widely believed to offer the best hope of reversing the growing U.S. dependence on insecure foreign sources of oil. But important transportation and marketing problems must yet be solved if that oil is going to displace foreign oil in U.S. markets.


Rainfall infiltration coefficient of supply is the main parameter which influences amount and quality of the shallow groundwater.It is also very important for water volume changeable and balance.Due to influence of the rainfall,soil type,vegetation,groundwater depth and many other factors,it is very difficult to determine the rainfall recharge coefficient accurately.Without considering these factors,especially the impact of rainfall and groundwater,it exists a big error to estimate rainfall recharge coefficient.Combination of hydrological observations of rainfall of the Anhui Huaibei Plain and Wudaogou Experiment Stations,groundwater recharge,groundwater level data,it takes two different methods to calculate the different rainfall levels.According to the statistical theory,under the condition of the different rainfall,the distribution of the rainfall recharge coefficient changes with the groundwater table,establishes the regression mode between the rainfall and groundwater recharge coefficient and the corresponding test.The study has shown that the coefficient of rainfall recharge groundwater level changes in line with the exponential distribution in the control of groundwater conditions and in line with the gamma distribution under the free water table conditions.


Abstract : In this work we introduce a new representation for three-dimensional stratified manifolds based on Morse theory. This representation, which we call Handle-Strata, includes a new data structure and a set of operators. Applications of this representation on the volumetric reconstruction from planar sections are presented.


Through the life cycle identification and feature analysis of hot topics, we can monitor the influence, spreading time and the development trend of it. So this technology provides support for monitoring the spread of network information, and is an important topic for early warning of Internet public opinion. [Method/Process] Based on the hot topic of microblog, this paper firstly constructs one hot topic by analyzing the different themes at each stage, the life intensity index and trend. Then, classified 75 to-pics that collected previously into five categories by SOM clustering algorithm. Finally, describe the characteristics of five life cycle curves through the macro-microscopic analysis. [Result/Conclusion] Empirical analysis shows that hot topics have features like short cycle, rapid growth, rapid decline, short maturity, and the vast majority of hot topics only have one peak, but not more than two peaks. At the same life cycle stage of the five curves, we find the life intensity index has some features in common, and put forward two indicators to describe the features. The result can be used to monitor the hot topics on internet.


Blends of styrene butadiene and chlorobutyl rubber in various mass ratios were prepared according to standard procedures in a laboratory mill. The blends were heated to 433 K in the presence of a metal ion donor (ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 or zinc powder). The influence of the blend composition and amount of metal ion donor on the degree of interelastomer crosslinking of the rubbers was investigated. Thermal treatment and the resultant crosslinking of the blends led to changes in their morphology. On the basis of IR spectra (Figs. 2, 7, Table 2, 7), it was confirmed that crosslinking proceeds as a result of Friedel-Crafts interelastomer alkylation of the SBR phenyl ring by the CIIR polihalogenic elastomers (Scheme A). Moreover, the autoalkylation of these rings by SBR vinyl side groups and 1,4-cis-butadiene monomers were catalyzed by aprotic Lewis acids (ZnCl 2 , FeCl 3 ) generated in situ in the reaction of CIIR with the metal ion donor. The degree of blend crosslinking increased with an increase in the content of CIIR and the metal ion donor. The best results were obtained for mixtures containing more that 50 % CIIR and 2—4 parts by wt. of ZnO in respect to 100 parts by wt. of CIIR (Figs. 1, 4, 6; Tables 1, 3, 4, 6). The new, unconventional method could be applied for the crosslinking of rubber blends with selected fillers (Fig. 5, Table 5).


Key Points Question What are the outcomes of implemented sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes around the world? Findings In this systematic review of 86 studies and a meta-analysis of 62 studies, implemented SSB taxes were associated with higher prices of targeted beverages (tax pass-through of 82%) and 15% lower SSB sales, with a price elasticity of demand of −1.59. No negative changes in employment were identified. Meaning These findings suggest that SSB taxes may work as intended in reducing demand for SSBs through higher prices, yet further research is needed to understand their associations with diet and health outcomes and heterogeneity of consumer responses.


