Abstract Graduate faculty and students challenged with the growing complexity of working effectively in a therapeutic context with African American women are discussed in this article. Although measures of the effective depth and breadth of diversity training in graduate programs exist, this article discusses how multicultural training affects faculty, students, and systems. The relational aspects of clinical interventions with African American women who both share and diverge from the ethnic, racial, and gender identity of the therapist and supervisor will challenge this encounter. This article focuses on training, supervision, and systemic issues using a case example of working through these issues. The therapist's training or lack thereof in working with African American women begins to express itself in the first encounter during the intake interview. It is crucial during this initial stage that the therapist and supervisor explore their knowledge and experience with diversity and feminist perspectives so that clients' needs can be acknowledged and understood by all members of the triad, in order to build the therapeutic alliance.


Combining both leadership and diversity, the author's define "leadership diversity" to be: leadership that engages followers that is inclusive to gender, culture, and the social context of the followers. In this chapter, a theoretical framework called "Technological Mathematical Leadership Diversity" (TMLD). TMLD refers to using technology to engage all followers' mathematic learning that is inclusive of their gender, culture, and social context. As mathematics educators, it is important to understand that our role as chief instructor is changing; students are now taking control of their education. The infusion of Web 2.0 is changing how students learn and receive their information. The author set out to answer three questions through the TMLD lens: 1) Will the technology be applied to something already done? 2) Will the technology be used in such a way that it improves upon the way an existing task is done? 3) Will the technology allow us to do things that could not easily be done before? Within this context, the authors organize the technology into two distinct categories "productivity" and "cognitive" based off their primary usage. The rising cost of higher education is driving students to find ways to obtain their education in the quickest time and least expensive way possible. While in pursuit of this, it is important that diversity leadership is maintained. Using frameworks such as TMLD, the authors are able to examine the existence and potential effectiveness of a technological tool. These changes can affect mathematics education in a drastic way.


This research investigates the optimization of a multifunctional structure with embedded electronic circuitry, following traditional composite laminate optimization methods. A heavily 'de-featured' finite element model provides thermal and mechanical analyses of the structure. The model places point heat sources at the surface component locations, and the optimization problem enforces strain constraints at these locations. A simple problem seeks the least-mass I-beam whose shear web contains a simple circuit, subject to strength and strain constraints. A second problem finds the lowest mass unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) wing box configuration containing embedded circuitry subject to strength, deflection and strain constraints under two load cases. Sequential unconstrained minimization techniques and sequential quadratic programming perform the optimization; combinatorial methods are computationally impractical. Despite the model de-featuring and the use of calculus-based methods, the problem requires significant computational effort. The surface-component strain constraints result in structures with more mass than those without surface components.


The Am, or "Metallic-line," stars have too strong line strengths of the iron peak elements for their temperatures and too weak He, Ca, etc. Michaud showed that the A4-F2 V stars, which occur in the same area of the main sequence as the Am stars, have radiative zones below their photospheres where diffusion acts to push metals upward into the photospheres by radiation pressure and lets Ca, etc. sink downward, but only if the stars are slow rotators. Slow rotation can be caused by the formation of disks or by tidal interactions in binaries. The Am stars are rich in binaries with P < 100 days; the rapidly rotation A4-F2 V stars have no such binaries. The special peculiarities do not occur in stars above the luminosity class V stars, except among the ρ Puppis stars, so the radiative zones must disappear and the atmospheres become well mixed with the interiors. The suggestion that the ρ Puppis stars are the descendents of the Am stars fails because there are too few ρ Puppis stars by a factor of about 100. Then by searching for binaries among evolved stars I conclude that the Am stars plus A4-F2 V normal stars evolve into A7-F9 IV stars and then into F2-F9 (or later) III stars with normal abundances.


This article reviews the literature on personality disorder in offenders with learning disabilities, using Medline, PsychoInfo and CINAHL databases, and search terms 'offending', 'personality disorder and intellectual disabilities', 'learning disabilities' and related terms. Methods of defining offending population, personality disorder and learning disabilities vary greatly, and few studies focus specifically on personality disorder, learning disability and offending. The definition of learning disability often encompasses both borderline learning disability and low average intelligence. Personality disorder, especially anti‐social personality disorder, is prevalent in offenders with learning disabilities, but less than in the general population, and is associated with higher levels of security and poorer outcomes. The study concludes that there is a continuum of offenders with borderline and mild learning disabilities, reflected in learning disability forensic services.


s and Annotations Annals of General Practice, Volume m, Part 3. (September, 1958), published by the Australian College of General Practitioners. The Australian College is now autonomous but closely connected to its parent in the United Kingdom. The Annals is naturally largely given over to the consequent changes. Regulations are published for the government of the Australian College, and there are provisions for election to fellowship or honorary fellowship, and admission to associateship or membership. The rules for admission to membership are much the same as at present hold here. The editor of the Annals writes some advice for intending contributors, and publishes a succinct article on the " Preparation of Manuscripts for Publication," valuable for its comments on usage and common errors. A scheme is also afoot for each Faculty " to contribute the whole contents of an issue except for routine notices, etc." and the Annals will start publishing abstracts on current therapy for the benefit of those who have little time for reading. A detailed article deals with civil defence as it affects the general practitioner. News of council activities, faculty notes and some reports on research projects complete the issue. CLucAL NoTE III


Using the tools of kinetic theory, we derive a hydrodynamic model for self-propelled particles of an arbitrary shape from first principles, in a sufficiently dilute suspension limit, moving in a 3-dimensional space inside a viscous solvent. The model is then restricted to particles with ellipsoidal geometry to quantify the interplay of the long-range excluded volume and the short range self-propulsion effects. The expression for the constitutive stresses, relating the kinetic theory with the momentum transport equations, are derived using a combination of the virtual work principle (for extra elastic stresses) and symmetry arguments (for active stresses).


Carbonate rocks store more than 50% of world's petroleum. These rocks' structures are highly complex and vary depending on many factors regarding their formation, e.g., lithification and diagenesis. In order to perform an effective extraction of petroleum it is necessary to know petrophysical parameters, such as total porosity, pore size and permeability of the reservoir rocks. Carbonate rocks usually have a range of pore sizes that goes from nanometers to meters or even dozen of meters. The nanopores and micropores might play an important role in the pores connectivity of carbonate rocks. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been widely used to analyze petrophysical parameters in recent years. This technique has the capability to generate 2D images of the samples' inner structure and also allows the 3D reconstruction of the actual analyzed volume. CT is a powerful technique, but its results depend on the spatial resolution of the generated image. Spatial resolution is a measurement parameter that indicates...


The present investigation aimed to evaluate, by cephalometric analysis, the soft tissue profile changes in adolescents with Class II Division 1 malocclusion, treated with Herbst appliance (Stage I) and fixed appliances (Stage II), followed-up for an average of 4 years (Stage III). The adolescents were divided into two groups: treated group (TG) - 33 adolescents with Class II malocclusions (17 boys and 16 girls) consecutively treated with Herbst appliance and fixed appliances; control group (CG) - 28 adolescents (13 boys and 15 girls) with untreated Class II malocclusions. Lateral cephalograms were obtained immediately before (T1) and after (T2) Herbst treatment, after fixed appliances (T3), and on average, 4 years after orthodontic treatment. Intergroup comparison was evaluated by t or Mann-Whitney tests. The TG was evaluated by analysis of variance followed by Tukey test or Friedman test followed by Dunn's test. Compared to the CG, the TG showed significant favorable changes at Stage I: decrease in facial convexity, upper lip retrusion, lower lip protrusion, improvement of soft tissue pogonion and increase in mentolabial angle. The total posttreatment period (T2-T4) of the TG showed: increase in H line-Prn, and upper and lower lips retrusion, while the others variables remained stable. This study suggests that Herbst therapy improved features of soft tissue facial profile, which were maintained after fixed appliances and for an average of 4 years posttreatment, although the convex facial characteristic has prevailed.


Three primary sources of information available for reservoir description are cores, well logs, and welltest data. In this work, a comparison of formation storage capacity is made between well log and welltest information for a dual porosity, naturally fractured formation. Over the years, two independent parameters, the partitioning coefficient in well logging and the fracture storage coefficient in well testing, have been available to characterize these types of reservoirs. A relationship will be developed between these two parameters. By definition, well log and welltest data investigate different volumes of the formation;i.e., a variation in scale exists. Therefore, it is likely that when both parameters are within reasonable agreement the fracture storage ( Fracture intensity ?) is equal within the two test volumes and may be extrapolated as being representative of the given reservoir. However, if the parameters are different, then fracture storage is a function changing with distance from the wellbore. Application of these principles was tested on a known naturally fractured, sandstone reservoir in the Rocky Mountains. Analysis of this field example resulted in agreement between the two parameters ; suggesting a widespread fractured volume. This conclusion confirms the geologic analysis of the area which was described as tectonically active and highly faulted.


Keynote Speech.- Building an Extensible XQuery Engine: Experiences with Galax (Extended Abstract).- XQuery Processing.- A Light but Formal Introduction to XQuery.- XML Query Processing Using a Schema-Based Numbering Scheme.- Implementing Memoization in a Streaming XQuery Processor.- Searching, Ranking, and Mapping XML Documents.- XQuery Processing with Relevance Ranking.- Information Preservation in XML-to-Relational Mappings.- A Signature-Based Approach for Efficient Relationship Search on XML Data Collections.- XML Constraints Checking and Correcting.- Correctors for XML Data.- Incremental Constraint Checking for XML Documents.- EReX: A Conceptual Model for XML.- XML Processing.- A Runtime System for XML Transformations in Java.- Teaching Relational Optimizers About XML Processing.- Adjustable Transaction Isolation in XML Database Management Systems.- Clustering, Indexing, Statistics.- Fractional XSketch Synopses for XML Databases.- Flexible Workload-Aware Clustering of XML Documents.- XIST: An XML Index Selection Tool.


