From the Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical Services and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (MJF, LIE); Department of Anesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (HF, EB, MB); Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (KU); Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MH); Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nancy, Nancy, France (CM); Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK (JMH); and Research department, European Society of Anaesthesiology, Brussels, Belgium (BL, SD)


A laboratory and pilot plant study has shown that tannery sludges can be used in brick manufacture for up to 10% of the dry weight of bricks. Bricks containing sludge are higher in porosity than controls. Bending strength and frost resistance are acceptable at 10% but are decreased below acceptable levels in bricks made with 15% sludge. Increased emission of aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbon vapours from the sludge in the preheating zone of the furnace could easily be taken care of by recycling this exhaust to the high temperature zone.


Performance Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Nanoelectronic Memories. (May 2008) Ayodeji O. Coker, B.S, State University of New York at Albany; M.S, Northwestern University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Valerie E. Taylor Performance growth in microelectronics, as described by Moore's law, is steadily approaching its limits. Nanoscale technologies are increasingly being explored as a practical solution to sustaining and possibly surpassing current performance trends of microelectronics. This work presents an in-depth analysis of the impact on performance, of incorporating reliability schemes into the architecture of a crossbar molecular switch nanomemory and demultiplexer. Nanoelectronics are currently in their early stages, and so fabrication and design methodologies are still in the process of being studied and developed. The building blocks of nanotechnology are fabricated using bottom-up processes, which leave them highly susceptible to defects. Hence, it is very important that defect and fault-tolerant schemes be incorporated into the design of nanotechnology related devices. In this dissertation, we focus on the study of a novel and promising class of computer chip memories called crossbar molecular switch memories and their demultiplexer addressing units. A major part of this work was the design of a defect and fault tolerance scheme we called the Multi-Switch Junction (MSJ) scheme. The MSJ


To examine the importance of positive or negative interactions of plant species on a micro-scale, species associations were studied in 38 1 m(2) - plots in alvar limestone grasslands on Oland, Sweden. Each plot was assumed to be homogeneous as to its environmental conditions and spatial distribution of dominant species, and was divided into 25 sub-plots of 100 cm(2) size arranged in a regular grid. Presence-absence data of rooted vascular plants were recorded for each sub-plot. Significant positive or negative associations were observed in all plots. The number of significant interactions was positively related to the within-plot variation in soil depth. In seven and nine cases, respectively, there were more positive or negative associations than expected on the basis of a random distribution of species over the sub-plots. The ratio of the number of positive associations to the potential number of positive associations increased with increasing species richness. There was a significant spatial autocorrelation in species composition in most plots, but the coefficients of determination were on average very low, indicating a minor importance of spatial dependence in the data set. Correspondingly, the ratio of observed to potential species associations was unrelated to the extent of spatial autocorrelation. About 2/3 of all species encountered were at least once involved in a significant interaction. We found differences in the proportion of positive to negative associations between species with different habitat requirements and attributes. In general, species with predominantly negative associations were mostly relatively tall and competitive, long-lived hemicryptophytes characteristic of Festuco-Brometea and more mesotrophic grasslands, for example Filipendula vulgaris and Achillea millefolium. In contrast, species with largely positive associations were mostly smaller and short-lived stress-tolerators and stress-tolerant ruderals, preferring more shallow and exposed soils, such as Cerastium semidecandrum and Trifolium arvense. While the negative associations prevailing among the dominant species in the alvar grasslands are likely to be the outcome of interspecific competition for space and resources, the positive associations may be the result of facilitative relations between the dominant and sub-ordinate species.


This paper was published in 'Trends in welding research : proceedings of the 6th International Conference, 15-19 April, 2002' and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of ASM International. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplications of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of this paper are prohibited.


This article aims at summarizing some teaching practices and approaches that, according to the literature, have a large impact on student learning. We will focus mainly on some aspects that are under direct control of the instructor: the clear definition of the intended learning outcomes, which include a model of what the student is expected to do or know after successful completion of the course, and how success will be measured; the importance of eliciting errors and misconceptions from the students, and the importance of frequent feedback to correct these; the importance of feedback to the teacher, who can use it to assess and adapt the teaching strategies. We will briefly discussion the importance of motivation. Finally, we will describe peer instruction, a teaching strategy that, in our opinion, is easy to use and that implements several of these aspects, having a high impact on learning according to the literature. Keywords— Engineering Education.


tary aircraft industry in the 1940's, the use of chromic acid for anodizing aluminum became common. The first reported incidence of chromium in a water supply in Nassau County occurred in June 1942 at an industrial plant in South Farmingdale. During a sanitation survey by the Nassau County Health Dept., a private shallow well located close to the pit used for the disposal of liquid wastes from the plant was observed to be contaminated with hexavalent chromium. The well was 140 ft deep with static water 14 ft from ground level. A chemical analysis of the water indicated the presence of 0.1 ppm chromium. The authorities of the plant were advised not to use the well water for drinking purposes and were also directed to treat the industrial waste for chromium removal. Owing to wartime conditions and accompanying shortages of field personnel, the situation was not reinvestigated until after World War II. In June 1945, the New York City Department of Water Supply, Gas, and Electricity examined water from its test wells south of the plant and reported small amounts of chromium in all wells. In the department's opinion, the source of the chromium was contaminated runoff from the streets, which entered Massapequa Creek through storm drains. When, in 1946, the USPHS DrinkWater Standards 1 specified that the hexavalent chromium in potable water should not exceed 0.05 ppm, the New York State Department of Health requested the industrial plant o present plans for the removal of hexavalent chromium ions from plating wastes.


It is the first time to expound deeply that the government decision must be made scientifically and specically in decision procedure and publically in ofienlation and objective, The principels and spirits of justness,openness,institutionalism and the balance between rights and obligations imbedded in WTO will put great challenges on our country's financial process and financial ideas, and have great guiding significanceto reform and regulate our country's financial process .That is to say,the challenges will enhance justness,openness and institutionalism of financial income,budget and expenditure of our country,and will also help our country establish financial ideas based on the core value of publicity.Furthermore,the challenges will benefit the construction process of public finance and democratic finance of our country as well.


Studied thoroughly on the Linux real-time technology,based on Linux 2.6 kernel,a method called delayed locking technique is proposed to reduce the OS latency when a task enters the critical section.Because of the coarse-grained timer mechanism,a new method called high-resolution timer is designed and implemented,which can reach the microsecond level and improve the real-time performance of the Linux system efficiently.The modification is a successful effort to decrease OS latency,which could meet the need of most of the embedded hard real-time systems.


In servo control system, the current loop as the inner loop directly affects the performance of the whole control system. In engineering practice, there are delays in forward and feedback channels of current loop due to arithmetic, power switch operation, sampling and so on. Those delays will reduce the bandwidth of current loop. This paper firstly analyses and demonstrates the effects of forward channel delay and feedback channel delay to suppress the bandwidth of current loop, and then analyses the current loop in actual situation. By using the typical elements approximate processing and the closed-loop dominant pole processing method, the current loop model is simplified based on the actual situation, and the analytical solution of bandwidth related to delays is obtained. Through the analytical solution, the capability of forward channel delay and feedback channel delay in current loop bandwidth inhibition can be directly expressed, which provides a theoretical basis for practical engineering to expand current loop bandwidth.In servo control system, the current loop as the inner loop directly affects the performance of the whole control system. In engineering practice, there are delays in forward and feedback channels of current loop due to arithmetic, power switch operation, sampling and so on. Those delays will reduce the bandwidth of current loop. This paper firstly analyses and demonstrates the effects of forward channel delay and feedback channel delay to suppress the bandwidth of current loop, and then analyses the current loop in actual situation. By using the typical elements approximate processing and the closed-loop dominant pole processing method, the current loop model is simplified based on the actual situation, and the analytical solution of bandwidth related to delays is obtained. Through the analytical solution, the capability of forward channel delay and feedback channel delay in current loop bandwidth inhibition can be directly expressed, which provides a theoretical basis for practical engineering to expand...


The IAEA Atomic and Molecular Data Unit is dedicated to the provision of databases for atomic, molecular and plasma‐material interaction (AM/PMI) data that are relevant for nuclear fusion research. IAEA Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) are the principal mechanism by which the Unit encourages data evaluation and the production of new data. Ongoing and planned CRPs on AM/PMI data are briefly described here.


Epistemic logic belongs to one of the philosophical logic.So far,Although it is already quite mature,but there is also face various problems and challenges.In addition to the traditional logical Omniscience problems,there are other aspects of the philosophy of a series of problems.Despite the epistemic logic system is faces with some problems,but it has made the development of changes from static to dynamic,from single-agent to multi-agent of the main direction,at the same time the study methods to diversify.


This paper takes a mathematical analysis technique derived from the Interrogator's Fallacy (in a legal context), expands upon it to identify a set of three interrelated probabilistic tools with wide applicability, and demonstrates their ability to assess hypothesis-evidence relationships associated with important problems.


This paper proposes a novel framework for the fusion of depth data produced by a Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera and a stereo vision system. The key problem of balancing between the two sources of information is solved by extracting confidence maps for both sources using deep learning. We introduce a novel synthetic dataset accurately representing the data acquired by the proposed setup and use it to train a Convolutional Neural Network architecture. The machine learning framework estimates the reliability of both data sources at each pixel location. The two depth fields are finally fused enforcing the local consistency of depth data taking into account the confidence information. Experimental results show that the proposed approach increases the accuracy of the depth estimation.


