Objective: To investigate the mechanism of puerarin against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: The myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model of rabbits were reproduced by ligating the left ventricular anterior coronary artery, and by the fourchannel physiology recorder, the hemodynamic and the function of left ventricular were recorded. Forty rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: 10 animals were in the normal group , 10 animals were in the shamoperated control group ( n =10), and the other 20 animals reproduced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury models, which were randomly divided into model and puerarin subgroups. The puerarin group was injected puerarin injection intravenously at 20 minutes before ligating and at the beginning of reperfusion. Lipid peroxide (LPO), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) were detected at 40 minutes after ischemia and at 20 minutes after reperfusion . The ischemia/reperfusion injuried myocardial tissue of 0 5 g was sampled and LPO, SOD, GSHPx as well as GSHPx/LPO were detected in myocardial homogenate. Results: In the puerarin group, the left ventricular summit pressure, maximum rate of intraventricular pressure rise of left ventricular, maximum rate of intraventricular pressure down of left ventricular, and GSHPx/LPO in serum were all increased significantly( P 0 05 or P 0 01), serum LPO decreased significantly( P 0 05), LPO in myocardial tissue decreased, SOD and GSHPx/LPO in myocardial tissue increased significantly (all P 0 05) compared to the model group. Conclusion: Puerarin has the protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injured myocardium by scavenging oxygen free radicals and antilipid peroxidation reaction.


Teachers take more attention on disc overy maths'problem for it has more train worth th an any others.Because discovery maths could not on ly enlighten students on scientific method to settleout problem but also train students'discovery and invention ability.These problem has some types such as dis covery conclusion problem,dis-covery condition problem,discvery common problem,discovery replacem ent prostion problem and so on.


At first glance, the question "can we see the living brain?" sounds somewhat strange. Of course we can see the living brain, neurosurgeons see it every day. But if we look closer and beyond the "neurosurgical" superficial macroscopic view of the brain, the more correct questions arise "How to define the living brain versus brain death?" and "Which brain structures are we able to visualize in vivo?" Before we proceed into details of visualization I would like to define "living" or "life" in a medical context. Which organ is decisive for life? Already as early as 2,500 years ago this question was answered in a different way. Aristotle who made vivisections of animals was sure that the throbbing heart which pumps warm blood in all parts of the body would be the center of life whereas the greyish cold brain would have only the task of cooling the hot blood. Hippocrates by contrast, put the brain in the center of human vitality by defining "κατα ταυτα νομιζω τον εγκεφαλον δυναμιν εχειν πλειστην εν τω ανθρωπω" (after all I judge the brain to have the most power in man). However, Aristotle won this dispute. Until the second half of the 20th century, life ended with the last beat of the heart, a consequent and clear-cut definition of life and death. And still, in our daily emotional life, the heart and not the brain plays the central role. So still today, we are used to feel "from the bottom of our heart" and never "from the bottom of our brain". From a medical perspective, the definition of death by using a conception of brain death became only important when in transplantation medicine living organs including the heart were necessary for transplantation while the death of the individual was now to be defined as the death of his or her brain. In 1968, an ad hoc committee at Harvard Medical School advanced new criteria for determining death. It proposed that patients in irreversible coma with no discernible central nervous system activity were actually dead. But even to date, almost fifty years later and with all our sophisticated technical investigations, the "true" definition of brain death remains tricky. The Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) is a draft state law that was approved for the United States in 1981 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, in cooperation with the American Medical Association, the American Bar Association, and the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. By the definition of UDDA, an individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem ("whole brain" definition), is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards. But the U.S. law differs substantially from all other brain death legislation in the world because the U.S. law does not spell out details of the neurologic examination and accepted medical standards [1]. Review Article


By spraying various fluids when manufacturing the flat panel display is used for the surface treatment of the flat display panel, it discloses a fluid ejection device for flat display surface treatment for improving the accuracy of the fluid to be injected. The present invention is provided with a casing space, which may be fluid is drawn therein; Coupled to the case so that the fluid can be injected, a pair of nozzle guider arranged to face each other; It is disposed between the nozzle guider at least one interval-adjusting plate for adjusting the distance of the nozzle guider; It includes a coupling means for coupling the nozzle guider and the gap adjusting plate. Thus the present invention has a very long machining of the nozzle made of relatively easy can reduce the manufacturing cost of the fluid ejection device as well as the nozzle portion of a uniform gap or space has the effect to increase the accuracy of fluid ejection. In addition, the fluid is exhaust hole provided in the fluid input direction and a substantially perpendicular direction through the duct provided in the case, while sides the velocity component of the fluid made uniform can be made as a whole a constant flow rate and the flow rate of the fluid further increase the accuracy of fluid ejection can.


From ancient times, people have been worried about the possibility of their lineages and surnames being extinguished. This question affected, above all, to the highest classes. Even though they looked for social and/or biologycal conditions at the beginning, the problem was focused from a statistic perspective during the 18th and 19th centuries. The main objective of our work is studying the mathematical model behind this question, known as the branching process of Galton-Watson. Once the main results of this theory have been developed, we will be able to calculate the extinction probability of a population or family, though also we will be able to estimate it from a set of empyrical observations.


Teachers' professional development motivation is the inner core element which affects the level and process of the teachers'professional development.The college administrators,who affect the professional development of higher vocational education,need to optimize the management measures to stimulate professional development motivation,so as to effectively raise the level of professional development.


— Gender statuses are inherently unequal; it is difficult to establish equality between men and women in the light of traditional inequalities across the world. This research focuses on the similarities and differences among women from different generations, different kinds of educational backgrounds and highlights the conflict experiences of the characters in Githa Hariharan's novel " The Thousand Faces of Night". The purpose is to show how women are suffering and are being humiliated in a male-dominated society. The paper depicts how women in India grapple from male domination aggressiveness as well as the cultural, social and religious controlling in the society they live in. The paper also seeks to explore the importance of knowledge as a powerful component which produces positive effects at the level of desire. The paper is based on the theories of Simone Beauvoir, Pierre Bourdieu, Edward Said, Rene Descartes and Amy Bhatt. Finally, the research emphasizes survival against hegemonic regimes and hope of Indian women for better life.


High energy electrons so called runaway electrons are generated in tokamaks under particular conditions. These electrons are accelerated in the electric field of tokamak almost without collisions with thermal particles nearly to the speed of light and present a serious threat to the future fusion reactors. Detectors based on the Cherenkov radiation have been developed and implemented for the last couple of years. Such a detector may provide high temporal resolution and well defined position of measurements. A unique feature of Cherenkov type detector lies in the possibility of direct observation of runaway electron and therefore it is not an indirect method based on measurements of secondary X-rays and neutrons. Runaway electron (RE) studies are intensively carried out at the COMPASS tokamak. Main focus of this work is the analysis of data from Cherenkov detector and characterization of runaway electrons under different conditions. Post-disruption runaway electron beam and radial dependence of Cherenkov radiation induced by RE in detector are investigated.


James E. Vance, Jr., (1960) showed that a community's character evolves as metropolitan intraurban transportation and local employers' labor needs change. Commuting patterns define a community's laborshed, the area from which employees are drawn, and employment field, the area in which residents work. This Tempe, Arizona, study demonstrates the applicability of Vance's concepts to present-day inner suburbs in Southwestern metropolitan areas using two modern procedures, a geographic information system analysis and sampling from employee commuting surveys collected by the metropolitan travel reduction program. While data availability may limit comparative studies, Tempe's 1990 extensive laborshed and smaller employment field reveal that this suburb is both a bedroom community and a satellite employment center.


