Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking are of central meaning in all eukaryotic cells. It enables cells to rapidly modify their surface exposure of signalling complexes, nutrient and ion transporters, to maintain the homeostasis of lipids and proteins, to distribute internalized material within the cell, and to initiate and maintain cell motility, among others. Hence, the endocytic uptake and transport processes can regulate the capacity of the cell to sample and react to with their environment. This thesis focused on the study of kazrin C, a human protein originally identified in our group, whose overexpression interferes with clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), one of the best studied endocytic pathways. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that kazrin C interacts with the clathrinassociated machinery from rat brain extracts. Further, that data indicated that depletion of kazrin accelerates CME and recycling of the widely used endocytic marker transferrin (Tfn), whereas it impairs arrival of internalized Tfn to the perinuclear endosomal recycling compartment (ERC). Last, initial experiments suggested that kazrin might localized to sorting endosomes (SE), together with rab4, γ-adaptin and EHD3. The work presented here confirmed the previously observed effects in Tfn uptake and endocytic trafficking upon kazrin depletion. Further, subcellular fractionation experiments biochemically reinforced the view that a fraction of kazrin is localized to endosomal compartments. Consistently also, transfected GFP-kazrin could be seen forming subdomains on YFP-rab4 positive endosomes in living cells. Further, we provide biochemical evidence indicating that kazrin C directly interacts with clathrin and the clathrin adaptor AP-1, which together with rab4b, have been implicated in the transport between the sorting and recycling endosomes, similar to kazrin. Finally, we found that kazrin co-localize with endosomal actin and that it directly interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and WASH, the main the activator of the Arp2/3 complex on endosomal membranes. Both, depletion and overexpression of kazrin resulted in accumulation of endosomal actin. The data suggest that kazrin might inhibit cytosolic WASH, but upon activation, it might induce WASH-dependent actin polymerization on AP-1 and clathrin-enriched endosomal subdomains, promoting the formation or fission of transport intermediates between the sorting and recycling compartments. Altogether, the results indicated a role for kazrin at the sorting endosomal recycling trafficking crossroad, favouring transport towards the ERC together with clathrin and AP-1, versus the short loop recycling path to the plasma membrane. At the molecular level, the data suggest kazrin might control the balance of WASH-induced actin polymerization on either retromer or clathrin-enriched endosomal subdomains.


Applications incorporating DNN-based visual analytics are growing in demand. This class of data-intensive and latency-sensitive workloads has an opportunity to benefit from the emerging edge computing tier. However, to decouple the growing resource demand of DNN models, from the characteristics and resource limitations of the infrastructure elements available at the edge, new methods are needed to quickly slice the DNNs into appropriately-sized components, and to deploy those DNN slices to be executed on the edge infrastructure stacks. This paper presents Couper, a practical solution that provides for quick creation of slices of production DNNs for visual analytics, and enables their deployment in contemporary container-based edge software stacks. Couper is evaluated with 7 production DNNs, under varying edge configurations.


Abstract Defects of barium titanate thin films synthesized on Ti-deposited substrate by the hydrothermal method were defined by the heterogeneities of the surface morphology and phase-composition. In present work, the defects observed on the films have been classified, and the feature of these defects on the morphology and phase-composition summarized, and the formation process discussed. It has been proven experimentally that the homogeneity of the films was strongly affected by the surface state of the deposited Ti layer on the Si substrate and the reaction conditions. It is important to use a defectless and well-pretreated substrate and to process at high temperature above 180°C in the Ba(OH)2 solution of high concentration for long enough reaction time and is an effective way to eliminate the defects.


This study aims to prove empirically whether profitability, leverage and liquidity have a significant effect on the completeness of voluntary disclosures in annual reports on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2017. The population in this study are all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016 -2017. While the sample of this study was determined by purposive sampling method in order to obtain 39 sample companies. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from www.idx.co.id. The analytical method used is multiple regression analysis with a significance level of 5%.
The partial test results show that profitability and leverage have a positive and significant effect on the completeness of voluntary disclosure, while liquidity has a negative and insignificant effect on the completeness of voluntary disclosure. Simultaneous test results show that profitability, leverage and liquidity have a positive and significant effect on the completeness of voluntary disclosure.


Musculoskeletal complaints are generally felt a lot because of the habits done during work. Body posture when working improperly and maintained in a relatively long time can lead to musculoskeletal complaints. Working in a sitting position for a relatively long period of time with a bent and bent body position can be a risk factor for complaints of neck pain or back pain. This study aims to analyze the relationship between long-standing work posture with subjective complaints of neck pain in leather craft industry workers in Selosari. The study design was an observational analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique in this study was proportional random sampling with a sample of 42 respondents from the leather craft industry workers in Selosari. The results of statistical analysis with th e Chi Square test showed that p =0.006 (p <0.05), which means there is a relationship between the length of maintaining work posture to subjective complaints of neck pain in leather craft industry workers in Selosari. It should be noted that prolonged retention of neck posture which is too bent when working continuously for long periods of time will increase the risk of neck pain complaints. So it is necessary to improve the posture of the body when working, especially the neck or movement or changes in posture, especially the neck if it starts feeling stiff or stiff in the neck.


The motorized spindle is the core component of CNC machine tools, and the vibration of it reduces the machining precision and service life of the machine tools. Owing to the fast response, large output force, and displacement of the piezoelectric stack, it is often used as the actuator in the active vibration control of the spindle. A piezoelectric self-sensing actuator (SSA) can reduce the cost of the active vibration control system and simplify the structure by eliminating the use of a sensor, because a SSA can have both actuating and sensing functions at the same time. The signal separation method of a SSA based on a bridge circuit is widely applied because of its simple principle and easy implementation. However, it is difficult to maintain dynamic balance of the circuit. Prior research has used adaptive algorithm to balance of the bridge circuit on the flexible beam dynamically, but those algorithms need no correlation between sensing and control voltage, which limit the applications of SSA in the vibration control of the rotor-bearing system. Here, the electromechanical coupling model of the piezoelectric stack is established, followed by establishment of the dynamic model of the spindle system. Next, a new adaptive signal separation method based on the bridge circuit is proposed, which can separate relative small sensing voltage from related mixed voltage adaptively. The experimental results show that when the self-sensing signal obtained from the proposed method is used as a displacement signal, the vibration of the motorized spindle can be suppressed effectively through a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) algorithm.


We prove that the sum-of-digits function with respect to certain digital expansions (which are related to linear recurrences) and similarly defined functions evaluated on polynomial sequences of positive integers or primes satisfy a central limit theorem. These digital expansions are special cases of numeration systems associated to primitive substitutions on finite alphabets, the digits of which form Markov chains and induce Markov partitions of the torus T d . We provide an algorithm to determine the (fractal) boundary of these partitions.


A new control strategy for active power filters is proposed, modeled and implemented in order to improve the power quality of a line commutated converter High voltage DC link. The ability of reactive power and harmonics reductions are generally met by using passive and active power filters. In this paper, modified active power filter with a modified harmonics pulse width modulation algorithm is used to minimize the source harmonics and force the AC supply current to be in the same phase with AC voltage source at both sending and receiving sides of a line commutated converter high voltage DC link. Therefore, it is considered as power factor corrector and harmonics eliminator with random variations in the load current. The modified harmonics pulse width modulation algorithm is applicable for active power filter based on a three-phase five-level and seven-level cascaded H-bridge voltage source inverter. Simulation results show that the suggested modified multilevel active power filters improve total harmonics distortion of both voltage and current with almost unity effective power factor at both AC sides of high voltage DC link. Therefore, modified active power filter is an effective tool for power quality improvement and preferable for line commutated converter high voltage DC link at different load conditions.


The purpose of this paper is to challenge the existing paradigm on which contemporary models of generalised uncertainty relations (GURs) are based, that is, the assumption of modified commutation relations. We review an array of theoretical problems that arise in modified commutator models, including those that have been discussed in depth and others that have received comparatively little attention, or have not been considered at all in the existing literature, with the aim of stimulating discussion on these topics. We then show how an apparently simple assumption can solve, or, more precisely, evade these issues, by generating GURs without modifying the basic form of the canonical Heisenberg algebra. This simplicity is deceptive, however, as the necessary assumption is found to have huge implications for the quantisation of space-time and, therefore, gravity. These include the view that quantum space-time should be considered as a quantum reference frame and, crucially, that the action scale characterising the quantum effects of gravity, β, must be many orders of magnitude smaller than Planck's constant, β ∼ 10–61 × ℏ, in order to recover the present day dark energy density. We argue that these proposals should be taken seriously, as a potential solution to the pathologies that plague minimum length models based on modified commutators, and that their implications should be explored as thoroughly as those of the existing paradigm, which has dominated research in this area for almost three decades.


Nowadays, from the study of quantitative linguistics, the application of quantitative method is located in a variety of fields as a necessary method. According to this phenomenon, the knowledge of statistical method is requisite for linguists. However, unfortunately, there still remain difficulties for them to acquire the statistical knowledge. So, it is needed for linguists to be helped by statisticians and their active roles. Accordingly, this study is going to emphasizing that statisticians should have more interests in the field of quantitative linguistics. Moreover, it will prove that by using statistical methods, analysis on the linguistic research becomes more objective and scientific.


This introductory chapter starts with a brief discussion about the differences between the long-standing perspective of sports marketing and more modern sports marketing approach. The discussion leads to the ultimate question whether sports marketing can be seen as a new and independent marketing discipline rather than a normal form of marketing. In addition, a coherent definition of sports marketing will be presented which serves as the underlining definition of this edition volumen. Then the most important characteristics of sports of a marketing perspective will be explained using some real-life examples. The structure as well as the individual chapters of this book will be introduced in the following. This first chapter concludes with the introduction of the German Institute for Sports Marketing which has been founded by the editors of this book.