New strategies in vaccine development are urgently needed to combat emerging infl uenza viruses and to reduce the risk of pandemic disease surfacing. Being conserved, the M2e protein, is a potential candidate for universal vaccine development against infl uenza A viruses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70 (mHsp70) is known to cultivate the function of immunogenic antigenpresenting cells, stimulate a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, and stop the induction of tolerance. Thus, in this study, a recombinant protein from the extracellular domain of infl uenza A virus matrix protein 2 (M2e), was fused to the C-terminus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70 (Hsp70c), to generate a vaccine candidate. Humoral immune responses, IFN-γ-producing lymphocyte, and strong CTL activity were all induced to confi rm the immunogenicity of M2e.Hsp70c (Hsp70359–610). And challenge tests showed protection against H1N1 and H9N2 strains in vaccinated groups. Finally these results demonstrates M2e.Hsp70c fusion protein can be a candidate for a universal infl uenza A vaccine.


What Thomas sees in the emergent detective story is a sort of debate over the concepts of the individual that was implicit in the rise of such forensic technologies as the lie detector, fingerprinting, and the use of photography for criminal identification. Developed concurrently with the detective story, these techniques and the ideologies of crime, identity, and citizenship they implied were an important part of the emergence of new means of social control and manipulation. Detective stories reflect the ambiguity people felt toward these new techniques and ideologies: at times, authors affirm the new conceptions, but in other cases, they criticize and attack them. Thomas's study seems to me one of the best of the books on mystery literature published in the past decade. Applying methods of literary and cultural analysis derived from cultural studies, Thomas relates the development of detective fiction to a substantial body of clearly relevant social and cultural material connected with the rise of forensic science. When he discusses how detective writers used such developments as fingerprinting, photography, and the lie detector in criminal investigation and then interprets the significance of these developments in terms of emergent ideologies of identity, nationality, citizenship, and crime, he is wonderfully interesting and highly useful. However, the further he gets from this specific relationship into broader speculations about the social meanings of the detective writers he has chosen to consider, the less convincing he becomes. One instance is his interpretation of Hammett's The Maltese Falcon as a parable of post–World War I American capitalism and isolationism. One could also argue the opposite: that Sam Spade's ultimate failure to establish any meaningful human relationships is a criticism of isolationism, while his dealings about the Maltese Falcon are a burlesque of capitalism. In fact, at the end of his discussion of Hammett's classic, Thomas suggests that although The Maltese Falcon might seem to be ''a defense of the ethos of American isolationism,'' important elements of the narration, such as the ''Flitcraft story,'' actually caution ''that it is not merely that'' (269). The ambiguities in this conclusion nicely illustrate the difficulty inherent in the ideological interpretation of literary works of any complexity, even popular ones. But this is a very minor flaw in an otherwise deeply researched and brilliantly argued treatment of the detective genre.


LiDAR-based 3D object detection has been rapidly developed in many fields, such as robotics and autonomous driving. Mainstream LiDAR-based 3D object detection includes various sampling methods that attempt to reduce computational costs by reaching sufficient accuracy via fewer points. To stimulate related researches, this paper reviews sampling methods in LiDAR-based 3D object detection. It covers both traditional sampling methods and deep learning sampling methods.


Background: Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is one of the leading cause of death in the world because of its late or end stage presentation. In our study we assessed patients of CKD for cognitive dysfunction with Addenbrooke scale and other biochemical parameters. Methods: This crosssectional study was conducted on 60 newly diagnosed CKD patients at MGM Medical College and MY Hospital Indore, MP, India, from 2019 to 2021. Baseline parameters like serum urea, creatinine, bilirubin and sodium were done and patients were subjected to Addenbrooke scale to assess subclinical uremic encephalopathy and data were analysed using SPSS statistics version 22.0 and p value <0.05 and condence interval more than 95% were considered signicant. Results: In my study of 60 patients, we have different mean of Addenbrooke scale according to stages. In stage 1 of CKD the mean value of scale is 94.33%. In CKD stage 2 the mean scale is 96.833% . In stage 3 CKD mean value is 94.5%. In CKD stage 4 the mean value is 91.2%. In CKD stage 5 the mean value is 86.88%. Conclusions: This study supports the fact that as CKD stages progresses, there is propensity of Addenbrooke score to decrease which helps in early detection of subclinical uremic encephalopathy and therefore the risk of uremic seizures


The purpose of this study is Design pattern popular participation in protection, regeneration of forests and pastures in Ilam province. This study is a casual comparative and applies one. The study population are included two groups of experts and managers of natural resources and natural resources exploitation. The sample size of groups was obtained by cochran formula and They were 317 for users and 56 for experts respectively. for sample selection, stratified, cluster and multiple sampling were utilized. the main tool of research was questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were obtained by experts and pilot study and its Alfa level was %88. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used and data was analyzed by spss 15. To test the hypothesis, correlation, multiple regression were employed. The result indicated that in experts and manager groups, only socio-cultural factor from 7 factors of social, political, cultural, economical, psychological agent abilities natural resources extension content, and extension planning had an effect on popular participation. The results also showed that in users group, There wasn't any statistically significant differences among age groups and kind of their ownership with regard to protecting, revitalizing forests and pastures. while factors such as level of education, rate of media using, users trusting on natural resources executive, consulting with users before implementation the plans, number of cattle's, kind of occupation, users membership in public institution and organization, social status of users, Technical knowledge of users, present status of natural of natural resources extensive plans, political and low full support of users, amount of loan received by users and organizing nature assistant, have a significant role on popular participation in protecting, revitalizing forests and pastures.


Rates of nitrosation in dilute aqueous HCIO4 and HCI under various conditions are reported for azulene (to form the 1-nitroso-derivative) and 1-nitroazulene. Both reactions show a first-order dependence on substrate, nitrous acid, and solvent acid concentrations, and for azulene the reaction is further catalysed by chloride ion. A primary kinetic hydrogen isotope effect is observed for 1-nitroazulene (KH/KD 2.8) but not for azulene. These results are consistent with the expected A–SE2 pathway characteristic of aromatic electrophilic substitution, where encounter of the reactants is rate limiting for azulene, and proton loss from the Wheland intermediate is rate limiting for 1-nitroazulene. Activation parameters for azulene (ΔH 33 ± 5 kJ mol–1; ΔS 45 ± 7 J K–1 mol–1) are consistent with an encounter-controlled rate. These findings confirm recent deductions from the nitrosation of indoles that highly reactive substrates (pKa–3.5) react on encounter with NOCI and H2ONO+, and suggest that the high reactivity of indoles is not a consequence of reaction at the heterocyclic nitrogen atom.


The role of water security is the importance of sustainable development in a country. This study used the water stress index (WSI) to evaluate the status of water resources and water exploitation in the Vu Gia - Thu Bon river basin. In the study, the Vu Gia - Thu Bon river basin was divided into 15 areas to calculate the water stress index (WSI) through the following calculation: The water availability is calculated by the simulation software MIKE SHE; Demand water (domestic, industry, agriculture); Environmental water requirement (EWR) to maintain environmental stability of the river. The findings have shown that 1) There is WSI differences beetwen upper and lower Vu Gia Thu Bon; 2) In the downstream areas, WSI value is up to 4 in the dry season. WSI exceeds 1 times is during the period from April to June. Water scarcity becomes more serious than in the middle and upstream areas, especially, the exploitation area to supply water for domestic and industry in Da Nang city.


We present an immersive Virtural Reality (VR) experience developed through a unique combination of technologies including an actuated hardware rig; a physics model with a responsive control routine; and an interactive 3D gamelike experience. Specifically, this paper introduces a physics-based communication framework that allows force-driven interaction to be conveyed to a user through a physics-based proxy. Because the framework is generic and extendable, the application supports a variety of interaction modes, constrained by the limitations of the physical full-body haptic rig. To showcase the technology, we highlight the experience of riding locomoting robots and vehicles placed in an immersive VR setting.


Objective: Develop and apply a game to facilitate the use of design thinking for innovation.Method: The construction of the game was based upon the Constructivism Theory. The game was developed following the steps of: (i) understanding the target audience and the context; (ii) defining learning objectives; (iii) structuring the experience; (iv) identifying resources and applying gamification elements; (v) evaluation. Originality/Relevance: Design Thinking emerges as an alternative to improve the innovation process in companies. To facilitate this innovation process, this paper presents a game, through its development and application, based on the principles and stages of Design Thinking, focusing on difficulties of its implementation.Results: The game provides an iterative passage through all stages of the design thinking, giving a holistic view of the process, starting with a deep understanding of the problem, and coming to a design solution.Social / management contributions: The results of the game application have shown its potential to: (i) ease teamwork, avoiding negative discussions and providing active participation from all students; (ii) lead to insight generation in a comprehensible way, making clear the difference between insights and ideas; (iii) simplify the use of inspiring methods and techniques (such as Persona, Empathy Map and Napkin Pitch); (iv) develop creative confidence; (v) provide a pleasant and motivating learning environment for collaborative multidisciplinary work.Theoretical/Methodological contributions: The game provides a method for building serious games and the game as a method of applying Design Thinking for Innovation.


The Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER), in cooperation with the University of Alabama (UA) and the Mining Division of Jim Walter Resources, Inc. (JWRI), was awarded a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contract to retrofit an existing fire-tube boiler to burn coal-water fuel (CWF) A fire-tube boiler on the UA campus was retrofitted, and the CWF was made from Blue Creek Coal fines produced by the Mining Division of JWRI, which is located 45 min from the UA campus. The boiler was successfully operated for 800 hours on CWF. Operating with CWF required a boiler derating of 20% and natural gas as a support fuel. This article describes the test burn on CWF, including combustion characteristics of JWRI CWF, boiler efficiency, combustion temperatures, boiler derating, and emission quality of the flue gas. Also reported is a brief summary of the economic analysis of conversion from natural gas to CWF.


