SUMMARY

The historian assumes the obligation to make a synthesis of all of man's activities and has therefore a larger responsability than the social scientists in their various fields of knowledge. It is difficult to identify a social science approach to history or a distinctive social science method or procedure. At least the report of the Committee on Historiography which contains a lengthy discussion of the proper method in the social sciences does not successfully differentiate it from the method of the so-called exact sciences. One of the serious problems confronting the historian is how to acquire the best current knowledge available in the social sciences. Indeed to do so necessitates learning the technical languages which have been developed in these complex and rapidly expanding fields of knowledge, especially since one of the languages now regularly employed is mathematics on a higher level than is normally reached by historians. There also remains the more fundamental problem of whether or not the findings and procedures in one highly developed branch of knowledge can be fruitfully or justifiably applied in another field. Disastrous examples to the contrary are easy to locate.

Two types of historical problem on which the historian needs and would welcome assistance from the social scientist are (I) what has been the effect in history of the change in psychological experience that occurred when so large a proportion of the population grew up in a one or two child family instead of a five or six child family? (2) What are the changes in political and social history resulting from the fact that so large a proportion of the population are now employees instead of being independent economic units? The danger of social science history is that if abused or distorted it may dehumanize history. There is poetry in life. And the history, or science, that omits the poetry from life is both untrue and dangerous.


LNG is the preferred solution to meet environmental requirement and a great market growth is expected within few years. Lack of suitable infrastructure, regulation and bunkering practices poses challenges to the industry, however these barriers are currently being broken. Connect-LNG is in a conceptual phase of developing an innovative solution for LNG distribution and bunkering at inshore locations. A study of industry legislatives, normal industry practice, LNG properties and historical accident statistics, provided the basis needed to perform a HAZID of the concept. LNG is considered a hazardous cargo. The main hazards are identified as: ? Cryogenic temperatures (injury to people and to non cryogenic materials) ? Fire, explosion or asphyxiation from potential LNG spillage ? Overpressure (thermal expansion and shock waves from potential Raphid Phase Transition (RPT) The main regulation related to the concept is ISO Interim TS 18683 - Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships, which is expected to enter into force during 2013. Additionally, NS-EN ISO 28460 Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas ? Ship to shore interface and port operations and NS-EN1473 European Norm for Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas- Design of onshore Installation have shown high degree of relevance. Also, legislatives related to Ship-to-ship transfer are considered highly relevant. Safety requirements are generally imposed by the established regulates yielding large-scale LNG handling. However, the brutality of the consequences is often proportional to the quantity LNG handled, inherent safety. Thus for medium-to-small scale LNG facilities, the consequences of an unwanted event is assumed to be smaller. The following national regulative acts are important for the validation and responsibility decision between the relevant authorities: DSB topical guidelines, Major Accident regulations, The regulation of Fairways, The Port and Harbor Act. The authorities area of responsibility can be summarized in the following table: Authority Responsibility DNV LNG - carrier design approval The Norwegian Maritime Directorate LNG - carrier operation and crew safety DSB - Decisive power, approval of onshore facility and formal decision unit in the future. Inquire municipal authorities and public perception Kystverket - Adequate safety in LNG carrier approaching area, ISPS Certification and piloting service Municipal authorities - Decisive power Local port authorities - Decisive power, commonly landholder Operator (Skagerak Naturgass) - Responsible for safe operation, sufficient maintenance of facility according to given regulation The conceivable safety distance for operation of the reel LNG can be summarized in the following table. Safety zone Distance Onshore, around LNG storage tank: 25 meters At sea, around the loading LNGC and buoy configuration: 50 meters At sea, around the filling line: 12,5 meters The main, required inbound systems are listed below: - ESD valve on buoy (Hydraulically self-contained) - Breakoff coupling in the light loading hose - QC/QD coupling towards the shipside - Butterfly valves for normal operational control (open/close) - Hose rupture safeguarding (to be located onshore) - Riser annulus monitoring: Optical fibers The results from the HAZID and from general industry feedback recommend a self-reliant system. This implies a further inherent operational execution and the requirements related to a minimum of manning at the onshore facility are maintained.


An argon–xenon (Ar/Xe) plasma is used as a model system for complex plasmas. Based on this system, symmetric low-pressure capacitively coupled radiofrequency discharges are examined utilizing particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions simulations. In addition to the simulation, an analytical energy balance model fed with the simulation data is applied to analyze the findings further. This work focuses on investigating the ion dynamics in a plasma with two ion species and a gas mixture as background. By varying the gas composition and driving voltage of the single-frequency discharge, fundamental mechanics of the discharge, such as the evolution of the plasma density and the energy dispersion, are discussed. Thereby, close attention is paid to these measures' influence on the ion energy distribution functions at the electrode surfaces. The results show that both the gas composition and the driving voltage can significantly impact the ion dynamics. The mixing ratio of argon to xenon allows for shifting the distribution function for one ion species from collisionless to collision dominated. The mixing ratio serves as a control parameter for the ion flux and the impingement energy of ions at the surfaces. Additionally, a synergy effect between the ionization of argon and the ionization of xenon is found and discussed.


Abstract : Modifications to an existing computer program are described, which can determine the composition yielding maximum impulse for multi-compoent propellant mixtures subject to both equality and inequality constraints on the components. The program is coded for up to eight components; the capability extends to ten components. The final report contains the mathematical formulation of the problem and describes the procedures used for the optimization process with the modifications indicated. In addition, instructions for the use of the program and the program flow charts are included. (Author)


[1] Peter Niiler, great friend, valued colleague, and AGU Fellow since 1986, will be remembered for his scientific achievements and as one of the most colorful physical oceanographers of his generation. Indeed, the Tropic Heat experiment's colors of mauve on pink, complete with Peter's matching ensemble, remain a vivid memory of that otherwise orthodox 1980s program championed by Peter to target equatorial Pacific mixing. Peter always sought understanding: to get things right for the right reason. Therefore, he held a healthy skepticism of numerical modeling and remote sensing, while utilizing both satellites and his own brand of diagnostic modeling. Peter's science motives were noble and would lead him to fight the good fight when necessary, especially when advocating his views on the Gulf Stream path, trapped inertial currents, heat and vorticity balances, and other subjects evoking his passion.


The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of organizational communication on group cohesiveness and turnover intention of hotel employees. Data were collected from employees of deluxe hotels located in Seoul, Korea. Based on the collected data, hypotheses were examined by using multiple and mediating regression analysis. The results are summarized as follows. First, the upward and horizontal communication among official communication and unofficial communication have positive effects on group cohesiveness. Second, the horizontal communication of official communication and unofficial communication have negative effects on turnover intention. Third, the group cohesiveness has a negative effect on turnover intention. Additionally, group cohesiveness has a mediating role between unofficial communication and turnover intention. In conclusion, the strategic system for upward and horizontal communication and unofficial communication needs to strengthen the group cohesiveness of hotel employees. The various systems for horizontal communication of official communication and unofficial communication needs to decrease the turnover intention of hotel employees. And the continuous system for high group cohesiveness needs to decrease the turnover intention of hotel employees. Also, the system for high group cohesiveness needs to decrease turnover intention in the process between unofficial communication and turnover intention of hotel employees.


Abstract This paper reviews the historic relationship between the explicit market price of water entitlements and the implicit value of water when attached to land. Hedonic functions are applied to 246 farm sales during 2001–02 in the Greater Shepparton, Campaspe and Moira areas of northern Victoria in order to establish the implicit value of water. These implicit values are then compared to explicit prices paid for water entitlements during the same period. A longitudinal analysis of this relationship is then conducted based on a similar analysis from the same region during the 1991–93 and 1994–96 periods.It was found that during the early to mid 1990's, the explicit price of water entitlements lagged implicit values as farmers sold unused water which would not compromise the productive capacity of their farms. In 1997, events occurred to push the explicit price above the implicit value during the 1994–96 period. From mid 2002, following a prolonged and increasingly intense drought, the explicit price of water entitlements significantly exceeded the implicit value of water. This caused an increase in the number of land transactions, with many purchasers subsequently selling the attached water entitlements in order to profit from the emerging price gap.


This article refl ects critically on a number of works which consider immigrant inclusion processes from perspectives which view groups of immigrants as cultural minorities defi ned by their collective identities. In contrast to such perspectives, it proposes a conceptualisation of these cultural groups as structural social groups, and their construction will therefore be explained as arising from a similar position on social axes of disadvantage, through structural social processes of inequality, such as systemic racism, the division of labour, or the process of normalization. Finally, a gender perspective is included in order to explain relational processes of the social structure generated specifi cally by motives of gender which, nonetheless, tend to be rendered invisible not only in theoretical debates, but also in political discussions concerning immigrant inclusion policies.


The Apocalypse closes . . . with the symbol of the hieros gamos, the marriage of the son with the mother-bride. . . . Only in the last days will the vision of the sun-woman be fulfilled. In recognition of this truth, and evidently inspired by the workings of the Holy Ghost, the Pope has recently announced the dogma of the Assumptio Mariae, very much to the astonishment of all rationalists. Mary as the bride is united with the son in the heavenly bride-chamber, and, as Sophia, with the Godhead.


