This panel focuses on one of the fundamental and longest-standing themes in Internet research - trust. Early research in Internet studies addressed the issue of trust indirectly, through work on identity and anonymity (e.g., Turkle 1984; Van Gelder 1988) and a focus on social cues (e.g. Kiesler et al. 1984; Hiltz and Turoff 1978). Over the past twenty years, these early lines of research have developed into multifaceted and detailed studies of trust in all forms of digital settings - from email to web pages to blogs - and in various areas of Internet use, such as interpersonal communication, commerce, e-governance, health communication, education, data sharing in e-research, and so on (e.g., Bailey et al. 1998; Resnic 2002; Fox & Rainie 2002; Wang 2005; Dutton S Bedi & Banati 2006; Prieto 2009; Whitty and Joinson 2009).In this panel, we address this important issue by looking first at sociological perspectives on trust, specifically in relation to Internet research (Laura Gurak). We then turn to two cases of configuring trust in digital environments; namely, we analyze trust with regard to online genetic testing (Anna Harris, Sally Wyatt and Susan Kelly), and digital cultural heritage (Smiljana Antonijevic). Finally, we examine how a relationship between age and trust can be explained by experience with the Internet and general attitudes toward technology (Grant Blank and William Dutton).


Many fundamental statistical methods have become critical tools for scientific data analysis yet do not scale tractably to modern large datasets. This paper will describe very recent algorithms based on computational geometry which have dramatically reduced the computational complexity of 1) kernel density estimation (which also extends to nonparametric regression, classification, and clustering), and 2) the n-point correlation function for arbitrary n. These new multi-tree methods typically yield orders of magnitude in speedup over the previous state of the art for similar accuracy, making millions of data points tractable on desktop workstations for the first time.


The present invention provides a compound of formula (the I) (wherein, Preparation, pharmaceutical compositions, and also their use in the treatment of bacterial infections is provided.


Abstract To deal with the notorious shuttle behavior and sluggish conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), heteroatoms doping and defects creating are practical strategies for improving capture and catalytic conversion of LiPSs. In this work, O doped porous carbon materials (OPC) with a 3D hierarchical structure, consisting of 2–4 μm carbon sheets decorated with macrospores of 0.2–0.4 μm, was fabricated with MgO template. It is found that the increasing the carbonization temperature and the amount of MgO will make OPC rich in oxygen functional groups and defect sites. Electrochemical measures show that the OPC12–800 achieves reversible capacity (an initial discharge specific capacity of 1448.4 mAh g−1 at current density of 0.1 C) and cycling performance (717.7 mAh g−1 at 2 C over 200 cycles). The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the hierarchical porous structure, abundant C–O/C=O and defects, which effectively adsorbs polysulfides and promote faster redox reaction of LiPSs. This study provides an alternative to improve the performance of carbon materials as host of Li–S batteries by regulating the types of oxygen-containing functional groups and defects on carbon surface.


Infrastructures less network is MANET which creates the temporary network. Performance and security are its two major issues. Due to its self organizing feature providing runtime network security is tedious task. So an efficient and strong model is required to setup so that various eavesdropping activity can be avoided. Key management is a vital part of security in Manet because the distribution of encryption keys in an authentication manner is a difficult task due to its dynamic nature. As every time nodes leaves or joins it has to regenerate a new session key for maintaining secrecy. In this paper, we have proposed a new key management scheme to improve the network security with less mobility overhead and less key distribution time .


OBJECTIVE
To describe the developmental course of marijuana use among a group of American Indian adolescents, aged 14 through 20 years.

METHOD
A group of 1,766 American Indian adolescents from 3 culture groups provided repeated measures of 30-day marijuana use twice a year across a 3-year period. Linking 5 age cohorts, hierarchical linear modeling was used to model a curvilinear trajectory of marijuana use. Gender and community differences were examined as well.

RESULTS
Support was found for a "maturational" model of marijuana use across time: Use increased in middle adolescence, peaked in later adolescence, and began to decrease in early adulthood. Both gender and community differences in trajectories were significant as well.

CONCLUSIONS
Marijuana use among American Indian adolescents follows a clear developmental trajectory. Growth curve analysis can provide an additional tool for studying the effects of interventions that may not be apparent in a traditional evaluation design.


The fulfilment of NOx emission limits imposed by the European Community Environmental Regulations turns out to be one of the most important medium-term challenges to be faced by the Polish thermal power sector. This paper presents the fundamentals and outcomes of a novel methodology, named Layered Solutions Approach, which gives response to this objective with maximum reliability and flexibility, overcoming the different operating constraints associated with the typical operation of industrial combustion facilities and with the performance of conventional technologies for NOx reduction or abatement. This methodology, developed by the Spanish engineering company INERCO, along with its Polish associate partner KWANT and the collaboration of the Austrian firm INTEGRAL, is aimed at the abatement of NOx emissions below 200 mg/Nm 3 by means of the staged application of primary and secondary measures under a reliable and cost-effective approach designed on a case-to-case basis. This paper is focused on the description of Layered Solutions Approach, as well as the technological tools utilised so as to attain the objectives considered within a DeNOx project, including not only the achievement of NOx emissions targets but also upholding, or even, improving the efficiency and reliability of the process, while minimising capital and operating costs involved. The technologies entailed in each stage of the Layered Solutions Approach are patented and, due to their demonstrated innovation and effectiveness, have international acknowledgments, such as ABACO technology, which is qualified as Best Available Technique for NOx control at the European IPPC Directive. Likewise, these technologies have been successfully applied worldwide with numerous references and noteworthy results concerning the reliable and flexible reduction of NOx emissions.


An experiment is described in which fully developed turbulent channel flow of mercury was investigated in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field. The channel test section was constructed from an electrical insulator and was rectangular in cross section. The flow was studied in the range of Reynolds numbers: 58 000–180 000, based on channel equivalent diameter. Hartmann number was varied between zero and values sufficiently high to change the flow from turbulent to laminar at the corresponding Reynolds number. Skin friction coefficients were deduced from static pressure measurements along the length of the channel. Velocity profiles were obtained from traversing probe total head measurements.


The systematic position of the freshwater amphipod G. varsoviensis Jazdzewski from northern Poland and Germany, split off recently from G. lacustris Sars in the same area, was assessed by allozyme electrophoresis. A distant evolutionary relationship between the two species was indicated, similar to that between them and G. pulex (L.), and to those earlier recorded between marine and freshwater Gammarus spp. (genetic identities I = 0.1-0.2). The neutral terms currently used for subdivisions of the genus, such as the G. pulex group which includes the three species studied, refer to units too ancient to have retained traces of a common ancestry at the allozyme level; adoption of subdivisions based on phylogenetically closer, genetically identifiable relationships is suggested.


Seven phenytoin information leaflets were evaluated for their readability using the Singh Readability Assessment Instrument (RAIN). These evaluations were performed to ascertain if the variable criteria of the RAIN, developed to assess the readability of patient information brochures, were appropriate for evaluating the readability of medication information leaflets. Leaflets were scored in terms of eight variables identified by reading researchers as facilitating comprehension: global coherence, local coherence, unity, audience appropriateness, adjunct questions, writing style, illustrations, and typography. A scoring criterion of 80% adherence on most variables was considered acceptable. The American Association of Retired Persons leaflet was found to be acceptable. Five of the leaflets failed to meet RAIN criteria for audience appropriateness, adjunct questions, illustrations, and typography. Results support the RAIN as a useful tool for evaluating and optimizing the readability of medication information leaflets.


In the article the synopsis of the genus Onychium Kaulf is shown. The localities are exactly pointed for the endemic species. The original key for determination of species genus Onychium has been developed.


Based on the resource allocation method of bipartite graph projected to one-mode graph, the bipartite graph network is established using six evaluating comfortableness indices and seven subsystems of high-speed train as the vertices. Our research shows that: This method can be used to find out the key factors which have high influence on the high-speed trains comprehensive comfortableness; also its ratio can be obtained. The overall quality of the high-speed train also can be forecasted by this method if the seven subsystems performance indices are given. Meanwhile, the interacting dependency level among the indices can be obtained.


OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the effects of physician continuity, measured as the Continuity of Care Index (COCI) score, on the survival of patients with diabetes, including both pay-for-performance (P4P) participants and nonparticipants.

STUDY DESIGN
This was a retrospective, nationwide population-based analysis of 396,838 patients with diabetes, with 198,419 subjects each in the P4P participant and nonparticipant groups, from 1997 to 2009, in Taiwan.

METHODS
The data presented in this study are secondary data obtained from the 1997 to 2009 National Health Insurance Research Database published by the Taiwan National Health Research Institute. Survival status and physician continuity were the dependent variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the factors related to physician continuity among patients with diabetes. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to explore the related factors that affected the survival status of the patients with diabetes.

RESULTS
After controlling for the other related factors, the COCI score of the P4P participants was 0.227 higher than that of the nonparticipants (P <.05). Compared with patients with a low COCI score (≤50%), the hazard ratio (HR) of mortality of patients with a high COCI score (>50%) was 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.48). Compared with nonparticipants, the HR of mortality of P4P participants was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.41-0.44).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with diabetes with higher physician continuity had a lower HR of mortality. P4P participants had higher physician continuity and a lower HR of mortality.