Wegener's granulomatous is distinct Clinico-pathological entity characterized by systemic vasculitis and necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. It is a multi systemic disease mainly involving upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidneys. We present a case of 36-year old male patient admitted with complaints of headache, muco purulent blood stained nasal discharge associated with low grade fever, cough and haemoptysis. Initially he was treated on the lines of sinusitis with necrotizing pneumonia. The chest X-ray revealed multiple cavitatory lesions in both lung fields. He had high levels of serum anti neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA). His nasal biopsy revealed granulomatous inflammatory response. Based on these findings, diagnosis of Wegener's Granulomatosis was made and combined therapy of steroids and cyclophosphamide started. He couldn't tolerate cyclophosphamide and was switched to Azathioprine. The patient showed dramatic improvement and recovered clinically and radiologically.


This study analyzes the effect of organizational learning capacity on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and innovative performance among SMEs. The data was drawn from a sample of 158 SMEs coming from a research project at the Costa Rica Institute of Technology. The results of the sequential hierarchical regression models indicate that both entrepreneurial orientation and organizational learning capacity, in general, positively affect SMEs' innovative performance. In addition, the findings reveal that organizational learning capacity conditions the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on innovative performance, thus suggesting that the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on innovative performance is enhanced in SMEs with a greater learning capacity. The results highlight the importance of practices that facilitate organizational learning such as experimentation, risk-taking, interactions with the external environment, dialogue, and participatory decision-making in SMEs.


The stomach contents of 221 sperm whales were examined at the Icelandic whaling station between 1977 and 1981. Evidence of at least eight species of fish and 22 species of cephalopod was found, together with an assortment of foreign bodies including rock fragments and fishing nets. Fish remains were found in 87% and cephalopods in 68% of the sperm whale stomachs in this area, but quantification of dietary input is complicated by differential rates of digestion and variation in the retention of indigestible remains in the stomach. Prey species are benthic or pelagic in habit and are caught by the whale in waters from 400 m to at least 1200 m in depth. One fish, the lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus, forms a major part of the diet. Ninety-four per cent of cephalopods are oceanic and neutrally buoyant and 84 % of these are ammoniacal. Cranchiids contribute 57% by number and an estimated 25% of the weight, and histioteuthids 26% by number and 38 % of the weight of cephalopods eaten. Three species offish and two of cephalopod have not been previously recorded in sperm whale diets. Comparison with an earlier study shows that the diet is essentially stable over a 14-year period.


Summary  The purpose of the European OpenAIRE infrastructure is to facilitate, foster, support, and monitor Open Science scholarly communication in Europe. The infrastructure has been operational for almost a decade and successful in linking people, ideas and resources in support of the free flow, access, sharing, and re-use of research outcomes. To this aim it offers dissemination and training on Open Access and Open Science, facilitates exchange of knowledge, and operates the technical services required to facilitate and monitor Open Science publishing trends and research impact across geographic and discipline boundaries. OpenAIRE services populate a research graph whose objects are scientific results, organizations, funders, communities, organizations, and data sources. In this article we describe the data model, inspired by several existing metadata standards.


J.-Y. Chemin proved the convergence (as the Rossby number $\epsilon$ goes to zero) of the solutions of the Primitive Equations to the solution of the 3D quasi-geostrophic system when the Froude number F = 1 that is when no dispersive property is available. The result was proved in the particular case where the kinematic viscosity $\nu$ and the thermal diffusivity $\nu$ ' are close. In this article we generalize this result for any choice of the viscosities, the key idea is to rely on a special feature of the quasi-geostrophic structure.


We consider an uncoordinated Gaussian multiple access channel with a relatively large number of active users within each block. A low complexity coding scheme is proposed, which is based on a combination of compute-and-forward and coding for a binary adder channel. For a wide regime of parameters of practical interest, the energy-per-bit required by each user in the proposed scheme is significantly smaller than that required by popular solutions such as slotted-ALOHA and treating interference as noise.


The maxillary sinus bone graft procedure is one of the predictable and successful treatments for the rehabilitation of atrophic and pneumatized edentulous posterior maxilla. Materials used for maxillary sinus floor augmentation include autogenous bone, allogenic bone, xenogenic bone and alloplastic materials. Among them, autogenous bone grafts still represents 'gold standard'for bone augmentation procedures. We selected the mandibular ramus area as a donor site for the autogenous bone graft because of low donor site morbidity. We performed maxillary sinus bone graft procedures with implant placement using particulated ramal autobone and bovine bone mixture, and got good results. This is a preliminary report of the maxillary sinus bone graft using particulated ramal autobone and bovine bone, requires more long-term follow up and further studies.