This paper mainly researches Lahu's traditional sports culture from the perspective of cultural ecology and analyzes the characteristics of Lahu's traditional sports culture, and analyzes the characteristics of Lahu's traditional sports culture from three aspects: natural ecological environment, social ecological environment and spiritual ecology. What' more, Lahu' traditional sports culture is not only a concrete expression of Lahu's production form and life style or a symbol of Lahu's religious culture, but also an important embodiment of the nationality, which is an important part in protecting the Lahu nationality. Therefore, this paper also puts for-ward some suggestions on the inheritance and development of Lahu's traditional sports culture on this basis.


The online stochastic matching problem is a variant of online bipartite matching in which edges are labeled with probabilities. A match will "succeed" with the probability along that edge; this models, for instance, the click of a user in search advertisement. The goal is to maximize the expected number of successful matches. This problem was introduced by Mehta and Panigrahi (FOCS 2012), who focused on the case where all probabilities in the graph are equal. They gave a 0.567-competitive algorithm for vanishing probabilities, relative to a natural benchmark, leaving the general case as an open question.

This paper examines the general case where the probabilities may be unequal. We take a new algorithmic approach rather than generalizing that of Mehta and Panigrahi: Our algorithm maintains, at each time, the probability that each offline vertex has succeeded thus far, and chooses assignments so as to maximize marginal contributions to these probabilities. When the algorithm does not observe the realizations of the edges, this approach gives a 0.5-competitive algorithm, which achieves the known upper bound for such "non-adaptive" algorithms. We then modify this approach to be "semi-adaptive:" if the chosen target has already succeeded, choose the arrival's "second choice" instead (while still updating the probabilities non-adaptively). With one additional tweak to control the analysis, we show that this algorithm achieves a competitive ratio of 0.534 for the unequal, vanishing probabilities setting. A "fully-adaptive" version of this algorithm turns out to be identical to an algorithm proposed, but not analyzed, in Mehta and Panigrahi (2012); we do not manage to analyze it either since it introduces too many dependencies between the stochastic processes. Our semi-adaptive algorithm thus can be seen as allowing analysis of competitive ratio while still capturing the power of adaptivity.


(1.3) COROLLARY. If n # 4, 7, and f: Sn-1 )En is a differentiable imbedding of the sphere in euclidean space, then the closure C of the bounded component of En f (Sn-1) is diffeomorphic to D". The second corollary is a strong version of the differentiable Schoenflies problem, n i 4, 7. Mazur's theorem [3] had already implied that C was homeomorphic to Dn. Two abelian groups, Fn and An, studied by Milnor [4], Munkres [6], and Thom [8], have been found to be important in the theory of differentiable structures on manifolds. The group rn is the group of diffeomorphisms of Sn-1 modulo those which can be extended to DI. It has been identified with the set of differentiable structures on SI compatible with the standard triangulation of Sn (see GPC for more details and references for all these things discussed in the Introduction). The group An is the group of those differentiable structures on Sn which, minus a point, are diffeomorphic to En. In GPC it was proved that An, n # 4 is the group of all differentiable structures on SI. On the other hand a group fJCn of homotopy spheres of dimension n under "J-equivalence" has been studied by Kervaire and Milnor [2]. They have shown Mn is finite, n ? 3, and have computed the order of MI, 3 < n ? 15.


The compound (HRU{sub 3}(CO){sub 10}({mu}-COBH{sub 2}NMe{sub 3})) (1) has been obtained as a minor product from the reaction of Ru{sub 3}(CO){sub 12-x}(NCMe){sub x} (x = 1, 2) either with THF{center dot}BH{sub 3} in the presence of NMe{sub 3} or directly with Me{sub 3}N{center dot}BH{sub 3}. The second boron-containing product is proposed from spectroscopic data to be (Ru{sub 6}(CO){sub 17}B) (HNMe{sub 3}). The structure of 1 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography: monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/c, a = 14.938 (2) {angstrom}, b = 9.153 (1) {angstrom}, c = 16.872 (1) {angstrom}, {beta} = 100.66 (1){degree}, V = 2267 {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 4, R{sub F} = 2.44%. In 1, the (HRu{sub 3}(CO){sub 10}({mu}-CO)){sup {minus}} anion formally functions as a base toward the borane; the observed bond length of the cluster {mu}-CO group (1.262 (4) {angstrom}) in 1 is longer than that of the corresponding bond in (HRu{sub 3}{sup {minus}} (CO){sub 10}({mu}-CO)){sup {minus}}.


: Gloves are very important evidence at a crime scene; specifically, rubber gloves can be found easily at homes. Therefore, crime scene investigators attempt to develop fingerprints inside the rubber gloves that are discovered, for identifying unknown suspects. This study compared the effectiveness of three different methods that are used for developing latent prints on gloves with aging time. These were the powder, cyanoacrylate fuming, and multi-metal deposition I methods. The powder method achieved good results for 1–3 days of aged prints, and the cyanoacrylate fuming method worked well on 2-week-old prints. In comparison, multi-metal deposition I method developed good quality fingerprints for 6 weeks of aging time.


BACKGROUND:Birth weight is one of the most important
health factors to consider during labor because it will
affect the mortality and the morbidity of both the
mother and the fetus. Predicting the birth weight
accurately prior to delivery enables the obstetrician
to prevent any unwanted complication that may occur by
allowing them to choose appropriate route of delivery.
There is no method for directly measuring the birth
weight of the fetus in the uterus of the mother.
However, clinicians may estimate the weight of the
fetus by measuring the biophysical profile of the fetus
and physical changes of the pregnant mother. The two
methods usually used to estimate the birth weight are
ultrasonography and measuring the fundal height of the
mother.
AIM: The purpose of this study is to compare the
accuracy of Risanto�s formula and ultrasonography to
predict the fetal birth weight in full term pregnancies
to determine if Risanto�s formula is suitable as a
replacement for ultrasonography in Indonesia.
METHOD: This study employs a cross-sectonal design to
compare the accuracy of EFW Risanto and Ultrasonography
in gestational age between 37-42 weeks. EFW
Ultrasonography is estimated by Hadlock rule. Actual
birth weight is calculated by calibrated fetal weighing
machine. The differences between actual birth weight
and EFW Risanto and EFW Ultrasonography are calculated.
Paired T-Test is used to evaluate the significance of
EFW Risanto and EFW Ultrasonography.
RESULT: I� Mean shown the negative value which means
that the I� mean of Risanto formula (151.4grams) was
smaller compared to the mean of I� mean of
Ultrasonography (179.1 grams), and their difference is
27.8 grams. However, the p-value is 0.082. So there is
no statistically significant correlation between
Risanto formula and Ultrasonography to predict fetal
birth weight.
CONCLUSION: There is no statistically significance
between Risanto formula and Ultrasonography to predict
fetal birth weight. Risanto formula is not superior
than Ultrasonography or vise-versa.


Porous nano TiO2 film was prepared by a sol-gel dip-coating technology from alkoxide solutions containing polyethylene glycol(PEG).By analysis of XRD and efficiency of degradation of NO,the influences of PEG relative molecular mass and content,temperature,time of coating on activity were discussed.In addition,the activities before and after regeneration were examined.The results show that PEG with relative molecular mass 1 000 is a proper template to prepare porous film.The optimal mass fraction of PEG is 0.5% in the sol.The optimal heat treatment temperature is about 450 ℃,and the optimal coating times is 16.NaOH solution can yield more stable photocatalytic ability of the film after regeneration than distilled water.


"Quality is Free": A Comparative Study of Attitudes in the U.S. and Japan American manufacturing has been criticized for its adherence to economic conformance ideas that allow the acceptance of defects in purchased supplies and components. It has frequently been argued that this adherence is a major factor in losing the competitive edge with Japan. This study provides empirical data showing the extent to which U.S. manufacturing managers have adopted "quality is free" ideas--and how they compare with Japanese manufacturing managers. The article uses these data to derive implications for the U.S. purchasing function in the 1990s. It is widely accepted that there are principally two sets of beliefs about quality. One suggests that quality is free, at least in the long run;[1] the other suggests that quality is costly.[2] "Quality is free" philosophies indicate that it always pays to pursue the "last grain of rice" in a continuous quest for perfection, while "quality is costly" philosophies focus on a balance of prevention and failure costs at a cost minimizing economic conformance level (ECL). Quality is free philosophies have been said to be the modus operandi of Japanese operations managers, while quality is costly philosophies are claimed to be the basis for the management of quality in the United States.[3] The prevalence of economic conformance ideas in U.S. manufacturing has been widely criticized, and often they have been identified as a major factor in the loss of the competitive edge in manufacturing vis-a-vis Japan.[4] This debate emphasizes the importance of purchasing policies, since the quality of purchased materials and components has a compounding effect as products move through a variety of stages during manufacturing.[5] Manufacturing managers who are proponents of quality is free philosophies pursue a "zero-defect" environment. Purchasing, therefore, is expected to procure components of sufficient quality to make the pursuit of this goal possible. The importance of purchasing is further highlighted by the strategic importance of aiming for perfect quality in manufacturing. Improved quality has been shown to have a favorable impact on a company's competitive position by: * improving productivity and cost[6] * allowing favorable positioning in a quality conscious market[7] * fostering learning and problem solving skills of the workforce as a consequence of identifying and solving quality problems[8] * attaining a quality environment that is suitable to the implementation of J.I.T. production[9] A quality is free philosophy requires a high degree of involvement of the purchasing manager in evaluating and managing supplier quality. In this environment, the purchasing function is elevated to a somewhat higher level of strategic significance compared with a traditional quality is costly environment. Purchasing in a quality is free environment is also characterized by a much higher degree of technical complexity. This results from close interaction with suppliers on issues encompassing design engineering, the evaluation of process capabilities, statistical process control, training, and quality documentation. Since quality philosophies are a powerful indicator of how the purchasing function will develop in the future, the purchasing profession needs empirical data to determine the extent to which these quality is free philosophies are currently held in the U.S. The purpose of this study is to provide this type of evidence, and to compare it with the current attitudes in Japan. Before the results of the study are discussed, however, it is necessary to sketch briefly the conceptual foundations on which the philosophies are based. "QUALITY IS FREE" VS. "QUALITY IS COSTLY" The economic conformance level model (ECL) is well known and has been accepted for years in American industry. …


