Background— Transgender women (TGW) are among the groups at highest risk for HIV infection, with a prevalence of 27.7% in the United States, but despite this high risk, TGW have documented high rates of undiagnosed HIV infection. We propose that this disparity can be addressed by characterizing TGW in a molecular transmission network to prioritize public health activities. Methods— Since 2006, HIV pol sequences from drug resistance testing have been reported to Los Angeles County (LAC) Department of Public Health and linked to demographic data, gender, and HIV transmission risk factor data for each case in the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS). We reconstructed a molecular transmission network using HIV-TRACE (pairwise genetic distance threshold of 0.015 substitutions/site) from the earliest pol sequences from 22,398 unique individuals, including 412 (2%) self-identified TGW. We examined the possible predictors of clustering using multivariate logistic regression. We characterized the genetically-linked partners of TGW and calculated assortativity—the tendency for persons to link to other persons with the same attributes—for each transmission risk group. Findings— We found that 36% of individuals (8,133/22,398) clustered in the network across 1,722 molecular transmission clusters. TGW who indicated a sexual risk factor clustered at the highest frequency in the network: 147/345 (42.6%) linked to at least one other person (p<0.001). TGW were assortative in the network (0.06; p<0.001), indicating that they tended to link to other MSM, despite the high prevalence of HIV among MSM. TGW were distributed across 126 clusters, and cis-individuals linked to one TGW were 9.2 times more likely to link to a second TGW than other individuals in the surveillance database. Reconstruction of the transmission network is limited by sample availability, but sequences were available for >40% of diagnoses. Interpretation— TGW in LAC were more likely to cluster than any other risk group, suggesting high transmission rates—despite the small number of TGW in the network. TGW tended to cluster with other TGW, indicating shared risk activities (i.e., linked directly or through shared partners). This assortativity, and the observed tendency for linkage with cisgender men who did not identify as MSM, demonstrates the potential to use molecular epidemiology to both identify clusters likely to include undiagnosed HIV-infected TGW and improve the targeting of public health prevention and treatment services to TGW.


It is found that a term normally discarded in the standard treatment of the MSW effect might be relevant in the case of non-adiabatic varying matter density, leading to a second order field equation, instead of the usual first order "Schrodinger equation". This leads to dispersion relation that gives rise to the possibility of neutrino trapping in a dense medium as well as the coupling of neutrino oscillation to neutral current interaction. This is found to be in agreement with previous results1. The corresponding conserved probability current is derived for this second order equation, and applied to the case of 2-flavor neutrino oscillation in a dense medium. The results in this work might be applicable to the oscillation of neutrinos in dense astrophysical medium.


Eight populations of Caprella penantis, three of Caprella dilatata and two of Caprella andreae, collected from different sites all over the world, were selected for genetic study. Thirteen primers were tested, and the phenogram, based on the similarity coefficient of Nei & Li and the UPGMA method, separated clearly C. dilatata and C. andreae from the populations of C. penantis, supporting the validity of these three species, traditionally considered altogether under the old 'acutifrons' complex. Populations of C. penantis (including, at least, forms simulatrix, testudo and lusitanica) from Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Japan and Brazil were clustered together in the RAPD analysis, indicating that, probably, all the specimens of C. penantis could belong to the same species, in spite of morphological variations in the pleura, gills, robustness and presence/absence of proximal projection in adult male gnathopod 2 propodus. The only population which showed genetic differentiation within the C. penantis complex was the form gibbosa from Coquimbo, Chile. Future analysis based on different molecular approaches (mtDNA, 18S rRNA, ISSR) and additional material from other world areas, should be conducted to confirm these results.


The purpose of this study was to verify short-term investment performance in Taiwan stock market by using daily returns and zero investment portfolios. According to relevant legal constraints, transaction costs were deducted, stocks at their rising or falling limit were excluded, and the establishment of momentum strategies was delayed for one week to verify. We observed a price momentum phenomenon and investigated investor sentiment regarding the stock market turnover rate and the ratio of the margin purchase balance to short-sale cause of that. Furthermore, we identified operations that facilitate increasing returns on investments by simulating short-term momentum investment portfolios.


As a compulsory course for preschool education majors, vocal music teaching is not only the learning basis of other courses, but also an auxiliary tool for future teaching work. The development of information technology provides students with a more comprehensive opportunity to learn vocal music knowledge. We should find appropriate ways to reform the current vocal music teaching methods through constant attempts. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out vocal music education scientifically and effectively in preschool education, which can effectively improve students' artistic ability, and the application of information technology can make this goal better realized, meet the teaching needs better, and promote the development of vocal music education in preschool education.


Eighteen rats were trained to run in a straight alley under 24 hours of water deprivation. They were then submitted to six daily trials under successive and independent water deprivation conditions of 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours. The fact that the HR of these animals increased up to 508 BPM with the length of deprivation, and that there was no drop in the performance for the 60 and 72 hours deprivation condition, would suggest that the relationship between performance and activation is sometimes monotonic and sometimes curvilinear, depending upon the nature of the task investigated.


Abstract : The goal of this project was to investigate algorithm design and program optimization for the functional language architecture. Because the architecture has not yet been realized in hardware, these studies were necessarily either analytical or based on simulations. The problem was attacked from a variety of directions. Most fundamental was that of machine design; since the beginning of the grant period, we have come to understand the implications of the design better, and as a consequence, describe it better and propose better implementations. Additionally, we have refined and extended the design, providing answers to a number of questions that had not been previously addressed. Additionally, we worked on the question of making the machine an appropriate one for solving a broader class of problems than had previously been considered. These investigations were all done in conjunction with our considerations of particular applications that were chosen on the basis of their widespread use and their exhibiting characteristics of fundamental importance.


Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) • An innovative method for oceans exploration. • It is composed of several multi-functioning devices called "nodes" to which multiple sensors could be linked. • Each node collects the data from the sensors, processes them and routes them to the other network nodes. • An important step in the implementation of an UWSN is the design of an adequate transmitter/receiver system that can overcome the large number of problems that faces underwater communication such as propagation delays, energy consumption, etc.


We study the ground state of the two-dimensional Anderson-Hubbard model using a quantum real space renormalization group method. We obtain the phase diagram near half filling. The system is always insulating with disorder. At half filling, the system undergoes a transition from a gapless (Anderson) insulator to an incompressible (Mott-Hubbard) insulator as the interaction [ital U] reaches a critical value [ital U][sub [ital c]]. Away from half filling, the insulating phase is always gapless and is found to be controlled by the Anderson fixed point at half filling. This result is similar to that obtained in the corresponding one-dimensional system and suggests strongly the importance of the electron-electron correlation in this gapless insulating phase.


The system structure and working principle of AGC were analyzed in the paper,and the main functions and performance of the VGA(Variable Gain Amplifier) VCA810 were introduced.Large dynamic range AGC circuit based on VCA810 is designed for receiver signal conditioner circuit.We simulate the AGC circuit,and introduced the working principle in detail.The experiment shows that the 80dB dynamic range of the AGC circuit can meet the design target,and it can easily adjust the output level to ensure the receiver working normally.


There is significant evidence of variation in the penalties awarded in cases of plagiarism across the higher education sector, which has led to calls for standardisation of treatment. In this context, the annual reports of the Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education (OIA) in the UK have identified increases in the numbers of complaints pertaining to judgements of academic misconduct (OIA 2009). In 2010 Tennant & Rowell developed the Benchmark Plagiarism Tariff in an attempt at standardisation, whilst offering institutions a tool against which they could benchmark their policy and practice. Operation of this Tariff involves allocation of scores to specific aspects of each case such as the extent of the plagiarism, the academic level of the student and any previous history. The resultant total score is matched against a sliding scale of penalties, based on those in use at institutions. Following interest in the Tariff at the previous International Plagiarism Conference in 2010 an initial review of the operation of the tariff was proposed with a group of self-selecting institutions. The findings are discussed here, as a set of 155 cases from 9 HEIs were compared retrospectively in terms of the penalties prescribed by the Tariff and the actual penalties that were awarded. This exercise showed that in about half of the cases, the penalties awarded and the Tariff matched exactly. Areas of mismatch were commonly related to the severity of the penalty, reflecting variations in institutional practice, and the options permitted for resubmission. Also, some common infringements such as collusion are not addressed by the Tariff. As it stands, the Tariff clearly offers a useful initial benchmark for developing more consistent approaches to dealing with plagiarism cases.


The precipitation data predicted by satellite remote sensing technique are widely used,and the accuracy test of precipitation data is one of the key problems in application.Deviation and correlation analyses are the main methods for the accuracy test of TRMM data,and the accuracy test of different levels of precipitation is lacked.The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was introduced to perform the accuracy test of different levels of precipitation in the Xiang River Basin.Based on Thiessen polygons method,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,correlation coefficient method,and scatter points slope method,the accuracy of TRMM3B42 data at the monthly and daily time scales from 1998 to 2009 was validated using the measured precipitation data at 14 gauge stations.The results showed(1)the correlation coefficients of TRMM 3B42 precipitation data reach 0.93 at monthly time scale and 0.48 at daily time scale,and the Bias of former data is 84%lower than that of latter data;and(2)for different levels of precipitation data,the prediction accuracy of light rain is the best,followed by heavy rain,rainstorm,and moderate rain.