Objective To compare the high order aberrations between implantations of aspherical and spherical intraocular lens with normal pupil diameter, calculate and analyze the differences in spherical aberration between the eyes implanted with aspherical and spherical intraocular lens in order to assess the visual quality and investigate the clinical results. Methods Fifty patients(66 eyes)with cataract underwent surgery from Jan 2010 to Apr 2010, and were divided into 2 groups randomly. Group 1: unifocal and aspherical intraocular lens(negative aberration KS-AIN), Group2: unifocal and spherical intraocular lens(KS-X). Sixty-six eyes were included in this study. The aberrations at normal pupil diameter(interval 3mm-5mm)were measured with the i-Trace wavefront aberrometer. Modulation transfer functions were collected at 3mm and 5mm pupil size. Independent-Samples t Test was used to analyze the data. Results No post-operative complication occurred in each group. The average uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)was ≥ 0.5, and the average best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was ≥ 0.6. With normal pupil diameter(mean 3.73± 0.49mm), aspheric IOL group showed less spherical aberration than spherical IOL group with statistical significance(P =0.0040.05, t =-3.216), the difference value(D-value)of spherical aberration was 0.069± 0.026?m. Also aspheric IOL group showed less aberration than spherical IOL group in total higher-order root-mean-square(total HOA RMS)values, but with no statistical difference(P >0.05). There were no significant differences in coma and trefoil values between each group(P >0.05). With 3mm pupil diameter, aspheric IOL group provided a statistically better contrast sensitivity only in 5 cycle/degree while a statistically better contrast sensitivity in all spatial frequencies with 5mm pupil diameter. Conclusions The aspheric lens provides the patients better quality of vision at normal pupil size compared to spherical lens because of the decreased spherical aberration and a better contrast sensitivity in part frequencies. However, aspheric lens cannot express its superiority in decreasing total HOA RMS with normal pupil diameter.

Key words:
Aspheric lens ;  IOL ;  iTrace ;  Wavefront aberration ;  Normal pupil diameter ;


In 2006, the Commission of the European Communities encouraged the incorporation of sustainable urban development in the Cohesion Policy for 2007-2013. These proposals seem to be based on the cities involvement in the framework of the Structural Funds and other European programs. The purpose is that the European Union policy of growth and employment will be more successful if the regions are capable to take on their roles. Why are cities really important in terms of regional cohesion policies? They offer the best conditions for economic development - most of the jobs, firms, technologies, universities (higher education). But social and economic differences may appear, and cities are often subject to spatial inequalities. The capacity of the cities to produce innovation and to absorb innovations coming from outside seems to be a key element in competitive success.


Maximizing NPV by mitigating condensate blockage and restoring well productivity is challenging in rich gas condensate assets, especially when the dew-point pressure is very close to the initial reservoir pressure. Additionally, the choice of mitigation option is limited owing to the large upfront OPEX. This paper highlights the ongoing feasibility study to implement a cost-effective nanoparticle treatment for mitigating the risk of condensate blockage in the North West Sidi Ghazi (NWSG) field in Egypt.
 The feasibility study aims at qualifying the chemical system and pilot implementation in the NWSG field consisting of three key areas involving lab program, numerical modelling, and operational planning. Representative core and fluid samples were tested at reservoir conditions to evaluate the injectivity, durability, adsorption, and wettability alteration capability of the nanoparticles. Precise modelling of the risk of condensate blockage and treatment mechanism was performed for accurate prediction of condensate dropout and restoration of gas productivity to analyse the business viability. Operation planning focused on logistics, topside facilities and HSEQ is being carried out in preparation for pilot.
 Successful proof of concept of the nanoparticles showed an increase of the apparent gas permeability up to three times and the condensate permeability up to four times in a reservoir analogue system. Contact angles of up to 90° were measured for both reservoir brine and condensate, highlighting the neutral wetting nature of the chemical system. Sufficient injectivity in low permeable reservoir cores ranging up to 30 mD was demonstrated by unchanged gas permeabilities pre- and post-injection, emphasizing the suitability of the chemical system. Prediction runs from numerical simulation forecasted a reduction of well productivity of 50 to 75% already in the first year of production. The business viability was demonstrated either by significant acceleration of the production rates under similar operating constraints or by extending the plateau production over time. Additionally, the need for proper representation of the multi-phase fluid behaviour and pressure profile resulting from the high pressure drop due to condensate blockage in the first few meters around the wellbore was corroborated. Together with the chemical manufacturer, Wintershall Dea is ensuring the safe end-to-end logistics of the nanoparticles in preparation of the pilot application. Operational viability and environmental requirements of the nanoparticles is currently being evaluated.
 The options for condensate blockage mitigation are rather limited when it comes to minor assets, due to lower field economics. The proposed application of the nanoparticle treatment in the NWSG field focuses on long-term treatment durability, low OPEX and short pay-out times. To the best of our knowledge, no previous attempts have so far been made to mitigate condensate blockage using a solvent based wettability altering nanoparticle system for rich gas condensate assets.


AIM To prepare the inclusion complex of osthol-β-cyclodextrin for improving its solubility in water,and to study the release characteristics in vitro and pharmacokinetics in rats.METHODS The inclusion complex of osthol with β-CD was manufactured by counter mixture stirring method.The orthogonal design was used for the experiment with disintegration,hardness and dissolution of tablets as markers.The blood concentration of osthol in rat was assayed by HPLC.RESULTS The proportion of each adjuvant in the optimal formulation consisted of 10% MCC,6% L-HPC,12% PVPP.The optimized inclusion complex dispersible tablets disintegrated in(52.7±2.4) s,the hardness was(5.13±0.47) kg,and the accumulative dissolving quantity was(93.1±1.2)% in 1 h.The parameters were: Tmax of 2.65 h,Cmax of 2.87 μg/mL,AUC0-24 of 21.32 μg·h/mL in the osthol group,Tmax of 2.14 h,Cmax of 36.64 μg/mL,AUC0-24 of 272.41 μg·h/mL in the inclusion complex dispersible tablets group.The results of t test showed that there were significant differences in the Tmax,Cmax,AUC0-24 between two groups data(P0.05).CONCLUSION Osthol-β-CD inclusion complex dispersible tablets have the characteristics of the fast and homogeneously dispersing,and the quick releasing of the active constituent,and increase bioavailability of osthol in rat.


Candy Jernigan was a collage/assemblage artist who was little known outside of the New York art scene of the 1980s. In her short lifetime, she created a body of work that was brimming with wit and maturity. In Blood of a Vagrant, she uses photography, text, and collage on paper to remember the death of a homeless man who died near her apartment complex. I argue that her work is distinguished by the way she refashioned memories out of her materials, and how she refused to let them perish in anonymity. By looking at semiotic theory and the historical similarities of collage and photography, we can come to appreciate how Blood of a Vagrant acts as a meditative act of remembrance for an expired body. Candy Jernigan's Rejectamenta 4 Introduction A multi-media artist little known outside the New York art scene of the 1980s, Candy Jernigan (1952-1991) seemed to understand the habit of collecting quite well, even obsessively according to those who knew her. She used collage to provide "any and all physical 'proof' that [she] had been there...anything that would add information about a moment or a place, so that a viewer could make a new picture from the remnants." 1 I contend that what distinguishes Jernigan's work from the assemblage and collage techniques used by postmodern artists such as Robert Rauschenberg, whom she admired, was her preoccupation with the personhood of her materials, and the ways in which her process could refashion and "re-member" a human presence. Found at their moment of death and rejection, Jernigan transformed discarded body parts into musings on the fragility and mortality of the human body. The act of collage has often been discussed in terms of its oppositional quality, for example, in its subversive potential to dismantle elements of modernism. In this paper, I contend that Jernigan used collage, photography, and text to refashion new memories out of a panoply of discarded objects, memories that, without Jernigan's process, would have been dismissed, and the people that they memorialized, gone as well. Use of the Physical Human Body Specific to my purpose is the body, with its ability to understand and be marked by a place and time. The body speaks eloquently about the places it has been, through scars, skin pigmentation, fractures, and the like. In this way, the body shows its collected memories, and is "subject to acts of registration, of inscription and contextualization." 2 Marcel Proust tells us poetically that "the smell and taste of things remain poised a long time, like souls bearing resiliently, on tiny and almost impalpable drops of their essence, the immense edifice of memory." 3 Indeed, the relationship between olfaction and memory is an area of developing Candy Jernigan's Rejectamenta 5 scholarship, and much research has been produced by scholars at Harvard University and other prestigious institutions in an attempt to uncover the mysteries of this long-standing association. 4 Wolfgang Ernst's words, however, point more broadly to many kinds of objects that might be displayed in museums. Only peripherally does he mention how a body part, a bone, for example, may be used as part of an archive because it is an affected object; that is, it is a fragment of part of a body that experienced a history. However, the idea is inherently conflicted because we typically think of a museum as an objective archive. The body, on the other hand, and a decomposed one at that, is fraught with sentimentality; that is to say, how might we preserve and remember a physical being that has expired, yet avoid accusations of morbidity, distaste, and disrespect for what it once was? It is an issue that I contend was handled respectfully by Jernigan, whose process and content can be broken up in one particular work by its use of collage, photography, and text.


