Understanding vertical heat transfer and through flow in porous media such as geothermal reservoirs is of great interest. In a geothermal system, a denser layer of liquid water may overlie a less dense layer of water vapour. Vertical and horizontal thermal diffusion stabilises such configurations, but the buoyancy contrast can cause instability. In this study, the mechanisms contributing to the stability and instability of such systems are analysed using a separate-phase model with a sharp interface between liquid and vapour. The governing equations representing incompressibility, Darcy's law and energy conservation for each phase are linearised about suitable base states and the stability of these states is investigated. We have considered two different thermal boundary conditions, both with and without a vertical throughflow. In the first case, the boundaries above and below the layer of interest are assumed to be isothermal. We found that due to the competition between thermal and hydrostatic effects, the liquid–vapour interface may have multiple positions. A two-dimensional linear stability analysis of these basic states shows that the Rayleigh–Taylor mechanism is the dominant contributor to instability, but that there are circumstances under which the basic state may be stable, especially when the front is close to one of the boundaries.


Ab initio calculations using G2 theory and other methods have been performed for the collision complexes of the metal ions Na+, Mg+, and Al+ with the molecules H2, CO, N2, NH3, H2O, HCN, HNC, C2H2, C2H4, c−C3H2, H2CCC, H2CCCC, and HCCCN. Binding energies, vibrational frequencies, and infrared intensities obtained from these calculations have been used to perform variational transition state theory (VTST) calculations for the corresponding radiative association reactions at temperatures pertinent to dense interstellar clouds and the outer regions of circumstellar envelopes. The calculated rate coefficients for radiative association reactions with H2 and with the other smaller molecules of this group are slow compared with the chemical evolutionary time scale of cold interstellar clouds. For the largest and most strongly bound complexes considered, the rate of depletion of M+ by this mechanism becomes competitive with recombination of M+ with free electrons. Predicted rates for association in several system...


Disulfide-bearing ammonium amphiphiles with different counter-anions, Cl–(1Cl) styrene-p-sulfonate (1SS), and poly(styrene-p-sulfonate)(1PSS), and a photoinitiator bearing a dithiocarbonate group (2) have been prepared. They formed monolayers on gold by spontaneous adsorption from organic solutions. Surface properties of these monolayers have been estimated by contact-angle and electrochemical measurements. Both techniques showed that there are distinct differences in surface propertias among counter-anions. The surface free energy calculated from the results of water and methylene iodide contact angle decreased in the order: 1Cl > 1SS > 1PSS, dependent upon the hydrophobicity of the counter-anions. Reverse trends (1Cl < 1SS < 1PSS) were observed in the electrochemical barrier capability of the monolayers toward Fe(CN)64–. Photopolymerizations of 1SS monolayers have been studied by cyclic voltammetry using Fe(CN)64– as an electroactive species. The polymerization process could be traced on the basis of reduction of the redox peak currents. For the 1SS–2([2]:[1SS]= 0.5%) monolayer, polymerization proceeded smoothly upon uv irradiation, with completion of the polymerization after ca. 3 h. The pure 1SS monolayer (without 2) showed only a slight decrease in the redox peak current, indicating that effective polymerization did not occur.Binary monolayers composed of 1SS and a fluoroalkanethiol (3) could also be formed on gold from solution, and their photopolymerization behaviour has also been studied. With decreasing 1SS content in the mixture, the redox peak currents increased with UV irradiation, in contrast to the results of the single-component (1SS) monolayer, suggesting formation of a boundary void between phase-separated domains of polymerized 1SS and 3.


The recrystallization behavior of Ar+ implanted GaAs has been studied using transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering channeling and proton induced x‐ray emission techniques. Ar+ implanted in undoped GaAs at 700 keV to a fluence of 5×1015 cm−2 has been used in the present investigation. Formation of microtwins are observed after annealing at 400 °C. These microtwins start to anneal at about 600 °C and disappear completely at about 850 °C at which point Ar bubbles are observed to form along with dislocations. Lattice location experiments show that the Ar atoms are randomly distributed in the lattice.


Judith Kilpatrick's book is a brief, careful, and sympathetic biography of an overlooked actor in civil rights legal history. Wiley Austin Branton is commonly assigned a supporting role in accounts of black Arkansans' efforts to desegregate Little Rock's schools. Kilpatrick takes him from the margins and puts this local leader turned national civil rights mover front and center. Born in 1923, Branton's life spans the twentieth-century black freedom struggle. Branton's family and his Pine Bluff, Arkansas, community helped nurture his activism and leadership skills. His family was affluent, educated, and had the economic and political independence that came from owning a business. His grandparents immersed him in racial uplift work, modeled outspoken leadership, exposed him to cross-race political maneuvering, and taught him business and people skills. Branton carried on his grandparents's legacy, dedicating his early adulthood to political action. He challenged racial discrimination during World War II. After returning from the war, Branton went to work in the family taxi business. He also became active in the NAACP, registered black workers to vote, and campaigned for white liberals in state and local politics. Inspired by the NAACP's graduate-school desegregation litigation, Branton pursued a law degree, helping to integrate the University of Arkansas along the way. In the early 1950s, Branton returned to Pine Bluff to run the family business and start a solo practice. While there, he carried on African-American traditions of armed self-defense, even carrying an unconcealed weapon into court after receiving death threats. He also led the NAACP's statewide legal redress committee and participated in religious and black professional organizations. In the mid-1950s, the Little Rock NAACP chapter asked Branton to represent parents challenging the school board's integration plan. No one expected it to be a big case, least of all Branton. But it was an unexpected turning point, "set[ting] him on a career path much different from the one he expected to have" (74). As white resistance mushroomed, the case catapulted Branton from a life of quiet local prominence onto the national civil rights scene. Soon he was representing Freedom Riders and lunch counter sit-in protesters across the South. Kilpatrick highlights Branton's underappreciated managerial role in the southern civil rights movement. From 1962 to 1965, Branton ran programs that funneled money to voter registration drives and protesters across the South. Mediating among competing civil rights organizations and cajoling southern sheriffs into releasing young activists, Branton drew on his mix of business, legal, and people skills. Here, Kilpatrick argues, he forged his role as the "prime minister" of the movement: someone skilled enough to be an effective facilitator and modest enough to embrace this background role. In 1965, Branton headed to Washington, D.C., completing his transition from local, to regional, to national civil rights action. He spent two years in frustratingly ill-defined jobs in the Johnson administration. Branton resigned in 1967 to lead two troubled organizations that threw him in the midst of community factions, Book Reviews 479


In this paper, a pan-sharpening approach based on RoG filtering is proposed. This approach follows the framework of classic methods of pan-sharpening, i.e., component substitution and multi-resolution analysis. The filtering technique based on Relativity-of-Gaussian (RoG) regularization is first used in the process of upsampling the original multi-spectral image, and then in the detail extraction phase to obtain spatial details from the panchromatic image. Experiments on datasets acquired by Quickbird and IKONOS demonstrate that the proposed approach obtains competitive performance comparing with several popular pan-sharpening methods.


The Arab oil-based economies in the Middle East are experiencing a period of unprecedented economic growth and prosperity owing to the recent dramatic increases in their oil revenues. The countries, however, have started to encounter considerable difficulty in implementing their overly ambitious development plans. Their economies are exhibiting obvious signs of tension and stress with acute bottlenecks developing in many areas and sectors. These bottlenecks relate basically to their generally narrow resource base, inadequate infrastructure, profound labor shortages especially in skilled and highly trained manpower, and inefficient administrative machinery. The cumulative impact of these factors diminishes the capacity of these countries to absorb their tremendous oil revenues productively.


Order of magnitude estimates suggest that optically controlled bulk semiconductor switches should be able to withstand voltages up to the product of their thickness and the dielectric strength of their material. In reality, however, the devices fail--i.e., exhibit a behavior that resembles dielectric breakdown--already at voltages which are much lower. This deficiency threatens to limit the prospects of the device concept quite seriously and has so far not completely been understood. In our paper, we discuss several mechanisms which may underlie the observed phenomenon, and focus in particular on the dynamical aspects of it, namely on the sudden transition ('sudden breakdown') which takes the switch within a few ns from the resistive off-state to a highly conductive on-state. We investigate a scenario that relates this transition to a second effect also seen during breakdown, namely to the spontaneous onset of current filamentation, and speculate that the magnetic self-contraction of the current (known as the 'pinch effect') may play an essential role in the process. On the basis of a mathematical device model which incorporates the effects of particle transport and magnetic interaction, we obtain quantitative results for the speed and the threshold of magnetically driven filamentation, and find those numbers to lie in the A and the microsecond(s) region, respectively. We conclude that the magnetic pinch may play a essential role in the dynamics of current filamentation and fast breakdown, but cannot explain the fast observed current rise in the ns-range by itself.


This paper argues that, in the first months of 49 B. C., the proconsul Caesar did not enter Rome but remained near the city (ad urbem). He delivered speeches in the senate and in a contio, both legally convened for him outside the city limits. Our ancient sources do not allow us to conclude that Caesar entered Rome in order to organize right on the spot the emptying of the aerarium at the temple of Saturn on the forum or that he spent some time in the regia (likewise located in urbe). Thereby Caesar demonstrated his respect for republican regulations (according to which, a promagistrate lost his power upon entering Rome and, among other things, was not entitled to convene the senate). However, while avoiding the formal breach of these rules, the proconsul still attempted to control and direct the political processes in the city of Rome.


This paper reviewed fatigue damage mechanisms in composite materials, giving an account of the historical developments. The present understanding has resulted from a large number of investigations, ...


