The dependence of the damage produced by self‐ion implantation in Si on dose is determined and is shown to exhibit two distinct behaviors: an initial sublinear increase of damage with dose, followed by a period of greatly accelerated growth. Ion backscattering analysis using both single‐ and double‐alignment channeling measurements is used to determine the distribution of damage in the samples. The nature of the damage is determined from its thermal annealing behavior and differences in the spectra recorded in the two channeling configurations. Damage is found to consist predominantly of two components: simple defects, such as divacancies, and regions of amorphous Si. The behavior of these components is shown to be divergent at the fluence which separates the two different growth regimes. A model is proposed which considers the amorphization process in Si as a critical‐point phenomenon, one in which the onset of amorphization leads to a cooperative behavior among the various types of damage resulting in a...


Non-exercise equations developed from self-reported physical activity can estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as well as sub-maximal exercise testing. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire is the most widely used and validated self-report measure of physical activity. This study aimed to develop and test a VO2max estimation equation derived from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form. College-aged males and females (n = 80) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form and performed a maximal exercise test. The estimation equation was created with multivariate regression in a gender-balanced subsample of participants, equally representing five levels of fitness (n = 50) and validated in the remaining participants (n = 30). The resulting equation explained 43% of the variance in measured VO2max (standard error of estimate = 5.45 ml·kg–1·min–1). Estimated VO2max for 87% of individuals fell within acceptable limits of error observed with sub-maximal exercise testing (20% error). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form can be used to successfully estimate VO2max as well as sub-maximal exercise tests. Development of other population-specific estimation equations is warranted.


During the last few years there have appeared in the educational periodicals a number of. articles on the course in chemistry which should be given in the secondary schools. Committees have reported and many methods of teaching have been suggested. These outlines set, let us say, the standards or the ideals of the teachers. It is interesting now to observe in a comparative manner the prevailing practice and the results. In the fall of 1904 it was my pleasure to read the chemistry notebooks which were presented for entrance to Cornell University, as part of the necessary credentials, by those who entered without examination. Accompanying each notebook was a card upon which were written certain facts about the course pursued by the student. These facts gave data showing the nature and extent of the course. The study of these books and data was the best possible way, short of an actual visitation, to learn the methods and results of secondary-school work. Here were the credentials which the teachers and students were willing to have reviewed as evidence of the quality and quantity of their work. Yet it was not specially done, as for an exposition, but represented the honest, faithful daily work of both student and teacher under ordinary conditions. The data gathered in 1904 were amplified by those from the credentials of 1905, the whole classified and rearranged, and this paper written after the two years' investigation. No attempt was made to arrange the subject-matter presented, for that was more or less common to all the courses. The time spent on the laboratory work, the character of the record of the


A process for operating a cooling tower (10), said process comprising: introducing a feed solution into a cooling tower, evaporating solvent from the feed solution to produce a concentrated solution, removing a portion of the concentrated solution as blow-down, passing at least a portion of the blow-down through a first membrane in a nanofiltration unit (14), such that at least some of the solute in the blow-down are retained as a concentrated blow-down solution on the retentate-side of the first membrane, contacting at least a portion of the concentrated blow- down solution (42) with one side of a second membrane (12) and contacting a solution having a lower solute concentration than the combined concentrated blow-down solution and the return from the cooling tower with the opposite side of the second membrane, such that solvent flows across the second membrane to dilute the concentrated blow down solution by direct osmosis, and re-introducing the diluted blow-down solution to the cooling tower.


At present, we can find numerous leaf springs made up of steel which are utilized for the purpose of suspension of light weight to heavy weight vehicles. It is discovered that the conventional leaf springs and unsprung weight to the vehicle and diminishes its fuel efficiency. Since the composite materials are the advanced materials with higher strength to weight ration and higher corrosion resistance, they are found as the potential substitutes for these traditional metallic leaf springs. In this paper composite materials like E-Glass epoxy, S-glass epoxy, carbon fibre reinforced polymer and kelvar are used against the conventional steel for heavy weight vehicles with the objective to minimize the weight of the vehicle. Modelling of the spring is done in CATIA and analysis is carried out in ANSYS. Index Choice: E-Glass epoxy, S-Glass Epoxy, Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, kelvar, steel leaf spring, catia and ansys


Old grassland in Nova Scotia frequently harbours comparatively high populations of wireworms. One such field near Hall's Harbour, Kings County, was found to be mainly infested with the wheat wireworm, Agriotes mancus (Say), with Hypolithus abbreviatus (Say), Dalopius pallidus Brown, and Ctenicera cylindriformis (Herbst) forming three, one, and 0.5 per cent of the total population respectively. During 1953-58, for various reasons, a total of 1,216 samples of soil each six by six by eight inches deep with adhering sod were taken from this field. The samples were sifted through ¼-inch mesh screen and the number of wireworms found in each was recorded. The number taken from an area flooded by melted snow and rain for at least three weeks each spring was compared with the number from the surrounding unflooded area. It was found that the average number per square foot in the flooded area was 11.8 and that in the unflooded was 9.2; the difference is significant at the one per cent level of probability. Rather scant records showed that carabid larvae were less numerous in the flooded area and it may be possible that a reduced number of these predators permits a greater survival of wireworms.


Endoxifene, one of two active metabolites that mediate tamoxifen's therapeutic effects, is formed through the action of the CYP2D6 enzyme. Several polymorphisms of the CYP2D6 gene that influence the enzyme's activity and, therefore, endoxifene levels, have been indentified. However, studies designed to uncover the link between patient response to tamoxifen and CYP2D6 enzyme activity (or CYP2D6 genotype) have yielded inconsistent results, perhaps as a result of limited sample sizes. By generating …


The fourth industrial revolution has transformed the nature of jobs by the vast introduction of breakthrough technologies and triggered a change in education assessment practices. Going to university is one of the ways for learners to gain relevant skills to get the right job. Universities provide students with access to skills and knowledge to be useful in their communities and expand their capabilities. This study explored the students' perspectives on changing nature of assessment in higher education. Students shared perspectives on the current assessment method, the relevance of assessment and how they would like to be assessed in the future. A total of 111 students studying under ICCR scholarship in Gujarat state participated in the study by filling out the questionnaire survey form. Results demonstrate that to date the prominent assessment method is pen and paper, however, the students found it useful when assessed progressively using research, project /experiential learning, coaching and mentorship and incubation in comparison to pen and paper-based assessment. Based upon study findings, the study proposes curricula change and the adoption of new assessment practices that can reflect the need of the fourth industrial revolution.


A long-standing challenge in motor neuroscience is to understand the relationship between movement speed and accuracy, known as the speed-accuracy tradeoff. Here, we introduce a biomechanically realistic computational model of three-dimensional upper extremity movements that reproduces well-known features of reaching movements. This model revealed that the speed-accuracy tradeoff, as described by Fitts' law, emerges even without the presence of motor noise, which is commonly believed to underlie the speed-accuracy tradeoff. Next, we analyzed motor cortical neural activity from monkeys reaching to targets of different sizes. We found that the contribution of preparatory neural activity to movement duration (MD) variability is greater for smaller targets than larger targets, and that movements to smaller targets exhibit less variability in population-level preparatory activity, but greater MD variability. These results propose a new theory underlying the speed-accuracy tradeoff: Fitts' law emerges from greater task demands constraining the optimization landscape in a fashion that reduces the number of 'good' control solutions (i.e., faster reaches). Thus, contrary to current beliefs, the speed-accuracy tradeoff could be a consequence of motor planning variability and not exclusively signal-dependent noise.


The navigation improvement of the river Saar has an influence on the flood movement in the river Saar itself and in the river Moselle. This paper deals with the description of the navigation improvements of the river Saar and the impact and assessment on the flood movement. It can be seen that the main impact of the navigation improvement results in an acceleration of flood movements. For the river Moselle an increase as well as decrease of flood peaks is observed.


In wireless cellular networks, indoor coverage is a problem from the perspective of the service provider. A femto Access Point, also known as femto AP, is utilized to solve the problem. Generally, the femto AP is deployed in a home to support indoor users. Since there might be a small number of users in the home, it could be expected that the traffic load of the femto AP is lower than its wireless channel capacity. Though the femto AP could support indoor users, it also causes interference problems. In this paper, we proposed a power control algorithm for the femto AP that will help reduce the interference. The proposed scheme reduces the transmission power when the traffic density of the femto AP is low, so that the femto AP could avoid any throughput loss. In order to evaluate the performances of the proposed scheme, we use an finite state markov chain (FSMC) model. Then, we show some numerical results of the proposed scheme.


The Royal Navy experienced many unpleasant surprises in the opening months of the First World War. Too many preconceptions were based upon the expectation of a short war, an outlook encouraged by the relative brevity of pre-war manoeuvres and a desire to avoid risk. The absence of a fleet-onfleet encounter in the opening days of the conflict soon created significant pressures on ships and people. The navy was not used to continuous high-speed steaming and the unremitting demands placed upon seagoing personnel, including the heavy labour of repeated coaling. For a fleet poorly provided with bases and repair facilities in the North Sea, the reality of the submarine threat was also very different to what had been expected. This paper analyses both the situation in which the British found themselves and the reasons behind it.