Abstract : The United States Air Force (U.S. Air Force) is proposing to replace the San Andres water line at the Boles Well Field, the northernmost field of the Boles Wells Water System Annex (BWWSA) at Holloman Air Force Base (AFB), near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The existing 12,300 linear feet of 16-inch steel reinforced concrete cylinder pipe are over 50 years old and deteriorated due to age. The project is needed to replace the existing water line, which is the only connection to the southern section of the BWWSA and is critical infrastructure for Holloman AFB. The purpose of this action is to ensure a reliable water supply to Holloman AFB, which is essential to the 49th Fighter Wing's mission


SERUM TREATMENT OF STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS Ten years have now passed since the treatment of streptococcal infections with antibacterial serum gave place largely to the indiscriminate use of streptococcus antitoxin, a remedy primarily designed for the treatment of scarlet fever. The experience gained in ten years might at first sight be considered adequate to furnish evidence of the value of this treatment, yet in factsuch evidence is extremely difficult to obtain. Even in a self-limited disease such as lobar pneumonia convincing proof of the effect of serum treatment demands a long series of cases with untreated controls, and strictly fair controls can be provided by treating only alternate cases. Streptococcal infections, on the other hand, are of unending diversity in their severity, extent, and duration; two really parallel cases can scarcely be said to exist, unless in an epidemic of surgical or puerperal sepsis. Controls must be hard to find, since where this treatment is believed in it is naturally employed in every instance. In these circumstances only a favourable comparison between present-day results and those antedating the introduction of this treatment can justify it. Is there such a difference? Or is streptococcus antitoxin still being administered simply because no other generally recognized form of specific treatment exists? The comparative futility of much of the available therapeutic evidence is exemplified by the results of Sheplar, Spence, and MacNeal,l who treated a series of cases with the " concentrated streptococcus serum of the laboratory of the New York State Department


Abstract It is shown that the micro domain walls nucleated at the site of the impurities under the influence of the dc electric field are removed from the structure by application of a suitable dc electric field, applied in the reverse direction. This process, now called evaporation of the domain walls, has also been examined kinetically, and it is found that the dc electric field required to evaporate the walls is about 3/2 times the dc field required to nucleate them. The importance of the nucleation and evaporation processes to the switching in this crystal, and in ferroelectric crystals in general, is pointed out. The microwalls nucleated at the impurity sites join each other end to end producing continuous domain line on the observed pseudocubic (001) crystal surface, since the impurities that nucleate the micro walls are found to arrange themselves linearly in the structure in pseudocubic [100] direction on account of their dipolar nature. The evaporation of the microwalls has been observed at the s...


Introduction: Proton therapy delivers radiation to tumor tissue in a much more confined way than conventional photon therapy thus allowing the radiation oncologist to use a greater dose while still minimizing side.

Materials and Methods: protons release most of their energy within the tumor region. As a result, the treating physician can potentially give an even greater dose to the tumor while minimizing unwanted side effects. This is especially important when treating children, because protons help reduce radiation to growing and developing tissues. In this work by Bethe formula using quantum mechanics we determine stooping power, mass stopping power and range of proton in substances of human body and compared our obtained results with available experimental data.

Results: We calculated mean excitation energies, I using the quantum mechanical approach in muscle, bone, water, tissue. Our obtained results show that this parameter will change from 19 to 1000 eV. After that by Bethe formula using quantum mechanics with determining stooping power, mass stopping power and range of proton in ovary, breast, eye lens, lung, adipose, brain blood, bone, muscle and water we find that both of stopping and mass stopping power at first increases with enhancement of proton energy then decreases while, range of protons increases with increasing of proton energy.
Conclusion: In this research, by Bethe formula using quantum mechanics the numerical values of stopping, mass stopping power and proton range in substances of human body are determined accurately and these obtained results help more accurately treat cancer patients using proton therapy.


The disposal methods of radioactive effluent by cement solidification and bituminisation at domestic and overseas are reviewed. After the effluent from the process of producing nuclear grade thorium tetrfluoride with gauze cover grade thorium nitrate being distilled to recovery acid nitrate, much of acid nitrate and salts still remained in residual effluent. Cement solidification tests to residual effluent and leaching with water tests to condensate block are conducted. The compressive strength of condensate block can be increased by adjusting concentrate of chemical components in residual effluent. Painting pitch on surface of condensate block can effectively decreased leaching rate of radioactive nuclides and prevent environment from contaminating.


The ELI-NP (Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics) facility, currently under construction near Bucharest (Romania), is the pillar of the project ELI dedicated to the generation of high-brilliance gamma beams and high-power laser pulses that will be used for frontier research in nuclear physics. To develop an experimental program at the frontiers of the present-day knowledge, two pieces of equipment will be deployed at ELI-NP: a high power laser system consisting of two 10 PW lasers and a high brilliance gamma beam system. The ELI-NP Gamma beam system will deliver an intense gamma beam with unprecedented specifications in terms of photon flux, brilliance and energy bandwidth in an energy range from 0.2 to 20 MeV. Such a gamma beam requires special devices and techniques to measure and monitor the beam parameters during the commissioning and the operational phase. To accomplish this task, the Gamma Beam Characterization System, equipped with four elements, was developed: a Compton spectrometer (CSPEC), to measure and monitor the photon energy spectrum; a nuclear resonant scattering system (NRSS), for absolute beam energy calibration and inter-calibration of the other detectors; a beam profile imager (GPI) to be used for alignment and diagnostics purposes; and finally a sampling calorimeter (GCAL), for a fast combined measurement of the beam average energy and intensity. The combination of the measurements performed by GCAL and CSPEC allows fully characterizing the gamma beam energy distribution and intensity with a precision at the level of few per mill, enough to demonstrate the fulfillment of the required parameters. This article presents an overview of the gamma beam characterization system with focus on these two detectors, which were designed, assembled and are currently under test at INFN-Firenze. The layout and the working principle of the four devices is described, as well as some of the main results of detector tests.


Application of the Group Investigation Method to Increasing Competence in Listening to Recordings of Drama Performances for Class XI High School Students. The purpose of this study is to describe the improvement of the learning process, listening to recordings of drama performances through the investigative method of class XI IPA 2 students at SMA Negeri 4 Makassar. This type of research is classroom action research. The research data includes observation process data and questionnaires, and result data in the form of test questions. Source of research data is 1 teacher and 35 students. The research process was analyzed using quantitative descriptive techniques. The research was conducted in two cycles each lasting three meetings. The results of the learning test for the ability to listen to recordings of drama performances through the Group Investigation method showed an increase after comparing the test results in cycle I to cycle II. The test results in cycle I only reached the sufficient category so that it affected the process and student learning outcomes. Then it was improved in cycle II by applying the Time Token Debate technique. Significant results are indicated by the proportion of cycle II test results that reach the very good category and the good category. The increase from cycle I to cycle II was 18.20.


Hybrid nouns, nouns which induce different agreements according to the target, have been described in various languages. The new question is why they exist at all. There is clear evidence that hybrids vary considerably in the agreement they control, even within a single language. It therefore seems logical to align this variability with lexical semantics, and this is convincing for some hybrids. But this motivation is hard to reconcile with the fact that some hybrids are hybrids only for part of their paradigm. These latter instances suggest that the underlying motivation for some hybrids is a form-meaning mismatch.


With the development of networks and mobile devices, Locationbased Services (LBSs) have emerged that require location information to provide their services to users. Actually, there are several positioning systems capable of providing location information for these services, but they all focus on particular scenarios by applying specific location technologies and/or techniques which they consider more suited for those cases. Considering that LBSs are not constrained to any particular scenario and that they might have different requirements, we propose a different approach, called MultiTrack, which instead of focusing on specific scenarios and requirements, tries to accommodate them all by supporting the flexible usage of different location technologies and/or techniques. For testing and evaluation purposes, we developed a smartphone application called Cycle-to-Shop, which requires location information for rewarding users that arrive at certain locations according to different rules and scenarios (e.g. go to school by bicycle). Experimental results obtained by using the Cycle-to-Shop rewarding application with MultiTrack are presented and described, enhancing how MultiTrack achieves Cycle-to-Shop's requirements and its goal of supporting the flexible usage of different location technologies and/or techniques by LBSs.


The performance of multiplication is crucial for multimedia applications such as 3D graphics and signal processing systems, which depend on the execution of large numbers of multiplications. Many algorithms are proposed to implement high speed parallel multipliers. These algorithms mainly focused on rapidly reducing the partial products rows down to final sums and carries used for the final accumulation. These techniques mostly rely on circuit optimization and minimization of the critical paths. This paper focuses on reducing the number of generated partial product rows before applying any of the partial products reduction techniques. Fewer partial products rows means lowering the overall operation time. The paper introduces two techniques for reducing the number of generated partial product rows. The first technique uses an algorithm and a circuit that result in finding the 2's complement in a fast way. The second technique uses the conventional way of getting the 2's complement (complement a binary number and add 1 to the complemented number), but a simple hardware is proposed to implement the "add 1" operation without any carry propagation. In addition to the speed improvement, our algorithms result in a true diamond-shape for the partial product tree, which is more efficient in terms of implementation. The simulation of our proposed techniques showed large improvement in speed and in power consumption when compared to conventional multiplication algorithms.


Atmospheric phenomena, like rain or clouds, play an important role in global climatic processes, and in open space communications. Their presence can involve additional signal attenuation that can lead to the appearance of errors or even unavailability of the deployed links. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review about the use of millimetric radar for cloud characterization is made. The main complications, like drizzle or ice particles are listed. Then, procedures for obtaining water content are shown, for liquid and iced particles. Finally, Doppler techniques, capable of separate the different contributions to the spectra are presented.


