Objective
To investigate adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) resistant mutation related HBsAg mutation, vaccine escape mutation and T cell epitope mutations in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who underwent adefovir resistance.

Methods
Seventy CHB patients who underwent ADV resistance from December 2007 to September 2011 in Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical Unversity were enrolled. While 70 ADV treated patients without ADV resistance were randomly selected as control group. HBV Rt/S ORF were sequenced with PCR product Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing. ADV resistant mutation related HBsAg mutation, vaccine escape mutation and T cell epitope mutations were compared between ADV treated CHB patients with and without ADV resistance.

Results
Total of 70 ADV resistant patients with CHB were enrolled, while 70 ADV treated CHB patients without ADV resistance were set as control. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. All 42 rtA181T mutations were related to sW172* mutations. Mean ratio of rtA181T/sW172* mutations in quasispecies was (42.6 ± 22.1)% (12.2%-100%). More patients in resistance group showed vaccine escape mutation (χ2 = 12.8736, P = 0.0003) and T cell epitope mutations (χ2 = 4.8344, P = 0.0279) than control group.

Conclusions
In Chinese patients with CHB, rtA181T is mainly related to sW172* mutations. ADV resistance is related to vaccine escape mutation and T cell epitope mutations. Further studies should focus on the possible mechanism.

Key words:
Chronic hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Adefovir dipivoxil; Hepatitis B surface antigen


A posttest evaluation was performed to investigate the possibility of using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach for test matrix development and posttest response surface models (RSM). For this study the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) provided a historical data set from a wind tunnel test of a scaled missile tested at transonic conditions. This historical data set containing roughly 6,600 data points was used to create "Truth" RSMs for all six of the aerodynamic force and moment coefficients. An augmented nested face-centered design (NFCD) was used to sample the Truth models, and third-order polynomial RSMs were created from the NFCD design points. Comparisons between the Truth and NFCD RSMs, and the estimated cost and schedule of each design, were examined.


This paper focuses on the development of body image and self-esteem in adolescent girls and discusses the impact both positive and negative factors can have during this developmental stage of life. It argues the idea that a girl's positive feelings regarding her external appearance can drastically influence her self-esteem, which in turn affects how she treats herself, as well how she allows others to treat her. This paper also follows the history of fashion shows, discussing their influence in media outlets that adolescent girls often turn to when searching for an identity in this culture. Pulling from a Christian perspective, the paper also introduces how churches deal with these negative factors and attempt to develop a positive self-image in adolescent girls. The research has been used to develop an all girl's youth conference for adolescent girls between the ages of 11 and 14, which was held at College Church of the Nazarene in Bourbonnais, IL on November 9, 2012. The paper will outline the schedule of the event, the topics discussed during the conference, the reactions from parents and students, and will present the results of a ten question survey completed by each attendee. Limitations regarding budget, time and professional relationships will also be discussed.


Children's experience of multiple forms of abuse is regarded as traumatic, with the effect of trauma on attention and perception being the closest to a universal response to multiple victimization that may be discovered. Unique responses are a function of cultural and familial expectations, developmental level, and individual differences. Children's attributions of meaning and subsequent behaviors depend heavily on the interplay between experience, thought and action. Professionals working with multiply victimized children need to understand children's understandings and cognitive capacities in order to devise the most effective interventions.


Abstract This paper was designed to fabricate the miniature spur gear with pitch circle of 2.25mm using extrusion process of a mechanically alloyed Al-78wt%Zn powder. The mechanical alloying of the powder particles were performed for ball milled times of 4h, 8h, 16 and 32h by the planetary ball milling. The mechanical properties of these alloyed powders, which were compacted and sintered-cylindrical preforms, were estimated using compression test. The results showed that the alloyed powder with average particle size of 10㎛ milled for 32h has the highest compressive(fractured) strength(288MPa). Extrusions of the miniature spur gear using the alloyed powder were carried out at different extrusion temperatures. Extrusion temperature of 300°C provided the spur gear with the highest relative density and Vickers hardness and without any surface defects. 1. 서 론 Al-Mg와 Al-Zn합금은 결정립 크기가 아주 미세할 때(대략 1㎛ 전후) 우수한 기계적 특성과 상온에서 초소성거동을 나타냄에 따라 최근 마이크로 크기의 기능부품에 대한 재료로써 많은 각광을 받고 (1~11)있다. 이러한 초미세 결정립 크기의 Al-Zn합금은 가공열처리공정(thermo mechanical control ing process)에 의한 벌크(bulk)재료와 Al, Zn분말의 기계적 합금화(mechanical alloying, MA) 방법에 의한 합금분말(alloyed powder)형태로 제조되고 있다.


The present invention discloses a novel process for preparing penicillin G sulfoxide, which comprises a. Taken concentrations 60000 ~ 120000μ / g fermented penicillin G was added dropwise a solution of peracetic acid to obtain Ⅰ; b. The solution Ⅰ was filtered to obtain filtrate, the resulting filtrate molecular weight cutoff of 200 ~ 800Da nanofiltration was concentrated to obtain a concentrate; C the concentrate with sulfuric acid, the pH adjusted filtered to yield penicillin G sulfoxide crude;.. D penicillin G sulfoxide crude was dissolved in aqueous methanol, recrystallization, and then cooled to 0 ~ 10 ℃, filtered, and the resulting crystals were washed with methanol and sucked dry, the resulting product from the microwave drying, or penicillin G sulfoxide. The method of the present invention is simple and short process cycle, and without using a large amount of organic solvent extraction treatment, resulting in low cost, environmentally friendly.


Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe and simple technique for the provision of enteral nutrition with extremely low complication rates [1]. It was first described by Gauderer and Ponsky in 1979 and then came popular in time [2]. Although most complications are minor, such as peristomal skin infections, tube dislocation, or leakage, occasionally severe complications can be seen such as internal organ damage, necrotising fasciitis, or aspiration pneumonia [3,4]. The extremely rare complication of gastrocolocutaneous fistula developing because of perforation of the colon by the PEG catheter during placement or erosion of adjacent intestines when inside, can be seen at the rate of 0.5%3% [5,6]. The case is here presented of a patient who developed gastrocolocutaneous fistula fallowing PEG placement.


One of the key objectives of this first SCD of the Republic of Congo is to serve as an
essential input to the Country Partnership Framework. The SCD is not intended to carry out substantial new analytical work, but rather to draw upon and synthesize the existing evidence. A substantial amount of analytical work on Congo has been carried out in recent years, covering a wide range of subjects. These reports and studies conducted by the World Bank were supplemented by studies prepared by the government and other development partners and formed a solid basis for the analysis presented in the chapters to follow. The report is divided into two main parts. The first part presents the growth drivers and constraints for achieving the twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty in Congo by 2030 and promoting shared prosperity. The second part categorizes the constraints, prioritizes them according to the impact they have on the twin goals, identifies areas for improvement, and provides recommendations for leveraging the country's opportunities and achieving sustainable and equitable growth.


A serotype 1 disease-causing pneumococcus possessing a truncated xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (xpt) housekeeping gene is described. The deletion is within the gene region used for multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and may have occurred through genetic transformation or capsule switch between clones. The identification of this deletion in a clinical isolate therefore warrants highlighting due to potential errors that may ensue in isolate characterization and due to the fact that deletions may occur in other genes in this or other species characterized by MLST.


Engineering faculties across India are experiencing substantial pressure from industry, the professional body and their own institutions to contextualise and embed generic graduate attributes in undergraduate programs. Responding to this pressure is proving challenging in India with three interrelated problems evident in the Indian engineering education literature: Innovative teaching and learning of graduate attributes tends to be isolated and short-lived; rigorous evaluation of impact on student learning is rare; and contextualization of institutional graduate attributes statements tends to be limited. In India and internationally, greater discourse, research and development are needed to embed engineering design-relevant meta-attributes (eg. reflective practice, creativity, social justice, systems thinking) in undergraduate engineering. The focus of this paper and our research is the teaching, learning and assessment of the meta-attribute systems thinking.


The essence of search engine is to integrate information by limited keywords ,while such a kind of infor- mation integration is hard to put together more detailed and special information of an enterprise or a industry circle for there is limited show-window for ordinary search engine.One the same time,more and more enterprise are in great need of a deeply and detailed information of there own,by this way,it is better to know what media focus on and what people like much.The most difficult thing is to get domain-words as much as possible by keywords as few as possible,In addition the set of domain-words is able to keep with times.By a small system for Baidu Corp.and Sogou Corp.,the dream of low cost and domain-transferable enterprise information integration comes to truth.


The purpose of this study is to analyses mass concentration varied by its measurement of air pollution in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar city will have been increasing air pollution due to rapidly expanding vehicular population, growing industrial sector in last 10 years ago. In addition, people use to heat the carbon from 10 month in every year. This becomes a base cause of air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. We studied a change of mass concentration an air pollution elements in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. To research work, we used information that based on data of my measurements of air pollution and Metropolitan air quality agency until 2006 to 2016. This research important result is air pollution levels are limited to the areas around Ulaanbaatar areas are the most polluted in the center of city are the least polluted areas whereas Tolgoit, Sapporo, 1st Khoroolol, Amgalan, Shar Khad are moderately polluted and the areas around Baruun 4 zam, Factory, Zaisan, Nisekh are normally polluted. The results of pollution are illustrated four zones. By dividing the polluted areas into such zones, we are trying to make it easier to take preventive measures against the pollution itself and protective measures for safeguarding the health of mass population.


