The producers aim to improve poultry production efficiency and achieve high profitability but have noticed that during commercial production, chicks may be exposed to various microbiological challenges, infection by diseases and oxidative stress, and result in economic and production inefficiencies. Therefore, improving the immune function of chicks by enhancing antioxidant status may contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality of birds. Numerous reports have demonstrated that selenium, an important microelement, acts as a natural biological antioxidant that helps in the protection of cellular membranes against oxidative damage and ameliorates bird growth and health (Suraï and Dvorska, 2002; Levkut et al., 2009; Pilarczyk et al., 2012; Khan et al., 2015; 2016). Unfortunately, traditional forms of selenium supplements, in general, have low levels of absorption and increase toxicity (Raza, 2012; Jamil, 2013; Khan et al., 2016). Furthermore, the lack of this microelement leads to numerous metabolic disorders and diseases through its negative effect on the physiological status of the chicks (Cai et al., 2012). Subsequently, delivering a proper amount of this microelement to chicks' body is important for physiological enzymatic, hormonal and immune processes (Keen et al., 2004). ABSTRACT. This study aimed to explore impacts of in ovo injection and dietary supplementation of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on physiological responses, immunological status and performance of broiler chicks. A total of 210 broiler eggs were divided into 3 in ovo groups: not in ovo injected and in ovo injected with 5 or 10 ppb SeNPs. The hatched chicks from each in ovo group were divided into 2 dietary groups, with or without 10 ppb SeNPs/kg ration for 5 weeks. Live body weight and body weight gain were significantly increased in all SeNPs injected or supplemented groups. Feed conversion ratio for the whole feeding period was improved by SeNPs feed supplementation. Serum triglycerides and malondialdehyde contents were significantly decreased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, immunoglobulin status, reduced glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity were increased by both examined routes of SeNPs delivery. It can be concluded that SeNPs in ovo injection with a dose up to 10 ppb/egg along with SeNPs diet supplementation at a dose of 10 ppb/kg had a positive effect on performance and physiological, antioxidant and immunological status of broiler chicks. Received: 12 August 2019 Revised: 5 December 2019 Accepted: 9 March 2020


Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of implanting a new self-expanding valved stent for aortic valve implantation and its influence on coronary blood flow. Methods:We designed a self-expanding valved stent made from super-elastic memory nitinol alloy,with a tubular shape and a wide mesh in the cavate middle part. A valvular ring made of nitinol wire was sutured on the lower part. Fresh porcine pericardium was decellularized,treated with 0. 6% glutaraldehyde solution for 36 h,trimmed into leaflets,and sutured by hand into the valvular ring. The valved stent was pulled into a 14-French sheath by a silk and positioned in the left ventricle of isolated pig heart via the ascending aorta,and then deployed over the native aortic valves by pulling back the outer sheath. Water was injected into the ascending aorta by a silicon tube to evaluate the competence of the prosthetic heart valves and its effect on coronary flow. Results:The prepared valved aortic stent could be stably positioned over the native valves and could be removed after deployment. The prosthetic heart valves showed a satisfactory function and had no influence on coronary flow and mitral valve motion. Conclusion:This self-expanding valved stent is well-designed and allows for aortic valve implantation over the native valves without interfering the coronary flow; it can be evaluated further in vivo.


Objective To observe the effects of simvastatin on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2(TIMP-2) in rats with injury of common carotid artery.Methods The angiostegnosis model was established by pressurization of arteria carotis communis in 18 rats,which were divided into sham operation group,operation group,simvastatin group,six rats in each group.At the 14th day after operation,morphologic changes and collagen fibrous changes were observed,and the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was detected by immunohistochemical method.Results In sham operation group,the structures in each layer of carotid arteries of the rats were normal and clear.There were not obvious accumulation of collagen fibers and proliferation and transference of vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC).In operation group,a great quantity of collagen fibers accumulated in the carotid arteries and the VSMC proliferated and transfer of the rats.In simvastatin group,the extent of accumulation of collagen fibers lowered,and so was the degree of proliferation and transference of VSMC.Compared with sham operation group,the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was significantly increased in operation group(P0.01),and the ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-2 was obviously decreased(P0.01).Compared with operation group,the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was significantly decreased in simvastatin group(P0.01),the ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-2 was obviously increased(P0.01).Conclusion Decrease in the ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-2 is a main factor of accumulation of caliginous fibers and angei-restenosis after operation,and simvastatin can reduce the extent through raising the ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-2.


Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms derived from neoplastic transformation of germ cells in the testis, but with different epidemiological, biological and clinical settings, from early life to adulthood. In the latest years, several studies led to a deeper understanding of the genetic and biological events characterizing the development and progression of these neoplasms, at the basis of their divergent clinical behaviour.


The ϵ-amino groups of reconstituted collagen were treated in a variety of ways and the collagen implanted subcutaneously in rats. After two weeks the implants were removed and examined histologically. A giant cell response was seen around the collagens treated with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzoylchloride or carbobenzoxychloride, but not with the other reagents. Parallel experiments with autogenous bone, treated with the same methods, were carried out. A mild giant cell response was found in the untreated bone, but was enchanced only in bone treated with the same three reagents. It would appear that the giant cell response was greatly increased when the attached benzene ring had nitro groups in the para position, and also when there was an ester linkage in the attached radicle. It is unlikely that this reaction was immunological in character. The giant cells have many of the properties of osteoclasts. It is suggested that it is the nature of the organic matrix of bone that determines if osteoclasis shall occur.


Synopsis: The elements of dynamic response are presented. Using the model of a single degree of freedom oscillator, the nature of wind loads and their effect on dynamic response are discussed. The results of the response of a single degree of freedom oscillator are used to describe the current building code procedures. The measured damping in structures is presented and conclusions regarding the appropriate level of damping to use as a function of drift are presented. Finally, issues related to the use of load factors are highlighted.


The invention relates to collagen coarse grain rice which solves the problem that conventional ingestion pathway of collagen of people is in shortage nowadays. The collagen coarse grain rice in the scheme comprises the following compounds: rice flower, collagen powder, refined konjac powder, millet flour, oat meal, buckwheat flour and soybean protein powder. According to the scheme, the collagen coarse grain rice can be rice-shaped food, collagen powder is mixed with various coarse grain powders according to a certain proportion to prepare a rice finished product. In daily diet of people, the beauty effect of collagen is achieved, and dietary fiber and various mineral elements in the coarse grain are supplemented for people; and the product can be used for daily staple food, and also can achieve the effect of balancing nutrition while beautifying.


Bogs' carbon deposition is studied in this work by the example of the central part of the West Siberian Plain. Greenhouse gas emissions are ranked by specified intervals based on the corresponding databases. The authors have developed the first variant of a zoning scheme on greenhouse gas emissions for the Western Siberia territory.


To study the influences of the cross-sectional shapes on the final depths of penetration, a series of experiments were carried out on the penetration of long-rod projectiles with the same cross-sectional area different cross-sectional shapes into semi-infinite metal targets. The cross-sectional shapes were machined to be circular, square and cross, respectively. These experiments were divided into two groups. In one group of experiments, the long-rod projectiles with the aspect ratio of 8 and 93W alloy cores penetrated into armor-steel target plates. In another group of experiments, the long-rod projectiles with the aspect ratio of 15 and 45 steel cores penetrated into the 45 steel target plates. Depths of penetration under different impact velocities were experimentally obtained for different cross-sectional shapes, aspect ratios, and materials of projectiles and targets, respectively. Experimental results display that the penetration abilities of the three kinds of long-rod projectiles with non-circular cross-section are higher than that of the long-rod projectiles with circular cross-section under the same working conditions. And among the four kinds of long-rod projectiles, the penetration ability of the long-rod projectiles with cross section is the highest, followed by that of the long-rod projectiles with square section. With the increase of the impact velocity, the penetration gains of the cross and square cross-section long-rod projectiles to the circular cross-section ones increase. The cross-section shape of craters penetrated by the triangular cross-section long-rod projectiles takes on arc triangle, and the cross-section shape of craters penetrated by the long-rod projectiles with square and cross sections, respectively, takes on approximate circle. After penetration of the three kinds of non-circular cross-section long-rod projectiles, cracks at certain angles with the axial direction appear in the mushroomed heads of the projectile bodies, which leading to less resistance encountered by the projectiles in the process of penetration. The reason, why the penetration abilities of three kinds of non-circular cross-section long-rod projectiles are higher than that of the circular-section long-rod projectiles, is their structural self-sharpening in the process of penetration.


The presence of bi‐articular muscles in tetrapod limbs has created an enigmatic paradox. When the rectus femoris acts alone, knee is extended but hip is flexed. When the hamstering acts alone, knee is flexed but hip is extended. When both muscles act together, however, they act as a braking againt each other for one joint whereas they act coordinately for another joint. To solve the paradox and examaine functional roles of and motion control over mono‐ and bi‐articular muscles, biomechanical studies have been performed on human arms and legs. The results were also tested using experimental robotic analyses. As we have proposed a coordinated motion control model, the results have demonstrated that three antagonistic pairs of six mono‐ and bi‐articular muscles control coordinately output force and force direction at the wrist or ankle, perform weight‐bearing motion and maintain stable posture. These antagonistic muscles are defined as functionally different effective muscular system (FEMS) of the two‐joint link mechanism. Based on anatomical and/or functional studies of basal vertebrates including amphioxus, mudskippers (teleosts), Latimeria (coelacanth) and lungfishes, we have further investigated the origin and evolution of FEMS in vertebrates. We will present the results and discuss the model, particularly by focusing on the contact‐task during a fish to tetrapod transition in the Devonian.