Autonomous learning and effective self-regulatory strategies are becoming increasingly important in foreign language learning as, without these, students might not be able to exploit the learning opportunities outside language classrooms. The aim of the current research is to invest age scientifically the effect of teacher-directed instruction and student-self instruction in teaching English for students at College of Physical Education and comparing between them. It has hypothesized that there is no differences between pre and post tests between student-self instruction and teacher-directed instruction in the achievement of students in English. Also, there is no difference between pre tests and post tests of student-self instruction and teacher-directed instruction. The sample of the research has chosen randomly among four sections. The number of the sample is 21 students from first year at College of Physical Education for Women at the academic study 2012-2013. The experiment last the whole year. The results of the research have shown that there is no difference between student-self instruction and teacher-directed instruction in pre and post tests. Also, the teacher-directed instruction has better achievement from student-self instruction in students' achievement in English. It has recommended that English instructors might add some autonomy in the lectures to the students with the directed instruction from the instructor. English instructors should encourage the students to learn by themselves outside the lecture. Section One 1.1 The Problem and Its Significance Language is too complex and varied for there to be enough time for students to learn all they need to in a classroom (Harmer,2001:335). Nunan suggests that not everything can be taught in class but even if it could a teacher will not always be around if and when students wish to use the language in real life (Nunan, 1988:3). To compensate for the limits of classroom time and to counter the passivity that is an enemy of true learning, students need to develop their own learning strategies. This does not always happen automatically. Self-instruction learning is frequently conditioned by the educational culture in which students are encouraged in learning (Harmer, 2001:335). Teachers sometimes, as a result, encounter either passive or active resistance if they attempt to impose self-directed learning inappropriately (Hamer,2001: 335). Knowles (1976:23) reminds us that one of aim in teaching is " helping individuals to develop the attitudes that learning is lifelong process and to acquire the skills of self-directed learning". Traditionally, teachers have tended to concentrate on imparting knowledge and skills, and have neglected the teaching of how to learn. Teachers have often tended to focus on teaching the form of the target language by presenting pieces of the language in carefully graded steps, neglected of teaching students how to learn the language. Instead, many learners develop strategies to meet the requirements imposed by teachers, strategies which will not serve the learners in later learning process (Williams &Burden, 1997: 147). Thus, the current research aims at investigating scientifically the effect of using students self-instruction by comparing traditional method of teaching (teacher-directed instruction) and the modern method of teaching that focused on learner's autonomy and individual learning by using (student self-instruction) in learning English at College of Physical Education for Women. The dominant view of foreign language classroom processes today favors students –centered learning instead of the traditional teacher-directed instruction classroom. The teacherdirected classroom is characterized by the teacher speaking most of the time, leading activities, and constantly passing judgment on student performance; in a student selfinstruction the classroom typically will be observed working individually on in pairs and groups (Murcia, 2001:38). So, the current research is an attempt to research scientifically the effect of teacherdirected instruction and student selfinstruction and comparing the results of both methods to answer the question which one is effective in teaching English. 1.2 Aims of the Study The present research aims at investigating the effect of students' achievement through student self-instruction and teacher –directed instruction and comparing them in teaching ESP at College of Physical Education for Women. 1.3 Hypothesis of the study The following null hypothesis will be tested: 1-There are no statistically significant differences in students' achievement between the pre and post tests testees who taught ESP through student self-instruction method. And, there are no statistically significant differences in students' achievement between pre and post tests testees who taught ESP through teacher – directed instruction method. 2There are no statistically significant differences in students' achievement between the pre tests of student-self instruction and teacher-directed instruction. And, there are no statistically significant differences between post tests of studentself instruction and teacher-directed instruction. 1.4 Limits of the study The following are the limits of the research: 1-The sample of the students are limited to the College of Physical Education for Women, University of Baghdad during the academic year (2012-2013). 2-First year stage will be the concern of the current research. 3-student self-instruction and teacher –directed instruction will be the centre of this research as basic methods in teaching English. 1.5 Value of the Study This research will answer the question in the mind of the teachers whether teaching English by control of teacher is more efficiency than the students are given the freedom to learn English by their control. It is hoped that this research will make some contribution towards improving ESP by offering new methods in teaching. 1.6 Definition of Basic Terms The following terms that occur in the title of the research only will be defined: 1.6.1 Teacher-directed instruction Also, it can be named as teacher-fronted instruction. Richards &Schmidt (2002) state that "a teacher style in which instruction is closely managed and controlled by the teacher, where students often respond in version to teacher questions, and where whole-class instruction is preferred to other methods. Many current teaching approaches try to encourage less teacher-directed through the use of individualized activities or group work (Richards &Schmidt , 2002: 542). The functions of the teacher-directed instruction in the classroom which include giving instructions, organizing seating arrangements, setting up and building up situations through questions, directing practice activities, giving cue-card prompts, using a student for demonstration practice in pair work activities, correcting, and setting written work (Mcdonough &Shaw, 2003:233). 1.6.2 Self-instruction It is an approach to learning in which a student works alone or with other students, without the control of a teacher. The use of self-instructional activities in language teaching helps to give students a greater degree of control over their own learning. It is based on the belief that learning is sometimes more effective if students can use their strategies and the amount of time they can spend on a learning task ( Richards &Schmidt , 2002: 476). 1.7 The Procedures of the Research The following procedures will be undertaken in order to achieve the aims of the research: 1-A review of literature of previous studies conducted in teaching English by using these methods. 2-One group will be selected randomly which will be applied in the first course of study (three months) the student selfinstruction method. 3The same group will be taught English through teacherdirected instruction also for three months of study. 4-The group of the research will be tested in pre and post tests for both treatments (student self-instruction and teacher-directed instruction). 5-The experiment will be lasted the whole year of the study on the academic year (2012-2013). 6-At the end of the experiment statistical tools will be applied to find out whether there are any statistical significant differences among achievement of the students in teacher-directed instruction and students self-instruction. 7Discussion of the results will be clarified according the results of the research. Section Two 2.1 Theoretical Background Self-instruction methods aimed at improving students' language output as well as encouraging them to become independent learners. Training learners to monitor their own learning is an important in a large class as in a small one. Work can be supervised by the teacher in a small class but in a large class this is virtually impossible. Hence, the best chance that a learner in a large class has to take responsibility for his own learning (Hewings &Hall,2001:131). It is a applicable concept, which has learners at its centre irrespective of whether they work with or without the help of a teacher (Mcdonough & Shaw,2003 :209). Brumfit and Roberts (1983:193) argue that self-instruction involves "the organization of learning and teaching in such a way as allow the abilities, interests and needs of the individual learner to be enhanced as effectively as possible" . It is considered that the notions of autonomy and self-directed learning in relation to individualization. But as Trim (1976:12-13) has shown that the individualization can occur with teacher directed and with learner self-directed. So, in this research the term student selfinstruction will be used. The principle that learners should be encourage d to assume a maximum amount of responsibility for what they learn and how they learn it (Richards & Schmidt,2002:297). Also, it can be defined by Ur (1996:233) "as a situation where learners are given a measure of freedom to choose how and what they learn at a


A logic device comprises: a function block configurable to conduct operations corresponding to a plurality of operation modes; a configuration block configuring the function block to conduct the operation in accordance to one of the operation modes in the function block; and a controller controlling the configuration block to make the function block conduct the operation according to one of the operation modes.


Research toward unmanned mobile robot navigation has gained significant importance in the last decade due to its potential applications in the location based services industry. The increase in construction of large space indoor buildings (such as hospitals, malls, airports, warehouses, etc.) has made difficulty for humans to operate within such environments; especially when it involves moving long distance from one end to another or transporting heavy objects. Although mobile robot navigation solutions have been extensively applied in outdoor, it remains as a challenging task for indoor environments since the existing sensors used for navigation presents several limitations when it comes to operate in indoors. In this thesis, an indoor navigation algorithm is developed with vision camera as main sensor for the mobile robot. Using two monocular cameras (one looking forward and one looking downward), the developed algorithms make use of the salient features within the environments to estimate rotational and translational motions for real-time positioning of the mobile robot. At the same time, an algorithm based on passive beacon recognition is developed. The passive beacon is shaped arrow based signboards with different colours representing different paths. Thus, these algorithms are integrated into a designed framework, implemented on a mobile robot, for an autonomous navigation system.


With the increasing of power system complexity, the on-line monitoring and controlling become more and more important. Meanwhile, it is very crucial to achieve simple and direct methods for the on-line monitoring and controlling of power system. The angle stability and voltage stability are inherently united in nature. According to the relationship of their critical characteristic, a static stability region was constructed in the space of phase angle and power-factor angle (δ-Φ ). Based on this, a fast calculation method for quantitative load shedding was proposed, in which the node stability index was taken as an object. The method can indirectly avoid the calculation of power flow and specific critical value. Using measurement this method can also avoid the defects of traditional method in the aspects of system scale, accuracy of nonlinear model and speed of calculation. Simulation results show the validity of this method, which has explicit physical meaning, requires less computation work and has the prospect of application in real-time stability assessment and preventive control of power system operating condition.


THE REPORT SUMMARIZES 6 DIAL-A-BUS STUDIES. THE MAIDSTONE STUDY INVOLVES A MANY-TO-TWO OFF PEAK MONDAY TO SATURDAY SERVICE EMPLOYING 2 15-PASSENGER BUSES EQUIPPED WITH 2-WAY RADIOS AND 1 STANDBY. THE SERVICE HAS TWO DROP-OFF AND TWO PICK-UP POINTS AND ITS TIMING IS DESIGNED TO MEET ALL OFF-PEAK LONDON TRAINS. A FREE DIRECT PHONE LINE TO THE CONTROL OFFICE IS PROVIDED AND PASSENGERS MUST CALL AT LEAST 60 MINUTES PRIOR TO DEPARTURE. SIMILAR SERVICES WERE STUDIED IN ABINGDON, BRISTOL, HARLOW NEW TOWN, CHELMSFORD, HARROGATE AND OTHER PLACES. THEY ARE ALL MANY-TO-ONE OR MANY-TO-FEW AND FARES VARY BETWEEN 40 PENCE IN BRISTOL AND 12 PENCE IN HARLOW NEW TOWN. EACH OF THE PROJECTS SERVE AN AREA OF 6000 OR 5000 RESIDENTS. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE AVAILABILITY OF TELEPHONES AND THE EFFECT THIS WOULD HAVE ON THE SUCCESS OF SYSTEMS LIKE THESE, AND THE COSTS OF OPERATION ARE DISCUSSED.


Inflammasome is a multiprotein complex and oligomeric platform that dimerizes and thereby activates cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease(caspase)-1.Caspase-1,also known as the interleukin(IL)-1β-converting enzyme(ICE),is the prototypical member of the inflammatory caspases and involved in regulating maturation of IL-1β,IL-18,and IL-33,key cytokines for the recruitment and engagement of inflammatory cells.Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors(NLRs),which detect intracellular pathogens or other 'alarms',promote the assembly of inflammasome.Some evolutionary aspects and biochemical studies were reviewed,underlining the role of inflammasomes in infection as well as inflammatory diseases.


Like most high-powered CEOs, Brown's six-year tenure saw him endure numerous challenges, overcome them and celebrate multiple successes.
Brown joined Impala Platinum (Implats) from Exxon Mobil in 1999 and held the position of CFO until his appointment as CEO in 2006. He is a qualified chartered accountant by profession.


Recursive partitioned architectures in the spatial domain and block-based discrete transform domain algorithms are developed to retrieve information from digital image data. In the former case, the data is represented in forms which facilitate efficient optimization of the objective criterion. In the latter case, discrete, real, and circular Fourier transforms of the data blocks are filtered by coefficients chosen in the discrete frequency domain. This has led to improvements in the feature detection and localization process. In this paper, recursive and iterative approaches are applied to achieve the restoration of digital images from linearly degraded samples. In addition, block-based algorithms are employed to segment images.


