A new land cover classification method is proposed which utilizes a three-layered feed forward neural network as the classifier and a co-occurrence matrix measured for land cover components as a feature. The land cover components are extracted by using a clustering method. As the result, the proposed method showed the best mean classification accuracy when 128 land cover components are used. And the classification accuracy is 3% higher than that of the conventional neural network classifier based on a co-occurrence matrix for gray levels.


Aims: To evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) among antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive HIV-infected male patients in China. Methods: We compared BMD between HIV-infected male patients and healthy controls. Risk factors of reduced BMD were studied using multivariable linear regression. Results: Reduced BMD rate of chronic HIV infection patients was higher. HIV infection was independently associated with decreased BMD after adjusting for demographic factors. Older age, lower BMI and men who have sex with men (MSM) were revealed as the risk factors of lower BMD in HIV-infected male patients. Conclusion: Reduced BMD rate of HIV-infected patients was high. Policies are needed for prevention and treatment.


S AND PRESENTATIONS: POSTERS: Passow, S., Sexton, M., Haynes, L.D., Osman, R., Stock, T., Mansfield, V. (2014, May). The Resilient Families Project @Hotel Louisville: Partnerships for Student Training/Professional Development and Program Enrichment. Paper presented at the Ideas to Action ("i2A") Institute's "Fostering a Community of Critical Thinking and Action" Annual Conference. Louisville, KY. Sexton, M., Pitts, T., Mattingly, R. (2018, January). Feeding Behavior in the Child with Posterior TongueTie: Characteristics and Comparison to Norms. Poster presented at the Kentucky Speech and Hearing Association Annual Conference. Lexington, KY.


Mathematical problem solving is a complex cognitive activity, which poses difficulties for students with and without disabilities in inclusive learning environments. With a variety of functions, Learning Management Systems (LMSs) have the potential to enhance personalized learning to meet the diverse needs of all students. This paper provides teachers guidance on using LMSs to implement evidence-based practices for math problem solving in an online learning environment. This paper introduced multiple functions commonly available in most LMSs, such as quiz, multimedia content editor, Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI), and learning analytics. Guidance is provided to teachers to leverage these features to maximize student learning experiences, such as engaging in multimedia learning activities, interacting with the teacher and peers, and receiving tailored feedback.


GETTING U.S. COMPANIES READY FOR EUROPE 1992 What CPAs should know to help their companies--or clients--plan for the integrated EC market. Europe is mounting a competitive challenge. In 1992, it will move closer to becoming a single market, larger in population than the United States and Japan combined. American industry cannot afford to ignore what is happening there and CPAs need to be informed about the changes the single market initiative (Europe 1992) will bring in order to help their companies or their clients deal with them. A single European market will affect the operations of U.S. exporters and investors. The United States and the European Community (EC) are each other's largest trading partners. U.S. exports to the EC increased more than 14% between 1988 and 1989, to $86.6 billion, and this trend is likely to continue. More than 23% of U.S. exports are destined for the EC and more than 20% of EC exports come to the United States. The EC accounts for almost 40% of all direct U.S. investment abroad ($126.5 billion in 1988); in addition to Japan, the top investors in the United States include the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, West Germany and France. BACKGROUND The EC began in 1957, when Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Rome, which called for the progressive removal of all tariff and nontariff barriers between the member states. By 1968, all tariff barriers within the EC had been eliminated and a common external trade policy established. Subsequently, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom joined, but little progress was made toward a fully integrated market. Then in 1985 a white paper, Completing the Internal Market, detailing over 300 internal trade barriers that existed between the member states, was published. In 1987, the white paper's legislative program was formally adopted in the Single European Act (SEA) by all 12 member states. The SEA set December 31, 1992, as the target date for removal of all remaining barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital and people among member states. The framework for conducting business in Europe will be overhauled completely. By 1992, about 60% of the changes necessary for the single market should be in place. Others, particularly in fiscal and social policies, will be phased in during the rest of the decade. Changes will occur in the areas of physical, technical and fiscal barriers. (See exhibit 1 on page 66 for an overview of the directives in each category.) When the barriers have been eliminated, the EC will be a unified market of 322 million people, offering many opportunities for U.S. companies to reap the rewards of an integrated market. However, new regulations could undermine U.S. exports to, and investments in, Europe. Companies that anticipate and respond to these regulations will be in the best positions to capitalize on opportunities in the new economic arena. The Europe 1992 legislative process is in the process of unfolding now and many directives that cover key issues for U.S. companies have already been adopted. ENACTING THE EUROPE 1992 DIRECTIVES The SEA created a "cooperation procedure" to enable the EC's governing bodies to enact directives related to the Europe 1992 process (see the sidebar on page 74). A directive, after being drafted by the Commission and revised as necessary by the various governing bodies, is sent to the Council of Ministers for a final vote. On most nontax legislation, it is adopted if a qualified majority (two-thirds, or 54 out of 76 votes) is reached. This system prevents the larger member states from imposing their wills on the entire EC. The individual member states then transform an adopted directive into national laws or regulations. Votes are distributed among the member states based on population. This arrangement gives France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom 10 votes each; Spain, 8 votes; Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and Portugal, 5 votes each; Denmark and Ireland, 3 each; and Luxembourg, 2. …


Objective: Research in P53 allele and genotype frequency distribution in patients with craniocerebral trauma;discussed its relationship with brain damage prognosis;to provide some parameters according for the prognosis of patients with brain damage.Methods: Selected patients with craniocerebral injury 141 cases,normal controls were 144 people;classified according to the GCS Glasgow grading method;inspected P53 alleles by PCR genotype assay;calculated the allele frequency by gene counting method;by Statistical analysis,the differences alleles or genotype frequency distribution between traumatic brain injuries group and normal control group are analyzed,also between the prognosis good group and bad group;and comprehensive analysis the influence on the prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injuries by several factors such as age,sex,patient GCS and P53 alleles.Results: P53 alleles and genotype frequency distribution shows no statistically significant difference(P0.05) between patients with craniocerebral trauma and normal controls.OR for alleles Arg relative to the Pro is 1.140;OR for genotype Arg/Pro or Arg/Arg relative to Pro/Pro is respectively 0.890 and 1.170.In 86 cases patients with severe brain injury(3≤GCS≤8),of 31 cases in good prognosis group and 55 cases in poor prognosis group;OR for the genotype non-Pro/Pro relative to Pro/Pro is 0.417,non-Arg/Pro relative to Arg/Pro is 0.419,non-Arg/Arg relative to Arg/Arg is 3.677.In all brain injury patients,the differences of patients age and gender between good prognosis group and poor prognosis group were not statistically significant(P0.05);The differences of GCS and P53 alleles were statistically significant(P0.01).Conclusion: Alleles Arg or genotype Arg/Arg is increasing brain trauma and risk of poor prognosis.The prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injuries has no relationship with age or sex;closely related with GCS,P53 gene.


The invention provides ease variants, comprise the compositions of ease variants and use the method for this ease variants and compositions.


Background: Vitamin D has direct and indirect effects on the proliferation, differentiation, and function of immune cells. In this regard, associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentration and levels of inflammatory markers, but not white blood cell (WBC) subtype counts, have been previously investigated. Therefore, we investigated associations between various WBC subtype counts and serum 25(OH)D3 concentration. Methods: The study participants comprised 3,088 healthy male and female subjects aged ≥ 18 years who visited the health promotion center of Bundang Jesaeng Hospital for regular checkups and had serum 25(OH)D3 concentration measured. The correlations between serum 25(OH)D3 concentration and total WBC and WBC subtype counts were analyzed using partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Lymphocyte (r = 0.069, P < 0.001) and eosinophil (r = 0.036, P = 0.048) counts showed weak direct correlation with serum 25(OH)D3 concentration in partial linear analysis after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, drinking, and smoking. Multiple linear regression analysis with the forward method showed serum 25(OH)D3 concentration as a meaningless variable for all inflammatory markers except lymphocyte counts (B= 0.04, P< 0.001). The other WBC subtype counts had no correlation with serum 25(OH)D3 concentration in either partial linear analysis or the multiple linear regression test. Conclusion: We deduced that qualitative immune modulation by vitamin D or unknown effects of free vitamin D metabolites are associated with very weak or no correlation between WBC subtype counts and serum 25(OH)D3 concentration, and that paring serum 25(OH)D3 concentration with levels of inflammatory markers may no longer be valid indicators of the integrity of the immune system.


The crystal structure of the heteroditopic cryptand (L) formed by
Schiff-base condensation of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and
2,2′,2″-nitrilotris(ethyleneoxy)tris(benzaldehyde)
followed by reduction with NaBH
 4
 has been determined. The
molecule has an endo-endo conformation with a
pseudo-three-fold symmetry axis passing through the two bridgehead
nitrogens. This symmetry is maintained in chloroform solution as
indicated by its 1
H NMR spectrum. The cryptand accepts a
metal ion (Cu
 II
, Zn
 II
 or Ni
 II
) inside
the cavity forming mononuclear cryptates of general formula
[ML][ClO
 4
]
 2
. The metal ion occupies the
N
 4
 end of the cavity. The light blue CuN
 4

chromophore thus formed exhibits an axial EPR spectrum with very small
A
 ∥
 value
(63 × 10
 -4
 cm
 -1
)
and a low-energy ligand-field band. Nickel(II) initially
forms a blue [NiL][ClO
 4
]
 2
 complex which on
dissolving in moist MeCN solution crystallizes as purple rectangular
parallelopipeds with the formulation
[NiL(H
 2
O)(MeCN)][ClO
 4
]
 2
·H

2
O·2MeCN. The crystal structure of this complex has also
been determined. The Ni
 II
 ion is octahedrally co-ordinated
with the equatorial sites occupied by the three secondary amino N atoms
of the cryptand and the N atom of the bound MeCN. The axial sites are
occupied by the bridgehead N and the O atom of the water molecule which
enters the cavity forming a cascade complex.