All-inorganic perovskites, with their low-cost, simple processes and superior heat stability, have become potential candidate materials for photodetectors (PDs). However, they have no representative responsivity in the deep-ultraviolet (UV) wavelength region. As a new-generation semiconductor, gallium oxide (Ga2O3), which has an ultrawide bandgap, is appropriate for solar-blind (200 nm–280 nm) deep-UV detection. In this work, ultrawide-bandgap Ga2O3 was introduced into an inorganic perovskite device with a structure of sapphire/β-Ga2O3/Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO)/CsPbBr3. The performance of this perovskite PD was obviously enhanced in the deep UV region. A low-cost, vacuum-free Mist-CVD was used to realize the epitaxial growth of β-Ga2O3 film on sapphire. By introducing the Ga2O3 layer, the light current of this heterojunction PD was obviously enhanced from 10−8 to 10−7, which leds its detectivity (D*) to reach 1.04 × 1012 Jones under a 254 nm light illumination with an intensity of 500 μW/cm2 at a 5 V bias.


The nature of global conflict is changing. Since 2001, the United States has openly engaged in an unconventional military conflict defined by a range of counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, peacekeeping, and infrastructure-building initiatives. To excel within this environment, the US military has adopted new strategic approaches, such as Full-Spectrum and Enhanced Company Operations. Such paradigms share a striking commonality: Much greater emphasis is now being placed on individual personnel's higher-order cognitive skills. This paper outlines the operational requirements that create a demand for efficient, deployable higher-order skills training. The paper also includes a discussion about current efforts aimed at developing instructional technology that can help meet these training needs.


We consider scalar and spinorial perturbations on a background described by a z = 3 three-dimensional Lifshitz black hole. We obtained the corresponding quasinormal modes which perfectly agree with the analytical result for the quasinormal frequency in the scalar case. The numerical results for the spinorial perturbations reinforce our conclusion on the stability of the model under these perturbations. We also calculate the area spectrum, which prove to be equally spaced, as an application of our results.


Massi fi cation has been described as ' a reality facing contemporary universities around the world ' requiring academics to teach larger classes. (1) As such, a key challenge is the provision of quality teaching, learning and assessment with high student numbers. (1) One possible solution is to utilise advances in educational technology to increase ef fi ciency. At some time in their degree, most nutrition and dietetic students undertake a dietary assessment assignment, typically requiring students to complete a food record, analyse it using a computer-based dietary analysis program, and write a report outlining the results. A key challenge is that, as each student has a completely different diet, grading is very complex and time consuming for staff. While it may be bene fi cial for a student ' s learning to complete and receive feedback on a formative dietary assessment assignment (2,3) (prior to the summative assessment), the staff time required tends to make this impractical. A project was undertaken to update the design of a dietary assessment assignment to incorporate two different optional formative assessments, and automatic marking and feedback. This study explores the educational value (grades and students ' perceptions) of the two formative assessments. Aims: 1) to evaluate to what extent participation in, and performance in two different formative dietary assessment assignments is associated with performance in linked summative dietary assessment assignments; 2) to gain insights into students ' use of and satisfaction with two formative dietary assessment assignments and how useful they are perceived to be. 46/76 students (61% of the cohort) taking a third-year nutrition unit consented to participate in this pragmatic mixed methods study. Data on use of the formative assessments and performance in the linked summative assessments were extracted from the learning management system and students who had undertaken the formative assessments were invited to complete a short questionnaire. 44% students completed both formative assessments. Students who undertook


All multifunctional units combine flocculation an d sedimentation to improve efficiency of treatment process. The characteristic feature of the unit is a contact of raw water with previously generated flocs which enhances floc culation by increasing interparticle collisions and sorption ability of flocs. On the ba sis of the authors' experience it was stated that in spite of significant differences between th e procedure of conventional treatment and treatment in multifunctional units, an optimum coag ulant dose is determined in jar testing which is commonly used for conventional treatment. The influence of sludge recirculation is not taken into consideration resulting in reagent o verdosing. In this paper the results of the research on coagulation with post-coagulation sludg e recirculation in aspect of sludge age are presented. It was stated that for the tested water, sludge recirculation may result in significant lowering of optimum alum doses provided that a prop e degree of fresh sludge recirculation is applied.


Currently, the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack has become rampant, and shows up in various shapes and patterns, therefore it is not easy to detect and solve with previous solutions. Classification algorithms have been used in many studies and have aimed to detect and solve the DDoS attack. DDoS attacks are performed easily by using the weaknesses of networks and by generating requests for services for software. Real-time detection of DDoS attacks is difficult to detect and mitigate, but this solution holds significant value as these attacks can cause big issues. This paper addresses the prediction of application layer DDoS attacks in real-time with different machine learning models. We applied the two machine learning approaches Random Forest (RF) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) through the Scikit ML library and big data framework Spark ML library for the detection of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. In addition to the detection of DoS attacks, we optimized the performance of the models by minimizing the prediction time as compared with other existing approaches using big data framework (Spark ML). We achieved a mean accuracy of 99.5% of the models both with and without big data approaches. However, in training and testing time, the big data approach outperforms the non-big data approach due to that the Spark computations in memory are in a distributed manner. The minimum average training and testing time in minutes was 14.08 and 0.04, respectively. Using a big data tool (Apache Spark), the maximum intermediate training and testing time in minutes was 34.11 and 0.46, respectively, using a non-big data approach. We also achieved these results using the big data approach. We can detect an attack in real-time in few milliseconds.


The spring as a traditional mechanical component will maintain its importance in transition from precision engineering to microtechniques. Its multiple applications necessitates though a change of mind in design and production because the materials, procedures and production equipments are varying completely from those of conventional spring technique. This article presents the actual situation and shows deficits of knowledge about parameters of materials and disponibility of fundamentals of calculation in the micro dimension. Proceeding from selected applications and a view of technologies for production of micromechanical springs the problem of material are treated, which are the fundamentals for design and production.


Abstract Let M be a reductive algebraic monoid with zero and unit group G. We obtain a description of the submonoid generated by the idempotents of M. In particular, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for M\G to be idempotent generated.


Tanjung Umah's traditional fish market in the Riau Islands is no longer attractive to the public because the fish are not neatly arranged and the market conditions look less clean. The lack of interest in traditional fish markets has led to a decline in local community income in the Tanjung Umah village. Therefore, this social community empowerment activity program aims to revive (revitalize) the traditional fish market so that it is again in demand by the community and change the negative perceptions of the traditional fish market through the design of an apron that gives identity to the traditional fish market of the Tanjung Umah fishing village in Riau Islands while maintaining the sellers to avoid fish waste so that it looks clean and hygienic. Through the use of this apron, the traditional fish market of Tanjung Umah fishing village can look tidier, in uniform, and attractive so that it can return to life and be of interest to the community.


The financial statement has essential meaning for all organizations because financial statement is the main facility to communicate the financial information to external and internal party. As well as amil zakat institution, financial statement can be made as responsibility media of amil zakat manager to stakeholder and muzzaki. Amil zakat institution is also demanded to always improve the transparency and accountability. The stakeholders of amil zakat institution can use financial statement media to assess a) the service given by amil zakat institution and their ability to continue to give the service; and b) the way how amil zakat managers perform their responsibility and management performance aspect. Government organization, donators, member of organization and community need to know the fund that has been collected by amil zakat institution. Likewise the administrators and managers of amil zakat institution must perform the evaluation of organization's performance.
The requirement of financial statement of amil zakat institution that can improve transparency and accountability is very important to keep the trust level of community. Moreover in the era of openness of information and democracy improvement which occurs within the community so the financial responsibility becomes very important and becomes an urgent demand. Furthermore the existing financial statement model of amil zakat institution is far from transparency and accountability aspects. As financial statement of Amil Zakat Board of Sidoarjo Regency which only reports the acceptance, output and deposit, in every repot listed in its bulletin. As well as Amil Zakat Institution of Muhammadiyah Regional Leader of Sidoarjo that only presents the report of acceptance, output and deposit, given to their donators. The refereed change is to change the existing responsibility statement format to ideal financial statement that is able to improve transparency and accountability of amil zakat institution.

Keywords: financial statement model, transparency, accountability, amil zakat institution


Albumin nanoparticles loaded with Clarithromycin were prepared by pH coacervation method. The products were characterized concerning their interior structure, size distribution, drug content, drug release and invivo distribution. The procedure yielded particles with a mean diameter below 1μm having a drug content of 63.41%. A comparative study of invitro anti-microbial activity with drug loaded nanoparticles and free drug was done using Clarithromycin susceptible micro-organism such as staphylococcus aureus. The invitro anti-microbial studies revealed that the nanoparticle bound drug was sustained when compared to free drug. The study on tissue distribution of drug loaded nanoparticles revealed that there was a significant (P>0.5) increase in the percentage of distribution of drug-loaded nanoparticles when compared with that of free drug.