The Y-rotated, X-propagating (ST-X) cut of quartz is used extensively for the development of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Besides the commonly used generalized SAW (GSAW) mode, this crystal cut also supports a pseudo-SAW (PSAW) mode and a high velocity pseudo-SAW (HVPSAW) mode. AlN thin films are an attractive material that have some excellent characteristics, such as high surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity, piezoelectricity, high-temperature stability, and stable chemical properties. In this paper, the AlN films with different thickness were successfully sputtered on ST-X quartz to study the SAW modes. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern exhibited the AlN films were c-axis-oriented hexagonal structures. The result exhibited that the added AlN layer can effectively enhance the acoustic velocities. As the ratio (film-thickness/acoustic-wavelength) increased, the velocities of GSAW and PSAW were all increased but the HPSAW velocity maintained the same value.


From the definition of spinnability and the mechanism of filament breaking,the spinnability of polyacry-lonitrile solution for carbon fiber is discussed;and the research progress in spinnability is also described.Although it is difficult to express directly the quantitative characterization of spinnability,the spinnability seems to be closely correlated with the rheology.From the aspects of steady and dynamic rheology,the research progress of rheology in carbon fibers is reviewed.The application prospects of rheology in polyacrylonitrile based-carbon fiber are predicted.It is pointed out that developing the role of rheology in preparation of carbon fibers is important in the investigation of the spinnability of polyacrylonitrile solution.


The requirement to improve power system stability is of utmost importance. Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), which is a series compensating device, can be used to govern the power flow by compensating the reactance of the transmission line. It can also improve the system stability, sub-synchronous resonance mitigation, power oscillation damping and transient stability. Because of its advantage to damp out the oscillations, TCSC is a suitable device for stability improvement. In this paper, Dynamic Inversion (DI) technique has been used to control TCSC with an objective of improving stability and damping the oscillations arising out of the variation in the infinite bus voltage. DI technique is a non-linear technique wherein the zero error dynamic is enforced and the actual output is forced to follow the desired output.


This study is conducted to assess the validity of a designed utility, suitable for measuring testicular volume. We describe a beaker, equipped with two vial levels, based on a water displacement method, known as a "levelled container" for measuring testicular volume. Testicular volumes of 47 Boer bucks were measured using two different tools, namely an overflow vessel and a levelled container as the standard and targeted equipment respectively. A Passing-Bablok regression analysis (to assess linearity) and a Bland-Altman method plot were performed to assess the validity of testicular volume measurement of the levelled-container method compared with that from the overflow vessel. The results indicated that the levelled-container is a valid utility and its results have a significant linear association with the estimated testicular volume from the overflow vessel. In conclusion, the levelled container can be recommended as an alternative method to measure testicular volume in goats, particularly because of its ease of use.


We consider the problem of characterizing possible supply functions for a given dissipative nonlinear system and provide a result which allows some freedom in the modification of such functions. >


55 Introduction It is widely recognized that modernist architecture is not homogenous in the sense of perceived architectural and ideological rationality and functionality. Various agendas have been pursued and diff erent approaches and solutions produced,1 each depending on the vision of prosperity that countries worldwide embraced in the aftermath of the Second World War. It is also recognized that modernist architecture emerged under very diff erent regimes and conditions which, as Heuvel notes, were "sometimes not quite as progressive as propagated" and were "indeed at times outright repressive".2 In socialist Yugoslavia,3 modernist architecture and urbanism were critical in the construction of socialism and as means for diff erentiating new developments from the capitalist form of urbanization. Negative references to unresolved contradictions between the individual and society, the city and the villages, urban centres and their peripheries – which Yugoslav urbanists of the times attributed to capitalist societies – were used to assign socialist urbanism the role of terminating the "spontaneous development" of settlements and, by that, diminishing the above-mentioned contradictions, which would lead to the aspired abolition of the old city division.4 In this endeavour, modernist


A quadrature bridge which will be used in the chain of measurements from the QHR to the standard of capacitance at ETL has been developed. The bridge may be balanced at several frequencies including the conventional 10/2/spl pi/ kHz (i.e., /spl omega/=10/sup 4/ rad/s). At its present stage of development the bridge achieves a relative standard uncertainty of 2/spl times/10/sup -7/ in comparing 1 nF capacitors and 100 k/spl Omega/ resistors at frequencies from 3/8/spl times/10/2/spl pi/ kHz to 10/2/spl pi/ kHz. With further development it is expected that a relative standard uncertainty of about 5/spl times/10/sup -8/ will be achieved.


Mangrove forest is located along the coastal area and regularly waterlogged because it is influenced by the tides, and has an important ecological function for life. Mangrove forest, especially in urban areas, is the most threatened and damaged ecosystem. Surabaya has a mangrove forest in the Mangrove Botanic Garden of Gunung Anyar (MBGGA) with an area of 32,761 m2 and has the potential for educational tourism. Scientific information concerning plant species in MBGGA is needed to support this potential. This study aimed to inventory the mangrove plants and their associated species in MBGGA and their potential as medicinal plants. The inventory was carried out by tracking method while information on medicinal potential was obtained through literature study. The results showed that MBGGA had 14 mangrove species and 11 mangrove-associated species. Around 18 species are included in the least concern category and one in the vulnerable category of the IUCN red list. All plant species in MBGGA also have potential as medicinal plants and almost all their parts, including leaves, fruit, bark, and roots, can be used for that purpose. This study showed that MBGGA was rich in mangrove species and their associated plants which were potential as medicine.


In the pen shell, Atrina (Seyvatrina) lischkeana, ventilation and respiration were observed before and during feeding on micro algae, Chaetoceros glacilis (26,519 cell/ml), measuring ventilation volume, oxygen utilization and amount of oxygen uptake. During feeding, the pen shell showed a 38-fold increase in ventilation volume due to a change in the ventilation from an intermittent patten to a continuous pattern. However, the amount of oxygen uptake increased only 1.2-fold. Before and during feeding, inhalation and exhalation of sea water from/into the mantle cavity was completely synchronized. Based on findings, the pen shell was supposed switching the ventilation in the feeding from an intermittent pattern to a continuous pattern .


AIM To approach the mechanism of epigallocatechin-3 gallate(EGCG) on apoptosis of human neuroblastoma(SK-N-SH) cells induced by paraquat(PQ).METHODS SK-N-SH cells were cultured and added with 400 μmol.L-1 PQ for 72 hours to set up the model of cell apoptosis.The cells were randomly divided into 6 groups: blank control group,PQ model group,vitamin E(VE,10 μmol.L-1) group,and 3 EGCG(10,5 and 1 μmol.L-1) groups.After treatment of SK-N-SH cells with VE or different concentration of EGCG for 2 hours,PQ(400 μmol.L-1) was added to the cultures for 72 hours,respectively.The activity of SOD and the contents of MDA and ROS were assayed.Rhodamine 123 staining and FCM was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP).The expression of apoptotic gene bcl-2 mRNA and bax mRNA were detected by RT-PCR method.RESULTS Compared with the blank control group,there were lower activity of SOD,higher levels of MDA and ROS,lower amplitude of MMP,weaker expression of bcl-2 mRNA,stronger expression of bax mRNA,and lower ratio of bcl-2 / bax in the PQ model group(P 0.01).For the damage of the SK-N-SH cells induced by PQ,VE and EGCG could obviously increase the activity of SOD,reduce the contents of MDA and ROS,regain amplitude of MMP,enhance the expression of bcl-2 mRNA,reduce the expression in bax mRNA,and improve the ratio of bcl-2 mRNA to bax mRNA(P 0.05 or P 0.01)significantly.CONCLUSION The mechanism of EGCG antagonizing the apoptosis of SK-N-SH cells induced by PQ may be concerned with enhancing cell antioxidant capacity,protecting the integrity of mitochondrial structure and function,and suppressing the over expression of apoptosis gene in mitochondria.


H ow many times have researchers and professional developers approached you or your school with "the answer" to improving literacy achievement? How did it work out? If changes occurred during the engagement with these outside partners, what remained after the project ended? Did such efforts lead to lasting change and improvement in student performance? If your experiences are typical and align with our own past experiences, your answers to these questions are probably "Many times," "OK while it lasted," "Not much," and "Not really." The Advanced Reading Development Demonstration Project (ARDDP) sought to change these answers by redefining school district–university partnerships and thereby making capacity building at the school and district level the explicit goal of these partnerships. Capacity building was seen as the linchpin for sustainable and ongoing performance improvements.


Semantic mastery requires knowing not only a word's meaning but also how the word relates to other words in one's lexicon. To better understand the neural correlates of young children's semantic networks, we used EEG to examine the neural activity of pre-school aged children (3-5-year-olds) as they listened to noun pairs that were either semantically related (e.g., horse - sheep) or unrelated (e.g., garage - sheep). Like adults and children in previous studies, children in the current study exhibited a significantly larger N400 amplitude to semantically incongruent word pairs compared to semantically congruent word pairs. Surprisingly, children's theta response was opposite of that previously reported in adults. Children exhibited greater theta power in response to semantically congruent word pairs as opposed to incongruent words pairs. Further, there was a significant positive correlation between the N400 and theta effects in children. These results provide novel insights into the neural underpinnings of semantic processing in children and emphasize the importance of investigating both theta and the N400 with respect to semantic development.


Characterization of the indoor mobile radio channel in the 700 MHz band is obtained from experiments carried out in the indoor environment of the Engineering building in Fluminense Federal University. From the processed data, the power-delay profiles obtained permitted to calculate the time dispersion parameters and the statistics of the signal variability, concluding about the use of this band in cellular systems in Brazil.


