Polyetherimide-Graphene (PEI/G) composites were prepared using in situ polymerization approach and thermally cured under vacuum on Stainless Steel 304 (SS304) substrates in order to be evaluated as corrosion protection coatings. Several steps curing were performed to ensure complete imidization of PEI/G composites. Dispersion of the graphene fillers in the PEI matrices was captured using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study examines PEI/G composites as corrosion protection coatings using electrochemical techniques such as Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Furthermore, the influences of the load of graphene on the electrochemical behavior as well as the interface adhesion of the PEI/G composites are illustrated. Adhesion tests were conducted and evaluated according to ASTM D3359 standard and the long term performances of the prepared PEI/G coatings were confirmed by conducting the adhesion tests after 30 days of exposure to the corrosive medium. The study revealed that PEI may slow down the corrosion process on SS304 substrates and this protection property of PEI can be excelled by the incorporation of graphene in the PEI matrix. Keywords Graphene, Corrosion, Adhesion, Coating, Electrochemical Article DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2015.12.5772 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.


This paper introduces an engineering method to determine the distribution of aerodynamic load by means of wing load to test the moment and torque.The result shows that the method is relatively easy to available and satisfactory.It may be useful to strength workers.


Issue of filling bone defects remain unresolved as the planned and emergency maxillofacial surgery and dentistry. In the case when the hole after tooth removal heals under the clot may develop chronic inflammatory diseases of the message with the oral cavity. In our study, under the supervision within 1 year were patients with mandibular fractures within the dentition. All the patients were divided into 2 equal groups. In the main group was filling defect bone material "Collost" unlike the comparison group, in which patients were treated surgically without implantation material in the area of bone defect. The results of our study indicate a reduction of terms of osteoreparative processes and rehabilitation of patients using material "Collost".


【The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of socio-demographic variables on time management and to investigate the effects of time management on self-efficacy and academic achievement in college students. The data were collected from 382 college students through questionnaire surveys and analyzed using frequency, percentile, and regression analysis with the SPSS program. College students' time management behavior was influenced by the social status of their families and by their participation in time management education. There were differences in variables affecting time management according to its sub-areas (planning, regular habits, and goal-oriented behavior). Planning was influenced by the students' majors and by their participation in time management education. Regular habits were influenced by the students' genders and their families' social status. No variables affected goal-oriented behavior. Time management (especially planning and goal-oriented behavior) and gender had strong effects on self-efficacy, and male students showed more self-efficacious behavior than their female counterparts. Time management (especially planning and regular habits) and gender had strong effects on academic achievement, and female students received higher academic grades than their male counterparts. Based on these results, time management was confirmed as an influential element in self-efficacy and academic achievement. Planning and goal-oriented behavior particularly influenced self-efficacy, and planning and regular habits particularly influenced academic achievement.】


A hybrid programming language ANIBAL has been developed for use in an open-shop computing centre with an EAI-680 analog computer, a PDP8/I digital computer, and a FFP-12 floating point processor. An 8K core memory and 812k disk memory is included. The new language consists of standard FORTRAN IV and special hybrid computer commands. ANIBAL consists of a general-purpose analog interface subroutine ANI and the macro processor 8BAL (DECUS NO 8-497A.1). When a source program with FORTRAN and 8BAL statements is processed, the FORTRAN statements are transferred unchanged, while the 8BAL code is translated essentially to ANI sub-routine calls, which are defined in a macro library. The resulting code is translated by the standard FORTRAN compiler. The language is very flexible as the instructions can be changed and commands can be added to or excluded from the library .


Background Health is influenced by different factors, the most important of which in the family environment is mothers. This study aimed to determine the anxiety levels of school-age children and their relationship with the general health of mothers in the city of Dezful, Iran. Materials and Methods In this descriptive-analytical study, 623 children aged 9- to 12-year-old studying in the fourth to sixth grades and their mothers were selected from the schools of the city of Dezful, Iran. The data collecting tools was a test battery including a demographic questionnaire, the School Anxiety Scale (SAS) designed by Philips, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 software. Results In this study, of 623 participants, 226 (36.3) students were female and 397 (63.7) students were male. The results demonstrated that the anxiety of school-age children were without 37.2 anxiety, 48.8 normal anxiety and 14 severe anxiety. The general health of mothers were 46.1 normal healthy, 45.4 partial healthy, 8 on the eve of the disease, and 0.5 unhealthy.  It showed there was a significant positive correlation between general health of mothers and anxiety score of children (P < 0.001, r = 0.245). Moreover, the children�s anxiety scores were associated with all the dimensions of the mother GHQ. Conclusion There was a significant relationship between the health of mothers and their children�s anxiety level. Thus, it is recommended to utilize strategies including conducting training programs and providing counseling for such children and their families in schools and health centers.


Stochastic computation, as presented in this paper, exploits the statistical nature of application-level performance metrics, and matches it to the statistical attributes of the underlying device and circuit fabrics. Nanoscale circuit fabrics are viewed as noisy communication channels/networks. Communications-inspired design techniques based on estimation and detection theory are proposed. Stochastic computation advocates an explicit characterization and exploitation of error statistics at the architectural and system levels. This paper traces the roots of stochastic computing from the Von Neumann era into its current form. Design and CAD challenges are described.


base or electrolyte disturbance. Twenty-three (37%) had acid-base abnormalities. Five (8%) patients had pure respiratory alkalosis, 11 (18%) had pure metabolic alkalosis, five (8%) had metabolic alkalosis coexisting with respiratory alkalosis, while two (3%) had hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Thirty-one patients (50%) had electrolyte abnormalities. Hyponatremia was found in 22 (35%), hypokalemia in 16 (26%), hyperkalemia in seven (11%), hypomagnesemia in 11 (18%), hypocalcemia in five (8%) and hypophosphatemia in nine patients (14%). Compared with patients with class III CHF, patients with more advanced CHF (class IV) had a greater incidence of metabolic alkalosis, pure or coexisting with respiratory alkalosis, and hyponatremia. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with advanced CHF develop a series of acid-base and electrolyte disturbances owing to various interrelated pathogenetic mechanisms.


This paper summarizes the findings of the authors' recent survey of 392 CFOs about the current practice of corporate finance, with main focus on the areas of capital budgeting and capital structure. The findings of the survey are predictable in some respects but surprising in others. For example, although the discounted cash flow method taught in our business schools is much more widely used as a project evaluation method than it was ten or 20 years ago, the popularity of the payback method continues despite shortcomings that have been pointed out for years. In setting capital structure policy, CFOs appear to place less emphasis on formal leverage targets that reflect the trade‐off between the costs and benefits of debt than on "informal" criteria such as credit ratings and financial flexibility. And despite the efforts of academics to demonstrate that EPS dilution per se should be irrelevant to stock valuation, avoiding dilution of EPS was the most cited reason for companies reluctance to issue equity. But despite such apparent contradictions between theory and practice, finance theory does seem to be gaining ground. For example, large companies were much more likely than their smaller counterparts to use DCF and NPV techniques, while small firms still tended to rely heavily on the payback criterion. And a majority of the CFOs of the large companies said they had "strict" or "somewhat strict" target debt ratios, whereas only a third of small firms claimed to have such targets. What does the future hold? On the one hand, the authors suggest that we are likely to see greater corporate acceptance of certain aspects of financial theory, including the use of real options techniques for evaluating corporate investments. But we are also likely to see further modifications and refinements of the theory, particularly with respect to smaller companies that have limited access to capital markets.


The following article gives an overview of the legislative developments in developed countries such as the US and the EU in relation to the implementation of Smart Grids (MG) in their territories, in particular a concept called Smart Metering (SM). It mentions the progress of Colombia in the adoption of plans that allow the construction of a plan for the future of the national energy sector. At the end of the article applies the theory of games to model the behavior of three possible actors who would intervene in the SM market and be able to determine possible balances that allow healthy competition that benefits all actors.


To report our experience with a series of consecutive patients with brain metastases, who underwent gamma knife radiosurgery during a 3 year period and to assess the prognostic significance of primary cancer type, number of intracranial lesions, and tumor locatian with regard to survival. We alsa examined the value of adjuvant ""hale brain irradiation for prolonging survival in this patient group. The records of 96 patients with 233 lesions were retrospectively reviewed. rrimary cancer type, number of lesi.ons per patient, and lesian volume, locatian and enhancement pattem were assessed in each case. The cases were divided into various subgroups, and rates of response to radiosurgery and survival times \'Yere compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log rank test. The average follow-up period af ter radiosurgery was 36 weeks for all patients. Local tumor control ""as achieved in % 88 of the cases. ''''hen stratified to subgroups, patients with breast cancer demonstrated alanger survival compared to patients with renal cell cancer. Alsa patients with single metastases survived significantly longer than patients with 3 or mare metastases. The patients who under\\'ent adjuvant whole brain irradiation did not survived significantly longer th<in other patients. Gamm<i knife radiosurgery is an effective modality in the treatment of metastatic disease to the brain. Survival of the patients were effected by; primary cancer type, systemic disease status, and number of intracr<iiiial lesions. Adjuvant whole brain radiotherapy provides no significant survival benefit.