In this deliverable D530.2 "Tools for the Lessons Learned Framework" the overall lessons learned framework will be clarified based on the delivery D53.1 "Lessons Learned Framework Concept" and aligned with the deliverable D52.1 "Harmonized competence framework". The Tools for the Lessons Learned Framework is a set of tools that can be used for lessons learned activities from the early phases of planning and making observations to the last phases of lessons learned implementation and dissemination of best practice. The LL-tools and the methodologies uses for lessons learned activities need to be adapted to each other and to the organisations that using them. One LL-tool doesn't fit all organisations or cannot be applied to all lessons learned methods straight way. One methodology will not be suitable for all occasions, organisations or LL-tools. There are a limit number of LL-tools at the commercial market that are suitable and helpful for the crisis management organisations. Some organisations have developed their own LL-tools and some of these tools seems to be really good but the tools are not for sale. Some other organisations provide their LL-tools only together with the service of planning and executing the lessons learned at full-scale exercises. Nevertheless, this Lessons Learned Framework helps users to identify important success factors regarding the usage of LL-tools and enable the users to understand what features that are available at some of the LL-tools. There are no LL-tools that covers the full spectrum the lessons learned process or the large variety of user needs and requirements. The lessons learned framework and the result of the gathered features and requirements for LL-tools can also push some vendors of LL-tools to define a roadmap so their LL-tools are better aligned with the requirements and needs from the end-users.


An understanding of whole-cell elastic property can provide insight into cellular response to mechanical loading. Hertz model is often used to extract the Young's modulus from the atomic force microscopy (AFM) force indentation depth curve (F-D curve) for characterization of cell's elastic property. However, Hertz model is only relatively accurate when the sample can be regarded as infinite half space and its material is linear elastic, which is contradictory with the fact that cell is usually very thin and cell's elastic properties are considered to be highly nonlinear, especially when the deformation is very large. Finite element analysis can be used to handle the nonlinear elastic property and large deformation by using the hyperelastic model to model the cell material. However, previous studies have not demonstrated a convenient way to search for the model parameters that can fit the experimental data. In this paper, we put forward a method based on finite element analysis. Our new method adopts a general uniaxial stress-strain curve (associated with a hyperelastic model) to represent cell's material and uses a recursive method to search for this uniaxial stress-strain curve by minimizing the difference between the experimental and simulated F-D curve. This new recursive approach not only offers a high match accuracy between the experimental and simulated F-D curve(error rate less than 5% is ready to be obtainable), but also minimizes the number of recursions in searching for the stress-strain curve(less than 10 recursions are enough for the good enough match in normal situation).


Metabolic profile is used to detect possible nutritional errors with negative effects on animals production. The aim of this study was to establish some reference values of blood constituents for lactating buffaloes related to the season. Thus, 15 buffalo females, clinically healthy, from the S.C.D.C.B. Sercaia-Brasov were screened for hematological and biochemical blood profile during the summer and the winter period. Feeding system was differentiated by season (conserved forage and corn fodder in the winter season and green mass in the summer season). The results for hematological parameters revealed no significantly statistical differences (p>0.05) between seasons. The average values of the determined biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, serum levels of Mg) had values within the normal range, with no statistically differences between seasons. Total protein level varied significantly distinct (p<0.01) between the winter season 7.02±1.13 mg/dL and the summer season 8.20±0.92 mg/dL .  The values obtained for the mineral profile (serum Ca and inorganic P) varied significantly (p<0.05) between seasons. The level of PAL and GOT enzymes registered values above normal physiological limits, the activity of these enzymes being considered as an indicator for acute liver necrosis. The obtained values in this study could be useful for interpretation of biochemical and hematological parameters in lactating buffaloes.


Metamaterials and metasurfaces have demonstrated many unusual properties that are useful for creating high-performance terahertz devices and components. Integration of functional materials allows metasurfaces to expand their scope of applications. Here we show that hybrid metasurfaces can provide ultrafast modulation of terahertz waves that are critical for future applications in terahertz imaging and communications.


The effects of concentrate to roughage ratios on duration and frequencies of rumination and chewing in Hanwoo steers were determined. Five Hanwoo steers fitted with rumen fistula were used to evaluate the effects of concentrate to rice straw ratio on eating and ruminating behavior. Experimental diets were formulated with different concentrate to rice straw ratios(50 : 50, 60: 40, 70: 30, 80: 20, 90: 10). When level of roughage feed was increased by 10, 20, 30, 40 to 50% of total dry matter of the diet, total chewing time was increased linearly from 286.99, 321.09, 390.29, 406.63 to 423.30 min/d, which was mainly due to increased ruminating time from 204.91 to 342.80 min/day. However, the level of roughage did not affect eating time. The number of chews per day for rumination and number of chews per rumination were significantly decreased(p


(Director). Distributed by Metropolitan Housing Trust. Screened at Challenging Perceptions Conference, London, September 1997 (video documentary directed and co-produced by Lisa Blackman).


AM Butz, M Bellin, M Tsoukleris. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(3):844–852

To identify risk factors for poor asthma control in low-income children.

The study was conducted as a subanalysis of a randomized controlled trial in an inner-city population of 222 children age 3 to 12 years with uncontrolled, persistent asthma. The trial was designed to investigate an environmental control intervention.

The main outcome of interest was asthma control at baseline and 6 months after enrollment. Asthma control was classified as well controlled (WC), not well controlled (NWC), and very poorly …


Two new adaptive filtering techniques are presented for enhancing and separating narrow-band signals with different durations. techniques are called Intermittent Signal Enhancement (ISE). time-varying statistics of the signal as a means of separating the signals. The Least-Mean-Squares (LMS), the Adaptives-Short-Term Correlator (ASC) , and variations of the ASC algorithm can be used to implement the ISE techniques. techniques for interference rejection. The two The two techniques use the


Abstract : A television camera input and display output buffer system has been designed and partially constructed as of January 1977. The system consists of a controller for selecting either of two camera inputs, a storage memory, a system controller, and a run-length encoder. The memory is easily expandable and currently consists of 4096 8-bit words. The system controller selects a rectangular section from any portion of a 512 x 512 digitized image. The section may be of any size from 512 x 8 to 1 x 1 to 8 x 512. The system performs a continuous display from the memory correctly interleaved with the incoming television camera input if desired. This display can take place simultaneously with input to the memory, displaying the old image while the new image is stored. The memory system allows maximum DMA rate transfers to and from an Adage AGT/30 host computer. (Author)


2014 Using the theory of Lacroix-Lyon-Caen et al., who have calculated the magnetic susceptibility of a cerium Kondo system in the Anderson model, including the crystal field effects, we have determined the value of the exchange parameter 0393n(EF) and the Kondo temperature TK of some cerium compounds from susceptibility measurements. We observe that | 0393| n(EF) increases when the electronic specific heat coefficient 03B3 decreases and that the product 03B3.0393n(EF) varies only slightly. The analysis of the resistivity curves of these compounds (in particular, we have measured the electrical resistivity of CePb3) shows the validity of the calculations performed by Cornut and Coqblin with the Anderson Hamiltonian for T ~ TK. LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE TOME 39, OCTOBRE 1978, B


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of OXA-LV-5-Fu regimen in treatment of patients with advanced/metastatic gastric cancer.Methods OXA 130 mg/m~(2) iv 2 hr d1,LV 100 mg/m~(2) iv 2 hr followed by 5-Fu 400 mg/m~(2) iv bolus and 5-Fu 600 mg/m~(2) iv 22 hr d2,3.Twenty-one days constituted one cycle and the efficacy was evaluated after 3 cycles.Results Fifty-two patients entered into the study.Patients with primary tumours resected or non-resected were 20 and 32 respectively.Fifty-two patients were evaluable for clinical response.Six patients achieved CR(11.5%) and 18 PR(34.6%),with ORR being 46.1%.Toxicity: leukopenia was observed in 44.2% of the patients,but grade Ⅲ-Ⅳof it was found in(9.6%).Grade Ⅰ-Ⅱthombocytopenia occurred in 11.5% of the patients,while grade Ⅲ occurred in 1.9%.The incidence of alimentary tract reaction was 28.8% and that of mucositis was 5.8%.Nervous system toxicity occurred in 51.9%.Conclusions OFL regimen has relatively high response rate in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.The toxicity is slight and can be well tolerated.