Recalling controversy over the initial isolation and identification of HIV, and arguments about the factors contributing to AIDS, it is apparent that argument and debate have characterised the 'science' of HIV since early in the epidemic. To some researchers and practitioners this is a healthy situation. Science, after all, involves the resolution of conflict between competing explanations, and what would it say about the human capacity to question if all the world's scientists agreed? To others, especially politicians, health programme managers and policy-makers, argument is, however, often seen as a distraction. How can we take action in the face of controversy and what can we do when researchers and scientists cannot agree? The contested nature of science, policies and programmes in responding to the global HIV epidemic has been apparent since its start. Serious controversies and disagreements have also marked the international response to HIV, from the identification of the virus itself, to the ways in which it moves through populations and societies, to the most effective ways in which to confront it through prevention, treatment and care and policies and programmes. These various and often heated debates have sometimes pitted scientists against one another, or against affected communities. No less frequently they have involved major disagreements with politicians and policy-makers, as in the case of the HIV denialism that characterised the early response to AIDS in South Africa. Given the nature of power in relation to global health governance, such debates have sometimes highlighted larger geopolitical tensions, as when the predominantly Northern-based scientists and policy-makers who dominate decision-making processes in the global response to HIV seek to impose solutions to the epidemic on Southern-based populations. These political factors are also deeply linked to a set of economic considerations that reinforce North–South power imbalances. International aid plays a major role in shaping the global response, and many of the policies that are legitimised by what is presented as scientific evidence shape the resources that are allocated to what kinds of programmes in which countries. This is of course especially obvious in the collusion of foreign aid and industry lobbies working to protect patents and facilitate trade, but may also operate in


W. E. B. Du Bois's momentous question "How does it feel to be a problem?" provides the starting point for this fascinating exploration of adolescent black girls' experiences in the Jim Crow city. Rethinking Du Bois's concept of double consciousness from their perspective, LaKisha Michelle Simmons describes how African American girls in New Orleans came to understand themselves while caught within a gendered "double bind of white supremacy and respectability" (5). She traces the ways that young women are surveilled, disciplined, and constrained by both racialized violence and the expectations of black middle-class elders, but she also reveals the meanings they make of their experiences and the pleasures they create for themselves. Simmons's approach is multidisciplinary and theoretically informed, drawing on the analytic frameworks of geography, sexuality, and affect. She is adept at bringing these categories together to describe how black girls moved through racialized space and developmental time to create a sense of self in relation to myriad lessons imparted about their "place." Crescent City Girls is the latest in a number of local studies that speak with and back to earlier theorizations of African American women's gendered and, especially, sexual experiences. Focusing in the main on northern cities from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, these works seek to uncover what had been hidden not only by scholars' exclusionary presumptions about whose history matters but also by black women's own "necessary silence," born from their experiences of racialized violence (83). One of Simmons's most important contributions is to move this literature into the urban South. New Orleans is not wholly typical of southern cities, but its uniqueness allows for a more complex and nuanced analysis of race and class because the ethnic and cultural distinctions between "American blacks" and "black Creoles" mapped generally, if not always neatly, on the city's geography and on class divisions within the African American community. Respectability politics were both a form of violence and a response to it. Simmons joins other scholars who challenge a flat, top-down model of respectability, but she nonetheless views it as a primary technology for constraining black women's mobility, silencing their voices, and enabling the violence against them. Regardless of class, black girls' movement through New Orleans—shopping in white-owned stores, walking to and from school, participating in leisure activities, or visiting black nightspots—


Based on system dynamics modeling method,establish index system using the DPSIRM causal network model,and construction of heihe river basin water resources management model,then simulation the heihe river basin of Ganzhou district 3 different water management pattern in the future.The results show that:Based on SD of DPSIR model can effectively simulation study of water resources evaluation of area water resources system;In the three future water resources management mode,situational Ⅰ and situational Ⅱ in population growth,economic development and water resources utilization are optimized,and based on the comprehensive of two modes,the results of sceneⅢ:Thanks to the contribution of the third industry,population growth tends to be stable;Economic growth increased significantly,GDP will be 90 400 yuan by 2030.Over the same period,the structure of three industries' ratio will be scientific and rational;By 2030,the water demand that 6.48 million m3is less than quantity of potential available water that 7.98 million m3.To ensure the region's ecological water,the satisfaction of irrigation water users is advantageous to the comprehensive construction of water-saving society;Scene Ⅲ mainly aimed to improve water management performance.From raising population bearing capacity in the study area,adjusting the industrial structure,configuration of supply and demand of water resources,improving industrial water efficiency,clarity of water right and price,optimize the water sceneⅠandⅡ.SceneⅢindex system of water resource management model reflects the way of technological progress and management.Not just the direction prediction and ascension of construction of water-saving society of Ganzhou area in the future,also is the optimal solution of the future population,social development and water resources management model in the study area.


An important segment of milk marketing order reform involves replacing the current BFP. This working paper explains the background of the BFP issue, the options considered and the provisions of the proposed rule as related to the BFP issue.


In this paper we present the software for metal balance of the selective flotation specially made for SASA lead and zinc mine in Makedonska Kamenica, Republic of Macedonia. With small changes it can be applied in other mines and for other metals or nonmetals. The sofware is Microsoft Access database and it is split into two files: one that contains the tables and one that contains the queries, forms, reports, macros, modules and shortcuts to data access pages. This way,users who need to access the data can customiza their own forms, reports, pages and other objects while maintaining a single of data on the network.


Abstract : This information manual documents routines in the CNA mapping software library that calculate the points of small and great circles on the earth. The equations upon which the routines are based described and a user's walk-through of the programs is given. Keywords: Computer programs; Conformal mapping; Mapping/Equations; User manuals.


Machining complex thin-walled components, such as compressor disks and casings in aircraft engines, is a challenging task because distributed deformation and vibration renders poor precision and quality in final products. However, the harsh working conditions such as cutting fluids hinder workpiece vibration monitoring, not to mention investigation into the vibration principle during cutting. Aiming to decouple and quantify the effects of multiple cutting process parameters on thin-walled part vibration, this paper employs a plate dynamic model for an annular workpiece under constraints emulating those of a two-sided turning machine. Therefore, a boundary value problem is formulated and the solution procedure is presented in details. With modal analysis, the dynamic model is numerically verified with finite element analysis (FEA). Also, an eddy-current sensing approach is provided as a simple yet practical method for vibration measurement. Experiments are carried out to justify the proposed method and validate the stability of eddy-current sensing under the harsh environmental condition.


Existing research indicates that leader-member exchange (LMX) mediates the relationship between interactional justice and various outcomes, without studying mediation separately for the two components of interactional justice-interpersonal and informational. In one study on interpersonal justice, LMX was found to moderate its relationship with felt obligation. Evidence also links interactional justice to organisation-referenced outcomes like commitment, beyond higher unique effects on supervisor-referenced outcomes like LMX. The present research attempts to synthesize these findings by studying all four justice dimensions-distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational. A total of 205 responses were collected from 3 organisations in India. Support was found for the hypothesized role of LMX both as a mediator of the relationship between informational justice and affective commitment, and as a moderator of the association between interpersonal justice and affective commitment. Distributive justice was linked to continuance commitment, as hypothesized. Employees may perceive distributive and procedural justice aspects to be less open to modification, and identify greater opportunity for managerial discretion in the interpersonal and informational aspects. Organisations can benefit by training their managers to ensure fairness in these two important dimensions for creating and maintaining affective commitment, within a given procedural and distributive justice environment.


Abstract Objective: To know the difference of salivary estriol level between patients with preterm birth and preterm pregnancy of 32-36 weeks and to determine the correlation between the level of estriol in saliva and the incidence of preterm delivery. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional studies of 80 patients in Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital and its networks. The subjects are 40 patients in labor and 40 patients in preterm pregnancy, that met the inclusion criterias during the period September 2011 to November 2011. We took the salivary sample and examine the level of estriol. The data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk and Mann Whitney test. Result: The study found that the difference of salivary estriol levels in preterm labor and preterm pregnancy groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean salivary estriol levels in preterm labor group was 3438.75 while the mean value of estriol levels in preterm pregnancy group was 686.10 and ranges of each group is 1188- 16338 and 88-1180. Conclusion: The value of salivary estriol levels were higher in preterm labor compared to the level in preterm pregnancy. Keywords: preterm labor, salivary estriol


We begin this paper by assuming that there is an openness to culturally diverse ways of knowing about the management of organizations and accommodating indigenous experience, expertise and wisdom for navigating the new economy. In a more globalized knowledge economy, certain contextually- astute thinkers within universities, NGOs, together with those managing public and sector management portfolios are asking: To what extent are the framings of our organizational research, our development for the common good and civil society projects, and our engagement of human and material capital cognizant of indigenous people's ways of being, knowing, doing, and daring? To what extent might insights, grounded in understandings of traditions, cultures, and mixed realities, serve our defining of current circumstances, subjects of study and responses to future challenges and opportunities? The article frames these questions and other questions from the perspective of "the Malaitan mind," from ontological, cosmological, anthropological, epistemological, metaphysical, and axiological angles, to offer critical reflections on current research. In practical terms, the paper considers team development and performance using insights from both Western and Malaitan perspectives with the suggestion that these are complementary set of understanding.


This paper addresses the problem of classifying actions performed by a human subject in a video sequence. A representation eigenspace approach based on the visual appearance is used to train the classifier. Before dimensionality reduction exploiting the PCA/LLE algorithms, a high dimensional description of each frame of the video sequence is constructed, based on foreground blob analysis. The classification task is performed by matching incrementally the reduced representation of the test image sequence against each of the learned ones, and accumulating matching scores until a decision is obtained; to this aim, two different metrics are introduced and evaluated. Experimental results demonstrate that the approach is accurate enough and feasible for behavior classification. Furthermore, we argue that the choice of both the feature descriptor and the metric for the matching score can dramatically influence the performance of the results.