The invention discloses a message forwarding method of VSDs (virtual switch devices) in a VSU (virtual switch unit) and member devices of the VSU. Stack links are arranged among interface boards distributed on different member devices of at least one VSD in the VSU, after the interface boards connected with the stack links receive unicast messages of the interface boards disconnected from the stack links and belonging to different VSDs from the same member device, the unicast messages are transmitted by the stack links when the destination addresses of the unicast messages are the interface boards disconnected from the stack links and belonging to the different VSDs in another member device, and after the interface boards connected with the stack links receive the unicast messages through the stack links, the unicast messages are transmitted according to the destination addresses of the unicast messages when the destination addresses of the unicast messages are the interface boards disconnected from the stack links and belonging to the different VSDs in the same member device.


The international practice in Technology and Innovation Management (TIM) and the situation of the studied hotel organizations, about science and technology, ...


This article reviews previously published work demonstrating how pre-lecture support for students can help improve end of year examination performance.


This paper recommends various numerical value system in common use in VHDL in the CAD of hardware electron system.and how to consider different collocation of numerical value system in allusion to different practical circuit.It discusses how to utilize numerical value system and verdict function to resolve bus collision in the description of VHDL and simulation of system.And it also recommends how to use a large scale numerical value system to resolve the problem of transmission of uncertain numbers.


Medicine has been separated from the Human Sciences for centuries and became part of the Natural Sciences, this separation led to forget the role that the Humanities have within medical education and can be an explanation for the current dehumanization that lives medicine, this being reflected in the continuous complaints of patients who request more human treatment at the same time they demand to be heard and taken into account when making decisions; additionally, this is evidenced in the increase in "burn out" by doctors and students accompanied by a disappointment with medical education. Bearing in mind that much of the development of medical education occurs from a hidden curriculum, which is often in disagreement with the curricular objectives and the mission of the hospital institutions, a way to return to the path of humanization in the medical training can be the domain and restructuring of the hidden curriculum through role models; these models can take advantage of the large amount of time that students remain under their tutoring, generating an atmosphere of reflection and criticism in students to reconcile medicine and humanism.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial organic modifier (Modivitasan) on body weight gain in zebu cattle. Thirty six Nellore steers were used. Animals were 25 ± 7.7 months old and had an initial body weight of 208.9 ± 40.2 kg. They were distributed in a treated group (n=20) that received three I.M. injections (1 ml/50 kg


AbstractIn light of more frequent extreme events impacting larger and denser population centers, understanding evacuation processes and developing strategies to make evacuations more efficient has become essential. From a transportation standpoint, evacuation related problems involve multiple dimensions: (1) a demand dimension, (2) a routing dimension, and (3) a control dimension. Focusing on the routing and the control dimensions, the objective of this paper is to explore a dynamic coordination logic that involves different control strategies that result in adaptive route switching in response to prevailing traffic information during extreme events. The corresponding logic can be adopted within the current traffic management framework; the resulting adaptive coordination logic is implemented and tested on a portion of the Maryland Coordinated Highways Action Response Team (CHART) network in the United States. Through the use of the dominant path concept and transforming the transportation network into mu...


ABSTRACT The spallation target is one of the key components of an accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS). Following previous designs such as plate targets, rod targets, rotating targets, and liquid metal targets, the gravity-driven dense granular-flow target (DGT), which combines the advantages of solid and liquid metal targets, becomes a new attractive choice. The geometry of DGT consists of a cylindrical hopper and an internal coaxial cylindrical beam pipe. In this paper, using discrete element method simulations on graphics processing units, we research into the relations of the flow rate with the geometrical as well as the material parameters. For geometrical parameters, it is found that the existence of an internal pipe does not influence the flow rate when the distance from the bottom of the pipe to orifice is large enough. The results also reveal how the material parameters influence the flow rate. The whole research is helpful for the design of DGT.


The assumption that snacks could cause problem in diet and bodyweight, makes this study interesting. Because this product, Fitbar, appears on the market as a healthy snack that is contrary to this assumption. This product is about to prove that there is a healthy and tasty snack as snacks. Marketing communications through advertising billboards with the media aims to reach the target market. Fitbar billboard ads convey the message content in the form of information about the attributes and benefits of products such as nutritional content and product slogans. This study uses path analysis techniques to determine the effect of variable X (advertisement message) to variable Y (brand awareness) and its implications on the variable Z (brand image). The results showed that the content of the message components such as message structure, message display, message format, and the source of the message have contributed in the formation of brand awareness, which further on has implications on brand image. Influence on brand awareness message content is equal to 0.609. The effect of variable X (message) and Y (brand awareness) to variable Z (brand image) amounted to 0,365. Therefore, the use of billboards media in conveying the message to the target market of Fitbar products is to build brand awareness and the implications for brand image.


Antioxidant iso-amyl gallate was synthesized by esterification of gallic acid and iso-amyl alcohol by TiSiW12O40/TiO2 catalyst. The factor of effect on reaction were studied through orthogonal experiment. The optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: mole ratio of alcohol to gallic acid was 10∶1, quantity of catalyst was 3% of total quantity of reactors, reaction time was 3h, the yield of iso-amyl gallate was 95.6%. The repetitive use of this catalyst was also reviewed, iso-Amyl gallate has good antioxygenation.


Because of the complexity of the structure , instability of the external environment condition ,etc., supply chain prone to produce kinds of risk, once the risk take place ,it will result enormous harm, even the fracture to supply chain, and this will bring enormous loss to enterprise. Risk evaluation is an important link of supply chain risk management. Effective management of supply chain risk enables the chain more richly flexibly and stronger resistance avoids or reduces losses brought by the risk, improves the operation efficiency, lower the cost, and these are favorable to the sustainable development of enterprises. Because of the significant of supply chain, scholars of domestic and international carry on great deal of research of the question about the risk of supply chain in recent years, but the great majority are qualitative analysis, such as propose how to manage and control and supply the risk of the chain, seldom involve risk evaluation of supply chain. Currently lots of methods are used to evaluate the risk at home and abroad, such as analytic hierarchy process (AHP), principal component analysis, gray systems analysis, fuzzy synthesis evaluation and so on. Neural networks and its applications received universal attention in recent years, especially BP neural network. In view of the multiple factors and the occurrence of a risk often starts with uncertainty. Therefore, based on drawing and summing-up former research production, this text brings forward the method combined with BP neural network and fuzzy evaluation to analyze and identify the risk of supply chain. II. ANALYZE OF FACTORS Risk of supply chain is a kind of potential threat that is the possibility of supply chain deviates from predetermined management objectives. There are lots of reasons of supply chain risk emerging, it may be that it deviates from the scheduled time goal because of the shortage that results from the products were not sent in time, deviates from the predetermined cost objectives because of operation cost overspends, or deviates from predetermined quality goal because the goods can not meet the quality requirement, etc.. The fuzzy comprehensive analytic approach combines the fuzzy appraisal method and risk factor analytical method which confirms the risk coefficient and the probability of risk occurrence by carrying on fuzzy appraisal analyzing. The method fuzzy comprehensive appraisal of the risk factor can reflect the risk degree of every key element in detail, and it helps to investigate every factor to the whole influence. The application of this method has the following several steps show in figure1.


The article considers the properties of functionals from the trinomial distribution that appear in the tasks of statistical correction of the results of IDK-tests and knowledge quality estimation. For one of these functionals, variants of its definition at the "zero" point are proposed, and it is shown how one method of definition can be useful in calculating the mathematical expectation of such a functional, and another method of definition is useful in calculating the realizations of the functional within the task of knowledge quality estimation. The proposed indicator of the quality of knowledge assesses the student's confidence in the correctness of the answers during testing, and thus differs significantly from all existing assessment methods, which assess either the amount of knowledge, or rather relate to the assessment of abilities or skills, but not the quality of acquired knowledge. It is shown how the method of assessing the quality of knowledge is related to the policy of academic integrity in the educational environment. Assessment methods can both encourage the student to guess the correct answers and prevent them from violating the basics of academic integrity.


This report describes a COOMET key comparison on Vickers hardness scales involving five National Metrology Institutes: PTB (Germany), BelGIM (Belarus), NSC IM (Ukraine), KazInMetr (Kazakhstan) and VNIIFTRI (Russia). The pilot laboratory was VNIIFTRI, and PTB acted as the linking institute to key comparisons CCM.H-K1.b and CCM.H-K1.c conducted for the Vickers hardness scales HV1 and HV30, respectively. The comparison was also conducted for the HV5 Vickers hardness scale, since this scale is most frequently used in practice in Russia and CIS countries that work according to GOST standards. In the key comparison, two sets of hardness reference blocks for the Vickers hardness scales HV1, HV5 and HV30 consisting each of three hardness reference blocks with hardness levels of 450 HV and 750 HV were used. The measurement results and uncertainty assessments for HV1 and HV30 hardness scales, as announced by BelGIM, NSC IM, KazInMetr and VNIIFTRI, are in good agreement with the key comparison reference values of CCM.H-K1.b and CCM.H-K1.c. The comparison results for the HV5 hardness scale are viewed as additional information, since up to today no CCM key comparisons on this scale have yet been carried out. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).