This report provides the second version of the FLAME platform architecture and infrastructure specification. It outlines therefore the blueprint that forms the basis for further specification but more importantly the implementation work towards a deployable FLAME platform within the infrastructures of Bristol and Barcelona, and other sites. The report builds on the first version of the architecture and focuses on the key updates to that first version.


The article summarizes the different ways in which urban participative processes have been understood, discussed and carried out. The hypothesis is that the "participation" aspect has been classified, expressed, identified and used according to the different views and interpretations of reality. The focuses, contexts and trends of participative processes are based on three conceptual matrixes. The first one, called Polarized Matrix, examines participative processes that are opposite, contrary or divergent in their scope and intent. A second one, called Gradual Matrix, evaluates participation based on its level of action and intensity of change. The third one, called Interactive Matrix, analyses the participation in regards to other spheres of action and instruments of urban management. Some speeches and experiences of participation in Latin American countries are placed in context to illustrate this diversity, and some current participation characteristics and trends are shown.


Carcinoma of the cervix remains a formidable problem with 471 000 cases estimated to have occurred worldwide in 2000 and is the third most common malignancy after breast and colorectal cancer in women [1]. Between 1990 and 1992, 11 200 new cases of invasive cervical cancer were reported in the UK, occurring predominantly in women between the ages of 30 years and 44 years [2]. Younger women tend to present with earlier stages of the disease as a consequence of the United Kingdom National screening program (Figure 1). The rate and mortality of the disease can be related to the Carstairs' deprivation score (Figure 2). These demographics of cervical cancer are relevant to the role of MRI. Over the past several years, overwhelming evidence has accumulated for the role of MRI in the management of these patients. It is now an integral part of local staging; is important in monitoring response and detection of recurrence, demonstrating complications of the disease itself and of the treatment, determining the feasibility of uterus preserving surgery and in planning radiotherapy. This presentation will summarise our experience in using MRI in cervical cancer for over a decade and the evidence on which its utility is based.


THE MAIN TRENDS OF MORBIDITY AND PREVALENCE OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN UKRAINE CHEMERYS N.M., LYUBINETS O.V. The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv Aim. The aim is to study the state of morbidity and prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances in Ukraine in 2010-2017. Material and Methods. To analyze and assess the prevalence and morbidity of the population related to the use of psychoactive substances in Ukraine and its regions, the materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Center of Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine were used. The regional principle was applied using the geographical location, and historical and cultural features of the territories. Five groups of regions were created. The following methods of scientific research: bibliosemantic, medical, statistical, and systematic approach and analysis were used. Results and Discussion. The prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances in the regional aspect in 2017 per 100,000 of the respective population was the highest in the NorthEastern and southern regions, 1545.54 and 1538.05 per 100 thousand population, respectively. At the same time, the incidence of this disorder was the highest in the Central region (113.31). The main active ingredient that causes mental and behavioral disorders is alcohol. In 2017, the highest prevalence of this pathology caused by alcohol consumption was observed in the North-Eastern region 1381.23 per 100,000 of the corresponding population. A slight increase in prevalence from 2010 to 2017 was registered in the southern region, where the main role was played by its increase by 24.07% in the Mykolaiv region. The prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders due to drug use was prevalent in


Many countries have experienced terrorist activities and innocent people have suffered. Timely detection of explosives can avoid this situation. This paper targets the detection of Nitrobenzene and Nitrotoluene, which are nitroaromatic compounds possessing explosive properties. As direct sensors for detecting these compounds are not available, Polyaniline based thin film sensors doped with palladium are developed using the spin coating technique. The response of the developed sensors is observed for varying concentrations of explosives. It is observed that zinc oxide based sensor is more sensitive to Nitrotoluene exhibiting a relative change in resistance of 0.78. The tungsten oxide sensor is more sensitive to Nitrobenzene with a relative change in resistance of 0.48. The sensor performance is assessed by measuring the response and recovery time. The cross sensitivity of the sensors is evaluated for ethanol, acetone and methanol which was observed as very low.


Variations in electric energy consumption that occur with identical units of HVAC equipment and in identical spaces in the same office building are analyzed and explained. The building can be considered representative of many recently built offices. Given a single building with similar occupancy throughout, it is common to assume that the energy use is also reasonably uniform through the building. The metering installed in this building provides a unique opportunity to examine the manner in which a large number of identical spaces use electricity for HVAC and lighting. The data collected shows that such assumptions are not valid, and that energy consumption does vary considerably.


A microporous structure of alumina with a narrow distribution of the pore size (∼0.4 nm in diameter) was synthesized by a salt catalytic sol-gel process of dilute Al(OCH(CH3)2)3 and H2O solution without any template molecule. The specific surface area of alumina after the calcination at 300 °C was 960 m2g-1 while it was 170 m2g-1 even after the calcination at 900 °C.


The invention discloses a flash extraction method for rabdosia rubescens polysaccharide and application of the method in cigarettes. Firstly, rabdosia rubescens is smashed into powder, water is added and mixed evenly, the obtained material is arranged in a flash extractor for extraction, an extracting solution is centrifuged to obtain liquid supernatant; flash concentration is carried out on the liquid supernatant, and ethyl alcohol is added into the concentrated solution to carry out treatment to obtain precipitate; the precipitate is dissolved by adding water, deproteinization is carried out on the obtained solution by adopting a Sevage method, the solution after deproteinization is concentrated, and the concentrated solution is dried to obtain rabdosia rubescens crude polysaccharide; the crude polysaccharide is separated and purified through DEAE-Celluose gel chromatographic columns and Sephadex G200 gel chromatographic columns to obtain refined rabdosia rubescens polysaccharide. High purity rabdosia rubescens polysaccharide can be obtained through the method, operation is simple, cost is low, and the extract time is short. Experiments show that when the extracted rabdosia rubescens polysaccharide is applied to the cigarettes as humectant, the irritation and miscellaneous odors of the cigarettes can be lowered, and the mellow and full feeling and the comfort ability of the cigarettes are improved.


The article analyzes the resource opportunities for the formation of an integrated system "Smart Production" based on "Smart Agriculture" in the development of agriculture. On the basis of the formation of an integrated platform "Smart Production" based on "Smart Agriculture", the possibilities of applying advanced foreign experience in the national economy were evaluated. Economic criteria for activating the management mechanism are proposed to determine the priority factors for increasing the efficiency of agricultural production entities and improving the living conditions of the population. The features of the model of electronic information exchange of the "Smart Production" platform integrated on the basis of "Smart Agriculture" are presented. He commented on the functional blocks of the organizers of the "Smart Production" system in the production of agricultural products.


A new method for the enhancement of fluorescence of DHLA protected gold nanoclusters with the assistance of sodium citrate salt has been proposed. The mechanism for fluorescence enhancement has been investigated. Furthermore, DHLA protected gold nanoclusters have been investigated in the presence of several other kinds of salts. The influence of various kinds of salts on their fluorescence behaviour has also been summarized.


The horizontal diffusion coefficients of the operational model (T42L9) in numerical weather prediction are optimized by the steepest descent search of multi-dimensional optimization. In order to improve prediction accuracy in low latitudes, the optimum horizontal diffusion coefficients are chosen, with changing variation of the basic diffusion coefficient with the passage of time, and later forecasts are also made better. In view of the averages of forecast verifications of 9 cases, the forecasts with optimum diffusion coefficients are an improvement on operational forecasts. It means that the forecasts are got much better with optimum values of some important parameters by optimization in numerical weather prediction.


This research sought to identify the range of information communication technologies (ICT) accessed and used by students in Kota Salatiga (Central Java). The study endeavoured to fill a research gap about how ICT is used in Indonesian schools. The instruments developed are seen as tools for use in developing countries. The survey collected data that was quantitative and qualitative. The research questions investigated were: 1. What is the range of ICT presently used in schools? 2. How are ICT used? What is the frequency of their use? 3. What ICT would students like to use in classes?; ;


For pedestrians in walking facilities, their movements are often obstructed by bottlenecks where the walkable widths are geometrically reduced. In previous research, to reproduce the influence of bottlenecks on pedestrian movements, agent-based simulation models have been widely applied. However, their high reliability on modeling rules and parameters requires calibration at the microscopic level, which makes them difficult to apply from an engineering perspective. Here, we applied a mathematical approach, which estimates the egress efficiency based on the density-flow rate fundamental diagram, to reproduce the egress time of pedestrians in our field experiments. Both the obstacle and the exit were considered bottlenecks in our experiments. It was indicated that with the same width, the obstacle bottleneck acted as an 'ineffective' bottleneck that did not affect the egress time when it was near the exit bottleneck, whereas acted as an 'effective' bottleneck when it was distant from the exit bottleneck. To reproduce this phenomenon, we applied a mathematical approach that abstracts the walking scenario as a scheme with the bottlenecks as links and different regions as nodes. As a result, the egress times under different layouts were reproduced successfully by introducing the density-flow rate fundamental diagram into the scheme. Furthermore, a reasonable range of the obstacle size and obstacle-exit width, under which condition the egress time is constant, was estimated. This study can be applied to estimate the egress time of the walking facilities by considering the fundamentals of pedestrian flows from a mathematical perspective, thus helping in the actual design of bottlenecks that could ensure efficient and safe pedestrian egress in walking facilities.