A precise, simple, cost-effective, specific and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the assay of Dopamine HCl. The proposed method is based on generation of a colored complex through utilizing the known reaction of 2,6-dichloroquinone 4-chloroimide (DCQ) with phenols, primary and secondary amines. Dopamine HCl reacts with 2,6-dichloroquinone 4-chloroimide (0.12% solution in ethanol), in aqueous media at room temperature to produce a colored product that absorbs light at λmax 470 nm. All reaction conditions were optimized and standardized. The absorbance intensity of the colored product was linear with Dopamine HCl concentration in the range of (5 to 45 µg/ml). The correlation coefficient was found to be (r =0.999). The limit of detection was 2.5µg/ml. The stoichiometry of the reaction between Dopamine HCl and 2,6-dichloroquinone 4-chloroimide was studied, and revealed a 1:4 ratio of Dopamine HCl: DCQ respectively. The added recovery and standard addition approaches' results were 99.67%±2.25 (n=6) and 99.09% for the


It is now almost 20 years since we proposed "a new and specific hypothesis" regarding the biochemical basis of memory (Lynch & Baudry, 1984). The hypothesis was prompted by a need for a cellular explanation for the then still-new phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP), an effect that matched up remarkably well with the long-expected synaptic substrate of memory. By the time of our paper, LTP was known to be synapse specific, inducible by very brief bursts (,1 s) of afferent stimulation, absolutely dependent upon rises in postsynaptic calcium, and accompanied by changes in the morphology of dendritic spines. Building on these points, we proposed that repetitive high-frequency synaptic activity causes increases in spine calcium levels (spine as calcium traps), which then produce modifications of postsynaptic glutamate receptors (Fig. 1). As to the type of receptor changes that might be involved, we suggested four nonexclusive possibilities: (1) new synapses are built, which necessarily involves insertion of new receptors in synaptic membranes; (2) new receptors are added to existing synapses; (3) latent (silent) receptors are unmasked; and (4) extant receptors are modified in such a way as to improve their performance. Option 1 ran into the problem that while electron microscopic studies had found evidence of synaptogenesis after LTP (Lee, Oliver, & Lynch, 1980; Chang & Greenough, 1984), the magnitude of the effect seemed too small to account for the 50–100% potentiation effects commonly recorded. Option 4 had the problem that, at least at the time, it did not account for the extraordinary stability of LTP; that is, posttranslational modifications of proteins could hardly be expected to persist for the several weeks required of an LTP substrate. This left unmasking or adding of receptors (or both) as the most likely explanations for LTP. As to why potentiation lasted so long, we argued that morphological changes triggered in parallel to the receptor changes opened the way to receptor unmasking/addition and that such changes could be extremely stable. In more contemporary terminology, the idea would be that morphological modifications shift the synapse into a state in which a greater number of receptors can be active or added into postsynaptic membranes.


In order to gain the influences of the atmosphere condition on aero-engine starting characteristics,the output power of air turbine starter and ideal starting process at standard atmosphere were analyzed,and the diversities of ground starting performance at non-standard atmosphere were described,e.g.: differences of ignition time,start time and exhaust gas temperature.Besides,with use of constant acceleration method,the starting process was simulated.Based on grounding test conditions,test data was summarized.The ignition and breaking-up time was prolonged with the temperature drop or rise.Comparing the start time below or above 293.15 K,it is 3 s shorter in hot days than in cold days,so the results meet the theory analysis well.


Government procurement accounts for 10%-15% of gross domestic product. The majority of this is below the European Union financial thresholds and completed under local policy. From 2012, random selection (RS) has been used as part of the selection mechanism. For the first time, this paper analyses and compares RS to the rotation process used in frameworks. The empirical data was gathered from the public sector client and private sectors via structured Limesurvey™ questionnaires. The results indicate that RS is considered transparent with high accountability. However, concerns are raised over safeguards against abuse or manipulation. The impact of using RS on quality, value for money and open competition indicated greater private sector concern. Agreement was achieved on it not always providing the best economic operator, that size of organisations involved does not matter and there is adequate competition. However, the procurement policy for the adoption of RS for certain contract types was deemed correct.


Permanent magnet motors have a series of characteristics that make them attractive for the use in industrial drives: low maintenance, high dynamics, small size and mass to power ratio. In particular its higher efficiency means that permanent magnet synchronous motors may be used instead of electro-magnetically exited motors (such induction machines or commutator DC motors) in applications where the energy savings compensate the higher initial cost. Nevertheless, the need for a shaft mounted position measurement to perform the orientation of the control of the synchronous machine is of concern, because it increases the total drive cost and reduces reliability.

In this work the sensorless vector control of a surface mounted permanent magnet machine is presented. The emphasis is in the control at low and zero speed, including position control, by means of saturation saliency tracking. Two different strategies for rotor position detection used in salient synchronous machines and in induction machines are analysed. These are hf voltage injection in the stationary, stator, reference frame of the machine (α-s injection) and hf voltage injection on the estimated rotor axis (so called d-axis or pulsating injection). These two methods are optimised for its application to the surface mounted PM machine. The small magnitude of the saliency present difficulties and disturbances are significant. A commissioning based method (SMP) is used for enhanced rotor position estimation by the α-s rotating injection. The two methods are implemented on a 4 kW experimental rig and the sensorless controlled results are compared and discussed. A hybrid structure combining the saliency tracking method with a flux-observer is also presented and provides sensorless control capability over the whole speed range.


An internal combustion engine arrangement ( 10 ) for a vehicle with a turbo charger ( 16 ) and configured for influencing the boost pressure of the turbo charger at low engine speeds. The arrangement includes a tank ( 32 ) for storing a pressure medium, a line ( 31 ) for supplying pressure medium to the turbo charger and a valve ( 30 ) for controlling the supply of pressure medium. The line ( 31 ) connects to a mouthpiece ( 33 ) directed toward the impeller of the turbo charger ( 16 ). A pipe line ( 23 ) is connected to the exhaust-gas line ( 16 ) and the inlet line ( 20 ) enabling the recirculation of exhaust gas from the exhaust-gas line to the inlet line.


A fluid model to describe plasma cnfined in the central cell of a tandem mirror machine is developed. The model properly includes axial losses, radial losses and the interaction of electrons with all ionic species either in the central cell or in the plugs. The density and ion energy of the plug plasma are self-consistently calculated using either fixed or calculated spatial profiles. Iffustrative calculations are performed for a specific confinement experiment, the Wisconsin tandem mirror device, PHAEDRUS, by using classical radial transport coefficients. The results show that the radial profile of various central-cell plasma parameters can be controlled by tailoring the plug plasma density profile. If the radial transport coefficients are eight to ten times the classical values, the losses will be mainly in the radial direction. For PHAEDRUS, the results are not sensitive to the boundary conditions used at the plasma edge.


In order to meet the requirements of short distance wireless communication system,an improved type of UWB printed monopole antenna is designed and implemented.The two fold strip are loaded in U type radiation arm symmetric to make the antenna with function of band-notched.The influence of variation folding strip size and slot on the antenna band-notched characteristics are detailed analyzed using HFSS software.The actual production of the antenna is made,and the test results basically agree with the simulation results.The impedance bandwidth of the antenna can cover 3.04 ~ 10.95 GHz,the stop band range is about 4.95 ~ 5.97 GHz,the absolute bandwidth of 7.88 GHz,fully equipped with UWB performance.In the entire frequency range approximation has the omni-directional,gain curve is flat,and the antenna size is 31 mm × 35 mm,compact structure,easy processing and easy integration.


for every u∈W1,p(Rn). It is easy to see that the proposition fails when s > 1, where s = q/p. In this paper we are trying to find out what happens if s > 1. We show that it does not only become true but obtains better estimates. The described result is stated and proved in Section 3. The method invoked is different from that by Cazenave in [2]; it relies on some Littlewood-Paley theory and Besov spaces' theory that are cited in Section 2.


This paper presents implementation and evaluation of an engineering-focused outreach program geared towards exposing the middle and high school student population, especially underrepresented and underserved groups, to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and careers. The STEM Academy project is a partnership between NASA, Elizabeth City State University (ECSU), school districts, state agencies, and other STEM enrichment programs. The program adopted a well-established NASA STEM curriculum with problem-based learning at its core and integrated 3D design and printing technology, sensorbased measurement systems, and engineering design activities such as roller coaster design and mini Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) design to enhance authentic and experiential learning experiences. Curriculum was delivered through the combination of summer and academic year hands-on activities complemented by guest speakers and field trips. The program targeted rural counties of the state and served 523 students (middle and high school) who received 36-40hours of hands-on STEM experience. Evaluation data and results were gathered through STEM Career Interest Surveys (STEM-CIS), student interviews, teacher interviews/focus group, and students' evaluation of the hands-on sessions.


Metal nitride multilayer films display a unique combination of exceptional properties with respect to optical absorption, thermal emission, corrosion resistance, adhesion between coating and surface and high temperature withstand. Most considerable aspects of nitride coatings were economical, environmentally friendly and easy to develop. Similar to nitride thin films, to achieve a considerable absorption (α) -0.92 and low emission (Є) 0.08 along with chemical and radiation stable solar selective coatings, Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) thin films exhibit the desirable properties for Concentrated Solar thermal Power(CSP)applications. The main advantages of DLC films were high hardness, chemical and radiation stability and good control over the optical properties. To achieve above-mentioned properties, optimization of each layer of the DLC coating has needed. The main aim of this research is optimization of Cr-base layer using Cr-Target current 175A to get 125 nm thicknesses, optimise the AlSiN absorber layer by controlling the AlSitarget current 175A to maintain 35nm thickness. The sequence of the DLC coating layers was selected based on their relative thickness, which was optimize to get good solar selectivity (α/Є). Individual layers of the DLC solar coatings have unique properties to get overall required high absorbance and low emission along with chemical and radiation stability. These solar selective multi-layers (Cr/DLC/AlSiN) have deposited by using available Cathodic targets (Cr , AlSi & Ti) in Cathodic Arc Physical Vapor Deposition (CAPVD) and optimized parameters were mainly depend on the target currents to control over the thickness of the each layer, base pressure 1*10-5 mbar and deposition temperature 400°C. The DLC multilayer solar selective coatings were characterized using Ultraviolet Visible Near infrared (UVVisNIR) spectrophotometer, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy etc. Scratch test and corrosion tests have conducted for these absorber coatings testing.


The given article dwells upon the periodization of industrial activity of Solovetsky camps of special destination. 1929 became a turning-point in the development of camp economy, when the purposes of penal policy of the state were finally shaped. Since that moment the camps were transformed to one of realization means of the forced modernization.