The Karsten-Wilczek action describes two chiral fermions but breaks the symmetries under both charge conjugation ($ \widehat{C}) $ and time reflection ($ \widehat{\Theta} $) explicitly, though invariance under $ \widehat{C\Theta} $ and a mirror fermion symmetry $ \widehat{T\Theta} $ are maintained. These proceedings outline how the action's symmetries and the presence of the second fermion emerge in mesonic correlation functions.
The residual symmetries explain the non-observation of broken time-reflection symmetry in a class of mesonic correlation functions. Time-reflection symmetry is enforced for correlation functions that are manifestly invariant under $ \widehat{C} $ or $ \widehat{T} $. Due to contributions from the second fermion, oscillating contributions arise in some mesonic correlation functions. A second condition for non-perturbative tuning of the relevant counterterm is obtained from these oscillations. Both non-perturbative tuning conditions are independent and agree within errors. Due to contributions from the second fermion, additional pseudoscalar states are observed in non-standard channels. Mass splittings between these additional states and the Goldstone boson vanish as $ \mathcal{O}(a^2) $.


Recognizing shallow linguistic patterns, such as basic syntactic relationships between words, is a common task in applied natural language and text processing. The common practice for approaching this task is by tedious manual definition of possible pattern structures, often in the form of regular expressions or finite automata. This paper presents a novel memory-based learning method that recognizes shallow patterns in new text based on a bracketed training corpus. The training data are stored as-is, in efficient suffix-tree data structures. Generalization is performed on-line at recognition time by comparing subsequences of the new text to positive and negative evidence in the corpus. This way, no information in the training is lost, as can happen in other learning systems that construct a single generalized model at the time of training. The paper presents experimental results for recognizing noun phrase, subject-verb and verb-object patterns in English. Since the learning approach enables easy porting to new domains, we plan to apply it to syntactic patterns in other languages and to sub-language patterns for information extraction.


This explains the scientific writing about the design of application programs for foreign currency transactions by using Visual Basic 6.0 programming language coupled with the flow diagram (flowchart). In scientific writing database is used also by using Microsoft software Accsess 2003 which have been integrated in Visual Basic 6.0 program itself. Consists of four tables of Currency, Customer, Transaction, Employee. In the end application program for foreign currency transactions will be applied to companies or services that are engaged in foreign exchange notabennya still use manual way, or not to optimize existing computer systems to facilitate the conduct of transactions, such as creating a memorandum of the transaction and making a report.


Multipath fading, hidden terminal and shadowing are problems faced by users in non-cooperative type spectrum sensing techniques. A solution to this problem is Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) technique. CSS allows users to collaborate to perform spectrum sensing which may be managed by a common receiver. Further, it has two categories Distributed CSS (DCSS) and Centralized CSS (CCSS). In this paper these two schemes are compared with each other and different fusion rules are applied over them. Mathematical formulas for detection probability (Pd) of two fading channels namely Weibull and Hoyt are shown and further different fusion rules are applied on cluster-based CSS to explore the performance of centralized and distributed CSS. This concept has been earlier used for the conventional fading channels i.e. Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami-m. In this paper results for cluster-based CSS are examined for comparatively lesser studied Weibull and Hoyt fading channels. It is noticed for different fusion rules, Weibull fading channel generates better performance as compared to Hoyt fading channel. This paper focuses on the implementation of four different fusion rules such as AND-AND, AND-OR, OR-AND along with centralized AND for these two fading channels. Results have shown that at SNR<5dB Weibull fading channel attains a higher probability of detection (Pd) than the Hoyt fading channel for all four fusion rules. It is noticed that the slope of the curve for Hoyt fading channel is steep as compared to Weibull fading channel and reaches to 0.9 Pd at SNR>5dB for OR-AND and AND-OR rule, while with these fusion rules, Weibull fading channel attains 0.9 Pd at SNR less than 0dB. OR-AND fusion rule gives the best result amongst all 4 fusion rules for both the channels.


Abstract Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras, a potential biocontrol agent against the parasitic weed Orobanche cumana Wallr., has proven to be efficacous under greenhouse conditions when formulated as wheat–kaolin granules. To help minimize the loss of viable fungal propagules during the formulation process, the addition of a commercial fertilizer containing the iron chelate of EDDHA to the formulation was investigated. The proportion of surviving propagules was significantly increased after adding the fertilizer. However, growing conidia in fertilizer-amended liquid medium did not reduce losses in viability during formulation. The efficacy of the formulated fungus and the storability at room temperature for the first 3 months was not affected by the iron fertilizer. The protective effect could neither be obtained with the chelator EDDHA alone nor with FeEDTA or FeSO4.


Viscoelastic-plastic models are used to describe a stress/strain relationship of materials and can predict their behavior in practical use situations such as a vehicle collision. Among them, the Johnson-Cook model stands out: it is an empirical model that seeks to preview the behavior of materials in the plastic regime. To delve further into this discussion, this work uses a compact car subjected to a crash test donated by Mr Alejandro Furas, Latin NCap


Calcium (Ca) is essential for bone mineral density (BMD) and may regulate body weight (BW) and fat mass (FM). We examined changes in Ca intake, BW, and body composition over a 5‐year interval in women aged ≥ 25 years. Women were categorized into groups based on menopausal status at baseline and year 5 (pre/pre, n = 18; pre/post, n = 20; post/post, n = 22). At each interval, women completed a Ca frequency questionnaire, had height (± 0.1 cm) and BW (± 0.1 kg) measured, and completed dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans (QDR4500A, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA) of the total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS, L1‐L4), hip, and forearm. Two‐way analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated no significant differences within or between groups in estimated daily dietary Ca intake (1002 ± 514 mg/d at baseline vs. 999 ± 476 mg/d at year 5), BW, FM, or TB BMD (g/cm2). Women in the pre/post group experienced BMD losses (g/cm2) at the hip (P < 0.05), femoral neck (P < 0.05), and forearm (P < 0.01) compared to pre/pre and post/post groups. Women in the pre/pre group had an increase in LS BMD (P < 0.001) compared to pre/post and post/post groups. As expected, women undergoing the menopausal transition experienced site‐specific losses in BMD.


Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been recommended as a standard approach for young multiple myeloma (MM) patients for decades, even in the era of novel agents. Gain of chromosome 1q21 is a common cytogenetic abnormality in MM, while its clinical prognostic value is still controversial.


The aim of this work is to develop an experimental method to measure in-plane surface properties on the nanometer scale by torsional resonance mode atomic force microscopy and to understand the underlying system dynamics. The invention of the atomic force microscope (AFM) and the advances in development of new AFM based techniques have significantly enhanced the capability to probe surface properties with nanometer resolution. However, most of these techniques are based on a flexural oscillation of the force sensing cantilever which are sensitive to forces perpendicular to the surface. Therefore, there is a need for highly sensitive measurement methods for the characterization of in-plane properties. To this end, scanning shear force measurements with an AFM provide access to surface properties such as friction, shear stiffness, and other tribological surface properties with nanometer resolution. Dynamic atomic force microscopy utilizes the frequency response of the cantilever-probe assembly to reveal nanomechanical properties of the surface. The frequency response function of a cantilever in torsional motion was investigated by using a numerical model based on the finite element method (FEM). We demonstrated that the vibration of the cantilever in a torsional oscillation mode is highly sensitive to lateral elastic (conservative) and visco-elastic (non-conservative) in-plane material properties, thus, mapping of these properties is possible in the so-called torsional resonance mode AFM (TR-mode). The theoretical results were then validated by implementing a frequency modulation (FM) detection technique to torsion mode AFM. This method allows for measuring both conservative and non-conservative interactions. By monitoring changes of the resonant frequency and the oscillation amplitude, we were able to map elastic properties and dissipation caused by the tip-sample interaction. During approach and retract cycles, we observed a slight negative detuning of the torsional resonance frequency, depending on the tilt angle between the oscillation plane and the surface before contact to the HOPG surface. This angle leads to a mixing of in-plane (horizontal) and out-of-plane (vertical) sample properties. These findings have a significant implication for the imaging process and the adjustment of the microscope and may not be ignored when interpreting frequency shift or energy dissipation measurements. To elucidate the sensitivity of the frequency modulated torsional resonance mode AFM (FMTR-AFM) for the energy dissipation measurement, different types of samples such as a compliant material (block copolymer), a mineral (chlorite) and a macromolecule (DNA) were investigated. The measurement of energy dissipation on these specimens indicated that the


Ternary phase diagram of BiScO3 (BS), PbZrO3 (PZ), and PbTiO3 (PT) was explored for identification of high-performance piezoelectrics for actuator applications. The ternary morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) connecting the binary MPBs of BS–PT (45/65) and PZ–PT (52/48) was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). High-temperature XRD and dielectric measurements were used to determine the phase transformation temperatures. Curie temperature (TC) had a near linear dependence on composition, rate of which is determined for each component of the ternary independently. Specimens on the tetragonal side of the MPB exhibited lower high field resistivity and proper poling was not possible. Specimens on the rhombohedral side were superior with saturated hysteresis loops and piezoelectric coefficient (d33)>400 pm/V. Unlike phase transformation temperatures, the proximity to MPB was more dominant than the compositional effects in determining electrical and electromechanical properties, which maximized for the compositions closest to the MPB. Both weak- and high field properties are reported as a function of temperature.