In spatial studies, use is commonly made of nested sampling plans. By applying such plans, one takes observations according to a hierarchical scheme, with decreasing distances between observations. As observed by Miesch (1975), the cumulative sum of variance components provided by the nested sampling plan may be used in some situations to obtain semivariogram values. In this article, proofs are given for both balanced and unbalanced designs. Different estimation procedures for obtaining semivariogram values are compared with each other. The paper is illustrated with two numerical examples, one on actual soil pH data and one on simulated random fields. Mean squared pair differences are shown to be inferior to expected mean squares and restricted maximum likelihood for variance component estimation and several other spatial sampling plans may be superior to the nested sampling plan for estimating the spatial semivariogram.


We apply gradient dynamics to population games with continuous action spaces. The application features Veblen-esque consumers whose preferences include a rank dependent component. The spontaneous formation and disappearance of shock waves is a central feature caused by the nonlinearity of the dynamics. A possible extension is to asset price bubbles.


Now in the design and construction technical specification, there is no specific regulation on setting expansion joint on road surface bases, research in the aspect also is generally neglected. On the basis of in-depth analysis and study on early distress of asphalt concrete road surface, depending on a great deal of construction experience, the author audaciously experiments with new method of setting expansion joint on water-stabilization bases and acquires expected effect. This paper not only opens out thermal stress of water-stabilization bases, but also expounds the method how to set expansion joint on water-stabilization bases of asphalt concrete road surface through examples.


There is an increasing interest in the US in developing engineered approaches to structural fire safety as an alternative to conventional code-based prescriptive approaches. With an engineered approach, the response of a structure to fire is computed and appropriate design measures are taken to assure acceptable response. In the case of steel buildings, one of the key elements of an engineered approach to structural fire safety is the ability to predict the elevated temperature properties of structural steel. The properties of steel at high temperatures can be drastically different from those at room temperature, and accurate knowledge of these properties is a critical factor in predicting response of steel structures to fire. Although several past studies have examined elevated temperature properties of structural steel, there are some important gaps in the experimental database. Specifically, little data is available on ASTM A992 steel, the most common grade of structural steel currently used for wide flange shapes in the US. Furthermore, past studies have not adequately examined the important role of strain rate in tension testing at elevated temperatures. This paper will present preliminary results of a series of tension tests on A992 steel conducted at temperatures up to 900°C.


From the comprehension of the thoughts of classical poetry and prose, the grasp of classical Chinese principles, and the improvement of students' actual level, the article discusses the necessity of strengthening the training of reading aloud in classical poetry and prose teaching. Meanwhile,it presents several practical ways of how to strengthen the training of reading aloud.


Abstract First-available classification records of 78,151 Holstein cows in 2117 herds were used to determine the effects of herds, classifiers, and their interaction on the variability of overall type score, scorecard ratings (general appearance, body capacity, dairy character, and mammary system), and the 12 descriptive traits scored in the Holstein-Friesian Descriptive Classification Program. The relative contribution of descriptive traits to final score and scorecard ratings, and differences among classifiers in these contributions also were examined. The percent of variance due to herds and classifiers was small for all traits. Herd by classifier interactions were more important than classifiers for all traits and more important than herds for all descriptive traits. Within-herd standard partial regression coefficients for each classifier indicated that classifiers differed in the emphasis placed on specific descriptive traits in arriving at final score. The descriptive classification program appears to be supplemental rather than superfluous to traditional classifications of final score and scorecard traits.


Birth injuries of the spinal cord resulting from breech extraction have been known to pathologists for many years. Probably the first case of this nature was reported by Parrot 1 in 1870. Since then occasional cases of cord injury from breech extraction have been found in almost every considerable series of necropsies on the stillborn. Good descriptions of the pathologic findings may be found in articles by Spencer, 2 Warwick 3 and Stoltzenberg 4 Among obstetricians, injury to the cervical cord is recognized as a rare cause of infant mortality; but the standard textbooks of neurology and of pediatrics do not mention obstetrical injuries of the cord as a cause of spinal paraplegia. Apparently, it is generally believed that the lesion is always fatal within a few days after birth. Scattered reports of patients who survived birth injuries to the cord for longer periods, however, have appeared from time to time.


This study investigated the protective effects of emotional intelligence (EI) during decision-making under stress. The researchers assigned 172 participants to either a negative or neutral feedback group and assessed EI, distress, information search prior to choice, and decision-making performance. We predicted EI would be associated with superior decision-making following negative performance feedback. Statistical analysis revealed negative feedback significantly increased distress and was associated with poorer decision-making for easy decisions. Also, EI was indirectly associated with decision-making performance. Participants high in EI accessed decision relevant information more frequently prior to decision-making and greater search frequency predicted superior decision making.


Bacteria and fungi are good indicators for soil health as well as soilless growing media (SGM) health. However, there is very limited information about the fungal and bacterial communities for SGM. In the present study, coir substrate and peat-based substrate were used as typical SGM under drip irrigation and tidal irrigation to understand the situation of fungal and bacterial communities by high-throughput sequencing technology. In this study, both environmental factors and microbial communities were significantly affected by SGM type and irrigation pattern, in which SGM type played a major role and irrigation pattern played a minor role. The bacterial phyla Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria and the fungal phyla Ascomycota were more closely related to environmental factors including EC, pH, NO3−, NH4+ and ω as well as urease and phosphatase. The bacterial and fungal communities in the two SGM had some similarities with those in soil. In addition, the functions of the soil, including key soil organisms, carbon mineralization, wood decomposition, nitrification, denitrification, carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation and methanotrophy, could be basically performed by the two SGM. In general, the SGM should possess common soil capabilities according to bacterial and fungal analyses, but there are numerous fungi of unknown function that need be addressed in the future. Meanwhile, these results improve our understanding of the correlation between the environmental factors and the microbiome, and provide basic guidance for management and research on SGM in the future.


(1) A twelve-hour period of total body hypothermia in the recipient in the early post-grafting period was associated with a prolongation of survival of skin allografts in rats.(2) This effect was greatest when hypothermia was induced beginning twenty-four hours after grafting, but some effect was evident when the hypother-mia was induced immediately after grafting or seventy-two hours after grafting.(3) The lymphopenia that results from prolonged hypothermia may play a role in the effect observed.


With an ongoing interest to create solutions allowing for safe physical interaction between humans and robots, new approaches to the design of robot arms are appearing. One example is the recently developed Variable Stiffness Link (VSL) -a new type of inflatable soft robot link made of flexible, yet inextensible fabric sleeves and capable of changing its stiffness. At high stiffness, the VSL can perform comparable to a rigid link within a standard robot arm, e.g., carry out picking and placing tasks in a factory environment. However, by decreasing the air pressure in such links their stiffness also decreases, and the robot arm's compliance increases. Hence, when a human erroneously intrudes into the robot working area, safety can be ensured by simply reducing the pressure in the robot's links. In this context, a major challenge is to determine whether a human is within the robot's range. In this study, we propose to integrate a proximity, capacitance-based sensor made of conductive fabric with a VSL. Since the proposed proximity sensor is made of fabric, it is ideally suited for integration with the VSL: the sensor material is flexible and at the same time inextensible and as such can be used as the outer layer of a VSL without affecting its stiffness controllability. An appropriate control strategy was developed capable of changing the stiffness of the VSL depending on the distance between the VSL and a human or object nearby using the new sensor. The proposed sensor/control system determines the distance to a human or object in the vicinity of the VSL by evaluating the capacitance as measured by the integrated proximity sensor and adjusts the link's stiffness accordingly to ensure safety. It was experimentally validated that, our new approach was capable of reducing the VSL's stiffness when a human was approaching, even before contact occurred.


Autosomal recessive renal tubular dysgenesis (ARRTD) is a rare inherited disorder of renal (tubular) development, clinically characterized by fetal oligo-/anuria leading to oligohydramnion and Potter sequence, resulting in high mortality within the prenatal and neonatal period. Variants in genes encoding components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are causative for this disorder. Herein, we report 2 European families with biallelic variants within AGT and aim to provide novel insides into disease understanding.

 The study was approved by our institutional ethics committee (approval number: 251_18 B). Clinical, histological and pedigree analysis were performed. Exome sequencing of a preselected gene panel (nephroma, 560 genes associated with renal disease) was analysed on the HiSeq System 2500 (Illumina) after enrichment by TWIST human core technology (TWIST Bioscience). Immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH) for expression of renin were performed on kidney biopsy. In addition, renin expression was determined in primary tubular cells of the index patient by qPCR. Allele frequencies of heterozygous and biallelic predicted deleterious variants were determined by analysis of the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project.