In 1994, Horster et al. first proposed an authenticated encryption scheme that can have the signature only be verified by the specified recipient while keeping the message secret from the public. Since then, several researchers proposed authenticated encryption schemes in which the recipient can convert the signature into an ordinary one for public verifiability. However, all of these schemes do not consider that once the attacker knows the message then he can also easily convert that signature into an ordinary signature. In this paper, at first we propose a new authenticated encryption scheme which prevents such an attack. We then propose the same scheme in ad-hoc groups based on the proposed authenticated encryption scheme


One female newborn infant with protracted diarrhea in whom associated Trichomonas homonis trophozoites were identified, is presented. Diarrhea in the infant persisted more than 30 days while in the hospital. Another causes of diarrhea, such as metabolic disorders, and bacterial, parasitic or viral infections were not identified. When furazolidone treatment was administered, the therapeutic response was very good, diarrhea disappeared and normal weight increase rate was recovered. It is pointed out that T. hominis might be a potential intestinal pathogen on human beings, specially on immunocompromised hosts, as newborn and malnourished infants are.


Four new chiggers of the genus Microtrombicula, taken from the nasal passages of Korean bats, are described. These species are most closely related to M. merrihewi (Loomis & Lipovsky) another intranasal bat-chigger from the central United States. The new species are: M. pipistrelli off Pipistrellus a. abramus Temminck, Pipistrellus saviicoreensis Imaizumi and Vespertilio superans Thomas; M. loomisi off Pipistrellus a. abramus Temminck and Vespertilio superans Thomas; M. miniopteri off Miniopterus schreibersiijaponiae Thomas; and M. kyongkiensis off Pipistrellus a. abramus Temminck.


The utility model discloses a corrugated heat exchange pipe comprising a pressure bearing pipe, wherein, a plurality of fins are arranged on the outer wall of the pressure bearing pipe, the fins are distributed in a radial form along the radial direction of the pressure bearing pipe, and a corrugated pattern is formed on the surface of the fin. The formation of the corrugated pattern on the outer surface of the corrugated heat exchange pipe results in a large increase in the heat exchange area, thereby effectively enhancing the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchange pipe. In terms of heat exchange area per unit length, the heat exchange pipe provided by the utility model is about 60% larger than the original ordinary heat exchange pipe. In exchanging heat of the same amount, the whole vaporizer, by the use of the utility model can be rendered smaller than the original design, thereby saving more energy.


The present status of the fully mechanized coal mining equipments-shearer is introduced,scrany and powered support at home and abroad.The difference between the main equipment of the fully mechanized coal mining face is analyzed.The tendency of the fully mechanized coal mining equipment is pointed out in china.


An experiment on photochemical oxidation employing solar irradiation of bilirubin followed by spectrophotometric absorption was designed. Students can benefit from appreciating the utility of solar rays and its implementation in obtaining parameters such as chemical reaction rates and half-life. The experiment is student-friendly and involves solar irradiation of the sample in NaOH with absorption measurements at 453 nm. The bilirubin undergoes depletion, and the declining concentration can be expressed exponentially as a function of time. The instantaneous reaction rates, half-life, and rate constant can be derived directly from the exponential plot. Possible factors that affect the reaction, such as autooxidation and thermal effects, can be included in the experiment. The procedure is facile and didactic from the perspective of kinetics and from the prospect of isolating the photoproduct (biliverdin), which is a useful component in biosynthetic research.


In the absence of compulsion, union membership density in U.K. private sector establishments is extremely varied. Around one quarter of establishments without recognized unions have union densities above 10 percent while under half of the establishments with recognized unions had density above 90 percent. Yet the progressive decline in the closed shop since 1984 means that understanding why people join trade unions without compulsion is an increasingly relevant question, demanding analysis at a disaggregate level. This paper explores the 1984 WIRS dataset and concludes that workplace characteristics, including workforce composition and management attitudes, are the major influences once recognition is controlled for. Yet the variation in density across workplaces with unions implies there is much unions can do to increase density even in an environment which is hostile toward the achievement of recognition. Copyright 1993 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester


The experimental study was carried out on an urban wastewater purification station located in the region of El Oued -Kounine- in south-eastern Algeria. During 6 months, samples were taken every month to study the Physico-chemical parameters of this station. Monthly monitoring of SS, COD, BOD5 was made from September 2017 to February 2018 and the results obtained show that the average elimination rates were 77.76, 74.10 and 80% respectively for BOD5, DCO and SS. The average of the ratio COD/BOD5 during the 6 months of follow-up is equal to 2.9.


To comprehensively consider the effects of physical properties, external conditions, degradation and uncertainties on the reliability of the shafting of double-axis turntable, a physics-based belief reliability model of the shafting of double-axis turntable is proposed based on the reliability science principles. A simulation case for the shafting of double-axis turntable is conducted to apply the proposed model and the sensitivity analysis is implemented. The results demonstrate that the hardness has a most significant influence on the margin degradation process and the uncertainty from the variations of the contact stress of the azimuth axis significantly affects the reliability and the confidential interval range of the margin. The conclusions of sensitivity analysis can provide theoretical reference for the product design and using processes.


Since the middle of 1980s,the system reform of higher education has been gradually pushed in China,and the credit system has been adopted in universities.The credit system is an overall reform to traditional academic year system.For private colleges,though they don't have long history and running experience,they actively carry out credit system and try to find the operation mechanism for credit system in private colleges.Taking Sanjiang University as an example,this paper summarizes the credit system in the recent five years,and proposes some advice through the thought on how to perfect the credit system.


The high value-added transparent PP material was gradually accepted by people,and the synthesis of transparent nucleating agent of PP is becoming the research hot spot.The synthesis principle and synthetic methods of sorbitol derivatives,organic phosphorous nucleating agents and rosin type nucleating agent were introduced in this thesis.The research and application of the three kinds of nucleating agent and β-crystalline form in recent years were reviewed.


PURPOSE: A cross beam installation structure of a filled steel box and an I-beam bridge girder is provided to facilitate carrying out of the whole bridge construction and facilitate a cross beam and a girder. CONSTITUTION: A cross beam installation structure of a filled steel box and an I-beam bridge girder comprises followings. A connector(121) with a connecting groove is coupled on one side of a girder(110). A connecting rod(122) is coupled on the other side of another girder facing the girder. The connection rod is inserted into the connection groove of the connector. A through hole is formed on the bodies of the girder and another girder and is connected to a cross beam(120). A prestressed concrete steel wire is inserted into the outside of one end of the girder and is fixed on the outside of the other end of another girder.


Figure 1. A 76-year-old woman with breast cancer who had been receiving adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen (20 mg per day) for 30 months presented with minimal vaginal bleeding. Color Doppler imaging revealed multiple arterial vessels with a very low resistance to flow (pulsatility index, 0.50; resistance index, 0.37) within the endometrium. The presence of a large endometrial polyp was demonstrated by the intrauterine instillation of sterile saline under ultrasonographic control (Panel A). Except for the large floating polyp (P), the endometrium (arrows) was thin and regular. M denotes the surrounding myometrium. The hysteroscopic view of the polyp, which measured 5.5 . . .


Pollination is essential in fruit cultivation. It has a strong impact on fruit production, both for the quantity of fruit and for their quality. Its efficiency is therefore essential to the economic profitability of farms. However, populations of pollinating insects have been decreasing in France due to the many threats they face. These include the destruction and degradation of their habitats and the use of agricultural inputs. The objective of this paper is to present the BEESY project which aims to develop a pollination monitoring system. The idea behind this project is to work on a low signal to noise ratio case where the spectrogram doesn't allow the algorithm to distinct a precise time-frequency pattern corresponding to the sound to detect. A different version of the spectrogram is therefore constructed based on the harmonic characteristic of the bee buzz, allowing a better classification.


The paper deals with the history of the Olonets metal works – one of the centres of military industry in pre-revolutionary Russia. It aimed to analyse the views of Russian researchers on the problems of military production at these plants and their role in providing the army and navy with weapons in the 18th – еarly 20th centuries. The works of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods were studied. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the need for an in-depth examination of such a phenomenon in Russian history as the military-industrial complex and its prototype represented by the military industry of pre-revolutionary Russia. The article is focused on the way Russian historiography presents the organization of military production at the Olonets metal works, their technical reconstruction in order to master the production of brand new types of weapons, as well as the role of foreign specialists and foreign technical, technological and organizational experience in this process. The study revealed some important features of the Olonets metal works operation: the use of the economy's mobilization mechanisms for their creation, their role as a transmitter of military production experience to other Russian regions, the influence of non-economic factors on the existence of military industry enterprises, as well as the effect and significance of diffusion of innovations in military industry. It is concluded that the final period in the history of the Olonets metal works (late 19th – early 20th centuries) is poorly reflected in Russian historiography. In addition, the research points out the need for a comprehensive work on the history of military production at the Olonets metal works in general.


Non‐negativity constraints on the parameters of the GARCH(p, q) process may be relaxed without giving up the requirement that the conditional variance remains non‐negative with probability 1. In this paper we look into the consequences of adopting these less severe constraints in the GARCH(2, 2) case and its two second‐order special cases, GARCH(2, 1) and GARCH(1, 2). This is done by comparing the autocorrelation function of squared observations under these two sets of constraints. The less severe constraints allow more flexibility in the shape of the autocorrelation function than the constraints restricting the parameters to be non‐negative.