We analyze the impact of package resonance on the eye diagram by numerical simulations using the coupled-mode theory. Dependence of the impact on resonant frequency and number of resonance are also discussed.


Acupunct Med 2012;30:2. doi:10.1136/acupmed-2012-010147 2 I was intrigued by the strange postures adopted by the Ming Dynasty models to illustrate acupuncture meridians, as in the fi rst image. My bathroom has one electric light bulb hanging from the ceiling, and while I was in the bath reaching for soap, I observed a single line of refl ected light going up my wet forearm in a direction that depended on the position of my arm. Such a 'line' of refl ected light can be seen in the model, covered in oil, shown in the second image. Provided the model poses in a similar way to a Ming Dynasty drawing, the pathway of that particular channel can be seen. (Reproduced from MIMS Magazine Oct (1977) 67–83 with kind permission of the publishers). Image and text provided by Alex Macdonald Do you have any interesting images relating to any aspect of acupuncture that you would like to share with other acupuncturists? If so, please contact the editor through email@example.com Seeing is not necessarily believing


Conventional imaging methods are based on Shannon-Nyquist sampling theory. This talk will provide an overview of recent developments on imaging theory/algorithms that enable signal sampling well below the classical Nyquist rate, thus much higher imaging speeds.


This paper concerns public funding of parties. Parteis receive public funds depending on their vote share. Funds finance electoral campaigns. Two cases are investigated. In the first, some voters are policy motivated and some are ?impressionable? ? their vote depends directly on campaign expenditures. In the second, campaigning is informative and all voters are policy motivated. Public funds increase policy convergence in both cases. The effect is larger, the more funding depends on vote shares. When campaigns are informative, there may be multiple euqilibria. Intuitively, a large party can stay large since it receives large funds.


Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment is based on therapy with Glucantime®, yet, there are few laboratory methods to monitor its success. In this study, ex vivo and in vitro evaluations of peripheral blood monocytes were performed in a longitudinal study to characterize the impact of Glucantime® on overall phenotypic/functional features of these cells from CL patients to identify predictive biomarkers for post‐therapeutic monitoring by flow cytometry. The ex vivo evaluation from CL patients demonstrated a modulatory profile before treatment, with a decrease in TLR‐2, FcγRII, HLA‐DR, CD86, IFN‐γR, TNF, IL‐12, NO, and an increase in FcγRIII and IL‐10R. Conversely, treatment changes some of these biomarker expressions by decreasing FcγRIII and IL‐10R and increasing IFN‐γR, IL‐12 and NO. Moreover, an in vitro analysis of these patients showed a reduced phagocytic capacity of Leishmania braziliensis and higher levels of IL‐10 and TGF‐β modulating functional profile. Regardless of the compromised L. braziliensis phagocytic capacity, treatment re‐established the production of IL‐12, IL‐10, TGF‐β and NO at the basal level. Notably, monocytes from patients with early cicatrization showed enhanced FcγRI and FcγRII expressions and reduced IL‐10, which was further corroborated by a baseline fold change analysis. Finally, the logistic regression model emphasized the performance of FcγRI, FcγRII and IL‐10 as robust predictive biomarkers for post‐therapeutic cicatrization during cutaneous leishmaniasis.


This chapter looks at the domestic rule of law and its uneasy translation to international politics. The central claim is this: the domestic rule of law is in effect when there exists a set of stable public laws binding in theory and practice on both citizens and the state. There are two main lines of debate in existing literature on the domestic rule of law. The first asks whether individual human rights and collective social welfare are effects of the rule of law or constitutive of it. The second debate involves how the rule of law can be distinguished from rule by law, in which the state uses the framework of law instrumentally to legitimate and reinforce its domination. Three claims about the rule of law are constant across these debates: that rules should be public and stable, that rules should apply to the government as well as the citizens, and that the rules should be applied equally across cases. None of these translates easily to the realm of international law. Thus, domestic rule of law provides an unsuitable model for an international equivalent.


Effective control of mode transition is one of the key technologies for dual‐mode scramjet. In this study, a 3‐dimensional unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes modeling was used to investigate the effects of equivalence ratio, inflow temperature, and pilot hydrogen on transient process of mode transition in a dual‐mode scramjet combustor. The isolator entrance Mach number was 2.5, and the fuel of vaporized kerosene was used in the combustor with pilot hydrogen. The results showed that during mode transition from ram mode to scram mode induced by reducing the equivalence ratio of kerosene, the disappearance of the high‐pressure zone around the kerosene injector was the sign of approaching the achievement of mode transition. The leading edge of the shock train moved downstream and the strength of shock train was significantly weakened. During this process, the distribution of heat release zone transformed from scattered along the combustor to being concentrated in the cavity. Then, the opposite process was studied when the inflow temperature was reduced from 1750 to 1000 K while the equivalence ratio was kept the same. The thickness of shear layers originated from the fuel injectors significantly increased. Altering the amount of pilot hydrogen can significantly influence the flow field in the combustor. It showed that the increase of pilot hydrogen could shield the kerosene vapor entering into the high‐temperature zone in the cavity and hindered the formation of concentrated heat release. Thus, the overall heat release became more dispersed.


The final target of E-government is providing consummate and convenient service for public, thus using public satisfaction to evaluate the service quality of e-government is the mostly significant. According to the American Customer Satisfaction Index and relative theories of Structure Equation Model, the paper constructs the E-government public satisfaction index model. Finally, the model is proved by experimental research.


Transitions between different inflationary slow-roll scenarios are known to provide short non-slow-roll periods with non-trivial consequences. We consider the effect of quantum diffusion on the inflationary dynamics in a transition process. Using the stochastic δ𝒩 formalism, we follow the detailed evolution of noises through a sharp transition modeled by the Starobinsky potential, although some of our results apply to any sharp transition. We find how the stochastic noise induced by the transition affects the coarse-grained fields. We then consider the special case that the potential is flat after the transition. It is found that, during a particular phase of evolution, the noise we obtain cannot drive the inflaton past the classically unreachable field values; so the boundary crossing is delayed. By deriving the characteristic function, we also study the tail behavior for the distribution of curvature perturbations ζ, which we find to decay faster than exp(-3ζ).


NOT only industrial executives, but the general public has been much interested during the last few years in the changes in location of manufacturing and mining industries in the United States. That the Middle West, in the past two decades, has developed to a position of dominance in manufacturing is very well understood, as are trends which are making certain states of the South great manufacturing centers. Now and again the diffusion of manufacturing throughout the country is evidenced by the announcement that a large corporation, whose main plants are in the East or Middle West, is building a large manufacturing unit on the Pacific coast. The development of new manufacturing centers, and the shift in leadership in manufacturing to the Middle West, are having profound influences on the economic and social life of the people of the older manufacturing regions, as well as on the life of the people of these new centers.


Internet of Things is seen as one of the most exciting initiatives towards the evolution of the current Internet, contributed by research communities and industries of networking, ubiquitous/pervasive computing, distributed/parallel computing, semantic Web, service oriented computing, data mining and management, telecommunication, social science and many others. The scope of its research and development has been continuously extended over the years due to its interdisciplinary nature. Once, we believed that object identification and addressing using the Radio-Frequency Identification tags (a "Things" oriented perspective) should be the pre-requisite for the Internet of Things. Later, we witnessed the research with the "Internet" oriented perspective which focuses on communication and internetworking among Things. After, the "Semantics" and "Service" oriented perspectives emerged and aim to provide an interoperable and scalable infrastructure for the cyber-physical-social applications and, more generally, business applications on the future Internet. The most recent trend is, however, the "Data" oriented perspective, and this deals with data collection, distribution, storage, processing, and finally both query and analytics. The strategic shift of the focus, to a considerable extent, is a result of the recognition of the importance of deriving useful knowledge and creating real values from the tremendous amount of data collected from our surrounding environments and the physical world. To this end, it is also in line with one of the most eye-catching research topics-"big data analytics", which aims to derive values from data with large volume, high velocity and different variety. While a number of surveys on the Internet of Things research are available, none of them appears to have investigated the state-of-the-art from a "data-oriented" perspective. Due to its particular importance, this paper provides a review of the current techniques and methods for data processing and management on the Internet of Things at different levels and point out some of the future research issues. The main objective of the paper is to enable readers to gain a better understanding of this challenging and sophisticated problem, and to further explore and contribute to the related research.


Compared with the typical Ultra HVDC (UHVDC) system, the inverters of the UHVDC system with a hierarchical connection mode (UHVDC-HCM), connect two receiving-end systems with different operational conditions. This requires the corresponding conversion units (CUs) at the different terminals to be differentiated in reliability modeling, and the spares should also be separately set. A reliability model of the UHVDCHCM system is proposed in this paper. The operating modes are classified by the capacities of the total system and the transmission powers to the two receiving-ends. Considering the independent spares of the components of the CUs at different terminals, the state space is derived. Two sets of indices are newly proposed to more accurately evaluate the system reliability. Based on the matrix description of the frequency & duration (F&D) method, the sensitivities of the reliability indices to the reliability parameters of the components are quantified. Numerical results validate the feasibility of the proposed model. The vulnerabilities are recognized by the sensitivity analysis, and the impact of different spare schemes on the reliability indices and sensitivities are compared. The proposed model and indices provide a reference for the practical UHVDC-HCM projects.


