Vehicular communication systems (VCS) are becoming a cornerstone of modern intelligent transport systems. By enabling vehicles to communicate with each other via inter-vehicle communication as well as with roadside units via roadside-to-vehicle communication, vehicular networks will contribute to safer and more efficient roads by providing timely information to drivers and concerned authorities. This paper develops a new vehicular communication architecture supporting a wide spectrum of applications. We analyze the security services provided by this architecture and focus on event timestamping, which is of great interest in incident investigation. Our major contribution is the introduction of a new component, called the black box, which is able to securely store the events related to the vehicle. We also develop a new cryptographic protocol to support the management of the black box component.


This paper first introduces the basic principles and stimulation methods of the grillage method, using such method to conduct stimulation analysis of a certain curved beam bridge—a ramp bridge of Jingkai Road in Beijing—as its engineering background. By using MIDAS/CIVIL, a software finite element method to analyze structures, a single beam model and grillage method model were built, and the comparisons and the analysis about deflection and stress among these models was conducted. The conclusion indicates that the calculation results obtained from the grillage method are closer to the values required in actual construction. The analysis revealed that the models based on the grillage method can reflect the mechanical properties and stress state more efficiently and accurately. Therefore, the grillage method is a very convenient and practical method for analyzing urban curved beam bridges, and it is verified that it can be used in the analysis of urban curved bridges.


Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS) is an orphan disease characterized by the development of thrombotic microdgium due to uncontrolled activation of the alternative complement pathway. Mutations of factors preventing excessive activation of the complement system are detected in most patients. For many years, despite the lack of appropriate evidence-based indications, plasmotherapy (PT) remained the first line treatment method. However, approaches to the management of patients have changed significantly with the accumulation of numerous data on the rapid progression to the end-stage renal disease regardless of whether PT was carried out initially or not. Statistical data has changed significantly with the launch of pathogenetic anticomplement therapy with monoclonal antibody (mAb) eculizumab due to most patients achieving remission of TMA and normalization of renal functions. The article presents a clinical case of a child with typical features of nephrotic syndrome with an early onset of disease. A heterozygous mutation in the CFH gene that was detected initially did not cause concerns about possible aHUS due to the lack of laboratory and morphological data for TMA. However, subsequently, the episodes of acute renal injury in combination with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and severe arterial hypertension developed in a child, which made it possible to reconsider the diagnosis of aHUS and initiate the therapy with the biological analogue of eculizumab of a Russian origin, in which remission of TMA and complete recovery of renal functions were achieved. This clinical case demonstrates the difficulties of differential diagnosis of congenital nephropathies. Prognostic adverse outcomes in aHUS require a thorough evaluation of data with early induction of specific biological therapy, which allows the successful monitoring of the course of the disease.


Throughout history, mankind has developed and employed novel weapons and countermeasures. Both offensive and defensive weapon systems are limited by the laws of nature. Consequently, military concepts and doctrines were designed by implicitly taking into account those limitations. The digital age has introduced a new class of weaponry that poses an initial challenge to the common understanding of conflict and warfare due to their different characteristics: cyber weapons. This article explores the crucial differences between the conventional weapon and cyber weapon domains, starting a debate as to what extent classical concepts and doctrines are applicable to cyberspace and cyber conflict. The authors propose a definition of cyber weapons being an instrument consisting primarily of data and knowledge, presenting them in the form of prepared and executed computer codes on or a sequence of user interactions with a vulnerable system. The authors describe a vulnerability-based model for cyber weapons and for cyber defence. This model is then applied to describe the relationship between cyber-capable actors (e.g. States). The proposed model clarifies important implications for cyber coalition-building and disarmament. Furthermore, it presents a general solution for the problem of the destruction of cyber weapons, i.e., in the context of cyber arms control. DOI: 10.4018/ijcwt.2012010102 International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 2(1), 14-26, January-March 2012 15 Copyright © 2012, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. ernment websites paired with hacking attempts against valuable targets such as ISP backbone routers (Evron, 2008), a new type of conflict was declared (Landler & Markoff, 2007) and hyped. In reality, hacktivism has been around already before the 2007 attacks against Estonia (Denning (2001)introduced this term already back in the early century) and politically motivated DDoS where at this point of time not entirely new as shown by (Nazario, 2009). Still media found strong and inconsistent interest in this subjects as discussed by Farivar (2009). As a consequence, cyber conflicts quickly entering the political agenda of many nations to the extent that and that Jellenc (2012) recently confirmed an arms race having started in and about cyberspace. The term "cyber attack" is commonly used for a wide variety of malicious cyber activities aiming to achieve various objectives. Both attacker and victim can e.g. be a States, private sector (as attackers also including organized cyber crime) or groups of individuals (see Table 1). As illustrated in Table 1, there are numerous rationales for the different actors to use cyber attacks for their benefit spanning from propaganda/psychological operations (e.g. Israel-Palestine), espionage, censorship, information operations as part of military conflicts or even sabotage causing physical destruction to support political goals. However, several years later we still have not seen a commonly agreed definition of cyber weapons or cyber warfare (Ottis & Lorents, 2010). In the following section 2, central terms will be defined and a short overview of the special properties of cyber domains and cyber weapons will be given. The concepts and terminology initially used were based on those of conventional weapons or weapons of mass destruction (Sharma, 2009). Unfortunately, cyber weapons, as we will argue in this paper, follow other rules than their conventional counterparts. Thus the effects of cyber weapons on their targets are different. In 2007, a direct, destructive cyber attack on a power generator was proven possible in a real-life experiment (Herold, 2007). The prominent case like Stuxnet, which is assumed to have sabotaged the Iran nuclear programme since 2009, shows how powerful a cyber weapon in a real-world setting can be (Falliere et al., 2010). Some research states that Table 1. Examples of cyber attacks between different groups Attacker / Victim State Private Sector Group State Stuxnet (Falliere, Murchu, & Chien, 2010), Georgia: Conventional military conflict combined with cyber attacks (Korns & Kastenberg, 2009) DigiNotar (Denis Fisher, 2012), Saudi Aramco (Perlroth, 2012) Censorship in Belarus (Pavlyuchenko, 2009), Russia against opposition parties (AFP, 2011) Private sector Ghostnet (Deibert, Manchanda, Rohozinski, Villeneuve, & Walton, 2009), Shadows in the Clouds (Bradbury & Rohozinski, 2010) Cases of common industrial espionage Hollywood poisoning torrents with fake releases (CERT Polska, 2012) Group Cyber attacks on Estonia 2007 (Ottis, 2008) Anonymous on VISA (Pras, Sperotto, Moura, & Drago, 2010), TJMaxx credit card data theft (Jewell, 2007) Israel-Palestine 11 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/article/vulnerability-based-model-cyberweapons/75762?camid=4v1 This title is available in InfoSci-Journals, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Computer Science, Security, and Information Technology, InfoSci-Networking, Mobile Applications, and Web Technologies eJournal Collection, InfoSci-Surveillance, Security, and Defense eJournal Collection, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Engineering, Natural, and Physical Science. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=2


This paper describes an embedded speech and audio codec which is based on ITU-T Recommendation G.722.1; it can process 7 kHz bandwidth speech and audio signal at scalable bit rates. Based on the G.722.1 of ITU-T, this algorithm adds two modules: the energy ordering of sub-band and the processing of bit-stream truncation. Furthermore, it does some modification on the categorization and noise-fill modules. It makes sure that the codec could produce embedded bit-stream, so this codec had more robustness in the transmission. The test results by ITU-T PESQ show that this codec has good performance as G.722.1 at the same bit-rates.


The safety factor of pressure vessel is closely related to material parameters.It is more reasonable to consider both the tensile and yield strengths for material allowance stress.Austenitic stainless steels should be considered specially to use their excellent strength properties of their strain strengthening effect.The safety factor of pressure vessels is based on practical experience and can be reduced to save materials by controlling pressure vessel safety with the development of pressure vessel techniques and experiments.


A new method to extend the dynamic range of the magneto-optical current sensor is presented.The magneto-optical current sensor is based on Farada effect and Ampere's law to realize the current measurement. Because the Faraday rotation angle increases periodically with the current measured, only a monotone region of the sinusoid could be used and the measurement range is narrowed. With the wavelength dependence of the Verdet constant, a large current could be measured by way of measuring the difference of the rotation angles corresponding to the two different wavelengths within one sensor. The metering data,which is more accurate than the data from the dual wavelength.can be acquired by a single wavelength. It is theoretically shown that 20% Verdet constant difference between the two wavelengths will increase the current measuring range 6 times. This method can make the magneto-optical current sensor adaptive to both metering and protection in power system.


ABSTRACT The location in a road where the traffic accidents often occur is called a Black Spot. In these black spots accidents are not a 'random event' but accidents are common due to varying factors. In this study the accident statistics on three National Highway stretches spanning over 165 kilometers in Kerala, India is taken for the analysis and suggestion for improvement measures. The data is collected from the police records from September 2006 to August 2009 and analyzed using accident frequency and severity index methods to identify the accident black spots in the selected stretches. The identified black spots were ranked in terms of their frequency or severity and, the top ranked spots are taken for more detailed analysis by taking into account of the roadway and traffic conditions. The necessary site details were obtained by conducting the surveys. Geometric surveys are done for the stretches using total station surveys, the plan and profiles are made with the help of software packages MICROSTATION and GEOPAK. Autoturn 6.1 software and AUTOCAD 2008 is also used for turn simulations. The collected data is analyzed to suggest the appropriate improvement measures for each location. In this study eight accident black spots over six stretches which include two intersections, four black spots at curves and two mid block sections were taken for the analysis and suggestion for improvements. The range of improvements suggested include from simple traffic enforcement to widening and realigning of stretches by considering the cost involved in implementing the improvement measures.