Level-based tree drawing is a common algorithm that produces intuitive and clear presentations of hierarchically structured information. However, new applications often introduces new aesthetic requirements that call for new tree drawing methods. In this paper, we propose an indented level-based tree drawing algorithm for visualizing parse trees of English language. This algorithm displays a tree with an aspect ratio that fits the aspect ratio of the newer computer displays, while presenting the words in a way that is easy to read. We discuss the design of the algorithm and its application in text visualization for linguistic analysis and language learning. An efficient and practical implementation of the algorithm is also presented.


Under nested governance, local governments voluntarily assign public services traditionally performed by them to larger or higher levels of government in the metropolis whose boundaries overlap those of the local units. Yet, an attachment to governing autonomy by politically resilient township governments may serve as a barrier to using nested governance for the regional delivery of urban services. This article examines the orientations of township officials in two Midwest metropolitan counties toward nested service delivery, explores some theoretical implications for township officials' roles as rational political and economic actors, and suggests likely patterns of township participation in implementing nested delivery.


We introduce MultiPiles, a visualization to explore time‐series of dense, weighted networks. MultiPiles is based on the physical analogy of piling adjacency matrices, each one representing a single temporal snapshot. Common interfaces for visualizing dynamic networks use techniques such as: flipping/animation; small multiples; or summary views in isolation. Our proposed 'piling' metaphor presents a hybrid of these techniques, leveraging each one's advantages, as well as offering the ability to scale to networks with hundreds of temporal snapshots. While the MultiPiles technique is applicable to many domains, our prototype was initially designed to help neuroscientists investigate changes in brain connectivity networks over several hundred snapshots. The piling metaphor and associated interaction and visual encodings allowed neuroscientists to explore their data, prior to a statistical analysis. They detected high‐level temporal patterns in individual networks and this helped them to formulate and reject several hypotheses.


The hypothesis that the QCD vacuum can be modeled as a dual superconductor is a powerful tool to describe the distribution of the color field generated by a quark-antiquark static pair and, as such, can provide useful clues for the understanding of confinement. In this work we investigate, by lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the $SU(3)$ pure gauge theory and of (2+1)-flavor QCD with physical mass settings, some properties of the chromoelectric flux tube at zero temperature and their dependence on the physical distance between the static sources. We draw some conclusions about the validity domain of the dual superconductor picture.


With increased application of fuzzy logic in complex control systems, there is a need for a structured methodological approach in the development of fuzzy logic systems. Current fuzzy logic systems are developed based on individualistic bases and cannot face the challenge of interacting with other (fuzzy) systems in a dynamic environment. In this chapter a method for development of fuzzy systems that can interact with other (fuzzy) systems is proposed. Specifically a method for designing hierarchical self-learning fuzzy logic control systems based on the integration of genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic to provide an integrated knowledge base for intelligent control of mobile robots for collision-avoidance in a common workspace. The robots are considered as point masses moving in a common work space. Genetic algorithms are employed as an adaptive method for learning the fuzzy rules of the control systems as well as learning, the mapping and interaction between fuzzy knowledge bases of different fuzzy logic systems. INTRODUCTION Fuzzy logic systems are increasingly used in control applications. Their ability to cope with uncertainty inherent in complex systems makes them an attractive This chapter appears in the book, Computational Intelligence in Control, edited by Masoud Mohammadian. Copyright © 2003, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB8645 IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING Computational Intelligence 123 Copyright Idea Grou p Inc. Copy right Idea Grou p Inc. Copy right Idea Grou p Inc. Copy right Idea Grou p Inc. method for solving complex, uncertain and dynamic systems. Current fuzzy logic systems are developed based on the individualistic systems. These systems are unable to face the challenge of interaction that might be necessary between different fuzzy logic systems solving a complex problem. There is a need for a structured approach to design fuzzy logic systems for controlling complex systems consisting of multiple fuzzy logic systems and fuzzy knowledge bases as is the case in a hierarchical fuzzy logic system. In general hierarchical fuzzy logic systems consist of several fuzzy logic systems, each performing a specific task which are combined to form a system to solve a complex task. These controllers interact with each other to solve the problem at hand. The output of each fuzzy logic controller in a hierarchical fuzzy logic system has an effect on other fuzzy logic systems and consequently to the final output of the system. The division of individual fuzzy systems required to solve complex problems demands that those problems be decomposed and distributed among different fuzzy logic systems. One of the main limitations on the application of hierarchical fuzzy logic systems in complex problem-solving domains is the lack of methods to structure the development of the hierarchical fuzzy logic systems. This is an important issue when considering the robustness and efficiency of the system. A well structured hierarchical fuzzy logic system can perform its tasks more efficiently. The design of the fuzzy knowledge base of complex fuzzy logic systems are based upon human experience and the operator's knowledge of the system to be controlled (Lee, 1990). The fuzzy rules are formulated by a trial and error method which is not only time consuming but also does not guarantee 'optimal' fuzzy rules for the system. Incorporating genetic algorithms into the design of a f zzy logic system ensures automatic generation of fuzzy rules for a fuzzy logic system. This chapter is organised as follows: in the next section the learning of fuzzy rules of fuzzy logic systems using genetic algorithms are described. The application of this learning method to control a simulated multi-robot system using hierarchical fuzzy logic systems is considered and simulation results are presented. Conclusions are then drawn and further research directions are given. LEARNING OF FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS Earlier in the following papers (Mohammadian, 1994; Mohammadian, 1996; Stonier, 1998) an integrated architecture consisting of genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic for automatic rule generation of fuzzy logic systems was proposed. A block diagram of the fuzzy rule generation architecture is shown in Figure 1. 12 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/chapter/computational-intelligencemodelling-control-multi/6834?camid=4v1 This title is available in InfoSci-Books, InfoSci-Intelligent Technologies, Science, Engineering, and Information Technology, InfoSci-Computer Science and Information Technology. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=1


Objective To investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the elderly anklebrachial index(ABI).Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted.Five hundred and eighty-two people from 101 510 cases who participated in the 2006-2007 of healthy Kailuan Group employees by stratified random decimation were selected as subjects.Unified questionnaires and blood tests were performed and 5 440 cases met the inclusion criteria ABI was measured from 2010 to 2011 at the third health examination and 4 729 final valid data were used to make statistical analysis.Based on 2007 Chinese adult dyslipidemia prevention guide for 2004 CDS of the proposed amendments as diagnostic criteria,the study population was divided into MS group and non-MS group.Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors.Results The average ABI in MS group and the non-MS group were (1.09 ± 0.11),(1.09 ± 0.09),and the difference between groups was not statistically significant(P =0.807).The rate of people with ABI ≤ 0.9 in MS group and the non-MS group were 49(5.2%) and 120 (3.2%),and the difference between groups was statistically significant (x2 =7.41,P < 0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the factors of male and ABI ≤ 0.9 were related to MS((RR:1.48,95%CI:1.04-2.08;RR:1.56,95%CI:1.02-2.37;P <0.05).Conclusion In the elderly population,MS is an independent risk factor which impact on ABI especially in male population.

Key words:
Metabolic syndrome;  Ankle-brachial index;  Peripheral arterial disease


A general procedure for modeling one‐dimensional unsteady water flow through unsaturated swelling soil has been developed. The generalized equation is based on Richards' [1931] equation for unsaturated flow. The developed equation and its numerical solution used in the procedure can be applied to the study of soil drainage and redistribution where the flux of water is downward toward the water table. In this case the water content at each point in the profile decreases with time. The derivation of the relationship between volume changes and corresponding water losses reflects the effect of different shrinkage phases for a clayey soil. The model partitions the soil into two domains: macropores and micropores. To verify the model, results are compared with two other models. The model is then applied, using Regina clay as a media, to demonstrate the effect of volume change on moisture profiles during drainage. The results demonstrate that errors will occur if the classical theory of water movement in a nonswelling soil is employed to describe water flow in an unsaturated soil that exhibits volume change during wetting and drying.


An existing coal-water slurry fueled diesel engine cycle simulation was modified to include particle-to-particle and droplet-to-droplet interactions during the combustion and vaporization processes. Two aspects of these interactions, known as group effects, were considered. Group Effect Number 1 relates to the species concentrations and temperature profiles between particles during combustion and between droplets during vaporization. Group Effect Number 2 relates to the blockage of air entrainment to the fuel region due to the large momentum flux of volatiles and CO during combustion or water vapor during vaporization


Indonesia is a democratic country whose sovereignty of the people, it has been set out and defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945, but people can use their sovereignty to entrust a representative to sit in the seat of government through elections. Elections are conducted by political parties as participants. Political Parties in Indonesia not everything goes according to the rules, of course there are also violations committed by political parties. Against violations of the political party is the government only Yeng entitled to apply to the dissolution of the Constitutional Court. Why do people not involved in the dissolution of political parties? Here's what the author discussed in this thesis research. This study aims to find out why the government just get legal standing in the filing of the dissolution of political parties as well as what if the community is also involved in legal satanding and how efforts to do so that people can also be involved in the dissolution of political parties. The data collection was done by means of data collection study literature relevant to this study in the library and to identify the data or existing cases.Materials collected are from legislation, related books and journals. The acquired data will be analyzed by inductively qualitatively to arrive at a conclusion The results of this study is the government as the sole applicant filing dissolution of political parties for the sake of the party avoid unhealthy competition, and the author hopes that the community be the applicant is also in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty and human rights. keywords: folk, dissolution of political parties, the legal standing.


Strengthening and improving ideological and political theory teaching effectiveness,firstly,first-line teachers need to understand the situation clearly,seize the historical opportunity and build teaching confidence.Secondly,university teachers must face the adverse effects of environmental challenges and some unfavorable factors after the new curriculum's impact.Finally,university teachers need to make three changes in teaching methods.


Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute infective multisystemic disease that commonly presents with fever, hemorrhage and acute renal failure. A 17-year-old boy presented with thrombocytopenia, profuse subconjunctival hemorrhage and anuric renal failure with fluid overload. The patient required continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. He developed diuresis but did not recover renal function during reconvalescent period. Hantaan, Puumala, Seoul, Belgrade virus infection with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was confirmed by serologic test.


Watershed is a relative integrated ecological process unit.We can acknowledge the Geographical law in the reservoir on the medium scale.Taking Danjiankou reservoir as the experimental study object,this paper chooses the DEM of 30m resolution as the data source to introduce the method of extracting river network based on the software of ArcGIS developed by ESRI.Firstly,we fill sinks and remove peaks of the DEM data,then identify the flow direction,analysis the flow accumulation,identified the flow network,finally,find out the sub-drainages.The result of the study shows: the watershed boundary line is almost identical to the ridge line in the mountain and hill knap area,but in the flat area,the result may exist certain errors because of the sparse contour lines.The fast extraction of watersheds based on DEM greatly saves manpower and material resources.Through this way,we may promote the protection and the construction of the eco-environment.It is also significant for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project to work efficiently for great lengths of time.


INTRODUCTION n Italy of May 1986 after the Chernobyl accident the whole deposition of Cs-137 was between 185 kBq/m and 40 kBq/m only in same regions of Northern Italy (Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Lombardy, Piedmont) and between 40 kBq/m and 1 kBq/m in the other regions, the highest values were recorded in the central regions of Umbria, Marche, Campania (1). he Department of Environmental Radioactivity of the Central Laboratory of the Italian Red Cross belongs to the National Network for the Monitoring of the Environmental Radioactivity in Italy, co-ordinated by the National Environmental Agency (ANPA). The Department of Environmental Radioactivity took part in the National Campaigns for the monitoring of the environmental gamma radioactivity to evaluate the deposit of artificial radioactivity on the Italian territory after the Chernobyl accident. tudying the soil in order to evaluate the radiocontamination of an area has always been a priority in this kind of analyses checking the soil requires complex sampling and measuring methods and needs long elaboration time because of the geological composition of rocks with natural radioisotopes (2). he experience carried out at national and international level demonstrated that mosses can be used to map the radioactive fall-out (3). tudies were also done on mosses which appeared to have some advantages with respect to lichens. In particular, living organisms by bioindicators have been used as mosses (bryophytes) (4). osses are organisms that contain of chlorophyll and therefore photosynthetic. Mosses generally live in environmental sub-air, they do not have roots and a vascular system to allow the transport of material from substratum through diffusion and absorption the water from the atmosphere (5). fter the Chernobyl accident the situation of artificial deposition in Italy has changed considerably. In order to make a new map of radioactivity contamination in the soil, the radioecological campaigns were organised all over the Italian territory to initiate a completely new zero point in Italian regions (6). he present work aimed at using specific types of mosses which act as a passive devise to collect radioactive particles. Mosses are found in all mountain ecosystems in Italy and in other countries. Soil and moss samples were taken from the same sites. n this study Hypnum cupressiforme and Homalotecium sericeum mosses were used as bioindicators, available in all Italian ecosystems. The soil and moss samples were gathered according to a national standard procedure (7,8). he monitoring of gamma radioactivity for the Campania region (Central Italy) was delegated to the Department of Environmental Radioactivity in co-operation with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and with the help of the Department of the State Forestry Corp of Campania. his paper presents the first data of the concentration of the artificial radionuclides Cs-137 and Cs-134 in mosses and soils collected in the Campania region in four different localities (S.Gregorio Matese, Laviano, Piaggine and Vesuvio) after the fallout of the Chernobyl accident. The data refer to the surveys carried out from 1992 to 1998.


Immediately after the commissioning of the new fully-automatic U3 metro line, VAG Vergkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nurnberg and Siemens AG, the general contractor, started to automate the existing Nurnberg U2 metro line (Rothenbach - Nuremberg Airport) in the summer of 2008. The U3 is Germany's first fully-automated metro line, which also runs in mixed operation with the conventional U2 line on a shared track. This article describes the success of the U3 so far; its availability, operations, vehicle doors and operations; and the U2 conversion to start at the end of 2009.


The problem of coupling of the shear oscillations of a quartz crystal bounded by a rough surface with damped waves in a liquid has been investigated. The shift of the resonance frequency of a quartz crystal due to either random roughness or periodical corrugation has been considered. A relation between the shift and a correlation function of roughness has been found. It has been shown that the roughness effect is most pronounced in the low viscosity limit. It has been demonstrated that the results of quartz-crystal microbalance measurements can provide valuable information on the average height and the correlation length of surface roughness.


Introducion of technology always creates new meanings. As the feminist scientist Karen Barad puts it, with the scientific and technological intra-actions new material-semiotic boundaries and objects are placed into the world, new entities into cyberspace. Here we focus on vocabulary and speech working in material-semiotic way into, from and through computing and IT. The metaphoric usage of everyday terms serve in order to understand abstract concepts or innovative items, thereby changing their meanings. But also computer terms have migrated into the public sphere with extended meanings, e.g. the term "algorithm". Big Data with its AI methods is a relatively new field of creating meaning through scooping from an infinitely growing sea of utterances. All these three categories can linguistically be summarized as transcriptions. One goal of this text is to hint to the danger to believe in an assumed objectivity of AI- and machine learning systems.


ABSTRACT The 1999 murder of a Sāmoan cabinet minister, organized as a hit by two political rivals, was quickly resolved by the country's police and judicial system, leaving the rule of the Human Rights Protection Party largely unaffected. This was despite the large amount of evidence pointing to severe corruption at high political levels. Connections to party corruption and the killer's family activity were re-exposed only later in the Panama Papers. Prime Minister Tuila'epa Sa'ilele, who said they were trying to kill him, fended off the corruption that was linked to his party and claimed the assassination was about family loyalty overriding rational thought. The killer, he said, was defending the honour of his family.


As an important type of thermally coupled column,dividing wall column( DWC) has the advantages such as less energy consumption,lower device capital and spot area. In this paper,research development of internal vapor / liquid splitter in DWC is referred in detail. Several types of such splitter are listed. Their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Finally some suggestions on its future development are given.


Numerical experiments were carried out for yield-stress fluid flows through a 1:4 sudden axisymmetric expansion using the Herschel-Bulkley and Bingham models with a two-viscosity approximation. The influence of shear thinning, inertia and yield-stress values on the structure of the flow and on pressure and head losses was studied. The detailed structure of flow in the expansion shows an initial vortex. The yield stress generates two toroidal rigid dead zones, one located in the corner of the expansion and one located close to the stagnation point that appears between the vortex and the downstream flow. Inertia and yield stress act in opposite ways. When inertia increases, the vortex increases in size and the rigid dead zone decreases. Conversely, when yield stress increases, the vortex decreases in size and the rigid dead zone increases. Shear thinning reduces the dimensions of both vortices and dead zones. Pressure loss increases with yield stress. In addition, the numerical results are consistently compared with experimental ones.


By Fernando Testai MD PhD (Dr. Testai of the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago received research grants from Dart NeuroScience, the NIH, and the American Heart Association and consulting fees from Medico-legal Consulting.) Vinny Sharma DO (Dr. Sharma of the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago has no relevant financial relationships to disclose.) Originally released September 7, 1994; last updated July 12, 2017; expires July 12, 2020


The study aimed at investigating the degree of awareness of environmental risks of water shortage of students-teachers in the majors of Classroom teachers, Counseling and Special education in the Education Sciences College at WISE and their degree of awareness according to major and gender. The sample of the study which was selected randomly consisted of 70 male and female students. To achieve the study's goals, a scale of environment risks awareness was developed including three fields: cognitive field consisted of 27 items, emotional field consisted of 17 items and skill field (14 items) and displayed to a group of arbitrators. The scale's validity and reliability were checked. Results concluded the sample's awareness of the environment risks of water shortage was acceptable in the fields of skill and emotion but there was lack of cognitive information concerning water. Moreover, results revealed lack of statistical significant differences attributed to gender and major. Keywords: environment risks, water shortage, student-teachers. Introduction In recent years there has been enormous international interest and research in environment risks due to their great potential effects on human and other forms of life. Some of the majo risks in developing countries' worries are water pollution, natural resources' depletion and scarcity of fresh water. Because of the magniude of these problems around the world, people have been looking for solutions through spreading environment awareness and its significance (Krishnamara R high or low. Rain fall has declined at a rate 5% in the last 45 year, is an evidence of the climate change in Jordan during the past 45 years and this problem is expected to affect Jordan's water needs in light of the population increase accompanied with the expected decline in the rainfall's rate and the temperatures" increase. This study is in line with the recommendations of the international, national and regional environment conferences such as the environment Conference of Management and Environmental Technology (2000) in Cairo, Johannesburg Summit (2002), Georgia Soviet (2004) which asserted the importance of environment significance and the continuity of environmental education before and after the school's stages. Previous Studies Abdmaseih and Faraj (2002) conducted a study identifying the extent of the environmental risk awareness in Egypt by students and the extent of addressing these risks in the science textbooks. To achieve these goals, the researchers designed a list consisting of environmental risks and a scale for awareness of them in addition to a tool analyzing the content of the first three grades in the lower basic stage, results showed weakness of addressing issues concerning environmental risks in the science textbooks of the first three grades in the lower basic stage. …


Low modulus polyurethane sealant or adhesive composition, and a method of reducing the modulus of the polyurethane sealant or adhesive composition, rosin esters, hydrogenated rosin esters, or at least one modulus lowering agent of the mixture thereof comprising adding to the polyurethane prepolymer include, sealant or adhesive composition having a biobased content of optionally from about 15% to about 75 wt%, wherein the method is provided.