Various space missions and observations over the past decades have provided unexampled details about the nature of solar wind, the acceleration mechanism, and different nonlinear phenomena responsible for energy transfer and turbulence in the interplanetary space. This review focuses on the role of Alfvénic fluctuations—both kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) and dispersive Alfvén wave (DAW)—in driving solar wind turbulence and magnetic reconnection at 1 AU. The process of filamentation has been studied through a nonlinear coupling system of KAW/IAW (ion acoustic wave) and relatively high-frequency pump KAW (HKAW, i.e., frequency less than ion cyclotron frequency) in the presence of LKAW (low-frequency KAW, i.e., frequency very much less then ion cyclotron frequency) perturbation by formulating their dynamical equations in the presence of ponderomotive force and using the numerical results for the same. A simplified model is presented to have a deeper insight into the evolution pattern using the results of simulation. The formation of coherent structures and current sheets using a numerical and semi-analytical approach is elaborated near the magnetic reconnection sites. In addition to this, the relevance of the generated turbulence is also depicted through the energy spectrum by examining the spectral index which is noticeable in determining the energy cascade down to smaller scales.


Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize policy using collected data without online interactions. Model-based approaches are particularly appealing for addressing offline RL challenges due to their capability to mitigate the limitations of offline data through data generation using models. Prior research has demonstrated that introducing conservatism into the model or Q-function during policy optimization can effectively alleviate the prevalent distribution drift problem in offline RL. However, the investigation into the impacts of conservatism in reward estimation is still lacking. This paper proposes a novel model-based offline RL algorithm, Conservative Reward for model-based Offline Policy optimization (CROP), which conservatively estimates the reward in model training. To achieve a conservative reward estimation, CROP simultaneously minimizes the estimation error and the reward of random actions. Theoretical analysis shows that this conservative reward mechanism leads to a conservative policy evaluation and helps mitigate distribution drift. Experiments on D4RL benchmarks showcase that the performance of CROP is comparable to the state-of-the-art baselines. Notably, CROP establishes an innovative connection between offline and online RL, highlighting that offline RL problems can be tackled by adopting online RL techniques to the empirical Markov decision process trained with a conservative reward. The source code is available with https://github.com/G0K0URURI/CROP.git.


Bacillus cereus is an emerging pathogen that has caused high mortalities in aquaculture animals. Yet the pathogenicity of B. cereus in snakehead fish Ophiocephalus argus is still unclear. In this study, a virulent strain (CA4) was isolated from diseased snakehead fish suffering from a typical symptom of hepatic hemorrhage with blood vessel congestion and macrophage infiltration, and was identified molecularly and phenotypically as B. cereus. It was β-hemolytic, showed an LD50 value of 2.57×106 CFU mL-1 for snakehead fish, and developed multiple resistances to cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, florfenicol, neomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline in aquaculture use. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of snakehead fish- pathogenic B. cereus. The findings of this study provide new insights into the potential threat of pathogenic B. cereus to snakehead fish.


Network latency prediction is important for server selection and quality-of-service estimation in real-time applications on the Internet. Traditional network latency prediction schemes attempt to estimate the latencies between all pairs of nodes in a network based on sampled round-trip times, through either Euclidean embedding or matrix factorization. However, these schemes become less effective in terms of estimating the latencies of personal devices, due to unstable and time-varying network conditions, triangle inequality violation and the unknown ranks of latency matrices. In this paper, we propose a matrix completion approach to network latency estimation. Specifically, we propose a new class of low-rank matrix completion algorithms, which predicts the missing entries in an extracted "network feature matrix" by iteratively minimizing a weighted Schatten- $p$  norm to approximate the rank. Simulations on true low-rank matrices show that our new algorithm achieves better and more robust performance than multiple state-of-the-art matrix completion algorithms in the presence of noise. We further enhance latency estimation based on multiple "frames" of latency matrices measured in the past, and extend the proposed matrix completion scheme to the case of 3-D tensor completion. Extensive performance evaluations driven by real-world latency measurements collected from the Seattle platform show that our proposed approaches significantly outperform various state-of-the-art network latency estimation techniques, especially for networks that contain personal devices.


In order to realize the marketing strategy goal,enterprises ahould combine all controllable marketing factors.Which are manifest through packaging a dlstinctice appellative language,with the purpose Of playing a comprehensive role and achice the best promotion performance.


Astrogeology is a new, space-related branch of the science of geology. It is concerned chiefly with the geology of the moon and the planets and the application of geological principles to extraterrestrial bodies. The long-range goal of astrogeology is to interpret the geologic history of the moon and the planets. This goal can be accomplished only if geologists recognize the need for astrogeology and undertake the tasks of establishing an appropriate curriculum. Astrogeology depends strongly on geology and the traditional methods used in solving geological problems. Basically, an astrogeology curriculum should emphasize the interdisciplinary character of geological education. It should involve such heretofore peripheral areas as meteorology, astronomy, nuclear physics and electronics. Mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry and geophysics would be emphasized at the expense of stratigraphy, paleontology and sedimentation. An astrogeology curriculum would maintain the fundamental identity of geology as a force ...


This paper addresses the concept of a set-induced anomaly detector of bias injection cyber-attacks affecting the load frequency control loop of a networked power system. An adversary corrupts the frequency sensor measurements causing abnormal system behavior. A set-theoretic methodology is used for the extraction of a convex and compact polyhedral robust invariant set under the overall discretized network dynamics. An attack is considered disclosed when the state vector exits the invariant set. Simulation studies demonstrate the impact of an intermittent attack on a two-area power plant and provide an assessment of the proposed detector, when the attack happens simultaneously with changes in the power load demand.


Aims. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) sausage tube waves are excited in magnetic flux tubes by p-mode forcing. These tube waves carry energy away from the p-mode cavity which results in a source of absorption. We wish to see the effect of an ensemble of randomly distributed thin magnetic flux tubes on the absorption of p-modes for the model plage region and also study the effect of the spacial weighting function on the theoretically calculated absorption coefficients. Methods. We calculate the absorption coefficients of p modes for a model plage, assumed to consist of an ensemble of many thin magnetic flux tubes with randomly distributed plasma properties. Each magnetic flux tube in the ensemble is modelled as axisymmetric, non-interacting, vertically oriented and untwisted. Results. We find that the magnitude and the form of the absorption coefficient is sensitive to the plasma-β of the tubes which is consistent with previous work. Both the random distribution used to model the ensemble of flux tubes and the spatial weighting function inherent to the measurement of the absorption affect the absorption. As the width of the weighting function increases, the absorption increases.


Abstract 677 Background: It is well recognized that patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who undergo induction chemotherapy experience treatment-induced numbness and tingling, indicating the development of peripheral neuropathy (PN) that can be a dose-limiting side effect. There is need to identify which patients are more at risk for this side effect, to understand its association with the development of other symptoms, and to explore possible biomarkers associated with its development. Inflammation has been proposed as one mechanism underlying PN. Methods: Patients with MM who were scheduled to receive bortezomib-based chemotherapy with or without lenalidomide before evaluation for autologous stem cell transplantation were enrolled on study. Enrollment generally occurred before induction therapy, but no later than two cycles of induction. Patients with pre-existing PN were excluded, but patients with diabetes were not. Patients repeatedly rated numbness/tingling, pain, and other symptoms via the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) during induction therapy (twice a week for 12 weeks, then weekly up to 16 weeks). Patients contributed a serum sample before start of every chemotherapy cycle. A panel of cytokines was examined by Luminex method. Mixed regression analysis was used to describe the trajectory of numbness/tingling over time and to examine the relationship of numbness to other symptoms during this period. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify a group of patients who developed more-severe numbness during induction, to determine baseline risk factors for numbness development, and to compare serum cytokine profiles between high-numbness and low-numbness groups. Results: Sixty-four patients were enrolled. During induction, numbness/tingling persistently worsened from baseline ( P =.011). A diagnosis of diabetes without PN (10/64) was the only baseline clinical predictor of high numbness development ( P =.01). Increasing numbness over time was significantly associated with pain ( P =.005), disturbed sleep ( P P =.0001). In group-based trajectory modeling, 42% (27/64) of patients were in the high-numbness group and 58% (37/64) were in the low-numbness group (Figure 1). Both groups showed a linear increase in numbness over time (both P P =.02). Patients in the high-numbness group were also more likely to develop more-severe pain over time ( P =.010). Levels of circulating cytokines (IL-1R1, IL-6R, sTNF-R1, sTNF-RII, and TNF-alpha) were significantly different between the two numbness groups (each P Discussion: This prospective, longitudinal study evidenced that in patients with newly diagnosed MM receiving induction therapy, 42% suffer from a rapid increase in numbness/tingling. Diabetes and high symptom levels at baseline were predictive of membership in the high-numbness group. An increase in numbness was associated with increases in other symptoms, including pain, disturbed sleep, and muscle weakness. We also observed a proinflammatory response (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) during induction therapy that was associated with the development of more-severe numbness, warranting further translational studies to confirm the status of these cytokines as biomarker(s) related to PN and, ultimately, to develop mechanism-driven, effective patient care during standard induction therapy. Funding: This study was funded by NIH grant P01 CA124787 Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Purpose - Whether stock returns are linked to exchange rate changes and whether foreign exchange risk is priced in a domestic context are less conclusive and thus still subject to a great debate. The purpose of this paper is to provide new empirical evidence on these two inter-related issues, which are critical to investors and corporate risk management. Design/methodology/approach - This paper applies two different econometric approaches: Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression (NLSUR) via Hansen's Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) and multivariate GARCH in mean (MGARCH-M) to examine the exchange rate exposure and its pricing. Findings - Using industry data for Japan, similar to previous studies, foreign exchange risk is not priced based on the test of an unconditional two-factor asset pricing model. However, strong evidence of time-varying foreign exchange risk premium and significant exchange rate betas are obtained based on the tests of conditional asset pricing models using MGARCH-M approach where both conditional first and second moments of industry returns and risk factors are estimated simultaneously. Research limitations/implications - The strong empirical evidence found in this study implies that corporate currency hedging not only results in more stable cash flows for a firm, but also reduces its cost of capital, and hence is justifiable. Originality/value - This paper conducts an in-depth investigation regarding the exchange rate exposure and its pricing by utilizing two different econometric approaches: NLSUR via Hansen's GMM and MGARCH-M. In doing so, a more reliable conclusion about the exchange rate exposure and its pricing can be drawn.


Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) algorithms are gaining attention as a method to enhance learning performance in terms of speed and scalability. A key idea to introduce hierarchy in reinforcement learning is to use temporal abstractions. The use of hierarchical schemes in reinforcement learning simplifies the task of designing a policy and adding prior knowledge. In addition, well-designed temporally extended actions can speed up the learning process by constraining the exploration. Furthermore, policies learned are often simpler to interpret and with fewer parameters, without losing representation power. These advantages make HRL suitable for complex robotics tasks with continuous action-spaces and high state-action dimensionality. The aim of this thesis is to adapt the approach of control theory to hierarchical schemes in the field of hierarchical reinforcement learning. We designed a novel framework to fill the gap between control theory and machine learning.


References 1 Rajpara SM, Siddha S, Ormerod AD et al. Cutaneous penile and perianal Crohn's disease treated with a combination of medical and surgical interventions. Australas J Dermatol 2008; 40: 21–24. 2 Corazza M, Ughi G, Spisani L et al. Metastatic ulcerative penile Crohn's disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 13: 224–226. 3 Chiba M, Iizuka M, Horie Y et al. Metastatic Crohn's disease involving the penis. J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 817–821. 4 Lane VA, Vajda P, King D, Stahlschmidt J, Sugarman I, Subramaniam R. Metastatic Crohn's disease: two cases of penile Crohn's and literature review. J Pediatr Urol 2010; 6: 270–273. 5 Aviles-Izquierdo JA, Suarez-Fernandez R, Lazaro-Ochaita P et al.Metastatic Crohn's disease mimicking genital pyoderma gangrenosum in an HIV patient. Acta Derm Venereol 2005; 85: 60–62. 6 Wilson A, Patel V, Chande N et al. Pharmacokinetic profiles for oral and subcutaneous methotrexate in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 340–345.


This article reviews various research studies on Consumer Behaviour and factors related to purchase decision making. The literature explores topics such as packaging, retail outlet, nutritional value and other factors related to purchase decision making of biscuits. Various studies that are reviewed are categorized into different types depending upon the focus of these studies. The literature review has been based on a variety of studies ranging from phenomenal studies to articles focussed on the aspect of Consumer Decision Making and related attributes identified for the study.


Tropical cyclones that have wind intensity equal or higher than 119 km/h, when formed in the western sector of the tropical Paciic Ocean, are called typhoons. These systems are responsible for great devastation over continental areas. Two cases that reached the Philippines and attracted the international attention were the typhoons Haiyan and Haima. Haiyan was the strongest typhoon recorded since 1979 in the western Paciic and remained active from 3 to 11 November 2013. Haima was the second typhoon that reached winds with an intensity exceeding 220 km/h since 1979. The purpose of the present study is to describe the evolution of the lifecycle of Haiyan and Haima typhoons (lagrangian analysis), to show similarities and diferences between them, and to evaluate the impact of these systems on atmospheric variables close to the Philippines (eulerian analysis). The atmospheric variables used in the study were obtained from the Global Forecast System Analysis and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. The cyclogenesis region of the Haiyan and Haima typhoons showed positive sea surface temperature anomalies of 0.7 °C and 1.1 ° C, respectively. Along the trajectory, the typhoons produced a cold trail on the ocean. Near the Philippines, the Haiyan caused winds with an intensity of 232 km/h and the Haima of 226 km/h. Regarding the lifecycle of these systems, the maturation phase shows more intense cyclonic relative vorticity and the highest zonal departure of air temperature in the core of the typhoons in relation to the neighborhood.


The effect of underwater wet welding processes with flux-cored wire on tensile properties and microstructure of Q235A steel was studied. Rolled plates of 8 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. OM and SEM were used to analyze the microstructure of the joint and the fractography of the tensile specimen. Tensile test showed that the fracure was occured at base metal and tensile strength could reach 415Mpa.


Liberal and conservative political stereotypes in both 21 liberal and 21 conservative female college students were differentiated from one another on the basis of Murray's psychological needs attributed to the stereotypes by the students.


BACKGROUND
There are few studies of total body water (TBW) volume in children. Such studies are needed, as are new prediction equations for the clinical management of children with renal insufficiency and those receiving dialysis.

METHODS
Mixed longitudinal data were from 124 white boys and 116 white girls 8 to 20 years of age. TBW volume was measured by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and random effects models were used to determine patterns of change over time. Sex-specific TBW prediction equations were developed using regression analysis.

RESULTS
Boys had significantly greater (P < 0.05) mean TBW volumes than girls at all but 3 ages. TBW was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with age and maturation in the boys and the girls. In boys, mean TBW/WT varied from 0.55 to 0.59, while in the girls the mean declined from 0.53 to 0.49 by 16 years of age. Boys had significantly larger means for TBW/WT than girls, who had a significant, slight negative trend with age. The prediction equations were TBW = -25.87 + 0.23 (stature) + 0.37 (weight) for boys and TBW =-14.77 + 0.18 (stature) + 0.25 (weight) for girls.

CONCLUSION
Means are provided for TBW in white children from 8 to 20 years of age, whose average fatness affected the percentage of TBW in body weight. These updated TBW prediction equations perform better than those available from the past.


Aimed at reducing the time and labor required in current manual ontology construction,an automatic method of extracting ontology concept was proposed in this paper,based on the knowledge of tea domain.Firstly,tea domain corpus was processed by Chinese word segmentation,and the set of candidate concepts(compound words) was obtained by mutual information technology,and then the ontology concepts of tea domain were automatically extracted by judging the domain coherence of the candidate concepts.Experiment was performed by related prototype system,and the results proved that the method was effective.


Violence against women and human rights violations are highlighted in WARRIOR MARKS and THE VIENNA TRIBUNAL: WOMEN'S RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS. DEVINA PERUMAL reviews these films, which were recently screened at the Durban International Film Festival


BACKGROUND
Patient isolation is widely used as a strategy for prevention and control of infection but may have unintended consequences for patients. Early recognition and response to acute deterioration is an essential component of safe, quality patient care and has not been explored for patients in isolation. Primary aims of this study were to: i) describe the timing, frequency, and nature of clinical deterioration during hospital admission for patients with isolation precautions for infection control and ii) compare the characteristics of patients who did and did not deteriorate during their initial period of isolation precautions for infection control.

METHODS
This retrospective cohort study was conducted across three sites of a large Australian health service. The study sample were adult patients (≥18 years) admitted into isolation precautions within 24-hours of admission from 1 July to 31 December 2019.

RESULTS
There were 634 patients who fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. One in eight patients experienced at least one episode of clinical deterioration during their time in isolation with most episodes of deterioration occurring within the first two days of admission. Timely Medical Emergency Team calls occurred in almost half the episodes of deterioration; however, the same proportion (47.2%) of deterioration episodes resulted in no Medical Emergency Team activation (afferent limb failure). In the 24-hours preceding each episode of clinical deterioration (n=180), 81.6% (n=147) of episodes were preceded by vital signs fulfilling pre-Medical Emergency Team criteria.Patients who deteriorated during isolation for infection control were older (median age 74.0 vs 71.0 years, P=0.042); more likely to live in a residential care facility (21.0% vs 7.2%, P=0.006); had a longer initial period of isolation (4.0 vs 2.9 days, P=<000.1) and hospital length of stay (median 4.9 vs 3.2 days, P=<0.001) and were more likely to die in hospital (12.3% vs 4.3%, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION
Patients in isolation precautions experienced high Medical Emergency Team afferent limb failure and most fulfilled pre-Medical Emergency Team criteria in the 24-hours preceding episodes of deterioration. Timely recognition and response to clinical deterioration continue to be essential in providing safe, quality patient care regardless of the hospital-care environment.


Minimal (six to nine) parameter models based on coupled channels are shown to reproduce quantitatively the known Rydberg structures associated with nplambda(/sup 3/..sigma../sup +//sub g/, /sup 3/Pi/sub g/), v = 0 in He/sub 2/ over wide ranges of n* and N values. The dependence of the eigen quantum defects for nplambda-based channels on level and rotational energies is found to be of the form ..mu../sub ..cap alpha../(E, E/sub N/) = ..mu../sup(/sup 0/)/sub ..cap alpha../(1+..mu../sup(/sup 1/)/sub ..cap alpha../E) (1+A/sub ..cap alpha../N(N+1)), where E is the energy of a level and N is its rotational quantum number. Optimized values of the multichannel parameters and models which include perturbative channel couplings from channels outside a minimal basis are presented. A number of perturbations are shown to scale with channel separation in (n(/sub 1/, ..., n(/sub L/)/sub mod1/ spaces (i.e., in ''Lu--Fano'' hyperspaces) and simplified procedures for isolating the principal contributors to such interactions are included.