Infantile tremor syndrome (ITS) is a self limiting clinical disorder. This disorder commonly affects infants and young children. This disorder seems to affect children of African and SoutheastAsian countries with poor socio-economic conditions. It's an uncommon condition and in India it accounts for 0.2% to 2% of hospital admission. This syndrome presents with mental and psychomotor changes associated with tremors, pigmentary changes of skin and hair along with regression of milestones. Many etiological theories have been put forth but the most commonly accepted theory is nutritional theory. Here we discuss such similar findings in a 9 months old girl child who was suffering from severe Vit B12 deficiency and malnutrition. Apart from the above mentioned signs the child was also found to be floppy and hypotonic. Computed tomography showed generalized cerebral atrophy. The child showed significant improvement with intensive therapy for correction of malnutrition and Anaemia.


Translation is the study of the procedure of transferring a foreign language into a target language ( . The theory of translation hasn't played the :" ~ ... ,,' important part as other subjects dealing with language learning, and translators ~~generally aren't as highly esteemed as educators. The translation of literary works ~.. is different from that of various fields such as technology, journalism, business 1 etc for it focuses not only on the communication of language but also many ito -I problems reI Cited to literary meaning and connotation. From a linguistic point of r; view, this paper discusses many aspects of translation between Cbinese and English [, literary works. [t starts out with a basic definition, classification of translation -.0:: and precedes to ways to resolve problems in translating and principles for "'"- f translators to follow. The study of translation is like a new farm, in which many dedicated cultivators are desirably required. Only through the efforts of dedicated translators, will this w0rk has the possibility of making great strides. E transh hasn't been c view. by Yer theory. system AI consid{ it is ess of the c in addi advanc( the wri to a w adequat problerr and app of what No thought I were firs Esse.ys. " writing a misinterp clear eno implies tl that "A tl that of fid


Intense ns pulse laser excitation to nanoparticle colloids of a photochromic diarylethene induced an amplified cycloreversion reaction. The mechanism was explained as a 'photosynergetic response' coupled with nanoscale laser heating and the photochemical reaction in nanoparticles.


Through the documents and site investigation of the present surrounding protective structure state of middle and elementary school buildings in Shandong,it analyses the distance between the thermal performance of the exterior surrounding protective structure of the original teaching buildings and the energy-saving criteria,and explores corresponding energy-saving reforming measures,so as to complete the energy-saving reforming of middle and elementary school buildings.


A great variability in physicochemical and microscopic characteristics of individual milk has been observed leading to the presence of differences in kinetics of the renneting reaction and in drainage ability. Furthermore, this study shows that casein concentration, total calcium content and mean diameter of casein micelles are the principal variables explaining the major part of the variation in the renneting properties. Finally, several relationships between coagulation characteristics, drainage ability and some compositional parameters of these kinds of milk were highlighted.


An insect wing is a key determinant of flight performance. In the past few decades, insect flight mechanisms have been extensively studied theoretically, computationally and experimentally. The seminal work of Weis-Fogh (Weis-Fogh, 1956 and 1973) uncovered the "clap-andfling" mechanism that is known to be used by a number of insects and birds. Ellington (Ellington et al., 1996) drew attention to the importance of the leading-edge stall vortex as a key factor in lift generation by insects. More recently, Dickinson and coworkers (Dickinson and Gotz, 1996; Dickinson et al., 1999) identified delayed stall, rotational circulation and wake-capture as three distinct mechanisms that appear in experiments conducted with a dynamically scaled fruitfly wing. Wing-wing interaction in functionally four-winged insects such as dragonflies has also been studied by Mittal et al. (Mittal et al., 2006 and 2008) and Wang et al. (Wang et al., 2005). All of the studies mentioned above have assumed insect wings perfectly rigid. This however, is far from reality since wing flexibility and the associated deformation is widely accepted to play a significant role in insect flight (especially large insects such as moths, butterflies and dragonflies as shown in Figure 1) (Wootton, 1981 and 1993). The potential that wing deformation leads to the generation of aerodynamic mechanism of lift/thrust production that are not possible with rigid wings has been hinted by a number of researchers (Combes et al., 2001; Lehmann, 2008; Sane, 2003; Wootton, 1993) but experiments or computational studies to date have found it hard to investigate this issue. Insects are difficult to visualize and model with a high level of detail as they are small, fast moving and flap their wings at high frequencies. Despite some recent quantitative visualization of insect in free flight (Sunada et al., 2002), the current literature lacks the necessary 3-D detail of body and wing kinematics needed for input into CFD analyses. As a result, no computational models of flapping flight have been validated with experimental data from freely flying insects. The effect of insect wing deformation and flexibility on the aerodynamics and flight performance has been even more difficult to quantify (Dudley, 2000). Not a single study to date has managed to extract the kinematics of an insect wing that is undergoing significant deformation.


The effects of season and sex on the fatty acids (FAs) and proximate compositions of the mantle of the mature common cuttlefish were evaluated. The results of the proximate composition showed that the lowest lipid content was obtained from females in winter (0.74%), whereas the highest level of lipid was found in males in autumn (0.94%; p < 0.05). The protein levels of the mantle of the mature male of common cuttlefish were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those found in female specimens. The FA compositions of each sex for all seasons ranged from 29.4% to 32.5% saturated FAs, 8.7–11.1% monounsaturated FAs and 48.2–54.6% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The proportions of n-3 PUFAs (44.0–50.6%) were higher than n-6 PUFAs (3.4–4.3%) regardless of sex and seasons. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in the mature common cuttlefish mantle in spring, autumn and winter were 15.9–17.8%, 16.3–17.2% and 15.7–16.8% while those of docosahexaenoic acid were 32.5–33.0%, 27.5–29.0% and 28.7–31.1%, respectively.


The authors investigated the incidence of ischemic lesions on immediate postoperative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) according to the findings of intraoperative motor evoked potential (MEP) and the correlation with postoperative motor function deficits.

 From January 2016 to June 2018, total 127 supratentorial brain tumor patients were enrolled in this study. The intraoperative MEP results were analyzed in the following three groups: no decline below 50 % of baseline (A), transient decline below 50 % of baseline (B), no recovery until end stage of surgery (C). Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was performed within 48 hours after surgery.

 Of the total 127 patients, MEP changes (group B&C) were observed in 25 patients (25/127, 19.7%), DWI positive findings were identified in 31 patients (31/127, 24.4%) and motor function deficits were observed in 19 patients (19/127, 15%), respectively. DWI positive finding rate was higher in gliomas (14/43, 32.6%) than meningiomas (8/51, 15.7%) or other tumors including metastasis (6/32, 18.8%), however, there was no statistical significance. In MEP changes, group B&C (16/25, 64%) showed higher DWI positive rate than group A (13/102, 12.7%). In DWI findings, the DWI positive cases (16/31, 51.6%) showed a higher motor function deficit rates than the DWI negative cases (3/96, 3%). These two results were all statistically significant (P<0.01). In group A, motor function deficits were presented in 3 of 13 DWI positive case, all of which were transient. In group B, motor function deficits were presented in 9 out of 13 DWI positive cases with permanent 4 and transient 5. In group C, motor function deficits were presented in 4 out of 5 DWI positive cases with permanent 3 and transient 1.

 Both intraoperative MEP changes and postoperative DWI positive findings in supratentorial brain tumor surgery were significant related with postoperative motor function deficits. Even if intraoperative MEP changes occur during supratentorial brain tumor surgery, active and appropriate efforts to prevent irreversible MEP changes may reduce the occurrence of permanent postoperative motor function deficits.


This article discusses the cultural challenge posed by the provision of legal assistance to victims of domestic violence from among cultural minority groups. Due to the special nature of these groups, this kind of legal assistance must take regard of the particular cultural world of each victim, of her 'otherness', and of her special needs that require creative solutions. The article describes the dilemmas faced by lawyers who assist victims of domestic violence, which are greatly amplified when the latter come from cultural minority groups. Against this complex background, the aim of the article is to structure an innovative effective model of 'culture-sensitive' cause lawyering, based in part on principles drawn from models prevalent in the therapeutic field. This proposed model is accompanied by examples illustrating the need to place emphasis - already in the framework of theoretical and clinical legal education - on the development of skills and competencies borrowed in part from the therapeutic professions. The exposure of future lawyers to this 'other' conception of lawyering and the discovery of the other inside us, already in the early stages of legal education, has the potential to transform the law into a more humane and accessible social tool for the client. This approach accords with the perception of the law as an agent of therapeutic value to its audiences - a view which draws upon Therapeutic Jurisprudence and which runs like a thread throughout the article.


For as long as I can remember, the investment maxim that most evokes a mix of adulation and performance anxiety is: "Invest like Warren Buffett".


The thermal characteristics of high-power semiconductor lasers can make full impact on its many performances. Analysis and research of thermal is the important research topics to improve the device power and increase the device lifetime and so on. Based on theory of thermal characteristics of semiconductor laser, this paper established the model of single chip semiconductor laser of installing patch and inversion patch, analyzed the relationship between the temperature of chip active region and the common packaging heat sink material that its size is smaller than normal in steady-state by ANSYS software. And the variable regularity of temperature of packaging chip in different parameters of heat sink was obtained.


A general expression for the loop gain of the inner-current loop of peak current-mode-controlled PWM dc-dc converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is derived as a function of perturbation ratio and switching frequency. It is shown that this expression is identical for all conventional PWM dc-dc converters in CCM, such as buck, boost and buck-boost converters. However, the value of perturbation ratio is dependent on the converter topology. Also, an expression for required slope compensation at a specified phase margin and a maximum duty cycle is presented. The general expression of the loop gain enables the investigation of the margins of stability of the inner loop of peak current-mode-controlled PWM dc-dc converters irrespective of the converter topology.


Aerial photograph of parts of Haslet, Texas; this photo shows approximately five streets and a number of buildings along them.