Backgrounds/Aims We evaluated the clinical usability of immune cell monitoring in adult liver transplantation (LT) recipients. Methods This study was composed of two parts as using calcineurin phosphatase (CNP) activity assay and ImmuKnow assay independently as in vitro monitoring tools of immune cell function in adult LT recipients. Results There was a rough correlation between CNP activity and tacrolimus concentration in 33 patients. This association was evident in patients who were only administered tacrolimus, but disappeared after the co-administration of mycophenolate. In 118 healthy individuals, the mean proportion of helper T-cells was 37.4±8.1%. According to ImmuKnow assay, their immune responses were strong in 12 patients (10.2%), moderate in 92 patients (78.0%), and low in 14 patients (11.9%). In 85 patients waiting for LT, there was a rough correlation between the ImmuKnow ATP level and age. Their immune responses were strong in 0 patients (0%), moderate in 8 patients (9.4%), and low in 77 patients (90.6%). There was a difference in the ImmuKnow ATP levels between healthy individuals and patients with liver disease. In 137 LT recipients, there was no correlation between the ImmuKnow ATP levels and tacrolimus concentration. This trend did not change after grouping the patients according to co-administration with mycophenolate. Eight recipients experienced acute rejection, but none showed strong immune response. Conclusions We think that both CNP activity assay and ImmuKnow assay are too limited to objectively determine the level of immunosuppression. Further studies should be performed to identify other methods for immune function monitoring.


AbstractA reliability-based design methodology is urgently needed in the fire resistant design of structures to ensure adequate reliability in the face of uncertainty. This paper presents the application of the analytical reliability methods, namely the first-order reliability method (FORM) and second-order reliability method (SORM), to the design of structures subjected to fire. In particular, the FORM and SORM algorithms are implemented in a sequentially coupled thermal-structural finite-element model. A protected steel column exposed to natural fire is presented as an example. In comparison to Latin hypercube sampling (LHS), the analytical reliability method yields sufficient accuracy and provides a significant saving in computational expense. Discrepancies between the analytical methods and LHS are analyzed in depth, and it is shown that the parametric fire model produces a response surface that is highly nonlinear. Despite differences between the FORM and LHS solutions, the utilization of FORM is rec...


In this study we extend previous research on the impact of constituency preferences on the roll-call behavior of senators during Supreme Court confirmations by examining the 1967 vote on Thurgood Marshall. In contrast to the later case of Clarence Thomas, we find that constituent racial characteristics (as measured by African-American percentage of state population) had a significant negative impact in the Marshall case. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical implications of these findings, and what they illuminate about the changing nature of the Southern Democratic coalition. Recent research on the Senate confirmation of Supreme Court nominees has suggested that constituency concerns can exert a substantial influence on senators' voting behavior In an earlier work (Overby, Henschen, Walsh, and Strauss 1992), we tested the impact of constituency preferences on senators' roll-call behavior in the recent case of Clarence Thomas, concluding that state African-American constituency size and reelectoral proximity were positively and significantly related to the probability of a "yes" vote. Here, we compare the Thomas vote with Senate action on the earlier Supreme Court nomination of Thurgood Marshall, a case that reflects similar constituency concerns. Our findings demonstrate not only the relevance of constituency preferences in the Marshall vote, but in comparison with the Thomas case speak to the changing demographics of Southern politics.


A computer code was developed to solve the full two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in a scramjet inlet. The analysis uses a numerical coordinate transformation which generates a set of boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinates. The explicit finite difference algorithm of MacCormack is used to solve the governing equations. A two-layer eddy viscosity model is used for the turbulent flow. The code can analyze both inviscid and viscous flows with multiple struts in the flow field. Detailed results are presented for two model problems and two scramjet inlets with one and two struts. The application of the two dimensional analysis in the preliminary design of the actual scramjet inlet is briefly discussed.


We present our findings on using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy to image brain tissue slices. Compared with other modalities such as confocal and two-photon laser scanning microscopy, CARS microscopy offers chemical selectivity with high sensitivity without the need for any labeling agents. CARS microscopy uses two laser frequencies, whose energy difference is tuned to target a specific molecular vibration. This creates a vibrational coherence that, when probed, can give rise to a substantial chemically-selective signal. CARS overcomes the drawback of weak inelastic scattering of conventional Raman spectroscopy. As a modality that uses the intrinsic chemical selectivity to image specimen, CARS avoids the photobleaching problem and perturbations to cell functions induced by fluorescent proteins. It can acquire three-dimensional images with high resolution, in addition to the high sensitivity and chemical selectivity. In this work, we demonstrate the performance of using CARS to acquire images of mouse brain tissues and compare it with standard histology images


The question is why Mr. Kinloch should have undertaken it. It cannot have been a labor of love: Mr. Kinloch appears to dislike his subject very much. He calls him a hard man (20), an imputer of evil motives (20), an egoist (21), weak of character (34), obsequious (155), never ingenuous (156). His denunciation of Hall for slandering Milton may be no more than justice requires (although the language suggests that he finds some pleasure in handling justice's whip: "vile and entirely unwarranted," "wicked and malicious," "venomous") But the general impression left upon the reader is that where Hall does not furnish Mr. Kinloch with real sins worthy of his lash, some will be manufactured. For example, Hall is "insincere." The ground: in the dedication of his Meditations and vows Hall (he was then thirty) had called the work an "unworthy scrowl." But "a sincere man who felt that his book was an 'unworthy scrowl' would not have published it" (86).


Current guidelines recommend a 7- to 10-day course of antibiotics for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia, but is a shorter course adequate? Researchers in the Netherlands conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial to compare outcomes after 3 days and 8 days of treatment in immunocompetent, nonpregnant adult patients with radiographically proven pneumonia and Pneumonia Severity …


The object of this research is the social relations established in the context of regulatory impact of the government upon the model of alcohol consumption. The author explores the questions of effectiveness and sufficiency of measures taken within the framework of administrative legislation. The subject of this research is the legal norms, scientific sources and law enforcement practice that characterizes the key vectors of government activity on prevention of alcohol abuse. The scientific novelty consists in consideration of state policy in this regard, with the exclusion of repressive intervention into social relations associated with alcohol consumption if they do not cross the boundaries of acceptable behavior manifested in the facts of alcohol abuse. The article is dedicated to the questions of state policy aimed at prevention of alcohol abuse in the Russian Federation. The author reviews the role of government in regulation of social relations in this area, as well as determines the regulatory mechanism, including the norms of administrative legislation. The recent Russia's experience in the struggle against drunkenness and alcoholism is described. The content of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation is analyzed for determining the forms of regulatory influence upon the level and model of alcohol consumption. The author highlights the peculiarity of preventive impact of the norms of administrative legislation for actions related to alcohol abuse; notes separate flaws of administrative regulation in the area of prevention of alcohol abuse. Recommendations are made on the improvement of administrative legislation and law enforcement practice regarding the prevention of alcohol abuse.


Journal für Kulturpflanzen 70. 2018 62 M ittlungen nd N achichten and microorganism are poorly understood. In this study, 13 species of fungi were identified in an artificial diet fed by D. suzukii. 8 and 7 species of fungi were identified in cherry and grape fed by D. suzukii. Short-term and continuously life table experiments were conducted to determine the impact of three of these fungus species including Geotrichum candidum, Talaromyces minioluteus and Actinomucor elegans on the growth and development of D. suzukii. Results revealed that, compared to the control, G. candidum, T. minioluteus and A. elegans increased the mortality of D. suzukii adults in the short time, while extended the developmental time of pupal D. suzukii by 18.00%, 16.22% and 26.44%, respectively in the life table experiment. T. minioluteus reduced the total longevity of D. suzukii by 15.52%, while A. elegans enhanced the total longevity by 25.96%. G. candidum and A. elegans increased the fecundity by more than two folds. T. minioluteus elongated the mean generation time (T) by 31.34%, whereas G. candidum shortened it by 15.26% but increased the net reproductive rate (R0) by 217.76%, intrinsic rate of increase (r) by 88.89% and finite rate of increase ( ) by 9.17%. It was concluded that G. candidum and A. elegans significantly had a beneficial effect on the growth and reproduction of D. suzukii, however, T. minioluteus had a negative effect on D. suzukii. Our results could provide a new integrated pest management strategy for D. suzukii which would be discussed in this study.


The Forest Service Recreation Residence Program has been operational since the passage of the Occupancy permits Act in 1915. In the initial years the Forest Service actively encouraged summer home occupancy with the view that such occupancy encouraged recreational use and assisted in proper forest management and fire control as well as providing a source of income. Approval of further recreation residence development on public land was discontinued in 1968 as program costs exceeded revenues and the perception that such occupation of public land was elitist and potentially restricted public access to desirable recreation sites. More recently, both the appraisal process and the pursuance of permit violations have become a focus of some political controversy. Recreational residences have often been built by and remain in the same family across generations leading to a strong attachment and identification with a particular forest tract. The study discussed in this paper examines the use of these residences and the meanings of such use to a sample of cottage owners in the Arapahoe-Roosevelt and Pike National Forests in Colorado, USA. A multi-methods approach was used to collect data on cottage use including project analysis, surveys, experiential sampling and in-depth interviews. The rationale underlying the multi-method approach and some preliminary results of this study will be presented in this paper.