Abstract The use of electromechanical devices in many areas has led to the need to solve problems related to their proper functioning and the possibility that some external factors may affect their operation. The purpose of the developed research was to design and materialize a solution to test the operation of the computer hard disk as an electromechanical device. The systemic analysis method was used to highlight the factors capable of influencing the operation of a computer's hard disk. The components of a hard disk performance testing equipment were identified to evaluate the operation of the hard disk at the variation of some input factors. An enclosure solution was subsequently established and implemented using the idea diagram method to evaluate the functioning of the hard disk when changing the values of some input factors capable of affecting the intensity of the process of losing the functional qualities of the hard disk.


THE FIELD OF MICROBIAL GENETICS is about 20 years old. It has experienced a very rapid growth and has been the subject of numerous symposia, the last one of magnitude being the 10th Symposium of the Society for General _Microbiology, held in London in 1960 (Cambridge University Press, 1960). The separation of genetics into microbial and other genetics is made as a matter of convenience. What holds the field together as some kind of entity is the style of attack on certain problems important to genetics, the use of certain types of techniques. Neurospora, for example, is regarded as a microorganism and was selected for a study of gene-enzyme relationships by Beadle and Tatum (1941) because it is capable of growing on a defined and simple chemical medium. This made possible the extensive study of biosyntheses and their genetic control and led in turn to the isolation of enzymes concerned with specific steps in specific biosyntheses. Formally, however, the genetics of Neurospora is quite similar to the genetics of higher organisms. In Neurospora as in man, the nuclear cycle consists of an alternation of the diplophase and haplophase states. In both organisms, the reduction of the diplophase to the haplophase occurs as a consequence of meiosis; the diplophase is re-established by the fusion of two haploid nuclei. It is precisely this feature of equivalent nuclear contribution to the next generation which has provided a technical stumbling block to ascertaining the nature of the genetic material. The chromosome is an array of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid (at perhaps only some stages) as l)rincipal organic constituents. It has not been possible in higher organisms and in microorganisms such as Neurospora to disentangle the effects of each of these constituents, because they are commonly found together in the life cycle of the organism. And it is because these constituents have been separable in the genetic study of viruses and bacteria that such microorganisms offer the investigator the advantages which he needs for an attack on the problem of the nature of the genetic material. For the purposes of this symposium, I would like to confine my remarks to a discussion of viral and bacterial systems and the information a study of these systems gives us on the nature and function of the gene (see also M. Demerec, this Symposium). The most direct evidence implicating DNA as the genetic substance comes from studies of bacterial transformation and dates back to the work of Avery,


Prediction of upcoming events has very critical role in many disciplines of life. Air accidents and incidents are one of such critical events. There are many existing learning methods in literature. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a lazy learning technique of artificial intelligence which exploits past experience very efficiently. It works well when precise information is not available and available information is not well-structured. In this paper, we propose to apply CBR for prediction of air accidents and incidents. In the proposed framework, we describe the retrieval strategies, solution algorithms and revision mechanism. We have implemented the proposed idea for the data of air accidents, incidents and crashes. The results show that up to 87% accuracy can be achieved using the proposed framework.


Jacob Zuma chose to mark the Day of Reconciliation by reaching out to protesting students and promising free higher education, an unsurprising but contentious move. That act spurred me to finish reading As by Fire, Jonathan Jansen's analysis of the responses of South African university vice-chancellors to the #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall (and associated) movements. By pure chance, I happened to be on the UCT campus on 9 March 2015, the day Chumani Maxwele decided to douse the statue of Cecil John Rhodes in excrement, kicking off a protest movement that called not only for the removal of the offensive statue, but for a removal of the hostile organisational climate that many black students felt permeated UCT and other Historically White Universities (HWUs).


Summary. The serum of pregnant women contains a non‐specific immuno‐suppressive factor able to block an in vitro cellular cytotoxicity reaction. This activity increases during the first trimester and persists for 3 months after delivery. The factor is active in dilution. Ten women who had recurrent abortions were typed for HLA antigens and were found to share several antigens with their husband. In all these women, the'blocking factor'was absent from their serum. The absence of the'blocking factor'could be used as a clinical test to predict spontaneous abortion.


CONTENTS 1 Preface: A letter from ISMPP 3 Editorial: Data Sharing Requirements and Evolution of the Publication Process Original Abstracts from the 13th Annual Meeting of ISMPP 5 All ''MeSh''ed up: the limitations of indexing in MedLine and the impact on literature searches Piyali Dhar Chowdhury, Gina Fusaro, Vrunda Patel, and Padmini Tandvakrishna 6 An analysis of online commentary to publications with industry and academic authors Jason McDonough, Alaina Mitsch, Katie Gersh, Kimberly Brooks, and Nina Kennard 6 Analysis of responses to the data sharing proposal of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Lori Smette, Mahta Nili, Micah Robinson, Ali Hassan, Jon Nilsen, James O'Kelly, and Dikran Toroser 6 Challenges and opportunities for improvement in publication planning: a survey of publication professionals Sue Currie, Kristina Hernandez, Peter Simon, William Fazzone, Marlene Mascioli, Michele Patton, Kristen Oeltjen-Bruns, Luis Perez, and Debra Wolinsky 7 Commitments to data sharing by pharmaceutical companies: the evolving environment Slavka Baronikova, Jim Purvis, Julie Beeso, Eric Southam, Christopher Winchester, and Antonia Panayi 7 Comparison of total direct costs of health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) publication services provided by HEOR research companies versus medical communication agencies Jean Williams and Mindy Chen 8 Congress and journal practices in a digital and patient-centric era – hasten slowly? Tania Dickson, Thao Le, Sue Sutch, and Karen L. Woolley 8 The cost of rejection Nicole Draghi, Lindsay Kier, Laura Hibbler, Chloe Enever, Kimberly Mark, and Gary Burd 9 Data sharing and the role of the publication professional Susan A. Nastasee, Sonia A. Schweers, Deborah Vari, Cynthia Viola, and Monique Adams 9 Data sharing trends and integrity in the era of open science: a qualitative analysis of journals in top-ranked therapeutic areas Ananya Chikramane, Lakshmi Venkatraman, Vivek Khanna, and Sudip Sinha 9 Digital advances in scientific publications: experiences and perceptions of ISMPP members Maura K. McGrail, Linda Avallone, Elizabeth S. Cecere, Kristen R. Clark, Chad Williamson, and Victoria E. Blasberg 10 Do authors fully utilize opportunities to share supplementary information at conferences? Valerie Moss, Susanne Ulm, Talya Underwood, and Neil Venn 10 Effective management of multiple publication plans with overlapping timelines: a case study Claire A. Daniele, Sameera Kongara, Mike Smith, and Shannon Winters 10 The evolving use of Publication Steering Committees (PSCs) Brian Scheckner, Kenneth Pomerantz, and Michael Mandola


By introducing a coordinate transformation, we investigate the feature of a generalized kinetic potential for binary nucleation that governs the pathway of the major nucleation flux. The general conditions under which the major nucleation flux bypasses the thermodynamic saddle point are clarified, and both the discrepancy in the attachment rates of the two species and the nonuniformity of the direction of the nucleation flux are found to be the major causes of the bypassing. The ridge crossing phenomenon is explained on the basis of the present theory. Binary nucleation reduces consistently to single component nucleation when the attachment rate for one of the species tends to vanish. The present theory agrees with the results of numerical simulations.


An RF and microwave circuit simulator is introduced that is the Momentum which is based on the theory:the Method of Moments(MoM).The detail of this theory is explained.Then the Momentum and the Sparameter circuit simulator are combined into a mixed one.By this way,a particular amplifier designing is simulated to show the process of the mixed simulation method and data are also received.The data represent that they are closer to the real ones than those from the pure Sparameter circuit simulator.


Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents that are sensitive to pressure would be useful for evaluating cardiovascular function. One such potential contrast agent conslsts of gas‐filtod liposome microbubbles. The magnetic susceptibility of the microbubbles locally perturb the statte magnetic field, which influences the transverse‐relaxation properties of the surrounding medium. Changes in the pressure atter the bubble dimensions, which affects the magnetic field perturbations and, hence, the transverserelaxation. The effect of these microbubbles on the T2 relaxation times of a water‐based medium was measured for liposomes filled with different gases—nitrogen, argon, air, oxygen, xenon, neon, perflu‐oropentane, perfluorobutane, and sulfur hexafluoride. The air‐filled, perfluoropentane‐fllled and the oxygen‐filted liposomes demonstrated the largest effect on transverse‐relaxation. The influence of pressure on both gradient‐echo and spin‐echo signal intenstties for air‐filled microbubbles was also evaluated. Pressure‐induced changes in signal intensity were consistently observed for both the spin‐echo and gradient‐echo pulses sequences.


The invention relates to a method for controlling a feed mechanism of a rotary printing press, namely for a web tension or a web tension of a recovered with the aid of the feed mechanism in the printing unit print substrate control, and for this purpose, an actual value is compared with a setpoint value, and wherein, depending on that of the deviation between actual value and the desired value a control device for the web tension and the web tension generates a manipulated variable for the draw-in unit. According to the invention the actual value of the web tension and the web tension is determined by calculation on the basis of a model.