Catatonia can occur in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and malignant catatonia is life threatening. Anti-psychotic medications should be discontinued during acute phase of catatonia. Anti-psychotic discontinuation in catatonia is a challenge in patients maintained on long-acting injectable antipsychotics because of the extended release. Case report: We present a case of malignant catatonia developed in a patient with history of schizophrenia and developmental delay. Symptoms lasted several weeks as he was recently administered long acting injectable antipsychotic medication, requiring high dose Bromocriptine treatment. Patient required several days of bromocriptine treatment. Because of the shorter half-life, frequent and higher dosing of bromocriptine led to resolution of malignant catatonia. Malignant catatonia is a medical emergency and prompt treatment including high dose bromocriptine could lead to resolution of catatonia.


Abstract All intrinsic semi-conducting elements at absolute zero of temperature have their valence electrons occupying completely the valence band, the electrons being localized as co-valent spin pairs. At non-zero temperature, a fraction of these pairs gets broken, with the corresponding electrons thermally excited into the conduction band. The conduction electrons can be considered 'non-localized' and the process of spin decoupling, one of configurational entropy gain for the whole system. On considering the electronic wave function as mixed in character due to electrons 'localized' and 'non-localized', one can write it as a superposition of a metallic and a cevalent wave function. The resultant Hamiltonian permits one to calculate the configurational entropy of electrons in semiconducting elements and some semiconducting compounds. It is this contribution which is shown to be the reason of excess entropy of fusion of all semiconductor elements. The analysis elucidates some of the anomalous electronic b...


The Old Testament prophetic books, especially
the eighth-century prophets, give us quite a picture of the state of affairs during the time of the different individual prophets: what the society was like, what the political, economic and social issues were, what role religion played, et cetera. It is also no secret that large parts of these books are devoted to the prophets' protest against the many injustices of their time. The aim of this article is firstly to give a systematic account of these injustices as pointed out by the prophets. Secondly I would like to show how closely this resembles what we find and experience in South Africa at this stage. Inevitably the question arises how we could change all of this as far as our own country is concerned.


614Background: RMC is a highly aggressive tumor with close to universal fatality despite therapy. It is almost exclusively found in young African-Americans with sickle cell trait, and is characterized by complete loss of expression of SMARCB1, a major chromatin remodeler involved in regulation of gene expression. We investigated the effects of SMARCB1 loss on mutation frequency, gene expression, and cell growth in RMC. Methods: Whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were performed in RMC tissues from 15 and 11 patients respectively, each with matched adjacent normal kidney tissue controls. In vitro experiments were performed in a cell line (RMC2C) we established from a patient with RMC. SMARCB1 was conditionally re-expressed using a tetracycline-inducible lentivector. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed using DAVID. Results: WES showed that RMC harbors a low number (median of < 25/tumor sample) of non-synonymous exomic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or small indels. GO analysis...


The crystals of borate series are new nonlinear optical and piezoelectric crystals which have an extensive application prospect. In this paper, the acoustic anisotropic properties of PbB4O7 crystals are investigated and discussed. In the theory, the piezoelectric coupling between electromagnetic and acoustic uniform waves are completely negligible, i.e., the quasistatic approximation is used to solute piezoelectric waves propagation equations. The acoustic velocity and slowness curves of three bulk waves and surface wave in X-, Y- and Z-cut crystal planes are numerically calculated. Meanwhile, the theoretical results of the slowness curves are compared with that of the experimental measurement by laser ultrasonic technique. Both are in agreement with each other. On the other hand, the efficiencies of piezoelectric excitation of surface acoustic wave in different propagation directions of X-, Y-, Z- and 45° Y-cut crystal surfaces are theoretically evaluated. The results can be used for selecting the crysta...


Statistical findings during and following the recent war in regard to the mental, emotional, and social problems of the veteran give evidence of the nature and scope of the problem which America faces today. The major problem undertaken in this study involves a presentation of certain information relative to this general area.


The interpretation reserve is the only instrument through which the criminal judge becomes an actor in the constitutionalization process of the criminal law, because although he does not rejoice from the competence of rendering decisions the on constitutionality or unconstitutionality of law, the interpretation under reserve directly refers to it, by the compulsoriness of observing the sense granted by the constitutional court.


The present invention relates to an apparatus a plurality of synthetic filaments spun and wound for a spinning apparatus having a drafting godet roll disposed below the rollers and a spinning apparatus having a plurality of distribution along a longitudinal axis -winding device location. Wherein the plurality of nozzle heads arranged side by side in the spinning apparatus, so as to respectively a spun thread. In the winding device, wherein each of the wires in the winding position the winding into a roll. In order to provide a compact and friendly operation of the device as much as possible, and the spinning apparatus according to the present invention godet rollers transverse to the longitudinal axis of the winding device is arranged, and provided at the end face region of the winding device. Thus advantageously achieved from a wire dispensing allocation plane transverse to the winding position.


The dependence of radon adsorption on the temperature up to 35 ° C was studied for 4" open face (OF) charcoal canister at different values of relative humidity using a radon calibration chamber with variable and controlled radon concentration, humidity, and temperature which was previously constructed. Sets of calibration factor (CF) and adjusting factor (AF) curves were established at 20, 25, 30, and 35 ° C and,different humidity (RH%). These curves are used to extend the use of open-faced charcoal canisters for higher temperature and humidity applications. The optimum exposure time to achieve the best detection accuracy was estimated between 2 and 4 days depending on relative humidity. The open-faced canisters havehigher efficiency of radon absorption at low temperature.


| A two{dimensional circularly symmetric lter, which is stable, not{aliased, compact and also suuciently accurate was designed to perform explicit downward extrap-olation of the seismic waveeeld by means of the one{way acoustic wave equation. In a rst step the design of a 1D lter was performed in the wavenumber domain by using Tchebychee approximation, while the lter was applied in the space domain. The lter was then extended to the 2D case with a McClellan transformation to exploit its circular simmetry. This convolutional approach requires a short kernel , designed to satisfy local and global constraints in the wavenumber domain. Compared to existing solutions, this allows an improved accuracy, without increasing the computational complexity.


The Ashaninka people are the most numerous population of Peruvian Amawn and, thru the years, in spite of the positive or negative different inter-relationships, since the Spanish colony, they keep their own identity. The sociologic and anthropologicfactors ofthe Ashaninka communities of Marankiari Bajo (Perene) and Ponchoni (Gran Pajonal) let us characterize and differentiate their cultural insertion in the national society.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical-based oral function intervention on oral function and care behaviours in older patients with mild dementia.

METHOD
Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). Both groups received a leaflet on oral health-related knowledge, and the EG also received an oral function intervention, which was a brief one-on-one lesson concerning oral exercise and preventive oral care. Oral exercise included turning the head, pouting lips, bulging cheeks, stretching tongue, articulation exercise, and salivary gland massages. A reminder phone call was made every 2 weeks. Perceived xerostomia and dysphagia, plaque index (PI), Winkel tongue-coating index (WTCI), repetitive saliva-swallowing test (RSST), oral diadochokinesis (DDK), and oral care behaviours were recorded at baseline and at 3-month follow up. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to analyze the indicated effects.

RESULTS
The EG(n=59) exhibited greater improvement to the CG(n=55) in RSST [β= 0.7; effect size (ES) = 0.45], the syllables /pa/ (β = 3.1; ES = 0.37) and /ka/ (β = 2.7; ES = 0.40) in oral DDK, PI (β = -0.2; ES = 0.52), and WTCI (β = -0.8; ES = 0.38). Moreover, the EG exhibited better preventive behaviours in regular dental visits [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.2], daily mouth cleaning frequency (aOR = 1.6), and mouth cleaning before sleep (aOR = 1.3).

CONCLUSION
The brief clinical-based intervention was effective in improving the swallowing function, oral DDK, and plaque control of older patients with mild dementia at 3-month follow-up.


Male broiler chicks (1 225), day-old, were randomly divided into 15 groups consisting of 15 chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained as basal diet control and group 2 on chlorpyrifos (CPS) @ 100 ppm in feed throughout 6 weeks as iron toxic control without any treatment. Groups 3 to 15 were maintained on CPS @ 100 ppm in feed for the 4 weeks (28 days) of study and thereafter, administered with different herbs and their combinations for remaining 2 weeks. The blood samples were drawn from wing vein on day 28 and day 42 from the birds in each group for the assay of erythrocytic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Sera samples were separated from the blood for the estimation of alanine transaminase (ALT) and serum creatinine. The birds were sacrificed at the end of 6th week and tissues were collected for the assay of GSH and TBARS in liver and brain homogenates. The activity of SOD, catalase and ALT, and the concentration of TBARS and serum creatinine were increased significantly, while the concentration of total proteins and tissue GSH decreased significantly in all the groups as compared to basal diet control and the values showed significant improvement in groups 3–15 that were treated during the last 2 weeks. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos induces toxicity by generating reactive oxygen species and antioxidant herbs are useful in treating the chlorpyrifosinduced toxicity.