Background Intravenous lidocaine in adults undergoing general anesthesia has been shown to reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). However, the anti-postoperative vomiting (POV) effect of lidocaine in pediatric patients remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis to evaluate the effect of intravenous lidocaine on prevention of POV/PONV. Methods Six databases including trial registration sites were searched. Randomized clinical trials evaluating the incidence of POV/PONV after intravenous lidocaine compared with control were included. The primary outcome was the incidence of POV within 24 hours after general anesthesia. The incidence of POV was combined as a risk ratio with 95% confidence interval using a random-effect model. We used the I2 to assess heterogeneity. We evaluated the quality of trials using the Cochrane methodology, and we assessed quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. We also assessed adverse events. Results and discussion Six trials with 849 patients were included, of whom 433 received intravenous lidocaine. Three trials evaluated the incidence of POV, and 3 evaluated the incidence of PONV. The overall incidence of POV within 24 hours after anesthesia was 45.9% in the lidocaine group and 63.4% in the control group (risk ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–1.00; I2 = 32%; p = 0.05). The incidence of PONV within 24 hours after anesthesia was 3.73% in the lidocaine group and 4.87% in the control group (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.36–1.59; I2 = 0%; p = 0.47). The quality of evidence was downgraded to "very low" due to the study designs, inconsistency, imprecision, and possible publication bias. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests that intravenous lidocaine infusion may reduce the incidence of POV, however, the evidence quality was "very low." Further trials with a low risk of bias are necessary.


This research aims at describing and finding out the philosophical messages in Sorong Serah Aji Krama customary song which used in traditional Sasak marriage events as well as to documment it, because it is the most valuable inheriting asset for the new generation. In this research the researcher investigated all kinds of Tembang (customary songs). There were ten kinds customary songs all together which has been developed in Sasak community as the population of the study. There were taken four kinds of Tembang which are usually used in Sorong Serah Aji Krama ceremonies. The researcher took four kinds customary songs out of ten kinds of customary song, they were Asmaradana, Pangkur, Sinom,and Dandang Gula. This research is descriptive with a philoshopical approach was used to analyze the data. The data are collected through interview and related documentation. The result of the study shows the philosophical messages in Sorong Serah Aji Krama customary songs were religious, moral, education, language, and cultural values. It also showed that Sorong Serah Aji Krama customary songs convey the glorious teaching inseparable from the six elements in life of sasak community such as religion, tradition, customs, behaviour, local culture and way of life of the local community.


Using a case study of the relationship between principal authenticity and teacher trust and engagement, this article presents the theoretical rationale and statistical procedures to use hierarchical linear models (HLM) to analyze multi-level data. The dilemma of unit of analysis when working with multi-level data, the estimation method associated with HLM, and the conceptual fallacy during the interpretation of relationships at the individual level based upon aggregated data are also discussed.


DHT (Distributed Hash Table) is the key technology in structured P2P. DHT sets up logic topology with certain structure among the nodes and builds relations between nodes and data resources according to some rules. Routing table structure based on B+ tree for DHT is presented which builds up the balanced multilevel ordered tree-indexes to the routing tables so as to form levels indexes and ordered link between nodes. In term of this method, key search performs along the ordered indexes in B+ tree and the problem of resources location which is the core problem in DHT network is resolved efficiently. This Routing table structure is of advantaged to manage numerous routing information in network and makes the ruleless information well-regulated. It not only enhances the lookup efficiency and achieves the range search but also can control the lookup length in the height of B+ tree. When nodes join and depart, index structure can make the maintained routing information few in each node by updating linked message only. At the same time, for linked information of successor node being mainly stored in every node, the storage cost is decreased. It is effective and scalable routing table structure.


The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a leading experiment in neutrino physics which is presently under construction. DUNE aims to measure the yet unknown parameters in the three flavour oscillation scenario which includes discovery of leptonic CP violation, determination of the mass hierarchy and determination of the octant of $\theta_{23}$. Additionally, the ancillary goals of DUNE include probing the sub-dominant effects induced by new physics. A widely studied new physics scenario is that of nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI) in propagation which impacts the oscillations of neutrinos. We consider some of the essential NSI parameters impacting the oscillation signals at DUNE and explore the space of NSI parameters as well as study their correlations among themselves and with the yet unknown CP violating phase, $\delta$ appearing in the standard paradigm. The experiment utilizes a wide band beam and provides us with a unique opportunity to utilize different beam tunes at DUNE. We demonstrate that combining information from different beam tunes (low energy, LE and medium energy, ME) available at DUNE impacts the ability to probe some of these parameters and leads to altering the allowed regions in two-dimensional space of parameters considered.


Introduction: Church and Religious Other: Essays on Truth, Unity and Diversity Gerard Mannion: The Church and Religious 'Other': Dominus Iesus and the Hermeneutics of Ecclesial Identity in Postmodern Times John O'Brien: The Quest for a Pakistani Christian Identity Paul M. Collins: The Quest for Indianness Ernst Conradie: The Whole Household of God (oikos) in an African Ecclesiological Perspective Jenny Daggers: The Open Future: Church, Feminism and the Theology of Religions Phyllis Zagano: Women and Church: Where Do We Go From Here? Mary McClintock Fulkerson: 'Being Nice' in Church Steve Summers: The Eucharist: A Meal with Friends? Mark Chapman: "'By Schism Rent Asunder, By Heresies Distressed": Anglicanism and the Windsor Report' George Pattison: Church: Law, Community and Witness Bernard Hoose: Does the Church Need to Change? David McLoughlin: The Church Theologian and the Kingdom of God an Uneasy Relationship? Kenneth Wilson: Hoping to Learn: a New Approach to Ecclesiology Jayne Hoose: Dialogue as Tradition Nicholas Lash: The Church as a School of Wisdom Paul D. Murray: Receptive Ecumenism: a New Way Forward Afterword: Keith Ward: Church: the Distinctive and Definitive Idea of Christianity.


Objective To observe the changes of brain circulation of patients with pulmoanry encephalopathy patients.Methods Before and after treatment blood gas analysis was conducted in 60 cases with mild,moderate,and serious plmonary encephalopothy meanwhile maximum blood stream pace (Vmax),maximum blood stream quality (Qmax),and dynamic impedance(DR) were measured.Results After the treament all patients with pulmonary encephalopathy exhibited significant decrement of PaCO 2 ( P 0 01).Vmax,Qmax,and DR of mild and moderate encephalopathy were improved significantly ( P 0 01) but not in severe patients ( P 05) .Conclusions The brain circulation of patients with pulmoanry encephalopathy is responsive promptly to the changes of PaCO 2 as an automatically regulation mechanism.However the adaptive mechanism is damaged in serious patients.


Concrete-filled hollow steel column (CFHS) column is a composite column that comprised of concrete core filled into hollow steel section. The composite action between the hollow steel sections and concrete core give CFHS better performance over conventional reinforced concrete and steel column. Numbers of studies had been done on the performances of CFHS with different types of the concrete core subjected to various loadings. The concrete filling materials used by previous researchers including plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and other modified concrete such as concrete containing fly ash, recycled aggregate and rubber particles. This paper presents the performances of CFHS with different type of concrete filling materials subjected to fire and cyclic loadings. A comparison between different concrete filling materials that have been used to fill hollow steel column that were used by previous researchers are presented. Research gap and recommendations are also proposed for further study.


Simple Summary PET/MRI is a relatively new, hybrid imaging tool that allows practitioners to obtain both a local and systemic staging in breast cancer patients in a single exam. To date, the available evidence is not sufficient to determine the role of PET/MRI in breast cancer management. The aims of this paper are to provide an overview of the current literature on PET/MRI in breast cancer, and to illustrate two ongoing trials aimed at defining the eventual role of PET/MRI in axillary staging in two different settings: patients with early breast cancer and patients with positive axillary nodes that are candidates for primary systemic therapy. In both cases, findings from PET/MRI will be compared with the final pathology and could be helpful to better tailor axillary surgery in the future. Abstract Axillary surgery in breast cancer (BC) is no longer a therapeutic procedure but has become a purely staging procedure. The progressive improvement in imaging techniques has paved the way to the hypothesis that prognostic information on nodal status deriving from surgery could be obtained with an accurate diagnostic exam. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is a relatively new imaging tool and its role in breast cancer patients is still under investigation. We reviewed the available literature on PET/MRI in BC patients. This overview showed that PET/MRI yields a high diagnostic performance for the primary tumor and distant lesions of liver, brain and bone. In particular, the results of PET/MRI in staging the axilla are promising. This provided the rationale for two prospective comparative trials between axillary surgery and PET/MRI that could lead to a further de-escalation of surgical treatment of BC. • SNB vs. PET/MRI 1 trial compares PET/MRI and axillary surgery in staging the axilla of BC patients undergoing primary systemic therapy (PST). • SNB vs. PET/MRI 2 trial compares PET/MRI and sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in staging the axilla of early BC patients who are candidates for upfront surgery. Finally, these ongoing studies will help clarify the role of PET/MRI in BC and establish whether it represents a useful diagnostic tool that could guide, or ideally replace, axillary surgery in the future.