Womenwith antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) lose pregnancies. The reason they do is unknown. Current hypotheses suggest that fetal loss is caused by placental vascular occlusion, which itself results from excess procoagulant activity (1), opposed placental anticoagulants (2), inhibited endothelial PGI2 production (3), or coagulation-independent vasculopathy (4). Each hypothesis is based on descriptive data; none has been critically tested. The hypotheses justify therapies currently offered to women: heparin and aspirin, on the assumption that abnormal coagulation causes placental failure, or prednisone, on the assumptions that aPLs are harmful and can be suppressed (5). These treatments have had limited success. There are animal models for the aPL syndrome (6, 7). Pregnant mice with aPL resorb fetuses, providing a surrogate for aPL-associated human fetal loss. But fetal resorption is not specific for aPL. CBAcrossed with DBA/2 mice do not have aPL and also abort (8). Whether the mechanisms in aPL-induced and in CBAX DBA/2 aborting mice differ at the placental level is unknown. In this issue of The Journal Fishman et al. abandon conventional hypotheses and introduce new ideas about aPL-induced fetal death (9). The authors build on data derived from the CBA X DBA/2 mice: these pregnant mice have low plasma IL-3, and treatment with IL-3 prevents their abortions (8, 10). Fishman et al. demonstrate that aPL mice, too, are IL-3 deficient and respond, spectacularly, to exogenous IL-3. Since control animals have giant fetuses and early deliveries, the likely mechanism is that IL-3 induces trophoblast growth ample enough to compensate for placental ischemic atrophy. Alternatively, because thrombocytopenia and the lupus anticoagulant returned to normal in treated animals, IL-3 might have an unrecognized primary effect on coagulation. Elsewhere the same investigators showed that both aspirin and low molecular weight heparin partially prevent fetal resorptions ( 11), and clinicians believe these drugs are effective in humans. Thus data support the hypothesis that hypercoagulation is an important element of murine aPL-induced fetal loss but do not prove that it is a primary cause. That IL-3 corrects it suggests that hypercoagulation is not primary. The authors are tempted to recommend IL-3 treatment trials for humans, but there are three caveats. First, it is not possible to predict which womenbearing aPL will have compromised pregnancies; certainly not all do. Second, placental dysfunction in an individual patient is not quantifiable. Hence the treating physician can neither calibrate the IL-3 dose nor accurately decide when or in whomto intervene. Finally, IL-3 is far more than a trophoblast growth factor and will certainly have other effects on the mother and her child. By suggesting a cytokine/growth factor intervention, Fishman et al. free us of the stultifying notion that coagulation abnormalities are the primary abnormality and the only reasonable target for medical intervention. Investigators and clinicians now have new worlds to explore.


There is an urgent need in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries for new programs and methods of producing reliable energy simulations using building information modeling (BIM) technology. Current methods and programs for running energy simulations are not very timely, are difficult to understand, and lack high interoperability between BIM and energy simulation software. It is necessary to improve on these drawbacks as design decisions are often made without the aid of energy modeling leading to the design and construction of nonoptimized buildings with respect to energy efficiency. The goal of this research project is to develop a new methodology to produce energy estimates from a BIM model expeditiously and to improve interoperability between the simulation engine and BIM software. In the proposed methodology, the extracted information from a BIM model is compiled into an input file and run in a popular energy simulation program on an hourly basis for a desired period. The case applied in this paper showed that the application of this methodology can be used to quickly provide energy simulations from BIM models. With the aid of an easy-to-run and easily understood energy simulation methodology, designers will be able to make more energy conscious decisions during the design phase and as changes in design requirements arise. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000215. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Building information models; Simulation; Energy efficiency. Author keywords: Building information modeling; Energy simulation; Industry Foundation Classes extensible markup language (ifcXML); Interoperability; DOE-2; Energy simulation input (INP) file.


Group identification refers to discovering groups with similar behaviors or preferences. The daily trajectories record the activities of moving objects, which reflect their behaviors. These mobile data provide us with a new data analysis approach for groups identification. Therefore, we can identify users or groups based on similar trajectory patterns by mining implicit behaviors patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel trajectory semantics calculation method to identify groups that have similar behaviors. In our model, we first propose a fast and efficient two-phase discovering stay regions method (TPD) from daily trajectories, then generate semantic trajectories by enriching the stay regions with semantic labels based on POI information and LDA topic model. To measure the similarity between semantic trajectories, we design a semantic similarity measure model based on geographic and semantic similarity factor. We have conducted extensive experiments on real trajectory dataset of Geolife project, and the experimental results show our proposed method is both effective and efficient.


Terahertz (THz) communication and the application of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology are significant for the sixth generation (6G) communication systems. In this paper, we employ the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method integrated with GPU acceleration technology to model THz and massive MIMO channel. The results of ray tracing (RT) simulation in this paper, i.e., angle of departure (AoD), angle of arrival (AoA), and power delay profile (PDP) under the frequency band supported by the commercial RT software Wireless Insite (WI) are in agreement with those produced by WI. Based on the Kirchhoff scattering effect on material surfaces and atmospheric absorption loss showing at THz frequency band, the modified propagation models of Fresnel reflection coefficients and free-space attenuation are consistent with the measured results. For massive MIMO, the channel capacity and the stochastic power distribution are analyzed. The results indicate the applicability of SBR method for building deterministic models of THz and massive MIMO channels with extensive functions and acceptable accuracy.


The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between campus recreation participation and perceived stress in college students and if leisure satisfaction mediates their relationship. Participants for this research were 342 college students at a southeastern university. Students completed a survey about their demographics, perceived stress (PSS-10), campus recreation participation and their leisure satisfaction (LSS). Correlations and mediation was then calculated using the statistical analysis program SPSS. Participants of recreational services perceived stress was not significantly correlated with students who do not use recreational services. Leisure satisfaction was inversely correlated with perceived stress in the participants. Out of the leisure satisfaction subscales, participants who scored higher in relaxation, psychological, and social scored lower on the PSS-10. This research gives evidence that leisure satisfaction through campus recreation can be used as a stress reliever or coping strategy for college students.


The interest shown in dealing with this topic in this article lies, first of all, in the desire to identify and study the public perception on the quality and performance of the local police service in Suceava, while seeking to determine and analyze the main causes generating criticism of police personnel. For the proper functioning of the local police service, we consider it necessary to examine the public opinion on the implications it has in the optimal functioning of the local community, the degree of satisfaction of citizens in the delivery of the local police service being an essential indicator that must be measured. The local community, as a beneficiary of public services, has a vital role in monitoring, evaluating and adjusting the reforms aimed at the organization and functioning of the local police, as a public service. The involvement of citizens, the recognition, at the same time as the confirmation of the results by them, as well as the personal perceptions on the actions and decisions adopted at local level, are defining elements for ensuring a quality and efficient local police service.


In order to obtain a measure of its responses to short circuits a large horizontal axis wind turbine generator was modeled and its performance was simulated on a digital computer. Simulation of short circuit faults on the synchronous alternator of a wind turbine generator, without resort to the classical assumptions generally made for that analysis, indicates that maximum clearing times for the system tied to an infinite bus are longer than the typical clearing times for equivalent capacity conventional machines. Also, maximum clearing times are independent of tower shadow and wind shear. Variation of circuit conditions produce the modifications in the transient response predicted by analysis.


We investigated the effects of energy restriction on the pituitary-ovarian axis and on a hormone responsive gene, the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Female C3H/SHN F1-hybrid mice, known to display a high incidence of mammary tumors, ate an energy-restricted diet (48 kcal/wk) or a control diet (95 kcal/wk) beginning at the time of weaning. By 67 wk of age, 12 of 32 mice in the control group, but none of the 33 mice in the energy-restricted group, had developed mammary tumors. Six tumor-free mice from each group were studied in detail at 67 wk of age. All six tumor-free control mice, but none of the six energy-restricted mice, showed uterine endometrial hyperplasia at autopsy. Mice subjected to energy restriction did not display an estrous cycle. The average levels of MMTV mRNA in mammary glands and uteri were strongly reduced by energy restriction. MMTV mRNA levels in mammary glands from control mice were two orders of magnitude lower than those in mammary tumors. Energy restriction lowered the percentage of pituitary mammatropes and suppressed proliferation of mammatropes with advancing age. Energy restriction thus appeared to inhibit endometrial hyperplasia and to decrease MMTV production at the mRNA level in the mammary glands and in the uterus. These effects may be a consequence of hormonal changes originating at the pituitary-ovarian axis.


Objective: Observing the influence of cellsaver on red cell deformability during off-pump coronay artery bypass grafting. Method: 48 patients who underwent OPCAB were seperated in autotransfusion group and control group, red cell deformability were studied in different time.Result:The deformability of the shed blood decreased obviously demonstrated as decreased deformation and increased aggregation of red cell, and recovered rapidly after washing by cell saver.. No significant difference on red cell deformability between the two groups were discovered before operation and 3 hours after operation.Conclusion:Washing the shed blood by cellsaver can regain the deformability of the red cell, deformability of the systemic circulation was not altered by infusion of the washed shed blood.


Model predictive control (MPC) is widely employed in voltage-source converters due to its fast-dynamic response, straightforward realization, and flexible inclusion of multiobjective regulation. However, the MPC has several technical challenges when it comes to the control of modular multilevel converters, such as computational complexity, variable switching frequency, poor steady-state performance as well as tedious weighting factor selection. To solve these problems, this article proposes a new modulated MPC method, which can directly acquire the optimal modulation references at every sampling period based on the duty cycles of two fixed voltage levels. The optimal modulation references are then fed into the modulation stage to generate gate signals. Therefore, the proposed method is easy to implement with a very low calculation burden, which is independent of the number of submodules (SMs). The switching state or voltage-level evaluation, cost function calculation, and weighting factor selection are eliminated as well. Because of the inherent circulating current suppression capability without limitations and modulation stage, this method has a satisfactory steady-state performance and evenly distributed switching loss for every SM. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed method are verified by experimental results.