Fano manifolds are basic building blocks in algebraic geometry, and their classification is a long-standing and important open problem. In recent work Corti, Golyshev, and others have suggested a new approach to this classification using Mirror Symmetry. The key invariant that they associate to a Fano manifold is its regularized quantum period. We describe databases of regularized quantum periods for Fano manifolds in dimensions up to four. The databases in dimensions one, two, and three are complete; the database in dimension four will be updated as new four-dimensional Fano manifolds are discovered and new regularized quantum periods computed. The datasets are available via Zenodo and the Graded Ring Database. 1. The Regularized Quantum Period of a Fano Manifold Fano manifolds are, in a precise sense, basic building blocks of more complex geometries [Kol89, KM98, IP99]. Their classification is a long-standing and important open problem. There is exactly 1 one-dimensional Fano manifold; this follows from the Klein– Poincaré Uniformization Theorem. The two-dimensional case is also classical [DP87]; there are 10 deformation families of two-dimensional Fano manifolds. The classification of three-dimensional Fano manifolds, due to Fano [Fan47], Iskovskikh [Isk77,Isk78,Isk79], and Mori–Mukai [MM82,MM03], is one of the triumphs of 20th-century algebraic geometry; there are 105 deformation families. The classification of Fano manifolds in dimensions four and higher is still far from understood. Recently a new approach to the classification of Fano manifolds has been proposed, which relies on a conjectural link between Fano manifolds and certain Laurent polynomials provided by Mirror Symmetry [CCG13]. The key invariant to be analysed is the regularized quantum period of a Fano manifold . This is a power series


Many primary schools are introducing tablet devices as part of their ICT strategies. Teacher and app developer Tom Minor offers some advice to get the most out of this technology in the classroom.


Summary Studies on gastric secretion in dogs provided with Heidenhain pouches definitely indicated that 929F, given subcutaneously, did not induce gastric secretion. However, following an injection of histamine in animals thus treated, the gastric secretion was markedly increased in volume and acidity over that which was obtained during control periods when only the histamine stimulus was employed. These findings indicate that 929F, in the doses employed, neither destroys histamine nor antagonizes the action of histamine as a gastric secretory stimulant.


largely upon societal characteristics. These characteristics are: (1) A tradition of limited central power, (2) the absence of a tradition of governmental control of private organizations, (3) a value system which accepts the responsibility of community service, (4) a value system which is optimistic in that it assumes that man's condition can be improved by collective activity, (5) the existence of upper and middle classes who have enough time and money for association activity. Granted that these generalizations are primarily intuitive, they seem to be suggestive of fruitful avenues of comparative research. Indeed, the Almond and Verba data are supportive of these generalizations. Voluntary association membership is greatest in the United States (a majority of respondents belonged to at least one organization). Next come Great Britain and Germany, where a substantial minority belong. Finally, less than one-third of the Italian and Mexican respondents belong to voluntary associations. Further, participation in voluntary associations increases with education in all societies, thus supporting the notion of a link between the class structure and activity in associations.


RF cavities are essential components of almost every particle accelerator. Among other limitations, cavity gradients are restricted by occasional sparking inside the cavity, or RF breakdown. It has been shown that presence of external static magnetic field aggravates the influence of breakdown on performance of the cavity. This problem can arise in designs of muon ionization cooling channel, RF guns, klystrons and other applications. The MTA area at Fermilab is the facility that allows us to study the effects of static magnetic fields up to several Tesla on RF cavity operation. As a part of this research program, we have tested "modular" cavity in strong external magnetic fields. The special design of the cavity allowed for easier inspection of the cavity, swapping endplates with different materials and hence better control over sources of systematic errors. Results of high-power tests of "modular" cavity with and without external multi-Tesla magnetic field will be presented.


Electric vehicles (EVs) offer the potential for energy–efficient transportation. To increase consumer acceptance, improved driving range and fault–tolerant traction represent two important challenges. This paper proposes a powertrain architecture that can provide fault–tolerant traction and increase the driving range for EV. In the proposed system, the traction power of two motors is combined through a planetary gear train (PGT). The propulsion system can operate with only one motor or with any combination of speeds in the two motors. The performance of the proposed powertrain architecture is analysed through simulations. Two different configurations are compared with conventional electric powertrain designs. The simulations account for different types of driving cycles and electric motor efficiency maps. Results indicate that the proposed powertrain architecture produces improvements in overall efficiency and driving range.


As violence increases, so does pressure for safe and orderly schools. Schools around the world are struggling with ways to prevent violence among learners. When learners poorly manage their conflicts with each other and with their teachers or other authority figures this results in aggressiveness and violence (McCormick 1988; Kreidler 1984). Abraham Maslow (1970:10) placed the safety and security of the individual as second only to physiological needs in his hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied before individuals are able to attend to the higher-level needs associated with school achievement. Exposure to and perceptions of danger in schools and in the environment are likely to threaten the ability of youth to fulfill their potential in the school setting (Bowen & Bowen 1999: 319). Violence can be described as "rough or injurious physical force, action, or treatment against a person" (Webster's College Dictionary 1996). According to Monahan (1981:39), violence can be defined as "overtly threatened or overtly accomplished application of force which results in the injury or destruction of persons or property or reputation, or the illegal appropriation of property". What are factors that cause violent or aggressive behaviour among youth?


The invention discloses a novel intelligent rat trap which comprises a metal cage body. A gate is arranged at one end of the metal cage body, a spring is hooked at the lower portion of the gate and the top in the cage body. A wrench lug is arranged on the gate, a lever penetrates through the wrench lug, and one end of the lever is fixedly fixed at the central position of the top of the metal cage body. An electric switch pedal is arranged at the bottom in the metal cage body. A magnetic device is arranged at the top of the metal cage body and connected with the electric switch pedal through an electric wire. The middle section of the lever presses and attaches the wrench lug to the top of the cage body to open the gate, the tail end of the lever is attracted to the magnetic device in a magnetic mode, and at the moment, the rat trap is in a to-capture state. When a rat enters the cage body and treads on the electric switch pedal, a switch is switched on to generate current, so that the magnetic device is degaussed and pops the lever open, the gate is closed through instant contraction of the spring, and the rat is captured alive in the cage body. The novel intelligent rat trap is simple in structure, reasonable in design, low in production cost and high in rat live capture efficiency. In addition, the magnetic device reacts sensitively.


The effect of RF power on the electrochromic properties and response time of Ni oxide films grown by RF magnetron sputtering were investigated by in situ transmittance measurements with continuous potential cycling and a pulse potential cycling test. Although the coloration efficiency and crystallographic structure were independent of RF power, transmittance difference, transient cycling period, charge density, and response time during coloring/bleaching process were significantly affected. This can be attributed to the presence of electrochromic inactive components, produced as the result of the fast growth rate, high RF power, and low film density.


D esign procedures which are based on rational models rather than empirical equations enable the engineer to develop a better understanding of actual structural behavior. In this regard, the unsatisfactory nature of current shear and torsion design procedtires is evident if the ACI Code' chapter on shear and torsion is compared with the ACI chapter on flexure and axial load. In the flexure and axial load chapter a rational, simple, general method is explained in a few paragraphs of text. On the other hand, the shear and torsion chapter consists of a collection of complex, restrictive, empirical equations which, while leading to safe designs, lacks an understandable central philosophy. This lack, in the opinion of the authors, is the source of many of the complaints which arise from the engineering profession about modern design codes becoming unworkably complicated. In this paper an attempt is made to present procedures based on rational models which enable members containing web rein-


[1] We use observations of the oxygen-17 excess (Δ 17 O) of sulfate in the Arctic to quantify the sulfate source from aqueous SO 2 (S(IV)) oxidation by O 2 catalyzed by transition metals. Due to the lack of photochemically produced OH and H 2 O 2 in high latitudes during winter, combined with high anthropogenic SO 2 emissions in the Northern Hemisphere, oxidation by O 3 is predicted to dominate sulfate formation during winter in this region. However, Δ 17 O measurements of sulfate aerosol collected in Alert, Canada, are not consistent with O 3 as the dominant oxidant and indicate that a S(IV) oxidant with near-zero Δ 17 O values (O 2 ) is important during winter. We use a global chemical transport model to interpret quantitatively the Alert observations and assess the global importance of sulfate production by Fe(III)- and Mn(II)-catalyzed oxidation of S(IV) by O 2 . We scale anthropogenic and natural atmospheric metal concentrations to primary anthropogenic sulfate and dust concentrations, respectively. The solubility and oxidation state of these metals is determined by cloud liquid water content, source, and sunlight. By including metal-catalyzed S(IV) oxidation, the model is consistent with the Δ 17 O magnitudes in the Alert data during winter. Globally, we find that this mechanism contributes 9-17% to sulfate production. The inclusion of metal-catalyzed oxidation does not resolve model discrepancies with surface SO 2 and sulfate observations in Europe. Oxygen isotope measurements of sulfate aerosols collected near anthropogenic and dust sources of metals would help to verify the importance of this sulfur oxidation pathway.