Concentric braced frames (CBF) are very efficient and commonly used steel structures to resist forces due to wind or earthquakes. Based on research performed during the last twenty years or so, current seismic codes now include provisions to design ductile concentric braced frames called Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBF). When designed by conventional elastic design methods, these structures can undergo excessive story drifts after buckling of bracing members. That can lead to early fractures of the bracing members, especially in those made of popular rectangular tube sections. This paper presents some results of a brief study in which a recently developed energy based plastic design methodology was applied to CBF with buckling type braces which exhibit somewhat "pinched" hysteretic loops. Originally the method was developed and successfully applied to moment frames and recently also extended to EBFs and STMFs. The design concept uses pre-selected target drifts and yield mechanisms as performance limit states. The design lateral forces are derived by using an energy equation where the energy needed to push the structure up to the target drift is calculated as a fraction of elastic input energy which is obtained from the selected elastic design spectra. Plastic design is then performed to detail the frame members in order to achieve the intended yield mechanism and behavior. Results of inelastic dynamic analyses carried out on example frames designed by the proposed method showed that the frames met all the desired performance objectives, including the intended yield mechanisms and the story drifts while preventing brace fractures under varied hazard levels. On the other hand, when designed by current code procedures as SCBF the same structures showed very poor response due to premature brace fractures leading to unacceptably large drifts and instability.


)The malignant protoplasm of a cell of a tumor reveals no cytologically detectable structural characteristic that would distinguish it qualitatively from the protoplasm of a normal cell. The white blood cells of the circulating blood of a leukemic mouse and their normal cells of origin are structurally identical, although Furth and Kahn in 1937 found that a single cell of a leukemic mouse produced leukemia upon injection of it into a normal host. In acute human myelogenous leukemia, no qualitative structural difference has yet been detected to distinguish the circulating white blood cells of leukemia from their normal cells of origin in the bone marrow. It is not known whether leukemia cells complete mitosis in the serum of the blood in leukemia, although some do so under the microscope in saline. Hansemann in 1890 and Boveri in 1912 regarded asymmetrical mitosis as a factor in the development of a tumor cell. This is not peculiar to tumor cells, however, for abnormal mitosis does occur in normal tissue also, and some kinds of tumors possess the normal number of chromosomes with the normal form of mitotic figures. Winiwarter in 1907 believed that cells containing abnormal numbers of chromosomes were merely moribund cells. Lewis and Lewis thought that malignant cells have abnormally large centrospheres and often twice the normal number of them. According to Timonen and Therman, malignant cells may be characterized by an imbalance in the timing of the events of the mitotic cycle. The centrospheres, developing precociously prior to the ripening of the chromosomes, may multiply before the chromosomes are movable, thus producing abnormal mitosis. On the other hand, the chromosomes may mature too early before the achromatic figure is fully developed, and multiply in metaphase, resulting in daughter cells possessing more than the normal complement of chromosomes. Mitosis can be arrested in metaphase in both normal and malignant cells by administration of nonlethal doses of noncarcinogenic chemical agents such as derivatives of podophyllin or colchicine, which are powerful mitotic poisons. The mode of inhibition of mitosis is apparently the same in respect to cytological structural alteration in both normal and malignant cells (MacCardle, 1951). Mitotic alterations in normal epidermal cells can be induced also by carcinogenic chemical agents, as observed by Biesele and Cowdry in the production of tumors following application of 20-methylcholanthrene on the skin of the mouse. Such alterations, however, may simply represent irreversible chromosomal changes to produce death-bound cells that may have nothing to do with the malignant state. Similar alterations can be induced by carcinogens without the production of tumors, and tumors can be produced without chromosomal alterations (Eudford, 1954). The intracellular chemical and physical factors that determine the initiation


An emitter electrode (2) on the emitter side (11), between the collector electrode (25) on the collector side (15), an IGBT with a layer, - first conductive type drift layer (8), - the emitter electrodes (2) are in electrical contact, which is completely separated from the drift layer (8), the base layer (5), - disposed toward the emitter side (11) on the base layer (6), in electrical contact with the emitter electrode (2), a first source region (7), - is arranged laterally of the base layer (5), by a first insulating layer (31), the base layer (5), separated from the first source region (7), a drift layer (8) are, a first trench gate electrode (3), channels, and an emitter electrode (2), a first source region (7), the base layer (5), a drift layer (8) It can be formed between, the first trench gate electrode (3), - it is placed on top of the first trench gate electrode (3), a second insulating layer (32), - at least an emitter side (11) parallel to a plane, separated from the drift layer (8) the base layer (5), the enhancement layer (6), - a second trench gate electrode grounded (41), a conductive layer and a (42), a gate electrode that is grounded (4), the second trench gate electrode (41) has a base layer ( are arranged in the lateral direction of 5), the second trench gate electrode (41), by a third insulating layer (43), the base layer (5), the enhancement layer (6), the drift layer (8 ) and are separated from the conductive layer (42) outside the second trench gate electrode (41), to the upper region of at least the base layer (5) extends to cover the conductive layer (42), a fourth electrically insulating layer by (44) is separated from the base layer (5), a conductive layer (42) contacts the second trench gate electrode (41), a gate electrode and (4), - it is placed on top of the second trench gate electrode (41), a conductive layer (42) has a recess (47) in electrical contact with the emitter electrode (2), the fifth insulating layer (45), Comprises, IGBT is provided. .FIELD 6


The purpose of the present article is to examine the complexity and implications of land issues in South Africa in terms of its historical experiences during the period from pre-apartheid to post-apartheid. South Africa suffered a long history of colonization, racial domination and land dispossession which resulted in the bulk of the agricultural land being owned by a white minority. Black people resisted being dispossessed but were defeated by the superior arms of whites. That is to say, the South African history concerned with land issues has been stained with domination and exploitation by whites. This implies that there is the history of colonial conquest and land dispossession which lies at the heart of the land question in the state. Post-apartheid South Africa has embarked on market-driven programmes of land reform that can be described both as very ambitious, when measured against existing constraints, and as very modest, when measured against popular demand and need. Their goals appear to be certainly impressive: to redress the injustices of a grossly skewed land distribution system, to reduce poverty, to contribute to sustainable land use and economic development, and to establish tenure security for all. However, the post-apartheid governments have faced with diverse difficulties in developing policies and programs to encourage or protect remnants of traditional land systems in South Africa. As a result, it is said that the land reform policies since the post-apartheid period have been characterized by the following words: failure, ambivalence, vagueness, dilemma and discrepancy. In my opinion, such a phenomenon evidently shows that South Africa did not away with the social order which was established through colonial rule. The main objective of land reform in the country should be to bring a just and equitable transformation of land rights. This objective has the following four dimensions. First, land reform must address the gross inequality in land holding. Second, it must provide sustainable livelihoods in ways that contribute to the development of dynamic rural economies. Third, particular attention must be given to the needs of marginalized groups, especially women, so as to overcome past and present discrimination. Finally, rural people themselves must participate fully in the design and implementation of land reform policies.


Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. a recently reported fungus of mango malformation disease (MMD)is a predominant and virulent fungus in mango orchards of Sindh, Pakistan. In the current study, in vitro and in vivo attempts were made with commercial fungicides to reduce the severity of F. nivale. Mycelial growth of F. nivale was significantly inhibited at low and high doses of Thiophanate methyl and FosetylAluminium. Metalaxyl+Mancozeb and Mancozeb also reduced growth of fungus at their high doses (6.830 and 11.900mm), respectively, as compared to Copper oxychloride (18.083 mm) and control (40.750 mm). Thiophanate methyl and FosetylAluminium significantly reduced infection in Desi, Almas and Dusheri to 16.60 and 19.00%; 17.60 and 19.80%; and 20.60 and 22.00% after first spray, with decreased percent of malformation 72.33 and 68.33%; 71.11 and 67.54%; and 67.81 and 65.62% and over untreated control. The second spray of Thiophanate methyl and FosetylAluminium fungicides completely inhibited infection of F. nivale, and 100.0% reduction in malformation disease in Desi, Almas, and Dusheri as compared to Metalaxyl+Mancozeb (78.73, 73.84, 72.64%) and Mancozeb (73.65, 73.69, 69.41%), Copper oxychloride and in control. The application of Thiophanate methyl and FosetylAluminium would be useful in integrated management of MMD.


Introduction: An important consideration in fixed orthodontic treatment is potential adverse effects of debonding brackets and removal of remaining composite resins. One of the commonest methods of removing residual composite resin is the use of a bur, which might increase the pulp temperature. This study investigated temperature rise in pulp chamber after removing the remaining composite resins beneath orthodontic brackets using a high-speed handpiece under wet and dry conditions. Materials and methods: Forty wisdom teeth were used in this experimental research. After cleaning the tooth surfaces, the brackets were fixed by composite resin on buccal surfaces.  A palatal access cavity was prepared and a thermocouple was inserted in the cavity. Then the brackets were debonded. The teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups. In the first group, the remaining composite resin under the brackets was removed by means of a tungsten carbide bur in a high-speed handpiece without water. In the second group, it was removed in 10 seconds under water spray. The temperatures in the pulp chambers before and after removal of the residual composite resin were determined and the differences in both groups were documented as data. Data were statistically analyzed using independent t-test and paired t-test (α=0.05). Results: Removal of residual composite resin under dry conditions resulted in a significant increase in pulp chamber temperature (p value = 0.001). In contrast, use of water spray decreased pulp chamber temperature significantly (p value = 0.001). Conclusion: Under the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that use of water cooling during removal of residual composite resin under orthodontic brackets with a high-speed hand-piece is preferable to dry conditions in relation to the effect on pulp chamber temperature. Key words : Composite resins, Dental pulp cavity, Orthodontic b rackets , Temperature .