Background. Very little research has been devoted to the studying fertility problem in nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. It is difficult to draw definitive conclusions regarding the need for glucocorticoid therapy in NCAH women based on limited data. Therefore, evaluating fertility in patients with NCAH and exploring the possibility of correcting its disturbances seemed to us to be a matter of importance. Aims — to evaluate the reproductive function of patients with NCAH and explore potential treatments for this disorder. Materials and methods. The study group included 60 patients with NCAH aged between 18 and 33 years old. NCAH was diagnosed based on early-morning serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels above 30 nmol/l or 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels after ACTH stimulation above 26 nmol/l and/or characterized by molecular analysis of the CYP21A2 gene. Ultrasonography of the uterus and ovaries were performed in the cycle's follicular phase. Total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), Androstenedione, 17-OHP and Progesterone was measured. Results. Overall, the patients complained of menstrual cycle disorders (60%), infertility — (28%), hirsutism — (63%). Prior to being diagnosed with NCAH, Thirty-four women sought care because of infertility or recurrent miscarriages. Seventeen women (50%) had miscarriages; later on, five of them developed secondary infertility. Two patients became pregnant without treatment being already diagnosed and progressed to delivery. Once the diagnosis of NCAH was made, 58 women started receiving glucocorticoid therapy, Thirty nine (67%) women became pregnant while on glucocorticoid therapy. Thus glucocorticoid therapy reduced the miscarriage rate from 50 to 10.3%; р<0.001. There was no difference in the miscarriage rate between patients who received or quit glucocorticoid therapy during pregnancy. Conclusions. Glucocorticoid therapy is a highly efficacious method of fertility restoration in NCAH patients. Use of glucocorticoids during pregnancy planning significantly reduced the miscarriage rate. No difference in pregnancy outcome between the patients who received glucocorticoid therapy during pregnancy as opposed to those who did not indicates the advisability of treatment discontinuation once pregnancy is determined.


A comparison of size gestures made during object descriptions by Anyi speakers from the Ivory Coast and Dutch speakers in the Netherlands reveals considerable formational differences. Firstly, whereas all Anyi speakers make use of body parts to depict size and shape, none of the Dutch speakers do. Secondly, Dutch gestures outlining a size and shape in space are more varied than their Anyi counterparts in the number and distribution of the different handshapes, orientations, and movements. In addition, we report comparisons among Anyi speakers in which body parts are used as a way of showing the size of objects with signs for sizes employed in the sign language used by deaf and hearing signers in Adamorobe, a village community in Ghana that is linguistically and culturally related to the Anyi communities in Cote d'Ivoire. This comparison reveals significant similarities as well as differences, suggesting how co-speech gestures may have been adapted for use in this sign language.


The system of grace allowed to offenders for the purpose of awaiting their repentance shown and efforts made to rescue the wounded or the dying on which to base the measurement of penalty is an important system in ancient China.In this paper is made an account of its concept,evolution,types,and legislative basis.


Legal action to separate newborn babies from their parents is regarded as 'draconian' by the courts and subject to intense scrutiny. This paper outlines current legal and social work issues relating to such intervention and discusses the potential benefits of the 'pre-proceedings process' to address them. This process enables parents to have legal representation in a discussion with children's services when care proceedings are contemplated. The paper reports the findings of recent socio-legal research by the authors into the use of the process in England and Wales. In six local authorities, 30 per cent of 120 cases where the pre-proceedings process was used related to unborn babies; a pre-proceedings letter was sent in 75 per cent of unborn baby cases where care proceedings were considered, compared with 57 per cent of cases overall. The process could help to secure parental cooperation for pre-birth assessments and short-term protective arrangements at birth, thus avoiding emergency intervention. Families were diverted from care proceedings in 30 per cent of the cases where this was a possibility. Furthermore, the process was valued by social workers and lawyers as being fairer to parents.


1 Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile, Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6 Facultad de Educación, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina


We provide a new proof of the inverse theorem for the Gowers $U^{s+1}$-norm over groups $H=\mathbb Z/N\mathbb Z$ for $N$ prime. This proof gives reasonable quantitative bounds (the worst parameters are double-exponential), and in particular does not make use of regularity or non-standard analysis, both of which are new for $s \ge 3$ in this setting.


We report on the detection of extreme giant pulses (GPs) from one of the oldest-known pulsars, the highly variable PSR B0950+08, with the Amsterdam-ASTRON Radio Transient Facility And Analysis Centre (AARTFAAC), a parallel transient detection instrument operating as a subsystem of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR). During processing of our Northern Hemisphere survey for low-frequency radio transients, a sample of 275 pulses with fluences ranging from 42 to 177 kJy ms were detected in one-second snapshot images. The brightest pulses are an order of magnitude brighter than those previously reported at 42 and 74 MHz, on par with the levels observed in a previous long-term study at 103 MHz. Both their rate and fluence distribution differ between and within the various studies done to date. The GP rate is highly variable, from 0 to 30 per hour, with only two three-hour observations accounting for nearly half of the pulses detected in the 96 h surveyed. It does not vary significantly within a few-hour observation, but can vary strongly one from day to the next. The spectra appear strongly and variably structured, with emission sometimes confined to a single 195.3 kHz subband, and the pulse spectra changing on a timescale of order 10 min.


Correspondention Author: Muhammad Zaky, Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.21776/ub.jam.2018. 016.03.06 Pay is an important part of the reward system. From a cost point of view, salary is important. Payroll costs are 10 to 50 percent even in some cases. It reaches 90 percent of the organization's operational costs (Shaw, et al., 1999). For employees, salaries play an important role in their lives. Directly or indirectly, the salary received will significantly determine the social status, self-esteem, and ability of employees to meet their needs (Bergmannand Scarpello, 2001). Payroll systems are aimed at attracting and retaining employees who not only possess the necessary knowledge and skills but also who have an interest and willingness to achieve organizational goals (Henderson, 1994). Furthermore, the payroll system designed by the organization aims to avoid any dissatisfaction (work dissatisfaction). Dissatisfaction with the payroll' system will lead to decreased performance, increaseabsenteeism, and job dissatisfaction (Weiner, 1980). Therefore, organizations need to understand the factors that determine the individual pay satisfactionto provide posiAbstract: This research aims to determine the effect of actual pay level, positive affect (PA) and multi-dimensional pay satisfaction. The data is collected from questionnaires distributed to 207 postgraduate students in Jakarta and Yogyakarta. Non-probability sampling with Purposive sampling is taken as a sampling technique. Hierarchical regressions analysis used for hypothesis testing. The finding shows actual pay level has the positive effect with each pay satisfaction dimension. Positive affect has the positive effect with each pay satisfaction dimension. More importantly, data show that positive affect (PA) interact with actual pay level in explaining three pay satisfaction dimensions, they are satisfied with pay level, satisfaction with benefit, and satisfaction with structure/administration. The finding also shows that positive affect (PA) does not moderate the relation of actual pay level and pay satisfaction on satisfaction with pay raise dimension. Discussion, limitations, a practical and theoretical implication for further researches are offered.


According to the non-linear mapping relationship between the throughput of the port and economic development,a BP neural network combined with LM(Levenberg-Marquardt) optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper,and this model was applied to the dynamic simulation and prediction of China's coastal port throughput.Compared with BP algorithm,the simulation results showed that the new algorithm has the characteristics of a faster training speed and high precision.


The article contains the results of psycho-pedagogical research on the independent work of technical college undergraduates. The main purpose of the research was to identify the tools for guiding the above mentioned type of students' work and to describe it in relation to the psychological abilities of three categories of students ("widely subject-oriented", "narrowly subject-oriented", "subject-unoriented") and the peculiarities of foreign language communicative teaching activity in a technical college.


THE transition from house officer to practicing physician is a monumental and rude one. Not the least significant hazard is the changed relation of the clinical laboratory to the doctor. The house officer has taken for granted the battery of tests available in a hospital laboratory, resting comfortably on the support that their accessibility, reliability, interpretation and relative freedom from economic pressures provide. He has had no concern in the maintenance of the laboratory, its equipment, reagents, personnel, technics and morale or its rapport with the clinicians it serves. All this has been another's responsibility till he ventures into practice . . .


A best linear unbiased estimation(BLUE)algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed.The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision(GDOP)in different conditions are given.The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.


24 patients out of 25 patients suffering from urtecaria revealed complete relief with astemizole. The controlling daily dose was 10 mg. in 15 patients, 20 mg. in 5 and 30 mg. in 4. One patient did not improve even with 40 mg. a day given for 7 days. The side effects included mild sedation in 5, dryness of mouth and constipation in 2 cases on a dose of 20 or 30 mg. a day. Laboratory parameters remained almost normal


We study the generation of magnetic fields during inflation making use of a coupling of the inflaton and moduli fields to electromagnetism via the photon kinetic term, and assuming that the coupling is an increasing function of time. We demonstrate that the strong coupling problem of inflationary magnetogenesis can be avoided by incorporating the destabilization of moduli fields after inflation. The magnetic field always dominates over the electric one, and thus the severe constraints on the latter from backreaction, which are the demanding obstacles in the case of a decreasing coupling function, do not apply to the current scenario. However, we show that this loophole to the strong coupling problem comes at a price: the normalization of the amplitude of magnetic fields is determined by this coupling term and is therefore suppressed by a large factor after the moduli destabilization completes. From this we conclude that there is no self-consistent and generic realization of primordial magnetogenesis producing scale-invariant fields in the case of an increasing kinetic coupling.