The work-study combination and the school-enterprise cooperation are is a skilled talent training mode,which embodies the characteristics of vocational education.It has vital significance for enhancing the constructive level of the major of sugar production technology management to explore the talent training mode of work-study combination.Major of sugar production technology management in Guangxi Vocational Technical Institute of Industry has established the talent training mode of "three-semester work-study combination"in the major of sugar production technology management and actively probed into the development of talent training plan,the development and construction of the integrated curriculum with work-study combination,the construction of practice bases inside and outside school,the building of the full-time and part-time teaching teams for the specialty and the dual personnel training mechanism with school-enterprise cooperation,and made some achievements.


The advantages of multi-inverter parallel operation is summarized and the present solutions for circulating current reduction are reviewed. Then a general small-signal model is proposed with the instantaneous maximum current control scheme. The stability of the system is analyzed. The influence of the current-sharing loop is studied with some mathematical analysis and simulation. The performance of the current-sharing loop is investigated. Then two 220 Vac 1 kW inverters with 50 Hz output frequency is built and paralleled to verify the validity of the proposed model and analysis.


The invention discloses an intelligent glove for adult couples. The intelligent glove comprises a silicon glove body. A plurality of electric motors and a plurality of sensors are arranged on the front surface of the silicon glove body, a plurality of bumps are arranged between a first section and a second section of a middle finger of the silicon glove body, an indicator lamp, a motor controller, a Bluetooth transmission module, a flash memory, a rechargeable battery and a CPU (central processing unit) are arranged at the bottom of the silicon glove body, a wireless charge coil is arranged on the back of the silicon glove body and is connected with the rechargeable battery, the sensors are connected with the CPU by the flash memory, the electric motors are connected with the CPU by the motor controller, and the CPU can be connected with an external intelligent terminal by the Bluetooth transmission module. The intelligent glove has the advantages that sexually sensitive areas of the body of a user and the body of another party can be freely stimulated by the intelligent glove, and interaction opportunities can be increased; physiological data of heart rates, the temperatures, the humidity, blood oxygen saturation degrees and the like of human bodies can be collected in love procedures and can be uploaded to intelligent cloud platforms to be analyzed, accordingly, the user can acquire love quality and constitution health guidance by means of data analysis, and the intelligent glove has multiple functions, is convenient to use and is safe and hygienic.


This essay analyzes the construction "race,"; gender, and sexuality in contemporary U.S. popular culture through an analysis of the Hollywood film, Showdown in Little Tokyo, and contemporary mass market magazine images. Focusing on the construction of Asian and white masculinity, this essay suggests ways that white heterosexual masculinity is recentered in U.S. popular culture. This essay also argues for the importance of spatial relations in constructing identities.


The Hungarian kings of the late 12th and early 13th centuries made several efforts to extend their rule over the Principality of Halych. The Halych–Volhynian Chronicle contains numerous descriptions on the Hungarian campaigns, including the names of the participants. Concurrently, the number of diplomas of the Hungarian king which mentions persons who participated in the campaigns against Halych increased significantly. The collection of the individuals from both sources has been listed. The rapid development of recent genealogical studies in Hungarian historiography provide an opportunity to review and revise the highest echelon of Hungarian and Halychian personnel supporting the Hungarian rule in 13th-century Halych.


The solar energy conversion efficiency is a materials-limited process as there is always a trade-off between the light absorption capability of the material and its stability. For solar hydrogen production, for example, wide-bandgap semiconductors are stable but only absorb in the UV region of the light spectrum. Small-bandgap semiconductors, on the other hand, are not stable in aqueous electrolytes. In this thesis, two metal oxide-based photoanode systems were studied in an attempt to find a balance between their optical and photocatalytic properties as well


The authors report the findings of bilateral concurrent parathyroid carcinoma in a patient with a subtotal left thyroidectomy and previous radiation to the neck. Bilateral concurrent parathyroid carcinoma after radiation therapy has not been reported before now.


Abstract The effects of a fluctuating environment on a model that describes the behavior of self-replicative molecules forming a hypercycle organization is analyzed. We assume that the mutation rate, or probability of erroneous self-replication of the species, 1-Q, is affected by a random external noise, and in order to make a more realistic biological model, we consider a level of extinction for each species. The qualitative theory of stochastic dynamical systems is used to find the asymptotic behavior of the model depending on the range of variation of Qt, and the possibility for the system of maintaining the hypercyclic organization under the influence of the stochastic fluctuations is discussed. A new stochastic bifurcation diagram is drawn as a function of the mean value 〈Qt〉, and numerical simulations demonstrate the main conclusions obtained from the theoretical analysis.