In order to clarify P.E.Bureau's public function which shoulders China's sports development and the nation's fitness,this paper studies the Xiamen P.E.Bureau's situation and its personnel management.The result shows that to reform the personnel management in Xiamen P.E.bureau is extremely important.By that,Xiamen P.E.Bureau shall focus on the working staff's satisfaction,training and motivation system.


1. INTRODUCTIO 1 1.1 Aims 3 2. PALYNOLOGY AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 4 2.1. Dinoflagellates and their cysts 5 2.1.1. The life cycle of dinoflagellates 7 2.1.2. Feeding strategies of dinoflagellates 8 2.1.3. Dinoflagellate cysts morphology 8 2.2. Acritarchs 9 2.3. The Late Miocene and Pliocene 10 3. GEOLOGICAL SETTING 11 3.1. The geology of area 11 4. MATERIAL & METHODS 14 4.1. Sites and samples 14 4.2. Palynological preparation techniques 17 4.3. Counting and equipment 19


Famous cases of research fraud typically involve fabricated or falsified data, but the most common form of laboratory misconduct today involves scientists publishing microscopic images that don't match original data — so-called image manipulation. The practice likely accounts for more than 70%


The United Nations Organization is in favor of Sustainable Development through Objectives, of which four are studied for their relationship with the environment; for its part, the Legislative Framework of Mexico, provides to the agencies of the Ministry of Economy, power over the environmental parameters that must be met for companies operating in the mining-metallurgical sector. With a case study methodology, which is part of an integrated multiple case study (Yin, 2013), the environmental practices of an analysis unit (underground metal ore mine in Mexico) were investigated, obtaining information on instruments designed and, describing with a qualitative approach, the participation of the four sustainable principles selected, which obey the Sustainable Development Goals: (1) Industry, innovation and infrastructure, (2) Sustainable cities and communities, (3) Production and consumption responsible and, (4) Life and terrestrial ecosystems Therefore, the objective is: Articulate compliance with the principles of sustainability with the legislative parameters of an underground metal ore mine, to contribute to a comprehensive proposal of best practices for the Environmental Management of the miningmetallurgical sector of Mexico.


Medium and long-term market is an important part of power market construction in China. The most noteworthy feature of medium and long term market is that the transaction in the form of electricity energy. Bilateral transactions represented by direct purchase of large consumers are the main trading modes. Bilateral transactions are essentially decentralized decisions. Benefit-seeking behavior in the market may lead to extreme operation mode of power grid, resulting in transmission section overloading or exceeding the limit while would affect the security operation of power grid. It is important to study electric quantity security check to evaluate whether energy contract is feasible and how to further adjust the trade. This paper presents a novel mechanism for medium and long-term trade security check adapted to decentralized trading. A two-step checking system for ex-ante energy limit calculation and ex-post transaction security check is proposed, and a checking mode with annual security check as the main and monthly security check as the supplement is proposed. Some key technologies related to this mechanism are introduced. A case study based on actual data of provincial power grid indicates the effectiveness of proposed mechanism.


Objectives:To research relation of pH values and treating effects of ordinary sacral canal medicine upon protrusion of intervertebral disc.Methods:To determinate pH value of the drugs,compare with clinical effect of the drugs and alkalized drugs.Conclusions:The medicines were the best which pH Value near physiological value,the drugs with lower pH value were less effective.


A 48-year-old woman of Moroccan origin presented growth improved. After this conversion she continued with MMF and prednisone. in 1987 with renal failure of unknown origin. She received a cadaveric kidney transplant 1 year later. During her 3-monthly control she always presented herself in a long, body-covering dress, according to the Four weeks after transplantation she had an acute, steroid responsive rejection. Her immunosuppressive traditional fashion of a female Berber. A year and a half ago, 18 months after the drug conversion, she maintenance therapy consisted of cyclosporin (trough level 150 ng/ml ) and prednisone (7.5 mg daily). started complaining about painful legs. After lifting the top of the veil, her legs appeared symmetrically Eight years post-transplantation (3 years ago) the immunosuppressive therapy was changed. Cyclosporin oedematous and showed diffuse erythema. Within a few weeks this clinical presentation changed was replaced by mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 g/day as part of a switch study in our hospital [1]. into dark blue-purplish intradermal nodules and plaques (Figures 1 and 2). Prednisone dosage remained at 7.5 mg/day. The conversion was uncomplicated with an improvement in renal function and blood pressure. Serum creatinine Question decreased from 122 to 107 mmol/l and 24-h blood pressure decreased from 174/88 to 159/76 mmHg. No rejection occurred. Furthermore, cosmetic side effects What is your diagnosis? What would be your of cyclosporin such as facial hair growth and gingival treatment?


It has been shown that the analysis of power conversion processes in all the power circuit links, based on instantaneous power components, underlies the estimation of electromechanical systems controllability. Presence of power variable component reflecting energy exchange processes in the system results in the decrease of the object controllability. It has been established that effective power is a quality measure for power processes in the system. An outline of determination of instantaneous power components and electromechanical system controllability index has been offered.


This article is devoted to the problem of the experience in the sphere of using modern active technologies and methods on the base of Irkutsk State Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education. Organizational and administrative questions of realization of the experience are given. Th e system improvement of educational process in the Institute of additional education is presented. Th e authors consider in detail the application of the following method: case-study, business games, a method of projects and other technologies of active training in postgraduate education of the medical staff. On the results of practices, the greatest eff ect is reached at a combination of methods. It brings the results. Th e training on the cycles of improvement of professional skill gives greater effi ciency of studies in comparison with traditional ones. Modern technologies of teaching raise quality of proves of specialists.


There are currently four theoretical models that have been developed to explain the winds or the origin of the anomalous ionization in the winds of early-type stars. This paper reports the results of a workshop on stellar winds that was held at JILA in Boulder, Colorado 1977 October 3 to 6. Subsequent work that answered some of the questions raised at the meeting is also presented. The conferees concluded that the winds are probably due to radiation pressure in ultraviolet resonance lines, but that the anomalously high degree of ionization in the winds require the input of nonthermal energy. Several as yet unexplained observations are mentioned and areas for future studies are outlined.


In the skin of Salmo irideus the production of mucus is due to one type of cell specialized as a mucus cell. The histochemical research presented in this paper describes the mucous cells of Salmo irideus and demonstrates observable variation in such cells during the fish's development.


Abstract : The purpose of the Aberdeen Test Center is to provide real-time test data verification, analysis and warehousing and to provide OLAP tools for test data analysis and data mining.


In this study, the entropy theory was used as the evaluation standard of energy dissipation, and the effect of backflow clearance (the gap between motor rotor and motor shell) on energy characteristics of a full tubular pump was investigated by 3D unsteady flow simulation. The calculated results validated through testing shows that backflow clearance produces additional head loss and the rotation of the motor rotor requires more shaft power. The additional energy losses lead to a significant decline in the efficiency of tubular pump device. Under design conditions, the total dissipation of backflow clearance, rear guide vane, and outlet passage decreases with the increase of clearance radius, but that of the impeller decreases first and then rises with the increase of clearance radius. In addition, the increase of the clearance radius leads to disorderly flow pattern in the impeller. The total dissipation rate on the impeller suction side and near the impeller inlet increases with the increase of backflow clearance radius, but that on the impeller suction side decreases with the increase of backflow clearance radius. The total dissipation rate of the suction side of the guide vane and the wall of the outlet passage decreases with the increase of backflow clearance radius. This work can provide an intuitive analysis of the energy dissipation caused by backflow clearance and reference for engineering applications of full tubular pump.


If more patients are covered by Medicaid, hospitals stand to become unstable under reimbursement of 88 cents on the dollar


Numerical analysis of a formation of side jets in an externally modulated round jet is presented. The research is performed applying Large Eddy Simulation method and high-order codes based on Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. The main attention is paid to an impact of numerical approach on the formation of the side jets, their number and localisation. The results obtained suggest that on Cartesian meshes the number and directions of the side jets are dependent on the distribution of the mesh nodes.


In this present era, people live a very busy life. People in cities have irregular and long working times. In such a situation a person will always find ways of saving time. Household chores are the ones that are most dreaded upon and cleaning a home tops the list. An autonomous floor cleaning robot is developed to help people to complete their cleaning task. This paper presents the development of an autonomous floor cleaning robot by using Arduino as a platform for processing and controlling the input and output. Autonomous vacuum cleaner robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier compared to using manual vacuum. The idea is basically by having the sensor to detect any object and send the input to Arduino that will control the robot movement. This robot can perform vacuum and wiping task with water spray function. It is also programmed to move in zigzag movement to ensure that the robot can clean all the corner of the house and avoid obstacle autonomously. This robot consists of three ultrasonic sensors, one infra-red (IR) sensor and two brushes in front of it to ensure effective cleaning. It is designed to run on flat surface. This autonomous multi-function floor cleaning robot has lower cost compared to existing vacuum robot on the shelves and is suitable for home and small premise usage.