Objective
To observe the efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with microwave ablation, 125I radioactive seed implantation and Apatinib targeted therapy for large hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods
120 patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma admitted to our hospital from May 2015 to May 2017 were selected as the subjects and randomly divided into four groups. 30 patients in the control group were treated with TACE, 30 patients in the combined treatment group 1 were treated with TACE combined with microwave ablation, 30 patients in the combined treatment group 2 were treated with TACE combined with 125I radioactive seeds implantation, and 3 patients in the combined treatment group 3 were treated with TACE combined with Apatinib. The clinical efficacy, changes of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), survival rate, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and adverse reactions were compared among the four groups.

Results
The disease control rate of the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P 0.05), while the survival rate of the combined treatment group 1 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of VEGF and MMP-9 in the four groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the combined treatment group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). The incidence rates of adverse reactions such as elevated blood pressure, nausea and vomiting, skin itching, proteinuria and bone marrow suppression in the combined treatment group 1 were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the incidences of skin itching in the combined treatment group 2 and the combined treatment group 3 were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).

Conclusions
TACE combined with microwave ablation, 125I radioactive seed implantation and Apatinib targeting therapy for large hepatocellular carcinoma are more effective than TACE alone, and TACE combined with microwave ablation can significantly prolong the survival time of patients.

Key words:
Liver neoplasms; Catheterization; Chemoembolization, therapeutic; Hepatic artery; Microwaves; Ablation techniques; Iodine radioisotopes; Apatinib


The field of ionic liquids (ILs) has shown rapid growth in recent years. Much of this work has involved the synthesis of new ILs and their application in an ever-increasing number of areas. In contrast, there have been relatively few studies that investigate and attempt to predict the fundamental physical properties of ILs, which are extremely important for their applications. The quantitative prediction of the physical properties of unknown salts remains an important goal in IL research. This will allow the design of new ILs with specific properties tailored for particular applications, without the need for time-consuming trial and error syntheses. Recently, several studies have shown that it is possible to make predictions of the physical properties of ILs e.g. melting points, conductivities, viscosities, densities, surface tensions and refractive indices. This paper gives an overview of these semi-empirical methods and makes some comparisons regarding the accuracy of their predictions and their applicability to predicting the properties of unknown salts.


Ensuring reliable operation of computer means (CM) for companies and enterprises, where information technologies are closely integrated into the production process is an actual and important task, which prevents the technological process stoppage or loss of important data. Today, the problem of formalization of engineers-diagnosticians' experience and processing of diagnostic information (DI) provided by them, which is the main component of improving the efficiency of CM diagnostic tools during the operation is partially solved. However, the problem of developing DI search tools as constituent means of ID remains topical. Taking into account the trends of intensive development of CM, the features of CM as diagnostics objects (DO) were given in the paper, and the analysis of the interaction process of an engineer-diagnostician with retrieval systems during solving the ID problems was carried out. At each stage of solving ID problems, diagnostician, if necessary, searches needed DI. The problem is that within the one query to the IRS (information retrieval system), he cannot cover the actual situation that leads to the stepwise search of DI. Each step is accompanied by its features. On the basis of the conducted studies and analysis it can be stated about the feasibility of using search services as constituent methods and tools of CM intelligence diagnostics.


. In this paper, we show that there was a rapid expansion of housing credit in Japan after 1970 and then consider what benefits and costs the rapid expansion of housing credit conferred on Japanese households and whether it was, on balance, a good thing or a bad thing for them. On the one hand, the rapid expansion of housing credit made it easier for households to purchase housing, which in turn enabled them to purchase housing at a younger age and enabled them to avoid the need to pay rent. On the other hand, the rapid expansion of housing credit increased the housing loan repayment burden of households, which in turn forced them to cut back on non-housing consumption and weakened their ability to accumulate financial assets in preparation for retirement. We conclude that, until now, the benefits of the expansion of housing credit seems to have outweighed the costs thereof, as a result of which it has increased the welfare of households but that there are some areas of concern and that the government should take the necessary steps to alleviate these concerns.


Image measurement system, the detection and the reflector 10 disposed in the vicinity of the plants 31 to be measured, the reflector 10 photographed, the photographing means 21 to output an imaged image, the area of the reflector 10 in the captured image and an image analysis means 41 for acquiring color information of the region, based on the color information, the absolute spectral irradiance distribution calculation means 42 for calculating the distribution of the absolute value of the absolute spectral irradiance distribution of the spectral irradiance in the region provided on the basis of the absolute spectral irradiance distribution, the photon flux density calculating unit 44 for calculating the photon flux density, based on the photon flux density, the leaf area index calculation means 45 for calculating the leaf area index.


In studying work and family life as overlapping domains, of interest is the impact of father absence created by work requirements. Commonly, father absence because of marital discord or death has been found to have detrimental effects on the social and cognitive development of children. In contrast, much less is known about the impact of transitory work-related father absence. Yet this is a new social phenomenon from a global perspective. In developing countries, increasing urban migration meant that families often lose one or both parents who are absent because of work. In Japan, one critical work-related family change is an increasingly common type of family termed tanshinfunin, in which fathers are relocated by their work organizations and are required to live apart from their families for prolonged periods. The present study targeted Canadian military families, which also formed the basis for a cross-cultural comparison of Japanese civilian tanshinfunin families. During father absence, measures of social support perceived by the mother and self-reported coping methods of the elementary school-age children were assessed. Mothers and teachers also rated the children's adjustment and academic performance. Results indicated that father absence which produced a loss of perceived social support by their wives was negatively correlated to behavioral adjustment and academic performance of their children. Children reported the most stress during actual father absence and emotion-focused coping was most commonly used. Interestingly, children who also used more social support seeking to cope with father absence were observed to show less acting-out behaviors in the classroom. Implications of work-related father absence as mediated by family coping resources and cultural factors were discussed.


Circular Economy (CE) can be promoted and supported by the creation of new and innovative business models which embed CE principles into organisations' value chains. This paper provides a review of approaches to the circular business model (CBM). We conducted a literature review, including content analysis, and examined publications (51 papers) on circular business models published in English in peerreviewed journals. Our objective was to provide an overview and systematize the stateof-the-art in CE-oriented business model approaches. The following research questions were posed in relation to the objective: Which sub-processes and components are included in the Circular Business Models (CBM)? Which CBM archetypes have already been established? Which strategies and other factors support the creation/ transformation of the CBM? The results of the studies were presented in five areas encompassing the following: 1) development (including the methodologies of development and transformation), value proposition, creation and delivery, 2) CBM archetypes, 3) circular strategies, 4) the determinants of development and transformation of business models for CE. The paper contributes to the improved understanding of circular business models. It consolidates related research by offering an overarching conceptual framework. It also points to the directions of future research.


A crude, dealcoholized alcoholic extract of peony root was screened for pharmacological activities. It was found to produce digitalis-like action on the frog's heart, stimulation of the uterus of the rat, and depression of the intestine of the rat and rabbit. Minor lowering of the blood pressure was produced in the rat. The extract was ineffective in combating electroshock and Metrazole convulsions and lacked analgesic activity.


This paper presents the findings of a case study of the immediate impact of problem-oriented policing (POP) training on lower- and higher-ranking officers of a state police agency in the USA. Findings indicate that there was relatively little immediate impact of training although the measurable impact was in the positive direction - a movement away from traditional attitudes towards a model favoring community involvement and the partnership tactics of POP. Some gains in knowledge of POP, the philosophy, and agency commitment were measured. Since the magnitude of the effectiveness of the training was greater for lower-ranking officers, agencies may want to conduct pre-training assessments to establish the level of understanding of POP and then customize training specific to that group's needs.


Introduction In X-ray astronomy, various information on stellar objects has been obtained through the energy spectrum, the time variability, and the image. Though the observation for the polarization is also very important, the observation has been rarely carried out. So we have been developing a hard X-ray polarimeters, applying new technology[1] and had several basic experiments in KEK PF BL14A to investigate the basic performance of the prototype polarimeter.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can act as re-lays in areas with limited infrastructure to support car-to-car communications. Prior studies on UAV-to-car communications showed that the irregularity of the terrains has a significant impact on link quality. Thus, in this paper, we propose a positioning technique that relies on Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) to optimize the positioning of a UAV in the vehicular environment by considering the irregularities of the terrains that might hinder Line-of-Sight (LOS) conditions. The proposed technique takes into account the path loss caused by the terrains. Simulation results show that the optimization algorithm allows us to determine the best position for the deployed UAVs throughout time by considering the movement of the cars, and also accounting for adjustments in terms of flight altitude. In particular, the latter is adjusted by considering the position of the cars on the ground and the profile of surrounding terrains to determine potential communications blockages, while respecting international regulations regarding flight altitude restrictions.


In this study, we examined the effects of different concentrations of red pepper seed (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) on pH, total acidity, color, reducing sugar content, total microbes, lactic acid bacteria, and sensory quality, in terms of prolonging the shelf-life of kimchi. The additions of red pepper seed resulted in higher pH levels, while total acidity was lower than that of the control. The kimchi with red pepper seed had higher reducing sugar contents than the control. Furthermore, the kimchi with red pepper seed showed higher b-values than the control. During fermentation, the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and total microbes were higher in the kimchi with red pepper seed than in the control, and the higher ratios resulted in higher quality kimchi. The additions of red pepper seed also resulted in changes of color, flavor, taste, and texture, having a large influence on overall product quality. In conclusion, in terms of preservation and consumption, the 3% and 5% red pepper seed concentrations offered enhanced shelf-life and better quality kimchi products.