The coding theorem, discovered by Shannon [5], states that information can be transmitted with arbitrarily small error probability by means of words lengthening. A question will arise on what will become of an asymptotic behavior of an error probability. Denoting by M the number of input messages and by N the length of corresponding input words, the rate is defined as R=(l/N)logM. If we lengthen the word with a fixed rate, the error probability approaches exponentially zero. For a broad class of channels its first exponential error-bound was given by Fano (1956). Its precise upper estimate was obtained by Gallager [4], and its precise lower estimate was obtained by Shannon, Gallager, and Berlekamp [6], On the other hand, the weak converse theorem for Shannon's coding theorem was proved by Feinstein [3] using Fano's inequality. It states that if the rate is above the channel capacity, for a sufficiently large N the error probability is positive. Wolfowitz [7] proved the strong converse theorem; there exists a positive constant K such that there does not exist M=e* input messages such that its error probability is below λ>0. In this paper we derive the strong converse theorem in the decoding scheme of list size L. The rate is defined as


Objective To investigate the potential association of Ghrelin(GHRL)gene polymorphisms susceptible to schizophrenia by case-control study.Methods Six hundred and thirty-four patients,six hundred and six healthy control subjects were recruited.Four SNPs rs696217,rs26802,rs27647 and rs26311 were detected by the polymerase chain reaction-based-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.Results No significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies of the four SNPs were observed between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls (Pvalues of genotype frequencies were 0.649,0.944,0.410,0.826;P values of allele frequencies were 0.773,0.992,0.301,0.723).However,seven haplotypes(GAAG,GAGC,GAGG,GCGC,GCGG,TAGC,TAGG)showed significant differences in frequency between schizophrenic and control groups(P values were 0.011,0.001,1.76×10-6,9.84×10-10,1.38×10-9,2.12×10-5,2.57×10-6).Conclusion These data suggest that the GHRL gene may not be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population.However,the haplotype of GA may be the susceptive factor of schizophrenia.

Key words:
Schizophrenia; Ghrelin(GHRL); Single nucleotide polymorphism


Greater integration of wireless communication transceiver functionality is a means of addressing the commercial viability of forthcoming architectures. Increasing functionality in reduced areas along with pressure to cut costs has forces hardware engineers to explore new packaging mediums that can satisfy the cost, size and performance demands. Multilayer and multichip integration techniques have been looked at in different formats, each having its own strengths and weaknesses. The integration of passive components into a monolithic package that can include multiple ASICs has been recognised as the most promising approach. In this paper we introduce the Multilayer Ceramic Integrated Circuit (MCIC) concept and address some of the design challenges that it presents to hardware designers.


Background: Effective patient education requires assessment of patients' learning preferences. Learning preferences and motivation to learn are largely unexplored among patients with chronic wounds.
Objective: This study examined learning preferences and motivation to learn in adult patients by age and gender. Design and methods: A retrospective study design. Data were abstracted from 1003 (29 % elderly, 53% females) patient charts at a Chronic Wound Center; patients were treated for non-healing chronic wounds.
Key results: The mean age was 55.2 ± 17 years; 48% had a high school education. Half (51%) were eager to learn and 69% asked questions but 17% were anxious/uninterested/confused/ uncooperative during assessment by the nurse manager. The majority preferred to learn by explanation (59%) or demonstration (56%); printed materials (34%), video and group learning (1%) was not favored. Females preferred the demonstration/printed materials than males (p<.05); females and older patients (≥ 65 years) were less likely to ask questions and were anxious than males/ younger patients. Motivation to learn was a significant predictor of wound closure in the multivariate logistic regression model (p<.05).
Conclusions: Results have implications for tailoring treatment regimens, particularly those involving self-care measures.
Practice implications: Tailored age- and gender-education and visual models for learning can improve compliance and empower patients.


In this study, three phase fault analysis of wind turbines consist of Doubly-Fed şnduction Generators (DFIGs) has been examined. The dynamic analysis of DFIG has been conducted by Reduced Order Model (ROM). Three Phase fault has been made in 34.5 kV bus, happended in three bus power systems. The three phase fault time has been choosen as 0.02 second, 0.05 second and 0.1 seconds. 154 kV bus voltage, 34.5 kV bus voltage, DFIG output voltage, DFIG angular speed, DFIG electrical torque and DFIG d-q axes stator and rotor current variations of system in different fault times has been examined. According to the results, it has been seen that three phase fault is especially effective upon 34.5 kV bus voltage and DFIG output voltage in different fault time's analysis.


We planned to evaluate the antiulcer effects of four different extract of Clitoria ternatea leaves. Gastric lesions were induced in rats by oral administration of Indomethacin (10 ml/kg). The antiulcer activity of Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Methanol and aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea leaves (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body wt) was compared with standard drugs. The parameters studied were ulcer index, gastric juice volume and pH of gastric juice. Clitoria ternatea leaves showed a dose dependent curative ratio compared to ulcer control groups. Pretreatment with extract displayed significant antiulcer activity which is almost equal to that of the standard drug. The volume of acid secretion, and ulcer index were decreased and pH of the gastric juice was increased compared to ulcer control group. The petroleum extract showed maximum antiulcer activity compared to other extract.


Operator's action time is evaluated from MAAP4 analysis used in conventional probabilistic safety assessment(PSA) of a nuclear power plant. MAAP4 code which was developed for severe accident analysis is too conservative to perform a realistic PSA. A best-estimate code such as RELAP5/MOD3, MARS has been used to reduce the conservatism of thermal hydraulic analysis. In this study, operator's action time of core cooling recovery operation is evaluated by using the MARS code, which its Fussell-Vessely(F-V) value was evaluated as highly important in a small break loss of coolant(SBLOCA) event and loss of component cooling water(LOCCW) event in previous PSA. The main conclusions were elicited : (1) MARS analysis provides larger time window for operator's action time than MAAP4 analysis and gives the more realistic time window in PSA (2) Sufficient operator's action time can reduce human error probability and core damage frequency in PSA.


A method is presented for applying the concept of an exchange-correlation electric field due to the exchange-correlation hole when determining the approximated nonlocal-exchange-correlation (NLXC) potential in the surface region of a metal. Our approximation for the electron-hole separation based on the theory is proposed by Serena, Soler, and Garci\ifmmode\acute\else\textasciiacute\fi{}a. The NLXC potential obtained shows the correct classical imagelike limit outside the metal without any extra boundary conditions. The method presented is also applied to determining the NLXC potential of a one-dimensional metal-vacuum-metal (MVM) interface barrier. This method gives the physical background of the approach for a MVM barrier suggested by Garci\ifmmode\acute\else\textasciiacute\fi{}a and incorporates the classical multi-image potential in the NLXC potential of a MVM junction.


Unprecedented in its scope, Rainbow's End provides a bold new analysis of the emergence, growth, and decline of six classic Irish-American political machines in New York, Jersey City, Chicago, San Francisco, Pittsburgh and Albany. Combining the approaches of political economy and historical sociology, Erie examines a wide range of issues, including the relationship between city and state politics, the manner in which machines shaped ethnic and working-class politics, and the reasons why centralized party organizations failed to emerge in Boston and Philadelphia despite their large Irish populations. The book ends with a thorough discussion of the significance of machine politics for today's urban minorities.


Covid-19 is a new type of mutated virus that has been discovered and studied throughout the world. For the time being, no effective drug has been found to treat or prevent this disease. One way that governments around the world are doing is limiting physical contact with people with COVID-19. Data mining is a computer science to study data and perform extraction to get new knowledge. One technique in data mining is classification. C45 is one of the best classification algorithms. The result of the c45 algorithm can be a decision tree. Decision trees are used because the results can be well represented. and can be easily understood in human language. This study classified the Covid-19 surveillance dataset using the Decission tree. The Covid-19 surveillance dataset was obtained from a public data portal, namely the UCI machine learning repository. This study resulted in better accuracy than previous studies using the same dataset. The level of accuracy obtained by using the decision tree algorithm is 65%. Although in this study the accuracy value has increased by 10%, the level of accuracy is still relatively low. The low level of accuracy is due to the dataset used only has 7 attributes and 14 records


Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to enhance results in the future, diabetes care. The goal of this article was to help people with diabetes, their clinicians, families, and caregivers better understand what AI breakthroughs are important now. AI medical applications include diagnosis, categorization, therapy, and robotics, among others. We are no longer confined to descriptive data analysis because we may acquire a larger by recognizing and anticipating patterns coming from inductive reasoning, owing to medical learning. AI applications have the potential to revolutionize diabetic care by assisting millions of people with diabetes in achieving better blood glucose management, reducing hyperglycemic episodes, and lowering diabetic morbidity and complications. We can see the evolution of closed-loop insulin delivery systems with inbuilt AI algorithms to safeguard both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in Type 1 diabetes, which have been relatively few attempts in management techniques for diabetes excursions. The medication you choose and how much you take depend on a variety of factors, including your body mass index, which influences beta-cell activity and insulin resistance, among other things. There are great assessments of research that have employed an AI approach to treat diabetes. The only way to deal with vast, diverse datasets is to rely solely on quantitative data. At this point, there are numerous issues with absolute reliance on quantitative data, depending on the frequently poor quality of this sort of information, as well as the necessity to complement combining a quantitative and qualitative approach. Attempting toward the transformation of unstructured data into digitally processed information data is a domain of cognitive computing that is predicted to grow in importance. To make a substantial contribution to AI aside from the purpose, there are 48 other factors to consider.