Abstract Primary spinal giant cell tumor (PSGCT) considered as rare primary neoplasm, with predilection for subarticular location and commonly located at knee joint region, sacrum or distal radius, however, spinal involvent is uncommon and comparatively much rarer in the cervical spine. Further occurrence of giant cell tumor in the Axis vertebra is extremely uncommon and easily misdiagnosed and, thus, treatment is still debated and various treatment modalities and different surgical approaches were utilized during evolution of surgical management. Authors could collect only 14 cases of primary giant cell tumor affecting Axis vertebra in a detailed Pubmed and Medline search, out of which 12 cases were primary and rest two case was recurrent. So authors reviewed in total thirteen cases primary giant cell tumor of Axis managed surgically, including our case. Out of 13 PSGCT, twelve cases were managed with surgical resection and the rest one case was managed with monoclonal antibody using Denosomab monotherapy without any surgical intervention. In the surgical group (n=12), nine cases had two staged surgical procedure, first being posterior fixation followed by anterior approach with resection of tumor while, the rest three had one stage surgical resection including current case. Authors reports a unique case of spinal giant cell tumor developing in a- 38 - year male with history of renal transplant, presented with neck pain and difficulty in walking, neuroimaging revealed a osteolytic mass lesion involving body of axis vertebra with extension into right sided lamina, underwent two stage complete surgical intervention. Authors describes management of such rare locally recurring primary bony pathology affecting axis vertebra as it is not only interesting and challenging and different management modalities, various, surgical approaches and issue of renal osteodystrophy along with pertinent literature is also reviewed briefly.


Transportation biofuel ethanol was produced from xylose and corn fiber hydrolyzate (CFH) in a batch reactor employing Escherichia coli FBR5. This strain was previously developed in our laboratory to use cellulosic sugars. The culture can produce up to 49.32 gL -1 ethanol from approximately 125 gL -1 xylose. Use of commercial nutrient sources such as corn steep liquor (CSL) and soy peptone (SP) was also studied and SP was found to be superior than CSL. SP at a concentration of 15 gL -1 resulted in the production of 42.2 gL -1 ethanol with ethanol yield and productivity of 0.49 and 0.74 gL -1 h -1 , respectively. Corn fiber (CF) was pretreated with dilute H 2 SO 4 and hydrolyzed using commercial cellulases. Employing CFH as a sole substrate, the culture produced 35.33 gL -1 ethanol with a productivity and yield of 1.01 gL -1 h -1 and 0.54, respectively, leaving behind no residual sugars in the medium. This productivity is 40% higher than when using xylose as the carbon source in the control experiment.


Theoretical predictions for the spectrum of heavy meson-baryon bound states are a fundamental tool for disentangling the nature of the di ff erent pentaquark states that have been observed in experimental facilities. Here we explore this spectrum in a phenomenological model that describes the heavy meson-baryon interaction in terms of a contact-range interaction, where the coupling strength is saturated by the exchange of light scalar and vector mesons, i.e. σ , ρ and ω exchanges. Saturation determines the couplings modulo an unknown proportionality constant that can be calibrated from a molecular candidate. If we use the P N ψ (4312) as input, we predict a series of molecular pentaquarks including the P N ψ (4440) and P N ψ (4457), the recent P Λ ψ s (4338) and the P Λ ψ s (4459).


Abstract This paper presents a new, rapid and simple method for the determination of water quality, in particular the evaluation of Organic Carbon, nitrate and total suspended solids in waters. On the basis of UV spectral deconvolution, its principle supposes that the absorbency spectrum of water can be decomposed from a few number of characteristic spectra. For a given parameter, for example Organic Carbon (O.C.), the O.C. values of the characteristic spectra are used for the computation of the O.C. in the sample. The method was tested with a lot of samples of wastewaters: as an example, the estimated O.C. value is very close to the measured one as the correlation coefficient (for more than a hundred data) is 0.92. The quality of measurement is appreciated by studying the error between measured and restituted (after deconvolution) absorbency spectra. Moreover a simple colour code can be proposed in relation to water quality.