The utility model provides a radiating passage device and a blade server adopting the same. The radiating passage device comprises a front-rear through casing (4) and a plurality of longitudinal clapboards (8) arranged in an upper chamber, wherein the casing (4) is provided with the upper chamber and a lower chamber separated by a transverse clapboard (6); each of the longitudinal clapboards (8) is fixedly connected with an upper lateral plate of the casing (4) and the transverse clapboard (6); and all the longitudinal clapboards (8) are provided with first through holes (81), the upper chamber is provided with a plurality of compartments (42) separated by the plurality of longitudinal clapboards (8), each one of the compartments (42) forms an air duct, and each two adjacent air ducts are communicated through the first through hole (81). As the plurality of air ducts are formed in the casing, and the air inlet of each air duct is communicated with the air outlet of any one air duct, through any combinations of the air ducts, the radiating passage device and the blade server adopting the same can effectively radiate the heating source.


Herein we demonstrate for the first time a rapid and efficient method for the synthesis of aryl sulfides by the direct substitution reaction of aromatic thiols with aryl halides using water as solvent under microwave irradiation. This procedure offers a high yield in shorter reaction time as compared to conventional methods.


The types of interaction problem that are amenable to other than ad hoc treatment are limited to those involving separable fissile systems. All methods of calculation must take into account either explicitly or by implication two fundamental properties of such an array: (1) the extent to which the individual systems are able to multiply neutrons and (2) the extent to which the neutrons emitted by the various systems are reflected back or impinge on other systems in the array, thus avoiding loss by escape or absorption in the intervening media. Most methods deal with well-defined arrays in which the bodies are fixed in their relative position one to another and the density and composition of moderating and reflecting material can be defined fairly precisely; for example, chemical plant where the relative positions of vessels and their most reactive loading can be specified with some confidence.


Comparative karyomorphological analysis of 21 types belonging to nine species of Capsicum revealed conspicuous intra- as also inter-specific variations. All types had 2n=24 chromosomes though they differ in the number of SAT-chromosomes. Total length of the complement was maximum in pubescens and minimum in testiculatum. Difference in longest and shortest chromosomes of a complement was highest in pendulum. Number of homobrachial chromosomes was more in wild and semiwild species whereas in cultivated species heterobrachial chromosomes were relatively more. Overall consideration of these observations suggests relatively symmetrical karyotypes in wild and semiwild species probably due to highly restricted distribution within the narrow ranges around centre of origin. On the contrary, cultivated species cover extensive areas and wide ranges of ecological habitats, resulting in relatively asymmetrical karyotypes.


Previous attempts to heterotopically autograft parts of liver were reviewed. This review suggested that both adequate bile drainage and adequate blood flow were necessary for successful autografting of hepatic tissue. A two-stage procedure for the subcutaneous autotransplantation of the median lobe of the rat's liver by pedicle transfer was modified from Seneviratne's procedure. The modified technic, which separated the graft from the hepatic blood supply but preserved the bile drainage pathway, resulted in preservation of one-fourth to one-third of the mass of the median lobe with relatively normal structure and function for at least 1 year. This study demonstrated that hepatocytes in autografts could be maintained with normal relationship to bile ducts in the absence of portal blood, if collateral blood supply and biliary drainage were competent. Potential uses of partial autografts of liver for studying certain aspects of hepatic physiology were indicated.


This work was funded by grants CGL2010-18602 and CGL2015-66192-R from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (European funds FEDER), 020/2008 Spanish Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales and P12-RNM-1521 from Junta de Andalucia (European funds FEDER)


The titration pressure of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an important issue for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study was to understand the impact of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)-guided CPAP pressure and doctor-guided CPAP pressure on patients with OSA.

 In this randomized controlled single-blinded crossover trial, we compared the effects of 1 month CPAP treatment on patients with OSA. Twenty-four patients with OSA were recruited and completed this study. They all underwent polysomnography, DISE-guided CPAP titration and accommodation. Doctor-guided CPAP pressure was determined before DISE. Patients were randomly assigned to receive DISE-guided or Doctor-guided CPAP pressure treatment for 1 month. Then, they switched to another CPAP pressure for another 1 month. Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) will be recorded at baseline, 1 month and 2 months.

 The DISE-guided CPAP pressure and Doctor-guided CPAP pressure had no significant difference (13.9±0.7 cm H2O vs 13.5±0.5 cm H2O; P=0.92). In addition, residual AHI and compliance were also no significant difference between two groups. The ESS was significantly improved from baseline to 1 month CPAP treatment in both groups. Epiglottis (anterior-posterior collapse) was significant associated with AHI (P < 0.001, by Spearman correlation). Both Epiglottis (anterior-posterior collapse) and tongue base collapse were significant associated with 95% CPAP pressure (P = 0.031 and 0.038). After multivariate regression analyses, epiglottis (anterior-posterior collapse) is the independent factor for 95% CPAP pressure.

 The DISE-guided CPAP pressure and Doctor-guided CPAP pressure had no significant difference on the improvement of ESS. Epiglottis (anterior-posterior collapse) is the independent factor for AHI and 95% CPAP pressure.

 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University


Afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) from the hippocampal formation and from midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons have been implicated in the cognitive and adaptive functions of this cortical region. In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of hippocampal terminals, as well as their relation to DA terminals within the PFC of adult rats. Hippocampal afferents were labeled either by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) from the ventral hippocampal formation or by anterograde degeneration following fimbria lesion. Hippocampal terminals in the PFC, identified by either method, formed primarily asymmetric axospinous synapses, with a small percentage forming asymmetric axodendritic synapses. Dopamine terminals in the PFC were identified by peroxidase immunocytochemistry for either tyrosine hydroxylase or DA and formed primarily symmetric synapses onto dendritic spines and small caliber dendritic shafts. Spines that received symmetric synaptic contact from DA terminals invariably also received an asymmetric synapse from an unlabeled terminal, forming a triadic complex. Hippocampal and DA terminals in the PFC were not often observed in the same area of the neuropil, and no examples of convergence of hippocampal and DA terminals onto common postsynaptic targets were observed. Further analysis revealed that spines receiving synaptic contact from hippocampal terminals did not receive additional synaptic contact from any other source. However, when localized to the same area of the neuropil, hippocampal and DA terminals were often in direct apposition to one another, without forming axo‐axonic synapses. These results suggest that 1) hippocampal terminals primarily form excitatory synapses onto spiny pyramidal neurons, 2) hippocampal afferents are unlikely to be synaptically modulated by DA or non‐DA terminals at the level of the dendritic spine, and 3) appositions between hippocampal and DA terminals may facilitate presynaptic interactions between these afferents to the PFC. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


It is shown that the Lauricella functions FD in n variables transform as basis vectors corresponding to irreducible representations of the Lie algebra sl(n+3,C). Group representation theory can then be applied to derive addition theorems, transformation formulas, and generating functions for the FD. It is clear from this analysis that the use of SL(m,C) symmetry in atomic and elementary particle physics will lead inevitably to the remarkable functions FD.


We generalize the hierarchical equations of motion method to study electron transport through a quantum dot or molecule coupled to one-dimensional interacting leads that can be described as Luttinger liquids. Such leads can be realized, for example, by quantum wires or fractional quantum Hall edge states. In comparison to noninteracting metallic leads, Luttinger liquid leads involve many-body correlations and the single-particle tunneling density of states shows a power-law singularity at the chemical potential. Using the generalized hierarchical equations of motion method, we assess the importance of the singularity and the next-to-leading order many-body correlations. To this end, we compare numerically converged results with second and first-order results of the hybridization expansion that is inherent to our method. As a test case, we study transport through a single-level quantum dot or molecule that can be described by an Anderson impurity model. Cotunneling effects turn out to be most pronounced for attractive interactions in the leads or repulsive ones if an excitonic coupling between the dot and the leads is realized. We also find that an interaction-induced negative differential conductance near the Coulomb blockade thresholds is slightly suppressed as compared to a first-order and/or rate equation result. Moreover, we find that the two-particle ($n$-particle) correlations enter as a second-order ($n$-order) effect and are, thus, not very pronounced at the high temperatures and parameters that we consider.


