Cement is most generally utilized development material because of its great compressive quality and solidness. One of the significant parameter which impact quality is curing. Curing assumes a noteworthy part in building up the solid microstructure and pore structure. Curing is the way toward keeping up appropriate dampness content especially inside 28 days to advance ideal bond hydration promptly after situation. Great curing is not for all intents and purposes conceivable in the majority of the cases, for example, vertical individuals, human mistakes, places where there is shortage of water. In such conditions self curing cement is exceptionally versatile and alleviating the above issues. The self curing solid implies that no outside curing is required for cement. The idea of self curing cement is to decrease the water vanishing. As characterized by ACI, "Self or interior curing alludes to the procedure by which the hydration of bond happens in view of the accessibility of extra inner water that is not part of the blending water." One of the methods of self curing is by utilizing hydrophilic materials. A portion of the regularly accessible hydrophilic materials are Polyethylene Glycol, Paraffin wax, Acrylic corrosive. The utilization of hydrophilic materials minimizes the loss of water from the solid and aides in ceaseless curing of cement. In this study, considered review of cement is M40. The admixture utilized for self curing is Fluid Paraffin Wax, which is dry, scentless and dull. The impact of variety in quality parameters i,e., Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength were considered with Liquid Paraffin Wax (self curing specialist) (0.1% by weight of bond) and contrasted and that of traditional cured cement. The admixture Conplast SP430 was included (0.3% by weight of bond) in both traditional concrete and self curing concrete for increment of workability. The plan blend extent was 1:1.45:2.95. Quality of self curing cement is keeping pace with customary cement. From this study, reasoned that utilizing of Liquid Paraffin Wax as self curing operator can indicate critical variety in quality of cement. © 2016 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Civil Engg. 100 (2016) 43797-43802 Civil Engineering Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Ankammarao Thiruvalluri and Perikala Rajesh / Elixir Civil Engg. 100 (2016) 43797-43802 43798 retention capacity of the concrete compared to conventional concrete. It was found that Hydrophilic materials (water loving. Such compounds have an affinity to water and are usually charged or have polar side groups to their structure that will attract water) such as Polyethylene Glycol, Paraffin wax, or Acrylic acid can be used as self curing agents in concrete. Concrete incorporating self curing agents will represent a new trend in the concrete constructions in the new millennium. Curing of concrete plays a major role in developing the concrete microstructure and pore structure, and hence improves its durability and performance. The use of self-curing admixtures is very important from the point of view that water resources are getting valuable every day (i.e., each 1 m3 of concrete requires about 3 m3 of water for construction most of which is used for curing). II. Problem Definition and Goal The main objective of this investigation is to develop self curing concrete using Liquid In addition, it is also aimed to compare the strength characteristics of M40 grade conventional concrete. Two types of curing methods viz., Indoor curing (air curing) and Conventional curing (by immersing the specimens in water) were adopted. For the entire study considered M40 grade of concrete only. Study of the effect of eggshell powder as a binder to increase bearing capacity of soil. Study of the strength behaviour clayey soil mixing with rock dust and eggshell powder. Increasing safety factor against slope, and earth dam sliding. Study on PI, UCC, DFS, Shrinkage limit properties of soil when mixed with quarry dust and eggshell powder. III. Literature Survey Garje Rajesh Kumar (2011) Studied that among the various ways of internal curing for concrete, one of the technique is by using hydrophilic materials in concrete. The use of hydrophilic materials in concrete minimizes the loss of water and also attracts moisture from the atmosphere and help in continuous curing of concrete. The paper discusses the experimental investigation to arrive at the optimum dosage of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) in concrete. The parameters in the study are with two grades of concrete, PEG of two molecular weights, different dosage of PEG and two curing conditions. Two grades of concrete i.e., M30 and M40 were considered. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) of two molecular weights 600 and 6000 was added in dosages 0.1%, 1.0% and 3.05 by weight of cement. Two types of curing methods indoor curing and conventional curing by immersing the specimens in water were adopted in the study. Concrete cubes of sizes 150mm×150mm×150mm were casted an amount of water retained in concrete under different curing methods and variation of compressive strength ware studied. It was conclude that: M.V.Jagannadha Kumar, M.Srikanth, Dr.K.Jagannadha Rao Studied that self curing concrete is provided to absorb water from moisture from air to achieve better hydration of cement in concrete. In this shrinkage reducing admixture polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) is a self curing compound. Two types of grades are taken i.e., M20 and M40 grades of concrete. In this study the self curing agent is added to concrete with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by weight of cement. The experimental programme involves the compressive, tensile and modulus of rupture for M20 and M40 grades of concrete. For M20 grade of concrete totally 15 cubes, 15 cylinders, 15 beams are casted. Similarly for M40 grade of concrete totally 15 cubes, 15 cylinders, 15 beams are casted to evaluate the strength properties. The size of the cube is 150mm×150mm×150mm, size of cylinder is 300mm×150mm and size of beam is 100mm×100mm×400mm. The investigation aimed at studying on concrete with different quantities of cement for M20 grade of concrete is (340Kg/m3) and for M40 grade for concrete the cement content was found to be 440kg/m3 for both for self and aircuring concrete and compare the results for different test. It was conclude that: i) The optimum dosage of PEG400 for maximum strengths (compressive, tensile and modulus of rupture) was found to be 1% for M20 and 0.5% for M40 grades of concrete. ii) As percentage of polyethylene glycol (PEG400) increases automatically slump increases for both M20 and M40 grades of concrete. Amal Francis k, Jino John Investigated on mechanical properties of self curing concrete. In this shrinkage reducing admixture superabsorbent polymer(SAP) is a self curing compound. The grade of concrete was found to be M40. In this study the self curing agent is added to concrete with 0%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% by weight of cement. The experimental programme involves the compressive, tensile and flexural strength for M40 grade of concrete. The size of the cube is 150mm×150mm×150mm, beam dimensions are 100mm×100mm×400mm, cylinder dimensions are 300mm×150mm. The investigation aimed at studying on concrete with different quantities of cement for M40 grade of concrete is (350Kg/m3). The compressive strength, flexural, split tensile results are taken at 3, 7, 28 days of curing and compare the results with air curing It was conclude that: i) The optimum dosage of SAP for maximum strengths (compressive, flexural, split tensile strength) was found to be 0.3% for M40 grade of concrete. study, and aimed at determining the effect of eggshell ash on the strength properties of cement-stabilized lateritic soil. All proportions of cement and eggshell ash contents were measured in percentages by weight of the dry soil. The Compaction test, California Bearing Ratio test, Unconfined Compressive Strength test and Durability test were carried out on the soil-cement eggshell ash mixtures. The increase in eggshell ash content increased the Optimum Moisture Content but reduced the Maximum Dry Density of the soil-cement eggshell ash mixtures. Also the increase in eggshell ash content considerably increased the strength properties of the soil-cement eggshell ash mixtures up to 35% in the average but fell short of the strength requirements except the durability requirement was satisfied.


It is clarified that the Russian dramatist Grishkovets broke with theatrical tradition for his experimental monodrama which has brought the audience to a new cultural experience and aesthetic pleasure.With the drama with free structure,the simple stage scenery,the alternative theatrical language and the inimitable technique of ex-pression,Grishkovets has brought the subversion and deconstruction into the traditional dramatic art and therefore an unique Grishkovets theatrical phenomenon has been formed.


Purpose: The intent of the study was to compare the periodontal and bony changes of piezocision corticotomy with bone graft guided by 3D-surgical template in maxillary protrusion versus non grafted one. Patients and Methods: Prospective study included 20 maxillary protrusive female patients with age group ranging between 20 and 50 years. Patients were divided in to group I: treated with piezocision corticotomy without bone graft guided by 3D surgical template. Group II: treated with piezocision corticotomy with bone graft guided by 3D surgical template. CBCT scan was performed of all the patients. Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and CBCT images were performed at baseline and 6months then collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical analysis program. Results: There were significant reductions in GI, and PD of Group I and Group II from baseline to 3 months. Radiographic analysis of group II showed a statistically significant increase of labial bone thickness (LBT) after 6 months. Conclusion: The uses of guided bone regeneration during cortioctomy improve the clinical parameter and augment the labial bone with minimal loss of bone thickness during en-mass movement.


Fractal compression is a lossy compression method for digital images, based on fractals. The method is best suited for textures and natural images, relying on the fact that parts of an image often resemble other parts of the same image. Fractal Image Compression (FIC) techniques take more time to perform processes are encoding and global search. Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) and Wavelet transformation methods are used to reduce the encoding time. Both of the techniques and their performance are analyzed in terms of their compression ratio, encoding time, Mean Square Error (MSR) and PSNR (Peak Signal-to Noise Ratio) value. Based on these parameters the performances of the techniques are studied and a comparative analysis of these techniques is provided.