I argue that the management of uncertainty by agents in a social world is foundational to the formation of social structures and to the definition of culture. I present a deep Bayesian model for this management of uncertainty in intelligent systems, and I argue for its applicability to cultural sociology. As social systems grow more heterogeneous, management of uncertainty in any participating agent becomes computationally difficult, and I propose that combinations of a small number of layers of reasoning in a deep Bayesian model are sufficient to account for some of the salient ways by which humans manage this uncertainty. Three forces come into play when considering such a model, and each is connected to a particular form of uncertainty. A denotative layer in the model represents uncertainty in the world or environment (ambiguity and risk about outcomes), a connotative layer manages the uncertainty about relationships with other social agents, and the connection between denotative and connotative handles uncertainty about identities of the self and others. Behaviours taken by agent and by others are handled in both layers simultaneously. I show how the tradeoff between these three factors maps to different social structures, and I use use the model to make predictions across a range of domains, and show its relationship to cultural sociological, social psychological, economic and sociological theorizing. I further link this model to Bayesian views of the mind, primarily the active inference model of human intelligence, and compare and contrast to more traditional artificial intelligence.


After China's entry into WTO, Hong Kong,which has been playing an important role in the reform of mainland china, has to pay more attention to such questions arising from the new situation as if it can retain its traditional position in international business and trade, how to take advantage of China's entry into WTO to promote its economic development and what of problems should be treated seriously in the reorientation of Hong Kong's economy.Analyses and discussions have been made in this article concerning the abave questions and the authors' views have been presented


This research analyses poetry using Roman Ingarden's Srata. In this research, descriptive quantitative method is used because the data used are words. In analysing the poem A Psalm of Life, the descriptive descriptive research method is used with the Roman Ingarden stratum approach and the literature study analysis technique. In the stratum of romance ingarden itself there are five layers of norms, namely the layer of sound, the layer of meaning, the layer of objects, the layer of the world, and the metaphysical layer. In the second layer there are meanings which result from this layer of meaning found the next layers which indicate that each layer is a whole structure.  The conclusion from the research that has been done is that the poem A Psalm Of Life by Henry Wardswort Langfellow has all the layers of sound, meaning, object, world, and metaphysical norms. However, not all poems have metaphysical layers.


METHODS DESCRIBED FOR GLUCITOLISINA-hemoglobin from glycohemoglobin A SAMPLE CONTAINING STABLE GLUCOHEMOGLOBINAS labile and to analyze the presence of glycosylated hemoglobin, and a system diagnostic assays useful for carrying out the methods.


Submitted for the DFD12 Meeting of The American Physical Society Frozen particles as cryogenic fluid tracers: observation of Kelvin waves in superfluid helium ENRICO FONDA, University of Maryland, College Park New York University, DAVID P. MEICHLE, University of Maryland, College Park, NICHOLAS T. OUELLETTE, Yale University, KATEPALLI R. SREENIVASAN, New York University, DANIEL P. LATHROP, University of Maryland, College Park — Injecting a dilute mixture of a seed gas into a cryogenic fluid produces a mist of frozen particles. These particles can be effective tracers for studying both classical and quantum cryogenic fluids. The particles resulting from injecting a hydrogen mixture in liquid helium right above the lambda transition, subsequently allowing the fluid to cool down below that temperature, allow visualization of thermal counterflow, quantized vortices and vortex reconnection. This technique is unsuitable for detailed study of vortex dynamics below 2K. We have recently discovered a new method for producing atmospheric sub-micron particles directly into superfluid helium, allowing us to study vortices at temperatures between 1.8K and 2K. By visualizing the reconnection of long vortices populating the system in that temperature regime, we have made the first direct observations of Kelvin waves in superfluid helium and characterized a prototypical event. Enrico Fonda University of Maryland, College Park New York University Date submitted: 08 Aug 2012 Electronic form version 1.4


Multilevel inverters are mainly used in high power and medium voltage applications to reduce the required voltage rating of the power semiconductor switching devices. Nowadays multilevel inverters are also preferred for various applications regardless of the power ratings because they
 can essentially realize lower harmonics with lower switching frequency and lower electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, it has some disadvantages such as increased number of components, complex Pulse Width Modulation control method, and voltage balancing problem. In this paper a new
 topology of cascaded multilevel inverter using reduced number of switches is introduced resulting in higher output voltage levels. There era five series connected H-bridges and the DC voltage is given in the ratio n0: n: n3:2n2:10n. The output voltage having 123 levels is obtained (61 positive
 voltage levels, 61 negative voltage levels and zero voltage levels). Reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) makes them useful for electric vehicle, FACTS and has given option for various power applications. The proposed topology results in reduction of cost and has simplicity of control system.
 Therefore, the overall cost and complexity are greatly reduced particularly for higher output voltage levels.


The maize harvested would be stored after it dried to the safe moisture.The drying method and the reasonable technology process had a very tremendous impact on the quality of maize,and the breakdown rate of dried maize is an important index for maize quality.In this paper,the maize was dried with home-made microwave drying and testing device in order to gained the influence of the feature curve of microwave drying of maize、the temperature characteristics of microwave drying of maize and three main process parameters such as power units,the highest drying temperature,dehydrating rate on the breakdown rate.The experimental results showed that according to the change of the dehydrating rate,the microwave drying was divided to three periods:preheating period,constant drying rate period and falling drying rate period.The preheating period was longer than others,and the moisture content mainly discharged in the constant drying rate period.During this microwave drying process the temperature experienced two rising processes and a stabilizing process;and the breakdown rate was rising with every parameter's raising.Synthesized all factors the optimal conditions of microwave drying of maize can be obtained:the best unit drying power was under 0.3w/g,and the maximum drying temperature didn't surpass 70℃,and the average water rate wasn't bigger than 0.2%.The microwave drying of maize had better reference value to the determination of the dry parameter in practice.


The aim of researcher here is to provide information whether the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on banking in Indonesia, especially for banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The impact on banking is measured by using financial performance ratios, namely Return on Assets (ROA), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Operational Profit Margin (OPM), Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR). Researchers used comparative data on financial statements, namely in 2019 and 2020. The tool used by researchers to process research data was SPSS 24.


Abstract Background Osimertinib is a key-drug to treat NSCLC harboring EGFR sensitizing mutation at 1st line setting as well as T790M resistant mutation at late line. Interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis (ILD) is a fatal adverse event induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors including osimertinib especially in the Japanese patients. On the other hand, transient asymptomatic pulmonary opacities (TAPO) caused by osimertinib were reported as relatively frequent (10-20%) phenomenon and usually safe, permitting continuous or "stop and go" treatment with osimertinib. Purpose & Result We retrospectively analyzed consecutive 60 sonsequtive EGFR mutation positive NSCLC patients treated with osimertinib in our institution by Feb. 2019. Fifteen patients were TKI naive and the other 45 were pretreated with 1st or 2nd generation EGFR-TKI. ILD occurred in ten (16.7%) patients then administration of osimertinib was interrupted. Corticosteroid was administered to all patients for the ILD, resulting in fully remission of the lung adverse event without any related patient death. Three patients were re-administered with TKI (2 osimertinib for T790M positive, 1 gefitinib for 1st line setting) after remission of ILD. Re-challenged TKI was not successful for these patients resulting in ILD recurrence and permanent cease of TKI treatment. Conclusion We suggest that strategies other than re-administration of osimertinib should be considered even though osimertinib induced ILD is fully recovered by corticosteroid therapy.


The article discusses the issues of designing a developing educational environment of a university in modern post-quarantine conditions for the development of distance and blended learning. The authors made an attempt to review and analyze existing studies of foreign and Kazakh authors on the subject under study and concluded that it is necessary to create a unified virtual laboratory using the capabilities and potential of a virtual learning environment. The main research principle of the proposed virtual laboratory is determined by the principle of reproducibility. In addition, the article provides the key points of the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the above project, such as the goal and objectives, the main structural components of the virtual laboratory. The authors also suggest that learning automation using online resources will be an effective addition to the traditional learning format. The relevance and practical orientation of the project being developed is also interesting for the thematic focus and pithiness of educational content.


The Thought of "Three Represent's",with its open attitude and brand-new idea,is the best response to the historical law of choosing administrators in human society.It is an entirely new,all-round,profound and brilliant theoretical interpretation of the law of the Chinese Communist administration action.


The viscoelastic surfactant-based fracturing fluid is maded of the long chain fatty acid quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant.In laboratory performance evaluation experiments indicate that the optimum concentration is 1.5% ~ 2.0%,the filtration coefficient is 3.15 × 10-4m / min1 /2at 60 ℃,the static cuttings suspension velocity is 0.25 mm / s.At room temperature,after mixed with crude oil,the gel can be broken quickly.The fracturing fluid has the good point of temperature-insistant(65 ℃),stability and shear resistance,and good compatibility with formation water,the core damage rate is 9.9% ~ 10.3% that decreases by 65% compared with guar gum fracturing fluid.The comparative application tests have been used in field between the viscoelastic surfactant-based fracturing fluid and guar gum fracturing fluid at the similar well conditions.The results show that the viscoelastic surfactant-based fracturing fluid has more advantages in increasing oil production than guar gum fracturing fluid,and has a good application prospect.