Probabilistic Packet Marking (PPM) is one of the methods on IP traceback. In this method, intermediate router embeds (i.e., marks) the address of itself into the header of the sampled packet. However, because the PPM does not have a mechanism to avoid overrides of marking information, there is a problem that it requires a lot of packets to reconstruct attack route. We previously proposed two marking schemes based on the history of marking. They can reconstruct the attack route with fewer packets than the original PPM, however, they still require some parameter tunings for obtaining the optimal performance. In this paper we analyze factors which cause override of marking information, and propose a new packet marking scheme to minimize the effect of packet overrides. Through simulation results, we show that our proposed method can reduce the required number of packets significantly to reconstruct the attack route without tuning of parameters compared with the original and history-based PPMs.


There is no single classification of TI-RADS. In different countries, various modifications are used. It is necessary to compare different versions of the classification for choosing the most optimal variant.Objective: a comparative "blind" assessment of the thyroid nodules identified by ultrasound, according to the TI-RADS scale in various modifications.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 153 echograms of thyroid lesions: colloid goiter/nodular colloid goiter – 77 observations, autoimmune thyroiditis – 11, follicular adenoma – 77, follicular cancer – 2, medullar cancer – 1, papillary cancer – 36 observations.Results.A comparative evaluation of the reproducibility of the three modifications of TI-RADS was carried out – the opinions of independent experts were homogeneous. Ultrasonic criteria for the evaluation of thyroid nodules for each TI-RADS variant are presented. The European and proposed by Russian authors variants, in addition to the large signs of malignancy, use small features extended in the domestic version of TI-RADS, which increases the sensitivity of these classification options.Тhe shortest time to evaluate thyroid formations was required when using the European classification. The European and proposed by Russian authors variants, in addition to the large signs of malignancy, use small signs, which increases the sensitivity of these classification options until 51 and 53%. The higher sensitivity of the korean variant – 57.8%.Conclusions. It is necessary to further discuss the TI-RADS options and find the most optimal solution.


I. INTRODUCTION II. ARGUMENTS FOR CHANGE III. WHAT MIGHT A NEW E-RATE PROGRAM LOOK LIKE? IV. BACKGROUND OF THE SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES (E-RATE) FUNDING MECHANISM V. ON THE RESIDENTIAL FRONT PART VI. WHY IS COMMUNITY INTERNET ACCESS IMPORTANT? VII. CRITICISM OF THE E-RATE PROGRAM VII. CONCLUSION A. New Priorities B. Sustainability Transition C. High Need and Emergency Support D. New Administrative Mechanism E. Program Outcomes I. INTRODUCTION The Schools and Libraries Program, commonly known as the "E-rate" program, was created by the FCC in 1997, (1) as authorized by the federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 ("1996 Act"). (2) The 1996 Act specified for the first time that schools and libraries are eligible to receive universal service support to enable use of "advanced telecommunications services" in support of their education missions. (3) The Universal Service Fund ("USF") is the repository for revenue generated from mandatory charges levied by the FCC on most telecommunications companies that provide interstate telecommunication services. (4) A carrier's contribution is based on its end-user telecommunication revenue and the FCC's calculation of the USF's revenue needs. (5) Each carrier's assessment may be collected from customers. (6) In its initial order implementing the universal service mandate of the 1996 Act, the FCC authorized financial support for schools' and libraries' telecommunications services in general, as well as Internet access, internal network connections, and maintenance of those connections aimed at meeting the "advanced telecommunications and information services" provisions of the 1996 Act. (7) The FCC designated telecommunications services and Internet access as priority one services, eligible for funding before allocation of support to projects for internal network connections and maintenance of those connections (priority two services). (8) The E-rate program provides eligible schools and libraries with discounts of 20-90 percent from the rates charged by providers for the covered services. (9) The total outlay for those discounts is controlled by an annual cap imposed by the FCC in the 1997 Universal Service Report and Order, (10) which was subjected to indexing for inflation beginning in funding year 2010. (11) That first year indexing resulted in an increase to $2.27 billion for the program from the prior capped amount of $2.25 billion. (12) In 2010, disbursements for the program represented nearly 29 percent of total USF disbursements. (13) Since authorization of the E-rate program in 1996 and its implementation pursuant to the 1997 Universal Service Report and Order, much has changed in both the access to and use of Internet-based services in this nation's public schools and libraries. Connectivity no longer is available almost exclusively from wireline telecommunications carriers as it was in 1997. Technological changes have made wireless connectivity widely available. Broadband is also deployed by satellite providers, cable companies, and dark fiber providers. Telecommunications services have been increasingly deregulated at both the state and federal levels. (14) Residential access to broadband services has expanded, as explained in greater detail below. Greater residential access has changed the relationship between schools and libraries, both to their onsite and offsite patrons. Homework assignments and other elements of the curriculum increasingly require access to broadband services, as do a growing number of government transactions and the retrieval of online information available at libraries. These and other changes raise the question of whether the E-rate program, its priorities, and the form in which subsidies have been historically provided might need to be revisited. The FCC's National Broadband Plan, released in May 2010, appears to reflect the need for some type of reform to the E-rate program that recognizes the changes in the nature of broadband service delivery since the program began and that also focuses on new content and learning systems enabled by expanded broadband access. …


Spin-orbit (SO) Mott insulators are regarded as a new paradigm of magnetic materials, whose properties are largely influenced by SO coupling and featured by highly anisotropic bond-dependent exchange interactions between the spin-orbital entangled Kramers doublets, as typically manifested in $5d$ iridates. Here, we propose that a very similar situation can be realized in cuprates when the Cu$^{2+}$ ions reside in a tetrahedral environment, like in spinel compounds. Using first-principles electronic structure calculations, we construct a realistic model for the diamond lattice of the Cu$^{2+}$ ions in CuAl$_2$O$_4$ and show that the magnetic properties of this compound are largely controlled by anisotropic compass-type exchange interactions that dramatically modify the magnetic ground state by lifting the spiral spin-liquid degeneracy and stabilizing a commensurate single-$\boldsymbol{q}$ spiral.


Objective:To explore the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in patients with surgical incision infection in Orthopedics department in order to provide reference for the rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice.Methods: Distribution and drug resistance of in patients with surgical incision in Orthopedics department from June 2008 to September 2010 in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively.Results: Of the 196 pathogenic strains,52.5% were Gram-negative bacilli,44.9% were Gram-positive cocci,and 2.6% were fungi.The higher separative pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis(28.6%),Escherichia coli(20.4%),Acinetobacter baumannii(9.2%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(6.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus(6.6%).Of the Escherichia coli,43.4% produced ESBLs(+).16.1% produced ESBLs(+) in the Klebesiella pneumonia.The relevance ratio to MRSA was 15.4%,and to MRSE was 78.6%.Conclusion: The pathogens with higher Relevance ratio were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli.It was deserved to be mentioned was that the relevance ratio and drug resistance ratio of staphylococcus epidermidis were increasing every year.Drug use individually and rationally according to the drug resistance results was recommended to avoid the new epidemic pathogens in hospital.


[99mTc]-ciprofloxacin is a useful radiopharmaceutical for the detection of osteoarticular prosthesis infection. We report a new preparation method based on the use of tartrate anion as an exchange ligand and tartaric acid as a source of tartrate. An improved quality control procedure is also reported that allows measuring the level of [99mTc]-tartrate present in the radiopharmaceutical preparation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


BOARDSVictoria 706 ORIGINAL ARTICLESPAGE. "The Principles Governing Prognosis in Heart Disease",by L. E. HURLEY, M.D., M.S. .. 677"Notes on the Use of Paraldehydeas a Basal Anresthetic", by J. L. THOMPSON, M.B., Ch.M., and L. J. T. HARTNETT, M.B., B.S. .. .. 682. "A Note on the Macroscopic Anatomy of the Nervesof the Bladder", by A. E. COATES, M.D., M.S. .. .. 683 "Congenital Intestinal Occlusion, with a Report on Five Cases", by G. KEITH SMITH, M.B., Ch.M., F.R.A.C.S. .. .. 685 "On the Deliberate Opening of Bones as a Treatment for RheumatoidArthritis", by J. FORBES MACKENZIE M.B., Ch.B., .. V セ P


The research on school development planning boomed since the 21th century.But there existed many problems in the research,such as the concept,the content and so on the paper argaes that.In the future,the theorical research will be perfected,the research scope will be wided,the measures will be accurate,the practice will be improved and the localized research will bestrenghed.


Cathodic protection (CP) design of pipelines is generally described in internationally recognized standards and recommended practices. However, not all cases can be solved by conventional CP calculations as recommended approaches and methods may not be fully defined in the standards. For instance, Glass fibre Reinforced Polyester (GRP) covers can be applied for mechanical protection (e.g. from trawl and/or dropped object) of subsea pipelines and structures. These GRP covers will restrict the electrical/ionic current lines between the anode and the steel surface to be cathodically protected. For a spool with in-line components requiring a large current (e.g. painted or bare steel) and with a GRP cover it may be difficult to obtain sufficient cathodic protection when applying simple mathematical calculations. This paper describes how the Finite Element Method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics can be applied to show that the potential is acceptable for such cases.Copyright © 2017 by ASME


The treatment of Ewing's sarcoma consists of chemotherapy for systemic and local disease. However, the role of radiation therapy, and/or surgical resection for definitive local treatment has yet to be determined.