Some details on the biology, behavior and laboratory mass rearing of Anastrepha obliqua are offered. Information on larvaI diets and oviposition substrates are discussed. Eggs of A. obliqua are, very succeptible to dehydratation and they collapse just few minutes after oviposition, if substrate for oviposition is not near 100% R.H. When using fruits as oviposition substrate, smallerfruit species, Spanish plums (Spondias spp.) offer higher yields. Bigger fruits (mango) loose large amounts of water and it accumulates in the sand substrate drowning mature larvae. After analyzing the biological cycle, the weaker part seems to be the 20 minute period in which mature larvae abandon the fallen fruit substrate and crawl few a centimeters on the floor seeking for an appropiate place for ovipositing. In this period large amounts of predators easily diminish larval population. Once pupation takes place, adult forms hatch in small groups, after eleven days, when atmosferic relativehumidity reaches 70%. Another observations are also included.


The structure of (C 23 H 24 N) + ClO 4 #75 is determined from single-crystal diffractometric data (R = 0.075 for 1532 independent reflections). The syn-periplanar conformation of the cation is confirmed. The dihedral angle between the planes of the pyridine ring and the fluorenyl nucleus is 79.4°. Rotation about the single bond C(sp 3 )-N + (sp 2 (bond length 1.51 A) requires serious deformation of the cation


On the market there are various types of video games, which display varied features, such as arcade games, shooting, adventure, role playing, educational, musical and a number of other scenarios. Each video game has a purpose or challenge to be overcome with the purpose of obtaining a prize. Such programs have the unique feature of being built by levels of difficulty in which the award varies according the challenges to overcome. Highlighting this aspect in video games can help design games with learning levels that are overcome as individuals interact with knowledge the game awards at each level of learning or level of play.


Extreme rainfall events have occurred more frequently in the past few years than they have done previously. Shallow landslides and debris flows occur as a result of intensive rainfall. Deep-seated, large-scale landslides often occur as a result of large accumulating rainfalls. The Wanizuka-yama landslide and the Mimi-kawa landslides that occurred in the Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu, in 2005 are typical examples of deep-seated landslides. In 2011, Typhoon No. 12 produced a large amount of rain in the Kii mountains and caused many large-scale, deep-seated landslides. Some of these blocked rivers and formed landslide dams. The landslide dams that formed along the main rivers were quickly topped and overflow water eroded the dams. The landslide dams that formed in tributaries are currently still present (as of June 27, 2012) because there has not been sufficient inflow water to fill the dam reservoirs. Many people have expressed concern that flow over these landslide dams could cause debris flows and damage downstream. We used our LADOF model [1] to estimate the flow discharge that would occur if these landslide dams were breached. Fig. 1 provides an example estimation, using the Nagatono landslide dam. The topographic information of the landslide dams is taken with Lidar. The results of the modeling indicate that sever damage would not occur if the landslide dams were breached. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT) estimated the amount of rainfall required to fill the landslide dam reservoirs. It used the storage function method with the parameters that are used downstream and concluded that 10 mm of rainfall would fill the reservoir of the Akatani landslide dam. Typhoon No. 15 produced more than 130 mm of rainfall in the area, but overflow did not occur. We collected rainfall data and estimated inflow water to the dam reservoirs from water level data provided by measurement buoys that were dropped from helicopters by MLIT. We [2] calculated the rainfall loss (total rainfall minus outflows) and found that most rainfall is lost, as shown in Fig. 2 This is a characteristic of mountainous areas. By analyzing rainfall event data, a diagram for estimating the amount of rainfall that would fill a landslide dam reservoir for a given pre-rainfall water level was developed for the five major landslide dams (Fig. 3). Fig. 1. Calculated outflow discharge and erosion for the Nagatono landslide dam.


The neoclassical diffusion of a plasma in traps with a helical magnetic axis is investigated theoretically in the regime where the effective trapped-particle collision frequency s of the order of the frequency of trapped-particle oscillations i between the magnetic mirrors. It is shown that in the case considered a formal analogy with the neoclassical transport theory of axisymmetric systems exists. It allows particle and heat fluxes to be obtained, without special calculations, by a modification of the corresponding expressions for the transport coefficients in axisymmetric systems. Expressions for the transport coefficients in the plateau and banana diffusion regimes are obtained. – Studies of this kind are important for the problem of plasma containment in stellarator-type traps.


formed (and Lutheran) clergy on colonial Pennsylvania—a composite profile of these men. For representing the European university tradition, and mediating German Pietism to their countrymen in America, they were a remarkable set of men. And there were many among them who had as varied careers as Abraham Blumer (17361822), for nine years Swiss Chaplain in the Royal Sardinian Service, who after a long pastorate in Pennsylvania retired to his farm in the Lehigh Valley, where he corresponded with European friends in French, Dutch, German, and Latin, and worked on his scientific drawings—which are on file in the E & R Historical Library at Lancaster. Seeing a volume of this sort dealing with the colonial ministry of the German Reformed Church, the American church historian also regrets that as yet we lack the natural companion volume on the Lutheran clergy of the colonial period, whose training and influence exactly paralleled that of these Reformed dominies, with whom they shared (usually in amity) the same pulpits and communion tables in the same "union churches" in the valleys of Eastern Pennsylvania. For with the exception of the index to the invaluable Documentary History of the Evangelical Lutheran Ministerinm of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States, Proceedings of the Annual Conventions from 1748 to 1821 (Philadelphia, 1898), there is no available list of the colonial Lutheran clergy. Who is going to be the Lutheran Hinke? Those of us who are working on the spiritual phases of the culture of the Middle Atlantic States are handicapped until he appears.


The antibacterial activity of Acalypha indica was investigated against three strains of human pathogenic bacteria viz., Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae using ethylacetate, hexane and methanol extracts of leaves, stem and roots of Acalypha indica . The ethylacetate extracts of leaves and roots inhibited the growth of all the three selected bacterial species. The in vitro assay may open way for complementary future investigations in identifying potentially useful properties of chemical and pharmacological importance.


In India, about 9,000 children are born with thalassemia and worse, the condition is worsening each year with growth rate of 2.1 percent per year. With the premise that the incidence of thalassemia is preventable / curable with proper awareness through nurses, a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test study involving 50 thalassemia parents was undertaken. The finding showed that planned teaching is quite effective to increase the awareness and knowledge of parents thereby lowering the incidence of thalassemia among the infants.


In a fascinating study of the myth of Narcissus in medieval and renaissance literature, Kenneth J. Knoespel refers to the unusual power of Ovid's tale (Met. 3.339-510) to "elaborate psychological crisis and invite its resolution" (59). He concludes that the myth "posed an invitation for medieval and renaissance poets to invent new visions and narrative strategies that would resolve the confusion portrayed in Narcissus' experience at the fountain" (105). In his Trajedia de Narciso (c. 1580), Francisco de la Cueva y Silva responds to the challenge identified by Knoespel by extracting and amplifying the plot of the Theban story and relocating it in a context in which many of the thematic patterns soon to be codified by the comedia nueva are detectable in embryonic form. Through a reorganization of the classical model's architecture of desire as well as an elaboration of its thematic manifestations, Cueva y Silva creates a highly original version of the Narcissus tale in this frequently neglected play.1


Group III-nitrides are attractive for use in light emitting devices. It is well known that zinc-blende type III-nitrides can be grown on substrates that have a cubic lattice. However, it has been difficult to grow high-quality crystals. Recently we reported that the molar ratio of precursors played an important role in determining the quality of cubic GaN and that the optical properties of cubic III-nitrides could be considerably improved. On the other hand, there have been no reports of stimulated emission from cubic III-nitride alloys. In the case of hexagonal III-nitride alloys, measurements of optically pumped stimulated emission have been used to determine if the crystal quality is sufficient for a laser diode. We report here the observation of stimulated emission from optically excited cubic GaN.


Received: 05/03/2014 Revised: 19/03/2014 Accepted: 21/03/2014 Abstract Laparoscopic surgery is a keyhole surgery. It is now widely established for evaluation of various abdominal organs like adrenal gland, spleen, kidney, ovaries, gallbladder, bile ducts, liver and intestines. Benefits include reduced postoperative pain, improved cosmetic results and patient satisfaction and reduced hospital stays. The range of surgical techniques is increasing in complexity and now includes cholecystectomy, adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, hernia repair, bowel resection and gynaecological procedures. There is also an increase in the number of emergency operations performed laparoscopically.


The present study developed a tumor targeted gene vector by modification of PEI with G250 monoclonal antibody.G250mAb can specially combine with the G250 which is a tumor associated with antigen expressed highly in Hela cells.G250mAb was prepared from the ascites of Balb/c mice,and conjugated to PEI via disulfide bonds and generated G250mAb-PEI conjugate.G250mAb-PEI can condense plasmid DNA and form G250mAb-PEI/DNA complex,which can protect DNA from DNaseI digestion.Targeting effect and transfection efficiency of G250mAb-PEI was evaluated via co-culture technology.The results demonstrate that G250mAb-PEI can specially target the Hela cells.The transfection efficiency to Hela is two folds of HepG2 which was G250 negative.The tumor targeting effect was also demonstrated in transfection of smooth muscle cells(SMC).The transfection efficiency of SMC is almost 20 folds lower than that of Hela cells.In addition,the cytotoxicity of G250mAb-PEI which was determined by MTT assay on NIH 3T3 cells was much lower than PEI.In summary,G250mAb-PEI is a highly efficient gene vector with a low cytotoxicity and targeting effect.More work need to be done to evaluate the potential of the vector in vivo gene therapy.