Alternative ways of synthesizing 3-amino-4-oxoquinazolin-2-~,l-acetic and propionic acid benz3'lamides and their ac3,l derivatives were investigated. The conditions of conversion of the synthesized 2-substituted 3aminoquinazolin-4-ones into the corresponding 2-hydro:o, pyrazolo-3-R-[5,1-b]quinazolin-9(1H)-ones were determined. The findings of a study of the anticonvulsant properties of the s3,nthesized compounds are reported. A significant number of potential anticonvulsant drugs have now been tbund in almost all classes of organic compounds, both synthetic [2, 3] and isolated from plants [4]. However, the attempt to create an "ideal" anticonvulsant which satisfies such requirements as low toxicity, lack of pronounced side effects, and others [5] is an effective stimulus for most chemists and pharmacologists to conduct further studies in this area. The published papers on creation of highly effective anticonvulsants based on 3-aminoquinazolin-4-one derivatives [6-9] were of interest to us with respect to the study of 2-carbethoxymethyl-3-aminoquinazolin-4(3H)one, which we described previously [10, 11]. As a result of generalizing the studies in [12-14] and analyzing the published data [2-4], we concluded that for substances to exhibit anticonvulsant properties, they must have a C6Hs--CH(R)--NHCOCH-- group of atoms in their structure. For this reason, we investigated 3-amino-4-oxoquinazolin-2-yl-carboxylic acid benzyl amides I and their N-acyl derivatives II. The starting 3-amino-4-oxoquinazolin-2-yl-carboxylic acid benzylamides I can be synthesized by amidation of previously synthesized ethyl esters III (A) or hydrazinolysis of benzoxazinones IV, prepared by treatment of 2-carboxymalonanilic acid benzylamides V with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (B). The experimental data show that Method B can be used to synthesize 3-aminoquinazolinones I with higher yields (on conversion to the initial anthranilic acid) and for this reason it can be recommended as a preparative method. A significant drawback of Method A is the necessity of rigorously respecting the equinlolar ratios of reagents in the VI ~ III stage (due to possible hydrazinolysis of the ethoxycarbonyl group) and consequently the necessity of separation of benzoxazinones VI. In addition, careful monitoring of the temperature is necessary in the amidation stage (III ---- I), since esters III are cyclized into pyrazoles VII at 80°C [11, 15]. Benzylamides I are cyclized into the corresponding 2-hydroxypyrazolo-3R-[5,1-b]quinazolin-9(1H)-ones (VII) with separation of benzylamine in much more rigorous conditions (heating to 250°C), while hydrazinolysis of benzoxazinones IV can be conducted without their preliminary separation from the reaction mixture. It should be noted that intramolecular cyclodehydration of amides V by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide probably takes place according to a mechanism similar to the one for 2-carboxymalonanilic acid ethyl ester VIIIa, i.e., with the participation of the carboxyl hydroxyl group and proton of the arylamide function [16].


Circular dichroism secondary structure serum albumin has been studied in organism high-qualified volleyball-sportsmen. It has been determined that changes in реrcentage correlation αand β-structures sportsmen serum albumin were combined with decrease protein reserve functional асtivity and with its intensified liganding substance lipid and carbohydrate nature.


An experimental and theoretical study of soft x-ray generated dose profiles in the Au/C/PBS three-layered system has been performed using x-rays from Al, Ag and Ti targets. Experimental measurements of etched photoresist thickness as a function of carbon layer thicknesses of several hundred Angstroms were performed. Theoretical dose profile calculations were made for the Al K¿, Ag L¿, and Ti K¿ x-ray line energies using a 3-layer extension of the semiempirical electron transport model of Burke and Garth (1977) and Garth (1981). From the etch rate-exposure characteristic of PBS, predictions of the etched thickness vs carbon thickness were obtained and compared with the data. Qualitative agreement was obtained, but a quantitative discrepancy was found, attributable to the neglect of high energy bremsstrahlung-produced electrons in the theoretical model.


It was only toward the end of his life that Father Bede Griffiths began to deeply develop connections between his "New Vision of Reality"1 2and Islamic Traditions and Muslim Spirituality. In his 38 years at Saccidananda ashram in Shantivanam near Thannirpalli in Tamil Nadu, Bede had immersed himself deeply in Christianity and Flindu Vedantism. Dom Bede was a Benedictine Monk of the Comaldalese order. Unlike his predecessor, Henri LeSaux (Swami Abhishikdananda) Bede did not formally receive initiation as aVedantan guru, although he did take sannyasi (renunciant) vows and also received the Sanskrit name Dayananda ("the Bliss of Compassion"). Only later in his life did Bede explore Islamic teachings in relation to his interspiritual approach. For example, his omnibus World Religions reader includes a disproportionately small number of passages 2 from Islamic sources.


The article presents the advantages of fish gelatin available for nutritional purposes in comparison with gelatin of mammals. Factors forming the basic physical properties of gelatin as a structure-forming agent have been identified. The analysis of melting temperature of jelly and the dynamic viscosity of fish gelatin solutions has been carried out. The melting temperature of jelly prepared from fish gelatin is 4°C lower than the minimum normalized value for mammalian gelatin, which is stipulated by the specific features of their amino acid composition. There has been found an increased value of the parameter "dynamic viscosity" (on average 30 mPa·s) in comparison with the standard value of gelatin of animal origin (on average 23 mPa·s). The molecular weight composition of fish gelatin has been determined. Gelatin has been stated not an individual substance, but a multiphase system consisting of a mixture of linear polypeptides and their aggregates. In the molecular weight distribution of fish gelatin 81.7% falls to a high molecular weight fraction with a mass higher than 100 kDa. Compared with gelatin obtained from the skins of cattle fish gelatin has higher content (by 34.7%) of molecular weight fractions (β- and γ-chains) and lower content (by 36.2%) of α-chains. The predominance of high molecular weight fractions in the composition of fish gelatin causes high rates of dynamic viscosity of its solutions. It was established that the interval of temperature transition 'fibril-globule' in fish gelatin is 20-25°C, and in animal gelatin - 28-30°C. It has been inferred that the thermal dependences of the rheological properties of fish and animal gelatin are different. It has been substantiated that collagens of different origin give gelatin with different properties. Physical properties of fish gelatin depend on the amino acid composition of a gelatin molecule, which is determined by the nature of collagen, and on the molecular weight distribution of α-, β-, γ-fractions of gelatin, which is determined by technological factors of gelatin production.


A) ADJUSTMENT DEVICE FOR FLATNESS AND THICKNESS ROLLED. B) THE ADJUSTMENT IS MADE WITH CYLINDER SETTING THE ARROW 4, 5 AREA BY COMMANDER IN AREA LIFT APPLICABLE ON ITS FACE AND SIDE BY SETTING FLATNESS BY HEAT cOOLING THE CYLINDER WORKING 2, 3 AREA BY REGION. C) METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY.


This article presents a study of the morphology and intensity of star formation in the host galaxies of eight Palomar-Green quasars using observations with the Hubble Space Telescope.


Optical absorption coefficients are generally inherent to materials and are reduced for longer optical wavelengths, especially below their absorption edges. In tandem solar cells this makes thicker bottom cells necessary to improve their optical absorption efficiencies for longer optical wavelengths. This paper proposes a method to convert the propagation direction of an incident light toward the one parallel to optical absorption layers. High-efficiency optical absorption is demonstrated with thin absorption layers with this method. Drastic reduction of layer thicknesses necessary for high photoelectric conversion efficiencies will reduce the cost and improve the yield of various solar cells.


36 While renal transplantation (KTP) is the ideal treatment for the end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, this is available only to a fraction of these unfortunate patients. Furthermore, the percentage of CKD patients who receive a KTP in India is abysmally low as compared to the Western world. The vast majority needs long-term dialysis; maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is usually the lifeline for them. Peritoneal dialysis is generally not preferred as it is cumbersome, less efficient, and more expensive than MHD. A well-functioning dialysis access procedure is the essential prerequisite for MHD. The tragedy is that almost all fistulas and grafts fail over time. Since the number of access sites/procedures is finite, it is imperative that all efforts are directed to "keep the fistula going" for as long as possible. Salvaging a dialysis fistula (or graft) assumes special importance in the light of the above-mentioned facts.