The utility model discloses a box package testing system for packaging. The box package testing system comprises a main frame, a box sealing device, a box code spraying device, a weighing device, a product processing device, a testing and control device and a control system. The box sealing device, the box code spraying device, the weighing device and the product processing device are sequentially arranged on the main frame, the testing and control device is respectively arranged on the box sealing device, the box code spraying device, the weighing device and the product processing device in corresponding mode, and the testing and control device is connected with the control system. The box package testing system solves the problems in the prior art that labor intensity is high, production efficiency is low, automation is low, spraying code errors are large and the like and has the advantages of being reasonable in structure, low in labor intensity, high in production efficiency, high in automation, precise in weighing combination, capable of sorting and the like.


The integration of e-health services in the Greek Healthcare System is expected to be a challenging task. To this end, three EU co-funded projects (ISISEMD, INDEPENDENT, and RENEWING HEALTH) are tested under realistic conditions integrating e-health and e-care services to the existing health services offered to people that suffer from chronic diseases as well as to their formal and informal caregivers. This chapter aims to give an analytic report of those three European programs in terms of service description, implementation, evaluation, and exploitation. The authors introduce the main characteristics of the Greek healthcare system and the risks that it faces in regards to the major reformation and cut offs due to the economic recession. Then they explain how those risks could become opportunities to promote integrated services.


This study was aimed to identify and quantify the magnitude of pharmaceutical price discrimination among public hospitals using agent acting on the renin-angiotensin system (ACE) inhibitors as a case study. Drug and Medical Supply Information Center provided 2003 data of purchased quantities and prices of the selected drugs. The study employed inequality indices together with data transformation and comparative condition arrangement in order to ensure only unacceptable price dispersion (price discrimination). Results showed that more than half of ACE inhibitor product entities were found price discrimination among hospitals in primary and secondary hospital markets, while price discrimination between markets was not as much serious as discrimination within the markets. In short, the main concern of price discrimination for this group of drug was the price discrimination among hospitals within the same level of care; primary and secondary hospitals. This study showed an evidence of the existence of pharmaceutical price discrimination among public hospitals. Employing a measure which is more sensitive and has higher separating power than the current one to monitor the situation of pharmaceutical price dispersion is recommended.


Mean-field theory predicts that bilayer quantum Hall systems at odd integer total filling factors can have stripe ground states, in which the top Landau level is occupied alternately by electrons in one of the two layers.We report on an analysis of the properties of these states based on a coupled-Luttinger-liquid description that is able to account for quantum fluctuations of charge-density and position along each stripe edge. The soft modes associated with the broken symmetries of the stripe state lead to an unusual coupled-Luttinger-liquid system with strongly enhanced low-temperature heat capacity and strongly suppressed low-energy tunneling density of states. We assess the importance of the intralayer and interlayer backscattering terms in the microscopic Hamiltonian, which are absent in the Luttinger liquid description, by employing a perturbative renormalization group approach which rescales time and length along but not transverse to the stripes. With interlayer backscattering interactions present the Luttinger-liquid states are unstable either to an incompressible striped state that has spontaneous interlayer phase coherence and a sizable charge gap even at relatively large layer separations, or to Wigner crystal states. Our quantitative estimates of the gaps produced by backscattering interactions are summarized in Fig. 11 by a schematic phase diagram intended to represent predicted experimental findings in very high mobility bilayer systems at dilution refrigerator temperatures as a function of layer separation and bilayer density balance. We predict that the bilayer will form incompressible isotropic interlayer phase-coherent states for small layer separations, say d≤1.5l. At larger interlayer spacings, however, the bilayer will tend to form one of several different anisotropic states depending on the layer charge balance, which we parametrize by the fractional filling factor v contributed by one of the two layers. For large charge imbalances (v far from ½), we predict states in which anisotropic Wigner crystals form in each of the layers. For v closer to ½, we predict stripe states that have spontaneous interlayer phase-coherence and a gap for charged excitations. These states should exhibit the quantum Hall effect for current flowing within the layers and also the giant interlayer tunneling conductance anomalies at low bias voltages that have been observed in bilayers when the N=0 Landau level is partially filled. When the gaps produced by backscattering interactions are sufficiently small, the phenomenology observed at typical dilution fridge temperatures will be that of a smectic metal, anisotropic transport without a quantum Hall effect. For stripe states in the N= 2 Landau level, this behavior is expected over a range of bilayer charge imbalances on both sides of v=½.


There are indications for both questions to be answered in a positive way. AI seems to be capable of producing its own literature and artistic works. In 2018, a German poem – "Sonnenblicke auf der Flucht" ("Views of the sun on the escape") was published that had been written by an AI. Works of Goethe and Schiller were used as training data and the poem was then generated by the AI. This poem though was received in different ways. Is it an actual artistic work or a mere juxtaposition of words and phrases based on modern algorithms?


Managerialism is an approach that not have an intention to bring the employee to the fore since that it serves to the ultimate purpose of capitalism to "create surplus value and get greater share from the created value", with its developed managerial tools. According to this approach, organizations need managerial/supervisory tools. Managerialism also offers a variety of tools used to meet this requirement has emerged as a concept. When considered from the perspective of organizations, the need for reconstruction over global dynamics brings about the quest for creating a new order in DOI: 10.20491/isarder.2016.187


Changes in the industrial network of the UK offshore oil and gas industry have been brought about by the introduction of new contracting and purchasing arrangements. Companies at all levels have been affected, including the small, technology-based, oil-related companies (STBORs) who have traditionally provided much of the innovation required by the industry. This study, funded by the EPSRC, investigated technology management issues in the light of these changes, particularly as they affect STBORs and innovation. Issues raised by the research include the evolving manufacturing strategies of these small, technology-based firms. This paper seeks to illustrate these problems and the strategies devised by certain STBORs to overcome them.


The donation box is commonly used to collect money to from the society for charity purpose. Due to the increase case of the stealing involving donation box, it indicates that the current design of the box is not safe. A research survey are being conducted and the newly design Anti-Thief Donation Box is is introduced in this paper. The material chosen for prototype is mild steel upon its strength and durability. The manufacturing method involved are welding, grinding and drilling. Special specification on this donation box includes the dual manual locking mechanism and the button controlled alarm mechanism.


Objectives Vaginal breech deliveries are high-risk events and as such it is especially important to council these patients clearly on modes of delivery and to ensure that RCOG standards are complied with carefully. With recent history demonstrating a general reduction in vaginal breech deliveries and increase in caesarean section rates, it seemed prudent to assess our maternity unit's outcomes for different methods of delivering breech presentation and how effectively we adhere to national guidance. Method Data regarding breech presentations were retrospectively collected between August 2017 and August 2018; these data were collected from our Badgernet online system. Management and outcome data were broadly collected for each delivery, and compliance with RCOG guidelines regarding external cephalic version (ECV), location of delivery, and use of syntocinon was also assessed. Results 55% of breech deliveries were unassisted vaginal deliveries. Our findings suggest increased short-term fetal morbidity with 4 cases (11%) going to the Neonatal Unit; however, there were no long-term fetal issues. There were no serious maternal complications following any of the vaginal breech deliveries. Problems relating to high estimated blood loss and other maternal complications were primarily an issue with caesarean sections. Our unit was compliant with RCOG standards. Conclusions Our results suggest that we should carry on with our current safe practise. Patient counselling is paramount and we will ensure that patients have access to updated information; part of this effort will be ensuring that updated literature is available to women who also do not speak English.


The research aimed to predict the shelf life of cookies fortified with Catfish (Pangasius hypopthalmus) Protein Concentrate using aluminum foil and HDPE packaging coated with paperboard. The method used was Arrhenius with 25°C and 35°C of temperature storage. The parameters analyses were fat content and peroxide value. The results showed that based on the shelf life of cookies with aluminium foil in 25°C of temperature storage was 75.2972 days and for 35°C of temperature storage was 39.8896 days. HDPE packaging for 25°C of temperature storage was 45.5782 days and for 35°C of temperature storage was 13.8916 days.


The Present paper is concentrated on the importance of Training and development practices to the growth and profitability of SMMEs in the study area. Through the literature review, it is identified that most of the SMEs are concentrating on the other parts of the management instead of considering training as an important aspect in developing human resources and thereby achieving objectives of the organization. At the same time, some of the organizations are adopted training programs based on the requirement and skills required to perform the job. Therefore, the present study put an effort to identify the changes in the skills of employees in the pre-training and post-training period, the study conducted by taking a few organizations and the employees of those organizations. And proved the effectiveness of training practices on the skills of employees in the study area.


Based on the Remote Sensing technology in existence, made use of ENVI Remote Sensing processing software, and taking ETM Remote Sensing Image at Western of Tibet's Mosaic as an example. Use of many methods such as color adjustment, edge feathering and so on, studied out a type of mosaic solutions which was simple and better-performing, furthermore , it could achieve a good result. And the mosaic solutions is able to save a lot of worktime and workload.


We consider the space-condensate inflation model to study the primordial gravitational waves generated in the early Universe. We calculate the energy spectrum of gravitational waves induced by the space-condensate inflation model for full frequency range with assumption that the phase transition between two consecutive regimes to be abrupt during evolution of the Universe. The suppression of energy spectrum is found in our model for the decreasing frequency of gravitational waves depending on the model parameter. To realize the suppression of energy spectrum of the primordial gravitational waves, we study an existence of the early phase transition during inflation for the space-condensate inflation model.