Formal grammars represent a practical tool for description and processing programming languages, as well as for modeling and study of natural languages. In this paper, we introduce and study a new type of formal grammars—grammars with exclusion. Procedures of language generation by grammars with exclusion are elaborated. In contrast to conventional formal grammars, one grammar with exclusion can generate several types of languages. It is demonstrated that they have essentially higher computational power and expressive possibilities in comparison with the conventional formal grammars, as well as with grammars with prohibition or Boolean grammars. Results presented in this paper are aimed at the development of modeling natural languages, empowerment of programming languages, human–machine interaction, computer simulation, better software systems, and theory of recursion. Keywords: Formal grammar, formal language, hierarchy, natural language, programming language Cite this Article Burgin M. Grammars with exclusion. Journal of Computer Technology & Applications. 2015; 6(2): 56–66p.


The adhesion of diamondlike carbon (DLC) films deposited on SKD11 substrates by Unbalanced Magnetron sputtering (UBMS) of a metal Cr and graphite target was investigated. DLC films, consist of Cr/C gradient interlayer and a-C:H layer, were prepared under various deposition conditions, and film-substrate adhesion was evaluated using adhesion energy equation proposed in our previous study. This equation was improved on the base of that of Bull et.al. with taking into consideration the compressive residual stress in the film. Deposition conditions (substrate bias voltage, ratio of CH 4 gas flow rate (CH 4 flow rate per total Ar and CH 4 gas), deposition temperature, deposition pressure, deposition time) were varied. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of cross section of the film and analysis of electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) for the detached area of the scratch track, it was confirmed that the films detached in the Cr/C interlayer. Adhesion energy changed characteristically and depended on the deposition conditions and corresponded to the Young's modulus of the film.


The paper provides an overview of the original and the modified p-q theory of instantaneous power applied to improve the energy performance of three-phase AC system. The report also addresses the allocation of inefficient components of instantaneous power in the algebra of hypercomplex num bers, which are subject to further compensation with shunt active power filters.


Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in Singapore and worldwide. Post-stroke neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders are common and there have been primary care articles highlighting the need for general practitioners to actively monitor patients for neuropsychiatric sequelae such as post-stroke depression. There is however a scarcity of primary care articles on post-stroke delusional disorder. Though post-stroke delusional disorders are uncommon, primary care physicians should be equipped to not only be able to manage common diseases well but also uncommon presentations of common diseases, as they can cause significant morbidity and mortality. We present a pilot case report on a middle-aged Chinese gentleman with a rare occurrence of post-stroke delusional disorder that presented and was managed in the community setting in Singapore.


Nama Peneliti/Mahasiswa HASRUL ADIPUTRA HARAHAP ( G64096028 ) Judul Rancang Bangun Jaringan Peer-To-Peer Webcam dengan Menggunakan Protokol JXTA Judul ( English ) Design A Peer-to-Peer Webcam Network Using JXTA Protocol Pembimbing Sri Wahjuni Abstrak/Ringkasan HASRUL ADIPUTRA HARAHAP. Design A Peer-to-Peer Webcam Network Using JXTA Protocol. Supervised by SRI WAHJUNI. Internet is a media for exchange of information and data. Network used on the internet today still implementing client-server network model. Clients need the information must related to the server and request the information needed. System established client-server network is a centralized system and can potentially commercial. If the server was down, the information requested by the client can't be given and the whole network will be disrupted. Peer-to-peer network is set up to reduce the problem of client-server. Peer-to-peer will not be affected to the problems that occur in each host. If one host to crash or be unable to connect, the network was still able to run. In this research we develop an application using JXTA protocol as a framework for peer-to-peer and API JMF as an additional feature integrated on a JXTA application. API JMF is used to access webcam and produces images or videos. Video or image files generated by the API JMF can be distributed directly into the peer-to-peer network which has been formed. Other connected peers can directly search and download the video files or images. Downloaded files will be directly stored into a local folder on each peer. Files downloaded can be directly redistributed by every peer. If one peer dies, the other peer can share the data from the dead peer after the file is downloaded from the source peer.


Objective: To improve our comprehensive symptom screen for diagnosing small-fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN). Background: Because the small unmyelinated C-fibers and thinly myelinated A-delta peripheral axons have myriad functions, SFPN causes varying symptoms including widespread pain and itch, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and sweating concerns. While there are validated questionnaires for pain and dysautonomia as well as neuropathy from diabetes or chemotherapy, there are no pan-symptom screens, nor surveys for other causes. Thus we developed and are validating a comprehensive, patient-completed, Small-fiber Symptom Survey (SSS). Beginning with items from clinical experience and literature review, we refined the SSS by soliciting input from patients and 21 medical/scientific experts. Design/Methods: With IRB consent, the SSS version 4 was administered using the REDCap web-based application for secure data capture, or surface mail. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergence with other instruments, including SF-MPQ-2, SF-236, and COMPASS-31 were evaluated in 179 adults spanning the range of symptom severity. They included normal controls and patients being tested for SFPN. 85 had diagnostic confirmation by skin biopsy and/or autonomic testing. Face-to-face debriefings verified participant comprehension and measured completion time. Results: Participants' mean age was 47 years, 73% were female, and 92% were Caucasian. The most common symptoms among confirmed cases were fatigue (100%), reduced endurance (98%), and tingling/paresthesias (91%). Five rounds of exploratory factor analysis yielded 22 items grouped into 5 medically appropriate clusters that explained 59% of the variance. This one-page questionnaire had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.893), excellent 2-week test-retest reliability (r=0.927; p Conclusions: The SSS captures a wide range of SFPN symptoms, including new patient-identified symptoms. It has good psychometric properties and potential clinical and research utility. Study Supported by: Study supported by the National Institutes of Health [R01-NS093653 and UL1 TR001102]; Lundbeck Foundation Scholarship in Neurology; and the U.S. Department of Defense [GW140169]. Disclosure: Dr. Zirpoli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Treister has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lodahl has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sawilowsky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Campbell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tworoger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Oaklander has nothing to disclose.


Saddle-point problems frequently arise in many applications in science and engineering. Dollar, Gould, Schilders and Wathen recently proposed the use of implicit factorization constraint preconditioners for use within iterative methods when (approximately) solving saddle-point problems. Such a preconditioner may we require a preprocessing step which carries out a (symmetric) permutation of the saddle-point problem. We investigate several permutations which are motivated by the properties of saddlepoint matrices arising in a class of constrained optimization problems.


The present invention relates to: - a pyrotechnic propulsion method, continuous thrust, with thrust modulation comprising: + the combustion of a solid propellant charge (11) into the combustion chamber (7) of a propellant (8), and + the ejection of the gas generated by said combustion, and further comprising, injecting, at the request of at least one fluid (G and / or L) in said combustion chamber (7) ; said injection ensuring, at least in part, preferably on its own, said thrust modulation; - devices suitable for implementing said method, - a spacecraft including in its structure at least one such device.


INTRODUCTION: Newer α-2 agonistic agents have opened a new chapter in the history of postoperative analgesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety adult patients of ASA grade I-II were randomly divided into three groups of thirty each. Groups A, B, C received hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% 3.4 ml intrathecally with normal saline 0.5 ml, with dexmedetomidine 15 μg, and with clonidine 75 μg respectively. Hemodynamic data, degree of motor block (modified bromage scale), time to reach sensory block to L1 level, time for two segment regression of sensory block and time to reach modified bromage 0, total duration of analgesia was assessed. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Onset time of sensory and motor block was shorter in group B and group C compared to group A. Two segment regression time of sensory block was significantly higher in group B (122.60+17.44min) and group C (87.73+10.37min) as compared to group A(63.73+8.70min).Regression time to reach Modified bromage 0 was significantly high in group B (235.10+26.64min) and group C (226.70+ 45.85min)as compared to group A (174.53+22.03min). Total duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in group B (346.26+41.63min) and group C (302.85+38.45min) as compared to Group A (162.80+39.55min). Heart rate and mean arterial pressure remained at lower level in group B and group C as compared to group A but that was not statistical significant. It can be concluded that though both clonidine and dexmedetomidine prolonged duration of sensory and motor block of bupivacaine, dexmedetomidine is better in terms of longer duration of action.


Cataleptic activity of erythrocytes was studied in 31 diphtheria and 10 quinsy patients versus 10 healthy controls. Inhibition of cataleptic activity in diphtheria directly correlated with growing severity of the disease. Such relationship was not found in quinsy.


Frequency response analysis (FRA) suffers from the interpretation of results despite its potential ability to detect faults related to the power transformer windings. This article presents a technique for interpreting frequency responses, which is based on image processing and a deep learning method called graph convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed procedure transfers frequency responses into 2-D images through a visualization technique. The resulting images are aggregated into a dataset to be used as the CNN input. The proposed technique is applied on frequency responses of two different winding models with short circuit (SC) faults. The SC faults with different intensities are applied on different sections of a simulated ladder model winding and a 20 kV winding of a 1.6 MVA distribution transformer. After determining the frequency response for each faulty case and applying the visualization technique, the precise locating of the SC faults is performed by the CNN. Then, the results are analyzed by performance evaluation metrics. At this stage, the high performance of the CNN in the use of 2-D images instead of the conventional method is observed. Finally, by testing the high impedance SC faults in different sections of the simulated winding model and applying the suggested method step by step, early detection of the SC fault is also performed in this article. It should be noted that the suggested technique, in addition to its accuracy and high detection speed, can be considered as an important step in automatic interpretation of frequency responses for online monitoring of transformers.