Objective:To evaluate the effect of implanted acellular dermal matrix on the parotid bed,in prevention of Frey syndrome after parotidectomy.Methods:There were 32 patients with parotid cancer who received parotid sargery was underwent in our hospital from June,2006 to June,2007.These patients were random assigned to two groups,study group(16 cases)and control group(16 cases).The patients in the study group received parotidectomy and in traoperative acellular dermal matrix within the parotid bed between the skin flap and the facial nerve.The patients in the control group received a conventional parotidectomy and nothing was implanted.All of the patients were revisited and subjectively evaluated by starch iodine test(minor test)for the occumence of Frey syndrome on the bilateral parotid regionsafter three months.Results:During the follow-up,comparted with control group the incidence rate of Frey syndrome was significantly decreased in the study group(P0.05).Conclusion:Implanted the acellular dermal matrix on the parotid bed is a simple and effective method for prevention of Frey syndrome after parotidectomy.


In-situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry as a function of time is used to follow the growth of Si/SiGe Multi Quantum Well (MQW) structures. It provides both the starting surface control and the growth parameters understanding (thickness, growth rate, Ge content). Si and SiGe optical data were recorded at different temperatures on individual Si and SiGe layers. Using the measured indices and the known thicknesses of the layers, the experimental MQW data are fitted without adjustable parameters.


This study applied the conceptual structures of gemeinschaft (community) and gesell-schaft (association) developed by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies (1855–1936) to the history of music education in Kansas during the nineteenth century. It documents the interactions among musical activities, educational institutions, and community structures in the missions of the early nineteenth century, the relatively independent small town and rural schools from around 1850 to 1875, and the state-wide educational system that grew up in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Primary and secondary sources were taken primarily from the Kansas Collection at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, the Kansas State Historical Society in Topeka, and the Country Schools Legacy project of the Mountain Plains Library Association.


Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, where a third of the world's population is infected and nearly two million die from the disease. In Peru each year are affected between 35,000 to 50,000 people, being timely diagnosis vital to the initiation of treatment. The objective was to identify pansusceptible cultures and profile of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the Macro Region Norte and determine the survival of pansusceptible cultures of M. tuberculosis to isoniazid and rifampicina and relationship with parameters epidemiological. The susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to first-line drugs was determined using method of proportions (Canetti, 1963) in solid medium of Lowenstein Jensen with Isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), Streptomycin (S) and Ethambutol (E), the susceptibility to pyrazinamide was determined with the pyrazinamidase test (Wayne, 1974). The survival of pansusceptible cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid and rifampicin was carried out in a drug-free Ogawa medium by a method adapted in the area of mycobacteria at the Chiclayo Referential Laboratory. 1141 cultures were analyzed by susceptibility testing, of which 13.1%, 4.2%, 1.7%, 0.7% and 0.4% respectively were resistant to one; two, three, four and five antituberculosis drugs also detected 912 (79.9%) pansusceptible cultures. Of 202 pansusceptible cultures was found a survival of 50 (24.75%), of these 12 were to isoniazida, 34 to rifampicin and 4 to both drugs.


As part of a package of four photographs relating to Fremont street cleaning, this picture shows city employee Richard Keiser as the driver of a street cleaner on the east side.


Issues in enhancing the efficiency of combustion of gaseous and liquid fuels by means of corona discharge pretreatment of the air fed for combustion are considered.


The utility model relates to an earth-rock dam metal-net hole-box slope-protection structure, which comprises a box body and building stones. Building stones are filled in the box body, the box body is formed by twisting and fixing net wires, net wires are twisted in a cross mode, and supporting sidelines are added on the periphery of net wires to form mesh slices. Mesh slices are provided with mesh holes, mesh slices are twisted and fixed through binding wires to form the box body, and a box body sealing cover is connected with the box body through binding wires. The slope-protection structure overcomes shortcomings of the prior art, can satisfy higher requirements of hydroelectric projects, and has the advantages of being convenient and fast in using materials, washout-resistant, scouring-resistant, good in anti-seismic performance, convenient to construct, and low in cost.


The end group modified retro-inverso bombesin C-terminal nonapeptide 3 and its diastereomer 4 have been synthesized. The absolute configurations at the substituted malonamic acid residues in 3 and 4 were determined by chemical correlation with D- and L-2-aminobutyric acids of known absolute configuration. Neither 3 nor 4 had any bombesin antagonist activity


Long Term Evolution (LTE) / LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) deployments using unlicensed spectrum exploit more efficient LTE communication aspects through unlicensed spectrum, eg, WIFI radio access technology. To accommodate such communications, various uplink procedures can be modified to handle communications between licensed and unlicensed spectrum in LTE / LTE-A deployments using unlicensed spectrum. [Selection] FIG. 14A


At present,public morality has aroused wide attention in society.Citizen consciousness emphasizes the combination of citizen right and obligation,as well as logos.It is important to enhance social morality.Therefore, perspicuity of the content of citizen consciousness facilitates public enthusiasm in the course of construction of public morality.It can also call on the public to protect the market economy.


Background/aim
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Increased oxidative stress has been shown to be a prominent and early feature in AD. Medicinal plants with antioxidant activities have been used traditionally in the treatment of several human diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the possible prophylactic and therapeutic effects of aqueous infusions of Boswellia serrata on AD induced in rats.
Materials and methods
Ninety adult male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled in this study and were divided into 9 groups (ten each). Groups 1-5 for the protective study, 6-9 for the therapeutic study as follows: 1st group: negative control group in which rats were given daily oral dose of 1ml tab water, 2nd group: induction of animal model mimicking AD by daily oral administration of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) to rats in a dose of 17 mg/kg for 4 successive weeks; 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups: rats were orally given rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg/day), Boswellia serrata (45 and 90 mg/kg /day respectively), for two weeks followed by combination of each treatment with AlCl3 for another four successive weeks. Groups 6-9 for the therapeutic study: 6th group: AD induced group which acted as a model mimicking AD in humans received orally 1ml of tab water only for 12 successive weeks and served as therapeutic untreated group. 7th, 8th and 9th groups: AD rats treated orally with rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg/day), Boswellia serrata (45 and 90 mg/kg /day respectively) daily for 12 successive weeks. At baseline (before induction of AD), before treatment, then after each treatment, behavioral stress tests as activity cages, rotarod, and T-maze tests were done. At the end of all experiments rats' brains were dissected and divided sagitally into two portions, the first portion was homogenized for determination of acetylcholine (Ach) and acetycholinesterase (AchE) levels. The second portion was used for histopathologic examination.
Results
The present study indicated that Boswellia serrata when was used for treatment of AlCl3 induced AD, its high dose only produced increased activity of rats in the activity cage, duration of rats revolving on the rotarod and reduction in the duration taken by rats to reach food in the T-maze test. Both doses produced elevation of Ach level and reduction of AchE activity in brain homogenates. These results were consistent with the histopathological findings in brain tissues where, the neurons appear more or less like normal ones.
Conclusion
This study revealed that the treatment of AD-induced rats with aqueous infusions of B. serrata significantly ameliorates the neurodegenerative characteristics of ADs in rats.


In this paper we explore CS students' perception of the relationship between computer science and mathematics. It is widely accepted by educators and researchers that the study of mathematics is an essential part of the CS curriculum. We were surprised to discover that many of our CS students believed that no relationship or dependence exists between computer science and mathematics. We establish that many of our CS undergraduates do not believe that mathematical reasoning and problem solving skills are necessary for success in computer science. Furthermore, we will show that this anti-symbiotic stereotype is harmful to student's success in computer science.


The paper studies the performance of precast aerated concrete panel and its matching mortar. In addition, the application mode and characteristic of the precast aerated concrete panel used as external wallboard are also discussed. The results show that the specification of precast aerated concrete panel with 300 mm thickness and 400 Kg/m3 used as the external wallboard can reach the heat transfer coefficient of reducing 75% energy consumption. Furthermore, with the improvement of Chinese energy-saving requirements, precast aerated concrete panels used in the external wallboard of residential buildings will be more and more.


Background and Objectives: "Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment" (MAPA) questionnaire is a suitable tool for examining the frequency and meaningfulness of 28 activities. The aim of this study was to assess the face and content validity of the Persian version of MAPA for older adults. Methods: The face validity was assessed qualitatively using interviews and quantitively using the item impact method (IIM) with 15 elderly aged 65-90 years old and MMSE≥21. They measured the suitability simplicity and comprehensibility of the items. To assess the content validity using CVR and CVI, 15 occupational therapists (eight PhD. Candidates, seven masters) who had more than five years of experience in geriatric rehabilitation and aged>30 years old took part. Results: All items of MAPA using IIM were more than 1.5. The CVR scores for each item were 0.6-1 (the cut-off base on Lawshe table 0.49). The average CVR value of MAPA was 0.84. The I-CVI of the Persian version of MAPA ranged from 0.86-1. All items scored higher than 0.79. The S-CVI/UA was 0.58 and the S-CVI/Ave was 0.96. Conclusion: The Persian version of MAPA has acceptable content and face validity in the elderly. Investigation of test-retest and internal consistency reliability and construct validity (convergent, divergent, and factor analysis) is suggested.