Summary Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and mean right atrial pressure (MRAP) were measured in 15 pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits, with vascularly isolated carotid sinuses, during increases in positive end expiratory pressures (PEEP) of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 cm H2O. Also, peak reflex bradycardia (ΔHR) and depression of arterial blood pressure (ΔMAP) to left aortic nerve stimulation (LANS) were recorded during the PEEP changes in aortic and subsequently vagal denervated animals. Responses were measured with the carotid sinus receptors detecting systemic pressure (closed loop (CL) condition) and with sinus region pressures held constant (open loop (OL) condition). Results demonstrated that both HR and MAP were altered by an increase in PEEP. Analysis of HR, and ΔHR to LANS responses during OL conditions, suggested the reflex involvement of cardiopulmonary afferent to cardiac efferent vagal fibers during PEEP changes. Vascular responses to increased PEEP occurred in the presence or absence of arterial baroreceptors and, while reduced, were not abolished following vagotomy.


The healthcare industry continues to grow at a rapid pace with annual healthcare expenditures reaching approximately $3.0 trillion up from $2.6 trillion in 2010 (Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2014), thus, creating greater job opportunities in the healthcare industry for Doctor of Pharmacy graduates (Pharm.D.s). Job openings for pharmacy graduates in institutional practice settings, the pharmaceutical industry, pharmacy benefit management organisations, etc . are increasing. The integration of business courses ( e.g. Pharmaeconomics, Marketing, Business Statistics) into the Pharm.D. curriculum was to explore the potential benefit of incorporating business courses ( e.g . Pharmoeconomics, Marketing, Business Statistics) for Pharm.D. students. The purpose of this quantitative study was to learn how Schools of Pharmacy in the U.S. are addressing this need and to provide a springboard for discussion on possible benefit of incorporating business courses into the Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum.


Two cases of idiopathic generalized arterial calcification in infancy are described. The changes in the vessels consist of calcification in relation to the internal elastic lamina, with secondary subintimal proliferation of fibrous tissue and, occasionally, extension into the media. They are usually most marked in the coronary arteries, with resulting myocardial disease, and acute congestive cardiac failure is the most common presentation and cause of death. The histological picture resembles closely the arterial changes that may occur in severe renal disease, hyperparathyroidism, primary bone disease, hypervitaminosis D, and occasional cases of congenital heart disease.


The purpose of this research is twofold: (1) to investigate a dimension of the self-concept which appears to be shared by both young and old adults, and (2) to develop a causal model analyzing both determinants and consequences of this identity. Using data from a national probability sample of 1,500 adults, the Burke-Tully (1977) procedure for measuring self-in-role (identity) indicates that on one dimension "old" persons have identities which, while different from middle-aged persons, are similar to young adults: they see themselves as less useful and less powerful than middle-age individuals. Independent variables in the causal analysis include age, education income, health, and marital and occupational statuses. In addition to showing that uselessness was experienced by both old and young, the results indicate that the sense of the self as useless is caused by feelings of loneliness for older people and by lack of labor force participation for younger persons. Poor health is also associated with the sense of self for older persons. These results are integrated with earlier work on age identity.


Through pot experiments,the changes of photosynthetic characteristics and yield of different barley varieties(No 25 and No 320 of Tibet highland barley)were researched under different soil moisture stresses.The results showed that:with the decreasing of soil moisture,plant height and leaf area of highland barley decreased;Photosynthetic characteristics,dry matter weight and grain yield of Tibet highland barley No 25 were higher than those of Tibet highland barley No 320 in the adequate moisture condition,while those of of Tibet highland barley No 320 were higher than those of highland barley No 25 in the mild water stress.No 320 of highland barley could gain higher yield under limited water supply conditions,while No 25 of highland barley exerted its high yield potential with suitable water supply condition.


Diblock and triblock copolymers of t-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) with 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA) and n-hexyl methacrylate were prepared via alkyl lithium initiation and sequential addition techniques in THF at −78°C. The tBMA blocks were quantiatively and selectively hydrolyzed to afford poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) blocks which were then neutralized with alkali metal bases to form block ionomers. The unhydrolyzed copolymers had a phase mixed morphology as evidenced by thermal analysis while the hydrolyzed and neutralized polymers were multiphase materials. The carboxylic acid and ioncontaning triblock copolymers formed gels in nonpolar solvents which could be disrupted by the addition of polar additives. Certain carboxylic acid and ioncontaining EHMA/tBMA diblock copolymers also showed this behavior. The triblock ionomers did not show thermoplastic flow prior to degradation, except at the lowest ionic content studied (2%).


1. The source (10, 12, 14, 16) of light comprising an emitter (20) of the light that is configured within a transparent outer bulb (30, 32), wherein the transparent outer bulb (30, 32) connected to the base (60) and further comprises axis (S) of symmetry, the imaginary plane (P) the base is defined substantially perpendicularly to the axis (S) of symmetry and intersects with the point (C) of the compound that is transmitting the light part of the transparent outer bulb (30, 32) at the interface between a transparent outer bulb (30, 32) and the base (60) at a greater distance from the center (M) transparent second outer sleeve (30, 32), wherein the emitter (20) light comprises a light emitting device (40) and comprises a transparent inner bottom flask (50, 52) at least partially surrounding the light emitting device (40), wherein the light emitting device (40 ) is arranged on a substantially planar printed circuit board (70) arranged substantially parallel to an imaginary plane (P) of a base, or wherein the source (10, 12, 14, 16) of light includes a plurality of light emitting devices (40) arranged on a set of printed circuits (72a, 72b), arranged at different angles relative to the axis (S) of symmetry and / or relative to each other, wherein the transparent inner bottom flask (50, 52) comprises a diffuser for scattering at least a portion of light emitted from the light emitting device (40), the diameter (d) clear inner bulb (50, 52) is smaller than the diameter (d) a transparent outer bulb (30, 32), wherein the emitter (20) of the light is arranged inside a transparent outer bulb (30, 32) at a distance (D) from the imaginary plane (P) the base away from the base (60) .2. The source (10, 12, 14, 16) of light according to claim 1, wherein the diffuser comprises a Lumino


This study was analyzed to change of /i/ formant follow cochlear implantation periods for hearing impaired children with cochlear implantation. 20 hearing impaired children participated and acoustic analysis of /i/ was used CSL(Computerized Speech Lab; Model 4300b) annually. The data was captured the first formant, 2nd & 3th formant frequency of /i/ and was analyzed using ANOVA. Multiple range test to investigate difference between group was treat with LSD and Duncan. The results of /i/ formant analysis for hearing impaired children with cochlear implantation, each formant at a year keeping with cochlear implantation was located at high frequency. In accordance with CI periods, the each formant decreased significantly, especially between a year and 2nd year taking with cochlear implantation.


An optimized hardware-efficient core for implementation of the standard supported LDPC coding is described. The proposed solution has essential performance and implementation advantages over existing convolutional and turbo-convolutional schemes.


The Retrieval Process Development and Enhancements Program is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science and Technology to investigate waste dislodging and conveyance processes suitable for the retrieval of high-level radioactive waste. This program, represented by industry, national laboratories, and academia, is testing the performance of a technology of high-pressure waterjet dislodging and pneumatic conveyance integrated as a scarifier as a means of retrieval of waste inside waste storage tanks. Waste stimulants have been designed to challenge this retrieval process, and this technology has been shown to mobilize and convey the waste stimulants, at target retrieval rates while operating within the space envelope and the dynamic loading constraints of postulated deployment systems. The approach has been demonstrated to be versatile in dislodging and conveying a broad range of waste forms, from hard wastes to soft sludge wastes, through the use of simple and reliable in-tank components.


Forty species of teleosts in the South China Sea were sequenced(barcoded) in a 660bp region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene(COⅠ).Most of the species were represented by multiple specimens,and 89 sequences were generated.The average intra-species,-genus,-family,and-order of Kimura two parameter(K2P) distances are 0.0084,0.1567,0.1839 and 0.2319,respectively.All the species could be differentiated in COⅠ sequence,despite of single individuals of any two species had haplotypes characteristic of a congener.Although DNA barcoding aims to develop species identification systems,some phylogenetic signals are apparent in the data.In the neighbour-joining tree for all 89 sequences,species of a genera clustered invariably in three major clusters:snappers,groupers,and the other fishes.The former two clades revealed after bootstrapping generally corresponded well with expectations.It is concluded that CO Ⅰ sequencing,or 'barcoding',can be used to identify fish species.


Growth acceleration and bone maturation were studied for 3 y in 69 children with severe short stature and a history of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), to determine the effect of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (r‐hGH). The patients were enrolled in an open, multicentre trial and were randomly allocated to either the treated group (Group 1) or the control group (Group 2). The children in Group 1 were treated daily with 0.2 IU/kg/body weight (0.067 mg/kg) s.c, during 3 y and the children in Group 2 started the study with a 1‐y observation period followed by a 3‐y treatment period. At birth, their mean weight standard deviation score (SDS) was ‐2.5 and their mean length SDS ‐3.5. At baseline, the patients were prepubertal, non‐GHdeficient, with no known dysmorphic features. Mean age was 4.5 y, bone age was 3.3 y, height SDS was ‐3.4, height velocity (HV) SDS was ‐1.6, and body mass index SDS was ‐1.4. After 1 y of treatment, linear HV in Group 1 increased in comparison with the pre‐treatment period (from 5.7 ± 2.0 to 10.1 ± 1.7cm/y;p < 0:001)and with the firstyear of observation in Group2(p < 0:001). Increased HV was sustained during the second and third year of treatment and was significantly higher than at baseline. A similar growth pattern was seen during the 3y of GH treatment in Group 2. Mean height SDS for chronological age increased by 2.0 ± 0.7 in the two groups after 3 y of treatment. HV after 1 y of treatment was negatively correlated with growth velocity at baseline. Bone age remained retarded but increased with a mean of almost 4 y after 3y of treatment in both groups. Even at a dose that is three times the replacement dose treatment with r‐hGH was well tolerated. From these results, we conclude that r‐hGH treatment over 3 y can induce sustained catch‐up growth in young children with severe short stature and a history of IUGR. Long‐term studies are needed to assess ultimate effects on final height.