The multimedia teaching under the guidance of the social constructivism has played a very important role in the college English teaching reform. As practitioners of the reform,college teachers of English should convert their ideas so that they could realize the role transition in the teaching,and this is the very key to the success of the reform. The Paper focuses on the guidance of the social constructivism to the teachers' role transition in the multimedia teaching.


The invention relates to a scrap iron motor sweeper. The scrap iron motor sweeper comprises a sweeper body, wheels are arranged at the bottom of the sweeper body, the sweeper body is provided with a hand push frame and a magnetic collection device, and edge sweeping brushes are arranged on the two sides of the sweeper body. Compared with the prior art, the scrap iron motor sweeper has the beneficial effects that (1) the edge sweeping brushes can sweep scrap iron at the dead corner to the bottom of the sweeper body, and the magnetic collection device collects the scrap iron, so that the sweeping effect is good; (2) the degree of automation of the magnetic collection device is high, the scrap iron containing capacity is high, and the sweeping efficiency can be improved.


Atmospheric turbulence plays an important role in long-range propagation of light pulses. Mid-infrared pulses can propagate in air upto hundreds of meters by forming long channels of plasma due to lower ionization losses compared to near-IR pulses. Such long filamentation channels are useful in atmospheric sensing, remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), steering and triggering of electric discharges and other long-range applications. We study the effects of atmospheric turbulence in long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) femtosecond filamentation in air. We numerically investigate the combined effects of turbulence and nonlinearity in the long-range propagation of LWIR pulses at 6 μm. We model the nonlinear response of the atmosphere by including Kerr effect, multiphoton-ionization and rotational Raman effects in air the dispersive response of several atmospheric gas species such as N2, O2, Ar, CO2 CH4 and H2O. We model the turbulence using a phase-screen model. The inhomogeneous medium is represented by a series of phase screens located at regular intervals along the propagation direction. This provides an understanding of the robustness of long range filamentation and propagation of LWIR pulses over turbulent medium which essential for several long range applications including free-space optical communication.


LILLA BUDIMAN. Inhibition of Pegagan (Centellaasiatica) and Tempuyung (Sonchusarvensis) Extracts towards Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Activity. Supervised by DYAH ISWANTINI PRADONO and MIN RAHMINIWATI Pegagan and tempuyung are medicinal plants potential as antihypertension. Extracts of these plants were investigated towards angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity in vitro. The study was conducted at the optimum condition by using 50,100 and 150 ppm of single extract concentration, and combined extracts with specific compositions. The results were compared with captopril as positive control. Inhibition test of ACE with single extracts showed that 50 ppm pegagan and tempuyung have the highest inhibition of 54% and 31%. The combined extracts of pegagan and tempuyung showed lower inhibition than single pegagan extract, i.e. 45% versus 54%. Captopril still indicated the highest inhibition (88%) as compared to single or combined extracts.


The Renegotiation Act is often discussed merely as a more flexible method of recapturing excessive profits from war business. But this conception of the statute, while common among many contractors and government officials, distorts it by over-emphasizing one of its aspects; the truth is that the function of the renegotiation statute is in many respects different from taxation. This article will attempt to show what those differences are and why they are important.2 To do so will require a rather full consideration of the background and origin of the law and of the conditions which have influenced its administration, but this discussion may hold some interest for its own sake as an example of how the application of a statute is molded by external conditions, practical necessities and the attitudes of those affected.


The feature extraction is the process to represent raw image in a reduced form to facilitate decision making such as pattern detection, classification or recognition. Finding and extracting reliable and discriminative features is always a crucial step to complete the task of image recognition and computer vision. Furthermore, as the number of application demands increase, an extended study and investigation in the feature extraction field becomes very important. The goal of this chapter is to present an intensive survey of existing literatures on feature extraction techniques over the last years. All these techniques and algorithms have their advantages and limitations. Thus, in this chapter analysis of various techniques and transformations, submitted earlier in literature, for extracting various features from images will be discussed. Additionally, future research directions in the feature extraction area are provided.


In this paper,we introduce a new the (4+1)-dimensional fractional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation. The fractional ( m+ G ′ G ) extension method is successfully applied to establish the exact solutions for the the (4+1)-dimensional fractional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation. The fractional derivative version of Yang modified, linked with fractional complex transform is employed to reduce fractional differential equations into the corresponding ordinary differential equations. The results show that the new exact solution are precisely obtained and the efficiency of the methods is demonstrated.


We present an overview of the topics in the title and of some of the key results pertaining to them. These have historically been topics of interest in computability theory and continue to be a rich source of problems and ideas. In particular, we draw attention to the links and connections between these topics and explore their significance to modern research in the field.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
Opportunities of observing patients with recurrent early gastric cancer are rare. Assessment of prognostic factors for the recurrence of early gastric cancer is important for determining adequate strategies for managing early gastric cancer.

METHODOLOGY
Clinicopathologic variables were compared in 8 patients with and 453 without recurrence who were followed for over 5 years after curative resection. Expression of mutant p53 and Ki-67 was evaluated in 16 patients with n2 or above.

RESULTS
Eight patients died of gastric cancer with recurrence. There were no inter-group differences in mean diameter, histologic classification, patterns of infiltrating growth, or cancer-stroma relationship; but macroscopic appearance, depth of invasion, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion and lymph node metastases were significantly more frequent on univariate analysis in those with recurrence. Lymph node metastases was an independent prognostic factor by the Cox proportional hazards regression model. In patients with n2 or above, mutant p53 expression was higher in recurrent than in nonrecurrent cases.

CONCLUSIONS
Lymph node metastasis was the only independent prognostic factor for the recurrence of early gastric cancer. The expression of mutant p53 may be an indicator of recurrence in patients with n2 or above.


Visual simulation software system is a very important problem in weapon system development. In order to develop visual simulation, model, maintenance and correction , a visual simulation approach based on unified modeling language (UML) was proposed. Structural relationship between various models is controlled by means of UML effectively, this consisted of visualization of numerical calculation, simulation model, simulation interaction and maintenance modification to realize optimization of system option. Practical application showed that the approach is available for visualization of numerical calculation, simulation model, simulation interaction , maintenance and modification of visual simulation. It can improve actual operation efficiency considerably.


ABSTRACT Energy plays a major role in the manufacturing process. Technologies used for energy generation and resource utilization were changing very fast. Conventional and nonconventional energy generation process leads to change in the energy recovery pattern. Forecasting of energy needs to be done based on the energy analysis and availability of resources. Dependency on the fossil fuel is more in India, which needs to be relooked for making Indian power sector more energy secure and reliable in the coming decades. In this paper, an attempt is made to forecast the energy generation for the 10 years (2015–2025) from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Faridabad, Haryana, India. Forecasting of MSW was analyzed based on three collection efficiencies (50%, 70%, and 80%) in Faridabad. The result shows that 2.65 kg of MSW is required to generate one unit of electrical energy with thermal conversion system. It was also obtained that approximate 2% of required electrical energy would be obtained from waste-to-energy (WTE) system in Faridabad over a period of 10 years (2015–2025). The result presented here could be a decision matrix for municipalities to develop effective waste management system for upcoming smart cities in India. Moreover, another novelty of this study reflects that cities having similar waste characteristics and population index could adopt this study for waste management and energy recovery. Proposed WTE system would reduce volume of the solid waste thereby improve environment of the city. Abbreviations: CPCB: Central Pollution Control BoardWTE: Waste-to-energyMSW: Municipal solid wasteTPD: Tons per dayGDP: Gross domestic productKcal: Kilo caloriekg: KilogramKwh: Kilo watt hourMW: MegawattMT: Metric tonCHP: Combined heat and power


In 2005-2006, Mali was the largest African cotton producer, and also produced the best quality cotton. Cotton is thus part of the rich cultural heritage that has developed around the textile industry. The cotton industry reflects the conflict of sharing the added value between the various stakeholders. It bears witness to the asymmetrical international relations not only between producing countries and industrial countries, but also between bi-lateral cooperation and multilateral financial institutions such as the World Bank. It is also a geopolitical issue. Mali is one of four States that lodged a complaint against US subsidies at the WTO and the cotton file was a source of conflict both in Hong Kong (December 2005) and Cancun. Analyzing the evolution of the cotton sector and the main reforms thus sheds light on the links between the economy and politics. The very complex cotton "knot" is one that needs to be unraveled.


One of the break-through technologies used in the XO laptop is its screen,which is developed and patented by MIT. Not only it has standard parameters of regular laptop screens, but furthermore it doesn't need back-light. The screen has the functionality of both laptop screen and e-book reader. The XO laptop can therefore be used in environments where the screen is exposed to direct sunlight without any difficulties for the user. Eventually, XO laptops can be used as a substitude for printed text books.


When production yields are random and orders need to be satisfied in full, several successive production runs may need to be initiated until an order is met. Variants of this multiple lot-sizing pr...