 The first family was identified after transition from pediatric to adult nephrology at the University Hospital Erlangen. Initially, the male index patient of consanguineous Turkish descent presented with oligohydramnion in the prenatal period. Directly after birth (32nd gestational week) he suffered from profound hypotension, pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary stenosis, as well as third degree acute kidney injury leading to ICU treatment, but no need of hemodialysis. He survived the perinatal period while a decline in renal function was observed over time leading to CKD G3b at the age of 19 years. Exome sequencing revealed a previously reported pathogenic homozygous missense variant within AGT (c.1224G>A, p.Arg375Gln). Kidney biopsy at the age of 14 years revealed tubulointerstitial fibrosis, profound glomerulocystic changes with partly glomerulosclerosis and vasculopathic features. IHC and ISH showed recruitment and strong expression of renin in tubular cells and vessels, where cultured primary tubular cells also showed strong expression of renin. Circulating renin was profoundly elevated, with normal levels of aldosterone. The patient is not hypertensive and receives no antihypertensive medications. The family history revealed at least 2 miscarriages due to oligohydramnion. The second family was identified from the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project. The male index patient presented with prenatal bilateral hydronephrosis. He was delivered prematurely around the 35th gestational week. Both kidneys suffered from chronic bilateral urinary reflux leading to CKD G2 at the age of 8 years. Family history revealed one prior miscarriage. Genetic analysis revealed two compound heterozygous missense variants within AGT (c.842A>G, p.Tyr281Cys; c.151T>C, p.Cys51Arg). The heterozygous allele frequency in the Genomics England cohort for AGT predicted deleterious variants was very low. Therefore, we would predict a biallelic hit with the respective disease as an ultra-rare event. Reviewing the literature, to our knowledge 18 individuals are reported to date with different biallelic variants within AGT. From these cases only three survived the perinatal period. It is not reported if these individuals reached adulthood.

 We hereby demonstrate two extremely rare cases, affected by biallelic variants within AGT, that survived the perinatal period and eventually led to chronic kidney disease. Since the phenotypes may be variable, a contemporary approach by broad genetic analysis is the only option to decode the genetic background in individuals with a suspected genetic disorder. Upregulation of renin in tubular cells by inactivation of AGT in the germline may drive tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is a theoretical concern regarding ongoing targeted pharmacological approaches against AGT for arterial hypertension.


Introduction: Using Public Sector Performance Information S.Van de Walle & W.Van Dooren PART I: BUREAUCRACY Nothing New Under the Sun? Change and Continuity in the 20th Century Performance Movements W.Van Dooren Advocacy and Learning: An Interactive-Dialogue Approach to Performance Information Use D.Moynihan Performance Information and Performance Steering: Integrated System or Loose Coupling? P.Laegreid, P.G.Roness & K.Rubecksen Performance Measurement beyond Instrumental Use P.de Lancer Julnes Comparing Performance across Public Sectors G.Bouckaert & J.Halligan Hitting the Target and Missing the Point? Developing an Understanding of Organizational Gaming Z.Radnor Performance Management Systems: Providing Accountability and Challenging Collaboration K.G.Denhardt & M.P.Aristigueta PART II: POLITICS AND SOCIETY Determinants of Performance Information Utilization in Political Decision Making J.Askim UK Parliamentary Scrutiny of Public Service Agreements: A Challenge too Far? C.Talbot & C.Talbot Performance Information and Educational Policy Making A.Johnsen Rational, Political and Cultural Uses of Performance Monitors: The Case of the Dutch Urban Policy D.de Kool Reporting Public Performance Information: The Promise and Challenges of Citizen Involvement A.T-K.Ho Publishing Performance Information: An Illusion of Control? S.Van de Walle & A.Roberts Epilogue: The Many Faces of Use H.Hatry


The microstructure and process of the transition of SrTiO_3 under the rapid heating rate of 2×10~(14) k/s are studied by molecular dynamics simulation.The simulation demonstrates that when the melting temperature of SrTiO_3 is 2500K,the energy and volume curve have large jump;the radial distribution function(RDF) and the snapshot of the simulation process indicate that SrTiO_3 is melting.The result obtained from the simulation is close to the data available by the experiment.The melting process simulation of SrTiO3 is important for the crystallization study of thin films.


Maximum levels of dioxins in food and feed are set in the European legislation1,2 for 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs and levels for 12 congeners of DL-PCBs will be added soon3. The reference gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) method allows the individual identification and quantification of these 29 congeners at the ultra-trace level. Congener-specific data can be used as such for source tracking or be converted in toxic equivalents quantities (TEQs) based on the use of toxic equivalent factors6 (TEFs). Because the monitoring of dioxins in the food chain is very expensive using HRMS, sample screening methods are needed. The CALUX cell based assay has widely been proposed to screen dioxins in food and feed samples4,5. Compared to GC-HRMS, the CALUX AhRactivation mediated response directly yield to a TEQ estimation based on a correlation with 2,3,7,8-TCDD induction of the assay.


A matrix display of light reflecting elements is capable of displaying images represented by data codes received from a variety of different sources at different respective frame rates. The codes are stored at whatever frame rate they are received, but are read at a subframe rate which is an integral multiple of each of the different frame rates.


This paper presents an approach for multi-robot long-term planning under uncertainty over the duration of actions. The proposed methodology takes advantage of generalized stochastic Petri nets with rewards (GSPNR) to model multi-robot problems. A GSPNR allows for unified modeling of action selection, uncertainty on the duration of action execution, and for goal specification through the use of transition rewards and rewards per time unit. Our approach relies on the interpretation of the GSPNR model as an equivalent embedded Markov reward automaton (MRA). We then build on a state-of-the-art method to compute the long-run average reward over MRAs, extending it to enable the extraction of the optimal policy. We provide an empirical evaluation of the proposed approach on a simulated multi-robot monitoring problem, evaluating its performance and scalability. The results show that the synthesized policy outperforms a policy obtained from an infinite horizon discounted reward formulation as well as a carefully hand-crafted policy.


In the Moroccan ecosystem, Octopus vulgaris population shows high seasonal and interannual variability. Understanding the processes that influence octopus abundance is important in order to manage the fishing grounds and offer advice on the exploitation of this important resource. Fluctuations in the abundance of exploited stocks may be due to a great variety of factors. However, in short-lived animals such as octopuses, in which abundance depends on the strength of the recruitment, it is well known that population abundance is highly influenced by environmental conditions.


A model, based on Lighthill's theory, for predicting aerodynamic noise from a turbulent shear flow is developed. This model is a generalization of the one developed by Ribner. Unlike Ribner's model, it does not require that the turbulent correlations factor into space and time-dependent parts. It replaces his assumption of isotropic. turbulence by the more realistic one of axisymmetric turbulence. The implications of the model for jet noise are discussed.


The largest single use, to which tin metal is put, is the coating of steel sheets to make tinplate. Before the war, roughly two-fifths of the world's annual tin consumption of upward of 160,000 long tons went into tinplate manufacture. Currently about 35 percent of a world consumption of about 150,000 tons is used for this purpose. Availability of sufficient quantities of tin is therefore one of the two prime requisites for expansion of tinplate production. It appears as though tin production is expanding, rapidly, and hence lack of tin should not constitute a bottleneck.


In this report, we present a multi-scale computational model to simulate plastic deformation of tantalum and validating experiments. In atomistic/ dislocation level, dislocation kink- pair theory is used to formulate temperature and strain rate dependent constitutive equations. The kink-pair theory is calibrated to available data from single crystal experiments to produce accurate and convenient constitutive laws. The model is then implemented into a BCC crystal plasticity finite element method (CP-FEM) model to predict temperature and strain rate dependent yield stresses of single and polycrystalline tantalum and compared with existing experimental data from the literature. Furthermore, classical continuum constitutive models describing temperature and strain rate dependent flow behaviors are fit to the yield stresses obtained from the CP-FEM polycrystal predictions. The model is then used to conduct hydro- dynamic simulations of Taylor cylinder impact test and compared with experiments. In order to validate the proposed tantalum CP-FEM model with experiments, we introduce a method for quantitative comparison of CP-FEM models with various experimental techniques. To mitigate the effects of unknown subsurface microstructure, tantalum tensile specimens with a pseudo-two-dimensional grain structure and grain sizes on the order of millimeters are used. A technique combining an electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) and highmore » resolution digital image correlation (HR-DIC) is used to measure the texture and sub-grain strain fields upon uniaxial tensile loading at various applied strains. Deformed specimens are also analyzed with optical profilometry measurements to obtain out-of- plane strain fields. These high resolution measurements are directly compared with large-scale CP-FEM predictions. This computational method directly links fundamental dislocation physics to plastic deformations in the grain-scale and to the engineering-scale applications. Furthermore, direct and quantitative comparisons between experimental measurements and simulation show that the proposed model accurately captures plasticity in deformation of polycrystalline tantalum.« less


The petal color was represented by parametric equation and the parameters were in connection with parametric equation of petal shape. The initial petal shape was represented by a rectangle parametric equation. Combining the petal shape feature, we changed the rectangle equation into petal parametric equation. According to the parameters in petal equation, we may get the model of flower garland and flower costal to control hue, intensity and saturation (HIS). These color models may be combined to form complex flower color. The model can be realized quickly and two kinds of flower simulation result show that the method is effective.


Vibration and aeroelastic control of anisotropic composite wind turbine blade modeled as symmetric layup beam analysis have been investigated based on Beddoes-Leishman (B-L) dynamic stall aerodynamic model and linear quadratic controller. The blade is modeled as single-cell thin-walled beam structure, exhibiting flap bending-lag bending-twist coupling deformation, with constant pitch angle set. The stall flutter and aeroelastic control of composite blade are investigated based on some structural and dynamic parameters, with structural damping computed. The aeroelastic partial differential equations are reduced by Galerkin method, with the nonlinear aerodynamic forces computed by the method of fitting static elastic coefficients. Linear quadratic controller is applied to enhance the vibrational behavior in stall situation under divergent conditions and stabilize displacements that might be unstable in the absence of control.