The state autonomous cultural institution of the Moscow "Zaryadye Park" is the first park constructed in borders of the Boulevard ring, the new cultural driver of Moscow, a key link in network of walking routes around the Kremlin. The park was conceived as the platform for dialogue about story, natural wealth of Russia, science, art, about the future of Moscow and the country in general. The park is open for new people, the ideas and technologies and encourages interest in knowledge and innovations. Unlike other Moscow parks having extensive territories for the organization of recreational activity, Zaryadye has a number of features which form its originality: the small territory, multilevelness, the botanical collection showing the natural variety of Russia, media complexes which do not have analogs in Moscow, a wide range of scientific and educational programs. In the Zaryadye park for visitors various information booths are presented; media complexes; tourist information centers; showrooms; shops of souvenirs and gifts; cafe and bars; "Ice cave"; florarium; scientific and informative center "Reserved Embassy"; big amphitheater; concert hall; modern gastronomic food court.
The majority of exhibitions and actions in the park are devoted to natural wealth of Russia. Expositions mention, generally land world. In the Zaryadye Park there are practically no objects acquainting visitors with the richest water resources of our country.
Construction and development of an oceanarium are one of the most perspective and favorable directions of large business. Having appeared relatively recently, the oceanarium industry literally blew up the sphere of entertainments and quickly rose by business Olympus top. The world practice visually confirms high profitability of projects of construction of oceanariums. More and more oceanariums are under construction worldwide – each of them shows excellent indicators of payback. Our country after the western and east neighbors joined in "oceanarium" process, but trends of the last year's show: Russia will become in one row already soon with the countries in the territory of which the greatest number of the best oceanariums with a world name is constructed. That it happened as soon as possible, it is necessary to combine efforts of people which have a desire and opportunities to realize grandiose projects of construction of oceanariums.


Excited levels in the {sup 109}Tc nucleus, populated in the spontaneous fission of {sup 248}Cm, have been studied using the EUROGAM2 array. In {sup 109}Tc we have found a new band corresponding to the {pi}5/2{sup -}[303] configuration and a three-quasiparticle band with I{sup {pi}}=(15/2{sup -}) band-head level at 1749.5 keV. The structure of the 1749.5-keV level probably involves the {l_brace}{pi}5/2{sup +}[422]{nu}(5/2{sup -}[532],5/2{sup +}[413]){r_brace}{sub 15/2}{sup -} prolate configuration. The quasiparticle-rotor model calculations performed in this work show that the odd-proton configurations observed in {sup 107}Tc and {sup 109}Tc are consistent with the scheme of proton excitations in a prolate triaxial potential. Significant differences between the degree of triaxiality observed for positive- and negative-parity excitations may be due to blocking of the triaxial shape by the odd proton populating negative-parity orbitals. The properties of the new 494.5-, 1440.7-, and 1748.8-keV levels found in {sup 109}Tc may indicate a change toward an oblate shape in this nucleus.


The subject of this article is the grounds for resumption of the administrative penal proceedings in accordance with art. 70, letter "e" of the Law for the administrative offences and sanctions. The text presents a detailed analysis of the stipulations of the above stated law. It also compares the new grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter "e" of the Law for the administrative offense and sanctions to the grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter "d", as well as in the context of the stipulations in Penal Procedure Code and the related provisions. A distinction is drawn between the field of application of the new grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter "e" and the grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter "d".


The role of granular leucocytes, particularly neutrophils, during wound healing in the injured rabbit lens and the distribution of acid phosphatase were investigated using electron microscopic histochemistry. Granular leucocytes first appeared in the wound coagulum approximately after 12 h following injury. They contained granules which gave a positive reaction for acid phosphatase. At 12 and 24 h acid phosphatase localization was found to be extracellular and was most pronounced at the apical region of the epithelial cells. This localization was most intense at the immediate periphery of the wound and decreased with distance from the site of injury. At 48 h following injury this extracellular localization decreased. The possible role of hydrolytic enzymes in tissue repair is discussed.


WESTERN MEDIA HAVE noted that Iraqi politicians failed to agree on thanking the American military in appreciation of its efforts to liberate Iraq from tyranny and for establishing democratic principles to replace the dictatorship and slavery that the Iraqi people had suffered for more than four decades. Those sources added that Iraqis, thus, are "ungrateful." No, for God's sake, we are not ungrateful. We're not opportunists fishing in dark waters. Although some of us rang the war bells, advocating division in an attempt to gain power, we're peaceful people. We've endured oppression and deprivation for a long time, so all we want is to move on in building our country. Since you came, American Soldier, we started to see the light of hope after almost losing it forever. You came uninvited, no question, but you don't have to leave unthanked. Though your leadership sent you over, putting its mistakes on you, we know that you did your best to avoid making more mistakes and to correct the first strategic fault: coming here without a solid plan, or international cover from the UN Security Council. But do we have to recall why you came, and what resulted from that? Maybe. Let's go back in time. Let's go back to the day the tyrant decided to invade Kuwait. Before that he carried out eight years of devastating war against Iran. Yes, we were invaders once. The Security Council responded by commissioning the Allies to remove the tyrant's forces "by all means.' He refused to yield to that resolution, leading the country into a losing battle, even from the day it started. Consequently, the Iraqi people felt humiliated enough to overcome their fear of the dictator's punishment. A broad revolution spread all over the country. There was a declaration of rejection that the regime never experienced before. On the contrary, the regime had been accustomed to listening to long poems of praise in luxurious palaces. The oppressor spared no effort to extinguish this uprising. Have you heard of the mass graves? Yes, the ground is still weeping over hundreds of them, praying to Allah for mercy on those who were buried alive; their only fault was refusing to obey the tyrant. The dictator was not reluctant to use his whole arsenal, including chemical weapons, to put down the uprising. Do you know about Halabja? Alas for the children, the men, women, and old people burned by a blaze of fire from the sky with no refuge to be found. Those who were supposed to protect them sent those flames. Yet all these tragedies didn't satisfy the dictator. Hoping to extend his reign, he went on confronting the international community, forcing them to extend sanctions. As a result, the country's infrastructure was destroyed and reached the brink of collapse. The people were exhausted trying to provide for their basic needs of bread and medicine. Due to the regime's policies, Iraqis became the poorest people in world despite their rich natural and human resources. The day when aching mothers saw the rope around Saddam's neck, after you captured him and brought him to justice, they prayed to Allah to protect you, American Soldier, and to light the road before you. …


© Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine. All rights reserved. Gynecol Pelvic Med 2020;3:13 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/gpm.2020.04.01 Ovarian cancer is the eighth leading cause of cancer related death among women, accounting for more than 150,000 deaths annually worldwide (1,2). High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most malignant form of ovarian cancer and accounts for approximately 70% of ovarian cancer diagnosis. Studies on cancer initiation, growth and metastasis have typically focused on genetic derangements in neoplastic cells; however, tumor growth cannot be exclusively explained by aberrations in cancer cells. Thus, it is of great interest to have a comprehensive understanding of how the tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes the neoplastic niche, and ultimately how to target the TME (including tumor stroma, extracellular matrix, and immune cells) to reduce disease recurrence and drug resistance. Historically, preclinical models focus on the genetic characteristics of the epithelial cells and have lacked in maintaining relevant TME components. In a recent study by Maniati et al. (3), the authors focused on characterizing the epithelial compartment and the TME of orthotropic syngeneic mouse tumor models to determine their analogy to patient tumors and to what extent these models can be utilized in preclinical studies that test TME targeting therapeutics. Six metastatic omental models of HGSOC were characterized. Two models, 30200 and 60577, were developed from genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) which had been engineered for Trp53, Brca and inactivation of the tumor suppressor function of Rb. Four additional models were developed from GEMMs with fallopian tube specific inducible inactivation of Brca2, Trp53, and Pten (models HGS1-4). RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis revealed nearly 1,300 differentially expressed genes [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05] in the murine tumors compared to normal omental tissue. As expected, much of the tumor proliferation and survival pathways were significantly enriched (P<0.001). Copy number variation (CNV) frequently contributes to the alteration of oncogenic drivers or the deletion of tumor suppressors. HGSOC tumors have relatively more CNVs than many other tumor types, where patients have a medium fraction of 46% of their genome altered (4), compared to approximately 5–10% in various other cancer types (5). Typical preclinical models use immune-deficient HGSOC xenograft models with established cell lines. Much of the common cell lines used for in vivo modeling lack the CNV profiles that are commonly found in patient tumors further confirming a loss of genetic fidelity in historically used xenograft models. A study from Domcke et al. evaluating the genetic profile of 47 ovarian cell lines revealed profound differences in copy-number changes, mutations and mRNA expression of 12 of the most readily used Editorial Commentary


The internal excitation of silver dimers sputtered from a polycrystalline silver surface by Ar+ ions of 5 keV was investigated by one color resonant two photon ionization spectroscopy and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. From the resulting spectra, vibrational and rotational population temperatures around 3000 K and 7000 K are determined which agree well with corresponding predictions obtained from molecular dynamics simulations of the molecule sputtering process.