This article covers the foundation of Kievan Metropolia, which remains a stumbling stone for the modern historians. The author draws parallels between the opinions of experts of the past (G. Geltzer, J. Darrouzès, M. D. Priselkov, A. Poppen and E. Honigmann) and the latest scientific data. In the middle of the XX century, the Byzantinist E. Honigmann was first to use in solution of this problem the Byzantine codes of cannon – lists of metropolias of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (notitiae episcopatuum). The modern Russian historiography proves the hypothesis of E. Honigmann that "the Russian Metropolia as a part of Tsarigrad Patriarchate was established by 997 at the latest". However, the latest research confute the outdated argument that Kievan Metropolia initially was under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. This article is first to introduce the Byzantine source of the late X century – the message of Leo of Synada to the anonymous Metropolis of Ephesus from the collection Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Cod. Vindob. Phil. Gr. 342. fol. 163v, 166v-167v.). Although, the Vienna manuscript has been subjected to detailed description in a number of works, with regards to realities of the time of Christianization of Rus' is examined for the first time. The unique information from the message of Leo of Synada about the Metropolis of Ephesus as "Head of the Church" was verified based on the paramount post-Byzantine monument of the XVI century, which is the synodic "assertive" charter of the Patriarch of Constantinople Joasaph II (of December 1560). The comparative analysis of Byzantine sources of the X and the XVI centuries, which contain identical information on this topic, confirms that namely Metropolitan of Ephesus, endowed with patriarchal dignity and nominated as "head of the Church" in the Greek manuscript of the X century from the collection Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, became the legitimate participant of creation of the autocephalous Kievan Metropolia since the time of Christianization of Rus' by Vladimir the Great.


Abstract: The regional distribution of c‐fos mRNA in the mouse brain has been investigated by in situ hybridization autoradiography after seizures induced by an acute electroconvulsive shock (ECS). ECS led to a widespread induction of the proto‐oncogene c‐fos in the brain, with highest concentrations in discrete areas within the limbic system and also in the hypothalamus and cerebellum. The mild stress of sham treatment in earclipped animals induced a weaker and qualitatively different pattern of c‐fos mRNA expression involving the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. These data suggest the usefulness of c‐fos in situ hybridization as a marker of neuronal stimulation and in mapping a range of effects from a mild stress to the robust changes of an electroconvulsive seizure.


We present detailed calculations for the partition function and the
free energy of the finite two-dimensional square lattice Ising model
with periodic and antiperiodic boundary conditions, variable aspect
ratio, and anisotropic couplings, as well as for the corresponding
universal free energy finite-size scaling functions. Therefore, we
review the dimer mapping, as well as the interplay between its topology
and the different types of boundary conditions. As a central result, we
show how both the finite system as well as the scaling form decay into
contributions for the bulk, a characteristic finite-size part, and – if
present – the surface tension, which emerges due to at least one
antiperiodic boundary in the system. For the scaling limit we extend the
proper finite-size scaling theory to the anisotropic case and show how
this anisotropy can be absorbed into suitable scaling variables.


Water-dispersible nanocomposites of polypyrrole with Al2O3 (PPYAl2O3) and of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) with Al2O3 (PNVCAl2O3) were prepared in an aqueous medium. Nanocomposites involving binary polymer systemsPNVC(PPYAl2O3) and PPY(PNVCAl2O3)were prepared by precipitating PNVC or PPY onto a suspension of PPYAl2O3 or PNVCAl2O3, respectively. The incorporation of the polymers in the composites was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analyses. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed distinct morphological features of the composites. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of the PPYAl2O3, PNVCAl2O3, and PPY(PNVC Al2O3) composites confirmed the formation of spherical particles in the nanometer range. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses revealed the stability order as: PNVCAl2O3 > PNVC(PPYAl2O3) > PPY(PNVCAl2O3) > PPYAl2O3. Direct current conductivity values of the PPYAl2O3, PNVC(PPYAl2O3), and PPY(PNVCAl2O3) composites were on the order of 2.8 × 10−4, 1.7 × 10−5, and 4.5 × 10−6 (S/cm), respectively. These nanocomposites dispersed in water, with stability decreasing in the order: PPYAl2O3 (∼40 h) > PNVC(PPYAl2O3) (30 h) > PPY(PNVCAl2O3) (20 h), and in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone a permanently stable suspension was obtained in all cases. The dispersibility appeared to be higher when the polymerization was conducted in a suspension containing a higher amount of Al2O3. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1058–1065, 2003


The use of the nearly lattice-matched oxide substrates LiGaO{sub 2} and LiAlO{sub 2} has been explored for growth of GaN by MOCVD. As compared to the quality of films grown on sapphire, only growth on LiGaO{sub 2} yielded good quality films, and required use of nitrogen as the carrier gas. Furthermore, high structural quality films were grown on LiGaO{sub 2} at temperatures as low as 850 C. Dislocation densities estimated from cross-sectional TEM micrographs were found to be as low as 10{sup 7} cm{sup {minus}2}. HRTEM studies revealed deformations at the surface of the LiGaO{sub 2} adjacent to deposited GaN films, indicating possible interfacial reactions which may affect the film properties. The GaN film orientations corresponded directly to the substrate orientation, viz., ({l_brace}0001{r_brace}/{l_brace}001{r_brace} and {l_brace}1{bar 1}02{r_brace}/{l_brace}101{r_brace}).


Erectile dysfunction (ED) can negatively impact the quality of life among men, and increasingly affects all age strata. This has led to an explosion of health information on ED both for patients and doctors, which may cause potentially harmful effects when misused or abused. Therefore, the necessity of developing a standardized, appropriate guideline for the diagnosis and management of ED is increasing. In this review, the author describes risk factors, diagnosis and treatment guidelines for ED, which can be usefully applied in clinical practice.


Hospital Management is an area of considerable importance to governments' health authorities and the general population. Governments all over the world are concerned about providing quality health care to their people. The situation has become very critical recently in the light of rapidly increasing costs for medical care and the potentially declining levels of service. Hence there is an urgent need to study hospital management systems in detail in order to suggest cost effective solutions for service quality improvements. In our exploratory research study, we have chosen to focus on the quality of outpatient services at CMC Hospital, Vellore. In this report, we discuss the design and development of a computer simulation model to analyse the existing outpatient system and to evaluate alternatives for CMC Hospital to improve the quality of outpatient services.


Introduction: The geologic history of Mars is investigated through the detailed analyses of three Martian meteorites: EETA79001 (lithology B) a ~0.18 Ga basalt [1-3]; Nahkla – a ~ 1.3 Ga clinopyroxenite [46]; ALH84001 – an ~4 Ga orthopyroxenite [79]. A full suite of trace element data was produced using ICP-MS and this included the platinum group elements (PGEs: Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt) following the method of Ely et al. [10]. Full and detailed analyses of these precious samples have not been carried out until now. Using the new data, reservoirs are defined using PGE and high field strength elements (HFSEs).


Objective To explore the clinical effect of radical total gastrectomy and interpositionreh for jejunal gastric cancer.Methods 210 gastric cancer patients were treated with radical total gastrectomy and interposition with jejunal.Postoperative condition,complications,nutritional status,iconography and endoscope review were recorded in 3 years.Results All patients successfully completed operation,continuous follow-up was1-3years.wieh 198 cases.130 cases survived,the snrvivd rate was 65.7%.Postoperative eating chest pain in was 13 cases,mild dysphagia was 11 cases,substernal burning sensation was10 cases,and food reflux was 6 cases.All surviving patients guined more weight and gastroscopic findings,was normal.Compared with before operation,blood biochemical reexamination of hemoglobin,albumin and total protein content increased significantly,recovered to the normal range,the difference was statistically significant,P0.05.Conclusion Radical total gastrectomy and interposition wreh jejunal for gastric cancer wald mimick normal physiology structure and reconstruct the digestive tract,storage of food digestion is good,resection of gastric lesions ia wamplete,the dumping syndrome,and reflux esophagitis effectively reduce.Itis a simple operation,safe and reliab,with obvious curative effect,and good prognosis.


This comment explores Davis v. Blige, 505 F.3d 90 (2d Cir. 2007), and Sybersound Records, Inc. v. UAV Corp., 517 F.3d 1137 (9th Cir. 2008), cases that address the rights of transferees from copyright cotenants, but from opposite perspectives. Blige does not permit defendant to evade liability by a retrospective transfer, but it casts no doubt on the capacity of transferees, exclusive or not, to sue on the same basis as original owners. Sybersound, however, refuses suit by a transferee without denying that right to the original owner andcontrasts starkly. That transferees do not stand in the shoes of their transferors for purposes of enforcement is a radical proposition that should be rejected.


Starting from deep-rooted crisis of contemporary social sciences, we need to reformulate our theoretical approach in order to enhancing interpretative knowledge of our social realities. The first step of this analytic program is to deconstruct the historical paradigm of "critical theory" as a hypostatic way to explain social reality in its totality. From this perspective I propose a passage from "critical theory" to "socioanalysis" seen as an analytical-descriptive process without standardization. From this point of view the analysis of sociation (socioanalysis on the analogy of psychoanalysis) is always a critical approach to social reality because its explicative frame is not "prescriptive" but only "possible" (that is polyvalent). In this analytical context we have to confront with concept of ambivalence. This means that "things are in one way but they also are in another way": existence, social life, interaction, agency, thought cannot be unequivocally interpreted. From this point of view I discuss two examples of contemporary theories that are implicitly ambivalent: the non-critical theory of Bruno Latour and the pragmatic theory of criticism of Luc Boltanski.


This paper presents the JU-USAAR English‐German domain adaptive machine translation (MT) system submitted to the IT domain translation task organized in WMT-2016 . Our system brings improvements over the in-domain baseline system by incorporating out-domain knowledge. We applied two methodologies to accelerate the performance of our in-domain MT system: (i) additional training material extraction from out-domain data using data selection method, and (ii) language model and translation model adaptation through interpolation. Our primary submission obtained a BLEU score of 34.5 (14.5 absolute and 72.5% relative improvements over baseline) and a TER score of 54.0 (14.7 absolute and 21.4% relative improvements over baseline).


One nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)strain was isolated from Qingdao city,named as QD isolate.S1gene of the strain was amplified,cloned and sequenced.The S1gene of QD isolate was composed of 1620nucleotides, and a spike glycoprotein cleavage recognition site was Arg-Arg-Phe-Arg-Arg.The nucleotide acid similarities among the nine IBV vaccine strains and the QD strain were 78.8%to 82.2%.Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1genes showed that QD strain and the vaccine strains belonged to different clusters,and showed larger evolutionary distances,but showed the smaller evolutionary distances with the field nephropathogenic IBV strains in China.The result showed that nephropathogenic IBV strains were widely popular in China,and the QD strain could be used as the infectious bronchitis vaccine candidate strain.