In this 21st century, ensuring the security of a place is one of the most crucial things. We have to use either manual or semi-autonomous entrances and human security guards in most of the security systems. Many sophisticated apartments are still now using a traditional security system to ensure safety. Besides, monitoring only by the camera in a certain area is not a better solution to confirm safety. A lot of paperwork has been proposed to make security system as efficient as possible. But a few methods have been proposed an intelligent security system with integrated hardware and automation. The proposed methodology has emphasized building a robotics ecosystem of security that control entrances to give access to authentic people, making decisions and taking actions in any circumstances automatically by itself. These tasks are being performed based on a collective method of image processing, natural language processing, supervised learning, IoT, automation and web server technology. This robotic system is capable of memorizing previously identified humans with their information, talking with users in a local language, gathering necessary information and detecting everything with the user. By this method, there has been proposed a solution to overcome the limitations of a manual or semi-autonomous security system and provide intelligent AI-based security with a robotic ecosystem at a minimum cost.


Transport hubs such as airports and railway stations are places where plenty of passengers are exchanged between vehicles or between transport modes. Analyzing their mobility patterns, for instance traffic flows in/out of the transport hubs, helps better understanding passengers travel behaviors and improving the transportation planning. In this paper, we aim to visually present the spatiotemporal mobility patterns related to transport hubs using floating car data. Following a visual analysis workflow, which consists of computational algorithms, data mining approaches, and visualization techniques, we preprocess the raw data related to the transport hubs, derive relevant pick-up and drop-off events, cluster and aggregate those events, and visually analyze their spatiotemporal distributions using mainly proportional symbol mapping and pie-chart mapping techniques. We use one-week Floating Car Data (FCD) in Shanghai as our test dataset and select Hongqiao international airport as the test transport hub. The preliminary experiment results show that there are obvious temporal mobility patterns as well as significant hotspot places related to Hongqiao airport.


There is strong body of literature exploring community member and resident perspectives on tourism that has emerged from numerous locations across the globe. Yet virtually none of this writing explores the role of repeat community-engaged service learning with local communities. What
 theory does exist on the topic indicates that increased rates of community member participation yield more positive viewpoints on community–program partnerships. Engagement in this form of tourism development in communities may have an influence on participation in the community institutions
 that have the most ability to influence local development outcomes. This qualitative, ethnographic study fills this gap in the literature by analyzing community members' emic perspectives of a recurring educational service learning program to a lesser developed region of Costa Rica. Surprisingly,
 community residents do not view educational service learning as a form of tourism, though they do see it as valuable for setting the stage for desired tourism development in the future. Findings also indicate community members' involvement in key institutions makes it more likely that they
 perceive the impact of students in the community positively. As the first study to analyze educational service learning travel from a community development and resident perspective, this work will provide a valuable theoretical contribution relevant to those engaged in this form of travel
 across the Global South.


Abstract. Ambient aerosol size distributions obtained with a compact, scanning mobility analyzer, the Spider DMA, are compared to those obtained with a conventional mobility analyzer, with specific attention to the effect of mobility resolution on the measured size distribution parameters. The Spider is a 12-cm diameter radial differential mobility analyzer that spans the 10–500 nm size range with 30s mobility scans. It achieves its compact size by operating at a nominal mobility resolution R = 3 (sheath flow = 0.9 L/min, aerosol flow = 0.3 L/min), in place of the higher sheath-to-aerosol flow commonly used. The question addressed here is whether the lower resolution is sufficient to capture the dynamics and key characteristics of ambient aerosol size distributions. The Spider, operated at R = 3 with 30s up and down scans, was collocated with a TSI 3081 long-column mobility analyzer, operated at R = 10 with a 360s sampling duty cycle. Ambient aerosol data were collected over 26 consecutive days of continuous operation, in Pasadena, CA. Over the 20–500 nm size range, the two instruments exhibit excellent correlation in the total particle number concentrations and geometric mean diameters, with regression slopes of 1.13 and 1.00, respectively. Our results suggest that particle sizing at a lower resolution than typically employed is sufficient in obtaining the key properties of ambient size distributions.


The paper presents a high voltage power supply ESD protection element containing a high voltage VDMOS which is designed to survive bipolar snapback. For low currents, it operates as an "active clamp", and for high currents, the parasitic vertical bipolar transistor conducts the current. The snapback current level is higher than 250 mA for (transient) latch-up safety during normal operation.


OBJECTIVE
To measure the degree of stress among medical residents at a Third Level Hospital in Mexico City during the sanitary contingency caused by the AH1N1 influenza virus.

METHODS
A transversal descriptive study with a non-probabilistic sample of 99 medical residents with different fields of specialization related to respiratory medicine. Researchers applied the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire to evaluate three dimensions: emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and personal fulfillment. The survey was self-administered and anonymous, and the study was conducted during the first AH1N1 influenza virus outbreak (April 23 to May 10, 2009). During that period, the hospital underwent a process of reorganization that included cancelling vacation periods for all medical residents and adjusting duty rosters.

RESULTS
The highest proportion of medical residents with burnout syndrome was those in their second year of specialization in the area of pneumology. Results also showed that medical residents under 30 years of age had a higher probability of presenting burnout syndrome. No significant differences were found regarding the residents' place of origin.


COPYRIGHT © 2022 Zhou, Georgiev and Liao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Discovery, biosynthesis, regulation, transport, release and engineering of plant natural products


: The concept of "Atma," or the self, has been a central theme in Indian philosophy for centuries, with diverse schools of thought offering varying interpretations and perspectives. This research paper undertakes a comparative analysis of the concept of Atma in two prominent Indian philosophical traditions: Buddha and Nyaya. The objective is to shed light on the nuanced differences and similarities in their views regarding the self. The Buddhist perspective, attributed to Gautama Buddha, posits anicca (impermanence) and anatta (no-self) as fundamental tenets. According to Buddhism, the self is an illusion, a mere aggregation of ever-changing physical and mental elements. This paper examines key Buddhist texts and commentaries to elucidate the notion of Anatta and its implications on human existence. In contrast, Nyaya philosophy, as expounded in texts like the Nyaya Sutras, advocates a substantial and eternal self, known as the "Atman." Nyaya philosophers argue for the existence of a permanent, unchanging self as the basis of individual identity and cognition. The paper delves into Nyaya's epistemological framework and metaphysical arguments in support of Atman. Through a systematic comparison of these two philosophical systems, this research paper highlights the profound contrast between the Buddhist denial of a permanent self and the Nyaya affirmation of Atman's existence. It also explores the impact of these contrasting views on ethical, psychological, and soteriological aspects within each tradition. The research utilizes primary texts, commentaries, and scholarly interpretations to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Atma concept in Buddhism and Nyaya. By examining their philosophical foundations, implications, and consequences, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate tapestry of Indian philosophical thought and its impact on spirituality and human existence. Ultimately, this comparative analysis aims to foster a more profound appreciation of the multifaceted nature of the self in the rich landscape of Indian


The spread of economic rationalism, world poverty and the increasing destruction of our environment are the three main problem areas which concern mankind as we move into the third millenium. These problems cannot be dealt with in isolation. An integrated approach is essential. Sustainable development is the vision which permits the promotion of a dialogue and cooperation and enables the foundation to be created for integrated solutions in the fields of the economy, society and ecology. In recent years, it has become a topic of increasing concern in Swiss politics. Sustainable development has an assured future. Impressive actions have been taken in Switzerland in the state and nongovernmental sectors. Then there are many other projects which, while not specifically falling under the heading of sustainable development, can certainly be classified as such because of their multi-dimensional character. However, successes achieved to date are no reason to rest on our laurels. In coming years, the same efforts must be pursued tenaciously. What is important here is for goals to be set and action taken which point in the right direction at every level and in every sector. When it comes to sustainable development, there is no point in waiting for a major and all-embracing breakthrough. Sustainable development is a process that is made up of a great many small steps. Strong environmental protection, a powerful economy and a society pervaded by the spirit of solidarity are the best foundation on which it can prosper. Efforts made at Federal, cantonal and local authority level in the economic and scientific fields and the action of environmental and development organizations are all-important steps, which will together enable Switzerland to progress towards sustainable development and so take a viable route into the future.


A philosophical and theological reflection on the damage that nature inflicts upon the world's inhabitants seems like a logical inclusion for a journal issue devoted to the environment. If we want to think about how humanity has been molded by its relationship with the environment, then one of the greatest topics of investigation ought to be natural evil. Indeed, natural evil or the suffering that afflicts people at nature's "hands" and ranges from hurricanes, earthquakes, and famines to cancer, illness, and other forms of biological harm, has shaped and vexed humanity throughout history. The record of these impingements surfaces in the earliest literature, and it continues to trouble theologians from all of the world's religious traditions. Complicating our reflection is the fact that the changing understanding of nature and how it operates has over time altered how humans have thought about the issues that natural evils raise. Since human thinking about the problem of evil has developed over time, this essay will first explore the problem of natural evil prior to the rise of science. The essay then examines how the rise of science generated new understandings of nature, optimism about the natural world, confidence in human abilities to control nature, and sanguinity about nature's ability to testify to God's existence. This confidence remained short-lived when an earthquake in Lisbon in 1755 ruined optimism. In exploring the back and forth between the philosophes of Voltaire (1694-1778) and Rousseau (1712-1778) over the quake, the essay suggests some "fault lines" in modern thinking about natural evil, particularly with the idea that natural and moral evils are easily separated. These fault lines lead to a final section where nine suggestions are offered to help Christian theory and praxis find a modus viviendi.