In recent years, there is an apparent increase in interest of linguists to do comparative studies on lexicology over the genetic and typologically related languages. This paper has sought to critically research the role of mutual lexical enrichment of kindred languages and assimilation of loanwords, in particular, anglicisms to the vitality, maintenance and revitalisation of Turkic languages in the age of globalisation. The most important reasons for penetration and use of words and terms borrowed from English in modern Turkic languages have extra linguistic nature. However, intra linguistic factors are not an exception. Owing to distinctions of graphic bases of the alphabets and pronunciation norms of Turkic languages, the level of phonetic, grammatical and semantic assimilation of loanwords and terms in these languages are not identical. Because of incomplete phonological and graphic adaptation of loanwords, it becomes clear that in the Turkic languages national colouring, phonetic and orthographic norms of these languages are partly changed.
Keywords: Vitality, lexical system, Turkic languages, globalisation, anglicisms.


The  aim of this study was  to evaluate the effect of feeding fermented   palm oil sluge and critical amino acid (CAA) ; methyonine, lysine, and tryptophan supplementation on diet to performance, egg internal quality and egg cholesterol level. The research design used was  complety randomized design with 4 teatments  with 80 layer;  each treatment consists of  P0 ; the control diet, without addition of critical amino acid.  P1 ; the diet contains of 50% critical amino acid (P1:50% (Lys 404.5 mg/kg ; Met 250 g/kg ; Trp 90,5 gr), P2: suplementasi 75% (Lys 606,75 mg/kg; Met 375,75 mg/kg; Trp 137,75 mg/kg), P3: suplementasi 100% (Lys 809 mg/kg; Met 501 mg/kg; Trp 90.5mg/kg) on diet.. Variable 0bserved were feed comsumption, feed conversi, egg weight, egg production, yolk colour, yolk index, albumen index, shell thickness, air cell and egg cholesterol level  that feeding 100% supplementation consisting of (Lys 809 mg/kg; Met 501 mg/kg; Trp 90.5 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.05).  In conclutions, P3 (Lys 809 mg/kg; Met 501 mg/kg; Trp 90.5 mg/kg)  teatment group was significant on yolk colour, yolk index, albumen index, air cell and cholesterol level.


Objective:To study the expression of Galectin-3,Wnt pathway related protein(β-catenin,Cyclin D1 and E-cadherin) in salivary gland tumors and to explore the relationship and the clinical significance among them.Methods:The benign and malignant tumors of salivary gland specimens were observed under HE staining and light microscopy.Immunohistochemical staining(S-P method) was applied to detect the expression and correlation of Galectin-3,β-catenin,E-cadherin and Cyclin D1 in 107 cases of salivary gland tumors(58 cases of malignant tumors and 49 cases of benign tumors) and 38 cases of chronic inflammation of salivary glands were enndled as negative control.Results:The positive rate of Galectin-3 was 72.4%(42/58) in malignant salivary tumor,higher than that in benign salivary tumor(P0.05).The positive rates of β-catenin and Cyclin D1 protein were higher in malignant salivary tumor[75.9%(44/58) and 81%(47/58)] than in benign salivary tumor(P0.05).There were significant positive correlations between Galectin-3 and β-catenin(r=0.313,P0.05).Conclusions:Galectin-3,Wnt pathway related protein β-catenin and Cyclin D1 are correlated with each other,which may provide new sight in the treatment of salivary gland tumor.


In this paper,the feasibility analisis of powder frequency quenching process is carried by 5%Cr support roll.The process is proposed for the first time,and made very good progress in the actual production,which has filled the blank of powder frequency quenching of same size sensor in my factory,and obtained better economic and social efficiency.


The legislative decree 195/2006 has implemented the European Directive 2003/10/CE about noise exposure of workers and it has introduced a series of articles defining health and safety standards. The sector of wood processing is one of the most concerned by such a problem; in particular, the highest number of recognized cases of hypoacusia and deafness occur in furniture factories. As a result, a study was carried out on the acoustic levels in some Calabrian secondary wood industries manufacturing predominantly chairs, but also tables and other wood furniture. The acoustic survey was carried out under full and normal operating conditions of the industries; after evaluating the residence times of workers in their work station, the level of daily personal exposure was estimated. The examined industries do not always comply with the ergonomics and safety standards established by law for an acoustic comfort meeting workers' needs. Such interventions take into account the change of the lay-out of the production cycle, the reduction of acoustic emissions directly at their sources, an effective organization of work and a greater awareness towards the use of personal protection devices.


Thyroid dysfunction is the most prevalent endocrine disorder worldwide. Thyroid hormone has a crucial role in maintaining a wide array of metabolic homeostasis. In addition to calcium and bone metabolism, vitamin D influences nonskeletal activities, including the thyroid gland. Therefore, hypovitaminosis D is considered a risk factor for the emergence of many thyroid dysfunctions. In this investigation, we aimed to investigate the association of vitamin D and serum calcium levels with thyroid dysfunction. In this investigation, 2,735 (1,438 females and 1,297 males) laboratory findings from the public, government hospital laboratories, and medical clinics serving chronic patients in the south region (Asir region) of Saudi Arabia were screened over the course of one year. The vitamin D level was significantly lower in both female and male patients in the hypothyroidism category than in the hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism groups. The influence of total serum calcium level was not significant in any thyroid dysfunction category. A high prevalence of normal levels of total serum calcium was observed in all thyroid status groups. A partial correlation between total serum calcium and vitamin D and TSH among thyroid dysfunction patients demonstrated a significant negative correlation between vitamin D and TSH and a nonsignificant negative correlation between total serum calcium level and TSH among hypothyroidism categories. However, in the hypothyroidism group, total serum calcium demonstrated a negative correlation with TSH, while vitamin D showed a positive correlation with TSH.


Objective To explore Chinese medicine medicated bath + narrow spectrum UVB irradiation combined drug therapy of 477 patients with psoriasis vulgaris curative effect.Methods To make a diagnosis and give treatment to our courtyard of psoriasis vulgaris,according to diagnostic criteria with psoriasis vulgaris and traditional Chinese medicine dialectical parting standard parting.According to the condition of the different parting,using our expert group carefully developed unique traditional Chinese medicine formula,the medicated bath + narrow spectrum UVB exposure therapy,combined with oral compound ammonia peptide element pieces and dialectical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine decoction suit.Results The 477 patients healed in 262 cases,168 cases were markedly effective,effective rate was 90.15%.To observe curative effect and skin disease position,clinical parting related,face,neck,and the trunk was better than that of limbs,active stage is better than the static period.Conclusion It prompts that Chinese medicine medicated bath + narrow spectrum UVB exposure,inner disease external treatment,with drugs.Especially in traditional Chinese medicine,scientific formula,the paper,from multiple link effective roles in psoriasis,it has cooperative and good curative effect,and the recurrence rate is low.It is worthy to be popularized.


Mesh optimization strategy for estimating accurate drag of a ground vehicle is proposed based on examining the effect of different mesh parameters. The optimized mesh parameters were selected using design of experiment (DOE) method to be able to work in a limited memory environment and in a reasonable amount of time but without compromising the accuracy of results. The study was further extended to take into account the car model size effect. Three car model sizes have been investigated and compared with MIRA scale wind tunnel results. Parameters that lead to drag value closer to experiment with less memory and computational time have been identified. Scaling the optimized mesh size with the length of car model was successfully used to predict the drag of the other car sizes with reasonable accuracy. This investigation was carried out using STARCCM+ commercial software package, however the findings can be applied to any other CFD package.


Fat grafting offers a facial volumizing option to differentiate the dermatology practice and, says Dr. Jeffrey Hsu, this all-in-one technology may simplify the process and deliver reliable results.


Liquid-crystalline phases and their structures, as known today, are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is on symmetry properties. Smectic ordered phases are assigned to some of the 17 twodimensional space groups.


This year tests will be carried out on projects Relay and Telstar. Success in the eventual creation of a world-wide satellite communication system will depend on the development of long-life satellite equipment, on the choice of a suitable configuration of satellites, and on international co-operation in the allocation of frequencies.


When incorporated directly into cattle dung, a formulation of moxidectin was less toxic to larvae of the dung beetle Onthophagus gazella and the buffalo fly, Haematobia irritans exigua, than an abamectin formulation. Concentrations of moxidectin 64‐fold greater than abamectin concentrations were required to produce equivalent toxicities. Neither moxidectin nor abamectin reduced oviposition by O. gazella. Moxidectin may consequently be less likely than abamectin to affect the decomposition of cattle dung but may have less effect on buffalo fly infestations.


Changes in the organization and government of metropolitan areas have long been of interest to those who follow urban politics and administration. This reform orientation has frequently manifested itself in the advocacy of consolidated or regional governments.1 While success in reforming metropolitan systems has been quite limited, academics and practitioners have nonetheless continued to call for formal restructuring of metropolitan governmental systems. At the same time, municipalities have been increasingly (although perhaps unknowingly) fostering an &dquo;unstructured&dquo; governmental reform movement of their own. This movement is characterized by the use of interlocal agreements for the delivery of municipal services.2


An indirect answer to a Yes-No question conversationally implicates the speaker's evaluation of the truth of the questioned proposition. We present the approach to generation used in our implemented system for generating and interpreting indirect answers to Yes-No questions in English. Generation of a discourse plan is performed in two phases: content planning and plan pruning. During content planning, stimulus conditions are used to trigger speaker goals to include appropriate extra information with the direct answer. Plan pruning determines what parts of this full response do not need to be stated explicitly - resulting in, in appropriate discourse contexts, the generation of an indirect answer.