This paper provides an overview over the most common neural network types for time series processing i e pattern recognition and forecasting in spatio temporal patterns Emphasis is put on the relationships between neural network models and more classical approaches to time series processing in particular forecasting The paper begins with an introduction of the basics of time series processing and discusses feedforward as well as recurrent neural networks with respect to their ability to model non linear dependencies in spatio temporal patterns


The purpose of the article is to justify the features of musical performance in Chernihiv beginning of the twentieth century and its importance in regional cultural creativity in the context of the correspondence of Nikolai Lysenko and Mikhail Kotsyubinsky as a promising vector for the development of regional musicology. The purpose of the work is to justify the features of musical performance in Chernihiv beginning of the twentieth century and its importance in regional cultural creativity in the context of the correspondence of Nikolai Lysenko and Mikhail Kotsyubinsky as a promising vector for the development of regional musicology. The research methodology is based on the use of axiological guidelines in understanding the history of the musical art of the region from the standpoint of modernity. The scientific novelty lies in deepening our ideas about musical performance and its significance in regional cultural creativity at the beginning of the XX century. Conclusions. Culturological understanding of the features of musical performance in the context of the epistolary heritage of Nikolai Lysenko and Mikhail Kotsyubinsky indicates the improvement of the performing culture in the parameters of its professionalization and emphasizes the need for its in-depth study as a promising direction for the musical region.


Current measuring method for a switching device, said switching device with a triggering electronics (7) is provided, and each conducting path (L1; L21; L22; L3) with a switching contact (1; 2; 3; 4) is connected by A) (by the individual current paths L1; L21; L22; L3) flowing path currents (i1, i21; i22; i3) (by transformer current transformer W1; W21; W22; W3) is detected on the primary side and are provided on the secondary side for further processing . B) of each secondary current (i1, i21 ', i22', i3 ') by means of a measuring arrangement (8) into an analog measurement signal (u1'; u21 '; u22'; U3 ') is converted, C) the analogue measuring signals (u1 '; u21'; u22 '; U3') (in digital measurement values I1 '; I21'; I22 '; I3') are converted, D) the digital measurement values (I1 '; I3') which are not parallel-connected current paths (L1; L3) can be allocated (while compensating Kn) of the nonlinear transmission characteristic associated with the transformer power conversion (N) numerically in first correction values (I1; I3 be reformed) which (as the determined current values of the associated web currents i1; are i3) for further evaluation, characterized in that the switching device at least one group of at least two parallel-connected current paths;, wherein for each group of parallel-connected current paths (L21, L22) (L21 L22) E) (from the corresponding digital measurement values I21 ', I22'), both the sum value (I21 '+ I22') and at least one difference value (| I21 '- I22' |) is formed, F) the sum value (I21 '+ I22') for compensating (Kp) of the nonlinear transmission characteristic associated with the transformer power conversion (N) with the inclusion of at least one difference value (| I21 '- I22' |) numerically (in a second correction value I2) is reformed, the (, i22 i21) is available as determined current value of the sum of the rugehorigen web streams for further evaluation.


The heavy ion beam of 12C6+ was used to irradiate the original strain Lactobacillus plantarum Lp1 of bacteriocin-producing. The lethality and mutation rate of theoriginal strain Lp1 at different irradiation doses were analyzed and compared, and the mutant strains with high bacteriocin production were screened by double layer agar diffusion method. At the irradiation dose of 300 Gy, the lethality rate and positive mutation rate of the original strain Lp1 were 86.3% and 28.28%, respectively.In the 300 Gy irradiation bacterial suspension, mutant strains Lp092 and Lp085 with high bacteriocin production were isolated and screened, the diameters of inhibition zones of Escherichia coli as the indicator bacteria were increased by 20.64%, 19.36%, the diameters of inhibition zones of staphylococcus aureus as the indicator bacteria were increased by 17.16%, 14.14% than the original strain Lp1, respectively.After 5 times successive generations, 2 strains Lp092 and Lp085 have good genetic stability for bacteriocin production.


UUK has published further information relating to the current proposals for changes to the USS pension scheme as a result of the 2017 valuation.


The new polypyridyl ligand btip (= 2-benzo[b]thien-2-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f] [1,10]phenanthroline) and its RuII complexes [Ru(bpy)2(btip)]2+ (1; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) and [Ru(dmb)2(btip)]2+ (2; dmb = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, MS, and 1H-NMR. The DNA-binding properties of the two complexes to calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated by different spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that both complexes bind to CT-DNA through intercalation. Also, when irradiated at 400 nm, the two complexes promote the photocleavage of plasmid pBR-322 DNA. Thereby, under comparable experimental conditions, complex 1 cleaves DNA more effectively than complex 2 does. Mechanistic studies reveal that singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH.) play a significant role in the photocleavage.


While professional development is essential to building the capacity of educators, asynchronous coaching support is critical to growing as a CS professional. Our coaching goal is to address equity and inclusion during the school year through one-on-one meetings. In addition, we seek to contribute to the field of CS education by studying new educational coaching systems and practices of change. We share a process for engaging educators in online computer science(CS) educational coaching via improvement science methodology. The purpose of the online CS coaching sessions centers around three questions: 1) What specifically are we trying to accomplish with CS activities?; 2) What change(s) might we introduce to the school and/or classroom and why? and; 3) How will we know that these changes are actually an improvement to promoting equitable CS practices? The first two questions help us identify the challenges and take a systems perspective approach, while the third question encourages an empirical orientation in order to question our own ideas, biases, and challenge what we believe is true in CS education. We share our findings in implementing plan-do-study-act cycles (PDSA) cycles as an inquiry based approach. While our goal for each PDSA cycle is to identify inclusive instructional strategies and provide additional support to struggling students, each iteration provides us with the opportunity to better understand student performance and participation inside a CS classroom. We present our PDSA cycles template and samples of goal planning for new CS classroom activities, student surveys and assessments, as well as our study of findings and data with actions for moving forward.


A pure laboratory colony of Delia florilega (Zetterstedt) was established from eggs laid by individually caged seed maggot flies [mixed populations of D. florilega and D. plalura (Meigen)), captured in the field. Cages containing eggs from a single fly were placed in a rearing chamber at 22°C, 50% RH, and 16 h of light. Larvae fed on germinating lima beans partially covered with meat and bone meal. New flies emerged in ca. 3 to 4 weeks after egg hatch. Only when all the males from each group of eggs proved to be D. florilega were females also regarded as that species. Those isolated D. florilega adults were used for establishing a colony.


The application of oil-based lubricants I20 powders with the addition of soft metals in the process of smoothing titanium alloys VT22 and VT23 with additional ultrasonic loading at the instrument. It was found that the application of these lubricants expands technological modes of processing of titanium alloys due to decrease of adhesion component of friction.


—A traffic accident is an event generated in an unforeseen way that is beyond the control of the people involved, which can produce bodily, functional, or organic injuries, leading to death or disability in the worst cases. According to the Empresa P´ublica Municipal de Movilidad, Tr´ansito y Transporte de Cuenca (EMOV-EP), the total accidents recorded in 2021 were, 24.97% due to ignoring traffic signs, 21.11% due to not paying attention to traffic, and 16.94% due to driving under the influence of alcohol. The EMOV-EP, is the responsible for the regulation of human mobility. Thus, the EMOV-EP in conjunction with the Universidad Polit´ecnica Salesiana (UPS) have introduced the next research question: How can a road safety education strategy, supported by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), can be developed to contribute to the improvement of the behavior of citizens to increase their knowledge of the traffic laws and regulations, and thus reduce the number of accidents in the city of Cuenca? Furthermore, in this paper we present the development of a Virtual Reality (VR) platform designed for road safety education. The platform is composed of a Web system, and 4 VR systems (games) that have been designed for 4 common causes of accidents respectively (drunk drivers, high- speed drivers, cyclists riding in bicycle lanes, and users of the tram transport system), using a serious games approach and the Oculus Rift/Quest technology. We have found that more than 80% of users have had a very good experience of playing and learning through the VR systems. Hence, this virtual reality platform constitutes a technological proposal with social impact because it creates an entertainment environment that can raise awareness among citizens, thereby strengthening road safety education and reducing the number of accidents in the city of Cuenca.


Considering the power control optimum algorithm presented in the previous work for the uplink channel in the cooperative wireless CDMA network was high-complexity,a new two-phase low-complexity power control strategy and optimum algorithm is presented here.In the two phases,the distributed and geometric-programming-based power control optimum algorithms are applied respectively.The theoretic analysis and numerical simulation results show that the power control optimum algorithm presented in this paper has less channel information requirement,low computational complexity and fast convergence rate,and it can obtain the global optimal solution.


Almost from the time of their first discoveries, Europeans projected images of Uberation and regeneration onto the New World. An extensive Uterature celebrated the Americas as lands free from avarice, luxury, corruption, decadence, and sinfulness. This Uterary tradition, based on a combination of bibUcal and classical sources, in time also helped Americans to envision themselves as a people unencumbered by the burdens of history that tormented a languishing Old World. Americans were new men and women. As peaceful, happy, and independent farmers, content to harvest the fruits of their own labor and to enjoy the blessings of the simple rural Ufe, they were wise innocents dweUing in an enduring earthly paradise. In Pastoral and Politics in the Old South, John M. Grammer investigates the southern version of this American pastoral saga by analyzing the representative works of five notable Virginia writers: John Taylor, John Randolph, Nadianiel Beverley Tucker, George Fitzhugh, and Joseph Glover Baldwin. Grammer argues that in their efforts to assemble a "coUective myth" of southern culture and identity, each of these thinkers found inspiration and guidance in a concept he identifies as "pastoral repubUcanism," a "hybrid body of thought" that incorporated elements of both the repubücan and pastoral traditions. Like seventeenth-century radical critics of the Smarts and eighteenth-century Country Party opponents of Robert Walpole, nineteenth-century Virginians feared the consoUdation of poUtical power and an accompanying corruption of government and society. The Virginians balanced these apprehensions with the hope that "the rural realm [would] be a secure retreat from the destructive processes of history," convinced that agricultural Ufe provided the only means of sustaining repubUcan Uberty and independence. American thinkers who adopted the language and world view ofrepubUcanism


. We show how to derive nuclear structure information on loosely bound nuclei far from the β stability line from their Coulomb dissociation into the continuum. The 19 C → 18 C+ n process is taken as an example and it is shown that basic properties such as ground-state spin and parity and the neutron binding energy of the halo nucleus 19 C can be derived from a comparison of theoretical calculations to experimental data.