This work presents a summary of all contributions included in this Special Issue on the deglaciation of America. It analyses the differences and coincidences between the phases of glacial evolution and their chronology in each of the regions studied, and seeks a possible explanation for asynchronies, according to the opinions of the authors of the contributions. Most of the papers show significant diversity within each region due to local factors and different approaches to their study. Often, local differences are even more important than differences with other regions. In North and Central America glacial evolution appears quite uniform, in line with the evolution of the temperature in the North Atlantic. The differences found between some regions may be due to slight variations in the impact of the temperature of the Atlantic in each region, and to differences in approaching their study. The glacial evolution of the Andes presents a greater diversity, probably due to the existence of arid areas along most of the mountain range, which show a greater sensitivity to the reception of humidity than to temperature in their glacial balance. In general, researchers have detected an attenuation of the influence of the temperature of the North Atlantic towards the south, and of the Antarctic Cold Reversal towards the north .


indicates hyperdiverse fungal communities in temperate Quercus macrocarpa phyllosphere. New Phytologist 184: 438–448. Keller SR, Sowell DR, Neiman M, Wolfe LM, Taylor DR. 2009. Adaptation and colonization history affect the evolution of clines in two introduced species. New Phytologist 183: 678–690. Liao C, Peng R, Luo Y, Zhou X, Wu X, Fang C, Chen J, Li B. 2008. Altered ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles by plant invasion: a metaanalysis. New Phytologist 177: 706–714. Morris MH, Smith ME, Rizzo DM, Rejmánek M, Bledsoe CS. 2009. Contrasting ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on the roots of cooccurring oaks (Quercus spp.) in California woodland. New Phytologist 178: 167–176. Onoda Y, Hirose T, Hikosaka K. 2009. Does leaf photosynthesis adapt to CO2-enriched environments? An experiment on plants originating from three natural CO2 springs New Phytologist 182: 698–709. Pan JJ, Baumgarten AM, May G. 2008. Effects of host plant environment and Ustilago maydis on the fungal endophyte community of maize (Zea mays). New Phytologist 178: 147–156. Quesada T, Li Z, Dervinis C, Li Y, Bocock PN, Tuskan GA, Casella G, Davis JM, Kirst M. 2008. Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of Populus trichocarpa and Arabidopsis thaliana suggests extensive evolution of gene expression regulation in angiosperms. New Phytologist 180: 408– 420. Rackham O. 2008. Ancient woodlands: modern threats. New Phytologist 180: 571–586. Saunders M, Kohn LM. 2009. Evidence for alteration of fungal endophyte community assembly by host defense compounds. New Phytologist 182: 229–238. Sthultz CM, Whitham TG, Kennedy K, Deckert R, Gehring CA. 2009. Genetically based susceptibility to herbivory influences the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of a foundation tree species. New Phytologist 184: 657–667. Tedersoo L, Jairus T, Horton BM, Abarenkov K, Suvi T, Saar I, Köljalg U. 2008. Strong host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Tasmanian wet sclerophyll forest as revealed by DNA barcoding and taxon-specific primers. New Phytologist 180: 479–490. Vellinga EC, Wolfe BE, Pringle A. 2009. Global patterns of ectomycorrhizal introductions. New Phytologist 181: 960–973. Woodward FI, Kelly CK. 2008. Responses of global plant diversity capacity to changes in carbon dioxide concentration and climate. Ecology Letters 11: 1229–1237. Woodward FI, Lomas MR. 2004. Vegetation dynamics – simulating responses to climatic change. Biological Reviews 79: 643–670. Worth JRP, Jordan GJ, McKinnon GE, Vaillancourt RE. 2009. The major Australian cool temperate rainforest tree Nothofagus cunninghamii withstood Pleistocene glacial aridity within multiple regions: evidence from the chloroplast. New Phytologist 182: 519–532. Xia J, Wan S. 2008. Global response patterns of terrestrial plant species to nitrogen addition. New Phytologist 179: 428–439. Yakimowski SB, Eckert CG. 2008. Populations do not become less genetically diverse or more differentiated towards the northern limit of the geographical range in clonal Vaccinium stamineum (Ericaceae). New Phytologist 180: 534–544.


Polymer matrix composites with filler reinforcements have undergone considerable advancements recently. In a variety of industries, including aerospace, automotive, construction and marine, these composites have showed considerable promise. The mechanical qualities of the composite material, such as strength, stiffness, and toughness, can be enhanced while keeping a low weight by the inclusion of natural fiber and filler reinforcements. Filler and fiber reinforcements has shown a great promise in improving the performance and versatility of composite materials, and further research and development in this area are expected to continue. Despite the many benefits of polymer matrix composites with filler and fiber reinforcements, there are still problems that need to be solved. For example, it is difficult to achieve uniform reinforcement dispersion, to manage the interfacial bonding between the particles and the polymer matrix, and to scale up production without increasing costs. Numerous crucial fundamental features of a composite material are heavily influenced by the homogeneous distribution of filler particles throughout the material. The enhancement is significantly affected by the uniformity of the dispersion of these particles, inclusions, filaments, or fibers within the matrix material. In this proposed work mainly deals with the development and analysis of the Natural FRP polymer composites with added natural filler which are abundantly available in and around our vegetation such as coconut, bamboo, cactus etc. The Natural composites can be fabricated and tested for its mechanical, metallurgical and Thermal characteristics and compare with the properties of existing material and explore the opportunities of introducing the natural fibers and fillers in the existing Marine composite materials such as Ferro cement, Glass reinforced plastic, Aramid fiber Composites etc.


Of the many countries making the conversion from a communist state to a market-based economy, Russia's transition has been among the slowest to succeed and grow. "The economic transition in Russia has been characterized by the limited development of small business which has been particularly disappointing when compared with the leading transition countries, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary" (Kihlgren 193). The lack of development in this sector is important because small business is often a driving force behind overall economic recovery. In the United States, the importance of small businesses is not underestimated. The Annual Report on Small Business and Competition lists two "indispensable contributions" that small businesses make:


Men are standing and sitting around the outside of a Turkish cafe that is located in Smyrna (which is part of the city of Izmir in Turkey). Original resource is a black and white photograph.


Due to its potential and minimal side effects, herbal medicines have been used to treat diseases since ancient times. However, obstacles in the identification, processing, standardisation, and extraction of herbal pharmaceuticals rarely prompt researchers to create new methods of delivering herbal medicines. The old and antiquated method of administering herbal medications to patients is the cause of their decreased effectiveness. Nowadays, a variety of innovative drug delivery systems (NDDS) are employed, including phytosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, herbal transdermal patches, nanoparticles, and biphasic emulsions. The effectiveness and safety of herbal medications will enhance, along with the product's stability, thanks to a novel delivery method. With the use of these procedures, plant actives and extracts can be released gradually with better patient compliance and be used more specifically. This review provides a summary of the information on numerous cutting-edge methods for enhancing the efficacy and safety of phytomedicines, the types of active components utilised, biological activity, and the use of novel formulations of herbal pharmaceuticals to improve therapeutic response


In this paper, a low noise preamplifier used for a quartz-based gyro-meter is proposed. The preamplifier is based on charge amplifier. Unlike a traditional charge amplifier, which needs a high value of feedback resistance to stabilize its operation, the stability of the proposed preamplifier is ensured by resetting of the feedback capacitor periodically. As a result, the proposed preamplifier is simple in structure, small in die area, low in folding noise and sensitive in current sensing. Theoretical analysis and the choice of the resetting signal are discussed in detail Simulation results show that the input current can be as low as 200 fA.


Over the last years, an evolution of museum function has occurred. Museums are no longer considered just a treasure house but a place that matches cultural and commercial needs. Recently, the literature sheds light on their relevance to customers' experiences. The chapter aims to explore a specific category of museums, highlighting their many functions. More specifically, the chapter analyses the relevance of corporate museums in the enogastronomic industry. Two Italian corporate museums in the pasta industry are explored, highlighting their relevance for visitor experience needs.


In a recent study of the effects on calculus formation in vitro and on calcium binding by an altered bovine mucin (F.J. DRAuS ET AL: Arch Oral Biol 11:521-525, 1966), it was found that alteration of the carboxyl function exerted the greatest effect. This suggested that the first step in nucleation for calculus formation is the binding of calcium. The eventual formation of hydroxyapatite could proceed thereafter through the formation of an amorphous calcium phosphate, which is then converted to hydroxyapatite as suggested by Eanes et al (Nature 208: 365-367, 1965). The normal calcifying solution used in these laboratories has, as its phosphate source, inorganic phosphate (F.J. DRAuS and S.W. LEUNG, Oral Surg 13:224-228, 1960). It is possible, however, that the formation of the original seed calcium phosphate may result from the bonding of an organic phosphate to nucleated calcium, with the organic phosphate serving as a phosphatizing compound. As a preliminary to studies on the potential of organic phosphates as phosphatizing compounds, organic phosphates were tested as a potential phosphate source in the in vitro formation of calculus. The organic phosphates were tested in a modified calcifying solution, which was prepared from a solution of calcium, 10 mg/100 ml of 0.05M tris buffer (pH 7.2), by adding bovine gland extract to give a concentration of 0.1% and by adding the phosphatizing compound to be tested to give a potential phosphate concentration of 19 mg/ 100 ml. For the control solution, inorganic phosphate was employed in place of the phosphatizing compound, to the same concentration. Additional controls, used to eliminate possible single effects of constituents, were buffer and Ca; buffer, Ca, and serine phosphate; and buffer, Ca, and gland extract. For two weeks, the solutions were tested in the dipping apparatus of Leung (J Periodont 28:


In this article we study the topological structure of an intuitionistic fuzzy n-normed linear space (IFnNLS). We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for a sequence of functions having values in an IFnNLS to be uniformly convergent. Further, using the vector topological structure of the space, derivative and Riemann integration of a function having values in an IFnNLS are defined and basic results related to these concepts are studied.