In a quest to represent the Earth system, climate models have become more and more complex. This generates problems, for example, hindering model interpretability. This study contributes to a regain of model understanding and proposes simplifications to decrease scheme complexity. We reflect on the reasons for model complexity and the problems it generates or deepens, connecting perspectives from atmospheric science and the philosophy of climate science. Using an emulated perturbed parameter ensemble of the cloud microphysics (CMP) process efficiencies, we investigate the sensitivity of the model to process perturbations. The sensitivity analysis characterizes the scheme and model behavior, contrasting it to physical process understanding as well as an alternative CMP formulation (comparing the 2M (Lohmann et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3425-2007) to the P3 scheme (Morrison & Milbrandt, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0065.1; Dietlicher et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1557-2018)). For the 2M scheme, ice crystal autoconversion dominates the model sensitivity in the ice phase. The P3 scheme removes this artificial process and thus shows more balanced sensitivities. Model behavior sometimes aligns with process understanding, but many process sensitivities are masked by other more dominant processes or the model finally responds differently due to adjustments. We identify processes that the model is not sensitive to and test their simplification. For example, heterogeneous freezing or secondary ice production are drastically simplifiable. Depending on one's modeling vision one may interpret this study's findings as pointing to simplification potential in the CMP scheme or the need for process representation improvements where the model behavior does not tally with our physical understanding.


The recognition of carbohydrates by lectins play key roles in diverse cellular processes such as cellular adhesion, proliferation and apoptosis which makes it a promising therapeutic target against cancers. One of the most functionally active lectins, galectin-3 is distinctively known for its specific binding affinity towards β-galactoside. Despite the prevalence of high-resolution crystallographic structures, the mechanistic basis and the molecular determinants of the sugar recognition process by galectin-3 are currently elusive. Here we address this question by capturing the complete dynamical binding process of human galectin-3 with its native ligand N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) and one of its synthetic derivatives by unbiased Molecular Dynamics simulation. In our simulations, both the natural ligand LacNAc and its synthetic derivative, initially solvated in water, diffuse around the protein and eventually recognise the designated binding site at the S-side of galectin-3, in crystallographic precision and identifies key metastable intermediate ligand-states around the galectin on their course to eventual binding. The simulations highlight that the origin of the experimentally observed multi-fold efficacy of synthetically designed ligand-derivative over its native natural ligand LacNAc lies in the derivative's relatively longer residence time in the bound pocket. A kinetic analysis demonstrates that the LacNAc-derivative would be more resilient compared to the parent ligand against unbinding from the protein binding site. In particular, the analysis identifies that interactions of the binding pocket residues Trp181, Arg144 and Arg162 with the tetrafuorophenyl ring of the derivative as the key determinant for the synthetic ligand to latch into the pocket. Graphical Abstract


To improve the hydration resistance of MgO-Al-C bricks, Na2CO3 was chosen as an additive through thermodynamic calculation. MgO-Al-C refractories were prepared by using Si, Na2CO3 or both as additives. The effects of additives on the hydration resistance of specimens were investigated. XRD was conducted to determine the phase composition. The results showed that the hydration resistance of MgO-Al-C bricks would be improved slightly with addition of only Si due to the densification of the structure. When Na2CO3 and Si were added together, the hydration resistance would be improved remarkably. The mechanism is that Na2CO3 could decompose to give off O2 during heating, which could promote the oxidation of Al metal and inhibit the formation of Al4C3 and AlN.


PURPOSE: A washer device with oil groove is provided to store oil in the oil groove so that part of oil constantly flows out for working of the washer. CONSTITUTION: Oil grooves(30) are formed on both sides of contacting surfaces of a flat washer(12) interposed between fixing washers(10,11). Oil grooves(20) are formed on contacting surfaces of the fixing washers contacting with the flat washer. The oil grooves of the fixing washers are formed not to face but to intersect the oil grooves of the flat washer so that each of the oil grooves contacts with flat surfaces of the fixing washers and the flat washer to expand oil contacting surfaces. Small quantity of oil remaining in the oil grooves flows out to be applied to the contacting surfaces of the flat washer.


Optical fiber communication has characteristics that really need attention. The characteristics of fiber optic transmission are very important in designing optical fiber networks, one of which is widening pulses called dispersions. Dispersion is the widening of light pulses in optical fibers which reduces data speed, signal to noise ratio and system quality. In addition to dispersion compensation, which is the most important feature needed in fiber-optic communication systems; transmission power needs to be considered to produce optimal signal output. In this paper, we will simulate the optimization effect of power and fiber dispersion compensation on Non Return to Zero (NRZ) and Return to Zero (RZ) modulation on optical transmission systems, with 5 dBm power parameters, 10 dBm 15 dBm and 0 dBm and DCF 5 km, 10 km, 15 km, 20 km and 25 km. Simulation results show that dispersion compensation is very influential on the transmission system. From these two modulations, there are differences in the results between NRZ and RZ. The results of dispersion compensation also affect the input power and DCF length.


Odonata larvae in fishponds prey on fish fingerlings and decrease the profits from production. With the goal of eliminating these larvae from fishponds, large quantities of pesticides are applied. These products are toxic to fish and have unpredictable effects on the food chain. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the plant extract of fruits of Melia azedarach (CEE) and of methyl parathion (MP) adsorbed in silica in the control of Neuraeschna larvae (Odonata: Aeshnidae). The LC 50-18h for CEE was 0.57 mg L -1 , and for MP the LC 50-12h was 0.17 mg L -1 . Two compounds  with the highest concentration were isolated and identified from CEE, linoleic acid and melianone. The latter is a triterpene precursor of limonoids, compounds with insecticide properties. The substitution of synthetic pesticides for natural products is a path towards the sustainability of fish farming.


The objective of this study was to determine the agro biological characteristics of two row barley genotypes and to define the genotypes resistant to low temperatures and drought.
The experiment work was conducted on the research fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, "Goce Delchev" University in the Republic of Macedonia during the period of 2012-2014. The laboratories analyses were done in the Institute of Agriculture, republic of Bulgaria. As an experimental material were used total 21 winter two row barley varieties with different origin. Five of them have Macedonian origin (Hit, Izvor, Egej, Line 1 and Line 2), two are Serbian (NS 525 and NS 565), two have Croatian (Zlatko and Rex) and the other have Bulgarian origin (Obzor, Perun, Emon, Lardeya, Orfej, Imeon, Zagorec, Asparuh, Kuber, Sajra, Devinija and Odisej). The data obtained for phonological stages during barley vegetation in both experimental years were not differing. Four of analyzed genotypes (Odisej, Orfej, Line 2 and Izvor) showed good biological resistance to drought. Those genotypes can be used in barley breeding programs when the objective is to create drought resistant variety. The genotypes with Bulgarian origin showed better resistance to low temperatures compared to other examined genotypes.
From all genotypes, for Sajra was obtained the highest percentage of surviving plants after treatment with low temperatures.
Key words: two row barley varieties, resistance to drought and low temperatures


ABSTRACT The seasonal activity on dogs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus in southern Uruguay has been studiedfrom samples collected in veterinary clinics of the country. From a total of 744 specimens, adults(92%) were active on dogs between August and March (peaking in October) being absent betweenApril and July. Immatures represent more than 80% of captures on dogs in summer. This pattern is wellcorrelated with the climate records in the zone. The search for ehrlichial DNA from tick-derivedextracts (36 pools from 180 ticks) was negative in all the cases. While R. sanguineus has beenincriminated as vector of these pathogens, additional studies are required to understand the role ofthis tick in the transmission of ehrlichial organisms. Key words : Rhipicephalus sanguineus , seasonal activity, dogs, absence of ehrlichial DNA,Uruguay. INTRODUCTIONAbout 74 species are currently recognized inthe tick genus Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 1 . Rhipicephalus sanguineus is probably the mostwidely distributed tick in the World. It is foundcircumglobally approximately between thelatitudes 50oN and 42oS. Its preferences for dogsas main host have facilitated its worldwidedistribution


CHARLES REID BARNES was born at Madison, Indiana, September 7, i8-8, and died at Chicago, from an accidental fall, February 24, i910. He graduated at Hanover College in i877, and afterward studied at Harvard University, where he secured the friendship of Professor ASA GRAY. After teaching in the public schools for a few years, he became professor of botany at Purdue University in i882. In i887 he was called to the University of Wisconsin, and for eleven years developed and maintained a vigorous department of botany in that growing institution. In i898 he became professor of plant physiology at the University of Chicago, and completed twentyeight years as a university professor. At Hanover College he met Professor COULTER as his instructor in botany, and from that time they became intimately associated, first as joint editors of the BOTANICAL GAZETTE, and later as colleagues in the same university. He was always active in scientific societies, and the esteem in which he was held by his colleagues is indicated by the positions he held. He became a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in i884 and a fellow in i885; was secretary of the botanical section in i894, secretary of the council in i895, general secretary in I896, and vice-president (chairman) of the botanical section in i898, giving his retiring address at Columbus in i899 on "The progress and problems of plant physiology." He was secretary of the Botanical Society of America from its organization in i894 to i898, and became its president in I903, giving his retiring address at Philadelphia in I904 on "The theory of respiration." In i905 he was a delegate from the botanical section of the


Conclusions 1. The anesthetic potencies of three anesthetics and their amide analogues have been determined and compared. 2. The amide analogues are relatively ineffective as anesthetics upon intact nerve trunks. 3. The partition coefficients between Ringer's solution and chloroform and between buffered isotonic saline of these anesthetics and their amide analogues have been determined. 4. The differences in partition coefficients between these anesthetics and their amide analogues and their pharmacological actions have been discussed.


Bacillus sp VLSH08 screened from sea wetland in Nam Dinh province produces an extracellular endo-1,4-beta-glucanase. According to the results of the classified Kit API 50/CHB as well as sequence of 1500 bp fragment coding for 16S rRNA gene of the Bacillus sp VLSH 08 strain showed that the taxonomical characteristics between the strain VLSH 08 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciene JN999857 are similar of 98%. Culture supernatant of this strain showed optimal cellulase activity at pH 5.8 and 60 Celsius degree and that was enhanced 2.03 times in the presence of 5 mM Co 2+ . Moreover, the gene encoding endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from this strain was cloned in Escherichia coli using pCR2.1 vector. The entire gene for the enzyme contained a 1500-bp single open reading frame encoding 500 amino acids, including a 29-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is very close to that of an EG of Bacillus subtilis ( EU022560.1 ) and an EG of Bacillus amyloliquefaciene ( EU022559.1 ) which all belong to the cellulase family E2. A cocktail of enzyme containing this endo-1,4-beta-glucanase used for biomass hydrolysis indicated that the cellulose conversion attained to 72.76% cellulose after 48 hours.


Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the reasons for tooth mortality as perceived by the dentists for the patients attending the dental clinics and hospitals in Udaipur city. Material and methods: A closed-ended questionnaire survey was conducted among 211 dental practitioners of Udaipur city. The reasons for extraction of permanent and deciduous teeth among patients who had attended during the study period were categorized and the dentists were requested to record the age and sex of the patient, the tooth extracted, and the reason for the extraction. Results: A total of 785 permanent teeth were extracted. There was a significant difference observed between the number of extractions in males (53.1%) and females (46.9%) (P<0.029). Extractions were most common in the 55-64 years of age group (32.7%). Dental caries (206, 26.2%) and periodontitis (188, 23.9%) were the most frequent reasons for tooth extraction. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed caries as the dominant reason given by dentists for tooth extraction in all the age groups of the subjects studied.


Pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency. Pertussis Vaccine. Prospects for the Prevention of Haemophilus Influenzae: Type B Disease. Disorders of the Cilia. Use of Antibiotics in the Newborn Nursery. Cellular Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Injury: The Effects of Metabolic Disturbances in the Newborn. Neurological Disorders with Hexosaminidase Deficiency. Vertigo and Vestibular Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents. Teratogenicity of Anticonvulsant Drugs: Review and Recent Findings with Implications for Counseling and Pharmacotherapy of Epileptic Women of Child-Bearing Age. Adaptation Following Small Bowel Resection in Infants. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Milk and Soy Protein Sensitivity. Carbohydrate Malabsorption. Advances in Diagnosis and Management. Lactic Acidosis. New Strategies and Technologies for Care of Diabetes in Children. Infant with Ambiguous Genitalia: A Pediatric Perspective. Amenorrhea in the Adolescent: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Pediatric Renal Trauma. Mechanisms and Management of Cholestasis in Infants. Newer Methods of Imaging in Pediatric Cardiology. Index.


In this paper, we investigate the optimal nonadditive quantum error-detecting codes with distance two. The the numerical simulation shows that, with n being can be 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12, such the n-qubit quantum error-detecting codes with maximal number of codewords can be found. Therein, except the n=7 case, the n-vertex loop graphs help find the optimal quantum codes.


Oceanographic conditions in the southeastern Bering Sea are affected by large-scale climatic drivers (e.g. Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Aleutian Low Pressure System). Ecosystem changes in response to climate variability should be monitored, as the Bering Sea supports the largest com- mercial fishery in the USA (walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma). This analysis examined shifts in larval fish community composition in the southeastern Bering Sea in response to environmental variability across both warm and cold periods. Larvae were sampled in spring (May) during 5 cruises between 2002 and 2008 using oblique 60 cm bongo tows. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to quantify variability and reduce multi-species abundance data to major modes of species composition. Generalized additive models (GAMs) characterized spatial and temporal differ- ences in assemblage structure as a function of environmental covariates. We identified a strong cross- shelf gradient delineating slope and shelf assemblages, an influence of water masses from the Gulf of Alaska on species composition, and the importance of nearshore areas for larval fish. Species assem- blages differed between warm and cold periods, and larval abundances were generally greater in warm years. High abundances of walleye pollock in warm years contributed most to differences in Unimak Pass, outer domain, and shelf areas (geographic areas in the study region defined based on bathymetry). Sebastes spp. contributed to differences over the slope with increased abundances in cold years. We propose that community-level patterns in larval fish composition may reflect species- specific responses to climate change and that early life stages may be primary indicators of environ- mental change.


Zhihua Hao The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Yanhong Ge The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Qiuxiao Zhu The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Jie Li The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Zibo Liu The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Lingling Yuan The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Yue Zhang The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Zan Wang The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Mian Wang The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Lihui Zhang (  firstname.lastname@example.com ) The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University


Objective To explore the relationship between CYP1A1,GSTM1 gene polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to lung cancer.Methods In this study,110 lung cancer patients and 125 age-matched healthy controls in Chinese Han nationality of Shandong were enrolled.All DNA samples from peripheral blood were genotyped for genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes by oligonucleotidechip technique.Results The significant differences for distributions of CYP1A1 m2 and GSTM1 genotype were observed between lung cancer cases and healthy controls.The individuals carried CYP1A1 Val/Val or GSTM1 null genotype had an increased risk for lung cancer.There was an elevated risk for smokers in lung cancer cases having CYP1A1 Val/Val or GSTM1 null genotype.Conclusions CYP1A1 Val/Val and GSTM1 null genotypes may be the susceptible factors of lung cancer in Chinese Han nationality of Shandong.There may be a synergetic interaction between smoking and susceptible genotypes.


After primary genital infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), almost 90% of patients have clinical recurrences, and nearly all experience subclinical recurrences. Twice-daily suppressive acyclovir therapy is effective and well tolerated, but conflicting data exist for once-daily dosing, although the convenience …


In object-oriented development of distributed computing system software, one of the important tasks is to cluster objects into modules for achieving high performance, which is heavily affected by intermodule communication and the degree of parallel execution of modules. In this paper, a clustering algorithm is presented based on reducing intermodule communication and increasing concurrency for module execution as well as satisfying user's specifications on clustering of objects. An example is given to illustrate the clustering algorithm.


The atomic force microscope (AFM) is one of the most important tools for measuring atomic resolution. The AFM system maintains constant force between a tip and the sample in order to track the sample topography. The controller that maintains the constant interaction force plays a significant role in measurement accuracy. This paper presents a μ‐synthesis controller design to deal with model uncertainty and establish a measurement error bound. The system's nonlinearity and the set‐point drift are lumped into a multiplicative uncertainty. The performance bound allows specification of the error magnitude over the frequency range. Simulation results show that the proposed control can tolerate uncertainties. The error spectrum from the experiments shows consistency with the design specifications. Images were taken to compare μ‐synthesis control with a well‐tuned PID control at a 480μm/s scan rate. The results verify the outstanding performance of the μ‐controller.


In this study, we examined in vitro antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of fresh citrus peels such as grape fruit(Citrus paradisi), lemon(Citrus limon), orange(Citrus sinensis), and mandarin orange(Citrus unshiu). Total polyphenol contents and total flavonoid contents were the highest in the extract of lemon peel. Consistent with these results, the extract of lemon peel had the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power. Also, the extracts of lemon and orange peels showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the extract of lemon peel possesses higher antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects than other sample extracts. These results may provide the preliminary data for the utilization of lemon peels as functional food from agricultural by-product.


The Kingdom of Xixia was established by Dangxiang,a minority nationality in the history.From the regime of Xiazhou prefecture to the establishment of the Kingdom of Xixia,it experienced a period of exploiting and enterprising,making out regulation,constant reforming by the grandfatter Li Jiqian,the father Li Deming and the son Li Yuanhao.Thus Xixia was developed fast in politics,economy and culture and took an important position in both China and the world at that time.In the old histroical book,being astricted by traditional view,Xixa was not given a right position.This article focuses on the procedure of its evolution and developmental venation,and dissertates its historical position at large.


Two fundamental algorithm-design paradigms are Tree Search and Dynamic Programming. The techniques used therein have been shown to complement one another when solving the complete set partitioning problem, also known as the coalition structure generation problem [5]. Inspired by this observation, we develop in this paper an algorithm to solve the coalition structure generation problem on graphs, where the goal is to identifying an optimal partition of a graph into connected subgraphs. More specifically, we develop a new depth-first search algorithm, and combine it with an existing dynamic programming algorithm due to Vinyals et al. [9]. The resulting hybrid algorithm is empirically shown to significantly outperform both its constituent parts when the subset-evaluation function happens to have certain intuitive properties.


In order to know the effect of the removal of both the suprarenals in rabbits upon their resistance to acetonitril the present investigations were undertaken. Acetonitril (Merck) was given intravenously, the minimum lethal dose was estimated for normal rabbits as 0.55 c. c. per kilo of body weight, and the maximum non-lethal dose, that is the maximum amount of the chemical which does not kill the animal, as 0.25 c. c. per kilo. When both the suprarenals were excised with an interval of one week and acetonitril was given one week after the last decapsulation, the resistance of the animals was reduced remarkably, 0.4 c. c. and 0.05 c. c. being estimated as the minimum lethal dose respectively the maximum non-lethal dose. When two weeks were allowed to elapse between both the decapsulations, with otherwise quite the same conditions related above, the resistance was decidedly greater than the above group, though on the other hand definitely smaller than the normal, the doses being noted as 0.5 c. c. and 0.1 c. c. The resistance of the animals, in which only the dummy operations were carried out with one-week interval and followed by acetonitril also with one-week interval, was further proved greater than the doubly decapsulated in the last mentioned manner. In them the minimum lethal dose was quite the same as in the normal, but the maximum non-lethal dose was a little smaller; the resistance of these animals was thus only a little inferior to the normal. The resistance to acetonitril of the rabbits surviving the double suprarenalectomy about three months or more was proved apparently quite the same as that of normal ones if only the minimum lethal dose be taken into account, but it is not quite the same judging from the maximum non-lethal dose. In these animals the latter was 0.15 c. c. per kilo, thus smaller not only than the normal ones but also than the animals with dummy operations. It may be noted by way of caution that the control experiments were run in parallel simultaneously with the principle. The resistance of rabbits to acetonitril one week after the unilateral suprarenalectomy or two weeks after the double splanchnictomy was detected as about the same as the normal, as far as the present experiments are concerned, but we do not assert this because of the incompleteness of these sets, especially of the latter set, of experiments. Through double suprarenalectomy the susceptibility of rabbits to acetonitril increased without a doubt, but it was of quite a minor grade, compared to the results obtained by Crivellari on rats. Some recovery of the diminished resistance to acetonitril of rabbits deprived of both the glands with lapse of time suggests some possible causal relationship existing between it and the compensatory hypertrophy of the accessory cortical tissue after removal of the main glands. This view suggests further the responsibility of the great reduction in cortical tissue for the diminished resistance to acetonitril of the doubly suprarenalectomized rabbits. For estimating the susceptibility or resistance of animals to some chemicals the determination of the maximum non-lethal dose can not only replace that of the minimum lethal dose, but also sometimes exceeds the latter in accuracy. To formulate again the results more briefly: Removal of both suprarenals elicits in rabbits an increase of the susceptibility to acetonitril, about 1.5 times of the minimum lethal dose of the normal and 5 times of the maximum non-lethal dose being recorded in the animals, deprived of one suprarenal two weeks previously and of the other one week previously. With lapse of time after the removal the susceptibility is apt to recover towards the initial, but three to nine months were proved insufficient to see the entire recovery. The maximum non-lethal dose was still small, though the minimum lethal dose was quite the same as with normal rabbits.