Physical quality education concerns the prosperity or decline of a nation. Any country that emphasizes people′s physiques becomes strong, otherwise weak,this has always been the case. So it is necessary to analyse the ways for developing constitutions in all developed countries. To enhance our national quality,a long range plan should be set up for strengthening the comprehensive quality of pupils and students.


The study of food prices in Modern Spain is based on documents preserved in the municipal archives. It was carried out with the help of the books of agreements and the procurement records for the basic supplies. Few town halls, perhaps only Madrid and Toledo, have preserved record books in which is reflected the activity of the faithful executors. They were in charge of setting the price of the goods that came to the market, controlling their quality or inspecting their weights and measurements. These books registered the reports and penalties that incurred the offenders. Furthermore they contained the biddings adopted every day, along with the customs tariff. They constitute a source of exceptional and undeveloped documentary that can be used in projects of economic history, social history, internal trade, eating habits, evolution of prices, agrarian crises, etc.


Introduction: In the last decades the application of the Finite Element Methodology (FEM) has become popular. It can calculate stresses and displacement in complex structures and can anticipate the tissue responses to orthodontic mechanics applied for treating different malocclusions. This study evaluated and compared the stress patterns and teeth displacement with application of 450g of intrusive force bilaterally on maxillary posterior segment utilizing a conventional old method, High-Pull Headgear (HPHG) and a newer method, Infrazygomatic Crestal Bone Screw (IZC-BS) using 3D-FEM. Method: A 3D-FEM model of the craniomaxillary segment with maxillary teeth was reconstructed from the Cone Beam Computed Tomographic image of a patient with class II div I malocclusion on class II skeletal base with anterior open bite and 450g of intrusive force was applied bilaterally on maxillary posterior segment utilizing HPHG and IZC-BS and stress patterns and teeth displacement were studied and compared. Result: Von Mises stresses on Zygomaticomaxillary, Zygomaticotemporal and Pterygomaxillary sutures and surface landmarks on maxillary, zygomatic, temporal and sphenoid bones were more pronounced and generalized for HPHG group. Intrusion, expansion and sagittal displacement of maxillary posterior segment were also more pronounced with HPHG group. Stresses weren't present at the apical root areas of the maxillary posterior teeth for both the groups. Conclusion: On applying equal amount of intrusive force bilaterally to the maxillary posterior segment, stress patterns and teeth displacement were more pronounced and effective for HPHG group however; apical root areas of the maxillary posterior teeth in both the groups didn't show any stresses.


Context. Quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) are a common feature of solar flares, but there has previously been a lack of observational evidence to support any of the theoretical models that might explain the origin of these QPPs.
Aims. We aimed to determine if there are any relationships between the QPP period and other properties of the flaring region, using a previously assembled sample of flares with QPPs. If any relationships exist, then these can be compared with scaling laws for the theoretical QPP mechanisms.
Methods. To obtain the flaring region properties, we made use of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) 1600 Å and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) data. The flare ribbons are visible in AIA 1600 Å images, and the positive and negative magnetic polarity ribbons can be distinguished and the magnetic properties determined in the HMI magnetograms. The ribbon properties calculated in this study were the ribbon separation distance, area, total unsigned magnetic flux, and average magnetic field strength. Only the flares that occurred within ±60° of the solar disc centre were included, which meant a sample of 20 flares with 22 QPP signals.
Results. Positive correlations were found between the QPP period and the ribbon properties. The strongest correlations were with the separation distance and magnetic flux. Because these ribbon properties also correlate with the flare duration and because the relationship between the QPP period and flare duration may be influenced by observational bias, we also made use of simulated data to determine whether artificial correlations were introduced. These simulations show that although QPPs cannot be detected for certain combinations of QPP period and flare duration, this does not introduce an apparent correlation.
Conclusions. There is evidence of relationships between the QPP period and flare ribbon properties, and in the future, the derived scaling laws between these properties can be compared to equivalent scaling laws for theoretical QPP mechanisms.


We consider lepton pair production via two-hadron annihilation through various isoscalar vector mesons within hot, baryon-free matter. This is tantamount to constructing effective form factors which we model using a vector-meson-dominance approach and compare with experiment. In particular, we consider the reactions {pi}{pi}{r_arrow}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}} and {ital {bar K}K}{sup *}(892)+c.c.{r_arrow}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}}. We find that {omega}(1390) and {phi}(1680) are visible in the mass spectrum for the thermal production rate above the {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}} tail and even above the {pi}{ital a}{sub 1}{r_arrow}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}} results, both of which are considered important in their respective mass regions.


This paper presents a new mixed modulator that combines interleaving and spread-spectrum techniques in order to achieve the lowest level of conducted EMI generation. This modulator is addressed to power converters in parallel arrangement. The practical details of the hybrid modulator and controller implementation on a FPGA are explained. The characteristics of such modulator in terms of EMI reduction and converter performance are theoretically explored and experimentally validated in a four channel parallel buck converter operating in closed loop.


1. Justify the rationale for using multiple drug regimens in recipients of solid organ transplants. 2. Analyze the limitations of established immunosuppressive strategies. 3. Evaluate the relative benefits and risks of withdrawal and avoidance immunosuppressive strategies. 4. Design and implement immunosuppressive strategies aimed at decreasing toxicity and improving long-term patient outcomes. 5. Design and implement effective immunosuppressive strategies for immunological high-risk transplant recipients.


Introduction: imitation, allusion, translation: reading Jonson's Horace 1. Jonson's Odes: Horatian lyric presence and the dialogue with Pindar 2. Horatian libertas in Jonson's epigrams and epistles 3. Competing voices in Jonson's verse satires: Horace and Juvenal 4. Poetaster: classical translation and cultural authority 5. Translating Horace, translating Jonson Conclusion: More Remov'd Mysteries: Jonson's textual 'occasions' Appendix: Manuscript transcriptions.


Sub-horizon perturbations under the extreme initial condition of the axion model are investigated, where initial axion angles start near the potential maximum. This work focuses on a few new features found in the extreme axion model but absent in the free-particle model. A particularly novel new feature is the spectral excess relative to the CDM model in some wave number range, where the excess may be so large that landscapes of high-redshift universe beyond $z=10$ can be significantly altered. For axions of particle mass $10^{-22}$ eV, this range of wave number corresponds to first galaxies of few times $10^9-10^{10} M_\odot$. We demonstrate that sub-horizon perturbations are accurately described by Mathieu's equation and subject to parametric instability, which explains this novel feature. Actually the axion model is not a special one; perturbations in a wide range of scalar field models can share the similar characteristic.


Objective To observe nigral degeneration with inclusion body formation in rats and their behavioral changes after treatment with proteasome inhibitor, and investigate the role ofproteasomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Methods Lactacystin, a selective proteasome inhibitor, was injected stereotaxically into the lett substantia nigral pars compacta of the rats, and an equal volume of saline was injected in the control group. Spontaneous behavioral abnormalities and apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations of the rats were observed after the injection. The pathological changes in the substantia nigra were detected using Nissl staining, and the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and a-synuclein in the substantia nigra and TH expression in the striatum were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The ultrastructural changes in the substantia nigral pars compacta were observed with transmission electron microscope. Results Seven days after lactacystin injection, the rats exhibited reduced apontaneous activities, tremor, progressive bradykinesia, and apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation. Nissl staining 3 weeks after lactacystin injection revealed significantly reduced neurons in the lett substantia nigra pars compacta and loosened structures of the Nissl bodies;immunohistochemistry demonstrated obvious degeneration in the lett substantia nigra pars compacta, where the TH-positive cells were significantly decreased with enhanced expression of a-synuclein. The number of TH-positive fibers in the striamm was significantly reduced 3 weeks afterlactacystin injection, and electron microscopy revealed the formation of inclusion bodies as a result of protein aggregation. Conclusion Lactacystin injected stereotaxically into the lett substantia nigrai pars compacta can induce substantia nigra degeneration, inclusion body formation and behavioral changes in rats, suggesting the applicability of lactacystin for establishment of animal models of Parkinson disease. Proteasomal dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.

Key words:
Parkinson' s disease; Lactacystin; α-synuclein; Proteasome; Inclusionbody


2. Implementing different intervention measures simultaneously at different intervention levels generates not only additive but also synergistic effects via complex, interacting causal chains. Systematic process analysis and experience from many intervention regions in Europe show, e.g., that the opening ceremony of a regional alliance against depression and the public relation campaign motivates people with depression to seek help with their general practitioner (GP), which then motivates the GPs to increase their expertise in dealing with depression and other psychiatric disorders and to participate in the GP-trainings offered within the alliances against depression. Furthermore, the posters at public places and in the practices of the GPs might facilitate that the GP confronts a patient, coming, e.g., with chronic lower back pain and a somatic disease concept with a potential psychiatric diagnosis. 3. It is rather unrealistic to attempt to disentangle all of these mutually reinforcing mechanisms. Furthermore, the four-level intervention programme has been found to have the potential to unfold catalytic effects, meaning unintended new care facilities for people with mental disorders or possible effects by improving cooperation within the different levels of care.