In many countries national bodies (usually the Ministry of Health) oversee and recommend vaccinations of the population. In the US the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine vaccination to prevent 17 preventable diseases that occur in infants, children, adolescents or adults (1). In most countries there does not exist any mandatory vaccination laws and the decision to vaccinate usually falls on the parents, who have to decide on behalf of their children. In the US all states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools and usually children must be vaccinated against mumps, measles, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and polio. There are medical exemptions to vaccinations and most states permit religious exemptions and some allow exemption for philosophical reasons. In the twentieth century one of the effects of improvements in public health has been an increased life expectancy in the developed world. One of the 10 greatest achievements has been the vaccination coverage, which in effect has resulted in the longer and healthier life (1, 2). Diseases that 50 to 100 years ago killed millions of people are now avoided due to vaccination. There are pro and cons to vaccinations, which are not without risks, but public health professionals believe that the benefits far outweigh the risks. Opponents argue that the human immune system can deal with most infections and that natural immunity should be allowed to develop except where the side-effects are so serious that children are endangered. Varicella or chicken pox is usually a self-limited disease and vaccination has been provided since the mid1990s, but a recent case (3) provides food for thought. The introduction of the vaccination has resulted in substantially decreased incidence, hospitalizations and deaths in many countries. The case report (3) describes a varicella death in an unvaccinated, previously healthy 15-year-old adolescent, which was found on a routine review of vital statistics records. On March 12, 2009, the adolescent girl was admitted to a hospital with a 3-days' history of a rash consistent with varicella and a 1-day history of fever and shortness of breath. She was started on intravenous acyclovir (on day 4 of illness) and broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungals, but she died 3 weeks later. The source of exposure was unknown and she had previously received four doses of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, one dose of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, but lived in a community with low rates of varicella vaccination and she was generally healthy. This case should remind us of the importance of catch-up vaccination of older children and adolescents to prevent varicella and serious complications later in life.


The existing literature contextualizes China's suburban growth with market-oriented reform and emphasizes the role of local entrepreneurial government. However, studies on the demand-based factors are still lacking. Drawing upon a random survey undertaken in Songjiang, an outer suburban district of Shanghai, this paper investigates the demand-side driving forces of suburban growth in China: Ie, who the suburban residents are, what has driven them to move to the suburbs, and how their differences have shaped suburban space. With local natives, residents from central districts and migrants from other places as their major resident groups, Chinese suburbs illustrate a case where diverse population and types of development are juxtaposed. While migrants have flocked to the suburbs for employment opportunities, the residential moves of the other two groups, even though in some cases involuntary, are more likely to be associated with consumption considerations. Notably, alongside the emergence of single-family villas and gated communities, the pursuit of suburban living ideals has begun to play a role in China, though it is confined to only a few extremely rich families rather than the masses. In addition, three patterns of suburbs characterized by different types of households and developments—white-collar suburbs, migrant suburbs, and well-planned new towns—are identified.


The paper presents experimental results of investigating the influence of semiconductor wafer preparation processes on surface condition. The obtained data is expected to be used in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs) for microwave devices


Purpose: To study GEANT4 predictions for low-energy (10–40 keV) photon transmission and scattering through tissue-like thick matter, specifically to compare the predicted scatter to primary ratio (S/P) and line and point spread functions (LSF and PSF) against published and new measurements. Method and Materials: Using the GEANT4 code we have performed Monte Carlo simulations of the 1978 Barnes and Brezovich beam stop measurements of S/P, and the 2000 Cooper et al. edge detection experiments to evaluate S/P and LSF. Also, we have measured the PSF with a tungsten 1 mm diameter collimator on 3 – 6 cm thick lucite phantoms, using a Senographe 2000D unit operated at 26–28 kVp. In the simulations we have reproduced the exact experimental geometrical conditions, as well as the rest of parameters, according to the information contained in the original reports. Results: The S/P simulation and data agree within 3–10% accuracy, depending on the data set. The largest difference is with respect to Cooper et al., probably partially related to an inaccurate simulation of the original experimental conditions. For the LSF, the agreement between simulation and data is better than 15%, and for our PSF, better than 12 % at distances smaller than 5 mm. This last value should be taken as an upper limit, because of the lack of complete information on the features of the clinical unit. Conclusion: The analysis of these comparisons confirms that the GEANT4 predictions for low energy photon scattering are described with an accuracy better than 12%, at least up to 8 cm tissue thickness.


In this essay, I demonstrate how it is possible to speak of actually existing polyphony in Spanish Sentimental Romance. Here polyphony is understood as the coexistence of truly conflicting discourses or voices. The dialogic nature of the sentimental romance is something that has been debated in the criticism by figures such as Cesar Segre, but which has been ruled out as actually existing in the genre. In this article the first task was to isolate moments throughout the different narrative operations in a text in which the relationship between voices in the text becomes problematic. Secondly, it became necessary to consider elements that go beyond the formal aspects of a particular work. By this I mean the kind of consideration involved in determining the underlying ground on which a narrative sets to work. The heterogeneous nature of the foundation on which sentimental romance stands its ground, shatters the stability of the encounter the genre is always in the process of portraying, thereby undercutting not only the image of the lovers holding fast to their harmonious "union," but, more radically, the stability of the entire logic that structures that order. What this points to is a sensibility that is attuned with the process of change. In the end, that change is possible is what is truly at stake in the idea of polyphony.


An analysis was made of current heat flow data and thermal models of lunar evolution which satisfy the diverse information that has accumulated on internal processes.


Next Point-Of-Interest (POI) recommendation plays an important role in various location-based services. Its main objective is to predict the user's next interested POI based on her previous check-in information. Most existing methods directly use users' historical check-in trajectories to construct various graphs to assist sequential models to complete this task. However, as users' check-in data is extremely sparse, it is difficult to capture the potential relations between POIs by directly using these check-in data. To this end, we propose the Sequence-based Neighbour search and Prediction Model (SNPM) for next POI recommendation. In SNPM, the RotatE knowledge graph embedding and Eigenmap methods are used to extract POI relationships implied in check-in data, and build the POI similarity graph. Then, we enhance the model's generalized representations of POIs' general features by aggregating similar POIs. As the context is typically rich and valuable when making Next POI predictions, the sequence model selects which POIs to aggregate not only depends on the current state, but also needs to consider the previous POI sequence. Therefore, we construct a Sequence-based, Dynamic Neighbor Graph (SDNG) to find the similarity neighbourhood and develop a Multi-Step Dependency Prediction model (MSDP) inspired by RotatE, which explicitly leverage information from previous states. We evaluate the proposed model on two real-world datasets, and the experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art POI recommendation methods.


A route to silicon nanocrystals with erbium-rich surface layers is described involving the initial pyrolysis of disilane to produce nucleation and growth of the Si core followed by a second thermal annealing step in the presence of the volatile complex Er(tmhd)3 (tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato). These nanoparticles were structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure methods, while spectroscopic characterization was achieved via photoluminescence and UV−visible absorption spectroscopies. The effects of altering the length of the pyrolysis oven and its temperature, the disilane flow rate, and the Er(tmhd)3/helium carrier gas flow rate on the mean nanoparticle feature size are noted. Interestingly, the characteristic Er3+ near-infrared photoluminescence at 1540 nm is not detected in the as-formed nanoparticles but can be observed after a brief vacuum anneal at 800 °C.


The effect of errors due to incorrect a priori information on initial states as well as on noise models in continuous Kalman-Bucy filters has been investigated in this paper. A conservative design criterion has been established, and a convenient formula for computing error bounds has been derived which will allow parametric studies of the error effect. The results are applied to typical orbit determination problems of the spacecraft subject to random acceleration having noise contaminated Doppler or range data.


A series of amphiphilic diblock copolymers PEG-TPE-b-PAChol containing a cholesterol-based smectic liquid crystal block PAChol and a tetraphenylethene AIEgen situated between hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic PAChol blocks were prepared by...


In this article, an improved model‐free adaptive control method based on the controller dynamic linearization technique combined with the locally weighted regression‐based lazy learning method (cMFAC‐LL) is presented, and it is applied to solve the path‐tracking control problem for an NAO robot. In the proposed cMFAC‐LL method, two dynamic linearization techniques are first applied on the controlled plant, and then the cMFAC‐LL controller is further designed with the time‐varying parameters estimated using a novel locally weighted regression‐based lazy learning (LWR‐LL) technique. The greatest advantage of the cMFAC‐LL method is that it is a pure data‐driven control method, and the designed controller makes full use of both the online and offline measurement data of the plant. Moreover, the introduction of the local learning (LL) method gives the cMFAC‐LL method strong data learning ability and satisfactory control performance. The stability of cMFAC‐LL is proven via rigorous mathematical analysis. Furthermore, cMFAC‐LL is applied to the path‐tracking control of the NAO robot under different walking environments, by which the applicability of cMFAC‐LL is further verified.


Summary: This study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 %) of dietary organic acid mixture on intestinal pH and microflora of laying hens. A total of one hundred and eighty, 20 weeks old, Lohmann LSL type white laying hens were assigned to 4 groups (45 hens per group) with 3 replicates of 15 hens each. The hens in control group were fed with a basal diet (control group) and experimental groups I, II and III were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 % of organic acid mixture respectively. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks. At the end of the study, a significant decline was determined in intestinal pH values of experimental groups when compared to control group (p<0.001). Intestinal microflora showed important variations (p<0.001). Aerobic bacteria counts decreased in duodenum but there was an increase in jejunum and ileum. Yeast count showed variations in all of the experimental groups. In addition, a significant decline (p<0.001) in E.coli counts was determined in the experimental groups containing organic acids. In the light of these findings it was concluded that organic acid supplementation may lead important changes in pH value of small intestines and cause significant variations in microbial flora of gut in hens.


This document reports on direct AEC sponsored programs (Columbia River studies); assistance to Douglas United Nuclear (N-Reactor); assistance to Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company (Purex Process, B-Plant, Z-Plant); and technical assistance to the Hanford Plant (environment, dosimetry).