The current study aimed to identify the irrational thoughts among Najran University students and its relationship with some variables [gender, academic level, type of college "humanities, scientific"].To achieve the objectives of the study, Albert Ellis' Irrational Beliefs Scale was utilized, which was modified and developed by Alrihani (1987) to keep up with the Arab environment. The sample consisted of (293) male and female students from various colleges of Najran University, who randomly chosen. The results showed that the irrational thoughts spread moderately, and the study indicated that there are statistical differences in the degree of spread due to gender in favor of males; the study also revealed that there are statistical differences in the degree of spread due to college type in favor of colleges of humanities. It also showed that there are statistical differences in the degree of spread due to the academic level in favor of the first and second levels.


High quality polymer free CO2 foam possesses unique properties that make it an ideal fluid for fracturing unconventional shales. In this paper, the viscosity of polymer free fracturing foam and its empirical correlations at high pressure high temperature (HPHT) as a function of surfactant concentration, salinity, and shear rate are presented. Foams were generated using a widely-used surfactant, i.e., alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) in the presence of brine and a stabilizer at HPHT. Pressurize foam rheometer was used to find out the viscosity of CO2 foams at different surfactant concentration (0.25–1 wt %) and salinity (0.5–8 wt %) over a wide range of shear rate (10–500 s−1) at 1500 psi and 80 °C. Experimental results concluded that foam apparent viscosity increases noticeably until the surfactant concentration of 0.5 wt %, whereas, the increment in salinity provided a continuous increase in foam apparent viscosity. Nonlinear regression was performed on experimental data and empirical correlations were developed. Power law model for foam viscosity was modified to accommodate for the effect of shear rate, surfactant concentration, and salinity. Power law indices (K and n) were found to be a strong function of surfactant concentration and salinity. The new correlations accurately predict the foam apparent viscosity under various stimulation scenarios and these can be used for fracture simulation modeling.


The thickness‐dependent band structure of 2D materials has enabled the construction of in‐plane lateral heterojunction within the same material platform. Simply forming regions of the same 2D material with different thicknesses induces the band offsets in energy bands at the interface to complete the heterojunction. Especially, pentagonal palladium diselenide (PdSe2) can create various combinations of different band gaps due to its widely tunable band gap ranging from 0 to ≈1.3 eV. Here, a PdSe2‐based gate‐controlled rectifier diode realized simply by creating the lateral heterojunction using as‐exfoliated PdSe2 flake composed of different thickness regions are reported. Interestingly, by tailoring the heterojunction architecture with a certain combination of the thicknesses, a unique gate‐controlled rectification can be observed where the rectifying direction can be tuned by the applied gate bias. The different gate modulation levels in the thin and thick regions leads to the different band bending, respectively. Therefore, adjusting the heterojunction barrier height by the gate bias makes it possible to modulate the direction of dominant current. The demonstration of the reversible rectifying direction paves the way for the realization of essential component in the tunable logic gate.


'There are various reasons for constructing models. For example, it may be desired to make predictions about the outcome of experiments. Alternatively, models may be used to clarify assumptions and expose the logic behind a situation.' Houston & McNamara 1. INTRODUCTION However important its theoretical relevance, and despite the frequency with which it is practiced, the phenomenon of intersemiotic translation remains virtually unexplored in terms of conceptual model;ing. The main methodological difficulty seems to be related to the comparison between radically different semiotic systems (see Dusi, this issue; Eco, 2007; Plaza, 1987). Here we propose a tentative approach, based on Charles S. Peirce's model of sign process, to provide a preliminary conceptual framework to the phenomena, emphasizing iconic properties and aspects. We hope this approach presents a heuristically interesting frame to describe translation between different systems and processes. [iii] 2. INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION--PREMISSES & MODEL Our approach is based on two premisses: (i) intersemiotic translation is fundamentally a semiotic operation process (semiosis); (ii) intersemiotic translation is a deeply iconic-dependent process. There is no novelty regarding these premisses. Many authors have stressed that a translation is fundamentally a semiotic operation (see Hodgson, 2007; Gorlee, 2005, 1994: 10; Petrilli, 2003; Stecconi, 1999; Plaza 1987), as well as an iconic process (see Petrilli & Ponzio, this issue; Gorlee, 2005, 1994: 10; Plaza 1987). 2.1 Semiosis or the 'action of sign' According to Peirce, [iv] any description of semiosis (action of sign) involves a relation constituted by three irreducibly connected terms: My definition of a sign is: A Sign is a Cognizable that, on the one hand, is so determined (i.e., specialized, bestimmt) by something other than itself, called its Object, while, on the other hand, it so determines some actual or potential Mind, the determination whereof I term the Interpretant created by the Sign, that that Interpreting Mind is therein determined immediately by the Object' (CP 8.177. Emphasized in the original). The above triadic relation is regarded by Peirce as irreducible in the sense that it is not decomposable into any simpler relation or set of relations. He conceived a Sign as a "First which stands in such a genuine triadic relation to a Second, called its Object, so as to be capable of determining a Third, called its Interpretant, to assume the same triadic relation to its Object in which it stands itself to the same Object" (CP 2.274. See also CP 2.303, 2.92, 1.541). The triadic relation between sign, object, and interpretant is irreducible: it cannot be decomposed into any simpler relation. This is why the sign-object relationship cannot be enough to understand sign-mediated process. A sign is also pragmatically defined as a medium for the communication to the interpretant of a form embodied in the object, so as to constrain, in general, the interpreter's behavior-- [...] a Sign may be defined as a Medium for the communication of a Form. [...]. As a medium, the Sign is essentially in a triadic relation, to its Object which determines it, and to its Interpretant which it determines. [...]. That which is communicated from the Object through the Sign to the Interpretant is a Form; that is to say, it is nothing like an existent, but is a power, is the fact that something would happen under certain conditions (Peirce MS 793:1-3. See EP 2.544, n.22, for a slightly different version). The object of sign transmission is a habit (a regularity, or a 'pattern of constraints') embodied as a constraining factor of interpretative behavior--a logically 'would be' fact of response. The form is something that is embodied in the object as a "regularity", a "habit", a "rule of action", or a "disposition". …


HexagonalBiPO 4 nanorodsthinfilmswithremarkablephotoelectrocatalytic(PEC)performanceweresuccessfullyfabricatedonFTO substrates via cathodic electrodeposition. Chronoamperometry, linear sweep voltammertry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the photoelectrochemical properties of these materials. The photoelectrocatalytic capability was evaluated by the degradation of methyl blue (MB). The film deposited in 40 min has the best catalytic activity and good stability with the 30 h degrading experiment. The photocurrent was increasing because the concentration of MB was being degrading. The CV analysis which reveals a potential shift and the increasing anodic and cathodic peak currents with increasing scan rate proves a diffusion-controlled process. The hydroxyl radicals are the main active species that can oxidize the adsorbed organic pollutants. Mott–Schottky (MS) measurements match the typical for n-type semiconductors.


We present a novel utility of VAAFT (video assisted anal fistula treatment) in which setons can be placed in difficult access anal fistula tracts, without resorting to a circumanal incision. Some anal fistulas (1) follow a tortuous course between external and internal openings. For example, some transsphincteric tracts (2) arise laterally and run in a relatively straight course cephalad before turning through a right angle in the intersphincteric space, horseshoeing around to the 6 o'clock position, where they turn through a second right angle to run anteriorly into the internal opening. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Abstract Belemnopsis deborahae Challinor n.sp., a short, robust, almost sub-conical Belemnopsis, is described from strata of upper Ururoan-lower Ternaikan age In the Port Waikato district. In some features Belemnopsis deborahae resembles Conodicoelites, but present evidence favours placing it in Belemnopsis.


INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS AORAWALA, S. K., Aircraft Hijacking and International Law. [Bombay: N.M. Tripathi Private Ltd.; Dobbs Ferry; N.Y.: Oceana Publications. 242 pp.] CATTAN, HENRY, Palestine and International Law. [London: Longman Group Ltd. 1973. xiv and 243 pp.] FURET, MARIE-FRANCOISE, Le Dtsarmement Nucliaire. [Paris: Editions A. Pedone. 1973. 303 pp. F. 118.] GILBERT, A. M., Executive Agreements and Treaties. 1946-1973. [Endicott: Thomas-Newell. 1973. xix and 535 pp.] GUYOMAR, GENEVIEVE, Commcntaire Du Riglement De La Cour Internationale De Justice. Interpretation El Pratique. [Paris: Editions A. Pedone. 1973. xix and 535 pp.] HARRIS, D. J., Cases and Materials in International Law. [London: Sweet & Maxwell. 1973. xxviii and 779 pp. £5-75.] KISH, JOHN, The Law of International Space. [Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff. 1973. xi and 236 pp. F1.35.] The Present State of International Law and Other Essays. Edited by Dr. Maarten Bos. [The Netherlands: Kluwer. 1973. xi and 392 pp. H.fl.60.] RANDOLPH, L. RANDOLF, Third-Party Settlement of Disputes in Theory and Practice. [Dobbs Ferry: Oceana Publications; Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff. 1973. 335 pp.] Revue International de Droit Ptnal. [Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. 1973. 205 pp. £3-50 net.] RODIERE, R., ABADIH, R., CHAO, A., Le Transport Des Personnes Dans La Jurisprudence. [Paris: Libraries Techniques. 1973. 164 pp.] SHUSTER, M. R., The Public International Law of Money. [Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1973. ix and 356 pp. £600.] TREVES, TULLIO, La Giurisdizione nel Diritto Penale Internationale. [Milano: Linotlpia Veronese Fioinl. 1973. vii and 317 pp.]