Patients with possible radiculopathies are common, and these patients are a major cause of disability. Electrodiagnostic studies provide physiological evidence of root injury. This is particularly germane because the clinical presentation of these patients can be variable and relevant radiographic abnormalities common in those asymptomatic [1]. Needle electromyography (NEE) has traditionally been considered the most sensitive electrodiagnostic technique for these patients [2]. NEE, however, lacks documented interexaminer reliability. Meaningful findings with NEE are dependent on injury to motor fibers of considerable degree and in a particular muscle distribution. At the same time, most symptoms in patients with radiculopathies are sensory, not motor, in nature. These limitations of NEE emphasize the importance of other electrodiagnostic techniques in patients with radiculopathies. F-waves are inherently variable, low amplitude motor responses produced by antidromic activation of one to several motoneurons. [3] They are ubiquitous in distribution but largely recorded only from distal muscles because more proximally the low amplitude F-waves are obscured by the much larger direct motor (M) response. Despite their ability to monitor conduction through nerve roots, the use of F-waves in the evaluation of patients with radiculopathies has been controversial. There are, however, no credible investigative studies indicating that Fwaves are not helpful and the criticisms have been largely theoretical. These criticisms have been in three areas. The first relates to the incomplete nature of root injury. In fact, because F-waves monitor activity in multiple fibers, they are actually the best electrophysiological technique for evaluating partial injury. The second criticism argues that F-wave studies would be redundant because the data would overlap with that from NEE. There is no theoretical evidence to think this should be true nor is this supported in the literature. Abnormalities on NEE are dependent on axonal injury that produces discernible needle abnormalities in muscles. By contrast, F-waves will be altered by changes that would affect nerve conduction studies including conduction block. The third criticism relates to dilution , i.e small changes in F-wave conductions would be obscured by the relatively long F-wave latencies. Modeling of root injury indicates that the critical issue is the variance of the F-wave recordings and is not related to dilution [4]. The importance of F-wave variance indicates the importance of understanding how F-waves should be recorded and analyzed. Because F-waves are inherently variable, they need to be analyzed after a series of supramaximal stimuli. Twenty stimuli are generally adequate. Analyses based on single F-waves obviate one of the potential clinical usefulness of F-waves, namely, their ability to monitor activity in multiple fibers. Despite their common use, there is no investigative support for use of minimal F-wave latencies. For a generation, there have been reports every several years demonstrating the value of using mean, rather than minimal latency values. Persistence refers to the percentage of discernible F-waves following a series of supramaximal stimuli. Persistence will reflect the central excitability state of the recorded muscle and will therefore be higher in antigravity muscles such as the abductor hallucis in comparison with an antigravity antagonist such as the extensor digitorum brevis. Chronodispersion refers to the range of latencies and therefore conductions in a series of F-waves. Mean F/ maximum M amplitude measurements as well as durations are related to the size and number of motor units recorded in a series of F-waves. The percentage of F-waves that are similar in latency, amplitude and configuration are referred to as repeater waves and are increased with an increased selectivity of motor unit discharge in that series of F-waves. There are now a number of reports indicating that if one considers variables other than minimal latencies, Fwaves can have a similar sensitivity and specificity to NEE in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathies [5]. The study in this journal [6] evaluated patients with unilateral L5 or S1 radiculopathies. Significant abnormalities in F-wave latencies, relative amplitudes and particularly repeater waves were found on the affected sides. This latter finding needs replication but is intriguing and could be consistent with a decreased pool of motor axons capable of activation. It would have been helpful to know if the presence of spinal stenosis affected their results because F-wave changes may be more prominent in these patients. The relative utility of the F-wave studies in comparison with NEE cannot be determined because NEE abnormalities were used as an entrance criterion for their patients. Most the data were recorded from an antigravity antagonist muscle, but the authors used a sufficient number of stimuli (30) to compensate for the expected decreased persistence. This report adds to the growing evidence supporting the value of F-waves, if appropriately analyzed, in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathies. A validated computerized analysis of F-wave is now available. This combined with a multiparameter evaluation of F-wave variables may soon allow for a readily accessible and


The highlights of the Utah State University's participation in the space program are listed. Proposed experiments include: a study of the velocity of a bubble in water under the influence of a temperature gradient; reflight of an experiment on surface tension driven convective flow; surface waves in zero-G; crystallization in zero-G (vapor phase and liquid phase); bio gas generation; and penicillum growth; study of undamped oscillations in a vacuum and zero-G. The effect that spinoffs have had on the Utah State University were discussed.


Gas diffusion electrodes are applied to the coupled reaction of water electrolysis and electrocatalytic benzene hydrogenation. The effects of the preparation conditions of electrodes, electrolyte acidity, the concentration of benzene and water vapor, and the flow rate of N2 are investigated by evaluating the efficiency of the current. Furthermore, the optimal operational conditions have been ascertained. The results of our experiment show that gas diffusion electrodes have good performance when the content of PTFE is 10% (wt) and that of Nation is 0.75mg/cm^2. The optimal operational conditions are as follows: The temperature of electrolysis is 70℃, acidity 0.5tool/L, the concentration of benzene 26%,the concentration of vapor 10%, the flow rate of N2 80mL/min-240mL/min. The efficiency of the current can reach 35% under optimal operational conditions. Then, a conclusion can be drawn that gas diffusion electrodes can improve the rate of the coupled reaction effectively.


Abstract : This study aims: 1) To determine the students' level overviewassertivity isolated before being given guidance services. 2) To know the description ofthe implementation process of group guidance to the increasing assertiveness ofstudents isolated in the experimental group. 3) To know the description assertivityincrease student isolated after the giving of guidance services group in the experimentalgroup. 4) To determine differences in the level of assertiveness of students isolatedbefore and after the implementation of guidance services group in the experimentalgroup. 5) To know the description of differences in levels of assertiveness isolatedstudents in the control group. 6) To know the effect of group counseling services to theincreasing assertiveness of students isolated. 7) To know the differences in the level ofassertiveness of students between the experimental group and the control group. Themethod used is an experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design.Subjek were students of class XI IPS SMA 2Tambang numbered 30 people students.Data technique were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test were performed with SPSS 16 isobtained Z = -2.840 and Asymp , Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.005. Asymp value. Sig. (2-tailed)<0.05 (0.005 <0.05) Thus, Ho is rejected and Ha accepted, which means there is asignificant difference to the increasing assertiveness of students before to after the givengroup counseling services. And then coefficient Spearman correlation test through SPSS16 is obtained r2 = 0.437. Furthermore, the magnitude of the effect of group counselingservices to the increasing assertiveness of students isolated amounted to 43.7%. Keyword : group counseling services, assertivity


In general it is very difficult to monitor on line the severe points of boiler water wall for supercritical boiler.On the basis of the result of numerical simulation to the temperature fields of the membrane water wall tube,the paper puts forward a monitoring method that is fit for the supercritical boiler. The temperature fields of the membrane water wall tube can be gotten by numerical simulation under lots of work conditions in advance.Based on the temperature fields the formulations about the temperature difference of three key points on back side and two severe points on fire side can be fit out.Based on the formulations the temperature of two severe points will be known promptly by monitoring the three key points' temperature.


The invention relates to a throttling device, in particular to a high-pressure-drop short-distance throttling device applicable to small-diameter pipelines. The high-pressure-drop short-distance throttling device is characterized in that an inlet large and small connector and an outlet large and small connector are used for expanding the upstream and downstream circulation areas of throttling orifice plates, a plurality of eccentric throttling orifice plates with identical structures are serially welded between the inlet large and small connector and the outlet large and small connector, small eccentric holes of each two adjacent eccentric throttling orifice plates are distributed in a 180-degree rotation manner, each eccentric throttling orifice plate is a cylinder structure, an orifice plate is arranged in the middle of each cylinder structure, and eccentric circular holes are formed in the orifice plates. The high-pressure-drop short-distance throttling device has the advantages that the throttling device structurally comprises the inlet large and small connector, the outlet large and small connector and the multiple levels of eccentric throttling orifice plates, fluid flows to form a Z shape in the throttling device, accordingly, cavitation caused under conditions of high pressure drop and short distance is effectively prevented, the eccentric circular holes in the middle orifice plates form internal threads, throttling effects of the throttling orifice plates are further improved, and cavitation at inlets and outlets of the small holes of the throttling orifice plates is effectively relieved.


The analysis assesses impacts on urban rail transit investment priorities resulting from use of different evaluation measures. To illustrate the effect of alternative evaluation methodologies, proposed fixed guideway projects from five U.S. cities are ranked according to five measures of project merit. The study concludes that the current Federal Transit Administration rail transit evaluation measure is biased against projects designed to serve long-distance travelers and designed to improve conditions for existing transit patrons. The FTA measure may also result in inferior project selection and can be difficult to interpret in certain common situations. Recommendations are offered on ways to improve the existing evaluation process. The study identifies a potential replacement index for the current federal cost effectiveness measure.


This paper concludes the inquiry which was undertaken by N. R. Campbell and the author with the object of elucidating the connection between the concepts and principles of electromagnetism and the experimental operations actually performed in the laboratory that constitute their factual basis. In Part III the vector B was established as measurable everywhere, even within solid bodies. The vector H and the scalar μ=B/H are now shown to be measurable in special circumstances by means of the magnetometer and permeameter, but in general their values depend on a hypothesis, which is stated. The significant facts concerning the magnetic properties of real materials are briefly reviewed, and the two-fold aspect of the science is emphasized: the self-consistent mathematical theories based on postulates, on the one hand, and the complex of experimental laws on the other. It is important that the relation between the two shall be clearly established, and not merely assumed as self-evident.


Artificial intelligence technology has a far-reaching impact on the way of life and production of human society. It not only deeply integrates with various industries, but also promotes the development of industries. In the era of comprehensively promoting the concept of green development, will artificial intelligence technology promote green innovation? Based on this background, this paper first constructs a theoretical model of the relationship between artificial intelligence technology and green innovation, and then makes an empirical test with data. The results show that AI technology can significantly promote the development of green innovation and enhance the positive effect of government subsidies on green innovation.


Objective  To describe the attitudes that women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) attending gynaecology clinics have to their consultations and to determine the ways in which their health care can be improved.


Poly(methacrylic acid) containing 0.5-1.0 mol % of the following anthracene derivatives has been prepared: 1, vinyldiphenylanthracene; 2, 2-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)ethyl methacrylate; 3, 2-(10-ethyl-9-anthryl)ethyl methacrylate; 4, 2-(9-anthryl)ethyl methacrylate. The fluorescence quenching of these chromophores by methylviologen and propylviologensulfonate is highly pH dependent and occurs by a mixed static and dynamic mechanism. At high pH the viologens also form a charge transfer (CT) complex with the anthracenes. A simple equilibrium model provides a satisfactory fit to both static quenching (K{sub q}) and the CT complexation (K{sub CT}). Both equilibrium constants decrease with increased steric hindrance of the anthryl derivatives, and K{sub q} is always larger than K{sub CT}. This latter observation is interpreted as evidence for the role of weakly contacting pairs in static quenching. At low pH all systems exhibited radical pair formation with a quantum yield ({phi}{sub ce}) in the range 0.3-0.45. No systematic variation of {phi}{sub ce} with anthryl structure is found. The general role of polyelectrolyte-bound chromophores is discussed.