Widespread attacks involving multiple hosts/networks happen more frequently as internetworking among computer systems via the Internet becomes more widely and keeps rapid increase. Due to lack of information, it can be quite difficult for conventional intrusion detection systems to identify such attacks in progress. Cooperative intrusion detection, on the basis of information sharing, is proved as a necessary measure to detect widespread attacks by other researcher D. Frincke (2000), Polla, D. et al., (1998). This paper presents a cooperative approach for intrusion detection that provides a method for individual ID components working cooperatively to perform concerted detections. Being constructed on the basis of ID components, CoIDS can adopt both existed (usually more mature) and new ID techniques. This makes CoIDS extensible and scalable. In addition, an ID component is essentially an autonomous agent, which makes CoIDS available with certain loss of functionality even when the intrusion detection manager does not work. Its reliability is also improved because failure of one ID component will not cause any other to stop working. Furthermore, it improved the accuracy of detection for conventional intrusions by validating analysis result with data from different ID components.


Abstract Vertical air motion data from a T-28 aircraft were filtered and sampled to simulate Doppler radar measurements. The results suggest that multiple Doppler radar analyses are subject to potentially large spatial aliasing errors in deep convection at close radar range. At a more distant range (where the solid angle of scan is smaller), aliasing errors become less important but multiple Doppler analyses are unable to deterministically resolve some energetic scales of motion in ordinary convection. Resolution of air motions on scales of <2 km are important to the understanding of ordinary convection phenomena such as entrainment and the evolution of precipitation. Higher resolution radars, aboard aircraft and on the ground, will be required to meet these objectives.


Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry using the OxyChip as an implantable oxygen sensor can directly and repeatedly measure tissue oxygen levels. A phase I, first‐in‐human clinical study has established the safety and feasibility of using OxyChip for reliable and repeated measurements of oxygen levels in a variety of tumors and treatment regimens. A limitation in these studies is the inability to easily locate and identify the implanted probes in the tissue, particularly in the long term, thus limiting spatial/anatomical registration of the implant for proper interpretation of the oxygen data. In this study, we have developed and evaluated an enhanced oxygen‐sensing probe embedded with gold nanoparticles (GNP), called the OxyChip‐GNP, to enable visualization of the sensor using routine clinical imaging modalities.


Chemometric statistical approaches involving multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed on a set of 42 distinct snapshot structures of the physiological histamine monocation in aqueous solution along the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics trajectory, in order to obtain a better insight into the relationship between the geometry parameters of the system and the resulting νNH stretching frequencies. A simple 2D linear regression of νNH with Namino···Owater distances gave a very poor correlation (R2 = 0.42), but both MLR and PCA with the inclusion of four directly bonded water molecules offered a notably predictive model that is even able to distinguish two classes of structures based on the Cl- counterion position. Taking into account waters from the first, second and third solvation shells, sequentially diminished the overall predictive ability of the model, yet increased the number of useful predictors that, in the largest model with 51 solvent molecules, all correspond to bulk water, implying that both chemometric methods are consistent in suggesting that fundamental histamine N–H stretching vibrations are very complex in nature and strongly coupled to the fluctuating environment.


ABS>The whole-body retention of gamma-emitting isotopes was determined in vivo using scanning bed technique and the geometry analysis was made to select the optimal conditions. The method of Ben Heim and Dudley was employed for the model experiment. The smallest dependence of the counting efficiency on the distribution of the tracer in the investigated organism was observed when a) the distance between the detector and the subject equalled 45 cm and b) the counting efficiency was expressed as a geometric mean of the results obtained from the measurements of the human subjects in two positions: prone and supine. (auth)


Abstract: Ther fund approach of the aseial insurance throughout of the world is divided into social irsurance tax, over-all fee and funding system. Some problems on our social insuance fund can be solved by charging social insurane taxwith the experiment of other countries. Therefore, the social insurance tax with the degressive limit should be collected.


In this paper,a type of low voltage and high speed laser diode driver which can be supplied by +3.3V single power supply is presented.Its special high speed current source construction meet the temperatrue characteristic of laser diode's threshold current,and can drive laser diode in 622Mbps.


Generalized lymphadenopathy is a common cause of concern for both patients and clinicians. Causes for kikuchi fujimoto's are infections and malignancies. Kikuchi Fujimoto disease (KFD) presents with fever, lymphadenopathy it also presents with systemic involvement. We report the cases of a 5 patients who presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, high fever, skin vasculitis and polyserositis. The lymph-node biopsy shows histiocytotic necrotizing lymphadenitis, suggestive of Kikuchi's disease.


abstract:The New England demonic possession narrative, "A Confession of a Boy at Tocutt," remains conspicuously absent from the rich scholarship on diabolic affliction in seventeenth-century North America. Appearing in Cotton Mather's 1689 Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions, this narrative details the torments of one settler, known only as "The Boy of Tocutt," in Branford Connecticut (ca. 1645–1666). While incomplete, this account is marked by a unique emphasis on the demonic pact and offers a valuable insight into the development of this demonological concept in New England. Through a close reading of "A Confession of a Boy at Tocutt" in the context of Protestant demonic covenant theology, this article establishes the demonological and narrative function of the pact in New England diabolical literature. In doing so, it reconciles this possession narrative with succeeding cases and establishes the versality of the demonic pact in New England demonology.


Reading comprehension is a dual activity that requires various cognitive and linguistic processes to complete. This is the result of two skill sets namely: decoding and linguistic comprehension. It covers the differences in reading comprehension and provides a useful basis for classifying reading difficulties. This study aims to develop multimedia as a learning tool in training the reading skills of elementary school students. The subjects of this study involved 30 grade 5 students at the elementary school level. This research uses a research and development (R&D) approach, through a Gall & Borg development study. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews and observations for non-test databases and formative and summative evaluations for testing the effectiveness of the developed media which were included in the test category. The data analysis technique used in this study uses several stages which include; transcription, verification, and coding data from all test and non-test data that have been collected. The learning model is integrated with various learning tools (multimedia) including student and teacher books, as well as lesson plans (RPP). Based on the data obtained, it is known that multimedia integrated with the inquiry learning model is effective in improving student learning outcomes than without using multimedia. The findings of this study provide a fundamental reference for thinking about reading comprehension and its growth by emphasizing the importance of decoding in reading.


Urban and Wildland-urban interface area residents of Larimer and Boulder counties in Northern Colorado were surveyed using a dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach in order to compare the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for fuels treatment programs of counties with different demographic attributes and the WTP of different geographical groups within each county. This paper reports preliminary analysis of the data, with a more detailed analysis to follow in the near future. Initial Komolgorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit analysis indicates that the distribution of positive responses is not significantly different for urban and WUI residents, nor is it different for Larimer and Boulder county residents. INTRODUCTION Colorado's Front Range has been classified as one of the nation's most critical wildland- urban interface (WUI) situations. This area is at high risk for severe wildfire with the possibility of substantial property and resource damage as well as high human risks. In the last 10 years the population of Colorado has increased by more than 30 percent. Eighty percent of that growth has occurred along the Front Range, where many people are moving into interface areas. There is also much concern regarding the financial and economic viability of treating fuels along the Front Range, as timber is of small diameter, growing cycles are long and commercial values are low. This research is a contingent valuation (CVM) study of the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for various fuels treatments by residents of the Front Range. Fire management activities and costs are currently relevant topics of discussion and to our knowledge no contingent valuation study has been done on this topic in this geographic area, nor have any been done that compare WTP values of urban residents and interface residents. This study will compare the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for fuels treatment programs of residents of Larimer and Boulder counties. It will also compare the WTP for fuels treatment programs of urban residents and WUI residents. Specifically, we will compare the WTP for prescribed burning and thinning programs of residents within each of the counties (Urban versus WUI) and between counties (Urban versus Urban and WUI versus WUI). Contingent valuation methodology (CVM) has commonly been used by economists to value natural resources within a recreational context, such as in the valuation of fishing sites, wilderness areas, and wildlife viewing. It has also been used in valuing risk reducing activities, as related to hazardous waste, transportation safety, and drinking water quality. Recently, with increased discussion of the costs and benefits of fire and fuels management programs, contingent valuation has been applied to determining the value of fuels treatment programs, which reduce the risks associated with wildfire. Wildland-urban interface residents of a Michigan county that had been affected by fire were found to be wiling to pay over $57 per year for additional government investments in fire protection (Winter and Fried 2001). In a Florida study that compared English and Spanish speakers, respondents were found to be willing to pay a mean of about $185 per year for prescribed fire treatments and about $161 per year for thinning treatments (Bair 2001). This research will provide some insight into differences between Urban 1


Summer extreme heat events in the arid Phoenix, Arizona (USA) metropolitan region for the period 2041-2070 are projected based on the ensemble of ten climate models from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program for the SRES A2 greenhouse gas emissions scenario by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Extreme heat events are identified by measures related to two thresholds of the maximum daily air temperature distribution for the historical reference period 1971-2000. Comparing this reference period to the model ensemble-mean, the frequency of extreme heat events is projected to increase by a factor of six to 1.9 events per summer and the average number of event days per year is projected to increase by a factor of 14. The inter-model range for the average number of EHE days per summer is larger for the projected climate, 10.6 to 42.2 days, than for simulations of the past climate simulations (1.5 to 2.4 days).