An inkjet printing system for printing permanent marks on a variety of nonporous Substrate surfaces is provided. The sys tem involves three components: 1) An inkjet printer; 2) An adaptable inkjet ink for the inkjet printer, and 3) A heating element. The present system can instantly produce permanent marks on nonporous Surfaces after inkjet printing. The result ing permanent marks are impervious to chemical and physi cal removal, thus prohibiting fraudsters to tamper packaging information.


This different perspective on Tang et al. (beginning on p. 25 in this issue of the journal) discusses the pivotal role of cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). These investigators conducted elegant experiments showing increased BCC burden in patch heterozygous mice overexpressing COX-2 in the epidermis. Genetic deletion of COX-1 or COX-2 resulted in a robust decrease in BCC burden in patch heterozygote mice. They then studied pharmacologic COX inhibition in mice and humans with loss of patch, finding a trend in humans toward decreased BCC burden. This finding has implications for public health. Cancer Prev Res; 3(1); 4–7


From ancient times to the present, China's "women's education" has continuously developed and changed, but its connotation is in the same continuous line. As half of human beings, women play an irreplaceable role in social life with their peculiar piety and passion. In our country, especially in the southwest region, women's education still faces more prominent problems. How to increase support for women's education in the southwest region, how to change traditional concepts, and a series of issues need to be considered and studied.


Low limb impaired patients experience difficulties in doing their daily activities. The smarter solution to this concept is Smart Wheelchair. The proposed system is a robotic wheelchair that can be commanded by patient himself/herself. This system provides flexibility to choose different modalities to command the wheelchair, in addition to be suitable for people with different levels of disabilities. Patient can command the wheelchair with their eye blinks, eye and head movements and through brain signals. The wheel chair can also be operated like an autoguided vehicle or in an autonomous way. The system provided with an easy to use and flexible graphical user interface onboard a personal digital assistant, which is used to allow users to choose commands to be sent to the robotic wheelchair. Several experiments were carried out with people with disabilities, and the results validate the developed system as an assistive tool for people with distinct levels of disability.


The massacre of nearly 200 opposition demonstrators in Conakry, Guinea, in late September 2009 shocked Africa and the world. Beyond the sheer brutality of the crackdown, one feature was particularly stunning to many survivors and observers – the systematic rape of scores of women.


The healthcare industry is making a huge progress in providing an efficient medical care for patients. Although the healthcare information systems are being developed and deployed in several countries around the world, these systems face many challenges when delivering the required medical treatment to a large portion of the populace. Many hospitals and medical centers lack the required coordination and information sharing that would help improve the medical care. In addition, most patients have incomplete or missing health records which would have been very useful for the healthcare staff to provide better care for their patients. In this paper, a design of distributed healthcare system prototype is introduced. The proposed system integrates the various hospitals and medical centers that are implementing this system together in a single virtual intranet network using VPN technology. The connected hospitals operate in a P2P architecture to share their patients' health records with each other ensuring their availability at all times.


In our Hospital, from the structural change in Urgencies and the implantation of two boxes named "Cardiobox ", with the purpose of attending to the patient in the best conditions and with the maximum rapidity confirming or discarding the gravity of the same one. For it, every patient with "Thoracic suggestive Pain of Ischemia Cardiopaty" will happen to "Cardiobox" understanding that quite patient with thoracic non trauma pain of 35 years has a "Coronary Sharp Syndrome " until it is not demonstrated.

The authoresses of this work consider to do a pursuit from May, 2005 until October, 2005, taking a sample of 200 patients who from selection were derived for his assistance to the "Cardiobox", patients nominated as level two for the medical classifier, the targets of this work are:

- to value the time that comes up from the entry of the patient and the assistance of the same one
- the age
- the sex
- real diagnosis
- discharges, income, transfers and deaths


Abstract Background and study aims Lubiprostone has been reported to be an anti-constipation drug. The aim of the study was to investigate the usefulness of lubiprostone both for bowel preparation and as a propulsive agent in small bowel endoscopy. Patients and methods This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-way crossover study of subjects who volunteered to undergo capsule endoscopy (CE). A total of 20 subjects (16 male and 4 female volunteers) were randomly assigned to receive a 24-μg tablet of lubiprostone 120 minutes prior to capsule ingestion for CE (L regimen), or a placebo tablet 120 minutes prior to capsule ingestion for CE (P regimen). Main outcome was gastric transit time (GTT) and small-bowel transit time (SBTT). Secondary outcome was adequacy of small-bowel cleansing and the fluid score in the small bowel. The quality of the capsule endoscopic images and fluid in the small bowel were assessed on 5-point scale. Results The capsule passed into the small bowel in all cases. Median GTT was 57.3 (3 – 221) minutes for the P regimen and 61.3 (10 – 218) minutes for the L regimen (P = 0.836). Median SBTT was 245.0 (164 – 353) minutes for the P regimen and 228.05 (116 – 502) minutes for the L regimen (P = 0.501). The image quality score in the small bowel was 3.05 ± 1.08 for the P regimen and 3.80 ± 0.49 for the L regimen (P < 0.001). The fluid score in the small bowel was 2.04 ± 1.58 for the P regimen and 2.72 ± 1.43 for the L regimen (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the 2 regimens with regard to image quality. The fluid score was more plentiful for the L regimen than for the P regimen. There were no cases of capsule retention or serious adverse events in this study. Conclusion Our study showed that use of lubiprostone prior to CE significantly improved visualization of the small bowel during CE as a result of inducing fluid secretion into the small bowel.


Upregulated H-Current in Hyperexcitable CA1 Dendrites after Febrile Seizures. Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen J, Morgan RJ, Csaba Foldy, Soltesz I., Front Cell Neurosci. 2008;2:2. doi:10.3389/neuro.03.002.2008. Somatic recordings from CA1 pyramidal cells indicated a persistent upregulation of the h-current (Ih) after experimental febrile seizures. Here, we examined febrile seizure-induced long-term changes in Ih and neuronal excitability in CA1 dendrites. Cell-attached recordings showed that dendritic Ih was significantly upregulated, with a depolarized half-activation potential and increased maximal current. Although enhanced Ih is typically thought to be associated with decreased dendritic excitability, whole-cell dendritic recordings revealed a robust increase in action potential firing after febrile seizures. We turned to computational simulations to understand how the experimentally observed changes in Ih influence dendritic excitability. Unexpectedly, the simulations, performed in three previously published CA1 pyramidal cell models, showed that the experimentally observed increases in Ih resulted in a general enhancement of dendritic excitability, primarily due to the increased Ih-induced depolarization of the resting membrane potential overcoming the excitability-depressing effects of decreased dendritic input resistance. Taken together, these experimental and modeling results reveal that, contrary to the exclusively anti-convulsive role often attributed to increased Ih in epilepsy, the enhanced Ih can co-exist with, and possibly even contribute to, persistent dendritic hyperexcitability following febrile seizures in the developing hippocampus. HCN Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Channels Inhibit EPSPs by Interactions with M-type K+ Channels. George MS, Abbott LF, Siegelbaum SA. Nat Neurosci 2009;12(5):577–584. The processing of synaptic potentials by neuronal dendrites depends on both their passive cable properties and active voltage-gated channels, which can generate complex effects as a result of their nonlinear properties. We characterized the actions of HCN (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation) channels on dendritic processing of subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in mouse CA1 hippocampal neurons. The HCN channels generated an excitatory inward current (Ih) that exerted a direct depolarizing effect on the peak voltage of weak EPSPs, but produced a paradoxical hyperpolarizing effect on the peak voltage of stronger, but still subthreshold, EPSPs. Using a combined modeling and experimental approach, we found that the inhibitory action of Ih was caused by its interaction with the delayed-rectifier M-type K+ current. In this manner, Ih can enhance spike firing in response to an EPSP when spike threshold is low and can inhibit firing when spike threshold is high.


This thesis analyses the influence of Francoist agrarian policy on agricultural output in Spain in the 1939-55 period. The focus is on the wheat, olive and wine sectors, and special attention is given to small-scale farmers. Agrarian policy included price-fixing, production quotas and rationing of consumption. In the historical literature, this policy is often blamed for the post-Civil War decline in output. Yet, the present analysis states that this interpretation is erroneous. Producers and consumers circumvented intervention by creating a black market. When earnings from this source are included, value of output per unit of land remained close to pre-war levels. This also holds for small-scale farmers, although they benefited less from the black market than large-scale farmers did. It is then concluded that the decrease in wheat output was caused by lack of work animals and fertilisers rather than official prices. Intervention in the wheat sector was therefore desirable from a social viewpoint, but the system could have been improved. Average olive oil output was only below the pre-war level immediately after the war. Consequently, state intervention was unnecessary after 1942-43 and could have been abolished long before it was finally done in 1952. Thus, the intervention in the olive sector is an example of state failure. In the wine sector, policy aimed at increasing farm prices rather than decreasing consumer prices. Table wine consumption declined after the war, but this was counteracted by higher demand for high-alcohol white wine for the production of brandy and industrial alcohol. The winegrowers in Toledo successfully reacted by increasing output of high-alcohol white wine. Yet, the strategy led to overproduction, and state protection was increased in 1952-53. Consequently, state intervention had different effects on different sub-sectors. However, in none of the cases did output decline significantly because of the price policy.


Often, it takes tough times to bring about change. We are facing a unique and daunting set of challenges, both as an industry and as a species. As a profession, we are in danger of becoming less relevant to the next generation who would carry on for us. If we are going to turn this situation around, we need to work quickly to change the conversation from one that focuses on what makes our profession difficult, to one that stresses passion, creativity, and social impact. This change could hardly be occurring at a more important time. Our planet is now facing an unprecedented global crises with many implications to the health and well-being of all people. Our skills and technology are going to be the single most important tools we have to minimize suffering and strife in light of the environmental changes that may occur. We have a wonderful opportunity right now to use our new messages to ignite the passions of the next generation of engineers across the world. It is a tough job, but it is also an immensely rewarding and fun job. So get right to it! We need to leave this world in good hands … and you are the only ones who can make that happen!