A three-dimensional analysis of the patello-femoral resultant force vector () is presented. Results of the analysis proved to be largely independent on the valgus angle of the knee. Therefore Q angle measurements will suffice for clinical analysis. The lateral direction of decreases rapidly with knee flexion when the Q angle is small, less so for larger Q angles. Consequently, the steepness of the lateral femoral trochlea required for passive stability decreases with increasing knee flexion. In the light of these findings the dynamic stabilizing action of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle is discussed. Calculations of the magnitude of showed that the traditional analysis of the sagittal projection of the joint (two-dimensional analysis) is justified.


The turbine wheel includes: a plurality of blades (20), a rotor (10) with a disc (12) the periphery of which are mounted the blades, each blade having a blade (22) integral with a foot of a platform (24) carrying a fastener (26) engaged in a housing opening at the disc periphery and extending axially between two opposite faces of the disc, the housing being separated from each other by portions of the disk forming teeth (16) and a flange (40) for axial retention of the blades on the disc comprising a flange retainer (40) located on one side of the disc. On the other side of the disc, the teeth of the disc have a relief (18) which projects radially and forms an abutment bearing axially on a relief (28) which is formed under the platforms of the blades back in relation the lateral faces of the fasteners located on the second side of the disc.


AIM: To investigate the efficiency of three different techniques for removal of filling material from root canals evaluaed by computed tomography(CT).METHODS: 75 extracted single-rooted human maxillary first premolars with single canal were instrumented by Protaper rotary files and filled with cold lateral compaction and sealer.The teeth were randomly assigned to 3 groups(n=25).Endodontic retreatment was conducted by hand instrumentation with K-type files(group A),rotary instrumentation with engine-driven ProTaper system(group B) and rotary instrumentation with Race system(Group C) respectively.CT scan was used to assess the volume of filling material inside the root canals before and after the removal procedure.The time of retreatment and the number and sort of fractured instruments were recorded.RESULTS: The average percentage of the volume of filling material removed from the root canals in group A,B and C was 90.51±6.36、94.80±8.22 and 97.66±10.17 respectively(group C vs A,P0.05).The retreatment time of A,B and C min)was 13.89±2.55、7.90±1.84 and 5.0±0.23 respectively(group A vs B or C,P0.05).The number of fractured instruments was 0,2 and 1(P0.05).CONCLUSION: The techniques evaluated in this study can not completely remove the filling material from the root canals.Race system is more effective than K-type file and ProTaper system.


In order to schedule the choice of maintaining or refurbishing MV equipment, an electrical utility may study ageing effects on different pieces of such equipment. In this paper, the analysis is based on record of outages (MV power cuts) during several years where causes of outages are noticed (and ages of pieces of equipment are also known). Failure rate versus age estimation results are given for different pieces of equipment for MV overhead lines or MV underground cables. We also present quantification of daily weather conditions impact on the reliability of these components. We mainly take into account wind, temperature, humidity, and flashes of lightning intensity. Reliability accelerated life testing models (Eyring or Peck reliability model), have been studied to take into account, impact of temperature and humidity on failures rates of underground MV cable pieces of equipment. Main results on this subject will be presented. Possibilities of using mechanical stress reliability laws (Wolher law, Miner's Rule or Coffin-Manson law) to model mechanical damages concerning overhead lines components due to weather constraints (wind speed) , will also be discussed in this paper.


This conference is dedicated to Test Standards for the CAE and test communities and will have presentations by the leaders of test standards. The timing of the conference is significant. Key portions of the work of the groups is nearing completion. Mature standard proposals are about to be balloted.


From the earliest days of mass production in the automotive industry there has been a
progressive move towards the use of flexible manufacturing systems that cater for
product variants that meet market demands. In recent years this market has become
more demanding with pressures from legislation, globalisation and increased
customer expectations. This has lead to the current trends of mass customisation in
production.
In order to support this manufacturing systems are not only becoming more flexible†
to cope with the increased product variants, but also more agile‡ such that they may
respond more rapidly to market changes. Modularisation§ is widely used to increase
the agility of automation systems, such that they may be more readily reconfigured¶.
Also with globalisation into India and Asia semi-automatic machines (machines that
interact with human operators) are more frequently used to reduce capital outlay and
increase flexibility. There is an increasing need for tools and methodologies that
support this in order to improve design robustness, reduce design time and gain a
competitive edge in the market.
The research presented in this thesis is built upon the work from
COMPAG/COMPANION (COMponent- based Paradigm for AGile automation, and
COmmon Model for PArtNers in automatION), and as part of the BDA (Business
Driven Automation), SOCRADES (Service Oriented Cross-layer infrastructure for
Distributed smart Embedded deviceS), and IMC-AESOP (ArchitecturE for Service-
Oriented Process – monitoring and control) projects conducted at Loughborough
University UK.
This research details the design and implementation of a toolkit for building and
simulating automation systems comprising components with behaviour described
using Finite State Machines (FSM). The research focus is the development of the
engineering toolkit that can support the automation system lifecycle from initial
design through commissioning to maintenance and reconfiguration as well as the
integration of a virtual human. This is achieved using a novel data structure that
supports component definitions for control, simulation, maintenance and the novel
integration of a virtual human into the automation system operation.


