ABSTRACT. 1 All instars of Spodoptera eridania larvae grow as well or better when cyanide is present in their diet as when it is absent. Concentrations up to 0.05% stimulate feeding in first to fourth instar larvae. Concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% stimulate feeding in fifth and sixth instar larvae. 2 Three‐day‐old sixth instar larvae pre‐exposed to cyanide are completely resistant to its acutely toxic effects, but previously unexposed larvae suffer reversible symptoms of poisoning when feeding on a diet containing 1.0% KCN. 3 A 1.0% dietary KCN exposure during the sixth instar reduces ecdysis to 17% adult emergence and completely inhibits oviposition. 4 Cyanide concentrations from 0.5% to 1.0% in the diet, although effecting increased growth rates, induce necrotic lesions in larval mid‐gut epithelial cells. 5 Thiocyanate, one of the in vivo cyanide metabolites, at 0.5% in the diet reduces pupation to 23%, delays and reduces adult emergence to 20% and inhibits oviposition. 6 The preferred host plant of S.eridania is the lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus, probably due to its content of the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin. Dietary valine has no effect on the southern armyworm feeding and growth behaviour (Long & Brattsten, 1982) but dietary cyanide does. The lima bean is known to contain up to 31 ppm cyanide in some varieties.


The paper presents both, the study of a ground water flow towards a series of catchment drillings which are ran under different operational schedule, and a flow simulation along the pipes network and headrace supplying a small town of about 7200 inhabitants with fresh water under specific requirements. The steady state ground water flow numerical model considers a maximum captured discharge of 20.00 l/s, obtained from 6 running drillings out of 9 corresponding to several specific operation situations. A daily water demand distribution is assumed (the hourly variation ratios for the increased consumption interval considered from 0.51 to 1.37), which leads to a maximum water flow reached in the network of 1.64 m3/min. The hourly water volume required for the supply system is stored up by a reservoir placed about 12km from the catchment line. Several relative pumps rotation speed values are considered in such a way that the working parameters of the running system to be optimized.


The link between student success and teacher quality has been made clear by decades of research; therefore, it is imperative that principals hire the teachers most likely to impact student outcomes positively. Hiring high-quality teachers is especially important in urban and rural schools where students are more likely to face a variety of family and community-based barriers to learning. This study was designed to examine the actual hiring processes utilized in schools located in urban, rural, and suburban communities in the USA to determine the extent to which differences exist and whether those differences are likely to impact teacher quality. Data were gathered using a survey e-mailed to principals in ten states in the southern and western regions of the United States. Analysis indicated that differences in application, hiring processes, and the criteria used for decision making exist and may result in unequal teacher quality.


Accurate reporting of results is extremely important. This is especially relevant for energy and environmental data associated with government driven incentives and disincentives (such as tax benefits for energy efficiency or mandatory GHG emission reporting). Any abnormalities in the data can significantly affect reported results. It is therefore critically important to properly evaluate all data in a manner that is compliant with the relevant legislative requirements. Failure to do this can have financial and legal repercussions. There are several existing statistical methods to identify potential abnormalities or outliers in data. However, the practical application of these abstract methods can be challenging. This paper introduces the reader to some basic statistics concepts and formulas. These are used to construct a practical methodology combining simple formulas and visual representation of data to simplify the evaluation process. The developed methodology is systematically applied to a case study and the final result compared to the output of an industry accepted statistical approach. The results illustrate that a simple structured intuitive process can deliver similar results than a complex and abstract statistical approach.


An optical refractometer using intensity measurement to detect minute changes in the refractive index (RI) of aqueous analyte is illustrated in this paper. In this sensor, the analyte, which is sealed by an O-ring between two metal films, serves as the guiding layer of a symmetric metal-clad waveguide. By using the free-space coupling technique, an incident laser beam is coupled into the sensor structure as the sensing probe. The reflected beam intensity is monitored to analysis the sample's RI change. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that, due to concentrated power in the sample layer, the sensor exhibits magnificent sensitivity improvement. Besides, it also presents polarization independence.


The paper presents a study of the use of cohesive devices (their distribution and frequency) across different registers. The topic was chosen due to the fact that the correlation between register and cohesive devices has not been thoroughly investigated in linguistics. In addition to the fact that each language has general preferences for certain cohesive devices, it also has speciic preferences for certain cohesive devices that are sensitive to text type. Different genres and registers are characterized by particular kinds of cohesive devices and may make different uses of them. The work consists of two parts. The irst part deals with the theoretical background on the concept of cohesive devices .The second part which is the practical part deals with the results of an analysis of cohesive devices across registers. Three different registers were analyzed: iction (a novel ),technical and scientiic style ( legal text ) ,newspaper style ( Daily Telegraph ) The results obtained prove that distribution of different types of cohesive devices is inluenced by register.


Early in the 20th century, in an era before the wide availability of effective drugs with established dose ranges and proven outcomes, the use of multiple drug combinations in individual tablets and capsules, described as polypharmacy, was common. Although there may have been a rational selection of agents sometimes, on more occasions a mixture was developed of dubious efficacy and rationale. With the introduction of specific drug entities with established efficacy and dose ranges in the 1950s and 1960s, there was an academic reaction against these combination products. In many cases, multiple drugs were combined without clear evidence that each contributed to the efficacy of the preparation at least in the dose used. There were justifiable fears that multiple drugs would increase the risk of adverse drug reactions, particularly idiosyncratic or allergic ones. This academic reaction in undergraduate medical schools discouraged combination products and encouraged the use of effective doses of drugs with established actions and mechanisms.

Generations of medical graduates from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s were presented with a view that polypharmacy was dangerous therapeutics and indefensible practice. Most fixed-drug combination tablets were viewed with suspicion. These attitudes were consolidated by the new policies of drug registration and licensing introduced in many countries in the 1960s. Older multiple drug combinations rarely justified the expensive …


Abstract : The aims of the project were to investigate impurity induced disordering, using ion implantation, for the fabrication of optical waveguides in Aluminum Gallium Arsenide/Gallium Arsenide quantum well structures. Research prior to the initiation of the contract had indicated that the extent of the disordering, as measured by photoluminescence, was determined by both the nature, energy and dose of the implanted ion, and the temperature and time of the annealing process. While encouraging results were obtained for the loss characteristics of disorder delineated stripe optical waveguides, it was clear that not enough was known about the properties of the disordered QW structures to enable low loss disorder delineated strip optical waveguides to be designed and fabricated in AlGaAs/GaAs MQW structures. In addition the impurity chosen to disorder the QW was also of importance and a detailed evaluation of the appropriate ion suggested that some of the less common impurities would probably be more suitable for photonic devices.


In this paper,368 nursing students conducted a qualitative impression practice inductive analysis in a provincial teaching hospital.To practice nursing students in the feelings described in the text information out of the nursing students to bring positive psychological impact of the teaching behaviors of clinical nursing teachers,a total concept for the three categories and 13 kinds of concepts was obtained.Qualitative research shows that teaching behaviors of clinical nursing teachers can stimulate the production of healthy psychology of learning and growth ; nursing teachers can consciously act of teaching in the implementation,in order to provide nursing students a high quality practice environment.

Key words:
Education;  Nursing;  Nursing teachers;  Teaching behavior;  Nursing students


In his boyhood, Edward "Ned" Kelly began "lifting" cattle and horses. His early convictions included assault (1870), "feloniously receiving a horse" (1870) and resisting arrest (1877). On 15 April 1878, a lone police constable who visited the Kelly home to arrest Dan Kelly for horse theft later alleged that Ned Kelly shot and wounded him and that he had been assaulted by Kelly's family members. With a warrant for his arrest on a charge of attempted murder, in October 1878, Kelly and his gang ambushed and shot dead three policemen in remote bushland near Mansfield. On 1 November 1878, as a result of the Felons' Apprehension Act, the Kelly gang were proclaimed "outlaws" and initially rewards of £200 for each was offered alive or dead. After robbing banks in Euroa and Jerilderie in NSW, and murdering a police informant, Kelly and his gang planned to derail a special train carrying police and black-trackers. The derailment was averted and police laid siege as sixty hostages huddled inside the Glenrowan Hotel. Kelly always claimed that he and his family had been victimised by police and that he had been driven to lawlessness. Many historians and authors have attempted to make connections between the Kelly gang outbreak and social conflicts of the period. However, a close examination of his developmental history and subsequent criminal behaviour reveals that Kelly was a violent and vindictive man who demonstrated prominent psychopathic features including pathological lying, callous lack of empathy for others and a parasitic lifestyle. As Kelly terrorised country Victoria, he showed little concern other than for his own gratification and self-justification. Kelly's own florid diatribes and correspondence further illuminate his grandiose sense of self-worth and his inability to accept responsibility for his criminality.


Continuous gas-solid or gas-liquid-solid fixed-bed reactors are widely used in the hydrocarbon processing and petrochemical industry. Laboratory testing of catalysts for these processes must therefore give accurate results which can discriminate between catalysts with relatively small differences. The present paper discusses the consequences and limitations of scale reduction of laboratory tests in this light


Aging resistant is one of the properties for vulcanizate of tire tread.In this paper,the mechanical properties of vulcanizate of tire tread have been analyzed at different aging conditions and its cross linking density has been caculated by formula.Meanwhile,the relationship and the rule between cross linking density and aging conditions have been also investigated.


A little old lady's house is too small--it's a squash and a squeeze. A wise old man tells her to bring her chicken into the house, then her goat. And so it goes, until the old lady's house is so full of animals she can barely breathe. Then the old man says, "Take them all out", and the old lady discovers that her house is quite large for one. Full color.