The conference chairman asked for a statement of work done at the Laboratory of the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Illinois between September, 1941 and September, 1952. Shortly thereafter this was presented a t Queen Square. I am sorry that our work then left so many problems unsolved, and sorrier still that the subsequent 10 years have left them so nearly as they were that the Queen Square lecture needs no major alteration to bring i t up to date. The bulk of psychiatry's burden comes from biochemical disorders of the brain. Half of all patients have trouble with their brains. Two-thirds of them are psychotic, and two-thirds of these on first admission are tossed into the scrapbasket called schizophrenia, which might as well catch all postpartum, puerperal, and involutional psychoses. In 1941, I went to Illinois to join Gerty, hoping that our laboratory might discover the biochemical bases of some of these diseases. The respiratory quotient of the brain is nearly one. Dusser de Barenne had recorded i t continuously and shown that, given sugar and insulin, it might exceed one. Hence he thought sugar turned to fat, liberating oxygen. Years later, our Department of Agriculture recorded, in pigs fed carbohydates, a respiratory quotient of two, and DeWitt Stetten demonstrated the formation of fatty acids containing heavy hydrogen by giving heavy water and glucose to animals with plenty of insulin. With Dusser de Barenne, Nims, and Stone a t Yale, I had measured the pH of cortex as affected by its own activity. During the first fast phase of a local fit the area becomes alkaline some tenth of a pH unit and then swings acid by as much as three-tenths. As in peripheral nerve, alkalinity parallels release of ammonia. The acid swing initiates a vasodilation in which the veins run red. Santos, with Penfield in Montreal, using Gibb's heated thermocouples, found, a t this time in the fit, increased blood flow in cortex and thalamus. I went to Chicago with J. Raymond Klein, where we froze the exposed brain suddenly by pouring liquid air on i t and then analyzed i t for various carbohydrate intermediate metabolites. We found a great accumulation of pyruvate and lactate, which could easily account for the observed acidity in fits. Biochemical textbooks of that period stated that nothing was known


—Association rule mining from numerical datasets has been known inefficient because the number of discovered rules is superfluous and sometimes the induced rules are inapplicable. In this paper, we propose the discretization technique based on the Chi2 algorithm to categorize numeric values. We also handle missing values in the dataset with statistical methods. The discovered association rules are then evaluated with the four measurement metrics, that is, confidence, support, lift, and coverage. The dataset imputed with various missing value handling techniques has also been evaluated with the tree-based data classification method to assess predictive accuracy.


Objective To explore the operative results of removing cranionasal-orbital tumors and to modify some operative techniques. Methods The extensive transbasal approach was used in 5 patients with cranionasal-orbital tumors. Results Tumors were totally removed in 3 cases, nearly totally removed in 1 case and resected in most parts in 1 case. Postoperative complications: cerebrospinal fluid fistula in 1 case and disappearance of olfraction in 5 cases, but no one died in the surgery. Conclusion The procedure has the advantage of wide operative space and reliable reconstruction of the skull base. The removal of tumors close to the middle cranial fossa must be combined with the temporal approach. If the inner plate of the skull bone can not be used for the skull base reconstruction, the patient's own frontal bone slip can be used and the result proves better.


Cheltenham Borough Council and its partners have jointly committed over £300k to charity 'P3' for outreach work around Gloucestershire to provide support to rough sleepers.


Research has constantly revealed that depressive symptoms usually include negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, termed the negative cognitive triad. More recently, research...


We demonstrate experimentally that random departure from high-index-contrast periodicity in photonic crystal waveguides gives rise to spectral features that bear signatures of Anderson localization. Disorder-induced high-Q cavities are observed in a narrow frequency band close to the guided mode's cut-off where the light propagates with slow group velocity. Spectrally distinct quasi-states with Qs as high as ~250,000 are distributed at random locations along the waveguide and can find applications for example in optical sensing systems.


Through a comprehensive survey,this paper makes a comprehensive research on the capital structure,sales revenue,brand building,practitioners,industrial clustering,economic benefits and RD of the sporting goods manufacture industry.It finds out that most players are private enterprises and SMEs.Whenzhou are short of leading enterprises and brands in the sports industry.The sports goods manufacturers,the sports fitness amusement industry and sports goods distributors are the most important industries.The education level of the employees low and the high and middle-level technicians are few.The funding on the RD is insufficient.The industry heavily relies on export.The sports goods selling and sport lottery develop rapidly.The returns are favorable but the industrial clustering is at a relatively lower level.The internal structure is imbalanced.Especially there is no economy at scale in sport competition and performance field.The function of the major business to lead the development of the industry is not fully displayed.The management talents are in shortage,which impedes the creativity and management level.The government should give more support to this industry and improve the development environment.The industries which have a solid foundation and strength develop slowly.


Irrigation system with feedback control from the dimensional distortion of plant organs can realize more precise irrigating,which conforms the requirement of modem fine work.A water-saving irrigation system with a feedback control from the thickness of plant leaf is designed,and the system configuration and its implementation are described in detail.An inductive displacement transducer is used to sense the thickness of plant leaf,which is compensated through the ambient temperature and humidity.The data acquisition card Advantech PCI-1710 links the system hardware and the software of the system upper computer programmed in graphic language LabVIEW,to accomplish the signal transfer and irrigation valve operation in simple and effective way. System testing indicates that the irrigation control system runs in good shape.


By bootstrap percolation we mean the following deterministic process on a graph G. Given a set A of vertices "infected" at time 0, new vertices are subsequently infected, at each time step, if they have at least ∈ N previously infected neighbors. When the set A is chosen at random, the main aim is to determine the critical probability p c (G, r) at which percolation (infection of the entire graph) becomes likely to occur. This bootstrap process has been extensively studied on the d-dimensional grid [n] d : with 2 ≤ r ≤ d fixed, it was proved by Cerf and Cirillo (for d = r = 3), and by Cerf and Manzo (in general), that p c ([n] d ,r)=Θ(1/log (r-1) n) d-r+1 , where log (r) is an r-times iterated logarithm. However, the exact threshold function is only known in the case d = r = 2, where it was shown by Holroyd to be (1 + o(1)) π 2 18 log n. In this paper we shall determine the exact threshold in the crucial case d = r = 3, and lay the groundwork for solving the problem for all fixed d and r.


The genre of the circadian or one-day novel, of which James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway (1925) are the most famous examples, relies on John Locke's theory of individual identity composed of memories over time. The modernist writer and critic Storm Jameson published a day novel in 1933 that draws attention to the paucity of memories in the time-starved working poor and challenges the implicit class distinction in identity formation in this genre. Jameson's A Day Off draws on Ulysses and Mrs. Dalloway to demonstrate the class assumptions made by the high modernists. By expanding the scope of the day novel to include the working poor, Jameson proposes a revised theory of memory and identity that takes into consideration the realities of class and the scarcity of time for the majority of people in modernity.


Intraepithelial T lymphocytes of the murine gut bearing CD8αα homodimers (CD8αα-IEL) have been proposed to originate locally, through a differentiation process initiated in lineage negative (lin–) c-kit+IL7Rα+ gut precursors ([ 1 ][1]–[ 3 ][2]). In a recent study, Eberl and Littman ([ 4 ][3


The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV) infection in human since last three decades is a tremendous issue in the area of infectious diseases. Currently plant based compounds are gaining more interest now-a-days in antiretroviral therpies. HIV replication is a target for the inhibition of HIV infection. The synthesized chroman-4-one based compound recognized as a antireplicative agent. With the synthesized crystals benzene and pyrone ring plays a major role ,molecular structure of the compounds were identified by subjecting the compound to X ray diffraction studies. Anti-HIV effects have been studied by different five viral Proteins. Ligand-protein molecular docking studies using advanced docking tools and minimum binding energies were computed. Comparison was made for better choice of protein ligand interaction


Practitioners, journalists, and historians believe that leaders play a crucial role in determining events. Social science theories, however, generally argue that leaders are unimportant. This dissertation proposes a two-stage theory of leader impact called Leader Filtration Theory (LFT). In the first stage, leaders are usually chosen from among a pool of candidates by a filtration process that homogenizes the pool. This makes actual leaders highly similar to those who almost got the job, rendering individuals fungible. Sometimes filtration is bypassed. When this occurs, leaders can gain power who are very different from potential alternates. In the second stage, leaders face constraints from within their organization and outside it. If these constraints are sufficiently weak an unfiltered leader can have a very large impact on outcomes. Such leaders are likely to display a high degree of variance in their performance. The theory is tested quantitatively using historians' rankings of U.S. Presidents. Unfiltered leaders should be disproportionately represented among the best and worst Presidents. LFT's prediction of higher variance in performance is very strongly supported by this test. The theory is also tested by examining three American Presidents and two British Prime Ministers. Jefferson, a Filtered President, made decisions with regards to the Louisiana Purchase very similar to those that alternative Presidents would have made. Lincoln and Wilson, by contrast, both Unfiltered Presidents, made decisions that were radically different from those that would have been made by alternative Presidents. Chamberlain, a Filtered Prime Minister (PM), made decisions with regards to appeasement of Germany before the Second World War very similar to those of alternative PMs. When his preferences diverged from those of potential alternate PMs, British policy followed the alternates' preferences, not his. When Churchill, an Unfiltered PM, gained office, his unique preferences determined British policy. The theory should have power outside democratic politics as well. Eight leaders from other domains dictatorships, the military, business, and scientific research who are commonly believed to have been highly consequential are examined. All eight would have been classified as Unfiltered by LFT. Finally, five approaches to choosing better leaders suggested by LFT are described. Thesis Supervisor: Stephen Van Evera Title: Professor of Political Science


The link between the singularity manifold equation and the pseudopotential equations is found for nonlinear evolution equations both in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions. Many examples are given: Burgers, Korteweg-de Vries, modified Korteweg-de Vries, Harry Dym, a higher-order Korteweg-de Vries, Sawada-Kotera, Kaup-Kuperschmidt, Kadomtsev-Petviashvili, Boussinesq, modified Kadomtsev-Petviashvili, and (2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equations.