Background and objective This prospective, randomised double-blind study compared the effects of target control infusion (TCI) of sufentanil and remifentanil on the quality of recovery and post-operative pain control in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic gastroplasty. Methods Following institutional Ethics Committee approval and written informed consent, 100 morbidly obese patients were randomised to receive either TCI sufentanil (0.3 ng ml−1; S-group; N = 50) or TCI remifentanil (3 ng ml−1; R-group; N = 50) in combination with desflurane (O2/air mixture: FiO2, 50%). Quality of recovery was estimated by means of the modified Aldrete score and by the ability to perform psychomotor tests with the same competence post-operatively as pre-operatively. Post-operative pain was evaluated by the quantity of piritramide needed to achieve a visual analogue scale (VAS) less than 3. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test and χ2 test, as appropriate. Results Patient and surgical characteristics were similar among groups. In the R-group, time to extubation was significantly shorter, but VAS significantly higher than that in the S-group (P < 0.01). Quality of recovery and duration of post-anaesthesia care unit stay were comparable between groups (S-group: 119 ± 27 min and R-group: 119 ± 35 min). Piritramide consumption during the first 4 post-operative hours was higher in the R-group than in the S-group [S-group (median, range): 11.5 mg, 5.5–16.0; R-group: 18.0 mg, 14–22, P < 0.01], but not later on. Conclusion In the conditions of the present study, although TCI sufentanil resulted in slower awakening than TCI remifentanil, it was associated with a better quality of recovery.


Synthetic progestagens utilized for contraception can be derived from testosterone from nortestosterone or from hydroxyprogesterone. All these products act in a slightly different but similar way their final goal being the inhibition of ovulation. Synthetic estrogens used for contraception are mestranol and ethinyl estradiol. There are moreover several contraceptive products which use both progesterone and estrogens; only 6 of these combinations are sold in France. Mechanism of action is not only suppression of ovulation but also modifications of the cervical mucus and of endometrial tissues. Oral contraception is reputed to be the most effective of all contraceptive methods with a failure rate of only 0.8/100 woman years. There are however possible side effects such as risk of cancer of thrombosis bleeding amenorrhea weight increase and gastrointestinal problems. The method does not interfere at all with intercourse and it is cheap. Oral contraception is contraindicated for women who are breastfeeding who have instances of familial thrombolitic accidents or who have diabetes or hypertension. Oral contraception must always be prescribed by a doctor and the acceptor kept under constant surveillance.


The judgment of the Supreme Court in the Shah Bano case opens with the words: "This appeal does not involve any question of constitutional importance."1I Little did the Supreme Court perhaps realize at the time that the judgment would spark a major controversy in India's constitutional history. Viewed in isolation, the issues thrown up by the Shah Bano case appear quite simple and straightforward, but the seemingly compassionate judgment had parts of the Muslim community in India up in arms. It became the center of a raging controversy, with the press turning it into a major national issue. It increased tension among Hindus and Muslims, according to a prominent young Muslim minister in the Union cabinet; had far-reaching implications for electoral politics in the country; and impelled Rajiv Gandhi's government to "bulldoze" its way into the 21st century by passing the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, to assuage the "hurt" feelings of the Muslim community and undo the "damage" done by the Shah Bano judgment. The Shah Bano judgment was delivered by a five-member bench of the Supreme Court on April 23, 1985. In the case, Muhammad Ahmed Khan appeared as appellant and Shah Bano Begum and others as respondents (defendants). Khan, an advocate by profession, had married Shah Bano Begum, his first cousin on his mother's side, in 1932 while he was still a student. Three sons and two daughters were born of that marriage. Khan married again in 1946, Halima Begum, another first cousin. Owing to a series of disputes between Khan and Shah Bano Begum over ownership of


We have previously shown that supplementation with creatine prevents hepatic steatosis caused by feeding a high‐fat diet in rats (J. Nutr. 141: 1799–1804, 2011). The present study examines whether creatine supplementation could prevent hepatic fat accumulation in genetically obese Zucker rats fed a moderate‐fat diet. Seven‐week‐old male lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) rats were sacrificed at the start of the study to obtain baseline data. Baseline liver histology showed some hepatic fat accumulation in fa/fa compared to Fa/? rats. An additional group of fa/fa rats were fed either Purina 5008 (7% fat w/w) non‐supplemented diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% w/w creatine monohydrate for 6 weeks. Creatine supplementation reduced total hepatic fat by 55% and hepatic triglcyeride content by 66%. This was confirmed by Oil‐Red‐O staining. There was also a trend towards decreased hepatic cholesterol in the creatine‐supplemented rats. These data extend the reach of creatine's effect in decreasing liver fat to genetically obese rats fed a moderate‐fat diet. Supported by CIHR, NSERC and Memorial University of Newfoundland.


An attempt was made to further establish the validity of the Polyfactor Test of Marital Difficulties, a relatively new, yet potentially valuable sentence completion, self-rating marital difficulties test. . Another test, the Marital Adjustment Inventory was also used for comparison purposes.


The psychological health of university students is widely concerned.Because the job requirements and the complementary characteristics between ideological-political education and psychological health education,counselors should and can participate in it,with good psychological quality,moral quality,psychological knowledge,and role specification.Also,it is suggested to put up students' psychological archives,to combine explicit and implicit education,and to combine the way of group guidance and individual talk.At the same time,the peer and psychological counseling professionals are needed to play a role.


The purpose of this research was to investigate instability phenomena in low-current metal vacuum arc using the calculation data comparison with the experimental data. The instability phenomena are characterized by noise on the current trace prior to the actual current chopping. The instability current was investigated for various electrode materials. To study the parameters affecting the stability arc factors, the parameter scan of cathode materials and ion current fraction by numerical analysis, it was found that the critical current of the stable current is highly dependent on the thermal conductivity of the cathode material. However, the thermal conductivity effect on the instability phenomena of low-current metal vacuum arc was important for low surge switching electrode material development. Therefore, the experiment of major commercial switching electrode such as Ag-Pd is performed in this study. The arc during time and the maximum arc current were fixed to 8 ms and 100 A, respectively. The vacuum was maintained to about 1*10-6 Pa. The observed waveforms, instability current, chopping current are measured by the oscilloscope. As a result, the critical current of the stable current is inversely dependent on the thermal conductivity of the cathode material. This is very important result for the development of cathode materials for low-surge vacuum interrupters.


Objective  Over the last 6 years, multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) have been established and play a key role in organizing the delivery of cancer care in the UK. There are no published data on the roles of their co‐coordinators.


Subtitle: From China to the Middle East, the aviation boom has set off a skills scramble as countries struggle to find and train thousands of new pilots. We look at how flying schools in China and India, as well as training providers in Australia, North America and elsewhere, are responding to the challenge.India : there has never been a better time for aspiring young pilots in India -- if they can afford the training / Siva Govindasamy. -- China : can China open enough flying schools -- and, until it does, can overseas trainers manage the demand? / Leithen Francis. -- Norh America : China and India rely heavily on North American flying schools -- but do they get value for money? / Jeffrey Decker. -- Australia : a passion for cricket is one reason why many Indian students prefer Australia to the USA for their training / Emma Kelly. -- New approach : Chinese students are the first to undergo training for the new multi-crew pilot licence / Kerry Ezard, David Learmount & Leithen Francis.


Abstract This paper first examines the literature on speculative attacks on fixed and managed exchange rate regimes, and discusses these models in the context of the recent turmoil in Asia‐Pacific currencies. Since these speculative attacks are more likely to be successful when financial markets are well integrated, it then assesses the degree of financial market integration in the region. Then the behavior of the exchange rate is examined. A model for a productivity‐based explanation for real exchange rate behavior is described. Using sectoral output and employment data, relative prices and relative productivity levels are calculated for China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. When examining real exchange rates and relative productivity ratios, one identifies the posited relationship for Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines and, when augmenting the regressions with real oil prices, Indonesia and Korea. Then the roles of monetary and real factors are compared...


A method of forming a ceramic matrix composite material turbine blade (40) having squealer tip (54) and an end portion flared (70) (200) is provided. The end flare, can be positioned on either or both the pressure side and suction. This method produces a cavity (60), to assist in the formation of the flare pressure side, to provide a mandrel (320) disposed in preformed tool (300) within. .FIELD 1


: Effect of Panax notoginseng Saponins on Atherosclerosis with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus To explore the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on atherosclerosis with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Goto-Kakizaki rats by nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Goto-Kakizaki rats fed with high fat diet and injected with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester for 8 w, were randomized into model group and Panax notoginseng saponins group (400 mg/kg/d). Another Goto-Kakizaki rats and Wistar rats were selected as Goto-Kakizaki group and control group which fed with normal diet and injected with saline. Serum lipid and inflammatory factors were measured. There were no statistical differences of lipid profiles between model group and Panax notoginseng saponins group (p>0.05). In Panax notoginseng saponins group, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were significantly decreased (p<0.01), messenger RNA expression and protein levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B in the Panax notoginseng saponins group were significantly lower, compared with those in model group (p<0.05, p<0.01). Some inflammatory factors in model group were higher than those in Goto-Kakizaki group which were higher than those in control group. The inflammatory reaction with nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway as core, occurs throughout type 2 diabetes mellitus and its atherogenesis and Panax notoginseng saponins improves nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, decreasing its related inflammatory factors to achieve an improvement in the diabetic atherosclerotic process.