Electrode plates and the current collecting member to be securely fixed to each other, and have a number which can flow a current secondary battery electrode plate assembly unit, it is also provided a method for producing a secondary battery electrode plate assembly unit. House parts (16, 18) and collector (11, 13) terminal part (15, 17) in addition to a current path passing through, collector (16, 18) terminal part (15, 17) from a portion of the in order to form another current path for flowing the current of the conductive members 35 and 36, the collector 16, and a terminal part (15, 17) it is connected to a mechanically and electrically.


Exploration of an unknown area is a challenging topic in the field of robotics. It has gained concern of many researchers due to its pertinence to various applications. In this paper we present the survey of frontier based exploration techniques for single and multi robot. Main challenge in frontier based exploration techniques is to allocate the most promising frontier cell to each robot. Variety of approaches have been implemented for both single and multi robot in practical and simulated experiment. The objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of frontier based exploration methods. We also provide taxonomy of frontier based techniques and compared them based on their characteristic features.


Introduction The article presented here could be perceived as an inevitable and important revolution in the field of medicine. It also provides a new framework within which the formerly exclusive and often contradictory domains of complementary and modern medicine can be reconciled. Post-Modernism, as an unavoidable current and a sign of the times, has also sent shock waves to the medical arena where we can diagnose the harmonization of traditional (alternative, holistic or complementary) and modern (conventional, standard, orthodox, or allopathic) medical procedures and therapies. The objective of this article is to identify this trend, categorize and taxonomize it as a phenomenon and to recommend its adoption in medical training. Indeed, PostModern Medicine is the final outcome of reconciling complementary and modern medicine. First, six crucial points need to be raised: 1) Although the notion of post-modern medicine has yet to be conceptualized, we see its implementation by both its advocates and opponents. Nevertheless, neither group has acknowledged or articulated this increasingly apparent trend. 2) The lack of academic and philosophical knowledge on the subject in terms of training and application, has delayed the merging of traditional and conventional medical practice. 3) The acceptance and acknowledgement of this important phenomenon and its status requires, in the medical community, the conscious rejection of monolithic concepts such as traditional versus modern. Medical practice must assume a new form, one which embodies and harmonizes the historically conflicting notions of the old and the new. 4) The Post-Modern framework in the medical arena is comprised of many parts: modern physics, quantum physics, philosophy, tradition, culture, art and social sciences which collectively make up the whole. It is the holistic character of post-modern medicine which is significant for it is precisely the approach required from training to treatment. 5) The decision to start and implement this approach is increasingly complex; however, in the long-run its implementation can significantly simplify the treatment and recovery process. 6) Re-evaluation of education programs based on this integrative format is a vast undertaking which requires the active collaboCorrespondence: MR Kaynama, Division of Endocrinology & Department of Medicine, Arad Hospital, Tehran, I.R. Iran.E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


The uncertainties in lattice parameters determination, for X-Ray Diffractometers with Bragg Brentano geometry, were estimated according GUM recommendations using the Monte Carlo simulation approach. The analyzed specimen was a Corundum NIST 1976 SRM Standard. Misalignment of instrument (zero 2theta offset and peak position) is an important er ror source, and should be kept (2 θ) < 0.015 to be able to perform lattice parameters measurements with an accuracy ≥ 0.0001 Angstrons. Sample displacement is in general the ma in source of error, and the above mentioned misalignme nt of instrument (0.015 ) only becomes dominant as error source if the sample displacement is very small (<10 μm). The analysis showed that sample absorption (Corundum) i s negligible as error source, if compared with sample displacement and equipment misalignment. O her possible sources of systematic error are discussed.


This paper gives a detailed account of experiments in the operation of several radio broadcast stations on a common frequency, conducted in England. The theory involved in synchronous transmission is set forth as well as accounts of tests. Three different methods of common frequency operation were tried. The results are discussed at length giving the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.


Introduction: The average 5-years survival rate from gastric cancer in Europe for the period from 1999 to 2007 is 25.1%. Bulgaria has the lowest 5 years survival rate from all European countries – 11.9%. Methods: We performed a retrospective studyof all patients operate from gastric cancer for 9 years period of time from January 2005 to December 2013. The patients were treated in Clinic of surgery of " Aleksandrovska " hospital – Sofia. We investigated the distribution according to age, sex, histological type and TNM classification as well asthe 5 years survival rate. Results: This study includes 155 patients - 99 men, and 56 women with mean age 62.22 years (from 27 to 85). The incidence ratewas highest in the group over 65 years. The mean age at diagnosis for women was 60.42 years and for men – 63.24. Information about the TNM staging was available for 144 patients. The most of them – 57 had tumors penetrates subserosal connective tissue without invasion of visceral peritoneum oradjacent structures (T3). 45 patients had between 1 and 6 metastatic lymph nodes. 92 of the patients had no sigh of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The follow up was possible forall patients in the trail. The 5 years survival ratewas investigated for the patientstreated between 2005 and 2008 - 69 patients. 43 of them were men and 26 werewomen. The mean age was 61.87 (from 27 to 81). 59 patients didn ' t have 5-years survival. Only one of them had tumor - T1, 7 patients had T2, 17 patients had tumors T3, 24 patients had T4 and in 10 patients T stagewasn ' t defined. 10 patients had 5-years survival, which is 14.49% of all. All of these patients are living by now. 6 werewomen and 4 men. The mean agewas 62.30 (48-72). 3 patients had tumors penetrates serosa (visceral peritoneum) without invasion of adjacent structures (T3) 3 patients had tumors invading muscularis propria (T2), and 3 patients had tumors invading lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa (T1). There were no patients in T4 stage. Conclusion: The results of this study show the similar distribution of gastric cancer according to sex and age as in the rest of theworld. Gastric cancer is almost twice more often in men with a peak incidence after 50 years. The 5-years survival of our patients is higher than average forourcountry but still lowercomparing to all other European countries. For seven years Bulgaria has rise from 17th place of ASR mortality in 2005 to 9th place in the world in 2011. This showsthe need of improving the treatment strategies for this disease.


New checkable criteria for persistence of chemical reaction networks are proposed, which extend and complement those obtained by the authors in previous work. The new results allow the consideration of reaction rates which are time-varying, thus incorporating the effects of external signals, and also relax the assumption of existence of global conservation laws, thus allowing for inflows (production) and outflows (degradation). For time-invariant networks parameter-dependent conditions for persistence of certain classes of networks are provided. As an illustration, two networks arising in the systems biology literature are analyzed, namely a hypoxia and an apoptosis network.


In the work we performed a review of studies of foreign scholars on changing the reaction time of the driver...


The name for rheumatoid arthritis was provided by Alfred Baring Garrod in the late 1850s. Before this period there are descriptions of patients who seem to have had the disease which appeared from the late 1700s onwards, with more descriptions appearing after 1800. Analysis of portraits from the Flemish school of painters have suggested some of these showed features indicative of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the interpretation of the findings in these paintings is highly subjective. There is also some evidence from palaeopathological studies that skeletal remains from several thousand years ago in North America showed features suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis. As with the interpretation of art, this is a relatively subjective field and the findings remain controversial. The key points made in this chapter are that rheumatoid arthritis was definitely present in the nineteenth century and may have been present before them. Whether it is a modern disease or has a long history remains speculative.


The invention discloses a direct-current booster circuit which comprises a circuit breaker, a first inductor, a second inductor, a first MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), a second MOSFET, a first diode, a second diode and a capacitor. One end of the first inductor is connected with the circuit breaker and receives input voltage through the circuit breaker, and the other end of the first inductor is connected with an anode of the first diode and a drain of the first MOSFET. One end of the second inductor is connected with the circuit breaker and receives input voltage through the circuit breaker, and the other end of the second inductor is connected with an anode of the second diode and a drain of the second MOSFET. One end of the capacitor is respectively connected with a cathode of the first diode and a cathode of the second diode, and the other end of the capacitor is respectively connected with a source of the first MOSFET and a source of the second MOSFET. The two mutually independent booster circuits can operate simultaneously or by turns and can normally operate integrally when one of the booster circuit is damaged, so that service time of the circuit is prolonged.


22 January 2008. Joint meeting of the St. Petersburg Mathematical Society and the Mathematics Section of the House of Scientists. School mathematical education in St. Petersburg. 1. Discussion of the programme "St. Petersburg textbook". 2. Problem of evaluation of effectiveness of education. The main talk was delivered by the director of the Institute of Productive Education of the Russian Academy for Education, Academician of the RAE M. I. Bashmakov. Participating in the discussion were S. M. Aleksandrova, A. L. Verner, A. P. Karp, G. M. Karpova, V. P. Odinets, M. Ya. Pratusevich, and V. I. Ryzhik.