The method of treatment with the application of compression-distraction apparatus is described. An analysis of remote results of the treatment of 57 patients is given.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the characterisation of the concept of service experience in service marketing research.Design/methodology/approach – Using content analysis, 30 articles and two books published in the period from 2005 to 2007 are analysed.Findings – Three characterisations of the concept of service experience are identified in the literature review: phenomenological service experience (which relates to the value discussion in service‐dominant logic and interpretative consumer research); process‐based service experience (which relates to understanding service as a sequential process); and outcome‐based service experience (which relates to understanding service experience as one element in models of service linking a number of variables or attributes to various outcomes).Research limitations/implications – To facilitate meaningful research in this area, it is important that researchers critically consider the nature of the concept of service experience in terms of who experi...


the persistent and continuous demands made on concrete to meet the various difficult requirements, extensive and wide spread research work is being carried out in the area of concrete technology. Engineers are continually pushing the limits to improve its performance with the help of innovative chemical admixtures and supplementary cementations materials like fly ash, silica fume, and granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag etc... Researchers have developed variants of concrete composites like Admixture Concrete, Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC), Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC), High Performance Concrete (HPC), Self Compacting Concrete (SCC), Geopolymer Concrete etc. Presently, Nano Technology being applied to concrete includes the use of nano materials like nano silica, nano fibers etc. By adding the nano materials smart concrete composites with superior properties can be produced. Nano materials have properties or functions different from similar materials of large size. Nano materials have a larger value of the ratio between surface area and volume than other similar particles in larger size, making the nano materials more reactive. Nano silica will react with C3S and C2S in the cement and produce CSH-2 that will form a strong and solid bond of gel. In the present study strength properties such as Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of M40 and M50 grades of concrete with the use of micro silica (5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%) and nano silica (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%) as partial replacement of cement were studied. It was found from the experimental study that concrete composites with superior properties can be produced using micro silica, nano silica and combination of micro silica and nano silica


This is a survey paper on the implication of Yoneda lemma, named after Japanese mathematician Nobuo Yoneda, to category theory. We prove Yoneda lemma. We use Yoneda lemma to prove that each of the notions universal morphism, universal element, and representable functor subsumes the other two. We prove that a category is anti-equivalent to the category of its representable functors as a corollary of Yoneda lemma. We also prove the Yoneda embedding, i.e. representable functors are isomorphic if and only if their representers are isomorphic.


Investigations of an atmospheric pressure gas discharge in argon focusing on the experimental measurement of the ion density is presented. The suggested diagnostic method combines the evaluation of weak and erratically occurring oscillations of the current signal with the solution of the dispersion relation for the dominant ion species. The considered dispersion relation contains the contribution of electron and ion movement as well as collisions of ions with the neutral background gas. The solution is performed considering temporal decay and spatial damping, respectively, and shows the existence of an ion acoustic wave (IAW) despite atmospheric pressure conditions. A parameter variation when using the dispersion relation reveals a limited range of existence of an IAW depending strongly on the ion density and correlates with experimentally acquired values of the molecular argon ion density of about 1012 cm−3. Furthermore, the combination of the experimental investigations and the solution of the dispersion relation provides access to the molecular argon ion—neutral argon collision frequency with values of about 2×107 Hz and 6×107 Hz, respectively.


Recent developments indicate that exploitation of the phenomenon of magnetic levitation may become one of the most important near-term applications of high-T{sub c} superconductivity. Because of this, the interaction between a strong permanent magnet (PM) and bulk high-T{sub c} superconductor (HTSC) is currently a subject of much interest. The authors have studied central features of the mechanics of PM-HTSC systems of simple geometries. Here they report experimental results for the components of the levitation force, their associated stiffness and mechanical ac-loss. To analyze the observed behavior a theoretical framework based on critical-state considerations is developed. It will be shown that all the mechanical properties can be explained consistently at a quantitative level using a minimum of model parameters.


This paper assesses the potential of detecting explosives (RDX, TNT, PETN, HMX, HMTD, Urea Nitrate) from a distance with a spectroscopic lidar system. For the study, the temporal and spectral resolutions of laser induced fluorescence lidar prototypes were enhanced. The integrated breadboards used easily available Nd:YAG laser wavelengths (266 nm, 355 nm, and 532 nm) to remotely detect the Raman signatures induced in traces of explosives deposited on surfaces. The spectroscopic lidar setup allows for time resolved measurements with high temporal resolution. Raman spectra are observable, even in the presence of fluorescence. Experiments with low average laser power (tens of mWs) have shown the unambiguous capability to detect and identify explosives at distances ranging up to 20 m. Thanks to the combination of UV wavelength for higher Raman cross-sections and efficient gated detection the 355 nm prototype yielded the best compromise. Excitation at 266 nm was expected to yield a better Raman response and was investigated. Less than optimal laser parameters, detection efficiency and strong fluorescence reduced the signal to noise ratio of the 266 nm signals with respect to those at 355 nm and 532 nm showing the importance of optimizing system parameters for high sensitivity detection. Besides the description of the prototypes and an early assessment of their performances, recommendations are also proposed to improve the instrument, leading to an efficient remote sensor for explosives.


In organizational research, difference scores and profile similarity indices are often used as dependent variables in studies predicting the congruence (i.e., fit, match, similarity, agreement) between two constructs. Unfortunately, this practice introduces serious conceptual and methodological problems that render results ambiguous and potentially misleading. This article proposes an alternative procedure that avoids these problems but fully captures the effects of one or more independent variables on the congruence between two dependent variables. This procedure is illustrated by reanalyzing data from a study of feedback seeking and rating accuracy (Ashford & Tsui, 1991), and the results of this study are reinterpreted in light of these analyses. Limitations and areas for further development of the procedure are discussed.


Forty-seven different penicillins, including some of great clinical importance, have been synthesized "in vitro" by coupling the newly described enzyme phenylacetyl-CoA ligase (PCL) from Pseudomonas putida and acyl-CoA: 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) acyltransferase (AT) from Penicillium chrysogenum. Incubations were carried out at 30 degrees C in 50 mM HCl-Tris buffer pH 8.0. The reaction mixtures contained 6-APA, CoA, ATP, dithiothreitol, Mg2+ and the corresponding penicillin side-chain precursor. This is the first description of the enzymatic synthesis of all the natural penicillins known, many of the semisynthetic until now reported, and some penicillins that could only be currently obtained by chemical synthesis. The efficiency of this prokaryotic-eukaryotic enzymatic-coupled system and its application to the synthesis of different beta-lactam antibiotics are discussed.


The institution of child marriage throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century not only stripped Indian girls of their agency, but also frequently denied them their education. In 1884, Rukhmabai, a young Indian girl of just eleven-years-old, was married to Dadaji Bhikaji, a man eight years older. Although Rukhmabai was able to resist the forced marriage and eventually went on to become India's first female doctor, Rukhmabai's victory was generally an anomaly of the time and reflected a tenacity to attain greater education. Throughout her writings, Rukhmabai expresses deep sadness from being denied the opportunity for an adequate education, and identifies female education as one of the chief disproportionate impacts of child marriage for girls. This project will trace the evolution of child marriage negotiations from the 1891 Age of Consent Act to the 1929 Child Marriage Restraint Act, specifically addressing the way that related discussions allowed Indian women to establish the importance of their adolescent years in their educational pursuit. By uncovering the voices of both child marriage victims and female reformers, we are able to garner an understanding of the changing Indian social landscape at the time and the way that Indian women negotiated their agency against the backdrop of globalization, the nationalist agenda, and caste, religious, and regional differences. This project will stress female adolescence as an evolving concept throughout twentieth century India, and will draw on the important relationship between education and female agency.


Rhetoric and the crisis of legitimacy in Cicero's Catilinarian orations the price of art in Isocrates formalism and the escape from politics terms for sophistical rhetoric the marginalization of sophistic rhetoric and the loss of history institutionalizing the art of rhetoric theory, practice and productive knowledge in interpretations of Aristotle's rhetoric violence, apathy and the rhetoric of philosophy revisionary history the dialectical method coming to terms with recent attempts to write women into the history of rhetoric the duality of rhetoric theory as discursive practice some rudiments of histories of rhetoric and rhetorics of history.


We consider the synthesis of discrete finite-alphabet inputs for secure communications in multiple-input-single-output wiretap channels. We aim that the source with the synthesized transmissions can communicate with a legitimate receiver and degrade the performance of a potential eavesdropper. To this end, we formulate an optimization problem to minimize the Euclidean distance between the reference inputs and the synthesized inputs. We devise an iterative algorithm to tackle the non-convex design problem with constant-envelope constraints. Moreover, we extend the proposed methodology to deal with low peak-to-average-power ratio transmissions. The numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can achieve the requirement of secrecy communications efficiently.


It is widely acknowledged that most biometric systems are vulnerable to spoofing, also known as imposture. While vulnerabilities and countermeasures for other biometric modalities have been widely studied, e.g. face verification, speaker verification systems remain vulnerable. This paper describes some specific vulnerabilities studied in the literature and presents a brief survey of recent work to develop spoofing countermeasures. The paper concludes with a discussion on the need for standard datasets, metrics and formal evaluations which are needed to assess vulnerabilities to spoofing in realistic scenarios without prior knowledge.


The research of fractional q -difference Schrödinger equations has attracted the attention of scholars and abundant results have been obtained in recent years. However, as far as we know, there are no results on resonant fractional q -difference Schrödinger equations. In this paper, we investigate the boundary value problems for fractional q -difference Schrödinger equations at resonance. By virtue of fixed point index theorem and spectral theory of linear operators, we obtain the multiplicity of positive solutions. In addition, we get different stability results, including Ulam-Hyres stability and generalized Ulam-Hyres stability. Give relevant examples to prove the main results.