A study has been conducted to evaluate and analyze portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements in order to develop recommendations for the design and construction of long-lived concrete pavements. It involved a detailed evaluation and analysis of the PCC pavement data in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database using statistical techniques to determine the design features and construction practices that have a beneficial effect on long-term performance. The study focused on the development of practical recommendations that can be easily implemented by highway agencies to increase pavement life. This volume describes and provides information on design features and construction practices that improve pavement performance. A key focus was to develop canonical discriminant functions that can be used to discriminate between groups of pavements in the sense of being able to tell them apart. The pavements were grouped according to their performance classification, namely, above expectation, as expected, and below expectation. The canonical functions consist of linear combinations of the variables that describe and quantify the pavement design features, site conditions, and construction practices.


According to the engineering characteristic and environment characteristic of the underground waterproof of Taiyuan secondary long distance telecommunication hinge building project the performances, advantages and disadvantages of some waterproof materials are compared. The SBS waterproof coil material of Beijing Aokelan is chosen because that material can be used in low temperature construction as-15℃. Some treatment measures are determined based on the reason analysis of the hollowing, wrinkle and other quality problems when the SBS coil material constructed in low temperature.


Despite the exponential progress achieved in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases during the past decades, the prognosis of cardiogenic shock (CS), regardless of its cause, remains poor.1–3 The hemodynamic hallmarks of CS are sustained hypotension and decreased cardiac output in the context of elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressure.4,5 Systemic hypoperfusion leads to a self-perpetuating lethal spiral characterized by metabolic lactic acidosis and organ dysfunction. Eventually, intrinsic hemodynamic-regulating mechanisms are overwhelmed and cause an irreversible metabolic tipping point where death becomes inevitable despite appropriate restoration of vital organs perfusion. To halt the lethal hemodynamic and metabolic deterioration during CS, some authors have advocated to prioritize restoring peripheral perfusion of organs, such as the brain and the kidneys with mechanical support. Once stabilized, coronary reperfusion with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft can be performed to improve outcomes in acute myocardial infarction complicated by CS (AMICS).6 Such an approach has been evaluated by the Detroit Cardiogenic Shock Initiative, where insertion of an axial flow Impella pump (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) before percutaneous coronary intervention seems to be associated with improved survival.7,8 Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for CS has been in use for several decades9 and has been recommended in patients with severe CS or cardiac arrest.4 In emergency situations, it can be implanted by dedicated teams at the bedside through the femoral vasculature, has the potential to provide up to 7 L of cardiac output depending on the size of the canulae, and can also restore proper oxygenation, which is often compromised as a consequence of pulmonary edema and low cardiac output.4,10 However, the advantages of VA-ECMO for restoring peripheral perfusion come at a cost on cardiac hemodynamics and coronary perfusion as shown in the Table.11,12 The predominant hemodynamic consequences of VA-ECMO are related to an increase in the cardiac afterload, manifested by the elevation of the mean and peak systolic LV pressures on the pressure-volume curve of the cardiac cycle, particularly if the heart is unable to eject blood.13 The net effect of VA-ECMO on a failing heart, thus, includes a combination of LV distension and increased afterload,13 on top of the already elevated high volume and filling pressures present in CS. These hemodynamic effects have the potential to progress into accelerated myocardial ischemia and myonecrosis. VA-ECMO is therefore salutary for the perfusion of peripheral vital organs but is at best neutral or at worst detrimental to the failing heart. Strategies to remedy this situation have included LV unloading (venting) to reduce myocardial distension from the increased end-systolic volume, and include intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) to percutaneous mechanical support devices.13,14 An ideal unloading device would normalize LV diastolic filling pressures, alleviate ventricular over Guillaume Marquis-Gravel, MD, MSc E. Magnus Ohman, MD EDITORIAL


numbered representations of situations, in an opaque light. If the light of the world is opaque, what transformations could the Energy of life bring about? In the absence of face-toface encounters, or failing to make the parameter of pathic flesh, a structuring element of means of exchange, in the absence of any means of sharing that which occurs in the light of the experience of life, the subjective, acting praxis, it is, in the virtual organisation, a stumbling block (Greek: skandalon), an obstacle that is out in the way of the Energy of life. The living therefore have immense difficulty in making the transition from doubt to confidence in oneself and in life , from mistrust to trust, in experiencing the surge of immanent unity (in the phenomenality of life). In such a situation, the various differences between people soon produce antagonism, unless careful monitoring and controlling systems are put in place in the objective light of the world in order to neutralise this antagonism, however fallible such systems inevitably are. Forcing people to work under conditions in which, as Philippe Breton says, physical encounters are taboo and people "meet little and communicate much" (192: 116) means depriving them of access to the Energy of life, of the essential, inner dynamic of their life at work (or at least, making this access extremely difficult). This is ignorance, a wilful desire to shut out this inner dynamic to and force the ego into a situation in which it is difficult to escape from the bubble of its own representations, and leads to what Michel Henry calls "the transcendental illusion of the ego, the illusion that allows the ego to think of itself as the foundation of its being" (1996: 177). Consequently, as the ego can no longer be replenished by the Energy of life, it needs motivational stimuli from the pulsations of the world; the ego prey to the transcendental illusion is: "an ego that is only open to the world and given in it and is thus forgetful of its own essence." (1996: 320). In this illusion, the subject who forgets that he does not give life to himself is self-absorbed and completely loses the notion of the alter


Pyrene-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polydimethylsiloxane (Py-PMMA-b-PDMS) copolymers were synthesized via activators regenerated by an electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) method and further used to functionalize graphene oxide (GO) through the π–π interaction between pyrene and the carbon sheets. The modification efficiency of the non-covalently functionalized GO (GO@Py-PMMA-b-PDMS) particles was evaluated by studying their effects on the mechanical, optical and thermal properties of the PMMA. With incorporation of 0.05 wt% GO@Py-PMMA-b-PDMS, the tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break and toughness of PMMA were increased by 23%, 54%, 117%, and 218%, respectively, showing simultaneously reinforcing and toughening effects of the functionalized GO particles; the initial decomposition temperature of PMMA increased by 11 °C from 349 °C to 360 °C; and the haze value of PMMA increased from 2.1% to 16.8%; the refractive index of PMMA varied from 1.48 to 1.51. This improvement in the physical properties of PMMA can be attributed to the homogeneous dispersion and enhanced interfacial adhesion between GO@Py-PMMA-b-PDMS and PMMA. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using GO@Py-PMMA-b-PDMS as a modifier for simultaneously improving the mechanical, optical and thermal properties of PMMA for potential organic light-emitting diodes and organic photovoltaics applications.


We examine the shadow of a rotating Kaluza-Klein black hole in Einstein gravity coupled to a Maxwell field and a dilaton. The size and the shape of the shadow depend on the mass, the charge, and the angular momentum of the compact object. For a given mass, the size increases with the rotation parameter and decreases with the electric charge. The distortion with respect to the non rotating case grows with the charge and the rotation parameter. For fixed values of these parameters, the shadow is slightly larger and less deformed than in the Kerr-Newman case. The study of gravitational lensing by black holes has received great attention in the last decade, due to the evidence of the presence of supermassive compact objects at the galactic centers. The apparent shapes (or shadows) of non-rotating black holes are circular, but rotating ones present a deformation produced by the spin; topic recently investigated by several researchers, both in Einstein gravity and in modified theories, with the expectation that direct observation of black holes will be possible in the near future. The analysis of the shadows will be a useful tool for obtaining properties of astrophysical black holes and comparing different gravitational theories. Here we consider the shadow cast by a Kerr and by a Kaluza-Klein rotating dilaton black hole with charge, corresponding to a coupling parameter = √ 3. We pay special attention to the analysis of the shadow of the supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy.


AbstractThis paper briefly reviews the main practical options for dealing with massive timber discoveries, particularly logboats, which because of their condition are unlikely to be wanted for display or further research but which cannot simply be discarded. For the last 20 years in Northern Ireland one course of action, undertaken in appropriate circumstances, has been reburial in identifiable deep graves on a patch of land set aside specifically for the purpose. Aspects of the long-term future of the timber in its new environment are considered, in particular possible reactions with the contents of the soil. It is important to allay concern that mechanisms at work out of sight might do harm, which would undermine the arguments put forward in favour of selective reburial.