Exercise improves endothelial function in obese patients. Salutatory effects of exercise include increases in muscle size and quality, reduction in fat mass and alterations of the plasma milieu. The relationships between these changes and improvements in vascular function are poorly defined. Hypothesis Increasing muscle mass by deletion of muscle growth negative regulator myostatin, improves vascular function in mesenteric arteries from obese db/db mice. Myostatin deletion increased muscle mass in both lean (gastrocnemius 57.93%, gluteus maximus 60.95%, triceps 57.64%) and obese mice (gastrocnemius 79.64%, gluteus maximus 112.32%, triceps 103.61%). Myostatin deletion increased muscle fiber size in lean and obese mice (p 2 and EDHF mediated vasodilation were preserved in obese mice, and unaffected by myostatin deletion. Treatment with sepiapterin (a precursor of the nitric oxide synthase cofactor tetrahydrobiopoterin) restored impairment of vasodilation in obese mice, and this improvement was blocked by L-NAME. Taken together, these data suggested that increasing muscle mass by deletion of myostatin improved NO not PGI 2 or EDHF mediated vasodilation in obese mice.


: More than 50% of malignant peripheral schwannomas originate from neurofibroma, with very poor prognosis. Currently, there is a lack of treatment guidelines and the effect is not ideal. Based on the views of Life Gate Theory including that "life gate is hub of nature" and "the fire of the life gate should be supplemented with water", supplementing the fire of the life gate applies both "radix rehmanniae preparata and astragalus" to nourish Yin and Qi, which has formed a new approach to diagnose and treat NF1 malignant peripheral neurofibroma with traditional Chinese medicine. Case I is attached for proof.


This dissertation aims at investigating sociocognitive representations of the "achievement of fitness body" in publications of women considered fitness "muses" in the social network Instagram. For this, we start from the theoretical axis formed by the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (LAKOFF and JOHNSON, 1980), by the studies on metaphor, persuasion and ideology (CHARTERIS-BLACK, 2004, GOATLY, 2007 and LAKOFF, 1996) and on metaphor and culture (KOVECSES, 2005). As analytical units, we adopt the concepts of "situated metaphor" and "metaphorical niche" (VEREZA, 2010, 2016). The analysis of linguistic metaphors (vehicles) and situated metaphors revealed that the process of conquering the fitness body was discursively developed, mainly in terms of "war", "game / competition" and "path", with the probable function of motivating the followers to seek the "perfect body"


FMC, 441.1 PLC and 705.1 from RGH. The annual FT bed hours for patients with non-admitted back pain (FT bed to time of discharge) was 2144.3 hours from FMC, 3367.9 from PLC and 1134.9 from RGH. Conclusion: The ef fi ciency of FT is based on streamlining low acuity patients with an expected rapid discharge from hospital. The results of this investigation will be presented to the FT-Minor Treatment Sub-committee in order to utilize current admission rates, patient pro fi les, and aggregate LOS to potentially improve throughput.


Abstract A new method to synthesize comb-like polymeric liquid crystals with flexible main chains through the chemical modification of a low molecular weight polybutadiene is described. Polarized light optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry allow the mesophases to be identified as SA and their existence temperature range to be determined.


Conventional Steiner tree algorithms have provided good solutions to the problem of multipoint virtual liaison construction in the networks where the complete knowledge of their topology was available in particular network nodes. As integrated service communication networks are growing towards a worldwide global network, the need for a distributed approach emerges where each network node is supposed to know only the topology of its vicinity. The presented distributed algorithm is based on the sequential Takahashi-Matsuyama algorithm (H. Takahashi and A. Matsuyama, 1980) and has been implemented as a set of node algorithms, which interact mutually and make collective decisions concerning multipoint liaison setup. Simulation results have shown that the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is practically identical to that of the distributed Kou-Markovsky-Berman algorithm (L. Kou, G. Markovsky, L. Berman, 1981), whereas it substantially surpasses DKMB as regards time complexity.<<ETX>>


Social security in Indonesia refers to employee social security (Jamsostek) as implemented by Law No. 3 Year 1992. It is a contributory plan by employer-employees with the objective of providing them with a floor protection against work-accident, sickness, premature death and old-age risks. Asset management of this plan shall be placed conservatively to any securities, because of more than two-third of the total contributions deriving from provident fund. It is a compulsory saving scheme to cover old age risk with lump-sum payments for any employees who retired at age 55, died before age 55 and or underwent layoff with at least 5-year membership. Theoretically, managing work accident and death insurance apply to prospective terminal reserve for catastrophic events. Methodology used in this study is to modify prospective terminal reserve, viz. to change from individual to collective reserves. Accordingly, prospective terminal reserve to Jamsostek as social insurance does not need to apply mortality factor. The outcome of this modification on prospective terminal reserve can be expected to have surplus for the improvement of benefits.


Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are common diseases that occur with increasing frequency with aging, especially in postmenopausal women. These two diseases often are confused and often are erroneously thought of as one disease process. Osteoarthritis, or degenerative joint disease, is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage, with subsequent formation of reactive new bone at the articular surface. Osteoarthritis of the spine may lead to spinal stenosis (neurogenic claudication), with aching or pain in the legs or buttocks on standing and walking. Osteoporosis is defined as low bone mass with a normal quantity of mineral osteoid (the organic matrix of the bone). Osteoporosis is divided into primary and secondary types. Primary OP is the most common form and is classified into two major types: postmenopausal OP and senile OP. Postmenopausal OP usually becomes clinically evident approximately 10 years after menopause, with a peak incidence between the ages of 60 and the early 70s. The bone that is lost is predominantly trabecular, leading to fractures of the vertebral bodies and the distal forearms. Other symptoms include acute and chronic back pain, kyphosis, and decrease in body height. Senile OP often begins after the age of 70 years, in both sexes. Both cortical and trabecular bone is lost, leading to an increased risk of hip and vertebral fractures. Patients with either postmenopausal or senile OP fractures of the vertebrae most often present with severe back pain. The most common causes of secondary OP are Cushing's syndrome (including glucocorticoid therapy), hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism in men, immobilization, and chronic heparin administration. Recognizing the distinction between the physiological bone changes found in OA and those found in OP is a challenge for clinicians, surgeons, radiologists, and epidemiologists. Osteoarthritis and OP may be distinguished by their anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal, and genetic factors. The differences between primary OA and primary OP reflect the systemic factors involved in their pathophysiology and the fact that these common diseases are not just simple consequences of the process of aging (Table 1).


A method of measuring tunnel frequencies of molecular reorientation in crystals at low temperatures is demonstrated. Magnetic field variation brings the tunnel frequency to equality, first with the Larmor frequency of paramagnetic impurities and then with twice the Larmor frequency of protons whose magnetism has been saturated. In the first step paramagnetic ions cool the tunneling reservoir, and in the second the tunneling reservoir cools the proton Zeeman system, leading to enhanced proton relaxation.


When the results of an experiment should be representable by a linear equation of the general form y= mx+ c the errors inevitably associated with the values of xj and yj(j= 1 to n >2) give rise to a set of n simultaneous equations that will be inconsistent. As an alternative to a least-squares computation, a graphical procedure is described for finding the best values of the constants m and c. The method is quite general and it is illustrated by worked examples of problems encountered in analytical chemistry, e.g., the potentiometric titration of a dibasic acid, the spectrophotometric determination of the stability of a weak complex, the evaluation of redox potentials and the liquid-liquid extraction of a weak monobasic acid.


This paper is concerned with the optimal estimation problem for discrete-time stochastic systems with finite-step auto- and cross-correlated noises and multiple packet dropouts induced by the unreliable networks. When a packet transmitted from the sensor to the data processing center is lost, its predictor is used as the compensation. The optimal linear estimators including filter, predictor and smoother that depend on the packet arriving rate are proposed in the linear minimum variance sense via an innovative analysis approach. They are computed in terms of the solutions of some auto- and cross-covariance matrices. A tracking system example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.


Samples of a highly textured 15 µm-thick Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox polycrystalline layer have been irradiated with 180 MeV Cu11+ ions perpendicularly to the surface of the layer. Upon irradiation the intragrain Jc values of the superconducting material are increased but the critical temperature Tc values are depressed. To investigate the influence of stress induced on the crystal structure by irradiation defects, annealing of the irradiated samples at 573 K for 12 hours has been performed. After annealing, a partial recovery of the Tc and Jc values of unirradiated samples is obtained. Residual defects have been observed by high-resolution electron microscopy. It is shown that the amorphous material found in the columnar defects before annealing has partially recrystallized.


Objectives Based on Ivan Illich's key ideas, this study explored an alternative paradigm for secondary career education.
Methods The research method involved an inductive content analysis of four of Illich's works that cover education and labor.
Results First, Illich's key ideas were divided into two main areas: insight and alternatives. The insight area comprised three factors (1. radical monopoly, 2. the decline of vernacular and commons, and 3. the birth of modern slavery) that reveal the hidden nature and violence of modern civilization. The alternative area consisted of institutional and cultural alternatives, with convivial retooling as the institutional factor and the recovery of the autonomous and creative life as the cultural factor. Second, an alternative paradigm for secondary career education in Korea based on Illich's key ideas emerged as a "journey toward autonomous and convivial life based on the local community" represented by a "horizontal and non-linear spider web" model.
Conclusions To transition to an alternative paradigm based on Illich's key ideas, changes are required in the perception, system, and cultural dimensions of existing career education. First, in terms of perception, "career" needs to be understood as "a process of contemplating what is the best life for oneself," and "career education" needs to be recognized as "providing an educational environment and support system to develop the capabilities and confidence needed for such a life." Second, a new form of the career education system needs to be established, moving away from the entrenched existing educational system. Finally, in the cultural dimension, society needs to reflect on and transform the current career education system. Additionally, future research should examine a more diverse range of alternative cases, such as SOLE, Gaviotas, and Cuba's educational revolution, that has been overlooked by our education system due to social ideologies and other reasons.