Rice is the staple food for over 70 per cent of Asians, the majority of whom are living below the poverty line. More than 90 per cent of the world's rice is produced and consumed in Asia (Barker et al., 1999) and rice production must be increased by an estimated 56 per cent over the next 30 years to keep SUMMARY Information on the availability of genetic variability and mode of gene action are critically important for choosing effective breeding methods that result in appreciable improvement in performance under drought stress. An investigation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was carried out subjecting six 'lines' and 15 'testers' crossed in a line × tester mating design and the 90 hybrids along with 21 parents were tested for gene action, combining ability for 19 traits under aerobic condition. Three 'lines' viz., IR79128A (L 1 ), IR79156A (L 2 ) and IR70369A (L 4 ) and three 'testers' viz., IR7925A-428-2-1-1R (T 4 ), KMP -148 (T 12 ) and BI-33 (T 15 ) were identified as the best general combiners. The genotype IR70369A is suggested for conversion to cytoplasmic male sterility with suitable male sterile source. The parents MAS -26, IR 7925A-428-2-1-1R and KMP-105 are recommended for testing their restorability with suitable CMS source.


A theory of "subalgebra basis" analogous to standard basis (the generalization of Grobner bases to monomial orderings which are not necessarily well orderings [1]) for ideals in polynomial rings over a field is developed. We call these bases "SASBI Basis" for "Subalgebra Analogue to Standard Basis for Ideals". The case of global orderings, here they are called "SAGBI Basis" for "Subalgebra Analogue to Grobner Basis for Ideals", is treated in [6]. Sasbi bases may be infinite. In this paper we consider subalgebras admitting a finite Sasbi basis and give algorithms to compute them.


RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES FIRST became available for use in medicine in this country at the end of 1948. Their experimental use in the field of investigation has developed rapidly, though medicine has perhaps been slow to adopt these methods for the routine study of function in the living person in any but a few special hospitals and with the exception of the study of thyroid disorders. The therapeutic use of radioactive isotopes was started in this country at the Royal Marsden Hospital in 1948. The main lines of what is being done to-day were established within the first year (Smithers, 1951), and until quite recently there seemed to be a distinct slowing down in initiative after the first rush of interest and enthusiasm. Existing radiotherapeutic methods were improved by the introduction of artificial radioisotopes, but only in the field of differential absorption was a quite new therapeutic development made possible.


Within a theoretical context of speech accommodation theory, this study follows Lambert et al.'s (1960) "matched-guise" technique. Seventy-two African-American students at a mid-south university listened to and evaluated a tape-recorded excerpt of a speech given by Jesse Jackson at the 1996 Democratic National Convention. The first version of the speech was translated into Ebonics. After students listened to the first four-minute speech in Ebonics, students then proceeded to answer a questionnaire concerning the ethos/source credibility and perceived sociability of the speaker. Next, students listened to the same audiotaped speech (given by the same speaker), except the text of the speech was translated (and subsequently delivered) in Standard English. The students then rated this second speaker on those same ethos/source credibility and sociability scales. The speaker who used Standard English was viewed as more credible (i.e., more competent and having a strong character) and sociable than the Ebonics speaker. Both of these scores were significant at the p .05 level. Future research replicating these results is urged across other African-American samples.


The article presents the developed system for automated acoustic measurements taken in an anechoic chamber. Technical and functional parameters of the system fulfil specific work conditions in the anechoic chamber and meet the requirements for acoustic research. The automated programmed positioning of the measurement microphone in relation to the tested object is possible thanks to the special multi-axial manipulator. The developed construction of the system provides minimal influence on the acoustic properties of the anechoic chamber. The article also presents important issues of the introduction and the verification of the system.


The aim of the study was to propose a relatively simple central pattern generator (CPG) model, which can be used to control a lower limb exoskeleton. The mentioned generator and the simulation model of the human gait were developed based on experimental observations of the healthy volunteer's gait recorded using a motion tracking system. In order to reproduce the correct movements of the exoskeleton segments, time series of angles in the joints corresponding to the hip and knee joints were calculated based on tracing the trajectories generated by the CPG and the inverse kinematic relations. The proposed model can be implemented to control the lower limb (extremity) exoskeleton and assist various types of gait abnormality in patients with different motor dysfunction by means of changing the parameters of the control system. The presented experimental data, the developed gait simulation model, and the results of numerical simulations can be treated as guidelines for further improvement of the proposed model and its application in the exoskeleton control system. Although the study is mainly focused on rehabilitation applications, the proposed model is general and can be used also for other purposes such as control of bipedal and multi-legged robots.


Crystal growth of TiN on Si substrate under dynamic ion beam mixing (DIBM) processing was monitored by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and the interface was studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The TEM observation has revealed that the intermixed layer between the Si substrate and TiN film is composed of three different types of sublayers. The thicknesses of the first and the second sublayers were same as ∼7–8 nm and ∼3–4 nm, respectively, independent of different arrival ratios of Ti/N. The thickness of the third layer, however, was ∼6 nm for the arrival ratio of nearly unity whereas it was ∼14 nm for the arrival ratio greater than unity. Characterization of these sublayers with a field-emission analytical electron microscope (AEM) has revealed that these three sublayers are of an amorphous structure, composed of a mixture of Si and N, of a mixture of Si, N and small amount of recoil-implanted Ti, and of a mixture of Si, N, and Ti, for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd sublayers, respectively. TiN (001) is epitaxially grown on Si (001) along the incident direction of nitrogen ions even though the intermixed layer exists inbetween the TiN film and Si substrate.


ABSTRACT Introduction Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic, human-specific fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP symptoms are nonspecific. A patient with P. jirovecii and another lung infection faces a diagnostic challenge. It may be difficult to determine which of these agents is responsible for the clinical symptoms, preventing effective treatment. Diagnostic and treatment efforts have been made more difficult by the rising frequency with which coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and PCP co-occur. Areas covered Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of clinical and pharmacological recommendations along with a literature review of PCP in immunocompromised patients focusing on HIV-uninfected patients. Expert Opinion PCP may be masked by identifying co-existing pathogens that are not necessarily responsible for the observed infection. Patients with severe form COVID-19 should be examined for underlying immunodeficiency, and co-infections must be considered as co-infection with P. jirovecii may worsen COVID-19ʹs severity and fatality. PCP should be investigated in patients with PCP risk factors who come with pneumonia and suggestive radiographic symptoms but have not previously received PCP prophylaxis. PCP prophylaxis should be explored in individuals with various conditions that impair the immune system, depending on their PCP risk.


Objective To establish the method to screen the autoantibody against the AT1 receptor by ELISA and to assess the role of the autoantibodies in hypertension.Method The peptid of functional epitiope of the second extracellular loops (amino acid sequence from 165 to 191) of AT1 receptor was synthesized.This epitope was used as antigens to eevelop an indirect ELISA to screen the autoantibody of AT1 receptor.The autoantibody to AT1 receptor in 98 patients with refractory hypertension,96 patients with ordinary hypertension and 40 normal control,were detected.Results The CVs of intra and inter assay were 6.6% and 9.7% respectively in positive control group.Also,values of the A decreased 60% after absorption by antigens. Of the 98 patients,the autoantibody against AT1 receptor was positive in 41 patients(41.8%),while in control group,the positive rate was 7.5%.There was a significant difference between the patient and control group.Conclusion The method developed in this study is simple and stable to screen the autoantibodies of AT1 receptor in hypertensive patients. Thus, it is useful for clinicians in choosing proper drugs for the treatment of hypertension.


: This study was conducted to evaluate the remediation capability of Pleurotus ostreatus on spent lubricating oil polluted soil. Twenty percent (v/w) lubricating oil was spiked into 100 g of garden soil, inoculated with P. ostreatus pre-grown with sawdust as a substrate. The changes in pH, moisture content, total petroleum hydrocarbon, percentage total organic carbon, nitrate and phosphate concentrations were monitored biweekly for 84 days. Results obtained showed an increase of pH from 6.21 to 6.79. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration reduced by 72.5 % from 2892.10 mg/kg at day 1 to 796.66 mg/kg at day 84. The percentage TOC increased by 73.3 % from 3.16 % to 5.467 % while there was decrease in moisture content from 24.81% to 10.80% (56.5 % reduction). There was 62 % decrease in the concentration of phosphate from 18.80 mg/kg to 7.14 mg/kg while 5.4 % decrease in nitrate concentration from 89.48 mg/kg to 84.68 mg/kg was observed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed an overall significant difference between the concentration changes over time at 95% confidence interval. The results of this study proved the capability of P. ostreatus as an effective remediation tool for the recovery of hydrocarbon impacted soil.