This study addresses a biobjective vehicle routing problem with stochastic demand and split deliveries. Apart from minimizing the total travel cost that is widely considered in classical vehicle routing problems, we aim to balance the workload of all routes. A recourse policy for paired vehicles that allows the distribution service to fail once and meet part of the demand of customers first is provided. To solve the proposed biobjective vehicle routing problem, an adaptive large neighborhood search embedded with an improved optimization method is developed. The objective value is calculated based on the normalized values of two goals using the improved weighted sum approach. To evaluate the proposed optimization model and corresponding algorithm, some experiments modified from Solomon's instances are conducted. Computational results show that the performance of the proposed heuristic approach is effective.


In view of the poor noise sensitivity of traditional stereo matching algorithms and the problem of mismatching in non-smooth areas, a neighborhood-based stereo matching algorithm is proposed. Relevance and window adaptive stereo matching algorithm. Firstly, Uses weighted average sum of neighborhood cross windows to assign central pixels. Secondly, by setting adaptive threshold, according to the correlation between neighborhood pixels and central pixels in the window, it carries out secondary cost. In the process of cost aggregation, adaptive windows with changing color thresholds are used, and noise screening is carried out in this process. In the disparity refinement stage, the disparity map is further optimized by combining left-right consistency detection and regional voting. Finally, a quadratic linear interpolation operation is performed on the image. In this paper, we use the standard stereo image of Middlebury test platform to carry out experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the image's sensitivity to noise, and the mismatch rate is lower than that of many matching algorithms.


This paper proposes an intelligent method for diagnosing structural faults of rotating machinery using ant colony optimization (ACO) and non-dimensional symptom parameters (NSPs) in order to detect faults and distinguish fault types at an early stage. NSPs are defined for reflecting the features of vibration signals measured in each state. Detection index (DI) using statistical theory has also been defined to evaluate the applicability of the NSPs. The DI can be used to indicate the fitness of an NSP for ACO. Lastly, the state identification for the condition diagnosis of rotating machinery is converted to a clustering problem of the values of NSPs calculated from vibration signals in different states of the machine. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is also introduced for this purpose. Practical examples of fault diagnosis for rotating machinery are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The verification results show that the structural faults often occurring in a rotation machinery, such as a unbalance, a misalignment and a looseness states are effectively identified by the proposed method.


e24117Background: Patients diagnosed with brain and/or spine metastases (BSM) face high symptom burden and complex clinical decision-making. Through expertise in pain and symptom management, facili...


The usability of systems is determined by interface functionality and presentation. Much research in human factors has concentrated primarily on presentation - the surface aspects of the interface, but interface presentation and interaction have greatly improved to the extent that navigating the interface is much easier. This paper deals predominantly with how system functionality should be designed to adapt to users. The paper argues that a system that understands itself and the user is the next revolutionary step in avionics architecture. It covers some human factors problems in avionics functionality and describes a revolutionary avionics architecture that can address these problems.


Objective:To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in the differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions(FLL).Methods:The perfusion patterns of 52 patients with 57 lesions were observed with the pulse inversion harmonic(PIH) imaging technique.The perfusion quantity of FLL was analyzed according to the acoustic quantified parameters on the TIC.Results:37 malignant tumors and 20 benign lesions were compared.The differences of the parameters(beginning enhancing time、peak time、peak intensity、beginning diminish time、delay intensity、the D-value of the peak and the delayed phase intensity) all had statistical significance(P0.05).When the D-value of the peak and the delay intensity of the lesions was 7dB,the correspondence rate in diagnosing the benign lesions and the malignant tumors reached 91% and 90%.Conclusion:The D-value of the peak and the delay intensity in contrast-enhanced ultrasound have Important value in differentiating the benign and the malignant lesions of liver.


NM occurs in 5 - 15% of cancer patients and Overall Survival (OS) in treated patients ranges from 2-6 months. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of prognostic factors on OS and calculate a graded prognostic assessment (GPA) score based on tissue type, similar to the index score created for cancer patients with brain metastases (BM).

 We conducted a single center, retrospective analysis of 118 patients diagnosed between 2006 and 2018 at TMC. The prognostic factors analyzed were: Age (< = 50yo =1pt), Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS > =60 =1 pt), and no extracranial metastases (1pt). The GPA score was calculated from 0.0 - 3.0 by adding the points together. Kaplan Meier curves were used to estimate OS for primary tumors with 10 or more patients (breast, lung, leukemia, lymphoma). Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of the GPA with OS.

 The GPA analysis by tumor type included 76% of the patient population. The median OS was 5 months (breast), 2 months (lung), 7 months (leukemia), and 2 months (lymphoma). We found that leukemia (p =0.008, N = 20) and lung cancer (p =0.002, N = 20) patients showed distinct separation between GPA groups on their Kaplan Meier curves. Higher KPS was associated with increased OS (p < 0.0001) using Cox regression. DISCUSSION: The GPA algorithm was only partially successful in our NM population, which may reflect the smaller number of patients in our study compared to the studies used to create the BM GPA. TMC is a contributing institution to a large, multi-institutional, multi-national registry of patients with NM disease (Neoplastic Meningitis Registry - NeMeRe). We plan to use this larger dataset to validate our GPA score as a useful tool for predicting OS in NM patients.


A previously well 15-year-old girl dismounted during horse riding, reporting shortness of breath, chest tightness and abdominal pain. She had consumed three Red Bull (Red Bull GmbH, Austria) energy drinks (total 230 mg caffeine) earlier that morning. Paramedics were called and administered a dose of intramuscular adrenaline to treat the possible anaphylaxis. She continued to deteriorate with an altered mental state and was transferred to the nearest emergency department. On arrival, she was peripherally shut down with tachycardia and hypotension. Given a working diagnosis of cardiogenic shock secondary to either sepsis or cardiomyopathy, the patient was commenced on inotropes, vasopressors, antibiotics and steroids. Frank pulmonary oedema required intubation and ventilation. Bedside echocardiogram demonstrated a dilated left atrium and poorly contractile left ventricle. She had cannulation for extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and was transferred to a cardiothoracic tertiary centre. Early consideration of the possible underlying reasons for her clinical state included meningococcal septicaemia and septic shock due to a retained tampon; however, there were no clinical signs consistent with this. Initial investigations showed acute renal injury with an elevated creatinine, elevated lactate, neutrophilia, elevated procalcitonin and elevated troponin level. The remainder of her electrolytes were normal and preliminary blood cultures were negative. Careful history taken after initial stabilisation revealed a 3-year history of exercise-induced 'spells' with palpitations, nausea and shortness of breath. She previously had a 24-h Holter monitor, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, all of which had been reported as normal. She had occasional hypertension and had been prescribed a beta-blocker but was non-adherent to this. The family also mentioned in passing the history of a paternal aunt with a carotid body tumour and recurrent phaeochromocytoma. On careful examination during her stay in the intensive care unit, she was felt to have a 'fullness' on the left side of her abdomen. Ultrasound revealed a well-defined, left para-aortic lesion, confirmed on computed tomography scan with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed for further delineation. Her admission was complicated by evolving renal failure with a creatinine rising to 516 μmol/L, requiring haemofiltration. Despite cardiovascular stabilisation and being weaned off ECMO over 3 days, she remained confused and sedated with a Glascow Coma Score of 3 with evidence of right-sided hemiparesis. Computed tomography brain demonstrated a left middle cerebral artery infarct whilst MRI brain showed multiple foci of diffusion restriction. As she improved clinically and was weaned off inotropes, hypertension developed, with blood pressure rising up to 180/110 mmHg (systolic 95th centile 125, diastolic 95th centile 85) whilst awake, with associated tachycardia to 150 bpm. The presence of an abdominal mass with hypertension and tachycardia raised suspicion of a secretory paraganglioma. Urine and plasma metanephrines/catecholamines and chromogranin A (a non-specific polypeptide commonly secreted by chromaffin cells) were undertaken (Table 1). Despite the usual pre-operative management of alpha-blockade prior to introduction of betablockade, the patient had already been commenced on esmolol for management of her hypertension in the intensive care unit. Once the underlying cause for hypertension was recognised, alpha-blockade was commenced with phenoxybenzamine. GaDOTA-TATE scan (magnetic resonance-positron emission tomography (PET)) confirmed the left para-aortic mass lesion seen on MRI but there was no gallium 68 DOTATATE avidity. Surgery for removal of the paraganglioma was delayed due to significant nausea resistant to protein pump inhibitor therapy, requiring nasogastric feeds and intravenous fluids. A normochromic normocytic anaemia required a transfusion pre-operatively. On day 39 after admission, a large (5.4 cm) left infra-renal para-aortic mass was removed through open laparotomy without capsular disruption. Histology confirmed a paraganglioma with immunohistochemical staining pattern consistent with a succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) mutation. Microarray results confirmed a deletion in Key Points 1 Differential diagnosis of cardiogenic shock for an adolescent girl should include possibilities of hypertensive crisis and toxic shock syndrome. 2 Succinate dehydrogenase B mutations have higher rates of malignant behaviour and metastatic disease than other succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex mutations. 3 Genetic diagnosis requires specific gene testing as deletions may be missed using whole exome sequencing.


This paper describes characterization of elastic properties of SiO2 films by the Line-Focus-Beam (LFB) ultrasonic microscopy. SiO2 films with 1 μm thickness were deposited on Si (001) substrates by sputtering or CVD with two different deposition conditions each, and the water-loaded SAW velocity on these samples was measured. Large variation of elastic properties was clearly observed among four specimens. Furthermore, anisotropy in the elastic properties was also observed. Namely, those normal to the surface seem different from those along the surface considerably. This anisotropy might be induced during the deposition.