Towards eradicating COVID19, developing vaccines that induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies is a main goal. As counter measurements, viral escape mutants rapidly emerge and potentially compromise vaccine efficiency. Herein we monitored ability of convalescent or Pfizer-BTN162b2 post-vaccination sera to neutralize wide-type SARS- CoV2 or its UK-B.1.1.7 and SA-B.1.351 variants. Relative to convalescent sera, post- vaccination sera exhibited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against wild-type or mutated viruses. However, while SARS-CoV2 wild-type and UK-N501Y were similarly neutralized by tested sera, the SA-N501Y/K417N/E484K variant moderately escaped neutralization. Significant contribution to infectivity and sensitivity to neutralization was attributed to each of the variants and their single or combined mutations, highlighting alternative mechanisms by which prevalent variants with either N501Y or E484K/K417N mutations spread. Our study validates the clinical significance of currently administered vaccines, but emphasizes that their efficacy may be compromised by circulated variants, urging the development of new ones with broader neutralization functions.


The importance of Remote Sensing (RS) in various scientific and practical studies, including hydrology, is increasing today. New Global Digital Elevation Models (DEM), based on satellite imagery, serve as the main resources in hydrological research due to their openness or low cost, increasing accuracy and improved spatial resolution. The main aims of this work are study the capabilities of Global DEMs based on AW3D30, ASTER GDEM V003 and SRTMGML1 with 30 m spatial resolution in modeling basins of rivers and Issyk-Kul Lake in Kyrgyzstan and their comparative analysis. Topographic maps of the study area were used as sources of verification data when analyzing their spatial accuracy. The influence of the reference point heights above sea level on the accuracy and reliability of the models in high mountainous conditions was also studied. UTM, SK-42, Kyrg-06 and the Albers Equal-Area Conic coordinate systems were used in calculations of the lake basin area. The results of the study showed that the AW3D30 DEM has higher accuracy compared to other models and can be successfully used in modeling river basins in mountainous areas. The catchment areas of the Dzhergalan and Tyup rivers were modeled and calculated based on AW3D30, ASTER GDEM V003 and SRTMGML1 DEMs. The research results on boundaries and areas of the river basins in the lake depression indicate the need for further refinement based on modern remote sensing data, taking into account the differences in the geoid/quasigeoid models used and the reference point heights determined using satellite-based positioning and leveling methods.


The Earth's bow shock is a boundary where the solar wind becomes decelerated from supersonic to subsonic speed before being deflected around the Earth. This thesis presents measurements by the Clus ...


A singing voice synthesizer controlled by user's arm motion is proposed for an entertainment tool. The system measured three dimensional position of the hand and wrist angle using magnetic motion sensor. The measured values determine loudness, pitch, depth of vibrato, and phoneme for the synthesized vowel-like sound. In order to make users synthesize high-quality sound without long training, the system employs an intuitive mapping from the motion to sound parameters. Two evaluation experiments were carried out. The first experiment revealed that users could learn to control loudness and pitch using this mapping in 23 minutes on the average. The second experiment indicated a quantization process in pitch determination to be effective to improve perceptual quality of the synthesized sound.


In the article, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is considered as a system of relations on business meeting of legally fixed obligations and taking additional obligations to stakeholders. The normative regulators (i.e. the state legal acts, international organizations standards, branch and company documents) stipulate the changes in such relations and also reflect these changes. The main attention is paid to the interlevel analysis of such regulators: particularities of regulators of each level (international, state, corporate and firm's ones) are shown, and their correlations are revealed. The normative bases of the CSR regulation are the perspective direction of the analysis within the framework of modern theory of the firm.


Functional genomics (transcriptomics and proteomics) is a global, systematic and comprehensive approach to identification and description of the processes and pathways involved in the normal and abnormal physiological states. The most applied methods of functional genomics today are DNA microarrays and proteomics methods, primarily two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. Up to date interesting research has been carried out, representing the milestones for future implementation of functional genomics/proteomics in biomedicine. Still, further systematic examination of differentially regulated genes and proteins in tissues and fluids in healthy vs. diseased subjects will be required. However, high-throughput technologies reflect biological fluctuations and methodological errors. Large amount of such different data challenges the performance and capacity of statistical tools and softwares available at the moment. Yet, further major developments in this field are pending and the intellectual investment will certainly result in clinical advances.


Many of the researches are ongoing towards these natural fibre composites in order to replace few materials like plastic and ceramics. In this work we have focused on the preparation of a polymer matrix composite using sugarcane bagasse fibre which intern helpful to study regarding its mechanical behavior. Over the past thirty years of composite materials history says that it has been the dominant emerging materials which have proved with their weight to strength ratio, but the present scenario is to do them cost effective. Presently our work is been focused on the development of the composite by the use of sugarcane bagasse fibre in order to study its mechanical properties. For this we have adopted the basic hand lying method, which is an easy and reliable methods. The bagasse was successively treated with 14% Toluene solution and then later with 1M Citric acid and was sun-dried. Composites having different percentage weight fraction of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 % of sugarcane bagasse fibre for different laminates were made. Later it has cut or prepared for the tests and the interfacial behaviour of these composites was determined by tensile test and flexural test.


To study the fundamental aspects of processes involved in plasma etching, for some years beam experiments have been performed, in which a low energy (<5 keV) ion beam and a reactive gas beam are directed at a solid surface and the properties of the products leaving the surface are measured. This model system of plasma etching has been studied for various gas-ion-solid combinations1. In some of these systems both spontaneous etching (i.e. by the gas alone) and ion-influenced etching is observed. In several cases ion bombardment enhances the etch rate, sometimes to a level higher than the sum of the spontaneous etch rate and the pure sputter rate. (However, in other cases ion bombardment causes a rate reduction)2.


Recently, the critical chain study has become a hot issue in the project management research field. The construction of the critical chain with multi-resource constraints is a new research subject. According to the system analysis theory and project portfolio theory, this paper discusses the creation of project portfolios based on the similarity principle and gives the definition of priority in multi-resource allocation based on quantitative analysis. A model with multi-resource constraints, which can be applied to the critical chain construction of the A-bid section in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, was proposed. Contrast analysis with the comprehensive treatment construction method and aggressive treatment construction method was carried out. This paper also makes suggestions for further research directions and subjects, which will be useful in improving the theories in relevant research fields.


During the period of service, the infrastructure is subjected to various forms of impact. To investigate the impact responses of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam, a numerical model of the RC beam under impact was developed by the finite element package LS-DYNA in this study. The numerical model was verified by using the drop hammer test on the RC beam. Using the numerical model, the midspan displacement of the RC beam is analyzed under the interaction of impact mass and impact velocity. The results show that the response surface of midspan displacement can be fitted as a binary power function of impact mass and impact velocity. The midspan displacement under various impact conditions with equal impulse or equal impact energy is different. Within the scope of a low-speed impact, the midspan displacement decreases with an increase in the impact mass under the equal impulse, while it increases with an increase in the impact mass under the equal impact energy. In addition, the impact failure of the RC beam is judged by the deformation criterion. The threshold value of the ductility coefficient is recommended to be set as 15 in the impact-resistant design for RC beams in civil engineering structures within the scope of a low-speed impact.


SUMMARY A detailed investigation of DC and RF performance of AlGaN / GaN HEMT on 3C-SiC / low resistive silicon (LR-Si) substrate by introducing a thick GaN layer is reported in this paper. The hetero-epitaxial growth is achieved by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on a commercially prepared 6-inch LR-Si substrate via a 3C-SiC inter- mediate layer. The reported HEMT exhibited very low RF loss and ther-mally stable amplifier characteristics with the introduction of a thick GaN layer. The temperature-dependent small-signal and large-signal characteristics verified the e ff ectiveness of the thick GaN layer on LR-Si, especially in reduction of RF loss even at high temperatures. In summary, a high potential of the reported device is confirmed for microwave applications.


In the article humanitarian components, which make it possible to train profes-sional engineering and technical personnel under the conditions of the optimization of educational processes, are shown


Which came first, the stars and gas that make up a galaxy, or the giant black hole at its centre? Observations of a distant galaxy, caught as it forms, could help solve this chicken-and-egg problem.


It can be seen that many Sangam pieces of literature have a peculiarity that is not present in any of the literature of Tamil. The Tamil community is proud of the Sangam literature. The third hundred of the Ainkurunooru are Kurinjithinai songs. They were written by Kapilar. Apart from the Ainkurunooru, the number of Agam songs he sang is approximately 103. Of these, 97 songs are Kurinjithinai songs. They include the long song Kurinjipattu. That is why he was referred to as Kurinji Kapilar. It is also a book based on ainkurunooru ainthinai distinctions. These represent the grammatical characteristics of moral standing. Morality is the expression of a woman's illicit love of morality, i.e., the union of the minds of a man and a woman without the knowledge of others. The fact that the woman expresses her love for the man to her friend, her friend to the nurse, the nurse to the mother, and the mother to the father, as well as to the brothers, is the study of the best depiction of the state of righteousness in the Sangam age.


Properties of cement-based materials are governed by their nano-structure in general and by the interaction between the surfaces of the nano-particles with their hygral surrounding in particular. In this contribution local damage and nano-crack formation in the three-dimensional network of nano-particles is considered to be at the origin of crack formation. Macroscopic fracture energy can be considered to be the sum of a huge number of small energies consumed by nano-crack formation. Considering the physical process of nano-crack formation it is possible to predict the influence of variable environments on fracture energy. This hypothesis is verified by experimental investigations. The influence of aqueous NaCl solutions on strength, fracture energy and swelling has been determined. It is shown that values of fracture energy as determined in the laboratory are not conservative if applied for prediction of crack formation of reinforced concrete structures situated in marine environment. This fact is of major importance for durability and service life of reinforced concrete structures in marine environment.