The maneuverability of standard quadrotors with coplanar propellers is limited by their inherent underactuation. To overcome this challenge, in-flight, active propeller tilting has been widely investigated in the literature. However, biaxial propeller tilting that renders extensive thrust vectoring has not been explored much owing to the ensuing mechanical complexities. Therefore, this article presents an innovative design capable of achieving independent biaxial tilting of $\text{100}^\circ$ and $\text{180}^\circ$ about two perpendicular axes while keeping the mechanical complexity relatively low. The developed quadrotor, aptly named QuadPlus, efficiently combines actuator redundancy and propeller rotation in a compact package, compared to its state-of-the-art counterparts. The hyperdynamic QuadPlus with a total of 12 degrees of freedom can control its attitude independent of the position, thus enabling effective maneuvering through narrow spaces. Moreover, a novel cascade approach comprising of a high-level nonlinear model-predictive control algorithm is adopted to obtain the optimal actuator configuration for an underdetermined system while dealing with the physical constraints. In addition, proportional–integral–derivative controllers are employed at low level to track attitude references generated by the navigation algorithm. Finally, with the help of realistic Gazebo simulations, the efficacy of the system is demonstrated by tracking complex 3-D trajectories, which replicate the motion in a constrained environment. Overall, the obtained results manifest QuadPlus's capability of achieving independent position and attitude control even with multiple actuator saturation. The authors envision that the proposed simplistic design would stimulate interest in the community for exploring the benefits offered by biaxial propeller tilting platforms.


Abstract : Cleavage fracture toughness can be influenced by specimen dimensions. Crack tip constraint can relax in small specimens, resulting in higher apparent toughness. Moreover, there is a statistical sampling effect, where thicker specimens tend to have lower toughness than thin specimens due to an increased sample volume. In deeply notched bend and compact specimens, theoretical modeling, finite element analysis, and experimental data indicate that the results will not be significantly influenced by crack tip constraint as long as the following specimen size requirements are met: a/W> 0.5,B greater than of equal to (MJ sub c)/sigma sub y,B/b greater than or equal to 1 where a is the crack length, W is the specimen width, B is the specimen thickness, b is the uncracked ligament, J subc is the critical 3 value, sigma sub y is the effective yield strength and M is a dimensionless constant. These size requirements are conservative if M is set equal to 100; M- 50 appears to be adequate for many materials, but the authors recommend the stricter requirement until fracture validation is performed. When specimens meet the above requirements, fracture toughness should not be influenced by size, provided statistical thickness effects are taken into account.


This study aims to describe the effectiveness of using REACT (Relating Experiencing Applying Cooperating Transferring) learning strategy on students' mathematical problem solving ability on the topic logic through Flash Macro Media at the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 3 Panyabungan. The research was conducted by using quasi experimental method (pretest post test one group design) with 27 students as the sample and they were taken by using cluster sampling technique from 116 students. Test and observation were used in collecting the data. Based on descriptive analysis, it could be found (a) the average of using REACT learning strategy through Flash Macro Media was 3.73 (very good category) and b) the average of students' logic achievement before using REACT learning strategy through Flash Macro Media was 53.48 (fair category) and after using REACT learning strategy through Flash Macro Media was 82.81 (very good category).Furthermore, based on inferential statistic by using paired sample ttest   and helping SPSS version 16, the result showed the significant value was less than 0.05 (0.000<0.05). It means, there is a significant influence of using REACT learning strategy on students' mathematical problem solving ability on the topic logic through Flash Macro Media.


Background microRNAs (miRNAs) represent a group of small non-coding RNAs that are crucial gene regulators of important biological functions including development and pathogen defense in most living organisms. Presently, there is a lack of availability of information regarding the miRNAs in the mosquito Culex tarsalis, which is one of the most important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) in the United States. We used small RNA sequencing data and in vitro and in vivo experiments to identify and validate the presence of a repertoire of miRNAs in Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes. Results Using bioinformatic approaches we analyzed small RNA sequencing data from the Cx. tarsalis CT embryonic cell line to discover 86 miRNAs. Consistent with other mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus, mi-184 was found to be the most abundant miRNA in Cx tarsalis. We also identified an additional 20 novel miRNAs from the recently sequenced Cx. tarsalis genome, for a total of 106 miRNAs identified in this study. The presence of selected miRNAs was biologically validated in both cell line and adult Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes using RT-qPCR and sequencing. Conclusions Cx. tarsalis is an important vector of many medically important pathogens including WNV and Western Equine encephalitis. Here we report a detailed insight into the miRNA population in Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes. These results will open new avenues of research deciphering the role of miRNAs in different Cx. tarsalis biological events such as development, metabolism, immunity and pathogen infection.


In this chapter, Brady argues in favour of a desire view of unpleasantness, which is the central element of suffering. He considers, and rejects, distinctive feeling theories of unpleasantness, and then proposes a novel desire view, according to which unpleasantness is a relational property, constituted by having a sensation that we desire to cease. In the chapter he defends this view against the most important objections, he then goes on to show how this view is preferable to rival views, and he ends by explaining how this view of unpleasantness, and the view of suffering given in Chapter 1, are mutually supporting.


Aiming at the problem that the electrical synchronous excited motor will be out of step with the load changes, this paper raised a control strategy based on torque-angle cut-off feedback via the analysis of torque-angle characteristics. Discussion was made to the principle using torque-angle control to prevent out-of-step. The mathematical model of torque-angle was constructed based on the flux linkage observation of synchronous motors and the double closed-loop control system for the outer loop adopting torqueangle and the inner loop adopting field current were designed. The simulation results show that compared with conventional control, this control strategy obviously met the requirements of load changes, effectively restraining out-of-step of motors, which opens up a new way for stable control of motors.


In Moldova like in other countries of Eastern Europe, a fertility transition is taking place from the traditional model to the modern one which is associated with the decrease of juncture-related fertility indicators. Although the fertility indicators are higher compared to those of other states, the factors determining this level and the possible future trends are an important question to be asked. We assume, some of the socio-demographic characteristics of women, particularities of the socio-economic and cultural context have an impact on the reproductive behavior and determine either to keep the traditional model or switch to the modern one. To answer this questions, a research was conducted to highlight the differences in women's reproductive behavior in Moldova as well as the socio-demographic characteristics which make the difference between the fertility level and the number of children born during the reproductive age (living environment, education level, first sexual intercourse, mean age of first marriage, mean age of mothers at first birth, first-birth and interbirth intervals). The research is based on the data of the demographic study Generation and Sex conducted in Moldova in 2020 where a subsample of 1546 women aged 20-49 was selected. A special typology was elaborated through a hierarchical cluster analysis and the women were divided in 4 groups according to characteristics of the reproductive behavior. It was found that the traditional model of reproductive behavior prevails in Moldova, two subgroups being emphasized: "traditional with large family" and "traditional with maximum two children". A middle group is represented by women displaying "transitory to modern" reproductive behavior model. The least numerous group is made up of women characterized by "modern" behavior.


This paper aims to underline that neither the universalist point of view nor the particularist one can ignore the contributions made by each other. Both approaches are necessary to a better understanding of the complexity of nowadays multicultural claims, and both can contribute to a solution. So thinking, I first analyse various conceptualizations of «identity». Then I show how claims on distributive justice turn into identity claims. In the third place, I discuss some consecuences of understanding «identity» not as a political construction but as an ontological characteristic. Finally, I consider how women had historically been «mediators», and the risks this implied. I draw some conclusions tending to show both the importance of universal conceptions and the attention due to identity movements and their claims.


The uniform of law has been a very important law topic contained in Manifesto of the Communist Party. From the specific context of the research of social stratification, the sublation of alienation of labor and advocating the civilian culture practical philosophy, Karl Marx took the "uniform law" as the target of criticism, and he surmounted and innovated the "uniform law" from the criticism, then established the new social and political unity which is coincident with the form and content, and the interests of the most people. This legal thought of Karl Marx has important significance for guiding us to correctly understand the responsibility for the different levels of the subject to construct the "uniform law", based on the reality to establish "legal entity" of the interests of the people, to strengthen the construction of legal culture, rich the connotation of legal entity so as to realize the effective development of safeguarding individual human rights on the basis of the full development of universal human rights.


We have investigated the crystalline configuration of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) grown on hydrogen passivated Si(111) substrates by hot wall epitaxy. Coplanar and grazing incidence diffraction were used for determination of dot strain state and the vertical and lateral dimensions of the crystalline domain. A change in aspect ratio was observed as a function of dot size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that despite a mismatch of almost 20% the islands grow with a fairly good epitaxial orientation with respect to the Si(111) substrate. The dot mosaicity was also determined and was found to decrease with island size from 7° to about 4° for the samples studied, indicating an improvement in epitaxial quality even before the island coalescence. Careful observation of CdTe(22¯0) reflections in an azimuthal scan showed that an additional ensemble of islands is responsible for low-intensity peaks with a 30° symmetry besides the expected 60° symmetry. Transmission electron microscopy results have shown good accor...