A model has been developed for the estimation of precipitable water on clear days based on thedaily and hourly measurements of global I.R. solar radiation and on humidity data taken atground level. The model takes into account the attenuation processes of radiation by watervapour. The results concerning precipitable water are compared with those obtained withradiosondes both for daily and hourly intervals. obtaining correlation coefficients higher thanthose achieved with the equations proposed by Reitan and Smith in which only humidityparameters are used. The model has been applied to three periods: cold (October-March), warm(April-September) and annual (January-December) over 3 years in Salamanca (central N-WSpain). DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00070.x


Describes the utilization of planar millimeter-wavelength whispering gallery (WG) dielectric resonator modes for the realization of power combiners. A theoretical model of a WG dielectric resonator coupled with two transmission lines and experimental results on power combination obtained in both X band (8-12.4 GHz) and W band (75-110 GHz) are given.<<ETX>>


Subjective colour preference, naturalness and vividness assessments of two different colourful still life arrangements viewed in a real room were analysed and modelled with the aid of the Rf colour fidelity metric combined with a chroma difference metric. Coloured objects were illuminated by a four-channel LED light engine with 36 different spectra at four correlated colour temperatures and nine object oversaturation levels. Results imply a significant dependence of the subjective judgments on correlated colour temperature.


In April 2013, an independent, nonpartisan panel completed its investigation of the Bush Administration's detention and interrogation practices and confirmed the harm to the nation and violations of international law. The details of the most high-profile scandal in Iraq provide paramount lessons with respect to those interrogation policies. The depravity that transpired at Abu Ghraib prison propagated in the global media and left an indelible impression after CBS 60 Minutes first displayed images of U.S. military police abusing nude Iraqi prisoners. Several low-level soldiers were subject to penal and disciplinary punishment, but agitation from the episode has lingered. After a dozen Pentagon investigations on general and specific interrogation and detainee abuse, often with different explanations for wrongdoing, polls revealed that the American public still wanted an investigation of top officials. Human rights groups, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, presently contend that responsibility should be assessed on top officials for issuing directives for interrogation if evidence warrants it. What transpired at Abu Ghraib is but a vivid example of abuses that were systematic and rampant at several other locations, but the case of Iraq is unique due to the sweeping detention policies and clear applicability of the Geneva and Hague Conventions. Irrespective of the location of the wrong, international human rights or humanitarian law should have applied at every time during invasion and occupation and provided clear structure for conduct. With those mandates, chain of command culpability, reduced constitutional rights of military personnel, and rules, norms, and obligations of troops to the military chain of command, this article emphasizes that it was unreasonable to place low-level military personnel in such an exceptionally uncompromising position and that it is potentially impossible to fairly assess their culpability without the involvement of top officials.


A method to recover hardwood kraft lignin by acidification of black liquor using waste acid from a Mathieson chlorine dioxide generator is proposed. Optimum reaction conditions to maximize the lignin yield and minimize acidification costs were determined. To analyze the effects of the major variables, a 23 factorial model describing the effects of acidification temperature, degree of agitation, and rate of waste acid addition was developed. Increasing the acidification temperature improved the lignin precipitation and filterability. However, the maximum practical temperature was 70 °C because the lignin precipitate starts to form a tarlike substance at approximately 80 °C. Also, the rate of acid addition should be minimized. In practice, this will be determined by the mill reaction vessel size, which depends on the black liquor flow rate to be acidified. Last, the stirring rate should be kept as low as possible, although some agitation is still required to uniformly mix the acid and black liquor. A steady...


iv, 65 p. A THESIS Presented to the Department of Political Science and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2007. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: SCA Archiv Intile 2007


Editor – In the article by Dr Hayes, it was noted that:

> While the medical field has been slower than many professional areas to catch on to working from home, many trusts are already moving towards telephone or …


The influences of various isothermal hardening treatments on the impact toughness of simi-steel forged on the temperature rang from 900℃ to 1150℃, which contain 1.7%C, 1.85%Cr and 1.78%Mn, are investigated. The experimental results show that the impact tough can be increased with isothermal hardening treatments, so that the service properties of the simi-steel can be improved.


In the 1920's, the modularized, self-paced continuous progress, systems approach to individualized instruction* gained widespread popularity only to virtually disappear in the 1930's (11). Today we are witnessing a renewed interest in updated versions of this approach which will be referred to in this paper as self-paced instruction (SPI). SPI involves student self-pacing within a sequence of learning packets or units. Many SPI programs use a variety of media but for the most part students learn independently from textbooks or worksheets. Pretests and posttests are included with each learning packet and passing one or both of these is a prerequisite to progress to the next packet. The teacher's role is that of manager, record keeper, individual tutor, and sometimes curriculum developer. SPI does not provide an alternative curriculum; rather it consists of a detailed, highly structured, carefully sequenced guide for students to learn all the components of the traditional curriculum more or less independently. Most SPI programs also include a means for teachers to use data to diagnose individual learner problems, prescribe appropriate instruction and maintain a detailed record of each student's progress through the curriculum. SPI programs are more expensive than traditional instruction (TI) (e.g., 4, 12, 14, 15) and often require extra work of teachers and school personnel (e.g., 22, 24, 29). Therefore, it seems essential that SPI should provide a demonstrable return for this added expense and effort in the form of some educational benefit. Two recent reviews of research on self-paced mathematics instruction have failed to show evidence of any such benefit (25, 26). In the year since these reviews were written a more complete and updated search of journals, doctoral dissertations, and the ERIC files has


In this paper we present a proposal to empower the Molecular sciences educational community with a networked and standardized at European level e- learning environment leveraging on the already ongoing activities of the European Chemistry Thematic Network Association with the support of the test centers of some Higher Education Institutions. The proposal articulated into three subservices: management of EChemTest® Questions-and-answers libraries, the management of the Self-evaluation sessions, the collaborative building, revising, accessing of Learning Objects. The proposal is designed as part of the activities to be committed by the Chemistry, Molecular, Materials Sciences and Technologies (CMMST) Virtual Research Community (VRC) within the joint EGI, EUDAT and INDIGO-DataCloud H2020 project for the EINFRA12 (a) call.


The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy on effective discipline states that spanking usually does not enhance a child's development and may have negative outcomes. A recent study showed a strong association between harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult psychiatric problems (NEJM JW Pediatr Adolesc Med 2013 Aug 6). Researchers examined the association between spanking and externalizing behaviors (aggression and oppositional behavior) in a longitudinal cohort study of 1933 children born …


ABSTRACT The present review aimed to examine cross-cultural differences (eastern vs western cultures) in the evaluation of antisocial and prosocial lies through two meta-analyses. A total of 10 studies consisting of 2,347 participants between 5 and 12 years of age were included. Both meta-analyses did not find significant cross-cultural differences on either antisocial lies (Hedges g = −0.07, p > 0.05) or prosocial lies (Hedges' g = 0.24, p > 0.05). Further, age did not have any significant moderator effect on either of the analyses. Since the inter-cultural differences were not significant, the present meta-analytic review opens new research avenues to explore more intra-cultural differences on various socialization practices within a culture that may influence the lying behaviour of children.


The transition from traditional to modern energy is widely accepted as a critical facilitator of improved health, social, and livelihood outcomes, but over three quarters of China's rural population are still persisting with traditional energy practices. Using panel data on 28 provinces during 1991–2014, this paper investigates how institutional pressure, status quo inertia, and the allure of power and control affect rural residents' direct biomass energy consumption (RRDBEC) in China. The empirical results show that: (1) the institutional pressure of the number of staff in rural energy administrative agencies facilitates the lock-in of RRDBEC, but government funding on rural energy development has an opposite impact; (2) status quo inertia, depicted by the lagged term of planting proportion of grain and the expenditure proportion of meat, is verified to lock RRDBEC; (3) the allure of power and control, depicted by the lagged term of ownership of firewood-saving stoves, strengthens the lock-in of RRDBEC; (4) income level, education level, and dependency ratio are verified as significant and negative determinants of RRDBEC, while fuel prices lock RRDBEC. Therefore, the policy implications include transforming the functions of rural energy administrative agencies, increasing government funds, carrying out public education of health and environment awareness, and providing economic incentives.


The United Nations (UN) now faces diversifying and interconnected threats to the global society. The threats today exhibit connectivity beyond areas, disciplines and locations. In ably responding t...


A new Danish pavement design guide was released in 2005. Now, Danish pavements can be designed using a modern tool based on sound scientific principles. The new design guide will aid and improve work related with design of new and reconstructed pavements. Stochastic of nature, the guide provides planners with a safer estimate of the costs of constructing a new or improved pavement. The new pavement design guide provides solutions to design projects from small footpaths to high-capacity motorways. The design guide can be obtained at no cost via the internet. The new design guide offers the pavement engineer an opportunity to design new pavements at three different levels: pavement catalogue, analytical-empirical design, design by simulation and optimisation. The first level allows the user to perform a simple, empirical design for minor roads. The second level consists of a traditional analytical-empirical design method, while the upper level simulation tool allows the advanced user to simulate the long-term performance of a design. The third level tool is based on the MMOPP (Mathematical Modelling of Pavement Performance), which has been calibrated using data from the AASHO Road Test, from full scale accelerated pavement tests and against general experience with pavements in Denmark. The program is capable of predicting longitudinal evenness, rutting and cracking of a pavement consisting of a bitumen and/or cement bound layer, granular base and subbase layers and subgrade. MMOPP considers the variation of pavement layer thickness, elastic stiffness, plastic parameters and dynamic load variations along the length of the road. Since MMOPP is of stochastic nature, several runs of the program with identical input will yield different results. Pavement life is then quantified against user-defined threshold levels of the performance indicators, and on the basis of multiple program runs these results can be quantified into reliability levels for obtaining specific design lives (A). For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E212333.