The Ecuadorian State adopted the neo constitutionalism as state ideology . This implies a strengthening of constitutional justice specialist , giving birth to the Constitutional Court , charged primarily abstract and interpretation of the constitutional control.


Quinolone carboxylic acids are a class of totally synthetic antibacterial agents which encompass 4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids as well as the corresponding 1,8-naphthyridines, cinnolines, and pyrido [2,3-d]-pyrimidines. These classes are illustrated by ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, cinoxacin, and piromidic acid, respectively. Established quinolone antibacterial agents are ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, and pefloxacin. Quinolones exert their antibacterial activity by interfering with the replication of bacterial DNA by inhibition of the enzyme DNA gyrase. The critical reaction is the negative supercoiling of bacterial DNA, a process involving the breaking and resealing of double-stranded circular DNA. The general method by which most newer fluoro quinolones are prepared involves a ring closure reaction to form the quinolone nucleus. For the most part quinolones are well tolerated with few reports of adverse reactions, but because of a concern that they cause arthropathy in juvenile animals, quinolones are contraindicated for children and during pregnancy. A second problem is adverse side effects of the central nervous system (CNS) and adverse reactions with other drugs. Earlier quinolones have had little impact on the domestic antiinfective market as their utility was limited primarily to urinary tract infections. Newer quinolones, because of safety, seemingly low propensity toward bacterial resistance, and vastly improved therapeutic utility, enjoy a much greater market share.


Context. The XMM-Newton Distant Cluster Project is a serendipitous survey for clusters of galaxies at redshifts z ≥ 0.8 based on deep archival XMM-Newton observations. X-ray sources identified as extended are screened against existing optical all-sky surveys for galaxies, in case of candidate high-z clusters followed up with imaging at 4 m-class telescopes and, ultimately, multi-object spectroscopy at 8 m-class telescopes. Low-significance candidate high-z clusters are followed up with the seven-channel imager GROND (Gamma-Ray Burst Optical and Near-Infrared Detector) that is mounted at a 2 m-class telescope. Its unique capability of simultaneous imaging in the g′,r′,i′,z′,J,H,Ks bands enables the use of the photometric redshift technique.

Aims. Observing strategy, data reduction and analysis, depth and accuracy of the simultaneous multi-wavelength photometry are discussed with the goal of establishing GROND as a useful instrument to confirm X-ray selected (high-z) clusters.

Methods. The test case is XMMU J0338.7 + 0030, suggested to be at z ~ 1.45 ± 0.15 (1σ) from the analysis of the z − H vs. H colour − magnitude diagram obtained from the follow-up imaging. Later VLT-FORS2 spectroscopy enabled us to identify four members, which set this cluster at z = 1.097 ± 0.002 (1σ). To reach a better knowledge of its galaxy population, we observed XMMU J0338.7 + 0030 with GROND for about 6 h. The publicly available photo-z code le Phare was used.

Results. The Ks-band number counts of the non-stellar sources out of the 832 detected down to z′ ~ 26 AB mag (1σ) in the 3.9 × 4.3 arcmin^2 region of XMMU J0338.7 + 0030 imaged at all GROND bands clearly exceed those computed in deep fields/survey areas at ~20.5–22.5 AB mag. The photo-z's of the three imaged spectroscopic members yield z = 1.12 ± 0.09 (1σ). The spatial distribution and the properties of the GROND sources with a photo-z in the range 1.01–1.23 confirm the correspondence of the X-ray source with a galaxy over-density at a significance of at least 4.3σ. Candidate members that are spectro-photometrically classified as elliptical galaxies define a red locus in the i′ − z′ vs. z′ colour − magnitude diagram that is consistent with the red sequence of the cluster RDCS J0910 + 5422 at z = 1.106. XMMU J0338.7 + 0030 hosts also a population of bluer late-type spirals and irregulars. The starbursts among the photometric members populate both loci, consistently with previous results.

Conclusions. The analysis of the available data set indicates that XMMU J0338.7 + 0030 is a low-mass cluster (M_200 ~ 10^(14) M_⊙) at z = 1.1. With the photometric accuracy yielded by the present unoptimized multi-band observations with GROND, we not only confirm the spectroscopic redshift of this cluster but also show that it hosts a galaxy population that can still undergo significant bursts of star-formation activity.


Objective:Research the satndards of developed countries especially US on telemedicine to promote the development of China on these standards.Method:look up,translate the materials of the countries especially US on family telemedicine,then research and analyze them.Result:The standards for family telemedicine on US is very comprehensive and detail,it driven the development of family telemedicine.However,China has no such standards.Conclusion:This guide,worthy of our reference in order to promote China to formulate such standards,promote the development of Chinese family telemedicine career.


Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was isolated from the bones of sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fish by thermal calcination at 800°C. HAP-chitosan-coir pith composite was prepared with the isolated HAP, chitosan and coir pith. The prepared composite was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The composite prepared was crystalline with compressive strength of 13.96 ± 0.95 MPa, tensile strength of 1.51 ± 0.74 MPa and water absorption of 32.7%. It also exhibited slow biodegradation in soil burial test.


A falling-film evaporator and an organic Rankine cycle power generating system using the same. The invention discloses the falling-film evaporator and the organic Rankine cycle power generating system. The falling-film evaporator comprises a tubular body, wherein the tubular body is provided with a working medium inlet and a working medium outlet, a distributor and a heat exchange tube are arranged in the tubular body, an oil return device is arranged at the bottom of the tubular body and comprises a float oil catcher which can float in an oil-rich layer in the bottom of the tubular body, the float oil catcher is connected with a caught oil delivery tube, and the caught oil delivery tube is connected to the exterior of the tubular body. According to the falling-film evaporator and the organic Rankine cycle power generating system, disclosed by the invention, the oil return device is simple in structure and reliable in oil return.


Neutrophils play an essential role in the cellular defense of the bovine mammary gland and compromised leukocyte function has been linked to the development of bovine mastitis. During mastitis, large numbers of leukocytes migrate into the mammary tissues where they become activated, resulting in the assembly of neutrophil membrane and cytosolic proteins to form a superoxide aniongenerating complex known as the NADPH oxidase. The key membrane‐associated component of the NADPH oxidase is flavocytochrome b, which is a heterodimer of p22‐phox and gp91‐phox. Currently, only the human, porcine, murine, and rattus p22‐phox and the human, porcine, and murine gp91‐phox gene sequences are known. Because of the important role neutrophils play in bovine host defense, we carried out studies to clone, sequence, and analyze expression of bovine flavocytochrome b. Using polymerase chain reaction cloning techniques and a bovine spleen cDNA library we have cloned both of the bovine flavocytochrome b subunits, p22‐phox and gp91‐phox. Comparison of the bovine sequences with those of other species also revealed important information regarding key structural features of gp91‐phox and p22‐phox, including location of putative glycosylation sites. This study greatly contributes to our understanding of the potential functional sites of the flavocytochrome b subunits as well as providing information that can be used to study the role of neutrophils in bovine inflammatory diseases such as mastitis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64: 114–123; 1998.


Many researchers confirmed that entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema can be cultivated in vitro using artificial media that containing animal nutrition. However, artificial media with insect component hasn't been widely studied. This research aims to analyze the population of EPNs isolate of Semarang cultivated in mealworm powder media. Five doses of mealworm powder ( Tenebrio molitor ) were tested in this research, i.e: 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 g.  Culture media using 1 g of mealworm larvae was used as control. The best treatment was further tested for its pathogenicity on Macrotermes sp. at seven levels of invective juveniles (IJs) : 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 IJs/mL. Each treatment was repeated five times. The EPNs population and termites mortality were analyzed using ANAVA, whereas pathogenic value was calculated using Probit analysis. The result showed EPNs population were significantly (LSD test; α> 0.05), likewise on termites mortality. The EPNs isolate of Semarang optimally at 0.5 g mealworm powder and  pathogenicity against termites based on LD 50 and LD 90 values at 220 JI/mL and 410 JI/mL doses, respectively. In conclusion, this result  can be an alternative to mass cultivation of EPNs, in effort of development of local bioinsecticides. The findings of this study also inform farmers that EPNs can be easily cultivated using the simple and available materials.