On the reference tetrahedron $\widehat K$, we define three projection-based interpolation operators on $H^2(\widehat K)$, ${\mathbf H}^1(\widehat K,\operatorname{\mathbf{curl}})$, and ${\mathbf H}^1(\widehat K,\operatorname{div})$. These operators are projections onto space of polynomials, they have the commuting diagram property and feature the optimal convergence rate as the polynomial degree increases in $H^{1-s}(\widehat K)$, ${\mathbf H}^{-s}(\widehat K,\operatorname{\mathbf{curl}})$, ${\mathbf H}^{-s}(\widehat K,\operatorname{div})$ for $0 \leq s \leq 1$.


capital cities, while at the same time filling numerous research gaps for the experts. One recognizes the close mutuality between the individual branches of culture and between the structures of society in these two historical situations. Hanak analyzes conscientiously and keenly, possessing that capacity of empathy that makes for the historian's "touch." His richly contoured analysis of the cultural-intellectual function and significance of Vienna and Budapest would have merited more careful editing on the part of the Bohlau-Verlag. Lacking, for example, is the textual reference announced in the table of contents (page 243); in the name index, persons are missing (for example, Andriu Saguna, 107); some names are incorrect (Bibos instead of Bibo); some of the given names or annotations are missing (Wesselenyi, Ignotus, Hugo Veigelsberg). Never in his life did Karl Kraus write a book entitled, Der Untergang der Welt durch SCHWEREMagie (132). Some of the bibliographical references do not show the year of publication (48 n. 56), crossreferences are lacking (70); there are incorrect publication dates (95 n. 56). On the fourteen pages of the "Parallelaktion von 1848" alone, there are a total of eight typographical errors in the German text.


Abstract The daily production and life of human beings are inseparable from electricity. As the power supplier, electric power enterprises provide power demand for the majority of users. In the new era, electric power enterprises are also facing market-oriented reform. The focus of reform is electric power marketing. The formulation of electric power marketing strategy needs scientific decision-making analysis as guidance. With the increase of power demand, the scale of power grid is also expanding continuously. With the introduction of new energy equipment, the power system is becoming more and more complex, and it is difficult for relevant staff to effectively monitor and analyze the system. Combined with the above situation, this paper combined Bayesian network to build a power marketing decision analysis system, and combined Bayesian algorithm to test the power marketing real-time cost control system. The experimental results showed that the average judgment accuracy was 91.90 %, and the average warning time was 0.39 s. From the above data, it can be seen that this algorithm can play a good optimization effect on the performance of the system. In this paper, the elasticity test of the power system was also carried out from the aspect of wind speed, and the results showed that the maximum elasticity value can reach 0.94. It can be seen that the elasticity effect of the power system is good as a whole under different wind speeds.


Sporangia and zoospores of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans are characterized by a number of tubular cytoskeletal elements: Single and bundled cytoplasmic microtubules, arising from electron dense material at the centrioles, form a network inside the zoospores of the fungus. Nucleus‐associated microtubules surround the nucleus in a basket‐like manner. Spindle microtubules occurring during mitosis in zoosporangia are partially maintained from the late telophase till the zoospore stage. The pattern of flagellar microtubules is identical to that of the typical eukaryotic flagella. The bundles of 15 nm‐tubules observed in ER‐cisternae of zoosporangia and zoospores are similar to preformed mastigonemes of tinsel flagella because of their dimensions. Microtubules, flagellar fragments, and mastigonemes, similar in substructure to those of other lower and higher eukaryotes, have been isolated from zoospores of Phytophthora infestans by lysis in Triton X‐100 on microtubule‐stabilizing conditions.


Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been used in various applications such as air purification, water purification, and photoelectrochemical conversion systems. However, developing advanced materials with enhanced performance for catalytic applications, especially water treatment, is highly required. This work aims to study the effect of (TiO2) photocatalyst in pretreatment seawater desalination. The catalyst with a mass ratio of TiO2: palm oil fibre ash (POFA) at 0:100, 40:60, 60:40, and 100:0 was synthesized via wet impregnation. The catalyst was calcined at 500 ℃ for four hours. The mixture of artificial seawater and catalyst at a mass ratio of photocatalyst: artificial seawater at 1:300 was put in a one-litre borosilicate photo-reactor fixed with mercury light of 350 nm for two hours with stirring at 1000 rpm. In this investigation, an evaporator was used to collect the freshwater. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized via X-Ray Diffractogram (XRD), Nitrogen physisorption analysis, Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometer (DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The catalyst with Ti: palm oil fibre ash (POFA) at 40:60 and 60:40 can reduce the COD at 45 % and 41%, respectively. As more OPFA was added into the hybrid TiO2 catalyst, there has been a change in the properties of seawater due to the use of special evaporators, especially EC and TDS. It can be deduced that the hybrid TiO2 photocatalyst synthesized with OPFA has vast potential to treat seawater.


Objective To screen specific biomarkers and to develop a diagnostic model of breast cancer by SELDI-TOF MS. Methods SELDI-TOF MS and CM10 protein chips were used to detect the serum proteomic pattern of 35 samples from breast cancer and 53 matched controls,including 35 benign lesion of breast and 18 health adults. The data was automatically collected by Ciphergen Proteinchip software and analyzed by Ciphergen Biomaker Wizard and Biomarker Pattern software. Results About 59 protein peaks were detected by SELDI-TOF-MS between 3,000 and 30,000 m /z,among which 19 peaks were significantly different between breast cancer and controls( P 0. 01). Diagnostic model was developed by two protein peaks( M/Z 6636. 62 and 13889. 6) with classification accuracy of 94. 3%,sensitivity and specificity of 80. 0% and 71. 7%,respectively. Conclusion SELDI-TOF MS shows great potential in screening novel biomarkers,which may lay a foundation for rapid diagnosis of breast cancer.


Background: The adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia on auditory nerve (AN) development have been showed a significant functional consequence on auditory brainstem response (ABR). Aim of the work was to study the effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia on auditory system of newborn infant using otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). Subjects and Methods: 60 full term neonates were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: 30 newborn infants as a control group with maternal blood Hb >10.5 g/dL. Group 2: study group: 30 newborn infants with maternal blood Hb ≤ 10.5 g/dL and diagnosed as maternal iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Results: In transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) there was significant difference between the studied groups at frequency of 4000 Hz in both right and left ears. There was also significant difference between right and left ears as regard signal to noise ratio (SNR) and overall amplitude TEOAE at frequency of 2000Hz in control group and at 4000 Hz in study group. There was significant difference in study group between right and left ears as regard signal to noise ratio (SNR) distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) at frequencies 1409 with right ears showing a higher mean SNR than left ears. Conclusion: The peripheral auditory function, as tested by TEOAEs test, is affected in high frequency region of the cochlea in low ferritin babies while DPOAEs test was less sensitive in these patients for assessment of their cochlear function.


The paper deals with the problem of using tax reliefs in the taxation of personal property. At the example of the regions of the Ural federal district the author analyzed the budget's losses due to the given reliefs on personal property tax and calculated the potential size of tax deductions which may be granted under a new property tax bill.


The southernization of Christianity refers to the shift in world Christian population from traditionally Christian Western Europe and the North Americas (the "North") to the East and the southern hemisphere (the "South"). In the 1900s most of the world's Christians lived in Europe and North America, while today the majority of Christians live in the global South. This will increasingly be the case in the future, marking a rapid and dramatic change, largely determined by birth rates and immigration trends. The fact that the majority of Christian countries will no longer be in Western Europe but in the South, including Nigeria, Ethiopia, Brazil, and South Korea, will probably determine the structures, beliefs, and mores of a changed universal church. Europe will cease to be the traditional Christian center and the role of North America, though still dominant in terms of Christian numbers, will be greatly reduced. This entry sets out the demographics both positive and negative that support this shift, then gives a brief outline of theological and ethical implications for the emerging churches of the global South as well as for the once dominant churches of the North.

Keywords:

southernization of Christianity;
christians, in the global south;
China, from a brutal communist dictatorship;
demographic shift;
southernization of Christianity, continuing


OBJECTIVE- To study the etiology, severity, management and maternal and perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated with thrombocytopenia. METHODS- This is a prospective study conducted from Apr 1 st  2014 to Jan 31 st  2015 in the dept of O&G, MAMC and Lok Nayak Hospital. The history, etiology, severity, management and maternal and perinatal outcome of pregnant women with thrombocytopenia were noted. RESULTS -Hundred three women out of 4567 deliveries during the study period were diagnosed to have thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. Most of the cases were gestational thrombocytopenia (80%), hypertensive disorders (15%) & others (5%). Majority of cases(66.02%)were of moderate thrombocytopenia and only 10.68% cases had  severe thrombocytopenia.. Most of the cases(79.61%) have delivered after 40weeks of gestation. Most of the cases (96.11%) had vaginal delivery. Sixteen cases required 8 units of platelet transfusion till they discharged from hospital. Nintythree cases (90.29%) had no maternal complication. Six cases had PostPartumHemorrhage. Ninty cases had hospital stay of 8 days in the hospital. Nine cases had premature babies.Two cases had intrauterine death of the fetus and two cases had intrauterine growth restriction and 1 baby had developed birth asphyxia.


Anthriscus caucalis and Torilis nodosa are two newly emerged Apiaceae weeds in pyrethrum. Little information has been reported on the biology of flowering and seed development of these species. Anthriscus caucalis and T. nodosa were found to bear hermaphrodite flowers only, which were observed to be weakly protandrous. Both species were found to flower primarily in the spring period and were capable of producing a large number of seeds (> 2000 seeds plant -1 ). Anthriscus caucalis flowered predominantly earlier than T. nodosa and maturity and dispersal of seeds occurred between 10-12 weeks after flowering. In comparison T. nodosa seeds matured at a slightly slower rate, with seed maturity occurring at approximately 16 weeks after flowering. Seeds of T. nodosa were not dispersed freely following maturity and often remained attached in a compact inflorescence.