Power system hourly price is closely related to power energy marginal cost and risk cost.By stochastic production simulation,the optimal generation scheduler,fuel cost,system marginal cost and reliability indices can be obtained.Based on the stochastic production simulation results,three electricity pricing models and the principle of partition of the peak-valley electricity price are discussed.At last,a practical power system is utilized to obtain the different power system hourly prices and the ratio of peak-waist-valley price,which can provide references for the establishment of the actual power price.


Within-tree variation of fibre coarseness was studied in an eight year old, plantation grown tree of each of Acacia mearnsii De Wild and Encalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. The trees were sampled at six height levels. A radial strip was prepared from each sample disc and pulped clamped between perforated plates. Fibre coarseness was measured with a Kajaani FS 200 fibre analyser. Oven dry mass of fibres in the dilute suspensions was determined using Millipore filters. A. mearnsii had finer fibres than E. grandis (4.2 compared with 6.2 mg/100m). Fibre coarseness increased with height in A. mearnsii but decreased with height in E. grandis. With distance from pith, coarseness increased in E. grandis, and was constant for A. mearnsii.


INTRODUCTION The motivation for this special issue comes from the continued worldwide growth in the use of electronic mail, instant messaging, and related electronic communication/ coordination technologies. Watch television or read a magazine, and you will see news and advertising related to these technologies and offers to provide a wide range of services. Individuals and companies have recognized that there are numerous benefits to using these technologies, including cost reduction compared to alternative communication technologies, ease of use, effective communication and collaboration with geographically dispersed users, communication with family and friends, and the list goes on. But there also is a number of threats that have arisen because of these same technologies. Spam and its instant messaging counterpart, spim, continues to grow at a healthy rate, which has forced users to deal with more and more unwanted messages through anti-spam software and other non-technical measures, such as being aware of the likelihood that an individual message is spam. Email addresses wind up on lists that are sold, leading to annoyance and privacy issues for individual users. Tricking individuals into providing private information (phishing) is a growing problem. New viruses are transmitted through this common communication infrastructure, which potentially damages software and data worldwide. These issues make electronic communication adoption and service provider strategy an important area for research. The following four articles provide an interesting cross-section of studies that address research and managerial issues in this area.


A general analysis procedure is developed for the evaluation of the effective stress response of a porous ocean bed subjected to random waves. The ocean floor soil is treated as a saturated porous elastic medium and Biot's theory is used to formulate the coupled flow and deformation. The waves are treated as a random process which is described by Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum. The derived statistical properties of the response are used to evaluate the probability of failure in ocean bed.


This paper presents a precise numerical simulation of the transport processes in a rectangular cavity saturated with a binary liquid mixture. The full transient Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the mass and heat transfer equations are solved, numerically, using the finite-volume method. After validation against a proven commercial code comparing solutions on a benchmark natural convection problem, the newly developed code is used for a series of numerical experiments. Realistic thermal boundary conditions have been chosen, and the more drastic situation of power loss while conducting the experiment in microgravity is considered. The molecular and thermal diffusion coefficients are computed from theoretical models. Results reveal that, when vertical walls are held at constant but different temperatures, species separate in both the longitudinal and the transverse directions as radiation is allowed to take place along the horizontal walls. The numerical experiments performed clearly demonstrate that the kinetics of the mass transport in the mixture are conditioned by the ability to monitor the heat sources properly. Specifically, sudden temperature changes strongly disturb species separation in the experimental cells. This paper provides some trends for the accurate analysis of experiments involving mass transport inasmuch as the convective level is low enough to allow evaluation of the transport coefficients.


The content of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in yellow rice wine was measured by HPLC. The related technical conditions were as follows: C18 chromatographic column used and samples detected at 284 nm by using a mixture of methanol and water (5:95, v/v) as the mobile phase. Within the linear range of 0.345~34.50 μg/mL (r2= 0.9996), the method was fast and accurate with the average recovery rate and relative stan- dard deviation as 87.44 %~90.22 % and 0.33 %~1.24 % respectively.


Besides leukemia-intrinsic molecular abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that are decisive on clonal initiation and leukemic cell proliferation, bone marrow (BM) microenvironment plays a critical role in leukemogenesis and disease progression. The microenvironment is composed not only of non-tumoral cells such as mesenchymal cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and myeloid-derived cells but also of extracellular products like chemokines, alarmins, or exosomes that could activate different signaling pathways. AML cells are hence bathed in extracellular signals that influence their clonal evolution and thereby potentially influence disease prognosis. S100A8, otherwise known as calgranulin A due to its physiologically abundant expression in neutrophils and its calcium chelating property, is upregulated in many types of cancer. In hematologic disorders, intracellular S100A8 coupled to S100A9 protein regulates leukemic proliferation through myeloid differentiation and has been shown to induce a defect in erythroid differentiation in a mouse model of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). High expression of S100A8 mRNA by blasts cells has been observed in some AML patients, and increased intracellular S100A8 has been associated with poor prognosis in AML. In addition to its intracellular activity, S100A8 can be secreted and exerts extracellular activities of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs). High levels have been found in plasma or extracellular fluids of adults with chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. In this context, we hypothesized that extracellular S100A8 can be secreted into BM niche and potentially influence leukemic cell behavior. We thus investigated the concentration of S100A8 (referred to as [S100A8] in the text) in bone marrow plasma from 50 de novo AML. The percentage of monocytes was highly correlated with [S100A8] in BM. The percentage of CD36 + CD64 + CD14 + cells determined by immunophenotyping confirmed this relevant link between monocyte and S100A8 detected in BM. Secondly, intracellular measurement of S100A8 by flow cytometry highlighted that it mainly originated from monocytes and leukemic cells expressing monocytic markers such as promonocytes. To the contrary, CD34+ leukemic cells expressed fewer intracellular S100A8. Finally, we report that high levels of S100A8 appear associated with a worst overall survival in M4/M5 subgroups but not in all AML subgroups. Altogether, our study underlines the specific link between monocytic lineage and S100A8 in AML. Firstly, we measured S100A8 from 78 bone marrow (BM) plasmas, including 50 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and healthy donors (HD). Briefly, samples were collected from 50 patients with de novo AML at diagnosis, between June 2013 and March 2016 by the Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Biobank (BRIF: BB-0033-00069) with informed consent and project approval by the research ethics board of Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud Est V. Clinical data are provided in Table S1. Other samples (MDS, MPN) were collected between May 2010 and January 2017 by the Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Biobank (hematological malignancies collection BRIF: BB0033-00069). Control bone marrow samples were collected between October 2010 and March 2016 with informed consent. BM and peripheral blood (PB) plasma were rapidly collected after centrifugation for 10 minutes at 800g and protease inhibitor (Complete EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail, Roche) added to avoid protein degradation before freezing. ELISA was performed to quantify levels of S100A8 in BM and PB plasma, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Life Technologies). We observed that BM plasma [S100A8] was significantly higher in AML patients than in patients with pre-leukemic states (MPN and MDS) or in HD (Figure 1A). BM [S100A8] was significantly associated with leukocytosis (P < .001, R = 0.5) (Figure 1B). As expected, a positive correlation between BM and PB was observed in AML (P < .001, R = 0.85). However [S100A8] was 7to 10-fold higher in BM plasma than in PB (mean BM = 1246.7 μg/L [30.7; 10 055.3], mean PB = 131.5 μg/L [10.24; 1794.2], respectively, P < .01) (Figure 1C). Consequently, high BM [S100A8] reinforces the hypothesis of its role in AML physiopathology within the microenvironment. To determine the provenance of S100A8 in BM niche, we correlated BM [S100A8] to the percentage of cells determined by cytological analysis. As S100A8 and S100A9 represent 40% of the cytoplasmic protein in neutrophils, one could have supposed that S100A8 is released from neutrophils or their precursors. However, no linear correlation was observed between BM [S100A8] and myeloid precursors or granulocytes in BM, (P = .21, P = .29, respectively; Figure S1). Interestingly, the percentage of blasts in BM was negatively correlated with BM [S100A8] (P < .05, R = −0.31, Figure 1D), suggesting that blasts were not the main source of S100A8. However, the percentage of monocytes was highly correlated with [S100A8] in both BM and PB (Figure 1E, P < .001, R = 0.68 and P < .001, R = 0.68, respectively). Percentage of CD36+ CD64+ CD14+ cells determined by immunophenotyping confirmed the relevant link between monocyte and S100A8 detected in BM (P < .0001, R = 0.58) (Figure 1F). To our knowledge, this is the first report of an increased S100A8 secretion by maturing cells in AML subtypes. Further, we observed that BM [S100A8] was higher in acute monocytic and acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4 and M5) than in Received: 8 August 2019 Revised: 6 December 2019 Accepted: 16 December 2019


ABSTRACT Over the last years, the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis (SP) has attracted special attention, as it possesses remarkable antioxidant activity and high amounts of bioactive compounds, such as phycocyanin, carotenoids and phenolics. Since Spirulina platensis biomass shows extremely high moisture content, dehydration is a crucial treatment step, which ensures the prolonged shelf life of the final product. However, drying affects drastically the qualitative characteristics of heat-sensitive foodstuffs with high nutritional value, such as SP. In this study, four different drying techniques, atmospheric drying (AD), freeze drying (FD), vacuum drying (VD) and accelerated solar drying (ASD), were examined and compared considering crucial parameters, i.e., moisture content reduction, change of structure, colour deterioration, pigment content and antioxidant activity. As shown from the obtained results, vacuum drying achieves faster moisture lowering and higher carotenoid content equal to 0.58 + 0.01 mg (g dry solids)−1. On the other hand, atmospheric drying is efficient in preserving phycocyanin since its content was found equal to 9.65 + 0.19%dry weight, but in general cannot be industrially applied due to the long dehydration time. Finally, accelerated solar dried biomass showed the highest antioxidant activity (31.28 ± 0.90% dry weight) mainly due to the degradation products after heating at high temperatures and stress conditions.