The research is financed by BA ISAGO University, P.Bag BR94, Gaborone, Botswana Abstract The study seeks to investigate the causes of financial management challenges faced by women-run SMMEs in Gaborone, Botswana; given the background that the Government has established agencies and initiatives that support this sector financially and provide advisory services.  Ways of mitigating the established challenges were suggested. Women entrepreneurs contribute immensely to Botswana's economy. The Government of Botswana, in its bid to assist economic diversification and citizen empowerment, had several programs to support SMMEs including Business Botswana and Women In Business Association (WIBA). These provide funds and business advisory services to women-run SMMEs. Research has shown that 80% of SMMEs in Botswana fail in the first 3 - 5 years of the establishment phase. Preliminary reviews of literature disclosed that poor financial knowledge proves a real obstacle to most of the small women-run business. This includes insight and skill on what to do when a payment is received, how to manage that money, and investment strategies for growth.  The researchers used desktop research and questionnaire surveys. The sample was 41 women-run SMMEs in Gaborone and non-probability convenience was used to sample the women-run SMMEs. Most women entrepreneurs are not looking for external funding, which is an issue of concern to policy makers for women businesses that contribute significantly to the economy. Lack of basic financial management and record keeping skills are affecting women, hence relying on very minimal internally generated funds. Financial institutions and the government should encourage women in business. Keywords: SMMEs, SMMEs finance providers, Financial Management challenges DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-14-14 Publication date: July 31 st 2020


The biomedical knowledge is based on a biological and mechanistic view of the
human being and on a curative approach of diseases. It represents the official views
of the human body in Western capitalist societies built upon production capacity and
consumption. This knowledge has influenced not only the practices of objective health,
but also the subjectivity in relation to one's body and life. In a context of rapid and intense population aging, understanding of the influence of biomedical knowledge in
perception health / illness / disability processes of the elderly is justified by the need to acknowledge the ways of thinking and acting according to the experience of old age. This study aims to understand, from an anthropological vision, how elements of
biomedical knowledge influence the perception of the health, disease and disability in elderly community residents of Bambui, MG. The survey was conducted from the perspective of a qualitative approach, consisting in an ethnographic observational
study. The sample consisted of 57 older adults (27 men and 30 women) aged between 62 and 96 years. We used the model of signs, meanings and actions in collecting and analyzing data, once it enables the systematization of context elements that participate in the construction of typical ways of thinking and acting towards
disability. The research results show that medical and scientific knowledge was
assimilated by local culture, transforming it and determining the ways of thinking and
acting of the Bambui elderly. We identified four analytical categories of meanings
associated with biomedical knowledge: the valuing of biomedicine, the self-blaming,
the naturalization of diseases in old age and t he resources and actions used by the
elderly. The results show that participants greatly value the doctor, not questioning
their prescriptions, reproduce the biomedical vision, associating diseases and
limitations to old age and blame themselves for the cu rrent health / disease condition
that has few resources. The impregnated biomedical knowledge in the field of elderly
speech identifies the disease and disability conditions as natural signs of aging, and,
from this view, influences the reinterpretation of everyday life of individuals, limiting resources and recommending them rest and resignation.


The invention relates to the mechanical field of machining vehicles, in particular to a movable horizontal drill machine. The movable horizontal drill machine is characterized in that a magnetic drill, a lifting mechanism, a running mechanism, a fixing device and a tool storage box are installed on a machine base, the lifting mechanism is installed at one side of the machine base, the magnetic drill is fixedly installed on a vertical surface of the lifting mechanism, a drill bit of the magnetic drill is directed at the fixing device, a small water pump is installed at the lower portion of the machine case, a hose is connected with the small water pump, the tool storage box is installed at the upper portion of a cooling system box body, the running mechanism is installed at the bottom of the machine base, the fixing device is installed at the same side where the magnetic drill is fixed, the fixing device is arranged on a chassis longitudinal beam in a sleeved mode, and a locking positioning device is installed at one side of the machine base. By means of the technical scheme, the movable horizontal drill machine is simple in structure, low in cost, easy and convenient to operate only by one person, good in universality, suitable for car chassis of different models, and capable of rapidly regulating the drilling height.


In the light of pragmatics, this paper studies the humorous utterances. It first introduces the theoretical background of humors, then combines with the understanding of context,finally, explores the relationship between context and humorous utterances through case-analysis. It is concluded that the understanding of humorous utterances depends on context,while context restricts the selection and use of humorous utterances.


The problem of energy transfer between an airstream and a wing in sinusoidal motion has been investigated by a series of authors beginning with Frazer who in 1939 considered the power input required to maintain forced oscillations of an aeroplane wing in flight. More recently Nissim introduced an 'aerodynamic energy concept' as the basis for the design of active control systems for flutter suppression. In this paper the author reconsiders the energy characteristics of the aerodynamic matrix in terms of the network concepts of resistive and reactive elements, corresponding to energy dissipation and energy storage respectively. A dual formulation of Nissim's method is described and an extension proposed that takes account of aerodynamic energy storage in addition to aerodynamic energy dissipation.


In this paper, we investigate the issue of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of non-circular (NC) signals, and propose a modified nested array with enhanced degrees of freedom (DOFs) and a vectorized NC propagator method (VNCPM) algorithm which can utilize the difference-sum co-array to perform DOA estimation. Specifically, we modify the conventional nested array by switching the positions of the two subarrays aiming to obtain a difference-sum co-array with higher DOFs. In order to fully exploit the provided DOFs and obtain higher estimation accuracy, we utilize the NC characteristic to generate the equivalent received signal of the difference-sum co-array and exploit the quasi-stationary property of the signal to avoid the spatial smoothing technique which leads to the DOF degradation. The modified PM based on the rotational invariance is then employed to obtain DOA estimates, where NC phases can be eliminated. Simulations are provided to evaluate the superiority of the proposed configuration and DOA estimation algorithm.


An analysis of teachers' adaptation to the curriculum reform in Li ethnic areas was conducted in order to learn the operational state and teachers' difficulties and problems encountered in these areas.The survey finds that teachers in these areas must strenthen the study of interdisciplinary cultural knowledge and also the reseach on national cultures so as to adapt to the special requirements of curriculum reform in minority areas.


Compare to SAW (surface acoustic wave) device, APM (acoustic plate mode wave) device is more suitable for liquid sensing. In this paper, the theoretical model of APM device loaded with non-viscous liquid is built using the propagation characteristics of acoustic wave in laminated mediums. It's proved the influence of liquid mechanical parameters can be eliminated if the APM has only SH(shear-horizontal) particle displacement. Therefore, when the liquid is non-viscous and non-conductive, only the dielectric constant of the liquid would affect the propagation velocity of SH-APM device. According to the simulation results, two APM devices with different substrates (PZT-5H and LiNbO3) are fabricated and tested.


Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Introduction/Review of Literature. Clinical educational experiences (CEEs) comprise approximately 30% of the total credit hours in the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) curriculum and are essential to the clinical learning and performance of DPT students to achieve entry-level competence. There are no established standards in DPT education for the length and timing of CEEs to optimize students' clinical learning and performance. The purpose of our investigation was to assess the development of DPT students' clinical learning and performance at 3 DPT programs during 6-, 8-, 9-, and 16-week CEEs. Methods. An analysis of variance was conducted to assess the changes in DPT students' clinical learning and performance based on the following: (1) the length of CEEs, (2) the effect of the length and timing of CEEs, and (3) the length of the final CEEs. Subjects. Midterm and final evaluation Physical Therapist Clinical Performance Instrument data were analyzed from 707 DPT students' CEEs. Results. The average change in DPT students' clinical learning and performance during CEEs was as follows: 6 weeks = 3.13 (SD = 2.3), 8 weeks = 3.20 (SD = 2.6), 9-weeks = 3.30 (SD = 2.5), and 16 weeks = 2.56. Significant difference in DPT students' clinical learning occurred during the 8-week (P = .03; P = .04) and 9-week (P = .04; P = .01) CEEs compared with the early 6-week CEEs and 16-week CEEs, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion. The greatest change in DPT students' clinical learning and performance occurred during 8- and 9-week CEEs and between the first and third full-time CEEs. Given the increasing costs of DPT education and student debt, the length of CEEs required to meet CAPTE standards and program goals should be further investigated.


ABSTRACT This paper proposes a dual-bridge LLC series resonant converter with hybrid-rectifier for achieving extended charging voltage range of 50–420 V for on-board battery charger of plug-in electric vehicle for normal and deeply depleted battery charging. Depending upon the configuration of primary switching network and secondary rectifier, the proposed topology has three operating modes as half-bridge with bridge rectifier (HBBR), full-bridge with bridge rectifier (FBBR) and full-bridge with voltage doubler (FBVD). HBBR, FBBR and FBVD operating modes of converter achieve 50–125, 125–250 and 250–420 V voltage ranges, respectively. For voltage above 62 V, the converter operates below resonance frequency zero voltage switching region with narrow switching frequency range for soft commutation of secondary diodes and low turn-off current of MOSFETs to reduce switching losses. The proposed converter is simulated using MATLAB Simulink and a 1.5 kW laboratory prototype is also built to validate the operation of proposed topology. Simulation and experimental results show that the converter meets all the charging requirements for deeply depleted to fully charged battery using constant current-constant voltage charging method with fixed 400 V DC input and achieves 96.22% peak efficiency.


We report on the growth of planar semipolar (101̄1) GaN on (112̄3) pre-patterned sapphire. This method allows the growth of semipolar oriented (101̄1) GaN on large scale. By x-ray diffaction, only the peaks of the desired (101̄1) plane could be observed. The in-plane orientations could be determined as [0001]GaN ‖ [0001]sapphire and [112̄0]GaN ‖ [101̄0]sapphire. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements show coalesced surfaces with root mean square roughness values below 2 nm (10μm×10μm). Further investigations using photoluminescence spectroscopy show spectra that are dominated by the near band edge emission. The high crystal quality is confirmed by small full width at half maximum values of x-ray rocking curve measurements of less than 400 arcsec.


We are going to discuss the two-level system, it's static properties like level splitting at avoided crossings and dynamical properties like Rabi oscillations.


This paper reports a software system EYES (Edinburgh Yield Estimator Sampling) for the yield prediction of ULSI devices. The system implements the survey sampling based methodology for critical area estimation and yield prediction. This methodology is not limited by the size of the device or the design hierarchy and can provide yield predictions in a reasonable time for even the largest devices, using modest computing resources.