A satellite is a system or a body that rotates around the earth or another body in space. Artificial satellites are objects deliberately positioned into an orbit. An artificial satellite should be oriented in a specific direction for maneuvering and mission objectives. Orientation-keeping is achieved with the help of an attitude control system in a satellite. Any interruption in the satellite attitude control system can prompt satellite mission limitations. Reaction wheels are the most utilized actuators in satellite attitude control systems and are inclined to premature failure. In most cases, mechanical causes of reaction wheel failure occur due to inadequate bearing lubrication and uneven frictional torque distribution, which lead to variation in motor torque. In a real-life application, motor torque variations cannot be directly measured from the onboard sensor data; hence, estimating motor torque using the available measurable data with the help of a long-short term memory recurrent neural network is proposed in this study. The normalized root mean squared error values for both noisy and noise-free simulations yield 0.01, proving the applicability of the proposed method for fault prognosis of reaction wheels in the space industry.


This article starts with a brief overview of the role of women in the workforce in the former USSR and contemporary Russia. Next, gender stereotypes in the human capital development practices of Russian companies are described. The article then presents the results of a study of the gender aspects of human capital practices (including hiring, evaluation, training and development, and promotion policies) in 60 Russian companies from nine sectors of the economy. It then reflects on some of the main features of gender issues related to human capital development in Russia. Most are determined by socio-cultural and psychological barriers in the social (public) and individual consciousness of managers and employees.


A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of
Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
(Specialization in Industrial Engineering)


Assay of red cell progenitors by colony formation in culture is expected to allow study of early events in erythroid differentiation in animal models and in man. In this communication, a simplification of the culture method for mouse bone marrow cells originally reported by Stephenson et al. ('71) is described. In the modified procedure, plasma clot is replaced by methyl cellulose, and scoring of erythroid colonies is done directly in the plates without staining. With additional modification the system proved applicable to the culture of erythroid colonies from human bone marrow as well. The development of both mouse and human erythroid colonies was dependent on "erythroid colony stimulating activity" (E‐CSA) supplied by extracts of anemic sheep plasma, or by extracts of urine from anemic patients. Over a certain range, the number of colonies was a function of dose of E‐CSA.


3D model of planetary gear reducer with five tooth number difference was established by solidworks,the dynamic contact simulation analysis of gear pairs was carried out under the rated load by using ABAQUS software,dynamic meshing effect was gotten from entering meshing to exiting meshing process,the contact stress and von-mises equivalent stress of gear pairs was obtained;Coincidence degree of the gears was simulated under the different load.Meshing stiffness curve of the single tooth was gotten,then based on linear superposition,the time-varying mesh stiffness curve of planetary gear reducer with involutes small tooth number difference was obtained under the rated load.


We present and theoretically investigate an optical sensor based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal slot nanobeam cavity. The cavity possesses a high calculated Q-factor of 174000 and an ultra-small effective mode volume of ~0.0236 (λ/n)3 at a resonant wavelength of 1535 nm. Using a slot nanobeam structure, we can strongly confine the resonant-mode field in the air slot region, and thus, the spatial overlap and interaction of light field and detected analytes can be greatly enhanced. An estimated sensitivity as high as 851 nm/refractive index unit is achieved. Due to the high Q and high sensitivity of the cavity, the figure of merit for sensing is very high at 96465. These are the best results for optical sensors based on photonic crystal cavities featuring both a high sensitivity and a high Q-factor to the best of our knowledge. In addition, the total size for the sensing part of the sensor is only 20 × 2 μm2.


Tooth Anatomy: Teeth are roughly broken up into three layers: enamel, dentin, and pulp. The innermost layer is the endodontic system (root canal or pulp). It contains the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue which supply and nourish the tooth during life. The blood and nervous supply enters the tooth through the very bottom or apex of the root. The outer layer of the tooth crown is enamel, which is an inorganic substance. It is virtually all (97%) calcium and phosphorus and is the hardest substance in the body. Enamel has no nervous or circulatory system. It is applied in a very thin layer (less than 1 mm thick in veterinary patients) over the tooth surface during development by a cell layer called amelioblasts. Once eruption has occurred, enamel cannot be replaced or repaired. The central layer, which is the vast majority of the tooth structure in mature patients, is dentin. Dentin has roughly the same mineral content as bone. Dentin is a somewhat living structure which has a nervous supply and can occur can respond to stresses. Running at right angles to the root canal all the way around the tooth from the root canal out to the enamel are dentinal tubules. Each one of these dentinal tubules contains an odontoblastic process, which is basically a nervous supply; however they are only sensory and can only report changes as pain. There are approximately 50,000 dentinal tubules per mm2 coronal dentin. Therefore, a 1 cm area of enamel loss will expose 3-4 million odontoblasts!


To investigate the content change of different boron forms in apple plants and the effects of boron fertilizer on fruit quality,15-year-old Starkrimson apple trees were used in the experiment.The results were as follows.The content of different boron forms in fruits and the water-soluble boron and semi-bound boron in leaves could be increased by boron fertilizer.Meanwhile,the apple fruits sprayed with boron fertilizer had higher soluble sugar,titratable acidity and soluble solids.Foliar application of boron was more effective than that of soil application according to the results in the current year.


Dear Editor, Mycosis fungoides (MF) usually has a prolonged clinical course, and visceral involvement is rare. Single or combination chemotherapy, or molecular-targeted therapy, is used for MF with extracutaneous involvement, but their efficacy is limited. Here, we report a rare case of MF with gastric and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. A 67-year-old man was transferred to our hospital due to sudden deterioration of general condition on September 2014. He was diagnosed with MF based on clinical presentation and skin biopsy in 2006. Skin biopsy specimens showed infiltration of atypical lymphocytes in the superficial dermis with epidermotropism (Fig. 1a). He had been treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy, i.v. injection of c-interferon, local and total skin electron beam irradiation, oral etretinate, oral vorinostat, oral etoposide and their combinations. On admission, erythematous plaques and ulcerated tumors (Fig. 1b) were distributed over most of the body. The laboratory tests revealed leukocytopenia (2.4 9 10/L), anemia (9.0 g/dL) and elevated soluble interleukin2 receptor level (2257 U/mL). Computed tomography scans of the neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis, and a positron emission tomography scan, showed no evidence of extracutaneous involvement, including CNS involvement. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed multiple ulcerated, elevated lesions with oozing of gastric mucosa, which were similar to skin lesions (Fig. 1c). Although we could not perform gastric mucosa biopsy because of warfarin therapy for previous deep venous thrombosis, we clinically diagnosed him with MF with gastric involvement. He received gemcitabine therapy (1000 mg/m body surface area on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day schedule for a total of six cycles). After one cycle, skin lesions dramatically improved (Fig. 1d) and the gastric lesions disappeared endoscopically (Fig. 1e). Finally, he achieved complete response. After half a year, a decreased level of consciousness developed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed masses located in the cerebral ventricles (Fig. 1f). He


Introduction Catecholamines, acting through alphaand beta-adrenergic receptors, modulate a variety of physiological responses in the heart. Most impor tantly catecholamines increase the rate and force of cardiac contraction. These actions occur mainly as a consequence of the binding of the endoge nous substances norepinephrine and epinephrine to specific adrenergic receptors on the plasma membrane of cells in the heart. Whereas the effects of sympathetic nervous stimulation on the heart have been examined for many years (reviewed in 57), oIlly recently has it become possible to mea sure directly the properties of the receptors for catecholamines in the heart. Here we discuss a few selected areas of active research where radioligand binding techinques have been applied to the study of adrenergic receptors in the heart.


Objective To discuss the etiological diagnosis and treatment methods of the acute perforation of stomach and duodenum in elderly patients,improving the treatment level. Methods The clinical data in March 2002 to March 2012 of 67 cases who were over 60 years old with acute perforation of stomach and duodenum were retrospectively analyzed. Results Conservative treatment in 5 cases,simple perforation repair in 52 cases, subtotal gastrectomy in 10 cases, 7 cases of death. Conclusion The acute perforation of stomach and duodenum in elderly patients has the following characteristics, long medical history,big ulcer scar,not easy to heal,high risk of stomach perforation,and more complications.Once diagnosed, early operation treatment is necessary.