The gold mineral product, with the exception of the exogenetie ore deposit, hosted in Precambrian geologic body has possible following metallogenetic epoches:① Some have been formed simultaneously with the volcanic eruption-sedimentary (diagenetic) process or the magmatic invasion (segregation); ②A number of were regenerated (remade) or diplo- ectono-magmatism after their host rock was formed; ③A number of were regenerated (remade)
or diplogenerated by Phanerozoic (geosynclmal and diwa ages) tectono-magmatism. In this article are mainly inquired judgment way to the gold metallogenetic epoch and the gold mineral deposit formed in the diwa age and hosted in Precambrian geologic body.


A first engaging portion, the first the second coupling part and the first and the second coupler comprises a connecting portion connecting portion, said connecting portion is an upper end, the upper end portion and the parting line in the engaging portion and can be fastened or separated (parting line ) it is an electronic device is disclosed including a wire disposed between the lower end and the upper end and the lower end portion separated from the. In addition, various embodiments can be identified through the specification.


We have observed the effect of ipt gene expression and exogenous cytokinins on various stages of LR formation using rape(Brassica napus L.),transgenic seeds and control seeds as the plant materials.Our results showed that ipt gene expression and exogenous cytokinins have an inhibitory effect on length of seminal root,initiation,emergence of lateral root primordium (LRP) and LR formation.Both KT and 6-BA at a concentration of 1 mg/L and above completely inhibited initiation,emergence of LRP.Exogenously auxin counteracted the inhibitory effect of ipt gene expression on LR initiation and suggesting that exogenously auxin could induce LR initiation.


The dramatic increase in publication of health literature has generated a growing need for evidence syntheses to support decision making. Most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has created a remarkable and unprecedented demand for the rapid production of reliable evidence syntheses (1). Systematic reviewers recognize the need to create efficiencies in reviewproductionwhilemaintaining methodological rigor to ensure valid conclusions. To this end, technologies (often supported by machine learning and artificial intelligence) are being developed and used to fully or partially automate various stages of the systematic review process (2). One such technology, RobotReviewer, was evaluated in a trial by Arno and colleagues (3). RobotReviewer uses machine learning and natural-language processing to automatically detect concerns about risk of bias (RoB) in publications of randomized trials (www.robotreviewer.net). RobotReviewer assesses RoB arising from 4 methodological features of randomized trials: sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, and blinding of outcome assessors. Empirical evidence has shown that weaknesses with regard to these features (among others) can result in biased estimates of intervention effects (4). A hallmark of well-conducted systematic reviews is RoB assessments of the included studies and interpretation of the results in light of potential biases. Despite the demand for timely evidence syntheses, automated technologies have not been fully introduced into systematic review production. Reasons postulated for the slow uptake include an "absence of trust in automation" and "compatibility with current practice" (5). The latter comprises 2 elements: compatibility with regard to the validity of the end product and the process of creating the end product (that is, minimal disruption to standard workflows). O'Connor and colleagues argue that a cultural shift is needed to increase uptake of automated tools; essential to the shift will be "credible" evidence that automated technologies provide "greater relative advantage" compared with currently acceptedmethods (5). Arno and colleagues' trial is an important contribution to the growing evidence base supporting the muchneeded adoption of automated or semiautomated systematic review methods. This trial has several important strengths. First, it had a randomized noninferiority design, and randomized trials are considered the highest level of evidence for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. Noninferiority trials are designed to test whether an intervention is "'not unacceptably worse' than the intervention used as the control" (6). The trialists argued that the noninferiority design was most appropriate because researchers and guideline developers have expressed concerns about the "safety" of automation in systematic reviews and,more specifically, that using RobotReviewermay result in less reliable RoB assessments (7, 8). A related strength is that the intervention involved a semiautomated approach whereby RobotReviewer was used to assist rather than replace a human. Compared with full automation, this approachmay be more effective and more acceptable to systematic reviewers and end users and therefore more likely to be adopted. Another strength of the trial is that it was designed and implemented in the context of "real-world" systematic reviews. This is important in order to demonstrate compatibility as discussed earlier. Despite these strengths, there were several limitations, which the trialists discussed in depth. Moreover, the trial itself may not be considered to be at low RoB overall. An important limitation acknowledged by the trialists is that they did not achieve their planned sample size. Although they concluded that the RobotReviewerassisted results were not inferior to the human-only results in terms of accuracy, they were not able to draw conclusions about person-time, their second primary outcome. Therefore, it is not certain whether the use of RobotReviewer in this context creates the much-needed efficiencies that are sought with automated technologies. Other major limitations are in the technology itself. It is important to recognize that RobotReviewer does not currently provide a complete RoB assessment, as it assesses only 4 of the 7 domains included in the original Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (9). Furthermore, Cochrane has released a second iteration of the Risk of Bias tool based on updated evidence (4). The trialists argue that systematic reviewers will continue to use the original tool. This assumption and the implied support for using a now-outdated tool are concerning. Finally, RobotReviewer only provides dichotomous assessments, grouping unclear and high RoB, which is inconsistent with instructions for the original Risk of Bias tool. Where does this leave us in terms of using automated technologies to increase efficiencies in systematic reviews? As is well established from clinical research, results from a single trial are unlikely to change practice. Wewould argue that the results from this trial of RobotReviewer are also inadequate to change practices for systematic review production. Nevertheless, this trial provides an important model in terms of study design features and compatibility considerations that should be regarded in future research in this area. First and foremost, studies should focus on semiautomated approaches. Because many of the tasks associated with systematic review production, including RoB assessment, require subjective judgment, full automation is unlikely to be realistic in the near future. Semiautomated approaches have the potential to create much-needed efficiencies while preserving the nuanced and necessary insight of humans that end users expect and trust (8, 10). Further research is urgently needed as the demand for evidence syntheses grows, but time, effort, funding, collaboration, and trust will be required to produce the evidence. With the vast number of systematic reviews being produced, there is an opportunity to embed more


Weitzman (2002) studies the regulation of a fishery characterised by constant marginal harvest costs and shows that price regulation performs better than quantity regulation when the regulator is uncertain about the biological reproduction function (ecological uncertainty). Here, we initially illustrate that this result does not generalise to a search fishery, where marginal costs are allowed to depend on harvest. Hansen et al (2008) study a fishery where non-compliance with regulations is a problem. When the regulator is uncertain about non-compliance (compliance uncertainty), then landing fees are the preferred type of regulation, and Hansen et al (2008) find that this result does generalise to a search fishery where marginal costs depend on harvest. In this paper, we simulate a stochastic stock-recruitment model for the Danish cod fishery in the Kategat capturing both ecological and compliance uncertainty. We find that the gain from eliminating compliance uncertainty may be up to 5% of gross profit while the gain from eliminating ecological uncertainty is minimal. Under landing fee regulation, the entire gain from eliminating both types of uncertainty is captured, even if the regulator's stock measurement is uncertain. However, most of this gain can be captured within an ITQ system if the regulator is able to measure stocks accurately.


The Baby Boomer generation has been the focus of a great deal of analysis in the travel industry, the millennial generation is now surpassing this segment in garnering more attention. This study shed light on the millennials as the forthcoming tourist demand to assist the destination management organizations (DMOs) better understand their needs and expectations to address them with the right product using the right means of communication. In this perspective, the study focuses on the DMOs' websites as a main marketing tool for delivering the marketing message to the millennials. It investigates the alignment between these websites and the millennials' prospects. Results reveal that the DMOs' websites are still not ready to fulfill the millennials' expectations and that there is a significant difference between these websites and the millennials' prospects regarding the content and performance.


Photograph of Ray Bankston (left) and former University of North Texas (UNT) Dean of Libraries, Martin Halbert (right), at the Bankston, Shugart and Stryker: Horse Country Photographers exhibit reception. The exhibit was featured at the UNT on the Square gallery from June 16-July 19, 2014.


The attraction of foreign direct investments (FDI) is often underlined as a precondition for a successful economic venue by most governments of less developed countries. Strategists in high developed countries seem to be more cautious. Loudly arguing for a free movement of capital western governments do a lot in restricting the entrance of foreign investors to their own market. Moreover, maybe they have a good reason of doing so. The aim of the paper is to represent a theoretical framework for measuring economic and welfare effects of incoming FDI. The objective of the paper is to present and critically evaluate different theoretical approaches to FDI and their economic impacts. The conclusions of the paper are that the effects of FDI can be both positive and negative. They depend on type of FDI (greenfield FDI has more positive externalities then M&A actions), sector, scale, duration, location of business, density of local firms in the sector and many other secondary effects. Rather than proposing narrowly defined pro-FDI policies, attractive terms to investors should be seen as part of a country's overall industrial policy and be available on equal terms to all investors, foreign as well as domestic. Creating a theoretical framework for better understanding the impacts of FDI this paper might contribute establishing more realistic approach when attracting the foreign direct investment to domestic markets.


This work has aimed at verifying the behavior of the productive sectors of B3 during the Covid-19 pandemic, considering the period from January 2nd to May 12th, 2020. This descriptive and quantitative research has analyzed the average monthly return and the traded quatities of 55 sectors. The techniques used in the data analysis were: cluster analysis, difference in differences, and the tests of randomness, normality, and serial correlation. It was concluded that Covid-19 affected the groups differently, one of which behaved as a market with weak efficiency. The study contributes as an empirical finding that the sectors that makeup B3 showed different behaviors in the face of the pandemic in the new coronavirus.