Ordinary and extraordinary wave coupling in the electron-cyclotron frequency range in non-one-dimensionally inhomogeneous magnetized plasmas in a vicinity of the plasma cut-off surface is studied with taking into account electron thermal motion and tokamak magnetic field topology. Previously developed theory of the ultra-highfrequency O-X mode coupling in a toroidal plasma has been generalized. Reduced wave equations that describe the normal wave interaction in the considered case are found and solved analytically. Thermal effects essential for the rf heating of overdense plasma in large scale experiment (ITER like) are analyzed. PACS: 52.50.Sw, 52.35.Hr, 42.25.Gy


Today, osteoporosis is a major healthcare system problem globally. Each year, osteoporosis leads to more than 8.9 million fractures. In practice, osteoporosis can be diagnosed following a low-energy trauma fragility fracture of a bone or by a bone mineral density measurement using dual X-ray absorptiometry showing a T-score of ≤-2.5. This is a retrospective study that reviewed all subjects with osteoporosis or osteopenia indication, which were referred by practitioners for diagnostic densitometric evaluation to Alzahra hospital in Isfahan, Iran. from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. Bone mineral density (BMD) reports were reviewed to identify all cases of osteoporosis or osteopenia. Our data analysis according to the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic classification showed that simultaneously measured T-scores at the spine and hip are concordant in 49.60% of patients and discordant by at least one diagnostic class in 49.95%. There was no significant discordance prevalence when one site was osteoporotic, and another site was normal (The prevalence was only 4.74%). Major T-score discordance was directly correlated to age (r=0.908, P=0.005), but there was no statistical relationship between minor T-score discordance and age (P=0.07). Clinicians should expect that at least half of patients tested by DXA will demonstrate T-score discordance between spine and total hip measurement sites. However, discordance is a real finding, and clinicians should be familiar with this issue and adopt specific strategies for these patients to investigate the cause or causes of the discordance.


Biodiesel-producer gas fueled dual fuel engine suffers from lower brake thermal efficiency with higher unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at all loads. In this present work, to harness energy from producer gas and ensure air and producer gas mixing quality, different mixing chambers (carburetors) have been developed. In the first phase of the work, mixing chambers were analyzed for its mixing performance using experimental approach. Different carburetors were drawn from Y– shape having 45, 60, 900 gas entries as well as with parallel flow gas entry. Based on the results obtained, it was found that parallel flow gas entry carburetor resulted in better mixing of air and producer gas. In the next phase of the work, experimental investigations were conducted to study the effect of air-producer gas mixture quality on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of single cylinder, four strokes direct injection diesel engine developing 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm operated on dual fuel mode with Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and producer gas induction. Experimental investigation showed that all carburetors except parallel flow gas entry carburetor resulted in lower performance. Dual fuel engine with parallel flow gas entry carburetor showed 5 to 8 % increased brake thermal efficiency with reduced smoke, HC and CO emission levels compared to other carburetors tested. Based on the study, it is concluded that this area still requires more research with long term engine operation.


Polymorphic DNA segments can be used as genetic markers to test for allelic association between a disease and a candidate gene locus. Here we report the results of a study of 60 unrelated bipolar patients in which we sought for evidence of association between bipolar affective disorder and alleles at two candidate genes (GABRA1 and GABRA3) involved in GABAergic neurotransmission. The data obtained were analysed in a number of ways. None of these produced conclusive evidence for association, although allele A6 at the GABRA1 locus was significant (p = 0.025) before correcting for multiple testing.


A modified nano carbon black waterborne colorant paste(MCB) was prepared by interfacial polymerization method with toluene diisocyanate(TDI) and polyethylene glycol(PEG).A spectrophotometer,particle size analyzer,thermogravimetry analysis(TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA) were utilized to characterize the colorant paste and their composite films with PU.The results showed that the MCB possessed good dispersion stability in water after modification,but their dispensability get worse with increasing the dosage of PEG.The composite PU films had improved water resistance and low temperature resistance and thermal stability when MCB was used,and further the optimal comprehensive performances were obtained when employed MCB was modified with m(PEG):m(carbon black) ratio of 3∶ 4.


Rapid advances in optical microfiber and nanofibers (MNF) based sensors have been driven by powerful industries such as automotive, biomedical and defense, with the increasing demand for highly-sensitive, selective, nonintrusive, fast-response, compact and robust sensors that can perform in-situ measurements at remote and harsh environments. A diverse range of MNF based sensors have been developed for measuring refractive index, bio-chemical, temperature, current, displacement, bend, surface, acceleration, force, rotation, acoustic, electric field and magnetic field. Given the growing interest for this exciting area of scientific research, new designs are emerging continuously at a fast pace. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of all MNF based sensors reported to-date. Sensors are divided according to their morphology and measurand.


Increasing throughput demands on leading edge scanners are requiring greatly improved light source availability. This translates directly to minimizing downtime and maximizing productive time, as defined in the SEMI E10 standard. One positive contributor to improving productive time is the minimization of the light source stoppage for entire Halogen gas replenishment. This paper describes availability improvements of Cymer XLA and 7000 series light sources by using advanced gas management schemes to minimize entire gas replenishment impact to productive time. Recent augmented gas control algorithms have demonstrated multiple times extension of gas life through advanced gas replenishment methods and higher performance estimators. Along with these improvements to gas management, major efforts in light source fault reduction, module lifetime extension and optimization of module replacement, will provide significantly increased combined light source\scanner availability.


There were some common issues of the current management model in domestic Aquatic Germplasm Reserves( AGRs),such as the difficulty of resources recovery and the insignificant efficiency of protection. An Adaptive Management( AM) framework of AGRs was constructed according to the theoretical researches and practices of Ecosystem-based Management( EBM) and Adaptive Management both in domestic and foreign nature reserves. The AM framework of AGRs could be divided into two stages as model establishment and feedback: the former included problem identification,strategic planning,program design and implementation,while the later comprised of dynamic monitoring,performance evaluation,feedback and adjustment. The practice of AM framework could strongly enhance the rapid response to the uncertainty and complexity of external environment of AGRs. Furthermore,the Changle Xishi Tongue( Coelomactra Antiquata) Resource Enhancement and Protected Area was used as an example to analyse the current situation of management in AGRs and explore the construction and application of adaptive management model.


Obesity is a regarded as a major risk factor for developing renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Advanced‐stage RCC exhibits chemotherapeutic resistance, but is responsive to high‐dose IL‐2 and anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapies. Despite successes in these treatments, response rates remain low (20–30%). Currently, pre‐clinical evaluations of immunotherapeutic strategies typically use lean, young mice and do not account for the presence of patient comorbidities. This may partially explain the underwhelming success in clinical translation. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that a T cell‐based immunotherapy clears orthotopic renal tumors in lean mice, but fails in diet‐induced obese mice. This illustrates the importance of identifying methods to rescue obesity‐induced immunotherapeutic failure in this model. Calorie restriction (CR) delays the onset of chronic diseases, such as obesity and cancer. This attribute has prompted interest in investigating CR and its substitutes as potential cancer therapeutics. Recent murine research shows that diets containing calorie restriction mimetics (CRMs) improve anti‐tumor immunity and chemotherapeutic efficacy. Here we examined acarbose, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor with CRM properties, in a preclinical model of kidney cancer. BALB/c mice were fed an acarbose‐supplemented or control diet following orthotopic tumor challenge with syngeneic Renca renal carcinoma cells. Acarbose reduced endpoint tumor weights (p=0.02) and lung metastases (p=0.03). Flow cytometric analysis at endpoint revealed similar frequencies of splenic and intra‐tumoral CD8 T cells in mice treated with acarbose. These findings suggest that acarbose may exhibit anti‐tumor properties, and indicates a potential treatment opportunity for mice with diet induced obesity. Future experiments will focus on evaluating acarbose in combination with immunotherapy, in lean and obese mice.