Jitao303, a new sugarbeet variety, acrossed from TL1 (tetraploid line) as the female parent with HQD3 (high sugar content diploid line) as the male parent through natural crossing by 3∶1. In the Jilin sugarbeet variety demonstration experiment in 2003, the mean root yield, sugar content and sugar yield were 43360.6 kg/ha, 17.84%, and 7783.4kg/ha, increased by 18.7%, 0.46°S and 23.0% in comparison with the control variety, respectively. In the introduction variety experiment (trial site: Manasi, Twenty-two Tuan, Tacheng and Huocheng in Xinjiang) in 2002~2003, its mean root yield was 80940.0kg/ha, sugar content increased by 0.28°S in comparison with the local large-acreage planting variety. The variety had good stability, resistant to leafspot and tolerant to root rot. it was suitable to plant in Jilin, Xinjiang and Inner-mongolia.


Ignition delay times of stoichiometric CH4/CH3NHCH3/O2/Ar mixtures are measured with a shock tube in the temperature range of 1100–2000 K. Different pressures (4, 8, and 18 atm) and CH3NHCH3 blending ratios (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1) are explored. CH3NHCH3 promotes CH4 ignition. Correlations for the measured ignition delay times are inferred through multiple linear regression. The measured ignition delay times are compared to the predictions of a recently developed CH3NHCH3 kinetic model with C0–C2 reaction subsets, and a new model for CH4/CH3NHCH3/O2/Ar mixtures is assembled and validated against the present measurements. To elucidate the effect of CH3NHCH3 on CH4 ignition, kinetic analyses including sensitivity and rate of production are performed. Perturbation of the radical pool (H, CH3, OH, and HO2) leading to the observed effects is discussed.


in the last decade there have been many advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI), but there have been frustratingly few successful therapeutic interventions. In fact, the only treatment proven to reduce mortality is low tidal volume lung-protective mechanical


Successful involvement of employees requires factors determining the level of involvement to be identified. The research problem was posed in the form of the following question: Does a correlation between organizational justice and employees' involvement exist? The objective of the paper was to determine the relationship between variables, define its strength, and indicate HRM practices which may exert a positive impact upon the perception of organizational justice and boost employees' involvement at the same time. In order to achieve such a goal, a study encompassing 2,076 employees of 57 large- and medium-sized Polish companies was conducted. Results of the study prove that a statistically significant correlation between procedural and distributive justice, and employees' involvement exists. The strength of the relationship differs depending on various types of involvement.


OBJECTIVE
To present our preliminary experiences of robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical or partial cystectomy for bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma in children.

METHODS
A retrospective study was conducted with children who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma (B/P RMS) between July 2018 and March 2020. The patient characteristics, tumor position, perioperative information, short time oncologic survival outcomes, and urinary function were recorded and evaluated.

RESULTS
We identified eight children who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for B/P RMS. Partial cystectomy was performed on all but one patient, who underwent a radical cystectomy and sigmoid neobladder reconstruction. Preoperative chemotherapy was administered to all eight patients, while preoperative radiotherapy was conducted in three cases, including one patient with a history of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma. Unilateral/bilateral ureter reimplantation was done in four cases in which the patients' ureter orifices were involved. The mean follow-up time was 13.3 months, and no local recurrence or metastasis was observed. No patient experienced urinary incontinence eventually.

CONCLUSION
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic resection for bladder rhabdomyosarcoma in children is safe and feasible. Preoperative radiotherapy could decrease the tumor volume so that the membranous urethra could be preserved for as long as possible. The oncological efficacy and overall survival rate require further investigation and longer follow-up.


.............................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLE ....................................................................................... ix LIST OF APPENDIXES ........................................................................... x CHAPTER


References l. Ford MJ, Anderson JR, Gilmour HM, Holt S, Sircus W, Heading RC. Clinical spectrum of 'solitary ulcer' of the rectum. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 1533-1540. 2. Lyon DC, Sheiner HJ. Idiopathic rectosigmoid perforation. Surg Gynec & Obstet 1969; 128: 9911000. 3. Grosz CR, Kottmeier PK, Mestel AL, Cohn BD. Perforation of the bowel associated with acute appendicitis. Am J Surg 1967; 113: 276-278. 4. Cooperman M. Complications of appendectomy. Surg Clin North Am 1983; 63: 1233-1247. 5. Savrin RA, Clatworthy HW. Appendiceal rupture: a continuing diagnostic problem. Pediatrics 1979; 63: 34-43. 6. Hindmarsh FD. Acute appendicitis in childhood. Br Med J 1954; 2: 388-391. 7. Schwartz MZ, Tapper D, Solenberger RI. Management of perforated appendicitis in children. Ann Surg 1983; 197: 407-41 I.


Many readers of these pa ges are familiar with Mrs. Byrne's Dic tionary, a delightful collection of "unusual, obscure, and preposter ous words." The above definition shows that Mrs. Byrne recognized a felicitous Word Ways contribution when she came across it. I would like to now return the favor by giVing here a portion of my personal list of evocative, illuminating, and just downright bizarre words.


Correspondence Address: OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & (57) ABSTRACT NEUSTADT, P.C. 1940 DUKE STREET ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 (US) A method of determining a cationic Surfactant in a Sample Solution, characterized by passing the Sample Solution (21) Appl. No.: 10/495,575 through a disk containing Styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer particles and a disk containing an anion-exchange resin; and (22) PCT Filed: Nov. 15, 2002 then Subjecting the resultant Solution to high-performance liquid chromatography. (86) PCT No.: PCT/JP02/11937 The method of the present invention enables Separation/ (30) Foreign Application Priority Data quantification of CS in river water or lake water which also contains inorganic ions and AS of high concentration, even Nov. 22, 2001 (JP)...................................... 2001-356859 when the CS content is below the order of ppb.


Essays on Digital Distribution of Information Goods. by Dinah Alexandra Vernik The Fuqua School of Business Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Preyas Desai, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Devavrat Purohit, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ James E. Smith ___________________________ Gary Biglaiser An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Business Administration in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Dinah Alexandra Vernik 2009


The effect of nickel impurity in zinc sulfate electrowinning solutions was studied using voltammetry techniques. The reactions occurring at various points on the polarization curve are proposed and comparisons made for both pure electrolyte and those containing nickel. A nickel‐activated hydrogen evolution peak was found to occur at low current densities during the anodic sweep portion of the curve, the height of which was found to be proportional to the nickel concentration in solution. The influence of certain operating parameters such as zinc ion concentration, potential scan limit, and scan rate on the nickel activated peak was also determined.


The Citadel has just recently switched to Blackboard 8e from WebCT and will soon upgrade to Blackboard 9.1 Learn (Bb9.1). We will pilot Bb9.1 in the fall of 2010 with a small group of faculty that are already Blackboard advocates for our campus. The Citadel would like to see every course on our campus in Blackboard but have faced reluctance to meeting this goal from naysayers that feel Blackboard is too confining. With technology producing an ever-increasing portfolio of teaching methods, we are hoping to encourage faculty to take advantage of the new features available in Blackboard 9.1 without giving up their ability to use Web 2.0 applications and freeware. As an instructor, it is easy to be pigeon-holed into a template or a platform that an institution wants to use across the board. Now Blackboard 9.1 has made it possible to meet the requirements of uniform appearance while using the technologies available to enhance and engage learners. With technology advances like this, we can improve student learning by incorporating current technology, faculty instruction by improving curriculum, and administrative functions by adhering to a single LMS for all instruction.


The healthcare systems require constant monitoring of patients and their records for speedy recovery and also to change the course of tablets at different stages. Most of the healthcare systems are found inefficient in their performance due to human errors in the monitoring of patients who are in the critical care units where human intervention is limited. The obvious reason would also be that the records i.e. the history of the patient may not be available before hand and the doctor will be misguided to prescribe wrong medicines and wrong treatment. Hence, we have come up with the concept of Medical Robot with Electronic health record system-a bridge between the man and the machine, to reduce these errors for effective performance.


Introduction and Overview, Margaret Brittin Installing Information Technology in Special Libraries, Jacqueline Cropley Choosing Software and Hardware, Hilary Dyer Choosing a Software Package, Caroline Moore Online Searching, Louise Amor Relationships with Users, Fiona Henderson The Use of Computers in the Information Services Unit at the British Gas Management Centre, Russell Gain Developing a Computer System for an NHS Hospital Library, Ian King Making IT Work in an Industrial Information Service, John Ellis.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of institutions and policies on growth convergence in Africa.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses different methods of panel modelling on a panel of 50 African Countries covering a period of 1990-2014.

Findings
The results confirmed the presence of conditional convergence among countries in the region. On the average, technology accumulation and fiscal policies indicators are positive function of growth, while human resources, monetary policies indicators and ineffective institutions partly necessitated by poor level of development negatively impact growth. The study concludes, though traditional growth variables and policies are imperative in achieving growth in income, they remain insufficient in an environment characterize by extractive and absolutist institutions. Therefore, institution remains the link that bridges the gap in between proper mix of resources and policies.

Research limitations/implications
Based on the results, policy-makers in the region should allocate certain percentage of their resources (on a sustainable basis) towards building a qualitative institution. Also, future studies on Africa should be focused on the rate at which poor level of economic development determines the quality of institutions which in turn impacts the level of growth in income.

Originality/value
The study contributes to the existing literature on institutional convergence with particular focus on African countries using system GMM to capture the endogeneity among the series.