We report the synthesis of continuous and crystallographically aligned single crystals of molybdenum oxide based nanowires up to micrometres in length inside carbon nonotubes: opened tubes are filled using molten MoO3 followed by controlled reduction under dilute hydrogen to MoO2 material.


The factors that affect the line lose of the low voltage network in coal mine were analyzed from several factors such as the lagging behind of the function of electric devices,overload action of line,relative low power electric expenses in peak and valley consumption periods.the reformative measure with clear aim for reducing the line lose were put forward.


In recent years, because of the availability of high quality quantum well (QW) wafers grown by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) and MOCVD (metallic organic chemical vapour deposition) techniques, QW lasers have developed rapidly. This has led to the rapid development of mid infrared MQW lasers, in particular the cascade lasers and optically pumped "quantum fountain" lasers, but the techniques have not yet been extended to the far infrared (FIR)


The wavelength dependence of femtosecond and nanosecond optical breakdown in transparent dielectrics is important for laser micromachining, and for laser surgery of cells and tissues. Moreover, it provides information about the interplay of the different ionization mechanisms governing breakdown, such as tunnelling and multiphoton ionization, avalanche ionization, and thermal ionization. For nanosecond breakdown, it enables to distinguish between extrinsic initiation of breakdown by impurities and intrinsic breakdown. Initiation of the breakdown process by multiphoton ionization should result in a stepwise increase of the threshold irradiance, Ith, at wavelengths above which one more photon is required to overcome the band gap [1].


An active clamp circuit is provided on the primary side of a composite resonance type switching converter, the converter having a primary side and a parallel resonant circuit having a parallel resonant circuit or a series resonant circuit on the secondary side. The active clamp circuit clamps a parallel resonance voltage primary side parallel resonant pulse generated across capacitor thereby reducing the potential of the parallel resonance voltage pulse. Thus, the withstand voltage can be reduced as the switching element and the primary-side parallel resonant means such as a capacitor.


4.3 Precision rectifier circuits 4.14 Triangular wave generator using op-amp application is in the now famous uA741 operational amplifier, and Widlar used. is the supply voltage and the opamp is powered by +V_(/text(s)) and -V_(/text(s)).) By using an RC network to add slow negative feedback to the inverting Schmitt trigger, a relaxation oscillator is formed. Precision rectifier, OpAmp Precision Rectifier.svg Create a collection · Download as PDF · Printable version.


A randomly selected sample of 145 couples were seen at the time of a vasectomy request and a year or 18 months later, regardless of whether the vasectomy had been performed, to assess the quality of marriage before and after vasectomy. The sample was seen by 10 different doctors and studied in a seminar at the Cassel Hospital, Ham (UK). All doctors had had training in dealing with psychosexual problems. As part of each interview, the marital pattern was assessed using the following scale: 1) joint, warm, reciprocal, rewarding, showing loving concern; 2) fair, strains but a bearable modest success; and 3) real strains, contained but with difficulty; 4) major strains for both and marital war or major apathy; and 5) impending disaster (breakdown, illness, break up, divorce, or other cause). Using this scale, it became apparent that the majority of marriages improved in quality following vasectomy. This was the case in all age groups. It also appeared that the majority of requests came from successful marriages (score 1 and 2), in some of which strains apparent before vasectomy were not observed afterwards. 90% of the youngest age group had only minor strains whereas in the oldest group 56% had minor strains and 44% major difficulties in the marital relationship. The 94 successful marriages showing only minor strain hoped that vasectomy would prevent further pregnancies and would remove the need for contraception. They felt that they had reached the limit of parenthood and must have absolute protection against pregnancy. Following vasectomy, these marriages improved. Minor sexual problems disappeared, and tensions were eased. The exceptions were couples who had colluded; 3 couples were about to separate and hid their problems. 2 couples hid the husband's history of previous depressive illness. Both the men became severely depressed afterwards. The 37 marriages showing difficulties had also hoped that vasectomy would prevent further pregnancies and the need for contraception. Many also believed that it would improve their sex life as well. Others saw vasectomy as part of the in fighting in marital warfare. Those engaged in longstanding marital warfare remained unchanged as did those with severe sexual difficulties, especially when the husband had believed his wife's frigidity would be improved. Lesser degrees of sexual difficulty seemed to improve especially when these were based on such extreme fears of pregnancy that impotence or frigidity had resulted.


Adequate muscle recruitment patterns and their consistency are essential to achieve effective posture and force exertion during a karate front kick. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reaction time (RT), motor time (MT) and total response time (TRT), as well as their correlation during a front kick, and to investigate the muscle recruitment patterns and their consistency during motor time. Fourteen professional karate athletes (age: 23.7 ± 2.6 years; height: 174.6 ± 7.1 cm; mass: 72.8 ± 10.7 kg) participated in the current study. Each subject was instructed to pose in combat stance first and then to use their right leg to kick at an instrumented kicking target as soon as they saw the start signal. Surface electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from 16 muscles. Start and stop signals from the instrumented target were also recorded synchronously to obtain the TRT. Significant correlation between MT and TRT indicated that MT was a primary determinant for the TRT of the kick. The muscle recruitment synergies during karate front kicks were identified. When performing a front kick, the athletes initiated the postural adjustments of the supporting leg prior to the onset of the voluntary kick. A successful motion of the karate front kick was dependent not only on the kicking leg, but also on the supporting leg. Tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus of the supporting leg were the primary muscles providing stabilization, while the ankle and knee flexors, and tensor fasciae latae of the kicking leg were dominant muscles for the kicking movement. These results provide important information on the patterns and the consistencies of the muscle recruitment for coaching a karate front kick, which should be helpful for a better understanding of the motor control strategies of a karate front kick and for developing a suitable training protocol.


Enormous aggregate computing capacity in distributed computing systems composed of workstations connected by high speed local area networks may exceed that supercomputers often have. The Sidle (for Sharing Idle Workstatinos), a system for scheduling idle workstations and remote executing which is currently running on 19 SUN4 workstations connected by an Ethernet is presented in this paper. Sidle enables user's many programs or sections of a program to be executed parallelly on many idle workstations. Sidle has many features compared with existing systems: It allows more than one job to be run on an idle workstation and nested remote executing, makes use of CPU utilization much better, with more higher transparency to the users and better performance.


We predict that the RpA ratio at the most forward rapidities to be measured at LHC should be strongly suppressed, close to "total shadowing'' (RpA = A^(-1/3)), as a consequence of running coupling effects in the nonlinear QCD evolution.


The article summarizes major firm-level internationalization theories. Typically, the classical theories are based on internationalization patterns of firms from developed economies - the USA or Western Europe. In the search for potential differences, each major international theory is followed by its potential implications for CEE firms and relevant studies. The research objective of this paper is to study the major theories (current research) in order to test their applicability on the internationalization patterns of the Slovak SMEs (future research) given the nature of the origin of these companies coming from small, former transitional economy with low resources and negative made-in effect.


Abstract In this article, we outline the important role that environmental justice organizations played in the development of AB 32, California's landmark climate change legislation (AB 32) in ensuring that a wide range of environmental justice ideas were incorporated into policy. We distinguish between the formal elements contained in the legislation and the discursive impacts, particularly in relation to public health concerns and about cap and trade and market mechanisms. Drawing from interviews, public documents, and legislative archives, we document the process by which these diverse environmental justice elements were incorporated into AB 32 to ask a seemingly simple question. Is California really "best in show" when it comes to climate and environmental justice policy? The complex politics involved in the drafting and passage of the legislation show to what extent environmental justice organizations played in AB 32's passage. We then argue that understanding the contentiousness in how AB 32 was dra...


Recently, the concept of partially reflecting surface (PRS) with positive reflection phase gradients has been proposed for the design of wideband, cavity antennas. In this work, we numerically implemented this idea and demonstrated a broadband and highly directive Fabry-Pérot cavity antennas (FPCAs) with dual layer PRS operating in the 8–12GHz frequency band. Good performance of impedance matching bandwidth (S11 < −10 dB), and a peak directivity of about 17 dB at around 9.5 GHz were predicted through numerical simulations. Experimental prototypes are being manufactured for experimental validations.


Subjective preference tests were performed in synthetic sound fields with multiple early reflections. The results show that sound fields with a smaller degree of the interaural cross‐correlation are always preferred. The most appropriate time delay of the strongest reflection depends on the autocorrelation function of the music signal and the total amplitude of the reflections. The optimal values may be taken into account for the design of concert halls.


The global financial crisis affected all kinds of industries of national economy. This article is based on the certain background, selects Nanchong city which is the second class city of West China as the study object, and analyzes the condition of real estate. What's more, by combining the space-time optimization theory, we propose related optimization strategy. As an expectation, it can do well to urban growth and development of real estate.


This paper explores the constraints that should inform understandings of which political economic institutions are both economically and political feasible and ethically attractive. Focusing on cognitive constraints and motivational constraints, it suggests that the classical liberal ideal of a society based largely on voluntary exchanges within a minimalist conception of justice comes closest to matching the terms of a 'realistic idealism'.