The development of websites and portals are main components of the e-Government strategy implementations for the last nine years in Ethiopia. However, services optimizations with usability and accessibility are key issues of Ethiopia e-Government services development. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this study is creation of usable, accessible and sustainable Ethiopian eGovernment websites with four stage of research analysis, through proposed model. The investigations results are used to provide a clear picture of what needs to be improves from management and user point of views and also from other stakeholders of e-Government services. This study applies mixed methods of data collection and analysis, that integrating quantitative and qualitative data, using questionnaires' and interviews to identify the key usability and accessibility issues of Ethiopia e-Government websites services. The data collection and analysis are primarily from management and users' point of views are analyzed and discussed and also interpretations of the data are presented using factor analysis and other analytical techniques. Afterward, expert based e-Government website evaluations are presented and discussed using heuristics evaluation principles'. Finally, automatics accessibility evaluation based on WCAG 2.1 guidelines using online WAVE Accessibility Tool assessment results are analyzed, presented and discussed.


The counting problem of perfect matching for general graphs is NP-hard. In this paper,with differentiation summation and re-nested recursive calculation different method which draw up two types of graphs are given the perfect matching number of explicit expression.The given method also is able to get the possible that the perfect graphs match with the counting of all perfect matching. σ(n) and g(n) are respectively represented in graphs 3-nC6,3and 2-nK3,3is the number of perfect matching. Prove the following conclusions:σ(n)=(3+3~(1/2))/6·(4+23~(1/2))n+(3-3~(1/2))/6·(4-23~(1/2))~n,g(n)=(41+5(41)~(1/2))/82·(7+)41)~(1/2)/2)~n+(41-5(41)~(1/2))/(82)·(7-(41)~(1/2)/2)~n。


A system for ensuring the convertibility of a currency into specified commodities is also, ipso facto, a system for stabilizing the prices of those commodities in terms of the currency in question. This connection is widely ignored in discussions of these two subjects, but it links the two specialised fields of monetary economics and commodity price stabilization tightly together. Unfortunately, despite much work on the topic spanning many decades, almost all such work is made within a single paradigm – that of establishing an international institution to stabilize commodity prices. However, for a number of reasons, no international agreement can achieve more than a very partial solution to this problem: most importantly it cannot directly stabilize more than a single currency, thereby losing the most fundamental benefit of a true solution for all but one of the participating countries. A different approach is therefore needed.


To timely,accurately and real-timely detect the stall of centrifugal fans,a method based on symmetrized dot pattern(SDP)and image matching was put forward.Gradual process experiments of rotating stall were conducted on a G4-73 No.8Dcentrifugal fan to collect the gas dynamic pressure signals coming from inner wall of the fan casing,which were subsequently converted into SDP images by SDP analysis,thus the SDP image templates under normal and stall operation state were established.Pressure signals from 80 sampling points were converted into SDP images,and then matched with the image templates to detect the stall;the steps were repeated for every 16 sampling points until the fan operating from normal state to rotating stall.To verify the accuracy of this method,the tested signals were analyzed off-line by wavelet transform to detect the starting point of rotating stall.Results show that via this method,the starting point of weak rotating stall could be detected within 0.35 s,while that of strong rotating stall could be detected within 0.05 s.


To cultivate high-quality medical talents, given the problems in the biochemistry teaching at basic medicine colleges, a flipped classroom teaching model is established based on PBL and multimedia technology through WeChat public platform and virtual simulation experiment platform, to improve the enthusiasm of students in learning, improve the teaching effect, and blaze a new trail for the reform of medical experimental education.


A machine tool including a numerical controller with a function to determine a replacement time for a maintenance component. A controller for a machine tool outputs an operation instruction signal to the machine tool. The machine tool transmits a signal indicating that the instructed operation is complete. The controller determines a response time of operation to be a difference in time between a point in time when the numerical controller outputs an operation instruction signal and a point in time when the numerical controller receives a signal from the machine tool. When the response time of operation exceeds a preset value, the numerical controller determines that a corresponding maintenance component needs to be replaced and informs a user of the need for replacement by means of a display unit.


Objective High-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) treatment of liver cancer care methods to improve the therapeutic effect.Methods Retrospective analysis of 46 cases of liver cancer using HIFU treatment of clinical data of its methods of care and experience.Results After HIFU treatment and care throughout,after a period MRI,CT and color Doppler examination,tumor volume was significantly reduced,blood supply decreased or disappeared,no significant adverse reactions.Conclusion High-intensity focused ultrasound treatment Liver cancer is the clinical treatment of a noninvasive new method,with less trauma and pain,before treatment and after treatment in the full care,treatment is more ideal.


The proliferation of optical fibers into modern society during the lat decade has been concentrating primarily on telecommunication systems. The papers contained in this book were presented at the symposium on optical waveguide materials. Topics covered included: Processing and ionizing radiation-induced defects in silica-based fibers; Photo-induced permanent gratings and second harmonic generation in germanosilicate and rare earth doped fibers and glasses; Mechanical strength of silica fiber; Processing of heavy metal oxide, halide and chalcogenide glass fibers for mid-infrared applications; Optical properties and characterization of a variety of Er{sup 3+} doped glasses and fibers for optical amplification at 1.55{mu}m and Pr{sup 3+}, Nd{sup 3+} doped glasses and transition metal doped crystals for 1.3{mu}m amplification; Synthesis and properties of polymeric and inorganic thin films for passive and active planar waveguides; Synthesis and properties of doped LiNbO{sub 3} waveguides for nonlinear applications; Synthesis of inorganic, silicon optical bench based planar waveguide structures; and Ion implantation for the fabrication of passive and active (amplifying and switching) thin films waveguides.


In the present paper we propose to define the ) n D and ) n ( 1 , ) n ( A Φ Ξ Ψ functions of matrix arguments. In continuation of our previous studies [12, 13], we intend to prove five results in this paper one for the Kampé de Fériet function 2 ; 2 : 1 1 ; 1 : 1 F and one each for the four Lauricella functions ) n ( D F and ) n ( C F , ) n ( B F , ) n ( A F of matrix arguments, using some of the definitions of Mathai [4]. * Department of Mathematics, Municipal Post Graduate College, Mussoorie, Dehradun (Uttaranchal), India, 248179. ** To whom all the correspondence may be address


The sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius alter buoyancy (lift from the swim bladder) in the field primarily in response to changes in water velocity. Potential adjustment is extensive and is only realized when fish are exposed to current for several days. Buoyancy measured on fish from the field showed an inverse relationship with water velocity and temperature. Buoyancy was also highest in fish living among vegetation. However, vegetation was restricted to still water or areas of very low velocity. In the laboratory, water temperature affected buoyancy of C. inconstans in current only; there, at 6 °C, buoyancy was greater than at higher temperatures. In the field an unknown factor(s), dependent on temperature, affects buoyancy. An inverse relationship was found between buoyancy and water velocity in the laboratory, and adjustment of buoyancy was slow. The time required for buoyancy to decrease from maximum to minimum levels was 4 and 7 d for P. pungitius and C. inconstans, respectively....


* Introduction and Overview Basic Group Processes * The Experience of Group Membership * Group Influence Group Performance And Interaction * Group Decisionmaking * Social Facilitation * Social Motivation Losses * Social Dilemmas Specific Types Of Groups * Groups in the Workplace * Juries * Computer-Based Groups * Unique Groups * Future Directions in Group Research Summary


To explore the influence of gap nonlinearity on machining error in CNC machine tool servo system,the gap nonlinearity is analyzed,and its mathematical expression is presented.The mathematical model of two-axis servo system with gap nonlinearity is established.The Servo system is simulated with circular interpolation results as feed instructions.The gap nonlinearity expression and servo system model are verified by analyzing response characteristics of each node in servo system.The results show:The expression accurately describes gap nonlinearity,the mechanism of contours features and error distribution on circular work-piece are explained by this means,and it can be used to forecast errors as the theoretical basis in the actual processing.


The aim of the present work was to extract the seed fat of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) for developing nanostructured lipid carriers. Effect of material: solvent ratio and material size time on fat content were investigated. Nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared by melt-emulsification technique. Stearic acid (SA) and the rambutan seed fat (RF) was used as solid and liquid lipid, respectively. Surfactant was Tween 20 as well as Vitamin E was entrapment chemical. Effect of surfactant concentration on formation and stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) was investigated. At higher surfactant concentrations, NLC had smaller particle size and better stability of nanoparticles. At the optimal concentration of Tween 20 (5% w/w), NLC had a mean particle diameter of 139.43 ± 1.15 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.165 ± 0.017. Zeta potential was above 30 mV.


In the September Number of this Magazine, Mr. H. Keeping impugns the accuracy of my father's view as to the shell-bed at Meadend, which it seems has now disappeared; and says that it was a slipped mass from a bed which, by digging, he found in situ higher up the cliff slope, "close under the gravel with all the Lower Headon Freshwater beds below it"; adding "that he wishes to be distinctly understood to maintain that it is the marine Middle Headon of the Geological Survey, and equivalent to the Middle Headon of Colwell bay, Headon hill, Whitecliff bay, and Brockenhurst in the New Forest." As I am the only survivor of those who in 1843 worked at this bed, and upon whose discoveries in it my father's description of it was based, I wish to put on record the facrs at that time, and vindicate my father's accuracy.