Abstract Learners of a nonnull subject language (e.g., English) whose first language (L1) is a null subject language (e.g., Spanish) can show some optionality in the interpretation of overt subject pronouns in the second language (L2). By exposing L2 learners to nativelike interpretations of pronouns in discourse, we aim at understanding how exposure can promote implicit learning of pronoun comprehension biases in a L2. A sentence comprehension task was used with intermediate-proficiency English L2 speakers (L1 Spanish) that included a pretest, an exposure phase using the priming technique, an immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest administered 6–10 days later. English learners showed a significant increase in nativelike pronoun interpretations both in the immediate posttest and in the delayed posttest, in comparison to the pretest. The results show that exposure through priming can be effective in changing L2 participants' interpretations and that effects of exposure are persistent and may aid in the successful acquisition of pronoun resolution biases.


To effectively improve the C/N and increase the biodegradability of the landfill leachate,fly ash was chosen as sorbent to treating ammonia-nitrogen in leachate.The effect of dosage,temperature and pH on adsorption of NH3-N onto fly ash were separately studied,kinetics analysis was used for the adsorption process in the optimum adsorption conditions.Experiment results showed that fly ash had the better adsorption ability of treating ammonia-nitrogen in leachate,the adsorption equilibrium time was 180min,then the removal rate of ammonia-nitrogen was 63.44%,the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 8.7428mg/g.Linearizations of the different kinetic equations showed that adsorption process in line with the pseudo-secondary kinetic equation;Moving boundary model analysis showed that the adsorption rate of ammonia-nitrogen was mainly governed by liquid film diffusion;With the linearization of Dunwald-Wagner formula,estimated the effective diffusion coefficient(Dc) was 3.058×10-9cm2/s.


The purpose of the study was to establish teachers' perception on integration of information communication technology in teaching and learning in secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. The study was guided by the Minimalism theory. The study utilized ex post facto research design. The target population included all private and public secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County and all teachers in private and public secondary schools in the county. Stratified and simple random sampling procedures were to select the respondents for the study. The study utilized questionnaire and observation schedules for data collection. The study concluded that most of teachers in public and private secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County had favorable perceptions of availability of ICT infrastructure in their school, The study further concluded  that both private and public secondary teachers in Uasin Gishu County had favorable perceptions of availability of plans for ICT integration in teaching in their school and that there is a significant relationship between public and private secondary teachers mean perception scores on ICT integration in Uasin Gishu County. the study recommended that the county Government of Uasin Gishu should provide ICT infrastructure in both private and public secondary schools and The principals and school managers in Uasin Gishu County should develop ICT integration plans at the school level which should inform the process of integrating the same in classroom teaching and learning.


Gunnerus: Account on the so-called «losnings-stener» (=confinement –stones) or «Vettenyrer» (=giant kidneys), about seeds or some other foreign fruits which is found here and there on the beaches of Norway. Skrifter 1765. Johan Ernst Gunnerus (1718-1773) was an unusual man with an unusual career. He became Vicar without the ordinary theological exams, Bishop without having served in an ordinary clerical position, and he wrote Norway's first flora (1767-1776) without having studied botany. He was also the driving force in the foundation of the Academy in Trondheim, and very eager to establish its Acta, in order to show the world that Norwegians were capable to do science. As Bishop of Nidaros (from 1758), he instructed the clergy to study the nature as this was one way to understand God, through his creation. Himself he took a particular interest in the ocean as a biotope, and it is thus not surprising that his first botanical paper concerns driftseeds. They are mentioned in writings from Norway since about 1600, but had been misunderstood and were largely shrouded in mystery and myths. Gunnerus clearly states that they are seeds which come across the Atlantic and identifies to species most of the material which he divides in fivemain groups. A few which he was unable to name were sent to his great mentor, Carl Linnaeus in Uppsala, who also was unable to name them. The paper by Gunnerus is most impressive and is a pioneering treatment of this phenomenon in our region, one which was later translated into English.


Summer ambient temperatures in Sultanate of Oman are well known to be higher as commonly seen in other GCC countries. During summer, cars parked directly under the sun with window glass raised up, experience a very high temperature rise inside its cabin. Current research paper reports the experimental studies carried out on a parked car installed with an indigenously designed and developed cabin ventilation system powered with Solar PV energy. The experiment was carried on chosen vehicle parked at a unique direction and location exposed to day long sunlight at Muscat for considerable period of time. The experimental investigation showed that the vehicle cabin temperature was lower when ventilation system was turned on. Investigation showed that, with the ventilation system, the time taken to cool down vehicle cabin air temperature to the acceptable limit was significantly lower. With developed ventilation system the car cabin temperature reached to the comfort level much quicker, typically lesser than the half of the time compared to those values tested without ventilation system. Thus indicating, the power saving potential of the developed system as the desired level of thermal comfort can be achieved within the shorter period of time. The reduction in time taken to cool down the cabin temperature to the acceptable limits has direct two fold effects; firstly, the fuel consumption for cooling purpose is reduced and secondly increased thermal comfort level inside the cars cabin. However, the temperature drop pattern was not similar all around the cabin, due to the varied level of cabin sunlight exposure. Temperature drop at the front end of the car was lower than in middle and rear of the car. It was noted that when the ventilation system was turned on, the temperature inside the car was nearly 10 oC lesser compared to cabin temperature without ventilation system.


Converging shock waves offer interesting possibilities of attaining very high temperatures and pressures. A theoretical treatment by G. Guderley which we have confirmed and extended by the method of characteristics indicated that the strength of a strong converging cylindrical or spherical shock varies inversely with a power (0.396 for γ=1.4) of the surface area of the wave, thus becoming very great close to the center of convergence. The experimental production of high temperatures and pressures by means of these converging shocks depends on their ``stability'' of form. A converging wave is said to be stable if it approaches perfect cylindrical or spherical shape, thus damping out random disturbances as it propagates. The experimental work of L. G. Smith on Mach reflection is applied to show that these converging waves are stable for the shock range (M≤2.4) covered by his experiments. Smith's work and the theoretical work of Lighthill indicate that the stability decreases greatly at high Mach numbers.The...


Under various conditions of flows in open channels with time, sediments are accumulated gradually upstream weirs. Accumulated sediments upstream weirs cause the back water curve and discharge coefficient (Cd) of weirs to change. For this reason, the effect of four different models of accumulated sediments on the discharge coefficient and the maximum height of backwater curve (Z) of Fayoum type weir (narrow crested weir) had been experimentally investigated. In this research, four values of discharges equal to 8 lit. /sec. lit. /sec., lit. /sec. and 15 lit. /sec. were used. From the analysis of results, compared with the case of no sediments, it was observed that with the increasing of accumulated sediments, the head over weir crest (H) decreased by about 16 % and consequently, the discharge coefficient of weir increased by about 38 %. The maximum height of back drawdown water curve upstream weir (Z) decreased gradually with the increasing of accumulated sediments by about 5.3%. For the aforementioned analysis, it is recommended to eliminate all of accumulated sediments upstream Fayoum type weirs for improving the performance.


There are recommendations to guide parents to help their infants make the transition from milk to weaning foods, but they differ in their focus in developed or developing countries and on the physiological and behavioral reasons that underlie the introduction of weaning foods. According to recommendations, ideally, term infants should begin weaning at six months, while breastfeeding should continue for two years. The recommendations on nutrients in complementary foods are based on the nutrient gap between the composition and volume of breast milk after approximately six months of exclusive breastfeeding and the physiology of infant nutritional requirements. Gastrointestinal flora influences health, but the composition of flora can be changed with prebiotics or probiotics. The addition of probiotics to powdered infant formula has not been demonstrated to be harmful to healthy term infants. ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition reviews the effect of adding probiotic bacteria to infant formulas, follow-on formulas and special medical foods. The administration of probiotic (single or in combination) supplementation in infant or follow-on formula, and given beyond early infancy, may be associated with some clinical benefits, such as a reduction in the risk of nonspecific gastrointestinal infections, a reduced risk of antibiotic use and a lower frequency of colic and irritability. The addition of prebiotics to infant formula softens stools but other putative effects remain to be demonstrated. Studies published post marketing shows that infant fed a long-chain inulin/galactooligosaccharide mixture (0.8 g/dl) in formula normally have no side – effects. The addition of same mixture at a concentration of 0.8 g/dl to infant formula was therefore recognized as safe by European Commission in 2001 but follow – up studies were recommended. It is thought that a bifidogenic effect is beneficial for the infant host. The rising incidence in allergy during the first year of life may justify the attempts to modulate the infant's formula. In addition to prebiotic and probiotic, DHA and ARA are important for brain and eye development. Many researchers have demonstrated the role of DHA and ARA in infant health and development.


The exchange of cell K with K42, J K, has been measured in cat right ventricular papillary muscle under conditions of a steady state with respect to intracellular K concentration. Within the limits of the measurement, all of cell K exchanged at a single rate. Cells from small cats are smaller and have larger surface/volume ratios than cells from large cats. The larger surface/volume ratio results in larger flux values. J K increases in an approximately linear manner as the external K concentration is increased twentyfold, from 2.5 to 50 mM, at constant intracellular K concentration. The permeability for K ions, P K, calculated from the influx and membrane potential, remains very nearly constant over this range of external K concentrations. J K is not affected by replacement of O2 by N2, or by stimulated contractions at 60 per minute, but K influx decreases markedly in 10-5 M and 10-8 M ouabain.