Sickle cell disease occurs due to genetic alterations resulting in the production of hemoglobin S. Neonatal screening is essential for the diagnosis of this disease. An observational study in 8911 newborns in a general hospital of Taubaté who did the newborn screening test between 2005 and 2008. We analyzed test results from the database of the Pediatric Clinic and the medical records of newborns and their mothers, which are arranged by year, sex and ethnicity of those involved and the diagnostic test considered: normal hemoglobin profile (HbFA), anemia cell (HBFS), sickle cell trait (HbFAS), hemoglobin C trait (HbFAC) and hemoglobin D (HbFAD). The assessed 51.34% were male, 48.27% female and 0.39% were of indeterminate sex. Only one boy had sickle cell anemia (0.01%), 168 newborns (1.88%) were diagnosed with sickle cell trait. For the other variant hemoglobin, the representation was little significant. Correlating the ethnic group and the hemoglobin profiles showed that the majority of children with sickle cell trait is present and white mothers with the same skin color. Probably the majority of black and mulatto mothers were related to white men, contributing to the low frequency of children with sickle cell anemia.


The history of colonization and dispersal in fauna distributed among deep sea chemosynthetic ecosystems remains enigmatic and poorly understood because of an inability to mark and track individuals. A combination of molecular, morphological and environmental data improve understanding of spatial and temporal scales at which panmixia, disruption of gene flow or even speciation, may occur. Vestimentiferan tubeworms of the genus Escarpia are important components of deep-sea cold seep ecosystems, as they provide long-term habitat for many other taxa. Three species of Escarpia, E. spicata [Gulf of California (GoC)], E. laminata [Gulf of Mexico (GoM)] and E. southwardae (West African Cold Seeps), have been described based on morphology, but are not discriminated through the use of mitochondrial markers (Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1, COI; large ribosomal subunit rDNA, 16S; Cytochrome B, CYTB. Here, we also sequenced the Exon Priming Intron Crossing (EPIC) Hemoglobin subunit B2 intron (HbB2i) and genotyped 28 microsatellites to 1) determine the level of genetic differentiation, if any, among the three geographically separated entities and 2) identify possible population structure at the regional scale within the Gulf of Mexico and West Africa. Results at the global scale support the occurrence of three genetically distinct groups. At the regional scale among eight sampling sites of E. laminata (n =129) and among three sampling sites of E. southwardae (n =80), no population structure was detected. These findings suggest that despite the patchiness and isolation of seep habitats, connectivity is high on regional scales.


Abstract Increasing knowledge, technological advances, growing elderly and disabled population, and the need to provide safe and quality patient care over the world have made the healthcare systems more complex. In the last 30 years, the need for interprofessional education has increased. The training and participation of more than two disciplines is defined as interprofessional education. The aim of interprofessional education is to learn how students should work in an interprofessional team and to apply the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they have learned to future health service delivery. Most of the competencies for interprofessional education are related to teamwork. Communication, leadership and collaboration skills need to be achieved for teamwork. There are many barriers on the basis of the training program and the organization. In addition to the structural change, cultural changes are needed to initiate a reform movement in the interprofessional education in the healthcare system. Critically important interprofessional education should be defended in the framework of how to act and approach all employees of the institution in the same belief, common values and the same way of working together for optimum success.


A parameterized computational problem is a set of pairs (x, k), where k is a distinguished item called "parameter". FPT is the class of fixed‐parameter tractable problems: for any fixed value of k, they are solvable in time bounded by a polynomial of degree α, where α is a constant not dependent on the parameter. In order to deal with parameterized intractability, Downey and Fellows have introduced a hierarchy of classes W[l] ⊆ W[2] ⊆ ⃛ containing likely intractable parameterized problems, and they have shown that such classes have many natural, complete languages. In this paper we analyze several variations of the halting problem for nondeterministic Turing machines with parameterized time, and we show that its parameterized complexity strongly depends on some resources like the number of tapes, head and internal states, and on the size of the alphabet. Notice that classical polynomial‐time complexity fails in distinguishing such features. As byproducts, we show that parameterized complexity is a useful tool for the study of the intrinsic power of some computational models, and we underline the different "computational powers" of some levels of the parameterized hierarchy.


Most economists and specialists in international finance believe that the debt crisis hurts macroeconomic performance, particularly discouraging investment and growth oriented structural reforms. Identifiying the link between the foreign debt overhang and macroeconomic performance is essential for assessing what creditors and debtors have to gain from alternative debt solutions. Having set up a neoclassical growth model to study the impact of the debt crisis on investment and growth, the author concludes : a) the best case for growth is given by inflation financing; the worst case, by national debt financing. In between are different combinations of income taxation and capital income taxation; and b) growth oriented reforms can increase the present value repayment by several percentage points of GDP. If these reforms are negotiated in the context of a debt reduction agreement, the secondary market discount for the remaining debt can be substantially reduced.


Most of the systemic connective tissue diseases affect the respiratory system, most often — lung tissue, but due to the worldwide spread of the new coronavirus, lung lesions are often explained as this disease. It dictates the need to distinguish pulmonary lesion in COVID-19 and other pathological conditions of the lungs, despite similar clinical, laboratory and instrumental signs. A complex differential diagnosis of the etiological origin of lung lesion was carried out in patients with rheumatic diseases after the new coronavirus infection, which is very important during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic due to the presence of opposite therapeutic tactics — increase or decrease of cytostatic treatment. The symptomatology and the course of lung disease are the most important for the differential diagnosis of these conditions, and computed tomography is the most important instrumental method of examination. Further study and clinical observation is needed.


The article deals with the semantic structure of the word ottepel('thaw'), the relevant information comingfrom the National Corpus of the Russian language (hereinafter referred to as NCRL). The main attention is paid to ottepel('thaw') as a metaphorical nomination of one of the periods of the Russian history. The aim of the article is to describe the semantic development of the word and to explain the peculiarities of its modern functioning and punctuation in derivative meanings. The basic meaning (the core seme - 'change') and its connotations ('unpredict-ability', 'short duration'), realized in derivative meanings, are described. The pragmatics and syntactics of this lexeme of fatalism and uncontrollability, typical of the Russian linguistic world view, is revealed. The sources of high 'positive potential' of the metaphorottepel('thaw') are discussed in detail, as well as the connection with connotations of the word 'spring' and with other 'temperature' metaphors. The opposition to the substantive of frost is considered as an element of the 'cyclic' representation of historical time. Based on the analysis of modern contexts, derivative meanings that are not recorded in dictionaries are identified, 250 contexts are distributed according to the selected meanings, and the punctuation of the word is analyzed. The authors provide the results of a linguistic experiment aimed at identifying the features of the punctuation design of a word in different meanings. The authors analyze the reasons why the widely used linguistic metaphor ottepel('thaw') in the meaning of 'historical period' in most contexts is given in quotation marks, while in other derived meanings this metaphor is usually used without quotation marks, even if it has an occasional character. If, at the stage of the metaphor entering into the language, the use of quotation marks can be explained by reference to a literary source and vivid imagery, at present such explanations are not enough. In the considered derivative meaning, the word ottepel ('thaw') is an ideologeme - a word that belongs to an ideologically marked discourse, and quotation marks as an indicator of distancing allow the speaker to remove ideological bias, to make the nomination neutral. The conclusion is made that the derivative metaphorical meaning of thaw is a positively evaluative wordideologeme, which prevents it from becoming the main nomination of the corresponding historical period.


Fromjune i8I2 to December i820, the Papantla region in northern Veracruz was a crucible of guerrilla warfare. Papantla, the seat of a subdelegacidn and the center of a prosperous vanilla trade, had a tradition of political unrest. Riots rent the community in I735, I762, 1764, 1767, and I787, earning the villagers a well-deserved reputation as a troublesome people.' Although the mostly Totonac-speaking inhabitants of the region did not immediately respond to Hidalgo's call to arms, once the town rebelled in i8I2 it did not easily return to order. During the greater part of the war of independence, insurgents dominated the coastal region between the ports of Tuxpan and Veracruz. And although by i8i8 the royalist army had gradually reconquered all the towns in the area, the rural hinterland remained in rebel hands. Indigenous insurgents from Papantla withdrew to the rough terrain to the south and established a fortified mountain refuge at Coyusquihui, where for the rest of the war they resisted the royalist military.


The article describes a clinical case of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with elosulfase alfa for a teenager with mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA, Morquio A syndrome). Treatment was started quite late, at the age of 12, against the background of a severe course of Morquio A syndrome. Nevertheless, the child showedan improvement in enduranceand fine motor skills, and an increase in muscle tone. The article discusses lack of information on modern methods of enzymereplacement therapy, as well as the limitations of this type of therapy. The paper emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach to treat such diseases and alleviate the condition of patients.


Background: In developing countries chemotherapy and their administration cost is the major issue which is addressed by introducing chemotherapy infusion pumps, started for the first time in oncology day care at Aga khan university hospital Karachi Pakistan in the year 2012.Chemotherapy which was studied for this purpose was 5-Florouracil given through 46 or 96 hours infusion pumps implemented in the following regimes:FOLFOX: Folinic Acid+5-Florouracil+OxaliplatinFOLFIRI: Folinic Acid+ 5-Florouracil+IrinotecanFOLFIRINOX: Folinic Acid +5-Florouracil+Irinotecan+OxaliplatinDCF: Docetaxel+Cisplatin+5-FlorouracilThe above mentioned Chemotherapy regimens are mostly used in gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancers.Methodology: A comparative  study  is done on  cost  difference  and patients  satisfaction, by developing survey forms  and 3  months  data  of  patients  was gathered who were admitted  for  three  to  four  days  in ward to receive chemotherapy and compared  with  those who  were  admitted  in  oncology  day  care for six to eight hours for the same treatment.Results: Results turned up as remarkable cost reduction, increased convenience, more compliance and hence overall great patient's satisfaction.Conclusion: It is concluded that chemotherapy administration in oncology day care for gastrointestinal cancers after introduction of elastomeric portable infusion pumps for 46 or 96 hours of 5-FU not only increased patient's satisfaction with less financial burden but also enabled patients to perform normal routine activities of life.