Abstract Agricultural education in England is at a crossroads. In line with Government policy to make public-sector service provision more responsive to market forces, the county agricultural colleges were made independent corporations on April 1st 1993. This change in status has coincided with substantial changes in the market that they have traditionally served - the school-leaver seeking to make a career in farming or horticulture. This article describes these changes and considers the main strategic options open to the agricultural colleges at this time in the light of results from a recently-completed survey exploring the use of vocational education/training provision by the rural population as a whole. It concludes that there is scope for the transformation of some agricultural colleges into Rural Business Centres providing vocational education, training and a range of related services to rural business and the rural population as a whole.


The present invention relates to a method and a device for user equipment selection in a wireless communication system. The method for user equipment selection in a wireless communication system comprises a step of selecting (n-1)^th user equipment from multiple cells; and a step of selecting user equipment having the greatest weighted sum rate (WSR) from the pieces of the user equipment included in the cells except for a cell including the n^th and (n-1)^th user equipment as n^th user equipment (n represents a constant, n>=2). The present invention can improve the overall yield of a system by selecting appropriate user equipment through scheduling; by providing additional benefits in comparison with a beam formation method; by additionally decreasing inter-cell interference; and by increasing the size of a signal to a desired equipment. [Reference numerals] (310) Select a (n-1)^th user terminal from a plurality of cells; (320) Calculate a weight sum rate (WSR) of each terminal from the rest of the cells except the cell including the first or (n-1)^th user terminal; (330) Maximum WSR <= WSR of the (n-1)^th user terminal; (340) Select the terminal having the maximum WSR as an n^th user terminal; (350) N is the same as the entire number of cells?; (370) Stop to select the user terminal


Hyperspectral imagery classification is a challenging problem. Wherein, the high number of spectral channels and the high cost of true sample labeling greatly reduce the classification precision. In this paper, we proposed a semi-supervised method, which combine linear discriminant analysis and manifold learning, to improve the precision of hyperspectral imagery classification. Experimental results showed that new method had provided considerable insight on the band extraction problem and the new features were good for land-cover classification. Copyright © 2013 IFSA.


to understand the poachers' mode of operation. This information is not only relevant to criminal investigations but also to quantification of the impact of poaching on vicuña population dynamics and structure. Crime scene investigation uses techniques from various disciplines, including population ecology, anatomy, criminalistics and population genetics. Genotyping of individual carcasses found at a crime scene facilitates tracking of the origin of pelts seized from the blackmarket. There is still a need, however, to develop standardized protocols for forensic entomology and taphonomy, for determining the cause of and time since death. The study of vicuña carcasses with crime scene investigation techniques was discussed at the XVIII Reunión Técnica del Convenio de la Vicuña held in Chile on the  September , at which international delegates promised full cooperation and support to control poaching. Delegates also pledged to participate in the crime scene investigation workshops that will be led by Chilean officials trained in crime scene investigation techniques. This will be the first time that such strategies, protocols and international cooperation have been implemented in Latin America, where wildlife forensic science is still in its infancy.


Objective Multi-angle,a full range of high-quality cares are applied to the surgical patients with the concept of holistic health care in hospitals of Hong Kong.Methods High-quality cares were used during the perioperative period with the concept of holistic nursing care in the operating room by optimizing the quality of care management mechanism,improving the guidelines and service processes,emphasizing on the assessment of surgical patients and preoperative and postoperative visits process.Results The satisfaction in the operating room increased from 87.1% to 98.7%,and the incidence of adverse events decreased from 0.12% to 0.03% in the same period after the high-quality holistic care activities were carried out.Conclusion The quality of care management and service quality are improved,and the care safety is protected,and as a result the surgical patients are more satisfied with nursing care after using holistic health care concept.


Aims and Objectives: To determine the frequency and common site of fungal infection in biopsies of oral mucosal lesions and also to detect the lesions most likely to be infected with fungal infection. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients with oral mucosal lesions were advised routine hematological examination followed by incisional biopsy under local anesthesia. The specimen were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed. One section from the specimen was stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining for histopathological diagnosis of the lesion and a second section was stained with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain for detection of fungal infection. Results: Out of the 100 patients, the most common mucosal lesion encountered was carcinoma (56%) followed by lesions with dysplastic changes (28%), benign lesions (9%), squamous papilloma (2%) and oral submucous fibrosis (5%). The most common anatomic location affected by the mucosal lesions were buccal mucosa, followed by the tongue, gingiva, maxillary tuberosity and floor of the mouth with values of 73%, 16%, 6%, 4% and 1%, respectively. Squamous papilloma had the highest positive association with fungal infection (100%) followed by lesions with dysplastic changes (17.9%) and carcinoma (8.9%). The maximum fungal positive association was encountered in the mucosal lesions over the tongue (18.7%) followed by the buccal mucosa (12.3%). Conclusion: There is statistically significant association of fungal infection with dysplastic lesions and papilloma with the tongue and buccal mucosa as the most common sites. Hence a PAS stain should be performed whenever epithelial dysplasia on the tongue and buccal mucosa is diagnosed.


Class AB amplifier stages are commonly used to conserve power in radio transmitters. In this paper, a Class AB amplifier stage is investigated for use in radio receivers to reduce power consumption. In this, a novel superlinear three-terminal transistor consisting of an NMOS transistor in parallel with a PMOS transistor is used to improve Class AB linearity to a level approaching Class A performance. Optimum transistor bias conditions for the linearized Class AB receiver stage are also presented. Measured and simulated results at 1 GHz show supply current reduction of approximately 40 percent and 4 dB improvement in third order intercept point using linearization. Finally, simulations of an improved Class AB design show third order output intercept better than a corresponding Class A stage and show more than 50 percent reduction in power consumption.


The study of cell-mediated immune responses has been facilitated by the development of model systems such as unidirectional mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) (Cerottini & Brunner 1974, Hayry et al. 1972, Wagner et al. 1973) which permit manipulation of the reacting cells in vitro. In most instances, the MLC is characterized by cell proliferation culminating in the development of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) reactive toward the immunizing antigen. While antigenic stimulation induces cional expansion of reactive lymphocytes, the magnitude of the response is regulated by circuits of interacting T cell subsets exhibiting specific and/or non-specific helper or suppressor functions. Some of these interactions are mediated by soluble factors, others involve the expression of certain membrane proteins at the cell surface. Humoral responses are also characterized by the involvement of different cellular subsets which play diverse and highly specialized roles. Efforts to dissect the immune response and to characterize the nature of


In order to provide theoretical guidance to the design of a selective crushing separation and crushing device for coal and coal rejects,a discrete element method was applied to study the influence factors of the coal reject impact crushing speed.Taking the material compressive measurement as check basis,an impact crushing discrete element model of a single particle coal reject was established.A single particle impact crushing test was conducted on the self made impact testing rig and the correctness of the discrete element model was verified.The discrete element model established was applied to study the coal rejects material parameters and the cylindrical crushing bar radius to the influence law of the coal rejects impact crushing speed.The study results showed that with the compressive strength of the material increased,the coal rejects impact crushing speed would be increased in linear,with the elastic modulus and density increased,the power function form of the coal rejects impact crushing speed would be reduced.The smaller radius of the cylindrical crushing bar,the more favorable the selective crushing separation of the coal and coal rejects with certain different compressive strengths would be.


Including partitions set formed therein by a set of ridges (ridge) wafer structure, which provides a single wafer structure suitable are, on the base tray, an inner surface, or formed therein for manipulating both the wafer and film frame the base tray; Curable material in a fluid-permeable partition disposed in the compartment set in the base tray; And it comprises a set of openings formed in the inner surface of the base tray, and the hardened portion defined by a set of the opening material is exposed to a negative pressure or positive pressure. It said base tray has a first ceramic material (e.g., magnetic (porcelain)) and wherein the curable material the compartment comprises a second ceramic material. The base tray and the compartment material is a standard machine may be simultaneously machined by the machining, so that the base tray and is flattened by the exposed outer surface with the same speed (rate) of the compartment cured material of high planarity or polar to form a wafer structure of planarity.


This work presents an operational analysis of the terminals of the Port of Rio Grande, carried through the technique of Simulation, with the software "Arena". In accordance with the data of movement of ships, relative to the years of 2004, 2005 and 2006, supplied for the Supervision of the Port of Rio Grande, had analyzed the intervals between the arrivals of ships, and the times of each attendance, with intention to represent these data through definitive distribution statistics. Specifically, for the Tecon terminal, monthly analyses of the processes of arrived and attendance had been carried through, with the purpose esteem the demand for the next years, therefore this terminal will start to operate with plus a cradle of mooring. For each simulation, the program "Arena" supplied innumerable resulted, between them, the index of congestion.