Deep-sea corals are important benthic inhabitants that support the biodiversity and function of the wider faunal community; however, their taxonomy is underdeveloped and their accurate identification is often difficult. In our study, we investigated the utility of a superextended (>3000 bp) barcode and explored the effectiveness of various molecular species delimitation techniques with an aim to put upper and lower bounds on the estimated number of calcaxonian species in Irish waters. We collected 112 calcaxonians (70 Keratoisididae, 22 Primnoidae, 20 Chrysogorgiidae) and one chelidonisid from the Irish continental slope and sequenced a 3390 bp DNA barcode comprising four mitochondrial regions (mtMutS, COI + igr1, 16S rRNA-ND2, and igr4), recovering 38 haplotypes. Individuals that shared a haplotype were often morphologically distinct, and we thus undertook detailed morphological work, including SEM of sclerites, on one representative of each morphotype within each haplotype. GMYC, bGMYC, and mPTP returned incongruent estimates of species numbers. In total, there are between 25 and 40 species, although no definitive number could be assigned, primarily due to poorly defined keratoisidid species boundaries. As expected, the superextended barcode provided greater discrimination power than single markers; bGMYC appeared to be the most effective delimiter. Among the identified species were Chelidonisis aurantiaca, collected deeper than previously known at 1507 m, and Calyptrophora clinata, recorded for the second time from the Northeast Atlantic. A full understanding of the diversity and distribution of calcaxonians requires substantial taxonomic work, but we highlight the Irish continental slope as harbouring significant diversity.


One of the leading causes of incidents in high-risk industrial facilities, including offshore oil and gas rigs, is poor compliance with written procedures. For this study, 25 male participants performed one task under two different conditions: self-paced and with a time stressor. Participants were either considered to be novice or expert workers based on their years of experience with specific tasks. After completion of one task two separate times, each participant was instructed to fill out the NASA TLX in paper form. Compared to the novice group, the experienced group rated each of the six subscales significantly lower except for performance. Time pressure was self reportedly ranked higher than self-paced for novices, and they were ranked equally by experts. The findings suggest that one well written-procedure may not be adequate for both novice and experienced workers in either self-paced or time pressure situations because expert workers had a lower workload on task. Further research needs to be done to assess what each group of workers needs to be successful performing their job.


Introduction: Reflective thinking and analyzing the educational findings is an essential step in the learning process. The present study was conducted to determine the level of reflective thinking among graduate dental students at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical science Methods: In this descriptive- cross sectional study, a total of 204 graduate dental students (7-12 courses) at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical science in 2017-2018 have participated. The Kember et al. reflection questionnaire (RQ) with validity of 0.82 and reliability (alpha Cronbach) of 0.78, was used in the present study. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver.17 and T–test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient statistical tests. The significance level was set as P≤ 0.05. Result : In the present study, 204 graduate dental student, 117(57.4%) women and 87(42.6%) men, with the mean age of 24.2±2.4 and age range of 21-42 years were participated. The mean score of habitual action, understanding, reflective, and critical reflection were 10.1±2.9, 14.9±4.2, 16.0±2.9, and 13.9±2.06 respectively. There were significant differences in the mean score of reflection and critical reflection between the three educational courses (P<0.05). Also, there were significant difference between the two age groups in the field of habitual action, and critical reflection (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, with increasing the age and educational course, the level of habitual action decreased in dental students. Therefore, it is recommended that in dental schools, education of reflection throughout the lower courses should be emphasized.


Dynamic storage allocation (DSA) algorithms play an important role in the Real-Time Operating systems (RTOSs) community. It allows the RTOS to use limited memory efficiently. To ensure the DSA properties of a dynamic memory allocator, it is important to verify the implementation of its DSA algorithms. However, most previous works ignore memory interactive behaviors and just verify individually each function involved in DSA. Our main contribution in this paper is to verify the consistency of the memory interactive properties and its implementation. For this purpose, we use the BIP (Behavior, Interaction, Priority) Framework to deal with abstract behaviors, properties, and cross references to implementation code. We chose the TLSF as a testbed for formal verification of dynamic memory allocator properties and have produced a verification of TLSF. Both the behavior operations and property requirements of the TLSF have been specified in the BIP framework and the entire verification process is automated.


After dusting the looking-glass, [Faith] suddenly stopped in her operation, and after a close inspection of herself, startled Sally by this speech: "Sally! I'm looking a great deal older than I used to do!" Sally, who was busy dilating on the increased price of flour, considered this remark of Miss Benson's as strangely irrelevant to the matter in hand, and only noticed it by a "To be sure! I suppose we all on us do. But two and fourpence a dozen is too much to make us pay for it." Miss Benson went on with her inspection of herself, and Sally with her economical projects. "Sally!" said Miss Benson, "my hair is nearly white. The last time I looked it was only pepper-and-salt."1


A female Japanese Black calf presented with dwarfism, extremely small limbs, hydrocephalus-like head, and abnormal gait. It was reared from the age of 5 days to about 6 months to observe its development, and to conduct blood chemistry tests, endocrinological tests, and epidemiological tests. At age 5 days, the calf weighed 25 kg, and had the very small height of 50 cm , and the body length of 52 cm . X-ray examination revealed blurring of long bone epiphyseal growth plates, and enlarged articular cavity of the knee. CT showed separation of the femoral head from the acetabulum. The calf's subsequent development was poor, and it weighed only 45kg at age 5 months. Afterwards, it developed astasia, and died at the age of 196 days. The gene that causes dwarfism in Japanese Brown cattle was the homozygous normal genotype in this subject. Endocrinological tests revealed elevated plasma growth hormone, decreased insulinlike growth factor-1, and decreased thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Pathological tests showed chondrodysplasia of the epiphyseal plates. The thyroid showed variability in the size of colloidal Received 10 January 2008/ Accepted 20 Feburuary 2008 *Correspondence to:M. Kikuchi, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Japan (〒034-8628 青森県十和田市東23番町35-1 北里大学獣医学部獣医学科) E-mail:email@example.com


Pancreatic Disease gives an up-to-date picture of recent advances in the field and developing areas where progress can be expected in the near future. Four main areas are covered: acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, malignant disease and basic sciences. Chapters are included on imaging, pancreatic disease in childhood and pancreatic transplantation. The distinguished contributors include internationally known names in all the specialties covered. Established specialists in pancreatic disease - whether medical, surgical or radiological - will find the book an important reference source for current thinking and practice regarding all aspects of the investigation and management of patients with inflammatory and malignant disease of the pancreas. It will also provide residents, particularly those preparing for examinations, with a clear grasp of the advancing areas of knowledge in pancreatic disease that is not available from larger texts.


Synthesizing more than a decade of empirical research in Chicago, Sampson argues that neighborhoods strongly influence a wide range of social phenomena (including crime, health, civic engagement, altruism, and birthrates). Synthesizing more than a decade of empirical research in Chicago, Sampson argues that neighborhoods strongly influence a wide range of social phenomena (including crime, health, civic engagement, altruism, and birthrates).


2-Azido-2-deoxypentose derivatives having D-xylo and L-arabino configurations were prepared via azidonitration of 1,5-anhydro-2-deoxypent-1-enitols, that is, xylal and arabinal derivatives, respectively. The L-ribo isomer was prepared by substitution of 2-trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy and 2-(1-imidazolylsulfonyloxy) group with azide. The D-xylo isomer was converted into the corresponding D-ribo and D-lyxo isomers.


SUMMARY

1
The cure rate in 79% (334 cases) of 424 cases of plantar and digital warts treated with X-rays or radium was found to average 82%.

2
The cure rate was examined in relation to separate groups of patients, belonging to different dosage categories. The doses were estimated as the mean Strandqvist equivalent dose. A correlation was obtained for the log response-dose findings given by y = 31.03x – 16.43, where y and x represent the log cure per cent, and the equivalent dose (Strandqvist) respectively. The relationship, however, fails to satisfy statistical requirements.

3
The effects on the cure rate, of single dose versus fractionated dose, HVL of X-irradiation, previous non-radiotherapeutic treatment and site of the wart, were examined. No differences of statistical significance were obtained.

4
The causes for a radio-resistant 20% moiety are discussed, and recommendations made for the introduction of a controlled clinical trial.

5
The hazards of radiotherapeutic treatment of warts and myrmecia are discussed.

6
The conclusion is reached that if a wart needs to be treated by irradiation, a single dose, not in excess of 1,000r, suffices, using soft X-rays. The results suggest that this affords a 75–80% rate of cure, and whilst a threefold increase in the dose only raises the cure rate by less than 15% it adds to the incidence of radioecrosis considerably, particularly in the case of plantar warts.


Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients who require orthotopic heart transplantation are surgically complex due to anatomical abnormalities and multiple prior surgeries. In this study, we investigated these patients' outcomes using our institutional database.


PURPOSE: A composition containing mixture herb extract is provided to prevent dandruff and to promote hair growth without side effect and toxicity to human body. CONSTITUTION: A cosmetic composition which prevents hair loss and dandruff and promotes hair growth contains 0.00001-50 weight%(w/w) of complex herb extract as an active ingredient. The herbs are Panax ginseng C.A Meyer, Thuja occidentalis L., Lycium chinese Miller, Acorus gramineus, Xanthium strumarium L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens. The extract is obtained using water, low alcohol of 1-4 carbon atoms or mixture solvent thereof.


These years the RIBLL( Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou) group have measured many nuclei's total reaction cross sections, which is the most popular and simple way to identify the exotic nuclei. The experiments were completed by using transparency method. The experimental results of different nuclei at different energies were converted into the same energy (30MeV/nucleon) and same target (silicon) by Shen's formula. With comparing to their neighbors, we found that C-9, Be-11, Be-14, B-8, B-14 and N-12's results show larger ones. The Glauber model was used to calculate the total reaction cross sections, and 2-para-Fermi density distribution was introduced. For the exotic nuclei, a core plus exotic nucleons density distribution was used. The theoretical results are consistent with the experimental ones.