The statistical model and data analysis under accelerated life testing by circular-progressive-stress are considered when the life distribution follows two-parameter generalized exponential distribution(GED).The corresponding estimators of the parameters are given by a new method which combines the maximum-likelihood method and the least square method.The simulation results show the advantage of this new method compared with the maximum-likelihood method.


Objective To evaluate the characteristics and risk factors for healthcare-associated infections(HAI)in patients with liver cirrhosis,so as to make effective strategies to prevent and control the occurrence of HAI.Methods Clinical data of hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis in a hospital from January to December 2013 were collected,occurrence of HAI,distribution of pathogens,and risk factors were analyzed.Results Of 507 patients with liver cirrhosis,48(9.47%)had HAI,the main infection site was intra-abdominal(31.25%);48 specimens(100.00%)were sent for bacterial culture;a total of 43 isolates of pathogens were detected,isolation rate of gram-negative bacteria,gram-positive bacteria,and fungi was 58.14%(n=25),23.26%(n=10),and 18.60%(n=8)respectively;the incidence of HAI were different among cirrhosis patients with different age,length of hospitalization,white blood count,albumin levels,the grade of liver function,invasive procedure,complications,prophylactic use of antimicrobial agents respectively(all P0.05%).Conclusion The incidence of HAI in patients with liver cirrhosis is high,risk factors for HAI are multiple,corresponding intervention measures should be formulated according to the risk factors,so as to reduce the occurrence of HAI.


This chapter sketches how the world looked from Washington and Moscow at the dawn of the 1980s. It explains why policymakers in the United States were convinced that they had fallen behind the Kremlin when the Soviet Union was already beginning to come apart at the seams. It also cites Soviet leaders that were confident in their own position despite the acute problems plaguing their country as they viewed the perceived balance of power as one tipped in the Kremlin's favor. The chapter discusses the détente as a golden age of US–Soviet arms control agreements but had eventually failed to make the United States and its allies any more secure by the beginning of the 1980s. It cites the Western European public opinion, in which several West German and French respondents believed that the Soviet bloc had a military edge over the West.


Flash memory based Solid State Drives (SSD) acquiring greater attention in enterprise storage computing environment; this is primarily due to its high I/O speed. SSDs use multiple NAND flash memory chips as a storage media and deploy internal RAM to maintain the flash translation layer (FTL) mapping table. The rest portion of the inner RAM is used as a buffer. This buffer absorbs the write requests and thus the resulting write requests to the NAND flash memory is determined by the SSD buffer cache management algorithm. Many of the previously proposed write buffer cache management algorithms concentrate on improving the random write performance either by reordering the writes, addressing the temporal locality or evicting the clean pages etc. And they have not concentrated enough to exploit the sequential locality in the write pattern. Because of this, the input sequential write patterns are not completely utilized by the Flash Translation Layer and that reduces the number of switch merges and increases full and partial merges in log block based FTL. In this paper, a novel algorithm called RFLRU: Random First Least Recently Used is proposed to improve the performance of SSD write operation on mixed workload. The algorithm identifies the interleaved sequential writes, constructs various cache eviction policies and the write sequence is constructed by contemplating the SSD characteristics. Essentially this new technique reduces number of erase and writes operations on SSD. An efficient RFLRU implementation is developed and tested in a trace driven simulation environment and compared to the previously proposed LRU FAST, BPLRU and REF buffer management schemes. The results show that RFLRU reduces the number of merge; erase and write operations and the overall write performance is improved.


The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of transformational leadership, compensation  financial  and  commitment  organization  towards  employee performace at RSIA Mutiara Bunda. The population of this research is all 86 active employees at RSIA Mutiara Bunda. Saturation Sampling technique was used to determine the sample. Data is analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that: (a) Transformational leadershid gives negative impact upon employee performance. (b) Compensation financial brings positive influence upon employee performance (c) commitment organization brings  positive  influence  upon  employee  performance  (d)  transformational leadership, compensation financial and commitment organization significantly influence employee performance. Keywords : Transformational  Leadership,  Compensation  Financial,  Commitment Organization, Employee Performance


Abstract This paper focuses on Sinophobia which is usually not expressed openly in the public service media. The Sinophobia discourse intensified in 2020 in connection with the coverage of the pandemic. How are anti-Chinese attitudes expressed in the news discourse of the Czech Radio and Czech Television? Examples from a broader analysis of the representation of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic in news and journalism programmes are given. Inductive qualitative research methods (discourse and semiotic analysis) were used to detect subtle nuances of meaning and reveal implicit presuppositions. This study focuses on the manifestations of bias, e.g., the ideologically grounded attitudes of the speakers. The anti-Chinese statements (about poor hygiene habits and eating wild animals) were most often mentioned in connection with the origin of the coronavirus, vaccination, and China expansive policy. Sinophobic messages were built on the opposition of Us and Them, which is, according to van Dijk (2000), the core of new racism. In spite of the fact that the open hate speech and systematic bias (intentional implications, obvious evaluation or signposting) were not found in the researched sample, the analysis identified the presence of Sinophobic statements in both public service media.


Introduction: It is believed that stress can be present as anxiety or depression which to be increased in infertile women. Relatio-nship between infertility and anxiety is complex and may create a defective cycle. This study was done to through qualitative approach to determine the emotional feelings of infertile women towards psychological support. Materials & Methods: This study was con-ducted on 28 women with infertility by using of qualitative approach and a purp-osive sampling method was adopted to select the subjects. Their emotions and per-ception of psychological supports were assessed by semi-structured interviews. Data collection was done between first of April to first of May and it was continued to the saturation point. All interviews were audio-taped, translated and typed word by then the data were analyzed consecutively. Findings: Data were classified and coded. Analyzing of data revealed four major the-mes which included psychological experience, communication doctors and medical team, reaction of couple's family and friends. Discussion & Conclusion: Findings showed that infertility is a common condition that could affect infertile couple's life. Rega-rding to the existence of negative psychological emotion among women with infertility and financial problems, psychologists, ph-ysicians and midwives attention to the anxiety and depression problems is essential. R T on


Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a condition that affects 3000 patients/year in Sweden with a mortality rate of about 40%. However ...


A preliminary description of the two partial lumbar vertebrae of the stem hominid Pierolapithecus catalaunicus from Barranc de Can Vila 1 (els Hostalets de Pierola, Catalunya; ca. 11.9 Ma, middle Miocene) is provided. The morphology of these specimens and their comparison with other extinct and extant taxa shows that, despite the retention of some plesiomorphic features (present in stem hominoids from the early and middle Miocene), Pierolapithecus shares a set of derived features with extant great apes, which are indicative of orthogrady. Thus, the lumbar vertebral morphology of Pierolapithecus agrees with the evidence provided by other anatomical regions, indicating that this taxon represents the earliest unequivocal record of an orthograde bodyplan.


We propose a new variation of two-dimensional spectroscopy that displays only proton chemical shifts in one frequency dimension and separated spin multiplet structures in the other. It is an extension of the method of J-spectroscopy which calculates the Fourier transform of the spin-echo modulation observed in homonuclear coupled spin systems


This report presents the results of developing a computerized analytical technique which could determine the optimum metering rates for a group of on-ramps. Need for a freeway model and a decision model is identified. An existing freeway model is described and its application to the problem of ramp control, when no decision model is available, is discussed. Two linear programming decision models, based on two different traffic diversion assumptions, are formulated and a computer program is prepared. The freeway model and the decision models are then integrated into a single computer program. The user can select either maximizing total input or maximizing total vehicle-miles as the objective. Problems related to the applications to fixed-time control are discussed. A traffic-responsive control logic which is efficient on a short-term basis and stable on a long-term basis is presented. Finally, areas of future research are discussed. /FHWA/


Apparatus for hiring a roller (2) to a substantially with the peripheral speed of the roller moving abutment (1) by means of a spindle-spindle nut combination, preferably for pitching a printing or screen roller (2) to the counter-pressure cylinder (1) of a flexographic printing machine wherein the spindle-spindle nut combination • the spindle nut (10) with a first internal thread with the external thread of the spindle (7) meshes, • the spindle nut (10) provided with an enlarged in diameter compared with the first internally threaded bore portion with a second internal thread into which an adjusting nut (11) is screwed with its external thread, • the adjusting nut (11) has an internal thread, which (7) meshes with the external thread of the spindle, • a locking ring (16) with its external thread into the spindle nut (10) can be screwed, wherein the adjusting nut (11) and the locking ring (16) are braced against one another such that the adjusting nut (11) and the locking ring (16) relative to the spindle nut (10) are immobile.


ABSTRACT In the green Knoevenagel reaction of benzaldehyde and malonic acid, the carbon–carbon formation reaction is catalyzed by a double Schiff base formed by benzaldehyde and ammonia. A mechanism for this green Knoevenagel has been proposed. A closed catalytic cycle explains why various ammonium salts, including ammonium bicarbonate, have been correctly reported as catalysts in Knoevenagel-like reactions. Various catalytically active intermediates from derivatives of benzaldehyde were isolated and characterized. Furthermore, these in situ formed double Schiff bases play another catalytic role in the consecutive decarboxylation reaction to various cinnamic acids. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Abstract The objective of this study is to forecast the future trade patterns and to identify the determinants of exports of textile and clothing. We included top 18 leading exporting countries and zones from the textile and clothing sector. These countries cover more than 70% of global exports and 60% of imports. They cover 81% of the gross world product. To quantify the impacts of causal factors on imports and exports, we developed an econometric model and found that financial liquidity, endogenous production of cotton, and the magnitude of imported raw material and intermediate goods are the root causes of export of textile and clothing products while gross domestic products and exports of textile and clothing products are identified as good predictors of import of textile and clothing products. The study concludes surprising results and mentions that Mexico, Taipei, Hong Kong and India will be the net losers whereas Pakistan, Indonesia, Poland, and Australia will be the net gainers in free trade regime.