Acoustic Rhinometry (AR) evaluates the geometry of the nasal cavity by means of acoustic reflections. Since it is a recently developed testing procedure, little is known about the various environmental factors that may affect measurements made with this technique. The acoustic signal generated from the source and received by the microphone(s) within the system are audible tones. The system is currently operated in ordinary office settings. Therefore, other noise present in the testing environment may interfere with test measurements. This study evaluates the effects of different sources of environmental noise on Acoustic Rhinometry measurements.


ZHANG Bao-ming points out that the important question is not whether literature needs morality or not but how to put the role of morality. Intellectuals should perform the direction of moral pragmatism. ZHANG Quan-zhi points out that the life in reality was affirmed in the ethical revolution promoted by the May 4th Movement; meanwhile the metaphysical pursuit for ethics was rejected and "All the gods were exiled". As a result, a Vacuum came into being in people's belief. Under its influence there appeared a tendency of secularization in the new-vernacular literature creation. According to YANG Qing-dong,the whole enlightenment pays attention to the individualism of moral practice and individual centralism but neglects moral universalism,which leads to the failure of the whole enlightenment on projecting moral modernity.In PAN Zheng-wen's opinion, this argument reflects the contradiction in Chinese new literature. To resolve the question about moral metaphysics, it is necessary to press close to the dilemma of Chinese new literature.


This study aimed to identify the degree of practice among secondary stage students in Kuwait regarding the ethics of digital technology use from their perspectives. Also, it investigates the degree of practice's relationship with the variables of gender, specialization, and grade. The researchers used the descriptive survey method to answer the study questions. The study sample was 771 male and female students of the secondary stage of Al-Ahmadi Educational Zone in Kuwait for the academic year of 2018/2019, where they were selected by random stratified method from different schools. The study instrument (survey) was developed, and its validity and reliability were verified. The results showed that the degree of the practice of secondary stage students in Kuwait of the ethics of using digital technology was high. In addition, results revealed that there is a statistical difference attributed to the variables of gender, specialization, and grade. Several recommendations were discussed.


Cu thin films sputter-coated on single crystals of silicon were implanted with 30 keV nitrogen ions under various doses from 1.9 × 1017 to 5.7 × 1017 ions/cm2. The prepared samples were subsequently annealed in nitrogen atmosphere. The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that in addition to the crystalline copper nitride phase, copper azides were developed by nitrogen ion implantation. With an increase of the implantation dose to 2.3 × 1018 ions/cm2, much of the Cu film was transformed to the crystalline Cu3N phase. Furthermore, the effect of nitrogen ion implantation on Cu thin films under various doses was investigated. The structural properties, morphology and sheet resistance of samples were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and four-point probe techniques, respectively. In addition, the dependence of resistivity of the implanted samples on the implantation dose as well as structural properties is discussed.


This work applies decision tree analysis to construct a classification sensor for Taiwan's diagnosis related groups (Tw-DRGs) of medical specialties. Inpatient expenses of 2009 in a national health insurance database were transformed to the SQL database analytic software for analysis and classification. DRG code is selected by the principal diagnosis code with the operating room procedures code. Selecting the combinations in accordance with National Health Insurance inpatient diagnostic related groups TW-DRG Classification Manual, resulting in repeated DRG codes. The study analyzes three medical classifications of Tw-DRGs implementations on 2009 to solve the DRG code appropriate attribution issues. Appropriateness and accuracy of the DRG code is an important influence to the medical payments. The results found that decision tree can effectively and quickly establish the DRG classification process.


The dynamics of redox gated organic memory devices based on dynamic doping of polythiophene were examined in detail in order to improve "write" and "erase" speed and determine ultimate performance. A 3-terminal geometry similar to a field effect transistor provided a source/gate circuit which reversibly oxidized a polythiophene polymer to cause a large increase in conductance between the source and drain electrodes. The devices were cycled for >1000 complete R/W/R/E cycles, and operated at relatively low voltage compared to commercial "flash" memory. The "write" and "erase" speeds were improved by a factor of >100 by using a spin-coated electrolyte layer and by small increases in device temperature. The influence of charging current and polaron propagation on response time were determined to be minor, with the rate limiting process being identified as the rate of conducting polaron generation. The main factor determining the W/E time was the mobility of ions in the polyethylene oxide electrolyte layer, which resulted in resistance losses during the application of the S-G "write" pulse. Response time was strongly dependent on the atmosphere, with water or acetonitrile vapor significantly increasing the rate of polaron generation. The results are important for design of molecular memory devices based on dynamic doping, and indicate likely avenues for further performance improvements. © 2014 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0831412jes] All rights reserved.


The aseptic loosening of prosthetic components after the total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a possible clinic problem which needs resolving by orthopedic surgeons. Timely clinical and radiological examinations and ana lyses of the signs and progression of the loosening after THA will play a critical role in prevention and treatment to the aseptic loosening of prosthetic components. The article puts forward the principle for correct evaluation of the aseptic loosening after it reviews and analyzes the existing clinical and radiological examination methods of detecting the loosening. [


This research guide is designed to help Prof. Leong's ENGL 118 and ESL 117A students with their Names Essay project.


Realize the crossing statement of the Chinese type fixing statement. Make use of the Grid statement template in PowerBuilder to realizes the crossing covariance function of two kinds of data item juxtaposed indirectly. To realize crossing Co-variance of various data , thereby to solve the weakness of crossing statement's unfixed breadth, to satisfy the request of the fixing statement form of our nation.


It is shown that for an approximate algebra homomorphism f : B → B on a Banach *-algebra B, there exists a unique algebra *-homomorphism H: B → B near the approximate algebra homomorphism. This is applied to show that for an approximate automorphism f: A → A on a unital C*-algebra A, there exists a unique automorphism α: A → A near the approximate automorphism. In fact, we show that the approximate automorphism f: A → A is an automorphism.


PURPOSE: A device and method for an interface of a smart card is provided to reduce a program and load of a host, decrease an entire processing time of a system, and make an update of a host program for receiving desired new smart card by processing an interface between a smart card and a host through an interrupt service routine. CONSTITUTION: A host interface unit(101) decodes data, an address, a chip strobe signal(CSB), a read/write control signal(WRB, RDB) being transmitted to a host, transmits the data, address and signals to a register file(105), and transmits data read from the register file(105) and an interrupt signal(IRQ) being transmitted from a control unit(115) to the host. Control information and data necessary for an interface between a smart card and the host exist in the register file(105). The information is set by information being supplied from the host through a host interface unit(101), set by the control unit(115) to the host, or set by ATR(Answer to Reset) data being transmitted from a receiving unit(120). The data are supplied from the host through the host interface unit(101) in a transmission mode and supplied from the receiving unit(120) in a receiving mode.


The present invention discloses a heating apparatus of a dot pattern, a dot matrix control modules and the heating plate, the heating plate is made of each of a plurality of small lattice heating units, the heating unit by high-temperature insulating material is fixed to the circuit control board , the control module from the graphics input module, microprocessor control system module and the strength of electrical conversion modules, a graphics module will want to send to the microcontroller heating pattern control module, microprocessor control module corresponding to the heating plate for the establishment of lattice planes lattice model, and the corresponding dot on a hot plate heating unit scans to identify a number corresponding to the target heating point, heating was started and send a signal, the signal strength received by the photoelectric conversion module, start time and target heating unit heating, in order to achieve the purpose of heating graphically.


Semiconducting/insulating polymer blends are promising materials for use in organic thin film transistor (OTFT) applications. Here, vertically phase-separated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-top and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-bottom blend films were developed for the facile fabrication of OTFTs with excellent electrical properties. The microstructures of the blend films could be adjusted simply by altering the film processing conditions, which impacted the electrical properties of the OTFTs based on the blend films. A decrease in the P3HT content of the blend film significantly reduced the interface roughness between the semiconductor (P3HT) and dielectric (PMMA) layers, which reduced charge trapping or scattering, thereby increasing the field-effect mobility. A higher solution concentration tended to increase the drying time during film deposition, which allowed the P3HT molecules to self-organize over a long period of time. This led to an increase in the ordering of the phase-separated P3HT film, which significantly improved the device performance. TFTs based on a P3HT/PMMA (1/39 w/w) film prepared from a 4 wt% blend solution showed the best field-effect performance with a saturated field-effect mobility of 0.022 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an Ion/Ioff current ratio of 2 × 105. The vertically stratified P3HT/PMMA films were also suitable for the fabrication of all-polymer TFT devices on flexible substrates.


A ring-shaped antenna device of induction wireless communication system includes an antenna body, the antenna body is provided with a ring-shaped body which is connected by pipe pieces, inner support pieces are arranged in the pipe pieces, the inner support pieces are wrapped with, the tune units are arranged among the connected terminals of the spiral coils and connected with the connected terminals. The pipe pieces are sleeved with insulation sleeves. Support frames are arranged in the pipe pieces and connected with the pipe pieces. An electrical connection part is arranged on the antenna body, the electrically connected terminals of the electrical connection part are connected with the connected terminals of the spiral coils. Between the antenna body and a transmitter/a receiver can also be provided with a tunable impedance matching device. The ring-shaped antenna device has high coupling efficiency, small dimension, easy installation and maintenance; the utility model uses the unique ring-shaped structure, which can further improve the anti-jamming performance, so as to enhance the reliability of the communication of the induction wireless communication system in the mountains, tunnels and other weak electric field environments.