The aim of the research is to study the process of destruction of the particles of spices to give the performance of their mechanical properties.


Both x-ray diffuse reflectivity and laser light scattering have been used to investigate the temperature-dependent surface behavior of a Ni{sub 63}Al{sub 37} single crystal on different length scales. In-situ experiments were performed above the conventional martensitic start temperature M{sub s}. to search for premartensitic phenomena. X-ray experiments showed the presence of a surface precursor with second-order (continuous) character several 10 K above M{sub s}. This premonitory effect corresponds to a height-height-correlation function which changes on the nanometer scale as the martensitic transformation is approached. At the martensitic transformation, the surface morphology changed from nanoscopic roughness to macroscopic relief within a temperature interval of less than 1 K via intermediate stages. Laser light scattering was employed to study time-dependent aspects of the athermal martensitic transformation above M{sub s}. The occurrence of a martensitic transformation on isothermal holding after a certain incubation period was observed in Ni-Al for the first time. The measured incubation times increased by four orders of magnitude within a temperature interval of 0.5 K.


, Objectives: The aim of the study is to reveal the short-term health effects of exposure to air pollution (respiratory rate, heart rate and sleep duration) through sensor data. Methods: The average number of daily admissions of asthma and COPD patients with ICD 10 J41, J43, J44 and J45 diagnosis codes obtained from the Ministry of Health E-Nabız system in 1 month before the date of increase in air pollution and the average number of daily admissions in 1 month after that date were taken on the basis of age group, clinic and province. Results: Analyses were conducted on 1,040,235 people reached through the E-Nabız sensor data. 54.2% of the participants were male, 69.4% were aged between 25-39 years, 49.9% lived in the Marmara Region and 92.7% lived in urban areas. The mean respiratory rate of the participants was 18.01±1.345 per minute, and the mean respiratory rate was higher in women, those younger than 25 years of age (p<0.05). The mean heart rate of the participants was 84.54±3.722 per minute, and the mean heart rate was higher in women, those younger than 25 years of age (p<0.05). The mean sleep duration of the participants in the study was calculated as 403.83±42.570 minutes, and women, those younger than 25 years and older than 65 years (p<0.05). Conclusion: The design of the study based on the analysis of sensor data made it possible to evaluate the short-term health effects of air pollution at the national level for the first time in Türkiye.


Based on the image theory, the wave diffraction from a cylinder in front of a vertical wall is transformed into the problem of diffraction of bidirectional incident waves from two cylinders. The transformed problem is solved by using an analytical method based on eigenfunction expansion. Numerical experiments have been performed to examine the effects of the distance between the cylinder and the vertical wall, and the wave incident direction on the wave force on the cylinder. The calculation shows that the force on the cylinder in front of a vertical wall is several times of that on the cylinder in open water. The force on the cylinder in front of a wall oscillates with wave number, and the oscillating frequency increases with the increase of the distance between the cylinder and the wall.


Investigation of the family history disclosed the occurrence of hypodontia in some family members, and a crib death in a seven-week-old male cousin who also had fevers (Fig. 2). lontiophoresis demonstrated no sweat production on his arm but starch iodide test was positive for some axillary sweat. On the basis of recurrent fevers, absent eyebrows and eyelashes, decreased scalp hair (but normal finger and toe nails), a diagnosis of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia was made.


A functional interlayer, poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythioohene)-poly(styrene sulfonic) acid, is introduced as a buffer layer between the metal electrodes of a capacitor composed of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoridetrifluoroethylene) copolymer ultrathin film. The sandwiched structure shows prominent ferroelectric properties even as the thickness of P(VDF-TrFE) film is reduced to 50 nm and the fatigue property is also improved tremendously. We demonstrate that the proton in the PSSH instead of the electron in the PEDOT plays a significant role to improve the ferroelectric properties of P(VDF-TrFE), furthermore, polyvinyl phosphoric acid as well as other polyacid also supplies the proton.


These are the proceedings of the Software Verification track at the 2008 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. We had 33 submitted papers and only 10 have been selected for publication. The high number of submissions is a success for our track and shows the interest of the scientific community towards software verification.


One unexpected and beneficial byproduct of World War II is a method of chemotherapy that undoubtedly is here to stay, at least for some years. This statement refers to the use of nitrogen mustards as palliative agents for certain types of malignant neoplastic processes. While these agents may be said to have failed to measure up to early hopes for them, they have, nevertheless, in a few types of cancer, become well nigh indispensable because of the prompt palliation which they afford. History When, early in World War II, it became known that the nitrogenous analogues of mustard gas were under consideration as possible warfare agents, the Chemical Warfare Service set about producing them in quantity and studying their effects intensively. It was soon noted that not only are the nitrogen mustards strong vesicants, but that their systemic absorption in animals results in toxic actions in tissues, generally in proportion to the degree of rapidity of cellular growth in those tissues. Particularly subject to da...


USou is a smart search platform with plugin support.It can analyze the
Keywords of user by installing various plugins.Then,according to users' habit and the search result,a most suitable search engine can be chosen for the user by some algorithms.


In article discussed about two porphyry-copper deposits in the Verkhoyan-Chukotka Folded area. The results of geological analysis about spatial location of the primary geochemical diffuse halo are presented.


With the change of tourism industry from planning and development stage to operation and management stage,governance,an important concept in politics and public policy,has been applied increasingly in tourism research and become an important issue in tourism academic circles. The paper discusses the evolution of tourism governance research abroad,reviews the theories, main models, construction of evaluation system and performance of tourism governance and topics of tourism governance, (including tourism development and planning,marketing,resource and environment,tourism destination,sustainable tourism,power structure in tourism,global tourism,difficulties in governance,etc), makes a summary on the research process and theories, finally, compares the difference between the researches at home and abroad.


A nonautonomous schistosomiasis model with latent period and saturated incidence is investigated. Further, we study the long-time behavior of the epidemic model. The weaker sufficient conditions for the permanence and extinction of infectious population of the model are obtained by constructing some auxiliary functions. Numerical simulations show agreement with the theoretical results.


The practicability and sensitivity of the test with vasoactive drugs, the first method performed in our flow studies, make it an invaluable method for orienting the diagnosis. Our findings show that in 65% of the patients with a partial response to the drug-induced erectile test, dysfunction may arise from pure or associated venous leakage, which must be confirmed by dynamic cavernosometry and/or cavernosography.


Within the frame of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics in causal media, a rigorous derivation of the van der Waals energy of an atomic system in the presence of an arbitrary arrangement of dispersing and absorbing dielectric bodies is given. As an application, the van der Waals potential of an atom in the presence of a dispersing and absorbing sphere is derived. Closed expressions for the long-distance (retardation) and short-distance (non-retardation) limits are given, and the effect of material absorption is discussed.


Energy waste problems have become critical in modern industry society. In wireless communication systems, there are many possible improvements to reduce electricity consumption, which is effective to reduce energy waste. Traditional on-off scheme is proved to be effective to reduce energy consumption, but such operations are restricted by system parameters and assumptions, e.g. the non-ideal distribution of traffic model. In this paper, based on the method of dynamic cell selection (DCS) scheme and on-off scheme, we first use spatial modulation in conjunction with the DCS on-off scheme to reduce energy consumption and avoid the restriction. The on-off status of LTE-Advanced eNodeBs can carry the binary information, this could be used to tag information bits in PSK modulation, which is also known as spatial modulation. Simulation result under the LTE-Advanced system level simulation platform has proved that, our novel method can effectively lower the energy consumption and is easy to use.


ISSN: (Print) 1752-1742 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/edbl20 TrendMD: Reaching Larger, More Targeted Audiences by Distributing Scholarly Content Online Paul Kudlow, Alan Rutledge & Gunther Eysenbach To cite this article: Paul Kudlow, Alan Rutledge & Gunther Eysenbach (2014) TrendMD: Reaching Larger, More Targeted Audiences by Distributing Scholarly Content Online, Editors' Bulletin, 10:1, 11-15, DOI: 10.1080/17521742.2015.1031965 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17521742.2015.1031965


Abstract : Although the problem of collisions between birds and aircraft (bird strikes) has existed since the first man-made aircraft took off from the solid soil, a world-wide systematic work with the problem birds present to aircraft, was not started up till the early 1960s. The start was brought about by the introduction of fast jet driven airplanes which had increased the danger of aircraft and birds sharing the same airspace. In November 1963 a symposium was arranged by the French authorities in Nice for discussions and lectures concerning this section of the air safety work. Three years later at the request of the NATO countries' flight safety committee a meeting was held in Frankfurt, Germany, in July 1966 with the attendance of both military and civil personnel engaged in the question of flight safety, and at that meeting an organization called Bird Strike Committee Europe was created with the aim to begin a continuous international activity.


It is demonstrated in the paleontology that the extinction and variation of species is due to the abrupt break of food chains inherent in the natural world,this is true for origin of human beings as well.In brief,the reasons are as follows,(1) the original food resourses were greatly destroyed in the Quaternary glacier and the big fluvial period,it is in the food redistribution process that the sepration between human beings and natural world are made possible.(2) With the disintegration of primitive public ownership in the Bronze period and the mature of private ownership in the axial age aggravated the violent competition on the food distribution inside the human society,it promoted the awake of human individual spiritual life.It is in the continuous response to the food scarcity and its distribution that Chinese civilization has created a kind of poetic Chinese culture which have taken ethics of life as its ontological foundation.Form the perspective of primitive form,the original graph of the word "poem"(shi 诗) is the word "寺"(si) in oracle inscription,it is the oldest food distribution institution in Chinese civilization.The essential character of this institution can be summed up as non-objectivation and non-subjectivation,therefore it is the historical outcome which was against the privatization process.Of course,in contrast to the antialienation intellectual currents in the modern world,it is a spiritual struggle which flew retrograde to the poetic wisdom.In this sense,the fundemental code of Chinese culture is in the Chinese poetics.