Movie and game production is very laborious, frequently involving hundreds of person-years for a single project. At present this work is difficult to fully automate, since it involves subjective and artistic judgments.  Broadly speaking, in this thesis we explore an approach that works with the artist, accelerating their work without attempting to replace them. More specifically, we describe an "example-based" approach, in which artists provide examples of the desired shapes of the character, and the results gradually improve as more examples are given. Since a character's skin shape deforms as the pose or expression changes, or particular problem will be termed character deformation.  The overall goal of this thesis is to contribute a complete investigation and development of an example-based approach to character deformation. A central observation guiding this research is that character animation can be formulated as a high-dimensional problem, rather than the two- or three-dimensional viewpoint that is commonly adopted in computer graphics. A second observation guiding our inquiry is that statistical learning concepts are relevant. We show that example-based character animation algorithms can be informed, developed, and improved using these observations.  This thesis provides definitive surveys of example-based facial and body skin deformation.  This thesis analyzes the two leading families of example-based character deformation algorithms from the point of view of statistical regression. In doing so we show that a wide variety of existing tools in machine learning are applicable to our problem. We also identify several techniques that are not suitable due to the nature of the training data, and the high-dimensional nature of this regression problem. We evaluate the design decisions underlying these example-based algorithms, thus providing the groundwork for a "best practice" choice of specific algorithms.  This thesis develops several new algorithms for accelerating example-based facial animation. The first algorithm allows unspecified degrees of freedom to be automatically determined based on the style of previous, completed animations. A second algorithm allows rapid editing and control of the process of transferring motion capture of a human actor to a computer graphics character.  The thesis identifies and develops several unpublished relations between the underlying mathematical techniques.  Lastly, the thesis provides novel tutorial derivations of several mathematical concepts, using only the linear algebra tools that are likely to be familiar to experts in computer graphics.  Portions of the research in this thesis have been published in eight papers, with two appearing in premier forums in the field.


BACKGROUND
Pulsed light (PL) technology has been proven effective in food disinfection. However, increasing the light intensity or treatment time could swiftly increase the temperature of the food product. Using the thermal effect in an appropriate way may achieve a simultaneous disinfection and drying effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of simultaneous disinfection and drying of rough rice using PL and holding treatment.

RESULTS
Freshly harvested rice samples were inoculated by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and treated using PL under different intensities and durations followed by holding treatment. The PL treatment under intensity of 1.08 W cm(-2) for 21 s led to a reduction of 0.29 log cfu g(-1) on the population size of A. flavus spores. After holding treatment, a 5.2 log cfu g(-1) reduction was achieved. The corresponding total moisture removal reached 3.3% points. No adverse effect on milling quality was detected after the treatment.

CONCLUSION
The obtained results revealed that the combined PL and holding treatment had good potential for successful application in the rice industry to simultaneously achieve disinfection and drying. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.


Background: Diffusion-weighted (DW-) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated potential as an exogenous contrast-free diagnostic tool for breast cancer screening. Advanced non-Gaussian models of the DW-MRI signal provide insight into the tissue microstructure. Restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) is a mathematical framework that improves tumor conspicuity by decomposing the DW-MRI signal into separate diffusion components. The number of diffusion components and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) optimal for RSI are organ-specific and determined empirically. The outputs of RSI are the signal contributions of each separable diffusion component. Purpose: To understand the diffusion-weighted MRI signal of cancerous and healthy breast tissues in the context of RSI. Study Type: Retrospective. Populations: 74 women, from two sites, with pathology-proven breast cancer. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0T Assessment: The DW-MRI signal was described using a linear combination of a variable number of exponential components. The ADC for each component was estimated across all voxels from control and cancer regions of interest (ROIs), patients and sites. Once ADCs were determined, the signal contributions of each diffusion component were estimated using these fixed ADC values. Conventional ADC (mono-exponential) values were also estimated. Statistical Tests: The relative fitting residual and relative Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were assessed. The signal contributions of each diffusion component were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests. Results: Estimated ADCs for the bi-exponential model were D1,2=2.0x10-5 and D2,2=2.2x10-3 mm2/s, and D1,3=0, D2,3=1.4x10-3 and D3,3=10.2x10-3 mm2/s for tri-exponential model, which in practice is reduced to a bi-exponential model with an offset, or a three-component model. The relative fitting residuals of conventional ADC, bi-exponential and three-component models in control ROIs were 2.1%, 1.62%, and 1.03%, and 3.3%, 1.0%, and 0.3% for cancer ROIs. BIC was smaller for the three-component model, indicating an improved fitting of breast DW-MRI data compared to the bi-exponential model. Conclusion: Breast DW-MRI signal was best described using a tri-exponential model. The signal contributions of the slower component in bi- or tri-exponential models were larger in tumor lesions. These data may be used as differential features between healthy and malignant breast tissues.


This paper describes the use the granold texture representation for image texture classification. The granold uses two different parameterised monotonic mappings to transform an input image into a function on two dimensions that may be regarded as a surface. The nature of this surface is such that corners appear at positions where there are simultaneously large changes in the response of the monotonic mappings to the input image. The shape and position of these corners is then analysed to provide information about the texture of the input image. Marginal probability mass functions are presented as a means to extract features from the granold for image texture classification purposes. A 16 class and a 2 class image texture classification experiment are described and their results discussed. The conclusion is that features extracted from the granold have discriminant power for image texture analysis.


The effect of various addition agents on the structure and hydrogen content of electro-deposited manganese has been studied. With the exception of boric acid, only cathodically reducible compounds of group VIB element S, Se and Te prevent the formation to gamma manganese and facilitate the deposition in alpha modification. Addition of organic inhibitors or polarizing agents, which increase cathodic polarization, do no yield deposition of alpha manganese. Alpha manganese is obtained when not only the cathodic polarization is increased but also the hydrogen content of the deposit is increased.


Alan Weinstein remarked that, working in the framework of diffeology, a construction from Noncommutative Differential Geometry might provide the non-trivial representations required for the geometric quantisation of a symplectic structure which is not integral. In this note we show that the construction we gave with P. Antonini does indeed provide non-trivial representations.


mode," and "Results." In the Image correction tab, the following options We have developed an analytic software that can easily analyze the spot position and width of proton beam therapy nozzles in a periodic quality assurance. The developed software consists of an image processing method that conducts an analysis using center-of-spot geometry and a Gaussian fitting method that conducts an analysis through Gaussian fitting. By using the software, an analysis of 210 proton spots with energies 150, 190, and 230 MeV showed a deviation of approximately 3% from the mean. The software we developed to analyze proton spot positions and widths provides an accurate analysis and reduces the time for analysis.


Numerical models are generated for magneto-mechanical analysis of Terfenol-D embedded in a carbon fiber laminate with delaminations. The modeling is broken down into three stages; each having studies to observe the affect of the controlling parameters on the magnetic signature. The first stage, which is presented in this paper, involves modeling the magnetostrictive layer and excitation coil. This stage contains three preliminary studies to observe the affect of the controlling parameters on the magnetic flux density. The modeling geometry and the magneto-mechanical properties of the magnetostrictive particle (MSP) layer, Terfenol-D, were also defined. Study I consisted of models with 1, 15, 30, and 100 subdomains in the Terfenol-D layer to simulate particulate actuation. The results revealed that subdomain refinement has a significant affect, altering the magnetic flux density by at least one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the study revealed that the magnitude of the magnetic flux density converged at 15, 30, and 100 divisions. Study II was conducted to investigate the affect of the alternating current frequency on the magnetic flux density magnitude. The frequency was varied from 100 Hz to 3000 Hz on all the models. The results from the frequency variation study revealed that flux density of the Terfenol-D modeled with the 15, 30, and 100 divisions was not significantly affected by the change in frequency from 100–3000 Hz. Study III uses Ampere's Law and a magnetostriction equation for the magnetic flux density to analytically validate the numerical results from the flux density plot. The initial results reveal that the numerical results follow the correct trend, but the magnitudes are being validated. A preliminary model for the second stage, which consists of modeling the Terfenol-D layer embedded in a carbon fiber laminate, is shown. Experimental samples were also made to validate the numerical results in the future. These samples are made of unidirectional prepreg carbon fiber embedded with Terfnol-D. They have varying internal delaminations, ply orientations, and number of plies. The results presented in this work are preliminary, and will be used as a foundation for continuing this research.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


There are different notions of hyperrings ( 𝑅 , + , ⋅ ) . In this paper, we
extend the isomorphism theorems to hyperrings, where the additions and the multiplications
are hyperoperations.


Objective To increase the automaticity of the ceramic tile packing machine, the structure parameters of the filling equipment were optimized. Methods The packaging efficiency was set as the goal, and an objective function of the ceramic tile transportation time t was established based on MATLAB, to realize the optimal design of the conveying distance of ceramic tile. Results According to the optimization result, the conveying distance was obtained(x1=972 mm), and a three-dimensional drawing was achieved. Conclusion The design of filling equipment could meet actual requirements and improve the automaticity. The objective function was also suitable for solving the moving track of equipments among packing machines with requirements of acceleration.