In this paper, we study amorphous silicon thin-lmtransistor (TFT) degradation under bias stress effect. To model threshold voltage shift with bias stress effect, fabricated samples are measured for I-V data with bias stress in variations of temperature. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) model is thus adopted to extract model parameters, such as the flat band voltage (VFB), the characteristic voltage for deep states (VO), the conduction band mobility (MUBAND), the channel length modulation parameter (LAMBDA), the power law mobility parameter (GAMMA) and the saturation modulation parameter (ALPHASAT) from the measurement. The model card with those extracted parameters is validated via a TFT circuit simulation. The results of the circuit simulation indicate the relationship of effects depending on the stress and operational temperature.


We consider temporal difference algorithms within the context of infinite-horizon finite-state dynamic programming problems with discounted cost, and linear cost function approximation. We show, under standard assumptions, that a least squares-based temporal difference method, proposed by Nedic and Bertsekas (NeB03), converges with a stepsize equal to 1. To our knowl- edge, this is the first iterative temporal difference method that converges without requiring a diminishing stepsize. We discuss the connections of the method with Sutton's TD(λ) and with various versions of least squares-based value iteration, and we show via analysis and experiment that the method is substantially and often dramatically faster than TD(λ), as well as simpler and more reliable. We also discuss the relation of our method with the LSTD method of Boyan (Boy02), and Bradtke and Barto (BrB96).


Kierkegaard and Tolstoy,two great thinkers in 19th centuries,have sought for the meaning of human's existence.It is found that they have shared not only the emotional experience-fear and desperation,but also the anti-reason on speculative philosophy.Finally they both have committed themselves to religion for return and reached their spiritual agreement.


Abstract Extract Equality is an abstract, discursive concept: people are not equal but they can regard, and sometimes treat, each other as equals; that is to say, they can be represented as equal. Equality, however, is a far from self-evident concept. Throughout recorded history inequality rather than equality was the overwhelming, 'obvious' reality, the very stuff of social relations, while equality had to be invented, asserted, imagined. It is surely no accident that the champions of equality have so often been dismissed as 'utopian' daydreamers while the defenders of inequality were usually able to don the comfortable mantle of 'realism'.


In order to investigate the pollution of heavy metal in soil, chinese cabbage and radish collected from Singal interchange (highway area), Anyang stream, Jungryang stream (stream basin) and Chunchun dong, Suweon (non-polluted area), this study was carried out from July to October in 1983. The contents of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrqphotometry. Generally in soil, the contents of heavy metals in highway area were lower than that in Anyang stream and Jungryang stream, but higher than that in non-polluted area. (Chunchun dong, Suweon). The vegetable samples of highway area were more polluted compared with that of Chunchun dong, Suweon. The contents of heavy metals in radish were higher than that of chinese cabbage and radish leaves were more polluted than roots.


Cortical electrical resistance increases considerably after cortical asphyxiation. After a latent period of about 3 minutes a sudden resistance change occurs during which one-third of the cortical ...


One-carbon metabolism comprises a network of integrated biochemical pathways that donate, and regenerate, the one-carbon moieties needed for physiologic processes. Efficient one-carbon metabolism is required for the biosynthesis of the purines, adenine and guanine, and the conversion of uridylate to thymidylate, which prevents the misincorporation of uracil into DNA ( 1 ). By donating a methyl group to homocysteine to create methionine, one-carbon metabolism also generates S -adenosylmethionine, the universal methyl donor, which is required for DNA methylation ( 1 ). Disruption of one-carbon metabolism can, therefore, interfere with DNA replication, DNA repair, and regulation of gene expression through methylation, each of which could promote carcinogenesis. One-carbon metabolism requires optimal activity of 25 or more enzymes, some of which depend on not only folate, a B vitamin, but also vitamins B-12, B-6, and B-2 (riboflavin) as coenzymes. Over the past 15 years, one-carbon metabolism has received increasing attention as a process whereby diet and genetic variation could modulate cancer risk. Based on the biochemistry, hypotheses were generated about the influence on cancer risk of folate and B-vitamin intake; folate and B-vitamin status; alcohol use, which interferes with folate bioavailability ( 2 ); and altered enzyme activity related to common genetic polymorphisms — hypotheses that could be tested in animal experiments, epidemiologic studies, and randomized clinical trials. In epidemiologic studies, low folate intake has been linked to increased risks of several cancers, including cancers of the breast, ovary, cervix, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and lymphoid tissues, but the evidence is most extensive for colorectal cancer and its precursor, colorectal adenoma. In both men and women, low folate intake is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer in the majority of the epidemiologic studies ( 3 , 4 ). Serum and red blood cell folate have generally, although not always, been inversely associated with risk ( 3 ). Limited data suggest that intake of methionine, an essential source of one-carbon groups, may also be protective ( 3 ). High alcohol consumption, which interferes with folate utilization and other aspects of onecarbon metabolism (2), was associated with in creased risk, especially when folate intake was low ( 3 ). In rodent models, usually folate depletion enhanced and folate supplementation protected against the early stages of intestinal carcinogenesis ( 5 ). Although folate and methionine have received more attention as one-carbon donors in studies of chronic disease, choline and its metabolite betaine merit comparable consideration. Like 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, choline, once oxidized to betaine, can transfer a one-carbon moiety to homocysteine to produce methionine and


Inconsolable infant crying is challenging to parents and a precipitating factor of shaken baby syndrome. This phenomenological study explored the parent's experience of infant crying, through in-depth interviews. Themes of "Constant crying … Why don't they stop?": Longing for answers, "At my wit's end": heightened emotions, and "comforting, coping, and time away": Behavioral strategies emerged from the data. A discussion of occupational therapy's role in parent education, prevention programs, and future research is provided.


This community service was performed at the home industry of G&R Masohi Shope in Lesane Village, Masohi City District, Central Maluku Regency. This devotional activity is carried out with the aim to: 1) provide understanding and assistance to partners "G&R Masohi Shop" regarding the correct recording of business finance in accordance with accounting rules to know the development of partner business, 2) Provide understanding and assistance to partners "G&R Masohi Shope" ways and procedures of managing halal certificate of products from LP-POM MUI Maluku Province, in order to obtain permission to list halal labels on product packaging. The method of implementing community service activities used by the service team to solve partner problems is the method of training and mentoring. The result of this devotional activity is 1) The Partner is able to do the financial recording of his business well so as to maintain the existence and sustainability of his business, 2) The partner obtains halal certificate of  fresh tuna fish abon products from LPPOM MUI Maluku Province which can be included in the packaging of fresh tuna fish abon products G&R Masohi Shop.


We take some measures of teaching reform about Andrology in reproductive medical speciality,including the teaching outline,the content,books,the method and means.These measures of teaching reform meet the need of teaching and help to enhance the effect of teaching.


Five male children with chronic renal failure (CRF) and growth retardation were treated with recombinant human GH (somatrem) three times weekly for 6 months. The patients ranged in age from 35 to 91 months and had a mean SD score for height of ‐3.03 ± 1.0 at initiation of therapy. Their mean pretreatment height velocity was 4.94 ± 1.40 cm/year for the year prior to somatrem treatment. Following 6 months of treatment all children had a significant increase in annual height velocity, with the mean annual value for the group being 10.08 ± 1.97 cm/year (p <0.01). Glucose tolerance was monitored and was not significantly affected nor were there any other complications of note. These data indicate that somatrem can produce short‐term accelerated height velocity in the child with growth retardation associated with CRF, The long‐term benefits of therapy in this group of children is under investigation.


The Stochastic FDTD (S-FDTD) method provides a way to determine the mean and variance of the electric and magnetic fields in a model where the electrical properties (conductivity and permittivity) vary stochastically, from a single S-FDTD simulation. This method is a realistic and more efficient alternative to Monte Carlo analysis, which requires numerous FDTD simulations.


ASP.NET-based information system will be developed by the information in the output to Microsoft Word to view or print, is that many developers often have to face. In this paper, based on the C # language through a ASP.NET examples and the use of COM components to discuss ways to resolve such issues and techniques. These methods and techniques in the development of C # language-based information system in ASP.NET has a high practical value.


It is of great significance to design glasses with satisfactory mechanical properties predictively through modeling. Among various modeling methods, data-driven modeling is such a reliable approach that can dramatically shorten research duration, cut research cost and accelerate the development of glass materials. In this work, the ridge regression (RR) analysis was used to construct regression models for predicting the compositional dependence of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass elastic moduli (Shear, Bulk, and Young's moduli) and hardness based on the ternary diagram of the compositions. The property prediction over a large glass composition space was accomplished with known experimental data of various compositions in the literature, and the simulated results are in good agreement with the measured ones. This regression model can serve as a facile and effective tool for studying the relationship between the compositions and the property, enabling high-efficient design of glasses to meet the requirements for specific elasticity and hardness.


Certain characterizations of the Friedrichs and the Kre'rn von{Neumann extensions of the tensor product of two nonnegative linear relations A and B in terms of the Friedrichs and the Kre'rn{von Neumann of A and B are provided. A characterization of the extremal extensions of the tensor product of A and B is also given.