I. Deppner†1, N. Herrmann1, P.-A. Loizeau1, K. Wisniewski1, C. Xiang1, Y. Zhang1, M. Ciobanu2, and J. Frühauf2 1Physikalische Institut Uni. Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; 2GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Currently Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) are the optimal choice to fulfill the CBM-TOF requirements [1]. For the low rate region (< 1 kHz/cm) a MRPC in multi-strip configuration with thin standard float glass can be considered. Here we report on results obtained during a test experiment at COSY/Jülich with an fully differential MRPC prototype developed at Physikalische Institut in Heidelberg (more details regarding this prototype see [2]). In addition a high granularity MRPC prototype from Bucharest with electrodes made of low resistive glass delivered from China [3] was tested.


Methods: Point-level prostitution and drug arrests were geocoded and aggregated by Census blockgroup. Chlamydia (CT), gonorrhea (GC), syphilis and incident HIV positive test results were aggregated by blockgroup after eliminating same-organism positive tests within 14 days of an initial positive test. Census data also defined moderators: blockgroups with >75% black and >20% Latino (top decile) and >60% below 200% of the federal poverty line (top quartile). Negative binomial and zeroinflated negative binomial regressions were used to estimate incident rate ratios (IRR) of each STI.


In a quest for shorter time-to-market and higher test quality of complex mixed-signal ICs, a novel approach for Mixed-Signal Engineering Test and Low Volume Production Test is devised. The approach builds upon making available to designers a scalable approach for engineering test of mixed-signal ASICs where the low cost entry starts at using standard off-the-shelves lowcost PC-plugin instrumentation and scales upwards to VXI based instrumentation, when performance demands increase in terms of test instrumentation fidelity and/or volume throughput requirements. The high end of the solution approach meets the demands of medium size


Green light-emitting Ba2SiO4:Eu2+ phosphors co-doped with La or Y were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction technique in reductive atmosphere(a mixture of 5% H2 and 95% N2).The results showed that the co-doping of La and Y could greatly enhance the fluorescence intensity of Ba2SiO4:Eu2+ phosphors.The optimum doping concentration expressed by the x value in(Ba0.985-1.5xREx)2SiO4:0.03Eu2+(RE=La or Y) was determined to be of 0.05.The excitation and emission peaks of all as-synthesized phosphors were wide bands.The excitation bands ranged from 250 to 400 nm, which matched well with the wavelength of near ultraviolet white light-emitting diodes(LED) chip and could be used as a potential candidate for the fabrication of white LED.The emission bands from 450 to 550 nm were typical 5d-4f transition emission of Eu2+ and displayed un-symmetry profiles because of the two substitution sites of Ba2+ with Eu2+.


Scaling of heat exchangers (HE) in the chemical industry, district heating, oil and gas, power plants, etc. results in a loss of performance which leads to production stops for cleaning and therefore increased operation costs. One approach to mitigate fouling is to alter the properties of the metal heat exchanger surface by applying a coating. For a coating to be successful in any heat exchanger application it needs to have a good adhesion to the metal but also to keep the heat transfer trough the metal plates as unaltered as possible. This requires a thin coating with a relatively good thermal conductivity. In this study a new ceramic coating is tested that can meet these requirements. Initial tests with this coating in hard water were performed and the ability of the coating to minimize calcium carbonate nucleation / deposition and the easiness of cleaning was assessed. The results showed that the coating led to a reduction in the amount of scaling and a lower adhesion of the crystals to the coated plate.


PURPOSE: To provide a two-folded type apparatus for opening and closing a mold for blow molding and stretching-blow molding. CONSTITUTION: A two-folded type apparatus for opening and closing a mold for blow molding and stretching-blow molding used for a container made of a plastic material comprises a fixed shaft 4 supporting two rotatable mold semi-divided body 3, two driving arms 9 with one end povited with the two mold semi-divided body 3 in the region of both sides of the shaft 4, a freely rotatable roller 16 mounted on a roller carrying shaft in parallel to the shaft 4, a guiding cam for moving vertically a roller to the shaft 4 and a link means for connecting the roller with the other ends of two arms 9. In addition, the link means comprises link rods 13 and 14 on one end of which the shaft is supported and a shaft 10 connected with another end of the arm 9 and with another end mounted on a shaft 15 being parallel to the shaft 4 and the link rods are extended approximately in the transverse direction to the shaft 4 and a plane M contg. the shaft 10.


D etermination of drought adaptation strategies on plant species is highly important to develop resistant cultivars. Drought resistance mechanisms known as drought escape, avoidance and tolerance should be investigated and associated with several mathematical indices in especially tree species. Therefore, the major aim of this study was to identify drought adaptation strategies with these indices for tree species by using poplar as a model organism. Black poplar clone collection including 300 individuals collected from all around Turkey was tested in a field trial. The growth and biomass production capacities of these individuals with several physiological traits were measured and compared in rainy and drought periods. Mean Relative Performance (MRP) and Stress tolerance Index (STI) were used to identify adaptive responses of black poplar to drought stress. In the study, MRP favored drought tolerant genotypes having the highest biomass production. Genotypes with higher STI values exhibited drought avoidance mechanism which characterized with low productivity but much higher drought resistance. On the other hand, lower STI was associated to drought escape genotypes which revealed the lowest growth performance and the highest defoliation rates under drought. In the current study, relationship between antioxidant enzyme activities and drought adaptations were also investigated on the leaves of selected clones. Higher enzyme activates associated with drought escape strategy in the study.


The adaptive immune system employs a large number of T cells, that each have a specificity defined by their T-cell receptor (TCR). Characterizing the TCR repertoire in humans and mice thus provides a way to address outstanding immunological questions. The repertoires can be assessed quantitatively using high-throughput sequencing. Interpretation of the resulting data is challenging due to the vast diversity of the TCR repertoire and the relatively small number of cells that can be analyzed in an experiment. In this thesis we analyze TCR repertoires from humans and mice, by integrating information obtained from multiple samples.
In Chapter 2 we devise various models for the distribution of TCR clone sizes in the human naive T cell pool. We characterise the repertoire of TCR α and β chains by repertoire sequencing of various cell subsets. Comparing the model predictions with the experimental outcomes, we find solid evidence for the presence of very large TCRαβ clones in the naive T cell repertoire. These large naive T-cell clones are only partly explained by their generation probability. Chapter 3 aims to identify sequence characteristics of such abundant naive T cell clones. We find that the D segment is missing in a substantial fraction of the abundant TCR β sequences in the naive T cell repertoire of young individuals. Such sequences appear to be mostly generated before birth, to persist over a human lifetime, and, as a result, to be excessively shared between individuals. Chapter 4 is a short unpublished report on quantifying the effects of age on the TCR repertoire. We present example analyses and discuss potential pitfalls of assessing ageing effects on the TCR repertoire. Chapter 5 describes a pilot study on using TCR sequencing to follow the T-cell response upon pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. We define quantitative requirements to classify T-cell expansions but detect these in only a minority of the donors. Our analysis suggests that the vaccine-induced T-cell response is small and/or very broad, and highlights experimental requirements to characterise such responses in future studies.
A key limitation of the studies in humans introduced above is the limited number of cells that can be analysed compared to the total size of the T-cell pool. As a result, many of the TCR chains that make up the diversity of the TCR repertoire will be missed in any analysis. Bulk sequencing methods also do not uncover the full TCR diversity present in an individual as the information on the pairing of α and β chains is not obtained. In Chapter 6 we overcome both limitations by studying the TCR repertoire of one-TCRa mice that have a strongly reduced receptor diversity. This allows us to study the nearly complete TCR diversity, and compare the repertoire among individual lymph nodes and mice, revealing a spatial organisation of the TCR repertoire. In summary, this thesis describes how we studied T-cell biology quantitatively by combining simplified models with careful bioinformatics analyses.


We propose the use of a laptop with a program generator and a transistor power amplifier to control the frequency, duration and amplitude of the LED stroboscope flashes. Examples of the stroboscopic photographs are given.


The conjugate gradient method is applied to a linear equation, with a uniformly positive definite coefficient operator, on a real, separable Hilbert space. We observe that, if the coefficient operator is a compact perturbation of the identity, then the method is R-superlinearly convergent. Furthermore, if the perturbation belongs to a certain trace class, then a rate of superconvergence can be given. The results can be considered as infinite-dimensional analogs of the fact that the method has finite termination property on a finite-dimensional space.