In the course of organizational modularity designing,there are three value operations,which are value pervasion,value inducting and value integration.At the same time,they create three kinds of value,which are cost value,chosen value and cooperation value.When chasing after the design value,fierce competition for the power of design happens in the modular organization.The evolutionary games in the colony cause the appearance of two kinds of modular organization,one is modular organization with one core enterprise,and the other is organization of modular cluster.


Abstract A method for the simultaneous determination of uric acid in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been developed. Human serum (0.5 ml) was mixed with 0.5 ml of 0.2 N perchloric acid solution and the mixture was centrifuged at 3,000 g for 20 min. An aliquot (10 μl) of the supernatant (deproteinized human serum) was injected into the chromatographic system employed in this study. The assay limit for quantitation was about 10 pg for uric acid. Complete separation of uric acid was achieved in about 8 min under the present chromatographic conditions.


The Trojan Horse Method has been applied to obtain information about 7Li(p,α)4He reaction at astrophysical energies. The 7Li(d,α n)4He reaction has been used and the two body reaction cross section for the 7Li(p,α)4He has been extracted together with its astrophysical factor S(E).


This paper reviews our current understanding of basement play in the Malay basin, offshore Peninsular Malaysia. Of more than the fifty basement penetrations, most were secondary drilling objectives. The wells revealed a variety of lithologies in the pre-Tertiary basement, including igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The first basement oil discovery was made in the Anding area in the southwestern part of the basin. This has been used as the basis of a basement play concept in further exploration. In this study, a basin-wide seismic interpretation was carried out to identify and rank prospective areas for fractured basement play. The use of high-quality 3D seismic has enabled the recognition of potential fractured zones in the basement. Seismic recognition of fractures is a key factor in finding new prospects in fractured basement. Based on detailed mapping, potential areas of fractured basement reservoirs have been identified for further analysis.


Hydrolysis and reorganization of membrane or extracellular phospholipids are important processes in cell death or activation. These processes involve the participation of various types of enzymes, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Among these enzymes, type IIA secreted PLA2 (sPLA2-IIA) is secreted by various inflammatory cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, and has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases. sPLA2-IIA is involved in the release of arachidonic acid, the precursor of proinflammatory eicosanoids, and has been found to bind to specific receptors located on cell surface membranes. However, the most pertinent roles of this enzyme are its ability to kill bacteria and to hydrolyze pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. This hydrolysis, which alters the tensioactive properties of surfactant, potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The bactericidal effect of sPLA2-IIA is mainly due to the hydrolysis of ba...


Provided is a hydrophilizing agent which, when added to a polymer having a large contact angle, makes it possible to form a porous polymer film that has a small contact angle and that can retain the small contact angle even after having been in contact with an aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution for 168 hours. The hydrophilizing agent is characterized by comprising a fluoropolymer that has a contact angle of 50 degrees or less and a weight loss of 7% or less.


On the scale of tens to hundreds of meters the release of heat from sea ice leads is an important component of the Arctic heat budget. On regional scales, however, their effects are difficult to assess without information on their distribution in time and space. Medium-resolution visible and thermal sensors such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) or Operational Line Scanner (OLS) provide perhaps the best combination of spatial coverage and spectral information for studies of leads. However, both the atmosphere and the geometrical aspects of the sensors play a significant role in the retrieval of lead characteristics. The present authors apply results from previous analyses of the effects of sensor spatial resolution and atmospheric attenuation on the retrieval of lead characteristics from satellite visible and thermal data (Key et al., 1994; Stone and Key, 1993). The attenuation of upwelling thermal radiation by ice crystal precipitation, aerosols, and clouds has been modeled and is discussed in the context of lead detectability. Statistical and empirical models of the effects of sensor resolution (i.e., pixel size) are presented in the context of lead width estimation. Data collected during IBADEX (Beaufort Sea, March-April 1992) are used for validation.<<ETX>>