We describe at first a review of the techniques used in the area of High Spectral Resolution Lidars (HSRL) for studying the aerosol phase function. We present for the first time results from the application of this technique in Extensive Air Showers telescopes atmospheric monitoring systems. We present our progress towards assembling such instrumentation. Using this, we are aiming to investigate the aerosol optical properties in the lower troposphere measuring the scattering cross section as a function of height.


Ag+-imidazole chelate supported montmorillonite has been synthesized by a conventional cation exchange reaction in an aqueous medium at ambient temperature. The results of X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis indicated that the most part of the interlayer exchangeable cations were replaced by the silver chelates. The resulting material was subjected to an antimicrobial activity examination, and its interlayer structure was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests using the microbes indicated that the synthesized agent had significant antibacterial and antifungal characteristics against two kinds of bacteria and six kinds of fungi. The imidazole ligands in the montmorillonite interlayers were decomposed and became carbon by heating temperature of around 300•Ž in an air atmosphere. The structure of the intercalated specimen was estimated by the (00l) relative intensities which were observed by X-ray diffraction. Based on the change in the basal spacing after the reaction, and the structural model calculation of the composite, it was concluded that the planar silver chelates were monolayer with flat orientation in the silicate layers.


anticoagulation therapy would be the removal of this arrhythmia and any future recurrence, a goal often difficult to achieve.The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of atrial fibrillation cardioversion as well as the success predictive factors of sinus rhythm maintenance at one year following a successful cardioversion. Materials and methods: 50 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation underwent cardioversion: 70% by electrical shock and 30% by pharmacological means, the clinical characteristics of the patients the results of cardioversion and follow-up were collected and analyzed. Results: The average age of our patients was 53 years with a sex ratio of 2. 30% of patients had hypertensive heart disease, 8% ischemic heart disease, 8% dilated cardiomyopathy and the rest had no underlying heart disease. The average diameter of the left atrium was 41 mm and the average surface area was 20 cm². Primary success rate of cardioversion was 82% with better efficacy of electric shock compared to pharmacological cardioversion. The maintenance rate of sinus rhythm at 1 year was 70%. Predictive factors of failure and / or recurrence at 1 year were old atrial fibrillation and significant dilation of the left atrium. Conclusion: This study confirms the interest of atrial fibrillation cardioversion and underlines the importance of preliminary selection of the patients, such a selection must be made on the basis of the predictive factors of success usually recognized in the literature.


The purpose of the work was to compare the quality of selected honey available on the Polish market, including traditional (rape, lime and meadow and marsh honey) and non-traditional honey (lime, buckwheat, and honeydew honey from coniferous honeydew). Parameters such as electrical conductivity, color, pH, acidity, water, hydroxymethylfurfural, total phenols content, and ability to deactivate ABTS cation radicals were determined. The profile of aroma compounds was carried out by GC-MS technique, and determination of sugars was performed by HPLC. It was found that all tested honey met standards according to European law requirements. Semi-quantitative analysis of volatile compounds showed that all honey samples contain numerous volatiles (in buckwheat honey there were 67 compounds, and in honeydew honey from coniferous honeydew, only 40 compounds). Characteristic volatile compounds of each aroma profile were described e.g., benzaldehyde, acetone, 2-methyl-butanal, nonanal, benzyl alcohol were found in rape honey aroma, and furfural, isovaleric acid, ethanol, delta-valerolactone, isovaleraldehyde, 2-methyl-butanoic acid, and phenylacetaldehyde in buckwheat honey aroma. The total content of volatiles was the highest in buckwheat honey (199.62 µg/kg), and in traditional lime honey (195.17 µg/kg). The lowest total content of volatile substances was established in non-traditional lime honey (73.20 µg/kg) and in rape honey (39.52 µg/kg).


We present the results of the Monte Carlo simulations of Fe/Gd multilayers and a comparison of the models studied with experimental results. The Heisenberg model interactions are considered for both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases. At thermal equilibrium magnetization, the Curie temperature is investigated for different thicknesses of Fe layers and interface morphology in Fe/Gd multilayers. It turns out that the magnetic properties of the Fe/Gd multilayers strongly depend on magnetization amplitude with interface composition, the spatial arrangement of magnetic atoms, and the thickness of Fe layers.


This study aims to explain how much the tensile strength of mild steel welding without heat treatment and with heat treatment and to explain how much influence the variation of heat treatment temperature of mild steel welding results on the tensile strength. The method used is the experimental method, namely by conducting experiments in the laboratory, taking data directly on the object to be observed then recording the required data in the form of the initial length of the specimen, the length of the specimen after breaking, the diameter of the initial specimen, the diameter of the specimen after breaking and maximum load. The results showed that the tensile strength value of the mild steel welding without heat treatment was 27.07 kgf/mm2, the tensile strength of the specimen welded by heat treatment at a temperature of 5000C was 29.08 kgf/mm2, at a temperature of 6000C was 35.17 kgf/mm2 and at 7000C the tensile strength is 40.06 kgf/mm2.


It is well-known that methods for handling empty cans in can plants and packing plants have been undergoing considerable change during the past few years. I know that many of you here today have been active in promoting such changes and in cooperating with the can producers to the end that the changes may be of mutual benefit. That there has been considerable progress in can handling methods is particularly true of the Florida Citrus Industry — which has used over 1-1/2 billion 6 oz. juice cans annually to pack fresh, frozen concentrated orange juice.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME


Reverse engineering is methods that is used in re-produce and re-design an
existing product. By using this method, the design of product can be study and improve
produce. The purpose of this method to increase the product capability. This project
related with redesign and analyzes the mold for a bottlepack cap at Ain Medicare. To
produce the mold, measurement must be taken at the product, and from the measurement
the product can be draw in the 3D model. The product will be measured by using
suitable equipment. The filling simulation process by using moldflowExpress is used to
analyze the design. Then, the design of the core and cavity of the product is finalized.
The process flow started with identifying the part following with measuring the
dimensions at the product and the end was simulating the filling process on the mold by
using simulations.


: Comfort is one of the performance factors which affects the satisfaction of road users. In this study, we present an evaluation method based on multiple alternative plans for the improvement of road comfort at the maintenance and management stage. One alternative is to elevate vehicle running performance by improving the road surface with the mill-and-overlay method. Another alternative is to increase comfort by improving the landscape elements of the road. By successfully combining these two measures, it is possible to propose an effective repair plan. This study targets the Hakone Turnpike and evaluates the relationship between landscape elements and comfort and flatness as measured by IRI. Next, it was verified whether the target performance line can be secured using biaxial evaluation of landscape elements and flatness. The costs for improving the performance of sections not reaching the target were also compared.


The cauterization of living tissues by means of high-temperature implants to be heated through electromagnetic induction is theoretically studied. Non-linear and irreversible phenomena relevant to the action of the temperature-regulation system and to the cellular death process, as like as the alteration of the local electromagnetic properties due to the high temperature are taken into account, by means of an interlaced solution procedure for the electromagnetic problem and for the thermal one. The last is treated through the hyperbolic Maxwell-Cattaneo heat-transfer equation that is more suitable than the classic parabolic Fourier-Laplace equation to treat rapid and high-level variations of the induced heat flow.


India needs a comprehensive social insurance system of old-age pension, death/ disability insurance, health insurance and maternity benefits for workers in the unorganised sector. This paper argues that in the first phase, this system should be confined to those below the poverty line (BPL), which will keep fiscal costs down. Keeping fiscal costs down initially would be politically astute, as it could help in limiting the opposition to such social insurance on fiscal grounds. Over time, it should be expanded to incorporate those above the poverty line (APL); those above the poverty line in the unorganised sector will be required to bear an increasing share of the total costs through own contributions, with contributors in the higher income deciles paying a larger share of the total premium costs. The paper lays out the case for, and the costs of, such a BPL-focused social insurance system. Can the State expect to successfully improve the conditions of work (for example, hours of work, hazardous nature of work and hence safety conditions, and wage rates) in the prevailing labour market conditions, where there is excess supply of labour, where the unorganised sector workers themselves are fragmented and almost always not organised into unions, where they suffer from access to imperfect information, and where they are not fully aware of their limited rights and, to make it even more difficult, they are mostly illiterate or barely literate? The answer must be 'no'. If the pre-requisites for improving their conditions of work do not exist, we would suggest that the State should focus its attention instead on improving the social protection for such workers, that is, social assistance and social insurance. This implies that the State should focus on doing the 'doable'. This is one of the central arguments of this paper. It is physically impossible for the Indian State to even pretend to improve the conditions of work, when the dice in the labour market is so heavily loaded against informal workers. Even in the small scale organised sector enterprises, the State has recognised that the inspector raj does more harm than good, fattening the official inspectors at the expense of both the employers as well as the employees, with very little to show for it in terms of improved worker conditions. In the unorganised sector, therefore, there is little chance for the State to effectively monitor conditions of work, even if the requisite legislation was in place for hundreds of thousands of workplaces, and vastly varying trades, spread throughout the length and breadth of the rural and urban areas of this vast country. The inspector raj barely functions in the large organised sector, so to expect it to function in the micro-enterprises and household enterprises, where the production value chain extends to the household, is to live in a pipe-dream. Therefore, with due respect, we find the recommendations of the National Commission on Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) report (NCEUS, 2007) regarding: a) a National Minimum Wage, and b) migrant workers, and other conditions of work, as rather unrealistic and hence infeasible—it is not surprising then that the Bill on the Conditions of Work has not moved, and is unlikely to move in Parliament. Social protection, on the contrary, is not only necessary but feasible. The Parliamentary Standing


2.1 Eagle Syndrome 36 2.2 Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna 37 2.3 Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia and Its Anomalies 38 2.4 Gardner Syndrome 41 2.5 Choanal Atresia 42 2.6 Congenital Cystic Lesions of the Head and Neck 43 2.7 External Auditory Canal Atresia 49 2.8 Congenital Anomalies of the Internal Ear (Congenital Hearing Loss) 50 2.9 Hearing Loss Syndromes 53 2.10 Petrous Bone Vascular Anomalies 56 2.11 Orbital Anomalies 59 2.12 Congenital Cholesteatoma 64


The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is the cause of physical and behavioral defects known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAE). The diagnosis of FAS is determined by the following three criteria: (1) growth retardation, (2) central nervous system involvement (i.e., mental retardation), and (3) abnormal facial abnormalities. This article will review the issues of cause, diagnosis/characteristics, incidence/prevalence, and educational implications for the child exposed to prenatal alcohol.