Social exclusion is a condition that seems to allow terrorism to flourish. Since radicalization is argued to occur mostly in the context of group identification and accompanying processes, we hypothesized that these may contribute to pushing excluded individuals toward radicalism. To investigate this, we performed four studies. In Studies 1 to 3, we conducted experiments in which we manipulated exclusion (vs. inclusion), created new in-groups, and measured radicalism intentions in the context of eco- or animal rights extremism. In Study 4, we tested the focal variables in a reanalysis of coded qualitative data on an Islamist sample. In Study 1, the exclusion–radicalism link revealed to be mediated by in-group sympathy as opposed to out-group antipathy. Studies 2 to 4 specifically identified perceived group threat as a driver of radicalism in the aftermath of exclusion. This work provides first experimental evidence for the catalyzing power of relationships in the exclusion–radicalism link.


Hakan Ay, E. Murat Arsava, S. Claiborne Johnston, Mark Vangel, Lee H. Schwamm, Karen L. The CIP Model rediction of Stroke Risk After Transient Ischemic Attack : P maging-Based I linicaland C Print ISSN: 0039-2499. Online ISSN: 1524-4628 Copyright © 2008 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Stroke doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521476 2009;40:181-186; originally published online October 23, 2008; Stroke. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/40/1/181 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the


A sound absorbing soundproofed wall is provided to secure a rear view and to absorb/cut off noise simultaneously by installing triangular sound absorbing beams between posts installed on the edge of a road at regular intervals to have view gaps. The sound absorbing soundproofed wall for securing a view contains many sound absorbing beams(100) formed in a triangular post structure, installed on the ground at regular intervals in the longitudinal direction of a road to have view gaps having a size of 2.8~8mm between sound absorbing beams for securing a rear view and provided with many holes(110) for absorbing noise and noise guide pieces(130,140) for keeping the distance between view gaps or guiding noise, and a sound absorbing beam fixture(300) locating the sound absorbing beams between posts(200) and comprising upper and lower guide members(320,340) provided with many sound absorbing beam guide grooves(322,342) for fitting the top and bottom of the sound absorbing beams and a post coupling member(360) provided with an opening groove(362) for coupling the end of the upper and lower guide members.


In the aerospace applications, the cases of radio irregularity, obstacle, asymmetrical distribution are disadvantageous for node localization of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, the related principles and methods of Graph Theory is introduced to minimize the localization error caused by radio irregularity. The model of asymmetry communication is established based on Graph Theory. Through the analysis to communication path between nodes in directed network, solution schemes are put forward for locating nodes in case of asymmetric communication. The localization performance is compared in different scenes and conditions. For node localization with radio irregularity, the accuracy can be improved 10% by our solutions when the network topology is regular. While the network topology is irregular, the localization accuracy can also be improved when strongly connected graph comes into being.


With unprecedented global access, speed, and relative anonymity with respect to how one is able to present oneself to and interact with others, computer-mediated communication (hereafter CMC) contexts provide many new worlds through which we may express and develop our identities as persons and form relationships with others. Through text-based e-mail and chat-room style forums, or Web site and Web cam technology, we may present or even 'showcase' ourselves to others, and we may enter and contribute to all sorts of communities, such as hobby and mutual interest groups, and develop various sorts of relationships with others. Indeed, for many people, significant aspects of key roles and relationships in their professional, business, and even personal lives are now conducted online. It makes sense then, to consider if these CMC contexts, where people are increasingly presenting themselves to and undertaking various activities and relationships with others, might tailor the content of these relationships and the self that is presented to others online in any notable ways. For many, opportunities to express and form relationships have been enormously increased by computer communication technology. But what sorts of identities and relationships are really possible online? How might our pursuit of values that constitute and regulate our ideals of personal identity and various significant relationships be sensitive to such communication environments? It is clear that contextual features of the setting within which we express ourselves to others can significantly influence the content and nature of our communication. Indeed, it is clear that the nature of the relationships one is able to have and the self one is able to communicate within those relationships can be seriously affected by the context of one's


Stereochemical and topological arguments are used to rationalize the metastable occurrence of mackinawite and marcasite in laboratory experiments. The dimeric species, (FeS), and (FeSr)r, are postulated as intermediates in the crystallization of mackinawite and marcasite, respectively.


Music can heal the wounds that medicine cannot touch. As countries all around the world deal with the profound devastation of COVID-19, the fostering of staff well-being is paramount to best patient care. This has always been a fundamental principle in healthcare, but it has become more important than ever in these stressful times. At the Royal Melbourne Hospital, the Music Therapy department has helped the hospital come together to perform as a virtual 'Scrub Choir'. Here, music is used as a social glue to boost staff morale, foster a sense of engagement and create a message of hope. In this unique project, over 200 individuals across all areas of the hospital (doctors, nurses, Allied Health, volunteers, hospital executive members and service staff), submitted individual videos performing to the song 'Count on Me' by singer, Bruno Mars. Following that, each individual video was painstakingly edited together by the head of Music Therapy to form one 'choral' performance – physically distanced for safety, but emotionally engaged and united by song. Music is well recognised in holistic patient care. But for healthcare workers, the benefits are also clear. Studies demonstrate a role for music in mitigating psychological burnout and orchestrating well-being. The 'Scrub Choir' is a welcome relief from the extra pressures that the pandemic places on clinical responsibility across the whole of the organisation. It is a moment to forget about lists and tasks, and to engage in a moment of reprieve alongside colleagues. We have received positive messages from our health colleagues around the world as they could sense the heart and hope in the song's delivery and production. It is evident that the pandemic will persist for longer than any of us would like; therefore, our attentions must turn to innovative new ways to protect workers' psychological well-being. For all the efforts that are engaged in shoring up physical protection, similar energies must be spent augmenting mental well-being – a psychologically shattered healthcare worker is, ultimately, an ineffective one. And our patients are relying on us to be at our best. Musically yours, The RMH Scrub Choir


A simple straight‐line relationship between iodine staining and the average chain length (CL) of the linear amyloglucans has been derived utilizing the published data of Baldwin et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 111 (1944)], Bailey and Whelan [J. Biol. Chem. 236, 939 (1961)], Szejtli et al. [Biopolymers 5, 5 (1976)], Pfannemüller et al. [Biopolymers 10, 243 (1971)], and Banks et al. [Carbohydr. Res. 17, 25 (1971)]. The iodine staining characteristics—the wavelength of maximal optical absorbance (λM); the maximal absorbance (AM); and the iodine binding capacity (Ib) per chain—are all linearly related to the chain length. As an example, Ib per chain is linearly related to the CL and in the formula of a straight line: Y = nX − c where Y equals Ib per chain (or Ib × CL); X equals the CL, n is the slope, and c is the intercept of the Y‐axis by the straight line. Thus, CL and Ib are related as follows: CL = c/(n − Ib) Using the data of Banks et al., it was found that the slope was not affected by changes in temperature, but the Y‐intercept became less negative with decreasing temperature. Thus, the number of glucose residues per iodine molecule in the helix did not change, but shorter chain length species could complex with the iodine, and a larger fraction of each chain could form the helical configuration with iodine as the temperature was reduced. These findings suggest that the CL and therefore the number‐average degree of polymerization and the number‐average molecular weight of the unbranched amyloglucans could be determined by AM, Ib or λM measurements after standardization under precise experimental conditions.


Mechanical properties of interface have significant effect on the composite and its final fracture mechanism.To understand such effect,the failure process of particle reinforced brittle composite with interfaces in different strengths has been studied under uniaxial tensile load,while inhomogeneity in mesoscale is applied to the matrix,particles and interfaces,respectively.Furthermore,MFPA(2D),a numerical code developed based on meso-damage mechanics,is adopted to simulate the failure process,i.e,crack initialization,coalescence,propagation and final rupture under uniaxial tensile load.The results show that(a) the composite would have a higher strength and lower toughness while the interface was strong,and(b) on the other hand,while the interface was weak,the composite would have a weaker strength but a higher toughness.It is concluded that the strong interface could transfer the load effectively while the weak one could improve the toughness of the composite.


Hybrid perovskite has attracted intensive attention for its diverse optoelectronic applications, and integrated perovskite devices are broadly required in various functional optoelectronics. In this study, an integrated photodetector (PD) array is developed based on perovskite microplate arrays for trajectory track and image sensing application. The perovskite microplate array is fabricated by a modified photolithography method, which can confine the growth of perovskite single‐crystal microplate arrays with controlled dimension. Optoelectronic measurement of the microplate array device reveals that the as‐fabricated PD devices exhibit not only obvious photoresponse characteristics at zero bias, with a high on–off ratio of up to 1.5 × 104, a responsivity of 0.38 AW−1, and specific detectivity of 1.7 × 1012 Jones, respectively, but also relatively good uniformity, with neglectable pixel‐to‐pixel variation. In addition, the as‐integrated PD arrays can capture real‐time light traces and record simple character with satisfactory resolution, which indicates that the current integrated perovskite device has potential application in light trajectory tracking and image sensing.