The idea of a neutrosophic hypersoft set (NHSS) was coined by Smarandache in 2018 as a generalization of the soft set. This structure is a hybrid of a neutrosophic set with a hypersoft set. It can be a valuable structure for dealing with multi-attributes, multi-objective problems with disjoint attributive values. Similarity measures (SM) play a vital role in measuring the similarity index that how much the things are similar. Different types of similarity measures were developed in literature with different fuzzy, intuitionistic, and neutrosophic theories. It is intended to merge the neutrosophic theory with the hypersoft set theory and propose different similarity measures with the help of new proposed distances with max-min operators. Also, we proved different theorems and properties of distance and similarity measures. Then as solid waste management is a global issue, and there are some Solid Waste Management Systems (SWMS) for environment protection, so an example will be given for the site selection for SWMS to check the validity of proposed techniques. To verify the validity and superiority of the suggested work, it is contrasted to several existing methodologies, which show that decision-making issues with more bifurcation attributes provide more accurate and precise outcomes and can only be solved using this technique. In the future, the presented methodologies could be used in case studies with several qualities that are further bifurcated and multiple decision-makers. This proposed work can also be extended to many existing hypersoft set hybrids, such as Fuzzy hypersoft sets (FHSs), Intuitionistic hypersoft sets (IHSs), Bipolar hypersoft sets (Bi-HSs), m-polar HSs, and Pythagorean hypersoft sets (PHSs).


In the 1990's information technology and business process re-engtneermg have combined to provide organizations a competitive advantage. Enterprise Resource Plan ning (ERP) systems were particularly considered examples representing such develop ment. This paper reports the results of a survey on ERF implementation to explore its benefits and concerns. Our results show companies can expect more intrafirm benefits, such as reduced inventory, improved quality, and shortened cycle time, than interfirm benefits from current ERP technology. Existing ERP technology is not yet capable of handling the complexity of the whole supply chain. More supplier relationship manage ment functionalities need to be integrated. Our results also suggest that so-called best practices" of current ERP technology fit financial processes better than manufacturing and operational processes in today's business environment. Hence business process reengineering efforts are necessary but not sufficient to the success of an ERP system implementation.


I sought to understand how an organization might retain an enduring identity. Current scholarship, divided between advocates for identity's temporality and endurance, has not empirically addressed the ways in which certain organizations take steps to retain their central and distinctive features. I elaborate a theory of identity endurance using a case study of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML). Qualitative analysis of various archival and interview sources from 1970 to 2017 revealed four distinct periods in the organization's history, during which different identity threats led the organization to purposefully manipulate their image, or images, while identity buttresses supported their central and distinctive features. I conclude with a discussion of the contributions offered by this work to the literatures on organizational identity and image.


Interval-valued information system is a kind of knowledge representation model for uncertain information. An interval-valued attribute has an expectation by experience or background knowledge, called cognitive expectation. There are few studies aiming at interval-valued attributes with cognitive expectations. We propose the concept of Interval-valued decision system with expectations (IDSE). A new dominance relation based on the distances between expectations and interval values is constructed. Based on the constructed dominance relation, a rough set model for IDSE is investigated. Attribute reduction in IDSE is also examined by using discernibility matrices and discernibility functions.


w 2.1 Mathematical formulation of predictive learning problem Classification, regression, density estimation, vector quantization w 2.2 Classical statistical approaches to estimation from data Parametric modeling (ML, ERM): Very rigid assumption about unknown dependency (discrepancy) Nonparametric modeling: Learning with large samples (asymptotic case) Outline (2/2) w 2.3 Adaptive Methods A priori assumption Choosing a model of optimal complexity for finite data x How to incorporate a priori assumption into learning? x How to measure model complexity? x How to find an optimal balance between the data and a priori knowledge 2.


Nanocomposites based on high-density polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (HDPE-g-MA) were prepared by in situ reactive melt mixing using a twin-screw extruder. The effects of different modified clays and maleic anhydride content on intercalation and mechanical properties were studied. The nanocomposites were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques and tensile testing. The results show that clay I.30TC is suitable for preparation of HDPE-g-MA/clay nanocomposites. Grafting HDPE with MA contributed to higher degree of intercalation in clay particles and increases the tensile modulus of nanocomposite. MA content should be maintained at a certain level to improve the extent of intercalation. During the process, grafted maleic anhydride groups on HDPE backbone are converted to acid pendant groups. In order to determine the extent of cross-linking as a function of MA content, the gel content of the samples were measured. A significant improvement in the tensile modulus of the HDPE/clay nanocomposites was observed without changes in tensile strength and elongation-at-break values.


1The distinction of religion's dual commitment to devotion and inquiry is made by Henry Nelson Wieman, see for example, Man's Ultimate Commitment, 1959


They now suggest an intake of 600 IU/d of vitamin D for most healthy adults younger than 71 years and 800 IU/d for healthy persons 71 years and older.


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In order to evaluate the health state of inhabitants of a rural district, the patterns of medical consultation using national health insurance were analyzed to research the diseases among inhabitants in one agricultural village. The following results were obtained. 1. In view of the geographical and climatic conditions, the NANAKAI Village selected for survey had the characteristics of a rural district. The financial situation of the village is poor. Health and hygienic expenses occupy only about 3% of the total budget. The agricultural industry consists mainly of forestry and farm work with little progress in mechanization. In the farm work animal power is almost utilized. The farm is utilized to a very high degree and the amount of agricultural labor is hard in view of the rural life. 2. The progressive decrease in populaticn of this village has been pronounced, causing the low density phenomenon of population, because of a low natural increase in the population and a high rural exodus. The aged population is thus increasing. The decrease in live birth rate, the increase in death rate and infant mortality rate represent one of the typical characteristics of a remote mountain village. 3. The morbidity in this agricultural village, based on the detailed analysis of the national health insurance receipt for medical treatment was as follows. i) In order to ascertain the population in agricultural labor, the possibility of an approach through analysis of subscriptions to national health insurance was demonstrated. ii) The rate of medical consultation was the highest in April, with a peak utilization in August. The rate decreased in the farmer's busy season. iii) The rate of medical consultation in each disease was high for respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, and neuralgia. iv) The rate of medical consultation under 4 years was the highest of all age structure. v) The rate of medical consultation by income structure was lower in the low income group. vi) The rate of medical consultation by medical institutions in each area was somewhat higher in medical institutions outside the village than in those within the village.


The transition from the medieval to the early modern Buddhist order was directed in large measure by a new regulatory regime instituted by the Tokugawa bakufu. These new directives issued from Edo increasingly regulated every aspect of both political and religious life during the first half of the seventeenth century. As the bakufu extended its control over domains through a pyramidal hierarchy of order towards the center, similar formations of regulation governing Buddhist sectarian order emerged in an increasingly formalized fashion. At the same time, power did not operate in a unilateral direction as Buddhist institutions attempted to shape regulation, move toward a self-regulatory model of governance, and otherwise evade control by the center through local interpretations and implementations of law. This essay takes up how state regulation of religion was managed by Soto Zen Buddhism, with particular attention given to rules governing the clerical ranks and the robes worn by clerics of high rank. The 1627 "purple robe incident" is examined as an emblematic case of the new power relationship between the new bakufu's concern about subversive elements that could challenge its hold on power; the imperial household's customary authority to award the highest-ranking, imperially-sanctioned "purple robe"; and Buddhist institutions that laid claim on the authority to recognize spiritual advancement. KEYWORDS: Soto Zen Buddhism-Tokugawa bakufu and religion-hatto-"purple robe incident" (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) BUYO INSHI ... was the pen name of an anonymous writer from the late Edo period whose essay, Seji kenmonroku ..., was critical of many aspects of Edo society at the time, including what he considered the degenerate activities of merchants, government officials, and Buddhist clerics. 1 While speculation about his identity has ranged from the possibility that he was a shogunal retainer or a moneylender to his being a judicial clerk, his wish to remain anonymous because of his biting remarks has made it difficult for modern scholars to trace his true identity (Aoki 1999; Tsuji 1955, 172.73). The Seji kenmonroku section on religious institutions includes the following commentary about the Soto Zen sect in which he decries the moral and spiritual degeneration of Zen clerics who were unable to live up to new sect and government regulations on clerical training. He also sharply criticized the practice of bribery to purchase clerical ranks and higher-rank colored robes as well as the general atmosphere in which money dictated clerical success. [Recently], Buddhist clerics, from all the sects, have been breaking both governmental and sectarian regulations. Neither having the [required] years [of experience] nor moral discipline, they walk the path of greed". To take up an example or two, I will start with the Soto school. According to the rules set by the first Shogun Ieyasu, for a cleric to be considered fully qualified, he must attend clerical training retreats for twenty years. For the same cleric to become an abbot of a temple, twenty-five years are necessary. These rules were determined through discussions between the sect and a high-ranking cleric of a different sect.2 The clerical training includes a ceremony where clerics sit across from each other to hold a question-and-answer session regarding the Dharma. Even though difficult or unexpected questions might be asked, one is supposed to be able to give an appropriate reply. However, these days, the ceremony is conducted with the participants having previously agreed upon the contents of both the questions and the answers. Unlike the true Zen question-and-answer session, the ceremony today is like a preset performance of sword and spear techniques, rather than real combat .... Having gone through the clerical training only in form, they can still become a fully-recognized cleric or a temple abbot without the twenty years of training and without the proper number of Dharma years, if they prepare a bribe of ten ryo . …


With oil reserves coming to an end, a rethinking of classical economics is needed. Why has neoclassical theory not accounted for peak oil so far


Airborne measurements were conducted above the UK during May and June 2000 in order to investigate turbulence and mixing in the tropopause region. Measurements of temperature frequently exhibited a periodic series of ramps that resembled a sawtooth pattern. These repeating structures were only observed in or near patches of intense shear‐generated turbulence associated with the jet‐stream. In each observed case the temperature ramps had the same orientation with respect to the wind shear. The temperature increased gradually in the direction of the shear, dropped suddenly, and the pattern repeated with wavelengths of about 1 to 1.2 km. Numerical simulation was applied to demonstrate that the observed temperature ramps are a signature of growing Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves that are just beginning to overturn in transition to turbulence. The fluctuations in wind became increasingly three‐dimensional along the direction of the shear with coherent oscillations that are consistent with the shear‐aligned vortices found in laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.