Recent years have seen an increase in differentiated analysis of the historical development of geography with varying national and thematic foci. The purpose of studying the history of geography has been defined as "to further the understanding of what geographers do and how and why they do it" (STODDART 1981, 4–5). This seemingly simple statement conceals an immensely complex network of influential factors which contribute to the development of the discipline, as STODDART (1981, 1) elaborates: "[...] The history of geography is more than simply the chronological listing of the achievements of a few great scholars arrayed in national schools, and [...] both the ideas and the structure of the subject have developed in response to complex social, economic, ideological and intellectual stimuli". Thus closely linked to society, politics and, ultimately, ideology, the question of the objectivity of geography as a science arises. HEINRICH (1991) has demonstrated that despite scientific methods, objectivity is impossible to achieve. In his study about German geography from 1920–1945, he points out that scientific research generally does not aim at an absolute truth and cannot be separated from the realm of politics, and that academic discourse of geographers has simultaneously been political discourse. SANDNER, too, has seen the need "to consider the political sphere of the respective time as defined by patterns of thought and action, and also the functionality and the instrumentalization needed for inward and outward legitimation. The institutional framework and its interaction with the political sphere has to be considered as well" to gain sufficient understanding of development processes (SANDNER 1988, 121). In the following, "academic discourse" will be abstracted to read "science", and "political discourse" will read "ideology" viz. "policy". 272 Erdkunde Band 57/2003


Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra are reported for the visible and near UV spectral regions of liver microsomes from dimethylbenzanthracene treated rats. The sequential addition of NADH, dithionite, and carbon monoxide enables us to determi ne contributions to the MCD by cytochromes bS and P-450, which dominate the spectra. The MCD of the microsomal prepara tion is compared with that of purified oxidized and reduced cytochrome b5 while P-420 and P-420cam will refer to the apparently denatured forms of these enzymes havi carbon monoxide absorptiondi f~ ference nm from pig liver and with the camphor-complexed and camphor-free oxidized, reduced, and reduced carbonmonoxy cytochrome P-450cam from Pseudomonas putida. The MeD spectra of the membrane bound cytochrome bS are similar to those of the purified protein, indicating that little or no alteration i"n the environment of the heme occurs during the isolation procedure. The soluble bacterial cytochrome P-450cam also appears to be a suitable model for mi crosoma,l P-450, although di fferences in the MCD i ntens i ty are observed for the two enzymes. No effect of dimethylbenzanthracene on the MCD spectra of induced compared to control rat microsomes could be observed.


Jack Kevorkian, died June 3, 2011, but not by his own hand or through physician-assisted suicide (Schneider 2011). Kevorkian is best known as the physician who helped dozens of people end their lives and, in one case, committed active euthanasia. He was 83 years old and had been suffering from complications of hepatitis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and lung disorders. Jack Kevorkian was born in Pontiac, Michigan on May 26, 1928, and went on to graduate from the University of Michigan medical school, Dr. Kevorkian made his first foray into medical ethics in the late 1950s by urging medical experiments with prisoners about to be executed for their crimes (Kevorkian 1985). He predicted heroic leaps forward in medical science from these experiments, after the volunteers submitted to deep anesthesia. Not only could researchers study the dying process itself, they could also test any drugs, devices, and surgeries they wished, since no harm could come to the prisoners since their only 'afterward' would be execution upon completion of the research (Kevorkian 1991). Kevorkian put himself on the line as a research subject too: he contracted hepatitis from transfusion experiments in which he accepted blood from cadavers and living donors (Nicol and Wylie 2006). Later on, he turned his attention to organ and tissue shortages and proposed an Ebay-style bidding system he said would produce all the organs needed for transplantation(Nicol and Wylie 2006). Kevorkian's enduring fame came from a crusade he undertook with a vengeance, helping people die, people who had terminal illnesses or debilitating disorders like Alzheimer disease and Lou Gehrig's disease. By his own count he helped more than 130 people die. Dr. Kevorkian once said he would never commit active euthanasia, but he eventually did exactly that, by injecting a lethal substance into the body of Thomas Youk, who had ALS. Kevorkian videotaped the event and mailed a copy to the news media, after which the police quickly found their way to his door. After several failed attempts to stop him from setting up equipment that enabled people to kill themselves, the state of Michigan convicted Kevorkian of second-degree murder


This volume reproduces the first edition of Devienne's flute method in facsimile, along with a new English translation of the method by Jane Bowers and an analysis of it by Thomas Boehm. Containing important information about the approach of a leading flautist of the late 18th-century to embouchure, tone, tonguing, articulation and ornamentation, this edition should be of special interest to players of historic flutes. In addition, the volume contains an extensive overview of Devienne's life, and a comprehensive catalogue of later editions of the flute method which illustrates how Devienne's basic approach to playing laid the foundation for the evolution of the modern French flute school.


Aiming at design improvements for the International Axion Observatory, alternative options for powering of the 20-kA magnet are under consideration. Use of high-temperature superconductors in a transformer–rectifier system cooled by a single stage cryocooler at 40 K–50 K level is a promising option, which allows to avoid massive movable bus bars, current leads, and related services. The overall efficiency of such a magnet powering system is determined by the characteristics of high-current switches, which have to operate in a fast synchronous manner. We studied the performance of thermally activated superconducting switches made of adjusted 4-mm-wide ReBCO tapes, using etching of the tapes in a FeCl$_3$ bath to increase their resistance in normal state and to prepare low-mass heaters perfectly matching the tape surface. First experimental results on the "off" state performance and time constants of the switches, when toggling between "on" and "off" states, are presented. Finally, we discuss a conceptual design of an all-ReBCO rectifier system comprising a superconducting transformer and thermally activated switches, which can be scaled up for charging large magnet systems like particle detector magnets where slow charging is feasible.


Обосновывается, что влияние, оказываемое притоками иностран ного капитала на национальную экономику, определяется формой, в которой реализуются потоки капитала, и способностью экономики использовать их производительным образом. В качестве примера рас сматриваются последствия притоков капитала в экономики перифе рии Еврозоны в 2001—2009 гг., которые обусловили нарастание дисба лансов, приведших к кризису суверенного долга в Экономическом и валютном союзе ЕС. One of the core and widely recognized principles of monetary in tegration is the free and unrestrained capital movement among the member economies. It becomes possible due to the abolition of capital controls, integration of financial markets, elimination of the exchange rate risk, reduction of transaction costs, and improved price transpar ency. Free capital flows are deemed beneficial because they ensure the distribution of capital among the member economies that maximizes the return on capital throughout the monetary union. In theory, they should thus enhance labour productivity and become the basis for sus tainable economic growth. However, these positive developments are often dependent on the im plicit assumption that foreign capital takes the form of foreign direct in vestment (FDI) and hence brings not only financing, but also new produc tion technologies, management expertise and access to foreign markets. If these conditions are met, capital inflows will certainly boost national income in a sustainable way. On the contrary, if capital inflows represent exclusively financing (e.g. if these are loans attracted by the public or private sector from non-residents), their actual effects on the economy de pend on the economy's ability to make productive use of this capital. Evi dence from the Eurozone appears to be highly relevant in this regard. Establishing the euro in 1999 accompanied by financial markets in tegration caused the unification of nominal interest rates across the mon etary union. However, the differences in inflation rates persisted across the union, with the Eurozone periphery (including Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Portugal) being exposed to much higher inflation than the Eurozone core. It resulted into low and even negative real interest rates in the periphery, which created strong incentives to borrow for both pub-


From flight and mockup drawings of Spacelab 2 (SL 2) experiments and hardware, shop ready mockup drawings were produced. Floor panels were the first items considered for fabrication. Cold plate and orthogrid mockups were designed and fabricated. Experiment and other hardware mockups were fabricated of aluminum or plywood, depending on size and configuration. Eighty-three cable routing bracket mockups were fabricated of aluminum and delivered for painting.