To the Editor: The supernumerary marker 15 chromosome (SMC 15) represents 50% of the marker chromosomes. While some include euchromatin (bands q11–q13) and are linked to severe mental retardation, others without euchromatin associate with a normal phenotype in most cases but rarely with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) (1). This is a neurobehavioral disorder due to developmental impairment. PWS results from the loss of expression of imprinted genes in the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13, through several mechanisms such as deletions or uniparental disomy (UPD) (2). Herein, we studied a 13-year-old girl with a characteristic PWS phenotype and a small SMC(15). She was one of two dizygotic twins, underwent a severe neonatal hypotonia followed by hyperphagia, obesity, hypogonadism, and mental retardation, and hypopigmentation was absent. One distinctive feature was an early-onset type 1 diabetes. Cytogenetic results showed 47,XX,þmar, the karyotypes of her parents and the healthy twin being normal thus indicating a de novo origin of the SMC(15). It was monocentric and monosatellited by GTG (Trypsin-Giemsa staining) and Ag/NOR stainings (Fig. 1a). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed the 15 alpha satellite (D15Z1) signal; neither the probes for SNRPN or D15S10 nor that for PML polymorphisms (15q22) showed any signal on this SMC(15) (Fig. 1b). Thus, the karyotype was 47,XX,þdel(15)(q11.2).ish del(15)(D15Z1þ, SNRPN–, D15S10–, PML–). The methylation test for PWS showed an abnormal SNRPN pattern with no paternal contribution. A family study using DNA polymorphism find a heterozygosity at the PWS/AS locus (A55AC-1) (3) in the patient with two different maternal and no paternal allele (Fig. 1c). These results are consistent with a maternal heterodisomy. The heterozygosity for maternal alleles at a locus close to the centromere suggests that the non-disjunction is a meiosis I error with a 90% likelihood (4). The de novo SMC(15) carried by this patient should therefore be of paternal origin and could arise through a chromosomal rearrangement (deletion of most of the q arm), secondary to maternal chromosome 15 nondisjunction. The breakpoint location may be similar to the proximal common deletion breakpoints in PWS/AS patients (5). The occurrence of SMC(15) in PWS/AS patients was compiled by Cotter et al. (6). Most of them were de novo, inv dup(15), and lacked the PWS/AS region. Coexistence of UPD with SMC can be explained by the formation of a trisomic zygote and the subsequent loss of the single parental chromosome through a breakage event (7). The rearrangements in chromosome 15 may occur through unequal crossover between inverted repeats within proximal 15q. Deletions may occur when the recombination event is intrachromosomal and inv dup(15) chromosomes may result from interchromosomal recombination (8). The genetic alteration resulting in PWS in our patient is associated with advanced maternal age (39 years) like in other UPD reported cases (9). The presence of SMC(15) can be explained as a rescue event from a trisomic conception. The association of early-onset type 1 diabetes (confirmed by genotyping and immunotyping) and PWS is uncommon because these patients usually develop type 2 diabetes of late onset as a consequence of obesity. Both syndromes are probably due to independent causes. To sum up, FISH and microsatellite analyses of a patient with PWS revealed an SMC(15) and amaternal UPD. Data obtained enabled us to uncover one of the possible mechanisms of PWS origin.


Three hole-transporting materials (HTMs) based on the phenothiazine core containing 4,4-dimethyltriphenylamine (Z28), N-ethylcarbazole (Z29), and 4,4-dimethoxytriphenylamine (Z30) as the peripheral groups connected by double bonds were designed and synthesized. The HTMs were tested in mixed cation/anion perovskite solar cells (PSCs) of the composition [(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15]. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.17% under 100 Mw cm–2 standard AM 1.5G solar illumination was obtained using Z30. Importantly, the devices based on Z30 show better stability compared to those using Z28 and Z29 when aged under ambient air of 40% relative humidity in the dark for 1008 h and under continuous sunlight soaking without encapsulation for 600 h. These results indicate that the 4,4-dimethoxytriphenylamine is a promising peripheral group in combination with the phenothiazine core, providing an alternative to develop small molecular HTMs for efficient and stable PSCs.


As 1981 progresses, the American Hospital Association is engaged in a major media campaign "to help hospitals successfully overcome their problems that relate to the current national nursing shortage" (see accompanying review). At the same time, The Wall Street Journal has reported that despite a professed love for nursing, some nurses in the Atlantic City area are forsaking their health-care assignments to work in the new gambling casinos. While all this is happening, many physicians are shaking their heads and wondering what has happened to the traditional physician-nurse relationship. Perhaps reading this book by Dr Cohen, who is director of psychological services for Chicago's Cook County School of Nursing, will bring the beginning of some understanding of the current status of nursing in the United States. She suggests that the underlying problems include "the lack of a theoretical system to delineate a unique body of knowledge, and the existence of


The property of decomposing alginic acid is shared by members of the genus Alginomonas of the Pseudomonadales and the genera A Iginobacter and Agarbacterium of the Eubacteiriales. Type of flagellation is one of the major criteria used in differentiating these orders. As a consequence Bergey's Manual (Breed, Murray, and Smith, Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th ed., Williams & Wilkins Co., 1957) points out that some of the described species of the genus Alginomonas may be placed incorrectly denskaps-Akad., Oslo. I. 'Mat. Naturv. Kl., No. 11, 9, 1945). Determination of flagellar positioni in our earlier study was made with cells incubated longer than is now advised by E. Leifson (A-ltlas of Bacterial Flagellation, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1960) and without considering that lateral flagella have been observed oIn young cells of bacteria in one genus thought to include only typically polar flagellates (Leifson and Hugh, .J. 13acteriol., 65, 263, 1953). In the present, more critical study, two


There are plenty bauxite resources in Guizhou Province.Although a large amount of valuable data for the geology of bauxite deposits have been obtained,it is still not understood clearly about the relationship between bauxite ores and their contained rare earth elements(REE).This study has analyzed REE compositions of various types of bauxite ores and wall rocks from the Xiaoshanba bauxite deposit in Xiuwen County by using ICP-MS.The results show that the REE distribution patterns of bauxite ores are characterized with LREE rich and obvious negative Eu anomaly.These characters are similar to that of the argillaceous dolomite from the Lower Cambrian Loushanguan Group.It is believed that the ore-forming materials were mainly sourced from the argillaceous dolomite of the Lower Cambrian Loushanguan Group and the bauxite deposit was formed through weathering of the dolomite in relatively oxidative environment.In addition,the REE is only enriched in the bauxite ore and the red mud nearby,with positive correlation to the Al2O3 contents of samples.The REE contents in bauxite ores are up to or high enough for industrial comprehensive utilization with tremendous economic potential.


The present bibliographical list is a continuation of HENDRICKX, S., Analytical Bibliography of the Prehistory and the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt and Northern Sudan . Egyptian Prehistory Monographs 1, Leuven, 1995. Previous additions have been published yearly in Archéo-Nil since 1996. The numbering is continued from the original volume and the previous additions. Encyclopaedic works and small notes relating to recent archaeological activities have been treated as separate entries, which of course enlarges the corpus considerably, but proved to be useful with regard to the site register. Archéo-Nil


A collapsible steering column with tilt adjustment comprises a tilting steering support structure A which includes slots A1 and partition members 4, and pivoting members 10 that are supported in a bracket B. The partition members are caused to collapse during impact to absorb the shock energy and move the steering wheel relatively forward to reduce the contact between the driver and the steering wheel.


Edward Tufte's general principles of information design can be applied to effective web design. This paper discusses how to use micro/macro design, layering and separation, small multiples, color and information, integration of words and images to create effective web sites.


Until recently it has been assumed that the main site of methane exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is soils. However, recent research has shown that tree stems can contribute substantial methane flux; moreover, the few studies that have examined foliar methane flux in situ have found non-negligible fluxes. Foliar methane uptake appears to be mediated by methanotrophic endophytes and is appreciable in upland forests where soils also show net methane oxidation. In contrast, foliar release of methane can occur in lowland forests in which soils show net methane release as a result of transport of dissolved methane through the xylem stream. There is evidence that both foliar methane uptake (and release) are mediated by stomatal conductance, suggesting that the capacity for foliar methane fluxes may be closely related to other gas-exchange-related functional traits of leaves that covary along the fast-slow leaf economics spectrum.  Here we compile data on reported rates of foliar methane uptake in upland forests to test this idea. Data from three northern forest sites in Canada and Sweden indicate that: (1) methane uptake capacity is generally higher in broadleaf angiosperms than in conifers; and (2) methane uptake capacity is positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content, but shows a saturating pattern with a maximum rate of ~0.6-0.7 nmol m-2 s-1. We contend that foliar methane uptake has been under-appreciated as an important process in the global carbon cycle, but that patterns suggest a close linkage to other plant traits that will permit integration of this process into existing carbon cycle models.


The interests balance(benefits weight) is a way to balance the conflicted interests after considering all benefits which is referred to.In tax,it's a tasty to coordinate the relationship with nation and taxpayer,taxpayer and taxpayer,the whole social interest and the individual benefit,and the relationship between the tax law and other laws.In fact,widespread benefits conflict has provided a chance to apply the interests balance(benefits weight) in tax,and it also provided a way to consider how to balance the conflicted benefits in tax law area.


The genes encoding 19kD lipoprotein and early secreting antigenic target-6(ESAT-6)were amplified from genome of the standard Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using polymerase chain reaction,and then cloned into the vector pMD18-T followed by subcloning into the expression vector pET-21a,respectively.Recombinant 19kD-ESAT6 was expressed in E.coli,and then purified by Ni-NTA.The antigenicity of the fusion protein was analyzed by Western blot analysis.The recombinant 19kD-ESAT6 plasmid was constructed successfully,and could be expressed efficiently in E.coli BL21(DE3).The relative molecular mass of the fusion protein was approximately 29×103 by SDS-PAGE.The recombinant 19kD-ESAT6 protein showed specific antigenicity as determined by Western blot,and can be used for the development of serodiagnostic reagents.


The photoperiodic requirement for flowering of the temperate perennial grass Dactylis glomerata L. nas investigated in controlled environments. The results shoned that short day (SD) vernalization treatments are ineffectise at early stages of seedling growth and, further, that preliminary long days (LD) may enhance the effectiveness of subsequent SD vernalization. Accordingly, it is suggested that a treatment sequence of LD-SD-LD is more effective than the simpler SD-LD sequence in the promotion of flowering. These results are discussed in relation to established findings for this species.