Highly reflective coatings and polarizing beam splitters are generally designed with alternating layers of high and low index of refraction materials, with the thickness of each layer corresponding to an optical path length of a quarter of a wavelength. We present numerical results suggesting that the most important constraint is that the optical path length of a pair of layers should sum to one half of a wavelength, but within that constraint there is a fair amount of latitude to vary the proportions of the two layers without significantly affecting the coating's optical properties. Specifically, we suggest that in a hafnia/silica highly reflective coating, it may be possible to reduce the hafnia component significantly (by 20%) without compromising the reflectivity. Such a reduction could prove beneficial for damage thresholds since hafnia seems to be the primary source of seeds for nodule defects and hafnia's lower thermal conductivity increases the likelihood of thermal damage.


Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an obstacle in treating ischemic stroke effectively. miR-98-5p has been reported to have the ability of reducing myocardial I/R injury. To explore the function of miR-98-5p in cerebral I/R, we established mice model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). The level of miR-98-5p was found to be downregulated in serum of stroke patients and brain tissues of MCAO/R mice. Examination of brain tissues indicated that upregulating miR-98-5p level alleviated the infarction in MCAO/R mice. Moreover, the upregulation of miR-98-5p reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in brain tissues of MCAO/R mice. These results indicating that miR-98-5p could protect against oxidative stress. Further study showed that miR-98-5p inhibited apoptosis by reducing the levels of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), B cell lymphoma/leukmia-2 (Bcl-2) associated x protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3, as well as increasing the level of Bcl-2. In addition, miR-98-5p was found to protect against oxidative stress through downregulating the level of BTB domain and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) and upregulating the levels of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Therefore, miR-98-5p might be a potential target to treat cerebral I/R injury.


The symbolic analysis of analog circuits and systems is made easy by the use of the SSA tool. The input description of the system to be studied is done with a file description or, more conveniently, using the Cadence or the Simulink graphic environments. Libraries of basic blocks enable the description of complex systems, including high-order sigma-delta modulators. The symbolic results produce various types of output depending on the kind of post-processing required. Examples of use of the tool are provided.


Video Mosaicing is the process of obtaining single unified picture from multiple frames of a video sequence. It involves finding the geometric transformation parameters between frames and aligning them to form a single image representing content of full video. The proposed mosaicing method takes advantage of the information encoded by MPEG in the form of motion vectors, DCT blocks and the error information for generating the mosaics. Only the motion vectors corresponding to blocks of high activity region are considered for finding affine parameters. The feasibility of the method has been tested on panorama views from various MPEG sequences. The performance of proposed method was evaluated against the existing uncompressed domain methods.


This paper presents an overview of the current state-of-theart in mobile data stream mining and its applications. The paper presents the strategies and techniques for adaptation that are essential in order to perform real-time, continuous data mining on mobile devices. We present an overview of adaptation strategies for data stream mining and in particular for Resource-Aware Adaptation with Algorithm Output Granularity. Finally, we discuss the key challenges and future directions of mobile data stream mining.


Passion has captivated researchers of different disciplines for centuries. While the concept of passion for work has received a good deal of attention in the popular press, theoretical and empirical researches have lagged behind. The purpose of this review is to analyze the concept of passion from different perspectives and offer a cohesive definition of passion for work with its underlying dimensions. Further, the authors have tried to propose a theoretical framework, where, self-efficacy is hypothesized to facilitate passion for work, which in turn will enhance employee well being. Directions for future research and implications for management practice are discussed as well.


This paper examines the potential relationship between free-form handwriting (i.e., unstructured ways of writing words, phrases, or sentences by hand) and two sociolinguistic variables: the writer's (1) age and (2) gender. While the accuracy of "gender guessing" or gender identification (e.g., Grieve, 2010; Al-Suwaiyan, 2010; Johnson, 2013) has been the focus in previous studies, this exploratory study looks at the potential correlation between numerically scaled legibility of handwritten samples and the observers' identification of the writer's gender and age based on survey data. This type of survey relates to studies of perceptions and attitudes, linguistic markers and identifications, and interlinguistic variation. Clearly, individuals may form judgments and prejudices based on factors such as accents, racial backgrounds, and socio-cultural orientations, but interpretations and judgments of writing samples (especially based on legibility) have not been sufficiently analyzed.


Quantitative Evaluation. We quantitatively evaluate the proposed long-term correlation tracking (LCT) algorithm on the 50 benchmark sequences with comparisons to the 11 state-of-the-art trackers, CSK [4], STC [10], KCF [5] MIL [1], Struck [3], CT [11], ASLA [6]), TLD [7], SCM [12], MEEM [9], and TGPR [2]). We report the distance precision at a threshold of 20 pixels in Table 1 and the overlap success rate at a threshold of 0.5 in Table 2. We report the distance precision plots over eight tracking challenges in our attribute-based evaluation in Figure 1 as mentioned on line 643 in the manuscript.


Abstract In the second half of the 18th century and early 19th century, a rising interest in Old Norse literature outside the Nordic countries could be noted that, to a great deal, focused on the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda as sources for Norse mythology. This interest is also reflected in the works of the Polish historian Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861) who, in 1807 and 1828, published translations and retellings of the Poetic and the Prose Edda. These were based on French, German and Latin translations. The second edition of 1828 is characterised by a more comprehensive section with eddic poetry, the selection of which is also explained by Lelewel, as well as an essay on pre-Christian religion that also includes a research overview and a list of editions/translations of the Eddas.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a modified fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy based on actively rotating satellites in the formation in the J2 perturbed environment.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the relative orbital elements theory, the J2 perturbed relative motions between different satellites in the formation are analyzed, and then, the method to estimate fuel required to keep the in-plane and out-of-plane relative motions is presented, based on which a modified fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy is derived by considering both in-plane and out-of-plane J2 perturbations.

Findings

Numerical simulations demonstrate that the modified fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy is valid, and the modified fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy requires less total fuel consumption than original Vadali and Alfriend's method.

Research limitations/implications

The modified fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy is valid for formation flying mission whose member satellite is in circular or near-circular orbit.

Practical implications

The modified fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy can be used to solve formation flying keeping problem, which involves multiple satellites in the formation.

Originality/value

The modified fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy is proposed by considering both in-plane and out-of-plane J2 perturbations, which further reduce the fuel consumption than the original Vadali and Alfriend's method.


Objective To investigate mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9)and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1(TIMP-1)in ectopic endometriosis tissue and uterine endometrium from women without endometriosis. Methods Fifty-six women with endometriosis were selected as experiment group. Eighteen specimens of endometrium from reproductive women undergoing laparoscopic surgery without endometriosis were obtained as control group. The mRNA expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were detected with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results The expression of TIMP-1 mRNA was detected in all samples. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 of patients with endometriosis was higher than that in control group (P0.05). As for the mRNA expressions of TIMP-1, it was lower in patients with endometriosis than that in control group (P0.05). The same result appeared in advanced stage compared with early stage. Conclusion It is suggested that MMP-9 and TIMP-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Detection of MMP-9 and TIMP-1, especially the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 has an important clinical significance.


EELS Spectrum-Imaging in the STEM delivers high spectral resolution along with excellent spatial resolution, resulting in a powerful and versatile analytical tool for investigating a wide range of materials problems. One limitation of this technique arises from the serial nature of the spatial data acquisition; each spectrum must be read out individually, which inherently places an upper limit on the achievable spectral read rate. This in turn can adversely affect the efficiency of the technique and also the total acquisition time. Hence acquiring a large EELS spectrum-image can be both time consuming and, in some cases, dose inefficient. The advent of C s probe-corrected STEM [1] has further exacerbated this limitation, since the high intensity probe demands high spectral throughput to both maximize the usefulness of the increased beam current but also to minimize sample damage. A new high speed STEM EELS spectrum-imaging system is described here which helps alleviate this constraint by drastically increasing the spectral throughput achievable for an imaging filter. The system delivers an increase in speed by a factor of 30 over its predecessor, and 2-3 times over the fastest commercially available dedicated EELS spectrometer. Further, this high speed acquisition is fully compatible with dual EELS acquisition which allows both core-and low-losses to be acquired in a near simultaneous manner [2]. A number of key developments have enabled this:


This article evaluates the macroeconomic implications of commercial bank seigniorage, which emerges from the commercial banks' power to create money in a fractional reserves regime. After evaluating the impact on aggregate output of commercial bank money relative to alternative exchange arrangements, the article identifies the determinants of commercial bank seigniorage and analyzes how equilibrium prices are determined in an economy where commercial banks extract seigniorage. The article also identifies the conditions under which commercial banks extract seigniorage, clarifies the relationship between seigniorage from commercial bank money creation and profits from pure financial intermediation, and shows how commercial bank seigniorage changes with different types of interbank payments settlement.