The human population has been growing steadily over time; a trend that has had an increasing pressure on global resources. The population is predicted to grow further, particularly, in urban areas. According to the UN Habitat more than half of the global population now resides in cities (UN Habitat, 2014). By 2050, the urban dwellers are projected to make up over 70 per cent of the global population. Therefore, urban areas provide an important locale for addressing the social, economic, political, cultural and environmental challenges in order to capitalize on urban opportunities while mitigating the risks (UN Habitat, 2013). The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were affirmed in September 2015 during the 2015 United Nations General Assembly as a universal normative development blueprint for all members ascribed to the UN Charter. Of the 17 SDGs, Goal 11 is wholly dedicated to 'Sustainable Cities and Communities: Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable'. The 'urban goal' has ten attendant targets. These targets refine the focus on key areas that need urgent attention in addressing urbanization challenges worldwide. It is in these areas where policy makers assert that the battle for sustainability will be won or lost in cities. The identification of an urban goal is an acknowledgement that 'the current model of urbanization is unsustainable in many respects' (UN Habitat, 2016). Habitat III is the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development to take place in Quito, Ecuador from 17 to 20 October 2016. The outcome of Habitat III could be the tenet to promote all levels of human settlements including small rural communities, villages, market towns, intermediate cities and metropolises for sustainable demographic and economic. According to the UN Habitat, rethinking the Urban Agenda is:


A storm clears over Tybee Island, Georgia. Georgia's position in the southeast corner of the United States allows it to experience a full range of weather conditions: the fury of a hurricane wrappe...


The depolarizing and occultation effects of a finite spherical light source on the polarization of light Thomson-scattered from a flat circumstellar envelope seen edge-on are analyzed. The analysis shows that neglect of the finite size of the light source leads to a gross overestimate of the polarization for a given disk geometry. By including occultation and depolarization, it is found that B-star envelopes are necessarily highly flattened disk-type structures. For a disk viewed edge-on, the effect of occultation reduces the polarization more than the inclusion of the depolarization factor alone. Analysis of a one-dimensional plume leads to a powerful technique that permits the electron density distribution to be explicitly obtained from the polarimetric data.


X-band ESR measurements on a single crystal of ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}({\mathrm{BO}}_{3}{)}_{2}$ system in a temperature range between 10 K and 580 K are presented. The temperature and angular dependence of rather broad ESR spectra can be explained by the inclusion of antisymmetric Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interaction. However, the well-accepted picture of only out-of-plane interdimer DM vectors is not sufficient to explain the observed angular dependence. In order to account for the experimental linewidth anisotropy we additionally include sizable in-plane components of interdimer as well as intradimer DM interaction. We also emphasize that in addition to static buckling of crystal planes a recently introduced dynamical mechanism allowing for instantaneous DM interaction should be important and estimate the ``average'' size of intradimer DM vectors ${D}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=3.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\mathrm{K}.$ Moreover, the linewidth at an arbitrary temperature can be divided into two contributions; namely, the first part arising from spin dynamics governed by the spin Hamiltonian of the system and the second part due to significant spin-phonon coupling. The nature of the latter mechanism is attributed to phonon-modulation of the antisymmetric interaction, which is responsible for the observed linear increase of the linewidth at high temperatures.


This researcch was conducted to find out about the impact of using visual aids on understanding the material of the circulatory system. The cardiovascular system is a material in science learning that includes organs that are used during the transportation process, blood circulation processes, abnormalities in blood circulation and circulatory diseases that should be understood. But of course there are obstacles in the learning process both the lack of understanding of students in capturing learning material, that way the teacher can use learning media such as teaching aids, the use of teaching aids that image the necessary work operations needed to visualize in memory, so the direction of this research is to test the success of the circulatory system visual media in the teaching and learning process. As well as helping teachers to make it easier when doing learning and easily understood by students.


The author has extensive clinical experience in the treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There appear to be numerous clinical factors affecting the treatment responses of OCD patients, but the cognitive-behavior features of these patients could also be contributory. In this article, the author reports a man with OCD who had cognitive-behavioral features affecting the severity of OCD. There was no definitive diagnosis of developmental disorder. However, approaches to cognitive-behavioral features were effective. It became much easier for the patient to suppress his compulsions. The author speculates that approaches to cognitive-behavioral features are both important and useful for the treatment of patients with OCD regardless of whether or not developmental disorders are present.


A hidden Markov model(HMM)-based English speech synthesis system was built using contextual phone concatenation to improve speech synthesis quality for natural speech.The smoothing algorithm is the key module to ensure both spectrum and prosody continuity between segments.This method flexibly concatenates the segments to generate relatively natural speech.The basic synthesis unit is the phone,which reduces the number of concatenative points and the distortion.A smoothing algorithm is used to smooth the phone sized units in the system.Test results show that the method smooths the discontinuity between segments and generates good speech.


A desk-based assessment was conducted by Oxford Archaeology East for a plot of land to the west of Fordham Road, Newmarket (TL 632 672). It is proposed that a Solar Farm be constructed on the 10 ha site. The land is located directly to the west of the county border between Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, with the town of Newmarket 3km to the south and the villages of Snailwell 1km to the east, Landwade 1km to the north-west and Exning 1.8km to the south-west. The desk-based assessment has revealed that the site is situated within a landscape rich in archaeological remains. Within a 2.5km radius of the site there is evidence of early prehistoric occupation, Bronze Age and possibly Neolithic burial mounds, Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age settlements and a high status Late Iron Age cremation burial. The Icknield Way and another prehistoric route, Street Way, run to the south of the site. In the Roman period there are two villas locally as well as settlement as close as 0.5km to the south. The most significant Anglo Saxon sites are a cemetery on Windmill Hill in Exning and a Late Saxon settlement further to the south. All medieval and post-medieval sites and buildings are concentrated
within the villages of Exning, Landwade and Snailwell. Cartographic sources show that the site has been undeveloped agricultural land since at least the late 18th century. The evidence increases the probability of buried archaeological remains existing within the potential development area. If remains do exist, they are most likely to be prehistoric or Roman in date. As the site has never been developed, any remains should survive relatively intact although the effects of ploughing may have caused
minor truncation.


(1) use this index as a basis for comparing 32 black African nations with data derived from hlorrison et al. (1972); (2) investigate the statistical, properties of the index in light of methodological arguments for index construction in social research; and (3) check the validity of the index by using conflict data collected for Latin America by Bwy (1968) and our own data on political instability in Africa (hlorrison et al., 1972; Morrison and Stevenson, 1971).


The paper deals with the F-transform with polynomial components with respect to a generalized fuzzy partition given by B-splines. We investigate approximation properties of the inverse F-transform in this case and prove that using B-splines allows us to improve the quality of approximation of smooth functions.


Aims  To determine the safety and effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in attaining long‐term glycaemic control in paediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes and to compare the results with those previously recorded in the same patients taking multiple daily injections (MDI) (four injections a day).


Heavy metal contamination in the urban river has become the most severe problem in the urban environment, especially zinc (Zn) compound is harmful to the environment at current levels of exposure. This study aims to assess the impact of urbanization and industrialization to Zn pollution in surface sediment at the Umeda River. Triplicate surface sediment samples were collected at 9 sample points. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for analyzing the Zn and Fe concentrations. The surface sediments in the Umeda River contained 48 – 159 mg/kg of Zn. The results indicated that Zn concentrations were abundant in the ascending order of 600 – 1,000 μ m, 300 – 600 μ m, and smaller than 300 μ m. The higher the grain size, the higher the POC in which might contribute to the higher Zn and Fe concentration. In addition, the sediment quality guidelines indicated that the Zn levels in the study area did not constitute a major threat to biota. Normalization with Fe showed that the Zn pollution in surface sediment had been in fl uenced by anthropogenic activities such as industrialization and urbanization.


Recently, the hypoelastic-idealplastie solid under simple shear has been studied. As an unexpected result, the slope of the stress-strain curve at the beginning of the plastic range turned out to be negative. While all other assumptions remained the same, this effect was recognized for all objective stress rates, which have been used for the hypoelastic constitutive law. The main objective of this paper is ~n interpretation of this remarkable result, where this interpretation should be given in an acceptable and rational form. To this end, we apply the constitutive assumption of the elastic-idealplastic body for comparison.


The vehicle load stresses of the cement concrete pavement structure with/without flexible functional layer were contrastively analyzed by numerical simulation with using ANSYS software. The results showed that the load stress of the cement concrete pavement structure with flexible functional layer was much lower than that without flexible functional layer under the vehicle load. Consequently, the force condition of the pavement structure was effectively improved by the flexible functional layer.


Abstract. Slope stabilization through drainage trenches is a classic
approach in geotechnical engineering. Considering the low hydraulic
conductivity of the soils in which this measure is usually adopted, a major
constraint to the use of trenches is the time required to obtain a
significant pore pressure decrease, here called "time lag". In fact,
especially when the slope safety factor is small, the use of drainage
trenches may be a risky approach due to the probability that slope
deformations will damage the system well before it will become fully
operative. However, this paper shows that the presence of persistent permeable natural
soil layers can provide a significant benefit by increasing drainage
efficiency and reducing time lag. As a matter of fact, any permeable layer
that is intercepted by trenches may operate as part of the global hydraulic
system, reducing the drainage paths. A simplified approach to designing a drainage system that accounts for the
presence of a persistent permeable layer is proposed. This approach, which
can exploit solutions available in the literature for parallel drainage
trenches, has been validated by numerical analyses.