In video databases, each video contains temporal and spatial relationships between content objects. One of the well-known video indexing strategies is the 3D C-string strategy. However, it cannot deal with the condition that an object appears and then disappears for more than one time. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose an indexing strategy, called temporal UID Matrix1. Based on the original 13 spatial relationships proposed by 2D C-string and our three new spatial relationships, we can derive the temporal relationships from the sequence of spatial relationships. Therefore, in our proposed strategy, although we build only index for spatial relationships, and we still can answer the video queries, i.e., spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal queries. From our simulation study, we show that our proposed strategy is more efficient for video searching than the 3D C-string strategy.


We theoretically investigate the simultaneous formation and stable propagation of slow optical soliton pairs in semiconductor quantum dots with a four-level biexciton-exciton cascade configuration. Owing to the destructive interference set up by two continuous wave control fields that couple to a biexciton state, the linear as well as nonlinear dispersion can be dramatically enhanced simultaneously with the absorptions of two weak probe fields being almost suppressed. These results reveal that the detrimental distortions of the two weak-pulsed probe fields due to dispersion effects can be well balanced by the self-phase modulation effect under very low input light intensity, which leads to the slow temporal optical soliton pairs with matched group velocity and amplitude. We also show that the propagation of slow optical solitons can be strongly modified by the biexciton coherence.


In recent years,the number of real estate trust products is growing rapidly.The article analyzes the real estate trust products in Shanghai to exemplify its current situation and influences on the trust industry.It also evaluates its existing risks and puts forward countermeasures to dissolve and guard against the risk.


Recently, Crider and Curran (1) published the Sigma Chemical Company's method for quantifying urinary oxalate. In brief, the method involves selective extraction of oxalate from urine onto alumina. Extracted oxalate is then oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide and quantified by measuring the absorbance at 590 nm of an indamine dye that is formed through the reactions of hydrogen peroxide with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolunone hydrazone (MBTH) and 3-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid (DMAB) in the presence of peroxidase (EC 184.108.40.206). In the method it is supposed that oxalate is selectively separated by the alumina from inhibitors of enzyme oxalate oxidase (EC 18.104.22.168), presumably the sulfates and phosphates in urine. We measured phosphate, sulfate, and oxalate in 10 normal urine samples and one synthetic urine sample and their extracts, with the aim of developing a rapid ion-chromatographic method for urinary oxalate determination after removing sulfate, by the Sigma extraction procedure, because separation of oxalate from a high concentration of sulfate prolonged the analysis in presently used ion-chromatographic methods of oxalate analysis (2, 3). Extraction was carried out according to the Sigma Chemical Co. procedure (4) except that the urines were acidified to pH 1 as suggested by Scurr et al. (5). Urines and extracts were both diluted 50-fold and the analyses were made by injecting filtered samples (6). As reported by Sheldon et al. (7), recoveries of oxalate in the Sigma method correlated negatively with the presence of magnesium and calcium. The urines were also analyzed for these ions. Table 1 shows total concentrations of magnesium and calcium in different urunes together with phosphate, sulfate, and oxalate concentrations in urine and extracts. It is apparent from these results that during the extraction step of the Sigma oxalate assay method only -35% of the sulfate and 65% of the phosphate is removed. Analytical recoveries of sulfate in the extracts ranged from 26.9% to 89% and correlated negatively (r = -0.9491) with total phosphate concentration in urines. In view of the strong affinity of alumina for bivalent anions (8), adsorption of urinary sulfate and phosphate along with oxalate onto this substrate seems to be quite obvious. From our results I conclude that, in the extraction step of the Sigma enzymatic method for oxalate determination, incompletely removed sulfate and phosphate are extracted along with oxalate. However, in the light of good agreement between oxalate concentrations in different urines as determined by the Sigma method and by reference methods (1, 5), the extracted sulfate and phosphate do not seem to interfere in the oxalate assay. Extraction of oxalate from different urines containing various concentrations of magnesium (2.2-8.0 mmol/L) and calcium (1.3-5.1 mmolJL) ions was quantitative (t = 1.81 at the 95% confidence level). This contrasts with the findings of Sheldon et al. (7), who reported low oxalate recoveries from urines containing high concentrations (actual concentrations not given) of magnesium and calcium ions.


The curves of diode failure threshold energy generated with the one-dimensional, solid state device model BURN42 are not simple. This is especially true of the curves of diode failure threshold energy versus frequency, which decrease with frequency for long pulses and increase with frequency for short pulses. The cause of this phenomena is due to selective heating of the device, either in the active region or in the subatrate. If the heating is in the small active region, then it will take only a small amount of energy to cause the temperature to rise to the failure level (800 K assumed in this report). If the heating is in the subatrate, it will take more energy since it has a larger volume. The switching between heating in the junction or the substrate is controlled by several processes, all of which result in forcing the electric field to be in or out of the junction, which determines where the heating will take place.


Metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption bands for the complexes Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/, Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/, Os(bpy)/sub 2/(py)/sub 2//sup 2 +/, Os(bpy)/sub 2/(CH/sub 3/CN)/sub 2//sup 2 +/, and Os(bpy)/sub 2/(1,2-(Ph/sub 2/P)/sub 2/C/sub 6/H/sub 4/)/sup 2 +/ (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridiene;py is pyridine) are solvent dependent. The dependence can be interpreted with use of dielectric continuum theory but the D/sub 3/ ions Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ and Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ only if in the excited state the excited electron is localized on a single ligand rather than delocalized over all three. 37 references, 4 figures, 2 tables.


Based on a John Sayles 2003 movie, Casa de Los Babys, about adoption in South America, the author uses the characters portrayed and references to the haunting music lyrics, to focus on the grief over the specter of the end of these 6 women's psychological and biological attempts to conceive their own offspring. Scenes of the group's long, frustrating wait beside the orphanage to claim finally their adoptees are examined as reflecting the doubts, the self-recriminations, the hopes and fears in approaching the next phase of adoptive motherhood. The discussion develops the theme of time and timing with Chodorow's ideas about those who wait too long for children, and Kristeva's sense of the rhythms of "women time."


Abstract Much of what is known about teacher reaction to program changes has been derived from the literature on innovation, which shows an overemphasis upon and a bias in favour of change over stability. In contrast, teachers' activities seem to be characterized by an autonomy which appears to minimize the effect of external influences on the classroom. This study attempted "to catch the process of interpretation" (Blumer, 1969) through which two second grade teachers constructed their actions as they attempted to base social studies instruction on a new multimedia resource kit supplied to their classrooms by a central authority.


In this paper, the design concept and implementation method of the X-band 4-bit(, , , BIT) diode phase shifter in the parallel plate waveguide are introduced. The simulated results of , and dielectric phase shift layers using CST`s MWS and Agilent`s ADS are presented, and the measured results are compared with the simulated ones. The simulated phase shift errors at the center frequency are , , and , respectively and the measured phase shift errors at the center frequency are , , and , respectively. Also, the MWS simulated results of BIT and BIT phase shifter are presented and compared with the ADS simulated ones to verify the validity of the presented design concept and implementation method.


This paper presents a comprehensive unified control strategy for underactuated two-link manipulators, including acrobots and pendubots. The motion space is divided into two areas: swing-up and attractive; and control laws are designed for each. First, a control law based on a weak control Lyapunov function (WCLF) is employed to increase the energy and control the posture of the actuated link in the swing-up area. Next, one of the parameters of the WCLF is chosen to be a nonlinear function of the state so as to avoid any singularities. Then, another parameter in the control law is adjusted based on the state to improve the control performance. Stability is guaranteed in the swing-up area by the use of a WCLF based on the LaSalle invariant theorem. Finally, the global stability of the control system is guaranteed by the use of a non-smooth Lyapunov function integrated with a minimum-switching strategy. Simulation results for a pendubot and an acrobot show this control scheme to be very effective


This book, full of data analyses, illustrations, graphics, and charts, provides a unique look at the realities of homelessness. Instead of focusing on major urban cities, the research in this book concentrates on a county in transformation from rural to urban. In its study of Harford County, Maryland, the book reveals in depth the causes and characterization of the homeless, while providing solutions to the problem. The author goes back to study changes in the homeless population and argues that the causes of homelessness have changed very little throughout the years. He lists some of the causes as changing economic structure, political conflict, unskilled populations, overcrowding, and substance abuse. Marsh also looks at fluxes in the character and demographics of society in order to show how the homeless population has changed from white male adults to minorities (mostly African American), women, and children. Contents: List of Graphs/Illustrations and Charts; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; Introduction; Homelessness and Shelter: Theories, Definitions, and Historical Perspectives; Survey Design and Analysis of Data Research Design/Data Collection for Homeless Clients; Homeless Demographic Characteristics, Needs, and Analysis of Data; The Faith Community: Communities of Faith Survey Design; Research Design/Data Collection for the Service Providers; Homeless Program; Findings and Recommendations; Index.


Documentary about why black actors and performers are not given more employment opportunities within the British film & TV industry. Directed by Gbenga Afolabi. Contributor.


Abstract The paper explains basic ideas related to the design of a sliding-mode controller for an electromechanic drive system consisting of an induction motor and a three-level voltage-source inverter. A comprehensive investigation of possible "switched structures" of the drive was carried out. Based on this analysis an original two-step design procedure allows to use the "classical" result of sliding-mode theory for the real switched system with more then 2m switched structures (m is the control space order). The performance of the considered control structure has been examined by simulation.


During the recent ten years, especial polt identify study is fashion in video searches. Correlative study still locate primal phase. This article presents a sort of method for describing memory polt content automatically through Not adjacent key-frame. This method aims at the characteristic of memory plot and brings forward detection arithmetic for Not adjacent key-frame comparing. The memory polt in the video can be detected effectively.