As part of the effort toward building a cognitive radio (CR) network testbed, we have demonstrated real-time spectrum sensing. Spectrum sensing is the cornerstone of CR. However, current hardware platforms for CR introduce time delays that undermine the accuracy of spectrum sensing. The time delay named response delay incurred by hardware and software can be measured at two antennas colocated at a secondary user (SU), the receiving antenna, and the transmitting antenna. In this paper, minimum response delays are experimentally quantified and reported based on two hardware platforms, i.e., the universal software radio peripheral 2 (USRP2) and the small-form-factor software-defined-radio development platform (SFF SDR DP). The response delay has a negative impact on the accuracy of spectrum sensing. A modified hidden Markov model (HMM)-based single-secondary-user (single-SU) prediction is proposed and examined. When multiple SUs exist and their channel qualities are diverse, cooperative prediction can benefit the SUs as a whole. A prediction scheme with two stages is proposed, where the first stage includes individual predictions conducted by all the involved SUs, and the second stage further performs cooperative prediction using individual single-SU prediction results obtained at the first stage. In addition, a soft-combining decision rule for cooperative prediction is proposed. To have convincing performance evaluation results, real-world Wi-Fi signals are used to test the proposed approaches, where the Wi-Fi signals are simultaneously recorded at four different locations. Experimental results show that the proposed single-SU prediction outperforms the 1-nearest neighbor (1-NN) prediction, which uses current detected state as an estimate of future states. Moreover, even with just a few SUs, cooperative prediction leads to overall performance improvement.


The theory of steady-state heat loss determination from buried heating pipes has been reviewed as well as previous approaches to treat transient heat losses in the case of constant water temperatures. A new method has been developed to find an undisturbed ground temperature by which the transient heat loss can be calculated by the use of the steady-state heat loss equations. By numerical simulations, as well as by experiment, the position of this undisturbed ground temperature has been found. The position of this ground temperature is closer to the ground surface in the case of uninsulated pipes—or pipes with the insulation in poor condition—than in the case of insulated pipes. For pre-insulated pipes the position corresponds approximately to the top of the pipe casing. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Recent Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommendations reduce the role of short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) premised on the associated exacerbation risk. The widely accepted SABA risk profile is based on limited data described 30 years ago. This GINA paradigm shift demands an examination of SABA risks in a modern therapeutic era. Recent studies confirm that SABA overuse is common and associated with adverse outcomes. This study aimed to determine associations between SABA use, all-cause mortality and asthma exacerbations in an older North American asthma population. In this population-based cohort study, individuals with prevalent asthma (2006–2015) aged ≥65 years, eligible for provincial drug coverage, were included. Annual SABA canisters filled (0, 1–2, 3–5, ≥6) was the primary exposure. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression, adjusted for confounders. There were 59 533 asthma individuals; 14% overused SABA (≥3 canisters annually). Compared to those who used <3 canisters, the adjusted HRs of death for those who used 3–5 and ≥6 canisters were 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02–1.22, p=0.0157) and 1.56 (95% CI: 1.41–1.71, p<0.0001), respectively. Severe asthma exacerbation rates for ≥3 and <3 canisters/year were 7.5% and 2.1%, respectively. The adjusted HRs of severe asthma exacerbations were 1.59 (95% CI: 1.40–1.82, p<0.0001) and 2.26 (95% CI: 1.96–2.60, p<0.0001) in those who used 3–5 and ≥6 SABA canisters per year, respectively. In Canada, 1 in 7 individuals with asthma overused SABA associated with increased risks of severe asthma exacerbations and death. The adverse impacts of SABA overuse continue 30 years after early publications. These results in older people with asthma add strength to previously documented associations of SABA use, severe asthma exacerbations and death. Clinicians may consider these safety results when prescribing and assessing new therapeutic recommendations. https://bit.ly/34Gr56P


This article describes the design and implementation of ABEST, the ADA Based Expert System Tool. ABEST is a general purpose software tool intended for use in the development of expert system applications in an ADA environment. Since it may not be clear whether it is feasible (or even desirable) to use ADA in such applications, a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the language in that respect is included in the Introduction. An overview of ABEST follows, illustrating its main features through a sample application in digital circuit fault diagnosis. A discussion of planned enhancements and extensions is also provided.


Photodiodes of the pn junction type are discussed as detectors of rapidly modulated light. Transit time effects limit the frequency response to about 20 Gc/sec. To prevent RC effects from degrading this frequency response, diode areas in the order of 10−4 to 10−3 cm2 are required. The design and performance of high-speed photodiodes are discussed. Coherent detection techniques offer four to six orders of magnitude increase in sensitivity over incoherent techniques. The primary problems in the use of these photodiodes are the low signal-and-noise levels due to the low load impedances required for high-frequency operation. The possible use of avalanche multiplication to overcome this difficulty is suggested.


The present invention relates to a vehicle approaching warning system, with a plurality of sensors that measure the distance to other vehicles while driving, receives the measurement signal is measured via the sensor calculates the calculates the distance to the other vehicle distance the system control and, access and other vehicles in the other vehicle due made up alarm unit for generating an alarm receiving the alert signal to the drowsiness of the driver himself, which value is to generate and output an alarm signal if within a predetermined close range setting and generating an alarm when the vehicle comes close to it by informing the driver can prevent accidents. Vehicle-up, set-up distance value, the distance sensor, the warning lamp side


Invasion of autoreactive T‐cells and alterations of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) represent early pathological manifestations of multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Non‐CNS‐specific T‐cells are also capable of entering the CNS. However, studies investigating the spatial pattern of BBB alterations as well as the exact localization and neuropathological consequences of transferred non‐CNS‐specific cells have been thus far lacking. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging and multiphoton microscopy, as well as histochemical and high‐precision unbiased stereological analyses to compare T‐cell transmigration, localization, persistence, relation to BBB disruption and subsequent effects on CNS tissue in a model of T‐cell transfer of ovalbumin (OVA)‐ and proteolipid protein (PLP)‐specific T‐cells. BBB alterations were present in both EAE‐mice and mice transferred with OVA‐specific T‐cells. In the latter case, BBB alterations were less pronounced, but the pattern of initial cell migration into the CNS was similar for both PLP‐ and OVA‐specific cells [mean (SEM), 95 × 103 (7.6 × 103) and 88 × 103 (18 × 103), respectively]. Increased microglial cell density, astrogliosis and demyelination were, however, observed exclusively in the brain of EAE‐mice. While mice transferred with non‐neural‐specific cells showed similar levels of rhodamine‐dextran extravasation in susceptible brain regions, EAE‐mice presented huge BBB disruption in brainstem and moderate leakage in cerebellum. This suggests that antigen specificity and not the absolute number of infiltrating cells determine the magnitude of BBB disruption and glial pathology.


In order to improve boiler efficiency and reduce NOx emissions of a coal-fired boiler, a new solution strategy of combustion optimization is proposed is this paper. The key point of combustion optimization is the optimal setpoints of fuel and air parameters. As the development of electric industry, large amounts of history data are accumulated and data mining technique is applied to find some useful results. Fuzzy sets theory is introduced into the association mining process in order to soften the partition boundary of the domain and generalize the data. And then cluster algorithm and fuzzy association rule are employed to obtain the optimal values of important parameters. The rules mined out are combined with control system of operation parameters and can be used to provide guides for operation. Experimental results in a 600MW power plant show that the method is useful and effective.


Solar PV generators coupled to water pumps represent an attractive option for reducing the economic cost and the environmental impact associated to irrigation applications. Prior studies have already evaluated the technical and economic viability of PV water pumping, but they all refer to systems with relatively small PV nominal power (up to 30 kW). The European project MASLOWATEN has recently reported technical and economic validations for 5 large demonstrators (with PV powers in the range of 40-360 kWp) in the South of Europe, but these results are highly site-dependent and it would be interesting to extend them to other regions of the planet.


BACKGROUND
Coronavirus (CoV) disease (COVID)-19 poses difficult situations in which the ethical course of action is not clear, or choices are made between equally unacceptable responses.

METHODS
A web search was performed using the terms "bioethics; COVID-19; ethics; severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2; emergent care; pandemic; and public health emergencies."

RESULTS
Protection from COVID-19 has resulted in the cancellation of necessary medical interventions, lengthened suffering, and potential non-COVID-19 deaths. Prolonged lockdown reduced well-being, triggering or aggravating mental illnesses and violence, and escalated medical risks. Collateral damage includes restrictions on visitations to hospitals, alienation from the deceased relative, or lack of warm caring of patients. Finally, in a public health crisis, public health interest overrides individual rights if it results in severe harm to the community.

CONCLUSION
Balancing ethical dilemmas are one more challenge in the COVID-19 pandemic.


We present a PCFG parsing algorithm that uses a multilevel coarse-to-fine (mlctf) scheme to improve the efficiency of search for the best parse. Our approach requires the user to specify a sequence of nested partitions or equivalence classes of the PCFG nonterminals. We define a sequence of PCFGs corresponding to each partition, where the nonterminals of each PCFG are clusters of nonterminals of the original source PCFG. We use the results of parsing at a coarser level (i.e., grammar defined in terms of a coarser partition) to prune the next finer level. We present experiments showing that with our algorithm the work load (as measured by the total number of constituents processed) is decreased by a factor of ten with no decrease in parsing accuracy compared to standard CKY parsing with the original PCFG. We suggest that the search space over mlctf algorithms is almost totally unexplored so that future work should be able to improve significantly on these results.