sources, and the power of ideology to overcome empirical evidence. Legitimacy, identified by many scholars as the major impediment to state building in the Middle East at least since the end of World War I, is not even mentioned, much less discussed. Colonialism and its role in the development of a "politics of authenticity," which has given such a boost to Islamist movements in the region, are also not discussed. This is a crucial omission because of the dependence of the author's proposals for halting the arms race in the Middle East on external intervention by these colonial and neocolonial powers, which are also responsible for the deformation of state-society relations that enables so many states in the Middle East to ignore or suppress pressure from domestic social groups. The militarization of societies is not only used to control domestic social groups but is also a preferred means for distributing social resources. Although Sadowski does note that for some social groups Scuds are butter, he does not explore the ramifications of this equation for the survival of regimes. In spite of its apparent strategic focus, Sadowski gives us what is essentially an economist's argument. His book has all the charm of the best of its predecessors: it is clear, nicely written, accessible, and, perhaps most important, reasonable. We can read it and agree that, yes indeed, ending the arms race in the Middle East would certainly have large regional and global benefits. We can agree that the small cost of supporting a debt-for-arms swap would certainly be in our interests as friends of the region and as citizens of the world. We can agree that any country Sadowski discusses would certainly be able to maximize domestic welfare if it were to reduce its arms expenditures—buy fewer Scuds and more butter. What we wouldn't be able to see is why any of them might not follow Sadowski's prescriptions. This is because the book also reflects many of the flaws of the rationalist approach to foreign policy and leads to false conclusions about how to understand and deal with political realities. By choosing the country as the unit of analysis and reducing values to dinars and pounds we obscure the tragic dimensions of many strategic choices: not every difference can be split; there are conditions under which leaders and citizens might rather risk war than remain passive in the face of what for them would just be death by other means. The case of Israel is particularly poignant. Following a policy of settling relatively disadvantaged nationals in the occupied territories, the Israeli government created a constituency whose rational interests lie in continued conflict rather than in accommodation. Other countries also nurture domestic Frankensteins created by similar kinds of internal colonization, the concentration of certain ethnic or regional groups in national military forces, or the penetration of society by religious leaders and organizations as a way to bolster weak regimes. Scuds or butter? The choices are seldom so clear-cut.


This paper presents our submission to task 5 ( Multimedia Automatic Misogyny Identification) of the SemEval 2022 competition. The purpose of the task is to identify given memes as misogynistic or not and further label the type of misogyny involved. In this paper, we present our approach based on language processing tools. We embed meme texts using GloVe embedding and classify misogyny using BERT model. Our model obtains an F1-score of 66.24% and 63.5% in misogyny classification and misogyny labels, respectively.


Each town always has its own characteristics and heritage; although it may not be outstanding enough to be on a World, National, or regional heritage list or to be a tourists' destination. Yet these place may be very pleasant places in which to live and so they are presenting real heritage that is certainly meaningful to their own local communities. Today, the trend of nostalgia tourism is very popular, especially traveling to the old districts and old living communities which are still rich with distinctive architectural style and identity, as well as presenting local culture and traditions that can suggest a long succession of customs and beliefs.  Thailand has many old communities and old towns scattered around the nation. In the past, most of them were ignored by tourists although, when the nostalgia tourism movement became a new trend, some have promoted themselves to be new tourism destinations which contain elements of a nostalgia-laden atmosphere, especially in the area around Bangkok. The old buildings, that look like something from the past, are the first things that will be presented and promoted as an emblem or heritage of the community.  Although old buildings are one of the cultural elements that can show the characteristics and identity of each community or town, nevertheless in the context of these small towns which may seem indistinguishable from each other to the eye of the passing traveler, it is often hard to recollect which building belongs to which town. Yet these buildings and other landmarks are still to be seen as real, albeit local, heritage. So the question arises of what constitutes local heritage in the context of a seemingly undistinguished small town?


Summary form only given. The transparent semiconductor optical amplifier-based nonlinear optical loop mirror (TSOA-MOLM) exhibits fast switching with a recovery time of the order of a low picoseconds, cascadable switching functionalities, low cross-talk between adjacent channels and low noise figures. The transparency carrier density of the SOA is, however, significantly dependent upon the pump pulse power, which would seriously limit the practical utilisation of TSOA-NOLMs. In this paper, it is shown that long SOAs can be employed in TSOA-NOLMs to both considerably reduce the pump power dependence of the transparency carrier density of the SOAs and also to significantly increase the transmission of the switches.


The beginning of education of mathematical statistics at the Central College of Agriculture in Warsaw is connected with Jerzy Neyman, who was a lecturer at the Faculty of Horticulture since 1923. The Mathematical Statistics Group was established in 1928, under his leadership. In the same year he organized a Biometric Laboratory at the Marceli Nencki Institute. This paper introduces the history of these two Groups.


The invention relates to a secure self-radiating LED lamp device, which comprises an external power connector, a lamp cup, a fan, an internal power converter, a radiator, an LED light source and a lampshade, wherein the external power connector, the lamp cup, the fan, the radiator, the internal power converter, the LED light source and the lampshade are connected together through connecting pieces to form a lamp device. The invention is characterized in that the radiator is arranged in an internal cavity at the junction of the lampshade and the lamp cup, wherein the internal cavity is isolated from a space arranged in the lower part of the lampshade and used for installing the LED light source; and a ventilation hole is arranged on the lamp cup. Since the radiator made of heat-conducting materials is arranged in the space in the lampshade, the potential safety hazards caused by the design of naked radiator are effectively avoided; since the ventilation hole is arranged on the lamp cup, the head generated during the light emission of the LED light source can be rapidly dissipated and the heat dissipation effect of the LED lamp device is greatly improved; and since the internal configuration of the radiator is reduced, the cost is reduced, the shape is reduced and the lamp device is close to the shape of the traditional bulb, technical support is provided to enable the shape of the lamp device to be close to the shape of the traditional bulb with specifications such as E14, E27 and the like, and conditions are created for the LED lamp device to be conveniently used in all kinds of illumination fields.


Due to less turbulence and no land limitation, offshore wind energy gets more attention than onshore. Jacket structure is regarded as a suitable solution for the water depth ranging from 30 to 80 meters. In general, joint stress concentration of jacket support structures affects their fatigue life. Nowadays, most jacket structures for offshore wind turbines have tubular X-joint between legs. In this paper, a study on X-joint stress concentration of offshore wind turbine jacket structure is performed by using 50m water depth model. Stress of X-joint on offshore environmental conditions are discussed.


The following example arose out of an unsuccessful attempt to improve a result by Ganea and Hilton (5), according to which implies that for each field of coefficients F one at least of the factors Xi is acyclic; here cat X is the Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of X. It was natural to ask whether this assumption also implies that one at least of the Xi is simply connected. This could be proved if it were possible to obtain spaces of arbitrarily large 1-dimensional category ((3), (4)) by forming Cartesian products of sufficiently many 2-dimensional pseudoprojective spaces (1) corresponding to different primes. However, we prove that this is impossible: Theorem. If P1, …, Pn are 2-dimensional pseudo-projective spaces corresponding to different primes p1, …, pn, then Before proving this theorem, we recall the definitions involved. The 1-dimensional category cat1X of a space X is the least number of open sets covering X and such that each closed path in any of them is contractible in X. A 2-dimensional pseudo-projective space P corresponding to the prime p is the complex obtained from the disk |z| ≤ 1 by identifying the points ei[θ+(2mπ|p)], m = 0, 1, …, p − 1. We have (1) for k ≥ 2 and cat1P = 3 since π1(P) is not free and cat1P ≤ 1 + dim P (4).


Die deutschlandweit steigenden Zahlen der Inobhutnahmen durch die
Jugendhilfe fuhren zu vermehrten Vermittlungen von Kindern in Heime
sowie Ubergangspflegestellen.
Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit sind die leiblichen Kinder dieser Ubergangspflegestellen. Sie wurden aus dem Grunde ausgewahlt, als dass sie ebenso wie ihre Eltern mit wechselnden aufgenommenen Kindern konfrontiert werden und lernen mussen, mit diesen zu leben.
Als Untersuchungsmethode wird ein empirischer Forschungsansatz
vorgestellt, der an die erziehungswissenschaftliche Biographieforschung
angelehnt ist und sich an der Grounded Theory nach Strauss & Corbin
orientiert.
In Germany, increasing numbers of children are taken into care by local
authorities and youth services, and this leads to a rise in placements in
either children's homes or in emergency and short-term foster settings.
The legal basis for the removal of children from their birth family is regulated
by the Child and Youth Services Act in § 42 SGB VIII (social security
code). There are high demands on short-term foster families, in that they
represent a dynamic, highly complex element within the care system
provided by the state's children services. In addition, these families often
have their own biological children to look after, and the care of children
in crisis or in emergency situations is added to this pre-existing responsibility.
The subjects at the centre of this study are the biological children of
short-term foster families. This group was selected because, like their
parents, they experience a high turnover of foster children in their family.
This requires them to develop specific coping skills in order to master
their situation. Also, only a very small number of studies so far have investigated
the biological children's experiences of growing-up in a foster
setting.
The study employed an empirical approach that was based on the biographical
research paradigm and on the Grounded Theory methodology
developed by Strauss & Corbin . The subjects were identified through
theoretical and selective sampling, and the research data were generated
through in-depth interviews using these qualitative data, it was possible
to reconstruct the biological children's experiences of growing up in
a short-term foster family, as well as the strategies they developed for
coping with this situation, and the support they received in the process.
The results of this study demonstrate a range of experiences that are
unique to the context of short-term fostering. The majority of the biological
children tended to feel overlooked by their parents, who were often
struggling to cope with the challenging behaviours and problems of their
foster children. In all of the included cases, the mother was the main carer.
A significant result of the study was that the mother's role behaviours
towards her biological children, compared to her behaviours towards her
foster children, determined her own children's experiences and perceptions
of growing up in a short-term foster family. The results of this study
suggest that children of mothers who aimed to treat biological and foster
children the same, were at risk of feeling alienated. In contrast, mothers
who adopted distinct role behaviours (i.e. biological mother versus professional
mother) appeared to better support their biological children in
developing positive attitudes towards living in short-term foster families.