In the light of that the arrearage of the receivable account in many enterprises is a common phenomenon, and there are many problems in the investment and management of the receivable account within the enterprises. Starting from the global control, this paper probes into how the modern enterprise to make effective control of the receivable account and prevent the latent loss caused by these problems to the maximum limit.


Preparation of "Checklist" is an important part to improve the quality of internal audit.The paper pointed out that audit of laboratory quality and competence should accord to "checklist" content and analyze from several aspects including the purpose of "Checklist",the requirements and design issues.


Purpose – Business process change (BPC) initiatives are complex endeavors, which require many different sets of capabilities from the organization (e.g. IT, change management, project management capabilities). This study aims to examine which capabilities matter for successful BPC. Design/methodology/approach – The paper posits that a structured analysis of case studies will help in identifying the capabilities relevant for BPC. Against this background, the paper adopted a case survey methodology, which combines the richness of case studies with the benefit of analyzing large quantities of data. The paper identified and analyzed 130 case studies reporting the past BPC project experiences. Findings – The results show that project management, change management and IT capabilities have a positive impact on BPC project performance. IT capabilities also have a positive impact on the final process performance. Thus, IT capabilities matter for both BPC project and process performance. Research limitations/implic...


Background: IGRA, QuantiFERON®-TB Gold in-tube (QFT-GIT) & T-SPOT.TB®(T-Spot), are widely used to detect LBTI in adults. There is paucity of data regarding their use in children ( Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all the IGRA tests performed in children, for contact & new entrant screening, in our TB service between 2008 & 2010, to look at our indeterminate rates. Results: A total of 188 IGRA tests were performed. T-Spot was undertaken almost exclusively in children under 1 year. None of our cohort had indeterminate IGRA results with QFT-GIT or T-Spot. None of the children were diagnosed with active TB (multiple samples were sent for TB culture from 4 children). Conclusion: A definitive IGRA result is achievable in otherwise healthy children with close liaison between clinical and microbiology staff, prompt transfer of blood samples and incubating QFT-GIT samples within 4 hours of collection. Reference: 1Ling, D.I. et al. Immune-based diagnostics for TB in children:what is the evidence?Paed Resp Reviews. 2011;12(1):9-15.


Reconstruction of the semantic field is one of the most effective ways to describe the structure and content of lexical and conceptual systems of the organization of the artistic text. Andrei Platonov''s novel Happy Moscow is anthropocentric as well as his other works. In this novel, the author focuses on the problems of human and his body as a complex object that has complex relationships with human himself as well as with the surrounding reality. The phenomenon of corporeality, described in Platonov''s novel, is reflected at all levels of the text. This phenomenon, which is simultaneously a cognitive category, and a text-forming concept, becomes the object of analysis in this article, in which corporeality is considered as a semantic field, consisting of the core, center and periphery. The article reconstructs the semantic field ''corporeality'', implemented in Andrey Platonov''s novel "Happy Moscow": its core, center, periphery, provides information about the frequency of keywords, offers methods of complications of the structure of the semantic field. Issues of verbalization of cognitive category of corporeality in the text are discussed, the role of the words with corporeal semantics for the conceptual picture of the world is analyzed. The polysemantic unit body and its contextual synonyms (little body, corpse, body, torso) serve as the core of the semantic field ''corporeality''. The center of semantic field includes multiple layers of somatic vocabulary (names of body parts, organs, physiological secretions, disease states, etc.). It should be noted that all types of somatisms are presented in the text (but unevenly, for example, lexeme heart appears 92 times in the text, head 56, eyes 44 times, but fingers and skin 8 times each). The periphery contains age-sex characteristics (man, woman, man, child, etc.). Mapping the frequency of keywords at the same time shows the following results lexeme human in the text occurs 138 times, and man a total of 6 times. With allowance for features of the conceptual sphere of the novel, the periphery will also include lexemes matter, energy, material ("material existence"), state (life and death), various kinds of corporal modification, body position in space and verbs signifying motion, gestures and facial expressions, body-oriented actions (actions aimed at the body itself or committed by the body in relation to other objects). In accordance with current knowledge of the embodied mind and the experience of learning mind-body problem, the periphery of the semantic core will also be cognitive processes (thinking, perception, memory, etc.) the complexly structured semantic field of corporeality is one of the concepts forming the text of the novel Happy Moscow, and the result of its analysis demonstrate that Andrey Platonov concentrates on the solution of the problem of the body, its existence in the surrounding reality and ways of self-realization and implementation of contacts with the outer world.


It is commonly believed that the studies on the Jh?peti rite of this country is restricted to the era of after 18th century due to the lack of materials in existence published before Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. This trend of studies is useful to understand the settled Jh?peti rite of present day but is difficult to grasp the ceremonies of Koryo dynasty. Osamranyasinhakbiyong(『五杉練若新學備用』, Osamjip in short) by Eungji is a literature of Jh?peti rite in Chosun dynasty which title is shown on wood engraved catalogue published by Gangyungdogam(刊經都監). Osamjip was edited in A.D.950 which explains the preparations and processes of Jh?peti rite. Seokmungaryecho(釋門家5抄) which describes the funeral rites of Buddhist temple in Chosun dynasty has its foundation on Osamjip, which rite organizes Buddhist practice system by conferring Impermanent Precept to deceased person before carrying out Jh?peti rite. The Impermanent Precept of Sungkmoongarecho provides a standard of study in researching the origin and processes of Jh?peti rite as a funeral ceremony of Korean Buddhism. After Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1952 it was Buddhist order"s attitude to accept constructively the social changes so that it attempts the popularization of order so that it consequently faced the restoration of Buddhism. The reorganization of Buddhist rites was to enrich the resources of Buddhist factors in those funeral rites. Although those attempts were based on Chinese materials, it shows the Koreans unique factors in the process and content of those rites, which accept Impermanent Precept as a way of Buddhist practice and also accept the Korean style of chanting Buddhas. Impermanent Precept maintains the foundation of practice system of Korean Seon along with Chanting Buddha"s rite and promoting the spirit of practicing Seon. So it is thought that the right way of carrying out Jh?peti rite is to understand the purpose and execute the spirit of Precept Rite.


This paper reports an extended Nernst–Planck computational model that couples charged-defect transport and stress in tubular electrochemical cell with a ceramic proton-conducting membrane. The model is particularly concerned with coupled chemo-mechanical behaviors, including how electrochemical phenomena affect internal stresses and vice versa. The computational model predicts transient and steady-state defect concentrations, fluxes, stresses within a thin BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ (BZY20) membrane. Depending on the polarization (i.e., imposed current density), the model predicts performance as a fuel cell or an electrolyzer. A sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of thermodynamic and transport properties, which are often not readily available.


The necessity to do basic research, such as the study of animal behaviour, is often questioned. "What is this good for?" people may ask. Many discoveries of basic research lead to novel and practical applications that could not have been predicted in advance. In fact, every penny spent on basic research generates a multiple of economic value in return. This is the most common answer to justify "blue sky" research. However, basic research has a much more important and fundamental value relating to liberty, equality and human rights.


The present article brings together existing plant diversity in agroforestry systems (AFS) in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The survey was carried out with digital databases, using terms in Portuguese and English, such as: ''sistemas agroflorestais RJ'', ''agrofloresta RJ'', ''agroforestry RJ'', and ''agroforestry systems RJ'', with fourteen AFSs being verified. The species present in the agroforests of Rio de Janeiro were listed when present in at least five of the fourteen AFSs found (35.71%). Fifteen species (8.82%) were among the most common, out of a total of 170 different species found, demonstrating the diversity of AFSs. Plant species are located in the following cities in the state of Rio de Janeiro: Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Três Rios, Paraty and Nova Friburgo. The most mentioned species were papaya (Carica papaya L.) and annatto (Bixa orellana L.). More AFSs were analyzed in the Metropolitan Region within the state of Rio de Janeiro, highlighting the municipality of Seropédica. Agroforests can contribute to the conservation or restoration of plant diversity, while promoting food and nutritional sovereignty and security, community subsistence, and local commercialization, among other benefits.


Consider that data gathered from sensors are lossy encoded at low bit rate in multihop wireless sensor networks. Particularly, each non-terminal sensor node is instructed to jointly encode its sensing data and the correlated data received from its nearby nodes by exploiting spatial correlation. In the paper, the optimization of rate-distortion allocation is addressed. The objective is to find an optimal rate-distortion allocation at sensors within the given target distortion such that the network communication cost is minimized. An analytical optimal allocation is presented, whereby a fully distributed allocation scheme is designed. The proposed methods are evaluated via extensive simulations using real-world data traces. The results indicate that the optimal allocation strategy improves the uniform allocation method at least by a factor of 9.7 on average. Furthermore, this improvement would be more significant while the sensors' locations are non-uniform or the data patterns gathered from sensors are changed greatly. In summary, the results indicate that the total network communication cost can be significantly reduced by optimally exploiting the rate-distortion allocation among the resource-constrained sensors.


Abstract : The general theory is developed for the response of a single degree of freedom dynamic system to an arbitrary acceleration forcing function. Closed-form solutions are obtained for a variety of discrete pulse shapes using the method of Laplace transforms and the form of the solutions indicated for oscillatory inputs and semiinfinite ramps, in terms of complex Fourier series. A comparison of base and mass excitation of the system is included. In previously published work on this subject, analytical solutions are in general only given for undamped systems; an exception is the response to a sinewave, which appears in many standard tests. The dynamic analysis of the human body usually considers models involving damping, so that in this area there is a definite need for the estensions given.