Based on the conservation of electromagnetic energy, a theoretical model of equating the electromagnetic anisotropic medium to the electromagnetic isotropic medium is established. The correctness of this proposed model is verified, and how to use the model is presented. The equivalent permittivity of an anisotropic medium cylinder is researched by using the proposed model. It is found that the equivalent permittivity increases with the increase of the volume of the cylinder, and the electromagnetic mechanism of this phenomenon is presented. The analytical expression of the scattered field of an anisotropic cylinder being irradiated by a plane electromagnetic wave with a general direction is studied. It is found that the geometrical size of the finite length and the angle between the electromagnetic wave propagation direction and the symmetry axis of the cylinder have a great effect on the scattering of the anisotropic medium cylinder.


Water cut rapid growth is characteristic for horizontal wells on the oil fields with active aquifer, gas cap and high-scale of section compartmentalization. Inflow control device (ICD) technology is a solution of this problem. ICD is a device for water restriction from formation. They are installed along horizontal well section and each other is intercepted with external casing packer. Fluid-movement profile along horizontal well section is equalized. As a result, waterless time is increased and recovery factor is increased.


Historically, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have caused large, deadly, and expensive multi-national outbreaks. Often outbreak investigations aim to identify who infected whom by reconstructing the outbreak transmission tree, which visualizes transmission between individuals as a network with nodes representing individuals and branches representing transmission from person to person. We compiled a database of 383 published, standardized transmission trees consisting of 16 directly-transmitted diseases ranging in size from 2 to 286 cases. For each tree and disease we calculated several key statistics, such as outbreak size, average number of secondary infections, the dispersion parameter, and the number of superspreaders. We demonstrated the potential utility of the database through short analyses addressing questions about superspreader epidemiology for a variety of diseases, including COVID-19. First, we compared the frequency and contribution of superspreaders to onward transmission across diseases. COVID-19 outbreaks had significantly fewer superspreaders than outbreaks of SARS and MERS and a dispersion parameter between that of SARS and MERS. Across diseases the presence of more superspreaders was associated with greater outbreak size. Second, we further examined how early spread impacts tree size. Generally, trees sparked by a superspreader had larger outbreak sizes than those trees not sparked by a superspreader, and this trend was significant for COVID-19 trees. Third, we investigated patterns in how superspreaders are infected. Across trees with more than one superspreader, we found support for the theory that superspreaders generate other superspreaders, even when controlling for number of secondary infections. In sum, our findings put the role of superspreading to COVID-19 transmission in perspective with that of SARS and MERS and suggest an avenue for further research on the generation of superspreaders. These data have been made openly available to encourage reuse and further scientific inquiry.


William R. Ramsay pioneered in the field of experiential learning and worked closely with student interns and the other associated universities and businesses involved through his interest and work experience. From 1955 to 1967, Ramsay was employed with the Oak Ridge Associated University who administered a wide variety of educational and research programs under a direct contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Under this program, the Resource Development Office was established to explore creative ways of combining educational, industrial, governmental and other resources for social and economic development and Ramsay served as its Director from 1967 to 1970. This office was responsible for the Training and Technology Manpower Training Project, student internships in development, and other activities related to the social and economic needs and potentialities of the region and nation. This collection represents the training and work of the interns as well as the work going on around the nation by governments involved in the upgrading of American society.


Since the permutation problem exists in frequency domain blind separation of speech signals,a method based on the amplitude correlation of adjacent frequency points and DOA estimation are proposed for solving the problem.The blind separation of the convolution mixing speech signals is implemented by the optimization and conbination of a set of preprocessing method(whitening),independent component analysis and post-processing algorithm.Simulation results with real recording speech signals show that the signal interference of the recovered signals can be increased by 13 dB than before.It proves the validity of the proposed method.


Thus far france is the only member state of the European Economic Community (EEC) to sound the alarm about the ongoing decline in the birthrate. Although Frances birthrate at about 1.8/woman is relatively high compared with other EEC countries the problem of the falling birthrate is an important subject of public debate both by politicians and in the press. In 1983 the French President announced that the falling birthrate would be one of the governments major priorities during the coming year. A minister who is specifically responsible for population questions was appointed. A 1983 public opinion poll showed that 59% of 1000 people thought that the birthrate was insufficient while 54% thought the declining birthrate would diminish French influence in the world. France is an exception to general European indifference toward population problems because of her history. Until 1800 France with a population of about 28 million was demographically one of the 3 largest countries in the Western world and the dominant continental power in Europe. Yet between the Battle of Waterloo and the outbreak of World War II there was both political and demographic decline. French commentators believed that the rise of Germany proved that political power was critically dependent on demographic weight. As the US demonstrated in 1917 and again in 1944 it is industrial strength rather than crude manpower that determines the outcome of modern wars. The government evidently sees a direct correlation between the decline of the West and the population shift to the 3rd World. In this respect the present French government conforms to a European pattern. What makes the French case unique is that the immigration controls are insufficient. Only the introduction of a comprehensive "politique familiale" leading to a rise in the native birthrate can protect France from demographic and political eclipse. But no firm evidence exists that government efforts to raise the birthrate have ever succeeded. If repressive measures to raise the birthrate have failed controversy continues over whether other incentive-based social policies can stimulate population growth. It has been repeatedly declared that all the government is trying to do is create a "favorable environment for family life." The social welfare system of the EEC countries will be under great pressure if the birthrate in western Europe continues to decline at its present fast rate.


Due to the decentralized nature and emergence of new practices, tools, and platforms, microservices have become one of the most widely spread software architectures in the modern software industry. Furthermore, the advancement of software packaging tools like Docker and orchestration platforms such as Kubernetes enable developers and operation engineers to deploy and manage microservice applications more effectively and efficiently. However, establishing and managing microservice applications are still cumbersome due to the infrastructure configuration and array of disjoint tools that fail to understand the application's dynamic behavior. As a result, developers need to configure multiple tools and platforms to automate the deployment and monitoring process to provide the optimal deployment strategy for microservices. Even though many tools are available in the industry, the fully automated product which comprises deployment, monitoring, resiliency evaluation and optimization were not developed yet. In response to this issue, we propose an artificial intelligence (AI)-based centralized resource management tool, that provides an automated low latency container management, cluster metrics gathering, resiliency evaluation and optimal deployment strategy behave in dynamic nature.


The topic of anti-aging science has been discussed widely from ancient time to nowadays. Many people are interested in anti-aging, from ancient emperors to ordinary middle aged women. Some people may argue that anti-aging is a positive attitude that they want to stay young. It is understandable if people argue that they would like to stay healthy, but, when they are discussing the methods to stay young, they may have recognized aging as an illness and have devalued aging. The very important thing that we should know is aging is natural process not an illness and we cannot avoid it.


In the millennial era an innovative and creative learning media is needed by utilizing technology that can improve the quality of student learning in abstract algebra lectures. One of them is by using Screencast O-Matic (SOM) software application. SOM is software that is generally used for making tutorial videos to explain or explain learning material.The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of SOM in abstract algebra learning in terms of student activity and completeness of student learning outcomes. The subjects of this study were the 5th semester students of the 5th semester Mathematics education program at STKIP Bangkalan PGRI who were participating in the Abstract Algebra course. 35 students. This type of research is quantitative descriptive, with the research instruments being the observation sheet of student activities and learning outcomes test questions. The results of this study are the use of Screencast O-matic software media in learning abstract algebra courses said to be effective based on indicators of effectiveness consisting of effective student activities and student learning outcomes completed in a classical manner.


Simple Summary Testing for a homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in primary high-grade ovarian cancer is crucial for recommending the appropriate therapy. Patients with a BRCA germline mutation are defined as harboring an HRD deficiency. However, there is a group of approximately 20% of patients without a BRCA mutation which harbor an HRD deficiency based on tumor genomic analyses. In the current research, we wanted to share the experience of a high-volume tertiary cancer center with implementing central HRD testing—in another institution—to reduce doubts about logistic issues and to the highlight critical aspects that hinder HRD testing. We showed that the results of HRD testing became available in a timely manner for the therapy decision. However, it was important to obtain as much tumor tissue as possible during the first diagnosis—before any other intervention—as the tumor quantity and quality were critical for HRD testing. Additional BRCA germline testing further reduced the failures of HRD testing and should additionally be routinely conducted. Abstract The chemotherapy backbone for patients with high-grade advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (HG-AOC) is carboplatin and paclitaxel followed by a maintenance therapy either with bevacizumab, with a PARP inhibitor, or with a combination of both, which is defined by the presence of a homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) and by the BRCA1/2 status. This study included patients with a primary diagnosis of HG-AOC treated between December 2019 and December 2021. The HRD status was measured using the Myriad myChoice® test on all the patients with an indication for tumor HRD testing. Germline testing was conducted on all the patients using the TruRisk® panel as recommended by the national guidelines. HRD testing was requested for 190 patients, and, for 163 patients (85.8%), an HRD test result was available. An HRD test result could not be reported in 27 patients due to an insufficient tumor yield. The median time that it took to receive the HRD test results was 37 days (range of 8–97). In total, an HRD was present in 44.7% (73/163) of the patients based on a GIS ≥ 42 in 42.9% of the patients and based on a tumor BRCA1/2 mutation in 3 cases (all with a GIS < 42). The germline testing results were available for 148 patients, and, in 18 patients (12.2%), a deleterious germline mutation was detected. Of the 27 patients without sufficient HRD testing, BRCA1/2 germline testing results were available for 19 patients (70.4%), and a deleterious germline mutation was detected in 2 patients (7.4%). The implementation of HRD testing is feasible, and the results become available for treatment decisions in a timely manner for most patients. The prerequisite for HRD testing with the Myriad myChoice® test is a sufficient amount of tumor tissue. The cotesting of HRD and BRCA1/2 germline testing should be aimed for in order to enable optimal and timely treatment decisions on maintenance therapy as well as to test patients on whom the HRD test will not be evaluable.