Objective To observe the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate( EGCG) in enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil( 5-Fu) on human esophageal cancer line-CaEs-17 in vitro,and to explore possible action mechanism. Methods The experiment consisted of four groups: blank control group,5-Fu group( final concentration of 5-Fu:6μmol /L in culture medium),EGCG group( final concentration of EGCG: 20 mg /L),combination group( final concentration of EGCG: 20 mg /L and 5-Fu: 6μmol /L),affected for 24 hours in four groups. The inhibitory rate on cell proliferation and survival rate were detected by CCK-8 method and cell clone formation test,respevtively; the synergism effect of two drugs was evaluated according to Jin's formula; the cell apoptosis rate and cell cycle distribution were detected by flow cytometry; cell invasiveness was determined by Transwell method; the expression levels of mutant P53( mtP53) protein were detected by Western Blot.Results Both EGCG and 5-Fu could inhibit the proliferation of CaEs-17 cells,induce cell apoptosis,decrease cell survival rate and cell invasiveness,moreover,both EGCG and 5-Fu could block cell at G0 /G1 stage and cloud down-regulate the expression levels of mtP53 protein( P 0. 05),the effects of combined application of two drugs were more obvious( P 0. 01). Conclusion EGCG can enhance chemotherapy sensitivity of 5-Fu on human esophageal cancer line-CaEs-17 in vitro,which is performed partly through down-regulating the expression levels of mutation P53 protein.


Based on the principle of high resolution sequence stratigraphy,the formation framework of the Qingshankou group in Gulong Depression in Songliao Basin was established.Combined with the core,well logging,logging and seismic inversion,sedimentary characteristics of K1qn1 in Gulong Depression were researched.The results show that the Qingshankou formation in Gulong Depression is divided into three medium term cycles and six short term cycles,of which K1qn1 occupies one medium falling semi-cycle(MSC1) and two short term cycles(SSC1 and SSC2).The predominant sedimentary systems of K1qn1 in Gulong Depression are lake delta,sublacustrine fan and lake.The scope and scale of lake delta system in the west side of Gulong Depression is bigger than those of the east.The scope of the lake delta system in SSC1 is bigger than that of SSC2,while the scale of sublacustrine fan of SSC1 is smaller than that of SSC2.Sublacustrine fan area is propitious to form sandstone lens reservoirs in the centre of the depression.Delta front is a good area to find fault-lithological reservoirs on both sides of Gulong Depression.


Acceptance of decision support offered by software systems is largely determined by the degree of acceptance and understanding of system results from the users. The generation of explanations helps the user of the software systems to better understand and utilize system outputs. Explanations can be generated and conveyed through dialogues. One way to achieve dialogues is to use question types and answer types. This paper presents an overview of the identification of question types and answer types for an explanation component called EXPLAIN-RP that provides decision support for software release planning.


An analytical potential energy surface (PES) along the stretching coordinates of a linear XeHXe+ ion is presented. Ab initio calculations within the effective core potential approach are used as input for the PES. The present vibrational analysis indicates extensive mixing of the zeroth‐order harmonic oscillator vibrational states, and a rather complete collapse of the normal mode picture already near the bottom of the potential well. At higher vibrational energies, and elongated Xe–Xe distances, development of a double minimum in the PES is observed. The simulated absorption spectrum consists of a strong vibrational progression near 1000–1700 cm−1, and is in qualitative agreement with the previous matrix isolation data. The intensity distribution of the vibrational progression is mostly due to the potential terms rather than nonlinear contributions in the Taylor series expansion of the electric dipole moment. Due to the highly anharmonic potential, and subsequent breakdown of selection rules, the emissio...


Dual-polarization can distinguish precipitation type and dual-polarization is provide not only meteorological phenomena in the atmosphere but also non-precipitation echoes. Therefore dual-polarization radar can improve radar estimates of rainfall. However polarimetric measurements by transmitting vertically vibration waves and horizontally vibrating waves simultaneously is contain systematic bias of the radar itself. Thus the calibration bias is necessary to improve quantitative precipitation estimation. In this study, the calibration bias of reflectivity (Z) and differential reflectivity (ZDR) from the Bislsan dual-polarization radar is calculated using the 2-Dimensional Video Disdrometer (2DVD) data. And an improvement in rainfall estimation is investigated by applying derived calibration bias. A total of 33 rainfall cases occurring in Daegu from 2011 to 2012 were selected. As a results, the calibration bias of Z is about -0.3 to 5.5 dB, and ZDR is about -0.1 dB to 0.6 dB. In most cases, the Bislsan radar generally observes Z and ZDR variables lower than the simulated variables. Before and after calibration bias, compared estimated rainfall from the dual-polarization radar with AWS rain gauge in Daegu found that the mean bias has fallen by 1.69 to 1.54 mm/hr, and the RMSE has decreased by 2.54 to 1.73 mm/hr. And estimated rainfall comparing to the surface rain gauge as ground truth, rainfall estimation is improved about 7-61%. keywords : 2D Video Disdrometer, calibration bias, dual-polarization, radar rainfall estimation ..............................................................................................................................................................................................


Abstract POLYMYXIN D is one of a family of five chemically related antibiotics elaborated in the fermentation of various substrates by Bacillus polymyxa (Polymyxin Monograph, 1949). Antibiotics in this group are unique in showing high antibacterial activity against various gram-negative forms and negligible action against gram-positive types. However, the nephrotoxicity in humans of various members of the group (with the possible exception of polymyxin E) limits their use as therapeutic agents parenterally in the treatment of certain infections caused by gram-negative pathogens. In a search for other possible uses of crude polymyxin D, it was suggested that this product be adsorbed on carbon, incorporated in poultry feeds and fed to normal chickens. The initial objectives of the present study were to determine if (1) carbon-adsorbed polymyxin is eluted during the digestive process of birds, (2) a measurable level of polymyxin is established in the blood stream, (3) the growth of normal . . .


In this paper the band structures of GaxIn1-xNyAs1-y/GaAs strained quantum wells are investigated using 4x4 k.p Hamiltonian including the heavy hole, light hole and spin-orbit splitting bands. The III–V-nitride semiconductor alloys, GaxIn1-xNyAs1-y, operating at optical fibre telecommunications wavelengths around 1.3 μm, attract an increasing amount of attention in the last couple of years not only due to its promising application but also due to its unusual optical and physical properties. By changing the well width, x composition and nitrogen composition (y), the effects of quantum confinement and compressive strain are examined. We also studied the influence of the incorporation of nitrogen (y) and antimony (Sb) in our structure.


Intelsat V, VI and VII spacecrafts use two separate array fed C-band antennas to provide Hemi and Zone contoured beams. The number of elements in the feed array is very large (140 for Intelsat VI). Complex beam forming networks (BFN) are used to generate required amplitude and phase excitations of the feed elements. We assess the possible performance improvement of an Intelsat-type of spacecraft antenna if the usual constraint for frequency invariant BFN excitations is removed. The physically realizability of the BFN excitations is also discussed. The Hemi-1 antenna is selected as the subject of this investigation.


Plant roots play an important role in resisting the shallow landslip and topsoil erosion of slopes by raising soil shear strength. Based on the available relevant achievement about the Bio-protection theory and application, this paper brought forward that Bio-slope-engineering could improve on the environment, accelerate the development of the highway together with the environment, and must have a great future.


A series of acetoxy derivatives of androstane was deacetylated in organic solvents by several lipases. The most satisfactory results were obtained with lipase from Candida cylindracea (CCL) and Candida antarctica (CAL). In some derivatives, CCL and CAL showed an overwhelming regioselectivity towards the removal of the 3β- or the 17β-acetyl group (see Table 2). Three new steroid derivatives were obtained through this approach. A hypothetical rationale for the behaviour of these enzymes is given.


The invention discloses a fluorescence detection method of a potassium ion. The specific DNA (5'-GGGTTAGGGTTAGGG TTAGGG-3') of the potassium ion is in an irregular curling state when no potassium ion exists, fluorescent dye thiazole orange and a G-rich sequence are acted to generate very strong fluorescence, after the potassium ion is added, the specific DNA of the potassium ion forms a G tetrahedral structure, and the fluorescence is decreased. The fluorescence detection method disclosed by the invention not only has high sensitivity and better specificity, but also is simple and rapid, and the whole process can be completed in five minutes.


The interaction between algebraic properties of the curvature tensor and the global topology and geometry of a Riemannian manifold has been studied extensively. Of particular interest is the question under which conditions on its curvature tensor a Riemannian manifold is homeomorphic or diffeomorphic to a space of constant positive sectional curvature. A Riemannian manifold M with sectional curvature K is said to be δ-pinched if δ < K < 1 holds globally on M. The famous sphere theorem then states that a complete, simply connected \ -pinched manifold is homeomorphic to the standard sphere [1], [6], [7]. It is also known that the homeomorphism theorem can be sharpened to a diffeomorphism theorem, if a more restrictive pinching condition is imposed, [3], [8]. Recently, Ruh [9] was able to show with the help of the Calderon-Zygmund inequalities, that the global pinching condition can be weakened to a local one: If the curvature ratios of a compact Riemannian manifold of positive sectional curvature are close to one, then the manifold is diffeomorphic to a spherical space form. In this paper we use the heat flow method developed by Hamilton in [4] to give a new proof of Ruh's result and to obtain a more precise pointwise condition for the curvature tensor which ensures the existence of a diffeomorphism to a spherical space form. In [4] Hamilton showed that on a threedimensional manifold of strictly positive Ricci curvature the metric can be deformed into a metric of constant positive curvature. We show that this heat flow method works for any dimension n > 4, provided the norm of the Weyl conformal curvature tensor and the norm of the traceless Ricci tensor are not too large compared to the scalar curvature at each point. The author wishes to thank Peter Price and Leon Simon for many helpful discussions: He is grateful to the Centre for Mathematical Analysis in Canberra, where this work was carried out.