HROUGHOUT the history of agricultural economics there can be observed cycles of interest in various aspects of rural social and economic problems. Among these waves of effort probably none has been more pronounced than that in the field of parttime farming during the years 1932 to 1937. The period is marked by the shift in the normal farm-to-city migration, by dramatic resettlement programs, and by a voluminous editorial output. This field is now receiving less widespread and certainly less spectacular attention than it did five years ago, but the surge of interest it once attracted has left much source material for social scientists. What is more, part-time farming has come to be regarded, not merely as a depression phenomenon nor as just a minor and abnormal type of farming, but as a significant part of our rural economy-a mode of living that has a long history and one that will become increasingly important in the future. This paper analyzes 24 part-time farming research reports' for the purposes of summarizing what has been learned about certain aspects of part-time farming and of aiding in the orientation of future research efforts in the field. In a broader way, an analysis of such a group of studies, all on the same topic and made during a given period, provides a case study of research in agricultural economics.


The invention relates to a using method for recovering refining slag and recycling in a converter, belonging to the technical field of converter steelmaking. The using method comprises the following steps of: cooling the refining slag, then screening for removing powder, breaking into the appropriate particle size, baking and performing water removal treatment so as to produce refining return slag with the particle size of 20-40mm and the water content of less than 1%; and adding 3-10kg/t of the refining return slag after slag splashing of the converter according to the situation of converter slag, thereby reducing the temperature of the converter slag, solidifying the residual slag in the converter, thickening the converter slag, reducing the liquid slag and simultaneously reducing the oxidability of the converter slag. The refining return slag comprises the following components by weight percent: 30-70% of CaO, 7-16% of MgO, 6-30% of SiO2, 10-45% of Al2O3, 0.3-2.5% of FeO and 0.3-2.5% of TFe. The using method has the advantages of realizing the curing of the converter slag, diluting the oxidability of the converter slag, and simultaneously promoting slugging and reducing the consumption of lime in the blowing process of the converter.


Accumulation of aluminium chloride results in damage to different brain regions, and has been used to model damage to the hippocampus which can be associated with various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effects of eugenol on aluminium induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus of adult Wistar rats. 30 adult Wistar rats were procured and divided into six groups with five animals in each group, namely: EGH (300 mg/kg eugenol), EGL (150 mg/kg eugenol), EGH+AL (300 mg/kg eugenol and 100 mg/kg AlCl3), EGL+AL (150 mg/kg eugenol and 100 mg/kg AlCl3), AL (100 mg/kg AlCl3) and CTRL (2 mL/kg distilled water). All Groups were treated orally for 21 days after which they were humanely sacrificed under 0.8 mL/kg ketamine as an anaesthetizing agent. Thereafter, brain tissues were removed and processed for histological demonstration, while the frontal lobe was homogenized and the resultant homogenate obtained was used to assay the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Rat body weights were measured before and after treatment. Aluminium resulted in a significant (p<0.05) reduction in SOD activities. There was alteration in the histology of hippocampal neurons (CA1) and a significant (p<0.01) reduction in body weight of animals. However, the administration of Eugenol was able to restore the activity of SOD. The use of Eugenol offers a promising prospect in the management of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aluminium toxicity.


First calving age is one of main factors affecting longevity and productivity of dairy cattle. Holstein black and white and Holstein red and white cows are characterizing with larger milk yields and with shorter lifespan than Latvian native cow breed. The aim of this study was to determine how age at first calving affects Holstein cow breed longevity and lifetime productivity. In study was used data of 45 973 Holstein black and white (31 184 ) and Holstein red and white(14 753) dairy cows that was culled from herds during the period from year 2002 to 2012. Data about dairy cow milk productivity, first calving used in study was obtained in Agricultural Data Centre. There was discovered that average lifespan of Holstein cow breed in Latvia is 1995.7 days with 22457.5 kg energy corrected milk (ECM) lifetime milk yield. Holstein black and white cow lifespan was 524 days or 1.36 years shorter than Holstein red and white cow, therefore Holstain black and white cows had largest productivity in one life day – 17.9 kg ECM – and in all life – 24735.9 kg ECM. Signifficantly longer (p<0.05) lifespan in both of Holstein breed cows was in cow group with first calving age <24, but lifetime milk productivity for Holstein red and white cows was in first calving age 24–29 months. Highest milk productivity was in Holstein black and white cow breed with first calving age <24 month, average lifetime milk productivity in this group was 25287.3 kg ECM.


Small infrared target detection is a key and challenging issue in object detection and tracking systems. Existing algorithms can be mainly categorized into nonlocal-based or local-based methods. However, the detection performance degrades rapidly when facing highly heterogeneous backgrounds. This is mainly due to that they exploit only one kind of information (e.g., local or nonlocal) while sacrificing the other. Thus, an effective small target detection method is proposed to combine local and nonlocal priors. The former is obtained by a sliding dual window while the latter is realized by low-rank and sparse decomposition. Experimental results on three real datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, which is more stable and robust compared with several state-of-the-art methods, especially for the image scenes with heavy background clutters.


This study is intended to examine the duration patterns of English by Mandarin speakers in comparison with native British speakers. 11 native British English speakers and 20 Mandarin speakers of English were asked to produce 4 sets of tokens consisting of a mono-syllabic base form, disyllabic, and trisyllabic words derived from the base by the addition of suffixes, and a set of short sentences with a particular combination of phrase size, stress pattern, and boundary location. The results suggest that the amount of polysyllabic shortening and the effect of word or phrase position are likely to affect duration patterns of Mandarin speakers of English, leading to their Chinese accent of English. This study can benefit both L2 leaners and language teachers by increasing their sensitivity to the duration differences and difficulties experienced by L2 learners of English.


The present paper deals on the histological description of the hake ovary made on the basis of gonad observations of 394 females during the period April 1966 March 1967. The material was obtained from weekly sampling of commercial catches carried out at the Institute of Marine Biology (Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina). The anatomical and histological description of the standard ovary and the adopted terminology are given. The maturation process is divided into five periods, from ovocyte formation to yolked ovocyte formation, with its histological description. Ovary changes are analyzed on detail. The following conclusions were outlined: 1. Analysis demonstrated that although some specimens were totally spawned others, at the end of the spawning period, retaining a great number of ovocytes in different maturity stages. Therefore, postspawners have been classified as follows: Postspawned II : This stages is characterized by the empty ovarian structure, with ovocytes in stage II, which will remain in the resting phase untill next spawning season. Postspawned III and IV: Their main characteristics are: tissue destruction, bloody residuals and remaining ovocytes in stage III and IV, respectively. 2. Some transformations were found in ovaries of postspawned III and IV. They are classified as follows, according to its origin and structure: Developed from follicular cell membrane – a) Glandular formations, b) Epiteloid formations - Originated from remaining ovocytes, c) Ovocyte disintegration, d) Ovocyte with follicular cell infiltration. 3. All those structures derived from postpawners III and IV have a temporary character and will be reabsorbed. Their presence delay the recuperation of the organ and its reproductive functions. Consequently, the possibility of those structures acting as control mechanisms is suggested. 4. Transformations pointed out in paragraph No 2 prevent the possibility of consecutive spawning originated from the remaining ovocytes (II and IV). 5. No structures originated from postspawners III and IV were found during summer season. 6. Reproductive cycle of hake has been described monthly. It was observed that maturing ovaries predominate in summer (November-December).


Calcium caseinate was prepared by washing casein in hot (70 degree C) water, dispersing it in ammonia, adding the requisite amount of Ca(OH)2 in sucrose solution and roller-drying. The essential amino acid composition of the calcium caseinate was similar to that of the original casein, even after 2-yr storage at room temp. In rat assays, the PER of the 2 proteins were not significantly different. The results indicate that there was no loss of essential amino acids or of biological availability of the protein during the preparation of the calcium caseinate. From a study of the effects of alkalis on release of inorganic phosphate from casein, it was shown that 0.25-1N NH4OH at pH 7 and 37 degree C did not hydrolyse casein-phosphate linkages. The NH4OH had the added advantage of being removed by evaporation during roller-drying, without the formation of undesirable salts.


This paper considers dominating set problems in a disk graphs, which is a generalization of unit disk graphs extensively used to analyze homogeneous sensor or wireless networks. When considering heterogeneous networks, it is useful to consider disk graphs that contain disks with different radii. Given graph $G=(V,E)$, set $D\subseteq V$ is a $(k,m)$ -connected dominating set for G if every node in V is either in D or has at least m neighbors in D and the induced subgraph $G[D]$ is also k -connected. Many approximation algorithms are known for this problem in unit disk graphs. We prove various properties for disk graphs so that these algorithms can be generalized to disk graphs. Namely, we show that a $\displaystyle \min\left\{\frac{m}{m-k},\sqrt{k}\right\}\cdot O\left(\ln^{2}k\right)$ - approximation algorithm of Nutov works in this setting. We also present a PTAS for finding a $(1+\epsilon)$ -approximate solution to the m -dominating set problem in disk graphs that runs in time $n^{O(m/\epsilon)}$