By way of direct and indirect marketing evaluation,contrastive study of monetized quantitative evaluation has been made on duck-ecosystem with no-tillage seedling-throwing rice,no-tillage cropping patterns with no duck-breeding,tillage cropping patterns with no duck-breeding three kinds of rice patterns of ecosystem function of material production,adjustment function of atmosphere,water-saving function,water conservation function,nutrient-retaining function and so on. The results show that the value of duck-ecosystem services with no-tillage seedling-throwing rice is 22 080.28 Yuan/hm2,which is 54.83% higher than that of no-tillage cropping patterns with no duck-breeding,while the value of rice-duck planting ecosystem services with no-tillage is 73.92% higher than that of tillage cropping patterns with no duck-breeding. The value of the service functions of rice-duck planting ecosystem are as follows:The value of material production function is 10 198.70 Yuan/hm2.The value of the atmosphere adjustment function was 9 521.92 Yuan /hm2.The value of water-saving function is 871 Yuan/hm2.The value of nutrient-retaining function is 847.33 Yuan /hm2 and the value of water conservation function is 641.33 Yuan/hm2.


The emergence of the Internet of Services and the Internet of Devices opens new possibilities for societal computung scenarios. Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is a vision of an environment that puts the needs of the user in the center of the technological design process. An AmI environment consists of ubiquitous distributed devices such as sensors, displays, data memories which are embedded in everyday objects like walls, clothes, tables or the pavement. These devices are interconnected and seamlessly deliver applications and services to the user. AmI emphasizes the intelligence of the environments interfaces and the intelligence that can be achieved by correlating context information from different data sources. In this work we present an approach to transfer the AmI vision to the public services sector using the paradigm of service orientation and Cloud Computing. Based on scenarios in the healthcare sector the benefits and challenges of such transfer are presented.


Studies on sorption of heavy metal ions (Cr, Cu, Cd and Zn) onto peats of defined type, sort, and kind, as a function of their physical and chemical properties, as well as determination of adsorbent-adsorbate binding stability have been carried out. Among the tested peats the best sorption properties have been found for low-moor peats: Humus Peat and Rush Peat, characterized by high decomposition rates (DR). Among studied heavy metals, the greatest chemical affinity to sorption sites showed chromium ions, bound onto organic matter in insoluble forms, the lowest zinc and cadmium ions, which mostly enriched mobile forms.


The interface pattern of Zn-5wt%Al alloy was investigated during unidirectionally solidification with different withdrawal rate and superheat degree. It was showed that the pattern of liquid/solid interface varied with withdrawal rate and superheat degree. While the superheat degree of alloy melt was low and the withdrawal rate was increased, the change of interface pattern was the same as the normal change of interface pattern. While the superheat degree of alloy melt was high and the withdrawal rate was increased too, the change of interface pattern was different. As a result, the pattern and stability of liquid/solid interface was chosen by withdrawal rate and superheat degree mainly.


This article make out it is necessarily for library network ware with the develop of Internet, comb the relation of library network ware, campus net and Internet, analyze affection of Internet to library, make out the antimere of library information resources in the net circumstances.


Continuation principles for the solvability of boundary value problems, depending on degree arguments, require the fixed point free boundaries of given sets of candidate solutions (see e.g. [4]). One of the techniques to satisfy the related transversality conditions is relied on the construction of (Liapunov‐like) bounding functions, whence the title. In our contribution, which is based on the recent papers [5]–[8], [9], [10], we will rather demonstrate the essential ideas of this technique than concrete results in [5]–[8], [9], [10]. We will also try to point out main difficulties and indicate how to overcome them.


The poetics of puppet theatre differs from other theatrical genres because its form of existence comprises a unique form of balance between the interior and exterior qualities, between form and content and between the metaphor and realistic expression. The intensity of its graphic representation supports numerous expressive possibilities. The thesis is based on the premise that puppet theatre is a contemporary theatrical genre, as its properties are highly appropriate for the evolving of modern theatre. Based on the author's various theatrical experiences, the thesis researches similarities between puppet theatre and postmodernism, comic books and Japanese theatre no.


The invention provides a method, apparatus and system for determining a position of a vehicle. The method comprises the steps of: measuring (S01) at least a first magnetic field strength of a magnetic field at a respective first position (Ai) by a first magnetic field sensor (11) mounted on a vehicle (1) is disposed; Measuring (S02) is arranged at least a second magnetic field strength of the magnetic field at a respective second position (Bi) by means of a second magnetic field sensor (12) supported by the first magnetic field sensor (11) spaced on the vehicle (1); Determining (S03) of position data of the vehicle (1) at least by comparing data, which are based on the measured first and second magnetic field strengths, with a predetermined magnetic field information of the magnetic field; and outputting (S04) a signal based on the position data.


The study was conducted to examine the effects of incubation time before the electrofusion and activation time of 6-DMAP on the development of the goat nuclear transplanted embryos in vitro. The reconstructed oocytes were continually cultured in a maturation medium for 30 min, 90 min and 9-10 h before the electrofusion, respectively. The results showed that the mortality of reconstructed oocytes of 9-10 h group after the electrofusion was significantly lower than those of 30 min and 90 min groups(27.42% vs. 49.26% and 56.3%, P0.05), while the cleavage rate of 9-10 h group was significantly higher than those of 30 min and 90 min groups(68.15% vs. 55.6% and 54.24%, P0.05). The nuclear transplanted embryos activated by ionomycin were activated with 6-DMAP for 0 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, and 8-10 h respectively. The results showed that the cleavage rate was not significantly different among groups(P0.05), but it was significantly higher than that of the embryos without 6-DMAP(P0.05). In conclusion, the continued incubation of reconstructed oocytes before electrofusion may be helpful for lowing the mortality of fusion and increasing the rate of available oocyte; the combination of ionomycin with 6-DMAP could improve the activation efficiency in goat nuclear transplanted embryos, and activation time of 6-DMAP has no significant effects on the cleavage of goat nuclear transplanted embryos.


Significance Despite evidence for an increasing importance of cognitively demanding tasks in the workplace, little is known about the life cycle performance in such tasks, particularly over the long run. We estimate the life cycle patterns of cognitive performance over the past 125 y using a methodology that is based on the comparison of individual move-by-move performance of professional chess players relative to the best move suggested by a chess engine in a given configuration. The findings document a hump-shaped profile of performance over the life cycle and an increase in individual performance, particularly at younger ages, that is associated with dynamics across birth cohorts rather than over time. Little is known about how the age pattern in individual performance in cognitively demanding tasks changed over the past century. The main difficulty for measuring such life cycle performance patterns and their dynamics over time is related to the construction of a reliable measure that is comparable across individuals and over time and not affected by changes in technology or other environmental factors. This study presents evidence for the dynamics of life cycle patterns of cognitive performance over the past 125 y based on an analysis of data from professional chess tournaments. Individual move-by-move performance in more than 24,000 games is evaluated relative to an objective benchmark that is based on the respective optimal move suggested by a chess engine. This provides a precise and comparable measurement of individual performance for the same individual at different ages over long periods of time, exploiting the advantage of a strictly comparable task and a comparison with an identical performance benchmark. Repeated observations for the same individuals allow disentangling age patterns from idiosyncratic variation and analyzing how age patterns change over time and across birth cohorts. The findings document a hump-shaped performance profile over the life cycle and a long-run shift in the profile toward younger ages that is associated with cohort effects rather than period effects. This shift can be rationalized by greater experience, which is potentially a consequence of changes in education and training facilities related to digitization.


In this study, two-dimensional, transient flow of an incompressible, laminar, viscous fluid in a channel is considered. The equation of continuity, and momentum equations define backward facing step flow in terms of primitive variables (velocities and pressure). The no-slip condition for the velocity is imposed on the top and bottom walls of the channel. The height of the channel is H, length is L, and h is the height of the entrance such that H−h is the height of the step. We have given a parabolic velocity profile at the inlet. The dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) is employed for solving backward facing step flow equations utilizing fractional step for the time derivatives. This uncouples velocities from the pressure. Then, the predicted velocity and the pseudo-pressure equations are all solved by using DRBEM with constant elements. DRBEM transforms directly the differential equations to the boundary integral equations, and thus, only the boundary of the problem has to be discretized. This saves considerable computational work. Velocities and the pressure are obtained iteratively in the time direction with a predictor-corrector scheme. In the iterative procedure the nonlinear convective terms are approximated explicitly from the two previous steps. The present numerical procedure gives quite accurate results for small Reynolds numbers 100. It has the advantage of treating directly the primitive unknowns and obtaining the pressure field also. Since the time derivatives are discretized at the beginning of the procedure, the solution is obtained iteratively at all transient levels and also at steady-state with considerably large time increment compared to other explicit time integration procedures. The proposed numerical scheme is also computationally cheap since DRBEM discretizes only the boundary of the region, resulting with small sized systems, compared to other domain-type numerical methods. Keywords: DRBEM, Backward Facing Step Flow, Fractional Step Time Integration


. This study aims to determine the results of developing folklore teaching materials based on Deli Malay culture with the help of Quizizz in class X MAN 2 Model Medan. Based on the 4-D development model, this kind of research is development research. The development of folklore teaching materials in the form of handouts has been validated by material experts and design experts. The validation results show an average of 85% with good categories. Design expert validation shows an average of 85.6 with good category. The results of the effectiveness of developing folklore teaching materials based on Deli Malay culture with the help of Quizizz were obtained from the results of research on product effectiveness tests based on the pretest with an average of 63% and posttest with an average of 84%. So it can be concluded that learning folklore based on Deli Malay culture with the help of Quizizz can improve student learning outcomes.