We report on the fabrication of an oxide-confined 850 nm VCSEL capable of wavelength tuning and small-signal modulation. The wavelength tuning is enabled by actuating a suspended high-contrast grating (HCG) with micro-electro-mechanical structures (MEMS). A resonant frequency up to 6.3 GHz was obtained by small-signal modulation on the fabricated VCSEL with all-top metal contact. The integration of wavelength tuning and high direct-modulation speed in a single VCSEL is deemed promising for high speed data communication applications.


This paper describes a speedmeter in which a ballistic galvanometer serves as the indicating and recording element. Current flow through the galvanometer is initiated and stopped by means of a thyratron controlled by two switches. The instrument was designed primarily for the measurement of automobile speeds in traffic studies, but should have other applications.


This paper proposes an approach to Michel Foucault´s problematization as a sort of materialism, which is able to be clarified by Paul Veyne´s reading of Foucault´s work and exegetical studies that consider connections between the later and Karl Marx. Labeling it as a «polemical materialism», we consider its approximation with Louis Althusser´s aleatory materialism, taking into account the comprehension of the historical perspective, the status of reality and the philosophical practice. Understanding both materialisms as «materialism of conjunction», we advance a reconsideration of matters that confronted the philosophers between each other on the problem of ideology.


The thermal efficiencies of several thermodynamic cycles are evaluated and compared for the condition of maximum specific net work output for a specified cycle temperature ratio. It is shown at this condition that the efficiencies of all of the cycles are very similar and that an objective selection of a cycle for a particular application cannot be made on the basis of thermal efficiency alone. The different cycles are then compared with respect to other important design parameters for the optimized condition and comments are made with regard to power generation and the associated controlling rate processes.


Learning with noisy labels is nontrivial for deep learning models. Sample selection is a widely investigated research topic for handling noisy labels. However, most existing methods face challenges such as imprecise selection, a lack of global selection capabilities, and the need for tedious hyperparameter tuning. In this paper, we propose CoSaR (Collaborative Selection and adversarial Regularization ), a twin-networks based model that performs globally adaptive sample selection to tackle label noise. Specifically, the collaborative selection estimates the average distribution distances between predictions and generation labels through the collaboration of two networks to address the bias of the average distribution distances and the manual tuning of hyperparameters. Adversarial regularization is integrated into CoSaR to restrict the network's tendency to fit and memorize noisy labels, thereby enhancing its collaborative selection capability. In addition, we employ a label smoothing regularization and two types of data augmentation to enhance the robustness of the model further. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world noisy datasets demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms baseline methods remarkably, with an accuracy improvement ranging between +0.56% and +15.14%.


AbstractIn halogenated environments, especially those containing chlorides, stainless steels can suffer localised corrosion. Alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen impart resistance to pitting corrosion. In the present investigation, both dc and ac electrochemical methods have been investigated as a means of elucidating the pitting susceptibility of austenitic and duplex stainless steels. Acid chloride environments containing hydrochloric acid mixed with either perchloric acid or sodium chloride to give either a constant hydrogen ion or a constant chloride ion concentration of 1M were used. The results of the electrochemical tests have been correlated with pitting resistance equivalence (PRE) values based on the molybdenum, chromium, and nitrogen contents of the steels. For austenitic stainless steels based on 18Cr-15Ni-0·2Mo and 25Cr-24·5Ni-2·5Mo (wt-%) with PRE numbers of approximately 20 and 35·6 respectively, the electrochemical tests revealed generally low resistance to pitting ...


Globally, fish has been attracting increased attention not only as an item of connoisseur's delight and preferred food for health conscious elite, but also as a centre-stage of US$ 100 billion industry and a source of employment, livelihood and food security to several millions of
poor people in the developing world especially in the Asian region which contributes 63.17 % (2003) of global fish production. Fish contributes 15 to 54 % of animal protein intake in Asian countries


The merging of recent developments in Virtual Reality (VR), Human Animation and Video Analysis techniques has led to the integration of Virtual Humans in VR. Interaction with Virtual Environments may be at various level of user configuration. A high end configuration could involve an immersive environment where users would interact by voice, gesture and physiological signals with virtual humans that would help them explore their digital data environment, both locally and over the Web. For this, Virtual Humans should be able to recognize gestures, speech and expressions of the user and answer by speech and animation. The ultimate objective in creating realistic and believable virtual actors is to build intelligent autonomous virtual humans with adaptation, perception and memory. These actors should be able to act freely and emotionally. Ideally, they should be conscious and unpredictable.


In order to achieve a new role for film within ethnology, it is eSsential to reformulate our views of ethnographic films and videotapes. Both the footage film as research tool and the monographic film intended for a non-specialist audience are in and of themselves valuable genres, but the time has come for the ethnologist/film-maker to produce films which will incorporate both aspects of visual anthropology. We must' make films which will both clarify forms of scientific analysis and promote understanding of cultures as wholes. Such films should enable us to present new ethnographic hypotheses, as well as create a new understanding in the minds of both producers and viewers.


This book chapters author deals with some truths and untruths in the findings reported in the chapters by Rosenfeld Macunovich and Rindfuss/Brewster on fertility decision making. This author identifies some key hypotheses and other issues and discusses potential future research questions. There are six basic facts. 1) Macunovich reports that US fertility declined during 1960-80 leveled out and rose again during the 1990s. 2) Macunovich reports that income of young men compared to older men declined during 1970-85 and then rose during the 1990s. 3) Rindfuss and Brewster report that the US total fertility rate of 2.1 is similar to Swedish fertility and higher than other Western European countries and Japan. 4) Rosenfeld reports that the US and Great Britain share a similar female labor force participation (LFP) rate of about 60%. This rate is lower than in Sweden and Denmark and higher than in Germany and Japan. 5) Rosenfeld reports that the greatest growth in the female work force is among women with very young children. 6) Rosenfeld reports that increased female LFP led to increased wages and Macunovich states that increased wages are endogenous and due to increased education and work experience. These authors indicate three changes in female work and fertility. All three articles posit that fertility affects employment in the short term and employment affects fertility in the long term. Rosenfeld and Rindfuss and Brewster posit that this is due to conflicts in worker and child rearing roles while Macunovich posits that the reason is income and price effects of female wages. This chapters author points out that caring for children is "hard" work and that continuous employment is more the norm. Unanswered questions pertain to why women have children why there is occupational segregation by gender and what future fertility will be.


As elected lawmakers confront complex social problems, they inevitably make choices to single out certain populations for government-sanctioned benefits or burdens. Why some groups and not others are targeted is the central question explored in this analysis of the congressional response to two related public health crises. Weaving case studies from the wars against AIDS and drugs with an empirical analysis of fifteen years of congressional action on these issues, Mark Donovan shows how members of Congress balance problem solving with re-election concerns, paying particular attention to their need to craft compelling rationales for their actions. His analysis shows that, counterintuitive as it may seem, most target populations with negative public images are selected to receive benefits rather than burdens. Demonstrating that it is possible to analyze simultaneously both policy rhetoric and policy outputs, this book shows how problem frames and policy decisions evolve through the dynamic interplay of conflict participants.


A laser soft marking technique is developed for laser markings on a silicon wafer. Due to negligible surface modification, the laser soft wafer markings are invisible by naked eyes under room condition and are undetectable using sophisticated instruments. However, these laser markings are found to be visible to naked eyes through a differential condensation of water droplets on the laser-marked and unmarked silicon surfaces. To understand this phenomenon, a model is established to study the condensation of water droplets on laser-marked and unmarked silicon surfaces. Experimental observations and simulation results indicate that the laser soft marking could have modified the silicon surface with a thin polycrystalline silicon layer which has a much lower conductivity than the crystalline silicon. In addition, this thin layer exhibits a thermal conductivity which is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than that of its equivalent bulk material. As a result, heat transfer on the laser-marked silicon ...


Topological analysis of chaotic dynamical systems emerged in the nineties as a powerful tool in the study of strange attractors in low-dimensional dynamical systems. It is based on identifying the stretching and squeezing mechanisms responsible for creating a strange attractor and organize all the unstable periodic orbits in this attractor. This method is concerned with the manifold generated by the chaotic system. Furthermore, as a mathematical object, the manifolds have a well studied geometric and algebraic structure, particularly for the case of compact surfaces. Intending to use this structure in the analysis and application of chaotic systems through their topological characteristics, we determine properties of geodesic codes for compact surfaces necessary for the construction of encoders from the symbolic sequences of experimental data generated by the unstable periodic orbits of the strange attractor (related to the behavior changes of the system with the variation of control parameters) to the geodesic code sequences, which permits to use the surface structure to study the system orbits.


In this paper. We propose reasoning system for object recognition and space classification using not only visual features but also contextual information. It is necessary to perceive object and classify space in real environments for mobile robot. especially vision based. Several visual features such as texture, SIFT, color are used for object recognition. Because of sensor uncertainty and object occlusion, there are many difficulties in vision -based perception. To show the validities of our reasoning system, experimental results will be illustrated, where object and space are inferred by bi-directional rules even with partial and uncertain information. And the system is combined with top-down and bottom -up approach.