On the basis of solving the contradiction between the precision and the efficiency in rapid prototyping , this paper states self-accommodation cutting layer's value in reducing the step error and improving the manufacture precision and, introduces the fundamental and two typical methods of self-accommodation cutting layer. It develops the CAD model of self-accommodation cutting layer in commerce CAD system and analyses the cases.


Several days separate the consecutive overflights of a fixed geographical point by a geodesic satellite along the same track so that the semi-diurnal and diurnal oceanic tides as measured by an on-board altimeter will appear as low frequency oscillations of the ocean surface. This was an argument against the sun-synchronous satellite altimeters for the study of (luni-) solar tides, these constituents being rejected under the 2 cy/year frequency or even in the steady sea surface. However, this simplified scheme should be drastically modified by the adjunction of supplementary informations supplied by other data (e.g. from tide gauges), hydrodynamical models or statistics. Here we only show that using the a priori spatial statistical properties of the tides in a total inversion of altimeter data, the sun-synchronous satellites may contribute to map the (luni-) solar tides. In particular the accuracy of a tidal inverse solution is little dependent on its apparent frequency and on the proximity of the other aliased tides.


A method for the determination of tebuconazole residues in banana fruit and flesh and in soil was established,with which the residue dynamics of tebuconazole and its final residue in banana and soil were determined.The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with a Carbon/NH2 SPE column,and then tebuconazole in them was determined by HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography).Two field experiments were conducted in Yunnan and Hainan.The average recoveries of tebuconazole in banana fruit and flesh and soil were found in the range of 80%~107% at the three spray levels from 0.025to0.2mg/kg,the relative standard deviation being 0.7%~3.3%,the lowest detection limit of instrument for tebuconazole being 2×10-10 g and the limit of quantitation being 0.025mg/kg.The field experiment results demonstrated that the half-life of tebuconazole in banana was 16.3din Yunnan and 16.9din Hainan,and its half-life in soil was 16.3din Yunnan and 19.1din Hainan.The residue of tebuconazole was0.05mg/kg in banana harvested 60 and 75dafter pesticide spray.The method showed high accuracy,high sensitivity and good linearity in this study,and is recommended for the work of evaluating the safety and rationality of tebuconazole application in banana production.


There have been two distinct approaches to building intelligent systems in the Artificial Intelligence community. One is the symbol processing approach that relies on logical processes over symbolic information; the other is the connectionist or neural network approach that uses numeric weights and spreading activation. This dissertation describes an approach to building a diagnostic reasoning model that unites these two approaches; it employs a symbol processing approach to knowledge representation and a connectionist approach to processing and learning paradigms.
The diagnostic reasoning model uses a competition-based spreading activation paradigm to facilitate interactions among knowledge structures within a network of causal associations. The underlying theory postulates that simultaneous satisfaction of multiple local constraints among domain concepts is sufficient to construct a plausible global explanation for a set of observed manifestations. Empirical results back up this hypothesis.
Two main theoretical advances combine to allow the integration of symbolic and connectionist techniques.
First, an augmented network architecture that dynamically creates relevant co-occurrence nodes in a separate complementary network, then connects them to the domain nodes, was developed. This architecture provides a way of augmenting domain networks whose nodes and links are semantically associated with domain concepts, without changing those semantics. This is significant because the network architecture used is dependent on the relationships among domain concepts, and it is generally impossible to determine all the complex relationships among domain concepts in advance.
The second important theoretical advance was the development of a learning paradigm that augments domain knowledge with context-sensitive case knowledge acquired through experience. This learning paradigm consists of two complementary processes: a tutoring mechanism based on backpropagation; and an experience-based learning mechanism called "episodic learning". This combined learning model suggests that besides the conscious phenomenon of skills refinement occurring through repeated practice and tutoring among human diagnosticians, there is also an unconscious aspect to learning that leads to the identification of salient features or regularities among input cases.
To demonstrate the validity of this approach, a domain independent "parallel activation model generator", LIBRA-II, was developed for the rapid prototyping of parallel activation models with different paradigms for spreading activation and learning.


the main phase of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion coincided with increased heat flow and possibly extension in the Early Cre• taceous. Although various sedimentary suc• cessions throughout the southern Taroom Trough undoubtedly reached maturity, the quantity and quality of the organic matter would have determined whether the resulting hydrocarbons were adequate to support pri• mary migration from the source rock. From an extensive geochemical database which the project developed for hydrocarbon and potential source-rock samples from the Queensland sector of the basin, an oil-source• rock correlation study confirmed a Permian source for the hydrocarbons, and a minor contribution from a local Triassic source (Boreham 1995: APEA, Journal 35, 579612). A much smaller database is currently being compiled for samples from the New South Wales sector.


Abstract The influence of spray drying on the permeability of the K. fragilis cells was studied. Inlet air temperature and yeast cell concentration were varied in the spray drying process. The degree of cell permeability was evaluated through the intra cellular detection of s‐galactosidase activity. Results indicated that the degree of cell permeability was related to the drying temperature. Additionally, the spray dried cells were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The structure of permeabilized spray dried cells is discussed in reference to the drying mechanism.


The past few decades have brought a rapid emergence of research related to paradoxical leadership behavior (PLB), yet extant research remains scattered, inconsistent and somewhat contradictory. This meta-analysis examines the association between PLB and follower/team outcomes, specifically exploring PLBs incremental validity over other established leadership styles, namely transactional, transformational and servant leadership, as well three competing mechanisms through which PLB elicits positive effects. Our findings demonstrate that PLB is consistently positively associated with follower in-role performance, organizational citizenship behavior, creativity, voice and innovation. However, while PLB showed consistent incremental effects over transactional leadership, its incremental validity in relation to transformational and servant leadership is less clear, with the exception of predicting innovation. Finally, we found evidence that PLB is related to follower behaviors via socio-cognitive (psychological safety), role-based (role clarity), and relational (LMX) mechanisms, with these effects varying as a function of the outcome. Based on our findings, we derive several important implications for PLB theory and key implications for future research.


Significant improvements in the accuracy of navigation state estimation have been previously demonstrated through the fusion of inertial measurement unit (IMU) and visual sensor data in both GPS-denied and GPS-enabled scenarios. Despite this improved navigation state accuracy, several significant hurdles remain before widespread acceptance of vision-aided navigation can be achieved. One significant bottleneck is the lack of accurate information about the performance of the vision-aided navigation algorithms. Many vision-aided navigation algorithms are implemented using some form of the Kalman Filter, thereby returning a covariance estimate that should correspond with the accuracy of the current navigation estimate. Unfortunately, a well known problem with the Kalman Filter is that its covariance estimates are inconsistent, i.e. the Kalman Filter estimates of uncertainty are significantly smaller than the true uncertainty achieved by the Kalman Filter. Recently a set of papers has introduced the concept of "observability-constrained" Kalman filtering that helps solve the consistency problem. In this paper, we apply the observability-constrained Kalman Filter to a vision-aided navigation problem and analyze its results. Significantly more accurate state and uncertainty estimates are achieved using the observability-constrained Kalman Filter. Unfortunately, the it is still not consistent, so a comparison with a batch, bundle adjustment approach is also performed to verify the possibility of consistent uncertainty estimation.


Subsurface occurrences of high purity carbon dioxide are comparatively rare although widespread geographically. Within the Gambier embayment of the Otway Basin two substantial examples of carbon dioxide entrapment have been encountered, at Kalangadoo No. 1 with 147 tonnes/day (2.8 mmcf/day) and Caroline No. 1 with 142 tonnes/day (2.7 mmcf/day). Australia's only commercial production of subsurface CO2 is the Alliance Caroline well which produces at an annual rate of around 15 000 tonnes (0.3 BCF) per annum of liquid CO2. Treatment is limited to removal of the 1% hydrocarbon content of the well-head stream by simple fractionation. At Kalangadoo No. 1 the CO2 is found in steeply dipping (?) Palaeozoic arenaceous sediments (unconformity trap), with porosity coming from secondary fractures. By contrast, at Caroline No. 1 the host sediments are sands of the Cretaceous Waarre Formation (fault trap) with primary porosity. Throughout the world several diverse sources of subsurface C02 have been established. The most significant occurrences are in regions with vulcanism in close proximity to carbonate sediments. These show a random distribution with regard to age and nature of host sediments. Isotopic studies (for both carbon and oxygen) have been employed in an attempt to further clarify the source of subsurface CO2 at the Caroline Field. Although not conclusive the evidence to date suggests that a volcanic origin would seem the most likely.


Ecological psychology pioneered by J.J. Gibson has a powerful influence on the research of perception. Ecological psychology is a non-representationalist approach that attempts to overcome dichotomy between agent and environment, action and perception [1]. Overcoming these dichotomies is the key concept of affordance [1]. Affordances are environmental properties, such as height, shape, weight, etc. that can allow opportunities for various actions in relation to the mobility of the perceiver [1]. Moreover, the affordance is processed by the sensory system leading to perception, which may or may not be followed by an action. Abstract