We present VLT-FORS2 optical (5700–9400 A) spectroscopy of close ($r α , Ca II triplet) in the spectra of the companions. Our observations strongly suggest that the companions are physically associated pre-main-sequence stars. The spectral type derived for the companions is K5Ve for HD 144432 B, F9Ve for HD 150193 B, and G6Ve for KK Oph B. S CrA A and B were observed simultaneously. The spatially resolved spectra indicate that S CrA A (primary, north) is a G star and that S CrA B (secondary, south) is a K star. Using photometry from the literature and estimations of the  R and I  magnitude derived from the spectra, we localized primaries and companions in the HR diagram, derived their masses and assuming coevality constrained the age of the systems. KK Oph B (7 Myr) and S CrA B (2 Myr) are actively accreting T Tauri stars and are very likely surrounded by disks. HD 150193 B (10 Myr) and HD 144432 B (8 Myr) are weak-line T Tauri stars. Three of the four systems studied (HD 144432, HD 150193, KK Oph) have ages >7 Myr. These systems retained their disks for a longer time than typical of a young star. Our results suggest that binarity may be a key issue in understanding the lifetime of disks.


The Southern Exodus to Mexico: Migration across the Borderlands after the American Civil War . Borderlands and Transcultural Studies Series. By Todd W. Wahlstrom . (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015. xxix + 190 pp. Illustrations, map, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $55.00, CAN$68.95, £36.00.)

Todd W. Wahlstrom's The Southern Exodus to Mexico is a novel effort to rethink the historical role played by Southern migrants who exited the United States for Mexico following the Civil War. Until now, the historiography has held that when Southern exiles went to Mexico and curried the favor of Maximillian—the French emperor in Mexico—they simply sought to recast parts of Veracruz as a new South, but Wahlstrom pushes back against this view. While that first wave of migrants did indeed include many Confederates-cum-royalists who courted the transplanted Hapsburgs …

jnichols{at}qcc.cuny.edu


Cognitive impairments (CI) as one of the symptoms of the nervous system are often found in various states of deficit and dismetabolism. There is good evidence that CI is one of the main manifestations of developing encephalopathy in chronic liver disease, kidney disease, diabetes. At deficiency of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B 12 ) and folic acid, hyperhomocysteinemia is observed in cognitive decline up to the development of dementia. The features of the CI in alcoholic lesion of the central nervous system are also discussed. The possible mechanisms of neuronal damage in the brain and dismetabolic of deficit states. The results of randomized clinical studies examining the efficacy of vitamins in patients with CI. Special attention is given to Berocca vitamins and minerals.


Abstract We provide an explicit expression for the quantile of a mixture of two random variables. The result is useful for finding bounds on the Value-at-Risk of risky portfolios when only partial dependence information is available. This paper complements the work of [4].


Aim:  To describe gut colonization in preterm infants using standard culture and 16S gene rRNA profiling, exploring differences in healthy infants and those who developed NEC/late onset sepsis (LOS).


Optical diffuse reflectance sensing is a potential approach for rapid and reliable on-site estimation of soil properties. One issue with this sensing approach is whether additional calibration is necessary when the sensor is applied under conditions (e.g., soil types or ambient conditions) different from those used to generate an initial calibration, and if so, how many sample points are required in this additional calibration. In this study, these issues were addressed using data from 10 fields from 5 states in the north-central USA. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to develop calibrations between soil properties and reflectance spectra. Model evaluation was based on coefficient of determination (R2) and RPD, the ratio of standard deviation to RMSEP. When sample data from a field in question were included in the calibration stage (full information calibration), RPD values of prediction models were increased by 0.16 to 1.78 for profile data and 0.02 to 1.58 for surface soil data, compared with results from calibration models not including data from the test field (calibration without field-specific information). Including some samples from the test field (hybrid calibration) generally increased RPD by 0.7 to 1.5 with 6 to 15 sample points, with little further improvement given additional points. Using test field points as a bias adjustment (two-stage calibration) increased RPD by 0.1 to 0.2 with 2 to 3 sample points for profile data, and by 0.3 to 0.7 with 5 to 7 sample points for surface data. These results provide guidance on sampling and calibration requirements for NIR soil property estimation.


SR124, NAS5-21797 "M 111 #mible Ulder NASA sponsorship in the Interest bf early and wide disPRESENTED: semination of Earth Resources Slrvey' Program information and with.ut hal,ility COMMENTS BY, Dr. Richard Economy for any use made thereof." General Electric Co. Valley Forge, Pa. The analysis reported here is from the ERTS 1018-18010 scene, a 9.5" color transperancy with MSS bands 4, 5 and 7 received a few days ago. ,TIhe analysis on the GEMS was done during half-a-day on the system with some real-time communication with the Test Site Coordinator, Mr. Jene McKnight, of the county of Los Angeles Regional Planning Commission over long distance phone. A color print of the scene was made available to Mr. McKnight whose visual observations and comments helped in selecting and analysing the topics and areas selected to report here. He was very impressed with the imagery even though it is not as sharp as the ko6nteray scene print he had seen earlier. His detailed comment will be relayed in the next bi-monthly report. ,


and in modernizing an already existing one. Particular attention is paid to it when building multicomputer systems or clusters. The most interesting ways to increase fault tolerance is to use the topological structure of the system to bypass the malfunction and use one or another element of the system to replace the faulty. Of course, this requires the development of a specific topology. The article deals with the development of fault-tolerant versions of popular topologies, such as quasiquantum and hypercube, based on the excess code 0/1 /-1.
Target setting. An important part of any multicomputer system or cluster is its topological structure. This structure defines the routing of messages in the system, speed of message transmission, and level of fault-tolerance of a system. The article proposes a method for increasing fault-tolerance based on the use of excess code.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Synthesis of topologies such as the hypercube or the de Bruin topology is well studied and described now, there are papers consider methods for increasing the fault-tolerance that based on usage of additional
nodes that duplicate current nodes. Other papers consider using a tree-based routing to improve fault-tolerance of the system.
Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Now the possibilities of using excess code 0/1/-1 for creating new fault-tolerant topologies based on existing synthesis methods are unconsidered.
The research objective. The task is to describe the synthesis of fault tolerant topologies, the consideration of the possibilities of using their features and the analysis of the main characteristics in comparison with each other and with classic versions based on binary code.
The statement of basic materials. The synthesis of hypercube and de Bruin topology is described on the basis of the usual binary code and the redundant code 0/1 / -1, the possibilities of using redundancy are considered, first of all, to increase the fault-tolerance, a comparative analysis of all of these topologies is carried out.
Conclusions. The analysis of characteristics is performed, the main advantages and disadvantages of the proposed topological structures are highlighted, suggestions for their improvement are made.


Thermal rollover phenomenon in narow stripe 780-nm AlGaAs laser diodes with window-mirror structure has been observed. It occurs around 460 mW at room temperature. The stable lateral mode operation up to 350 mW has been also realized. This is the first time observation of thermal rollover and the highest power record among the narrow shipe LDs with the wavelength of 780 nm. This LD is suitable for the next generation high speed (a8x-) CD-R/RW drives necessitating 250 mW class LDs. Introduction A recordable or rewritable optical disk system is a promising external memory for PCs. CD-R/RW drives with 650 MB capacity have been already widely spreading, and writing speed of the drive is the most important interest for PC users, because they tend to handle a lot of information such as pictures of digital still camera. [ligh-power, high-efficiency 780-nm LDs are strongly required for the CD-R/RW drives to increase the writing speed. A shorter pulse width of recording signal with higher laser output power enables higher writing speed. The required power is expressed as an experimental rule, which is proportional to the square root of writing speed tll. The drives with writing speed of 48 x require the output power in excess of 250 mW. We have reported the L60 mW class 780-nm LDs with window-mirror structure for CD-R/RW IZ,3l. In this paper, we demonstrate a high-power (over 350 mW) single-lateral-mode operation,and a therrral rollover around 460 mW of 780-nm LD by improvement of window-mirror region. Laser Structure A schematic drawing of this LD is shown in Fig. L. This LD has a real-refractive-index waveguide inner stripe structure for high efEciency operation. The maximum output power of LD, consisting of AlGaAs based material, is limited by catastrophic optical damage (COD). In order to improve the COD level, we have adopted a window-mirror structure at facets. The window-mirror structure was formed by impurity-induced disordering of DQW active Iayer. To disorder the DQW active layer, Si was selectively implantatied at window-mirror region. Irngth Thermal Rollover around 460-mW Observation in Single-Lateral Mode 780-nrn Laser Diodes with Window-Mirror Structure Tetsuya Yagi, Yoshihisa Tashiro, Yuji Ohkurd, Shinji Abe, Harumi Nishiguchi, and Yasuo Mitsui High Frequency & Optical Semiconductor Division, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 4-1., Mizuhara,Itami, Hyogo, 664-864L, Japan Phone: +8L-727-80-2523 Fax: +8L-727-80-2663 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com of the region is 20 pm. If the leakage current comes into the window-minor region, it may cause the facet degradation. Therefore we have adopted proton implantation technique with high dose density in order to avoid the current leakage at the window-miror region. The cavity length of the LD including the window-mirror region is 900 pm. The front and rear facets are coated to be $Vo and 90To, respectively. The LD chip is mounted on a heat sink with a junction-down configuration.