The invention relates to a cloud storage data storage and retrieval method, device and system, belonging to the technical field of cloud storage safety. The data storage method comprises the following steps: grouping source data to be stored according to a preset grouping policy; restructuring the content of the source data by taking the groups as units to form new data; and transmitting the new data to a cloud storage data center for storage. The data retrieval method comprises the following steps: retrieving the accessed data from the cloud storage data center according to an access request; acquiring data restoring information corresponding to the accessed data; and restoring the accessed data into the source data according to the data restoring information. The invention also provides the cloud storage data storage and retrieval device and system. The invention greatly improves the safety of data stored in the cloud storage data center and greatly reduces the possible loss for users caused by data leakage.


An method for propulsion controlled aircraft (PCA) design is introduced. The PCA system is adopted for emer- gency fly-by-throttle control of an airplane with multiple control surface failure. The methodology is applied to the problem of matching by dynamic compensation the throttle-actuated crip- pled aircraft and the nominal control-surface-actuated aircraft model. The design procedure is used to synthesize model matching controllers for an L-1011, a commuter airliner, and a thrust vectoring aircraft models in longitudinal motion and an L-1011 model in lateral motion. Simulation results demonstrate that the concept is workable.


In this thesis, a hardware sharing architecture to perform the multi-standard deblocking filter that support VP8 and H.264/AVC is proposed. First, a reorganization of deblocking filter is used to derive a common architecture which is suitable for H.264/AVC and VP8. The proposed design is then reused for the whole filtering. To further reduce the computational complexity, highly sharing architecture is also presented. In order to save the size of the on-chip memory, a memory sharing architecture of the deblocking filter and motion compensation is introduced. We also reorganize the processing order of filtering to reduce the total on-chip memory size.
According to the experimental results, the adopted hardware sharing architecture saves 63.3% of shifters, 77.4% of adders and 100% of multipliers totally. The overall PSNR drops less than 1% on the VP8 decoder for low complexity applications. Finally, a hardware implementation using TSMC 0.18 μm cell library is performed. The clock frequency of the proposed hardware is working at 130 MHz to perform deblocking filter for supporting Full HD 1080P@30fps. The implementation results show that the gate count of this architecture adopted on VP8 and H.264/AVC video codec system is 43.2K.


Burleson County was founded in 1846 and was created from Milam and
Washington Counties. It is named after Edward Burleson, a General during the
Texas Revolution, the third Vice President of the Republic of Texas, and later a
State Senator for Texas (TSHA). The City of Caldwell was founded in 1830 and
incorporated in 1891, it has been the County seat since 1846. Somerville was
incorporated in 1880 as a railroad spur town. Snook was incorporated in 1972.


Phototropic equilibrium was studied in Stage IV sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus by illuminating specimens simultaneously from various directions with two beams of light. The dependence of the equilibrium position upon the angle between the light beams and upon their intensities was investigated and shown to be given by a simple empirical law.

If a sporangiaphore is illuminated by a single light beam, an equilibrium position is reached between the direction of the beam and the direction of gravity. The dependence of this position upon the angle between the beam and the vertical was investigated and found to be given by another simple empirical law. The equilibrium position was found to be unaffected by changes in the intensity of the light over the entire range of intensities to which the sporangiophore gives a normal phototropic response. Geotropism does not occur in the dark however.

Under certain specific conditions a sporangiophore in stable equilibrium shows regular oscillations around its equilibrium position. These oscillations are sinusoidal in form and often persist for 30 cycles, having a period of about 45 minutes and an amplitude of about 30 degrees. It is also possible for a sporangiophore, not necessarily in equilibrium, to show oscillations with a five minute period and a two degree amplitude. These two modes of oscillation appear to be independent of each other.


The determined growth tomato plant has advantages such as reduction of labor and inputs, enabling the production of fruits for consumption " in natura" efficiently. The objective of this work was to evaluate the conduction and spacing systems between plants with determined tomatoes and their influence on the production attributes and quality of the fruit. The experiment was carried out in the open field with three conduction systems ("half stake", open V and "mulch") and four spacings between plants (0.2; 0.3; 0.4; and 0.5 m). It was found that the highest yield and commercial production and number of large fruits were obtained in the half stake and mulch system. The spacing at 0.5 m provided the highest fruit production (6.4 kg in 56 fruits), and at 0.2 m, the highest productivity was obtained (145.63 t ha -1). In the 0.2 m and open V 0.5 m stake system, the fruits had a high lycopene content. spacing 0.2 m in half stake, and mulch systems were favorable for the production of quality fruit.


Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM), characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function, is a primary cardiomyopathy resulting in heart failure. During heart contraction, the Z‐line is responsible for transmitting force between sarcomeres and is also a hot spot for muscle cell signalling. Mutations in Z‐line proteins have been linked to cardiomyopathies in both humans and mice. Actinin‐associated LIM protein (ALP) and enigma homolog protein (ENH), encoded by PDLIM3 and PDLIM5, are components of the muscle cytoskeleton and localize to the Z‐line. A PDLIM3 or PDLIM5 deficiency in mice leads to dilated cardiomyopathy. Since PDLIM3 and PDLIM5 are candidate IDCM susceptibility genes, the current study aims to investigate whether polymorphisms within PDLIM3 and PDLIM5 could be correlated with IDCM. We designed a case‐control study, and exons of the PDLIM3 and PDLIM5 were amplified by polymerase chain reactions in 111 IDCM patients and 137 healthy controls. We found that five synonymous polymorphisms had statistical distribution differences between IDCM patients and controls, including rs4861669, rs4862543, c.731 + 131 T > G, c.1789‐3 C > T and rs7690296, according to genotype and allele distribution. Haplotype G‐C‐C‐C and A‐T‐C‐T (rs2306705, rs10866276, rs12644280 and rs4635850 synthesized) were regarded as risk factors for IDCM patients when compared with carriers of other haplotypes (all P < .05). Furthermore, IDCM patients with two novel polymorphisms (c.731 + 131 T > G and c.1789‐3 C > T) had lower systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, these five synonymous polymorphisms might constitute a genetic background that increases the risk of the development of IDCM in the Chinese Han population.


Haemoglobin H disease in a Jewish woman from Bagdad is described. This is the first record of a haemoglobinopathy other than thalassaemia in a person of Jewish descent. In addition to haemoglobin H the abnormal foetal haemoglobin Bart's was found, and the significance of this association is discussed. One of the woman's four children also had haemoglobin H disease in association with haemoglobin Bart's.


Waterborne epoxy coatings were prepared on aluminium (Al) surfaces by cathodic electro-deposition on the pretreated surface of pickling, phosphating, chromating and anodizing. The electro-deposition experiments were done at two different voltages, 15 V and 25 V at room temperature in 10% epoxy coating formulations. Corrosion and thermal behavior of these coatings were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The coating exhibits better corrosion resistance in anodized Al surface than the other. But, TGA studies show that the thermal stability is higher in anodized and chromated Al surfaces. The surface morphology of these coatings were analyzed by SEM and AFM studies.


We investigated how voice and motion from a small humanoid robot affect an autistic child's re-engagement of attention. Results suggest that a robot can use motion to re-engage the attention of an autistic child and that two adjoining multimodal cues are more effective than a single unimodal cue.


The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with condensed matter bears two important aspects: A physical one, as the most significant source of information about solids; and a technological aspect — the possibility to structure materials with the help of laser light.In this paper, investigations of several materials (dielectrics, metals, semiconductors) with laser pulses as short as 5 fs will be shown, the behavior of the solid close to the threshold of optical breakdown is explored. The results lead to important implications for the feasibility and efficiency of femtosecond machining. Due to nonlinear processes at high intensities machining precision beyond the diffraction limit can be achieved.On the other hand, the application of UV radiation leads to new levels of precision in micromachining, as well. This will be shown for the example of corneal ablation for Laser Vision Correction.


The use of radiofrequency to de-innervate brow depressors offers a nonsurgical, nontoxic option for patients who refuse surgery and are skeptical of botulinum toxin therapy, but still want to rid themselves of undesirable frown lines.


In the paper features of thermal radiation of terrestrial objects have been considered, the opportunity of thermal radars' application on vessels for increase of safety navigation has been analyzed, efficiency of suggested decisions has been appreciated.


This paper investigates the effects of motorcycles on traffic operations at signalized intersections. Field surveys are conducted to study the effects of motorcycles on other traffic by examining discharge headway. It is found that the effects of motorcycles may be measured in terms of an increase in the start-up lost time of signal phase. Presence of motorcycles does not affect the saturation headway of traffic. A microscopic traffic simulation is developed so that effects of motorcycles can be taken into account in the planning and management of urban streets. It is found that our software can replicate the discharge headway as observed from the actual data.


15 patients on chronic hemodialysis were investigated by means of quantitative bone histology. Bone changes were found regularly in the absence of clinical signs. They were not qualitatively different


The opportunity for increase of overall performance of a telecommunication network is considered at the expense of the increase of relative effective speed of transfer of each element of the system. The expediency of use of a mode of detection of mistakes and their partial correction is investigated with the varied statistical parameters of the channel.


Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) was used to investigate the wake of a rigid, pitching, trapezoidal panel, used as a model of thrust-producing fish caudal fins. Experiments were conducted for a range of Strouhal numbers from 0.17 to 0.56. A reverse von Karman vortex street was observed along the mid-span of the wake whereas complexity and three-dimensional effects increased towards the tip. The phenomena of wake breakdown was investigated and shown to depend on Strouhal number. Spanwise velocity was measured in order to investigate the interaction of streamwise vortices and the vorticity created by the swept edge. Assumption of two dimensional flow at the midspan made in previous work by Green et al.1 in order to compute FTLE fields was validated by showing that spanwise velocity at the midspan is small relative to the other velocity components prior to wake breakdown. Downwash and sidewash effects were measured at quarterspan and tip location. Previously unknown upwash effects were observed to investigate the contraction of the wake in the spanwise direction. Planar laser induced fluorescence showed that large streamwise vortices create the up, down, and sidewash effects observed in the experimental results.


The strain-gauge sensor comprises a load element which can be fixed to an object to be monitored, a piezooptical transducer, which converts the magnitude of the stresses on a photoelastic element into an electrical signal, said photoelastic element being fixed in the deliberately loaded state and in such a way that the action of an initial force load is implemented in two mutually perpendicular directions, and a signal processing unit, wherein the load element is a hollow cylinder with no fewer than four slots, which do not disrupt the integrity of the cylinder, while the photoelastic element of the piezooptical transducer is fixed in the cylinder in such a way that the optical axis of the piezooptical transducer coincides with the axis of the cylinder and is perpendicular to the plane of the stresses being measured.


THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE of electrocoating fabrics has been known to mankind for more than 2,500 years. In Benjamin T~ranklin's time the first natural law applying to electrocoating was discovered. The first application of the law in the field of coating was in 1926. Thirteen years later the electrocoating process began to be employed commercially in the textile industry. Principle Involved The principle on which electrocoating is based is demonstr ated whenever one holds a glass rod which has been rubbed with a piece of silk over bits of paper-the bits of paper first stand on end, then jump to the rod and stick to it in an upright position. The law states that when any substances are electrified or charged, those substances which are charged with a like polarity repel each other and those which are charged with an opposite polarity attract each other. In 1926, at the Watervliet, N. Y., plant of BehrManning Corp., a division of Norton Co:, production of


The embodiment of the invention discloses a white hotpot seasoning and a preparation method, and the hotpot seasoning takes duck bones, leg bones, ginger, green Chinese onion, chicken powder and common salt as raw materials. The duck bones and the leg bones are rich in sclerotin nutrition. The white hotpot seasoning has the characteristics of abundant nutrition, delicious taste and moderate mouthfeel. Simultaneously, as the hotpot seasoning does not use chili as the raw material, the hotpot seasoning is not spicy and suitable for people with various eating habits for consumption and can prevent gastrointestinal discomfort and maladaptation of the mouthfeel.


Authors : Tzu-Hao Li, Shie-Liang Hsieh, Han-Chieh Lin, Ying-Ying Yang Abstract : TNF superfamily-stimulated pathogenic cascades and macrophage (M1)/kupffer cells (KC) polarization are important in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) liver injury in animals with hepatic steatosis (HS). Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a common upstream inhibitor of the above-mentioned pathogenic cascades. The study evaluated whether modulation of these DcR3-related cascades was able to protect steatotic liver from IR injury. Serum and hepatic DcR3 levels were lower in patients and animals with HS. Accordingly, the effects of pharmacologic and genetic DcR3 replacement on the IR-related pathogenic changes were measured. Significantly, DcR3 replacement protected IR-Zucker(HS) rats and IR-DcR3-Tg(HS) mice from IR liver injury. The beneficial effects of DcR3 replacement were accompanied by decreased serum/hepatic TNF, soluble TNF-like cytokine 1A (TL1A), Fas ligand (Fas-L) and LIGHT, T-helper-cell-1 cytokine (INF) levels, neutrophil infiltration, M1 polarization, neutrophil-macrophage/KC-T-cell interaction, hepatocyte apoptosis and improved hepatic microcirculatory failure among animals with IR-injured steatotic livers. Additionally, TL1A, Fas-L, LIGHT and TLR4/NFB signals were found to mediate the DcR3-related protective effects of steatotic livers from IR injury. Using multimodal in vivo and in vitro approaches, we found that DcR3 was a potential agent to protect steatotic livers from IR injury by simultaneous blocking the multiple IR injuryrelated pathogenic changes.


The authors present a new approach for direct model reference adaptive control (MRAC) of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems which requires neither an almost strictly positive real (ASPR) plant nor knowledge of a stabilizing compensator for the plant. This new approach is based upon new tracking conditions called the output perfect model following (OPMF) conditions. Sufficient conditions are derived for an asymptotically vanishing output error and the similarity between Y.D. Landau's (1979) sufficient condition for adaptive state tracking and this sufficient condition is shown for adaptive output tracking for the special case when all states are measurable.<<ETX>>


The satellite acceleration data from the CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE , and Swarm missions provide detailed information on the thermosphere density over the last two decades. Recent work on reducing errors in the modelling of the spacecraft geometry has already greatly reduced scale differences between the thermosphere data sets from these missions. However, residual inconsistencies between the data sets and between data and models are still present. To a large extent, these differences originate in the modelling of the gas-surface interactions ( GSI ), which is part of the satellite aerodynamic modelling used in the acceleration to density data processing. Physics-based GSI models require in- situ atmospheric composition and temperature data that are not measured by any of the above-mentioned satellites and, as a consequence, rely on thermosphere models for these inputs. To reduce the dependence on existing thermosphere models, we choose in this work a GSI model with a constant energy accommodation coefficient per mission, which we optimize exploiting particular attitude manoeuvres and wind analyses to increase the self-consistency of the multi-mission thermosphere mass density data sets. We compare our results with those based on variable energy accommodation obtained by different studies and semi-empirical models to show the principal differences. The presented comparisons provide the novel opportunity to quantify the discrepancies between current GSI models. Among the presented data, density variations with variable accommodation are within +- 10 % and peaks can reach up to 15 % at the poles. The largest differences occur during low solar activity periods. In addition, we utilize a series of attitude manoeuvres performed in May 2014 by the Swarm A and C satellites, which are flying in close proximity, to evaluate the residual inconsistency of the density observations as a function of the energy accommodation coefficient. Our analysis demonstrates that an energy accommodation coefficient of 0.85 maximizes the consistency of the Swarm density observations during the attitude manoeuvres. Using such coefficient, for Swarm-A and Swarm-C the new density would be lower in magnitude with a 4-5 % difference. In recent studies, similar energy accommodation coefficients were retrieved for the CHAMP and GOCE missions through investigating thermospheric winds. These new values for the energy accommodation coefficient provide a higher consistency among different missions and models. A comparison of neutral densities between current thermosphere models and observations indicates that semi-empirical models such as NRLMSISE -00 and DTM -2013 significantly overestimate the density, and that an overall higher consistency between the observations from the different missions can be achieved with the presented assumptions. The new densities from this work provide consistencies of 4.13 \ % and 3.65 \ % between minimum and maximum mean ratios among the selected missions with NRLMSISE -00 and DTM -2013, respectively. A comparison with the WACCM -X general circulation model is also performed. Similarly to the other models, WACCM -X seems to provide higher estimates of mass density especially under high and moderate solar activities. This work has the objective to guide density data users over the multiple data sets and highlight the remaining uncertainties associated with different GSI models.


The COMPTEL telescope on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) is capable of imaging γ-ray line sources, like classical novae, in the MeV regime at a level of sensitivity up to a few 10−5 photons cm−2s−1. At this level of sensitivity quite high expectations can be placed on the detection of the predicted 22Na γ-ray line at 1.275 MeV from nearby novae. Unfortunately, no positive detection of the nova-produced 22Na was reported until recently. We have used COMPTEL data collected up to the 2nd CGRO reboost to assess (1)—sodium production by individual novae, and (2)—the Galactic distribution of the nova-produced 22Na.


Three experiments on the conditioned suppression of licking in rats examined the amount of conditioning produced by a single conditioning trial to a clicker-light compound and the effect of prior conditioning to the light on the level of conditioning to the clicker. In Experiment I, prior conditioning to the light, far from blocking conditioning to the clicker, actually enhanced it, whether the clicker was presented in a simultaneous compound with the light or in a serial compound preceding the light. Experiment II, however, showed that this potentiation effect could be abolished if a trace interval was inserted between the clicker and light in the serial compound arrangement. Moreover, Experiment III demonstrated a significant blocking effect when a trace interval separated the clicker and light on the single compound trial. These results establish that one-trial blocking of conditioned suppression is possible, and suggest that in some earlier studies blocking may have been masked by higher-order conditioning to the target stimulus.


Gadolinium‐DTPA has been shown to be a good probe for demonstrating defects in the blood‐brain barrier, but it has a rapid rate of elimination so that peak circulating levels are short‐lived. In this study ultrafast echo‐planar imaging has been used in combination with a bolus injection of gadolinium‐DTPA to evaluate perfusion within brain tumors and to assess the degree of disruption of the blood‐brain barrier. The temporal profile of enhancement may allow discrimination between different tumor types. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.