ABSTRACT Piñon-juniper communities exist on mid-elevation mountain ranges throughout the Southwestern USA. These species are drought adapted, and have lived with climatic stochasticity since the end of the Pleistocene. Rising temperatures and drought within the past two decades have stressed much of this community beyond its adaptive limits. With increased drought-induced stress, piñon show greater vulnerability to die-off than juniper. Widespread piñon die-off occurred from extreme drought in northern New Mexico (2002–2004) with minimal juniper die-off. This study assessed the feasibility of quantifying differential piñon and juniper mortality following a recent drought at a site in central New Mexico by performing multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis on six Landsat images from 2009 through 2015 using field-based spectra collected throughout 2015. An ideal spectral separability time of year was identified to maximize separation between constituent land-cover classes by calculating vegetation indices for the five dominant land-cover classes at the site (juniper, piñon, dead piñon, herbaceous, and soil). Ideal separability periods were also determined by evaluating precipitation and temperature data. Peak separabililty between land-cover classes within the study period was determined to occur during the pre-monsoon season between late spring/early summer (May) when minimal spectral overlap occurred between classes (σ = 1). The field-based spectra were then used to unmix each image in the study period. Results indicate a 24.6% decline of piñon across the study period with a comparable 23.8% increase of dead piñon. Accuracy assessment using high spatial (5–8 cm) resolution imagery for 2014 and 2015 showed strong correlation with modelled fractional cover results for 2014: live piñon and juniper (R2 = 0.72), and dead piñon (R2 = 0.79), and 2015: live piñon and juniper (R2 = 0.77), dead piñon (R2 = 0.65). Results demonstrate the potential of MESMA to monitor and accurately quantify the differential die-off of piñon and juniper at a regional scale as climate change-induced drought and higher temperatures are projected to continue in the Southwest.


We provide evidence of the presence of 18 additional bird species to the avifauna of the state of Hidalgo (including an alien species). We also provide information of 14 outstanding or recent records of species previously recorded in the state. To date, the confirmed presence of 496 native bird species constitutes the species richness of Hidalgo, in addition to 6 introduced alien species.


Some outstanding progresses of relevant research are summarized,whilst the tasks and features of TCM informatics are discussed. The applications of random forest,self-organizing map,molecular docking and phylogenetic tree built with DNA polymorphism data etc. in TCM informatics are introduced. Some typical issues in the construction and maintenance of TCM database,involving ethnomedicine,phytochemistry and plant taxonomy etc.,are also discussed with abundant instances. TCM informatics integrating modern IT techniques motivates the development of TCM. The expansion of sources of TCM informatics and its internationalization is the fastrack of development.


The characteristics,purpose,significance and teaching requirment of the synthesis and designing experiment were analyzed,and the constructive idea that students how to select topics and teachers how to guide the synthesis and designing experiment teaching of biochemistry was also put forward.


The isolated clusters are special objects for understanding the ways of forming observed large-scale distributions of matter. One can consider the isolated clusters as objects evolving without any external influence. We present the results of the analysis of the 2D distribution of galaxies in 31 isolated galaxy clusters with redshifts z < 0.15 and the distance to the nearest neighbor less than 60h−1Mpc. We defined the morphological types of these clusters accordingly to advance Panko's classification scheme using the "Cluster Cartography" set. The main part of these clusters belongs to the open O-type clusters without any signs of a complex structure. However, we detected the presence of the inner regular substructures for 10 clusters. They are linear substructures, X- and Y-type crosses, and compact short chains. All substructures were detected on a statistically significant level. The detected substructures have special orientations of galaxies, which note to their 3D type. Practically all studied galaxy clusters are young.


Algebraic concepts and structures are enriched with the special types of operations and axioms known as NeutroOperation and NeutroAxiom. Various types of NeutroAlgebras are studied using several such defined concepts. The objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of Neutro Nearrings. Several interesting results and examples of NeutroNearrings, NeutroSubRings, NeutroQuotientNearrings and NeutroNearring Homomorphisms are presented.


Melanogenesis is regulated by a variety of environmental and hormonal factors. In this study, we showed that protein kinase C (PKC) plays a major role in regulating melanogenesis in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Chronic treatment of B16 cells with phorbol dibutyrate resulted in a concentration‐dependent loss of density‐dependent induction of tyrosinase activity, which correlated positively with a concentration‐dependent loss of PKC enzyme activity. In contrast, B16 clones overexpressing PKCα had increased tyrosinase activity. Different phorbol derivatives inhibited tyrosinase activity and depleted cellular PKCα in a manner that reflected their reported tumor‐promoting activity. Western blotting analysis showed that phorbol dibutyrate decreased the amount of the brown locus gene product (TRP‐1) by 50% and lowered the amount of the albino locus gene product (tyrosinase) to undetectable levels. None of the phorbol derivatives affected the level of the slaty locus protein (TRP‐2). The decrease in tyrosinase and TRP‐1 protein levels was found to be due to a decrease in the mRNA encoded by these genes. In addition to inhibiting the density‐dependent increase in tyrosinase activity, phorbol dibutyrate inhibited some, but not all, of the 8‐bromocyclic AMP‐induced increase in tyrosinase activity. This was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of tyrosinase protein induced by 8‐bromocyclic AMP. Although 8‐bromocyclic AMP did not change the level of TRP‐1, it did reverse the decrease in the amount of this protein induced by phorbol dibutyrate. The amount of TRP‐2 was not altered by any of these agents. These data suggest that PKC regulates melanogenesis primarily by controlling the constitutive expression of tyrosinase and, to a lesser extent, TRP‐1. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Incidence of traumatic dental injuries is quite high and is more common in permanent dentition than primary dentition. Among all type of injuries, crown fractures are most common in which approximately 58.6% are in adults. 1,2 The most frequent causes of these injuries are falls, sport activities, cycling, joy rides, machine operations, violence and road traffic accidents. Predisposing factors of dental trauma could be related to the person's anatomic features like increased over jet, inadequate lip coverage of the upper anterior teeth etc. Crown fractures can occur at incisal third, middle third or gingival third where fractures extending below the cemento-enamel junction requires a multidisciplinary treatment approach. Conventional approaches to rehabilitating fractured anterior teeth include composite/ceramic restorations and endodontic treatment followed by post-core-supported prosthetic restorations. Sometimes fracture fragment has been proposed as a favourable crown repair material due to its same biologic origin superior morphology, conservation of structure, and patient acceptance. It also helps in maintaining the isolation of operative field during the endodontic and operative procedures. Keywords- Traumatic dental injury, anterior teeth fracture, fracture fragment reattachment.


Cultural monuments are an important proof of historical development, lifestyle and environment of poeple from the oldest times to present. Their protection is an important factor and public finances are the fundamental source for their repairs. The aim of the thesis is processing of proposal for regeneration of the cultural heritage site Bratmann Villa through selected grant titles which is located in the Southern Wallachia microregion. For the purpose of analysing the possibilities of regeneration of cultural heritage sites in defined area the methods of observation and interview are used. Based on analysis and its interpretation examples of real cultural heritage sites and the means of their regeneration from public grant titles are presented, hen the submitted proposal contributes to the increase of attracti-veness of the area through tourism and ensures the preservation of cultural identity of residents.


Abstract In an effort towards the development of a facile synthesis of N-benzoyl-(2R,3S)-3-phenylisoserine (3), an important subunit of taxol known as the "taxol C-13 side chain", which can easily be handled in large scale production as well as meet industrial safety requirements, we present here an efficient and inexpensive synthesis of the taxol side chain via a classical resolution technique. This synthesis represents the most practical preparation of the taxol side chain developed to date.


The article discusses the features of interactive learning methods of Ukrainian as foreign language at the technical departments of universities. In the realities of the modern education, interactive approaches are presented for the study Ukrainian language by foreign students, which contribute to its in-depth and comprehensive study, reveal the details of their applications and conclude on the most effective among them. it is emphasized that group interactive methods are used most often and demonstrate the best results, because the study process of Ukrainian language takes place in direct communication with a native speaker – teacher . Each method has own advantages and disadvantages, but contributes to a better assimilation of the studied material and encourages students to study the Ukrainian language as a foreign language more diligently.


Geoscience educational publications are reviewed in seven areas to identify future directions for curriculum development, professional development and research. The review shows that: effective teaching methods encompassing broad geoscience study still need extensive research; whilst some valuable materials have been developed for the teaching of systems approaches to geoscience, these need to be evaluated in different curriculum contexts; different methodologies for teaching spatial awareness in geoscience need to be more widely applied and researched; approaches for the effective teaching of geological time should be further developed and tested; there is much scope for the development and evaluation of approaches to geoscience fieldwork; geoscience misconceptions are widespread and need further identification and review; and studies of the effectiveness of professional development in geoscience education should be implemented more widely, including their impact in the classroom. The review indicates that geoscience education will progress most effectively through: extending geoscience learning to all children; educating teachers in effective implementation of new curriculum initiatives; evaluating the progress of the initiatives and using the results to refine them; and researching the whole process to demonstrate its effectiveness and to ensure wide dissemination on the basis of well‐founded research findings.


This paper analyzes the structure of energy consumption in Iran. The demand side is divided into five major categories. Each category is further classified into subcategories and modelling is accomplished for the time horizon of 2012 to 2041. In order to determine final results, six technical and economic scenarios have been considered, entailing economic development scenarios and governmental energy management programs. Results show that final energy demand in Iran in all scenarios has an ever growing trend. It is expected that the total emission on demand side reaches to the range of 572 to 856 million tons in 2041. Results also indicate that there is a high potential for carbon reduction in energy demand side up to 5.68% annually.


This study explored the relationship between death anxiety and future time orientation in elderly people. The sample was comprised of 88 women over the age of 62. The overall pattern of results suggests that the elderly may turn away from the future as a way of controlling death anxiety.