Based on brake control model in ADVISOR,a new model in which the braking share of every braking force varies on the braking deceleration was built from the dynamical standpoint for using ADVISOR to analyze recovery capacity of braking energy of the regenerative braking system which satisfies the braking stability in the electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).The simulation results show that the model developed can effectively extend the application scope of ADVISOR and bring convenience to evaluate the regenerative braking system in EV and HEV.


Objective: To develop a CT image-based deep learning framework (3D-ResNet) as a new technology for the early warning of active and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods: Chest CT images of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (n=1,160) and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (n=1,131) diagnosed via bacteriological examination were retrospectively collected to analyze differences between the clinical and imaging presentations of the two diseases. Lung field regions were presegmented by using a 3D Nested UNet model, and a 3D-ResNet model was developed for training the classification model. The data were randomly grouped at a ratio of 7:2:1 for training, validation and testing. Area under the curve (AUC), accuracy (ACC), recall and F1 scores were used as model evaluation metrics, and class activation mapping were used to evaluate the activation regions of interest.Results: Patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were older than those with secondary pulmonary tuberculosis. Additionally, patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were observed to cough more, and patients with secondary pulmonary tuberculosis experienced more chest pain. The differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). The AUC values of the model on the validation and test datasets were 0.948 and 0.945, respectively, with ACC values being 0.973 and 0.969, Recall values being 0.941 and 0.949 and F1 scores being 0.977 and 0.969, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 3D-ResNet can be used as a rapid auxiliary diagnostic tool for differentiating active pulmonary tuberculosis and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis, which can help patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in receiving timely treatment, in reducing transmission and in avoiding overtreatment. Additionally, this tool can aid secondary pulmonary tuberculosis patients who are misdiagnosed as having active pulmonary tuberculosis.


1. Practice doing pharyngoplasty closures in standard TORS improves suturing skills. 2. The v-lock is useful in areas where it is difficult to tie knots. 3. Performing the inset prior to microvascular anastomosis reduces swelling and bleeding which will obstruct vision. 4. Only introducing part (50%) of the flap to the defect for the first half of the inset improves access. 5. 3 stay sutures placed before the flap is introduced in the most difficult locations (placed robotically) is helpful in challenging insets.


In our study we only described a case regarding one single patient. Our study was not a systematic review on hemangioma therapy. According to the title (Infantile facial haemangioma and subclinical left ventricular dysfunction: the importance of Z score in the diagnostic and therapeutic process) we focused our discussion on the management of the patient, paying attention to the Z score as the most important index to assess the efficacy of the treatment that was initiated. When we described the medical therapy we described what could be done back in February 2008.


Six isolates of Phomopsis azadirachtae infecting neem collected from different districts of Karnataka State, South India were characterized based on cultural characteristics and their protein profile. Isolates varied significantly in colony colour, growth pattern and sporulation behaviour on potato dextrose agar medium. Mycelial proteins of these isolates exhibited significant variation in their electrophoretic pattern. The isolates from northern Karnataka shared close similarities among themselves in their protein profiles and differed with the isolates from southern Karnataka.


The article analyses the modern approaches to the accounting of cases considered by courts of the Russian Federation. Overloading with cases and large amounts of information confirm the need to introduce modern technologies into the processing, analysis, and use of data. The authors propose the implementation of blockchain technology in a system of records that will allow of using information quickly and by significantly larger number of people. As a confirmation of the positive experience of implementing this technology into the accounting system, the authors note the experience of foreign countries, such as Ukraine, Sweden, Estonia, Japan etc. The authors suggest the ways to introduce the blockchain technology into the existing system of information processing and storage, and pay attention to the related issues that require a solution for the most effective development of the blockchain technology.


The main purpose of this paper is to show that zero symmetric prime near-rings, satisfying certain identities on n-derivations, are commutative rings.


The design of a tunable resonant cavity optical filter based on variable near-field coupling between nanostructured gratings is presented. The study shows that as the functionality of the device depends primarily on lateral rather than longitudinal movement of the nanostructured gratings with respect to each other, an optical filter based on this approach could benefit from implementation using MEMS technology.


Abstract Treatment of the rat C6 glioma cell line with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) resulted in an accumulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in mRNA level. The increase of cPLA2 in mRNA level was observed at 6 hours after treatment of IL-1β and reached to the maximal level at 12 hours. The accumulation also remained sustained for up to 72 hours. Dose response curve of IL-1β showed that as little as 40 units/ml concentration induced the accumulation of mRNA and 100 units/ml concentration showed the maximal effect. In contrast, cyclooxygenase 2 gene was not affected with treatment of IL-1β.


High-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are essential for future data communications with high speed, low cost, and low power consumptions. For exceeding intrinsic modulation bandwidth of VCSELs limited by the relaxation oscillation frequency, manipulation of electron spin polarizations in VCSELs has been attracting attention in recent years. In this study, we theoretically and experimentally investigate modulation characteristics of 1.55-m VCSELs under the spin polarization modulation to obtaining tailored modulation characteristics suitable for high-speed data communications. Spin-flip rate equation analyses reveal that a short spin relaxation time is suitable for a flat modulation response under the spin polarization modulation, and a 100-Gb/s operation is expected in InAlGaAs quantum well (QW) VCSELs with a spin relaxation time of 10 ps, linear birefringence of 100 GHz, and dichroism of 50 GHz. A wide 3-dB bandwidth of 23 GHz determined by a frequency split between two orthogonal polarization modes (~19.4 GHz) is experimentally confirmed under optical spin polarization modulations by using a commercially-available InAlGaAs QW VCSEL whose relaxation oscillation frequency is ~3 GHz. These results support the idea that the ultrahigh- speed optical signal generation is available at the telecom wavelength of 1.55 m by applying the spin polarization modulation to VCSELs. Additionally, a modulation format conversion technique for output lights from the polarization modulation to phase modulation by using a polarizer is suggested and confirmed by the spin-flip rate equation analyses.


The Heletz structure has been selected as a test site for a prospective CO2 reservoir and for the MUSTANG European project injection experiment based on the analysis of the available geological, geophysical and borehole data from various areas of Israel. The Heletz area is located in the Southern part of the Mediterranean Coastal Plain, about 7km from the sea shore. The target layer is composed of sandstone, has a thickness of ∼20 meters and is located at a depth of ∼1500 m.


We begin this exposition by looking back at two key developments: (i) reduction of the Shannon problem to the Hamming problem, and (ii) reduction of the Hamming problem to the Riemann problem. During the late 1940's, Shannon and Hamming developed two diierent approaches for coding discrete information in the presence of noise. Shannon proposed a general model for a noisy channel, in which distortions are described by the conditional probabilities of the transformation of one word into another. He proved an important coding theorem on the possibility of transmitting information in such a way that the probability of error tends to zero as the word length increases. Unfortunately, the statistical description of the channel does not indicate how to construct optimal codes. Therefore, the problem of constructing such codes in Shannon's model has not been accomplished in practice. However, beginning with the very simple parity checks already used in the rst computers, Hamming arrived at the idea of error-correcting codes. He proposed a geometrical model in which distortions are described by the distance between words, deened as the number of symbols by which the words diier from each other. The problem of constructing an optimal code in this model reduces to that of the densest possible packing of spheres. To solve this problem, a variety of methods were applied from logic, combinatorics, number theory, algebra, geometry, and topology. The concept of a code associated with an algebraic curve gradually crystallized, and Riemann-Roch theorem became the basic computational tool. The problem of constructing good codes was thus reduced to the analysis of algebraic curves 1]. Why AG codes? There exist several important classes of linear codes, which have been extensively studied. A linear code of nite length can be deened as the null space of a parity matrix H. A linear code with length n over F q is a linear subspace of F q n. The notation n,k,d] is commonly used to represent a code of length n with dimension k and minimum distance d. For such a code, the information rate and the relative minimum distance rate, are given by R = k=n and = d=n respectively. A sequence of linear codes fC m g 1 m=1 = fn m ; k m ; d m ]g 1 m=1 over F q , such that the code length n m ! 1 when m ! 1, is said to …


Urethral trauma is relatively uncommon. It occurs more frequently in young males. Injuries to the a nterior urethra are typically caused by blunt trauma including 'straddle' injuries, athough penetrating injuries do occur. Posterior urethral injurines are usually due to pelvic fractures from automobile or industrial accidents and occur in 10% of patients with a pelvic fracture. In addition to reviewing the management options available in this group of innjuries and highlighting areas of controversy, this article offers clear advice on the initial management of these innjuries on presentation in the emergency department. Subsequent definitive management depends on a variety of factors: the nature and size of the urethral innjury the extent and priorities of treatment of any associated injuries, the availability of local expertise and equipment for dealing with injuries of this type and the management philosophy of the clinical teams involved.