Abstract The pharmacodynamic properties1-3 of substituted amino pyrazines as well as their importance in the synthesis of pteridine and other polyfused heterocyclic systems is well known4,5. In this investigation we aim to prepare a new series of condensed heterocyclic systems containing the pyrazine nucleus.


Jamming is the transition from a fluid‐like state to a solid‐like state of a packing system. Recent studies have shown that jamming transition depends upon many factors: particle shape, friction/cohesion between particles, particle size dispersity, the stress of the packing, etc. This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring the jamming density of soil with strong dispersity. In analogous to Gibbs excess energy, we introduce excess volume‐potentials for each species. We then proposed a mathematical model to quantitatively compute the jamming density based on the second law of equilibrium in thermodynamics. This approach is validated using experimental results on glass beads and on silty sand. It is hoped that this study will provide to a deeper understanding of the link between jamming density, packing dispersity and the second law of thermodynamics.


As environmental concerns and energy consumption continue to increase, utilities are looking at cost effective strategies for improved network operation and consumer consumption. Smart grid is a collection of next generation power delivery concepts that includes new power delivery components, control and monitoring throughout the power grid and more informed customer options. This session will cover utilization of AMI networks to realize some of the smart grid goals.


Malignant otitis externa is an inflammatory condition caused by pseudomonas infection usually in the elderly diabetics, or an immunosuppressive condition that presents with diffuse otitis externa along with excruciating pain and granulations tissue in the external auditory meatus. Facial paralysis is common along with occasional involvement of other cranial nerves. Case report describing a patient of malignant otitis externa who presented to a tertiary referral hospital of eastern India. This patient had ipsilateral facial and tenth cranial nerve paralysis along with delayed-onset contralateral sixth and twelfth cranial nerve palsy. The patient was treated initially with intravenous anti-pseudomonal antibody followed by tympanic platectomy, facial nerve decompression and medialisation thyroplasty. The contralateral cranial nerve palsy was managed conservatively with partial recovery of function. Malignant otitis externa, though a common disease, may occasionally present with uncommon or unexplained presentations. The management of these cases should be prompt and aggressive and specifically address each of the debilitating complications.


The paper proposes the author's methods of assessment conducting of the innovative potential of corporate manufacturing complexes. The format of the indicators calculation of the innovative potential evaluation at the stage of creation and innovations development has been isolated and provided. The system of indicators in the model of the innovative potential estimation of the corporate manufacturing complex was proposed. A methodological approach to the evaluation of innovative potential of the corporate manufacturing complex was developed based on the mathematical algorithm and interval estimates. A mechanism for managing the innovative potential of the corporate manufacturing complex has been formed.


The First International Conference on Precision Surface and Edge Finishing Technology was held in 1990 in Nagoya, Japan. The international conference has subsequently been held in China, Korea, Germany, USA, and Russia. The 7 meeting, held on the University of California Berkeley campus at the College of Engineering, reflects the growing interest of researchers and industrial practitioners in surface and edge finishing technology.


The invention discloses an ionic tube for air purification. The ionic tube comprises a glass tube, an outer electrode net, an outer electrode holder, an inner electrode net and an inner electrode holder, wherein the outer electrode net is held by the outer electrode holder, and adhered on the outer wall of the glass tube; the inner electrode net is held from the inside to the outside by the inner electrode holder, and firmly adhered on the inner wall of the glass tube; an opening end of the glass tube is arranged on the base in an insulated manner; and the outer electrode holder and the inner electrode holder are respectively electrically connected with two output ends of the transformer. The ionic tube can improve the generation concentration and generation efficiency of the ions.


Purpose: reveal the essence of the mechanism of independent evaluation of the professional educational organization focused on public opinion about the quality of training of graduates by public and professional - public accreditation. Method or methodology of work: comparative analysis, General scientific methods (synthesis, axioms, generalization). Results: The article is devoted to the consideration of essence of the concept of "professional – public accreditation". An independent assessment of the quality for the organization interested in the establishment of conformity of the quality of education to the requests of a direct consumer is substantiated; the results of professional - public accreditation and invariant characteristics of the evaluation criteria that have passed the accreditation of educational programs are described. The sequence of passing the accreditation and evaluation of expert logic operations are disclosed in the article. Practical implications: The results of the study and formulated conclusions can be used by professional educational organizations with the passage of professional-public accreditation.


There is a glaring lack of data collected by Member States in
the area of immigrant inclusion and citizenship. Member States
implement their common commitments in diverse ways. Member
States tend to score consistently across the five areas. There
are no major differences in policy between countries with long
and short migration histories. Although statuses for immigrants
are relatively difficult to acquire and weakly protected, they
have significant rights associated with them. Naturalization
remains one of the most problematic areas for Member States.
This reflects the ongoing debate over whether migration should
be seen as a long-term or temporary phenomenon.


For similarity based searching, multimedia data are represented by one or more numerical vectors: we search the nearest neighbors of the query. Because of the huge number of these data and their high dimension, classical indexing technics are inefficient. The goal of this internship is to study the use of euclidean lattices for database indexing. Lattices have nice properties: they are spatial quantizers, thereby generate a partition of the space and decoding (quantization step) may be done very quickly. Then, we hope to be able to rapidly find a small space region containing data similar to a given query point, without reading all the database.


The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a core component of the vertebrate immune system and has puzzled immunologists, geneticists, and evolutionary biologists for more than half a century. The so-called classical MHC genes (in humans also called HLA) code for cell surface molecules that present antigens to immune effector cells and thus play a critical role in triggering a specific immune response. Their exceptional polymorphism had been discovered early on (1), but the exact mechanisms that maintain this polymorphism remain enigmatic up until today. Indeed, one of the first and maybe most intuitive mechanisms, proposed as early as 1972 by Walter Bodmer (2), has remained the hardest to prove: the idea that the fitness advantage associated with an MHC allele is negatively proportional to its frequency in the population, because parasites tend to adapt to the more common alleles in a given host population. This mechanism, called "negative frequency-dependent selection" (NFDS), has become part of the core terminology of any essay addressing the polymorphism in the MHC, despite the continuous lack of robust empirical evidence for this process in nature.

Now, in PNAS, Phillips et al. (3) describe an elegant experiment that uses natural populations of freshwater fish (guppies) and one of their native parasites in controlled infections to test one of the core predictions of NFDS. They show that MHC alleles can confer increased parasite resistance when they are introduced into a host population where they were previously not present, supporting the idea that novel MHC alleles can be advantageous and thus confirming one of the pillars of NFDS.

Sixty-five years ago, the brilliant immunologist Peter Medawar noted the following:Although there are no factual grounds for supposing that antigenic diversity is anything but an unfortunate consequence of constitutional differences between individuals of a species, yet one is under …

[↵][1]1Email: lenz{at}post.harvard.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1


Abstract Few, if any, prevention programs targeting eating attitudes and behaviors have included parents along with their daughters. Our goal is to review briefly how parents influence healthy and unhealthy eating practices and attitudes. Suggestions for prevention strategies that include parents are made. The nature of parent-child relationships at the transition into adolescence must be considered for prevention programming to work effectively with older children and young adolescents. Two-generational approaches must account for the biological, psychological, and social development of young adolescent girls along with parallel developmental challenges faced by their parents.


In this note some stability results are derived for the Douglas splitting method. The relevance of the theoretical results is tested for an advection-reaction equation.


We analyzed the three main types of English dative constructions – the double-object dative, the to dative, and the for dative – in the spontaneous speech of seven children from the age of 1;6 to 5;0. The main findings were as follows. First, the double-object dative was acquired by most of the children before either of the prepositional datives; this was attributed to the greater frequency with which children heard this construction with individual verbs. Second, the verbs children used with these constructions were not only the adult prototypical ones, but also a number of the less prototypical ones; again, this was very likely due to their frequency and saliency in the language children heard. Third, no support was found for Ninio's (1999) analysis of the emergence of constructions in terms of a single "pathbreaking" verb; rather, children began using the double-object dative with many different verbs and did not follow the trajectory proposed by Ninio (i.e., a single verb is used for some months before an "explosion" of new verbs is introduced in the construction). Finally, most of the verbs initially used in the three dative constructions were first used in other constructions (e.g., a simple transitive); this was even true for some obligatory datives, such as give and show. The current results provide a starting point for determining the underlying representations for the different kinds of dative constructions and for explicating how children understand the interrelations among these and other constructions.


Purpose During body screening of melanocytic lesions, naevi of the eyelids, conjunctiva and caruncula, although accessible to the dermatologist, are often missed out. These tumors have similar characteristics and prognosis as oral or genital ones. We report the first cases of caruncular naevi observed by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).


While it has been well established that ethnic Hutu attempted to exterminate ethnic Tutsi during the genocide in Rwanda, the experience of ethnic Twa in 1994 remains largely unknown and dismissed. The Batwa exist as invisible members of Rwandan society. As the world once again focuses on Rwanda on the fifteenth anniversary of the genocide, the Batwa continue to remain forgotten people in a remembered land. They merely elicit a footnote in scholarship about the genocide, generally formulated in terms of Hutus killing Tutsis and their Hutu sympathizers. Perhaps the deaths of over 10,000 Twa appear insignificant when compared with the slaughter of more than 500,000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu. Indeed, readers might be forgiven for thinking that there are only two ethnic groups in Rwanda, because the experiences of Twa are just as peripheral in post-genocide literature as they seem to be in Rwandan social and economic life, both before and after the genocide. Drawing on seven months of ethnographic research and life history interviews with ethnic Twa living in southern Rwanda in 2006, my essay examines the ways that the post-genocide policy of national unity and reconciliation serves to further marginalize an already disadvantaged people.