A Numerical-Analytical Method and Shvets's method for calculating separation point position of the laminar boundary layer on a surface of an airfoil are used. An approximate Shvets's method allows calculating of the separation point position of the laminar boundary layer if the velocity distribution on the surface of two-dimensional body is known. The velocity distribution on the surface of the airfoil is obtained in the model of an ideal incompressible fluid. It is found that main contribution to the position of the separation point makes through relative airfoil thickness. The thicker the airfoil, the closer to the leading edge of the airfoil is located separation point. The relative coordinate chordwise location of the airfoil maximum thickness affects to position of the separation point only for thick airfoils. The increasing of the relative coordinate of the maximum thickness for thick airfoil leads in displacement of the separation point to trailing edge of the airfoil. With increasing the angle of ...


A chaos-based genetic algorithm was proposed to solve CPU time slice combinational auction problem in which both agent time slice demand and execution deadline demand were considered.First,the problem model was defined.Then the pre-selecting method was designed to decrease computing complexity of genetic algorithm;and variable chromosome coding,two kinds of chaos-optimal-technology-based crossover operator(one for the same parent chromosome and one for the different parent chromosome),chaos-optimal-technology-based adjusting bid order operator and replacing bid operator were designed to solve it in genetic algorithm.Finally,the experimental results show this algorithm can obtain good optimal solution.


Comparative studies of Christianity and Buddhism have the potential to draw on a wide array of dialogic partners from their respective histories. Two promising candidates are Thomas Aquinas (1225‐1274) and Dogen (1200‐1253). Aquinas was the angelic doctor whose theological thinking became normative for Roman Catholicism; Dogen was the prominent Zen master whose influence on the intellectual development of Zen Buddhism is unsurpassed. As it happens, both men "entered into the religious life," and within their respective collected works we see considerable attention to the topic. If we seek to explore what they had to say on the subject, we might benefit by identifying some texts from both thinkers that could serve as focal points for a comparative analysis. Of the massive accumulated writings of both men, the largest are Aquinas's Summa Theologiae and Dogen's Shobogenzo. So it seems logical to start our search by turning our attention to these monumental works. Let us begin with the Summa Theologiae. In the secunda secundae Aquinas addresses a total of 189 topics presented in a question-and-answer format. The first 170 topics concern "themes related to all stations of life"; questions 171‐189 explore "details related to particular callings" (2a2ae, Prologus). Question 189, hereinafter identified as 2a2ae q. 189, is specifically devoted to the topic of "entering the religious life" (de ingressu religionis). 1 When we turn to the Shobogenzo, we find a work titled Shukke Kudoku. "Kudoku" means "merit"; "shukke," commonly translated as "leaving home," denotes a person who has renounced home and family in order to enter monastic life. Thus "Shukke Kudoku" can be rendered in English as "The Merit of Entering the Religious Life." 2 Given that these texts are relatively accessible and substantive presentations of comparable length on issues pertaining to the religious life, they seem to be good focal points for this discussion. At the same time, both thinkers addressed the subject in other venues also, and we can briefly refer to this material as well. But in this article I will primarily concentrate on how a comparative analysis of these two texts illuminates the subject. Defining the discussion in this fashion has the advantage of presenting Aquinas's and Dogen's views in a particular time and place, leaving aside the more complex issue of how their views may have changed over time.


[Objectives] To evaluate the clinic effect of radiotherapy combined with Erbitux and its influence on the quality of life in the treatment of advanced esophageal carcinoma. [Methods] A total of 25 advanced esophageal carcinoma patients of preliminary diagnosis receiving radiotherapy combined with Erbitux(combining group) were enrolled from January 2006 to August 2007 in our hospital, and another 25 patients receiving radiotherapy only(radiotherapy group) were selected as control during the corresponding time period. The quality of life was investigated one day before Erbitux administration, one day and three months after the end of radiotherapy by QLQ-C30 and OES-18 questionnaires. [Results] The response rate of the combining group was significantly higher than that of the radiotherapy group(P0.05), and so were the 1 and 2 year disease progression-free survival rate and overall survival rate(P0.05)。 Twenty three of 25 patients developed acne-like rash with various degrees in the combining group, while non in the radiotherapy group. However, the incidence of radiation esophagitis and pneumonitis was similar between the two groups(P 0.05). The compliant of dysphagia, food taking and obstruct was significantly better in the combing group than the radiotherapy group's(P0.05). [Conclusions] The treatment of radiotherapy combining with Erbitux in advanced esophageal carcinoma can achieve a better short-term effect without cumulation of toxicity and the decrease of the quality of life, and was well-tolerated.


'A heavy, tasteless, evil-looking but nourishing cake' was Meggitt's (1957) description of a damper produced by a group of Warlpiri Aborigines in Central Australia. Over 100 years ago, the English botanist J.D. Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants, suggested that many of them were 'eatable but not worth eating' (Cribb and Cribb 1974). Europeans in Australia have generally shown little interest in native plants as food, probably because most have held views similar to that of Meggitt and Hooker. Those same native plants, however, provided food for Aboriginal Australians for at least 40 000 years and were an important part of their successful adaptation to a generally harsh environment. The food composition data presented here for plants of the desert regions confirms Meggitt's impression that they were indeed nourishing. T he objective of this paper is to bring together the nutritional data on the native food plants of the arid and semi-arid regions of Australia, drawing on the work of others scattered throughout the literature and published and unpublished data of our own. Before 1980, there was only fragmentary information on the nutritional composition of bushfoods but since then our work and that of the Armed Forces (James 1983) has increased considerably the number of species analysed. Our study began in 1981 in an effort to meet the needs of dietitians, health workers, anthropologists, archaeologists, botanists and others for nutrient data on Australia's bushfoods. Since then we have analysed over 300 food samples and built up an Australia-wide network of collectors. Aboriginal informants play an essential role in the collection and identification of the plants and their preparation and cooking. Details of collection, and methods of nutrient analysis used, have been described elsewhere (Brand et al 1983). The accompanying tables list all available nutrient information on plant species from arid and semi-arid areas. This list represents about half of the 60-100 known edible plant species from these regions (Peterson 1978). Although there is only limited evidence of the composition of the diet it appears that up to a dozen species were staples for one or other desert group, ie they constituted at least 3 0 % of the total diet by weight at the time of collection (Gould's (1980) definition). The staples varied from region to region, edible roots and tubers, for example being completely absent from the Western Desert (Pate, in press), but many species were common throughout the desert regions. Staples included the seeds of various Acacia, Eragrostis, Fimbristylis, Panicum and Portulaca species, the rootstocks of Ipomoea costata, Vigna lanceolata and Cyperus bulbosus and the fruits of various Solanum spp., Ficus platypoda and Santalum acuminatum. Other species were certainly important and could be staples for varying periods depending on rainfall.


Semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs), with their large exciton binding energy, narrow photoluminescence (PL), and absence of dielectric screening for photons emitted normal to the NPL surface, could be expected to become the fastest luminophores amongst all colloidal nanostructures. However, super‐fast emission is suppressed by a dark (optically passive) exciton ground state, substantially split from a higher‐lying bright (optically active) state. Here, the exciton fine structure in 2–8 monolayer (ML) thick Csn − 1PbnBr3n + 1 NPLs is revealed by merging temperature‐resolved PL spectra and time‐resolved PL decay with an effective mass model taking quantum confinement and dielectric confinement anisotropy into account. This approach exposes a thickness‐dependent bright–dark exciton splitting reaching 32.3 meV for the 2 ML NPLs. The model also reveals a 5–16 meV splitting of the bright exciton states with transition dipoles polarized parallel and perpendicular to the NPL surfaces, the order of which is reversed for the thinnest NPLs, as confirmed by TR‐PL measurements. Accordingly, the individual bright states must be taken into account, while the dark exciton state strongly affects the optical properties of the thinnest NPLs even at room temperature. Significantly, the derived model can be generalized for any isotropically or anisotropically confined nanostructure.


This paper proposes a model that simultaneously captures long memory and structural breaks. We model structural breaks through irreversible Markov switching or so-called change-point dynamics. The parameters subject to structural breaks and the unobserved states which determine the position of the structural breaks are sampled from the joint posterior density by sampling from their respective conditional posteriors using Gibbs sampling and Metropolis-Hastings. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed estimation approach is effective in identifying and dating structural breaks. Applied to daily S&P 500 data, one finds strong evidence of three structural breaks. The evidence of these breaks is robust to different specifications including a GARCH specification for the conditional variance of volatility.


The method for aeroengines' state variable model(SVM)identification was implemented by using the linear relation of the variable of the differential equations,and separating the steady process and transient process to eliminate the steady errors coupled by transient process.Without solving the differential equations or using any iterative methods,the coefficient of the SVM could be acquired simply using matrix operation,so it has a higher computational efficiency than former least square method.And this method might also be combined with other identification method to realize better effect.Finally,to illustrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed method,a small perturbation SVM of some turbo-shaft engine model had been established through it,and the simulation results from the engine's state space model and nonlinear model were compared,and we can draw a conclusion that the SVM got by this method meets the dynamic and static objectives well,though the plant has a severe nonlinearity.


Many bacteria can degrade a variety of proteins and utilize the resulting peptides and amino acids to synthesize their own cellular components. They can also catabolize amino acids as a means of providing some of the energy (ATP) needed for cellular function. Microorganisms vary from species to species with regard to their proteolytic ability, so these features can be useful when characterizing different organisms.