This paper studies a robust event-triggered model predictive control (ET-MPC) with state feedback for an aero-engine full authority digital engine control (FADEC) system subject to unknown bounded disturbances. In the presented robust event-triggered MPC, the event-triggered mechanism is first set by the deviation between the optimal state and actual state. In addition, the Lyapunov-based stability condition is employed in the constraints for simplifying parameters and enhancing the universality. Subsequently, a feasible control law is predesigned by solving Linear Matrix Inequalities to detect the feasible region. When the system state enters the infeasible region, the dual-mode control strategy is adopted. In this way, the proposed robust event-triggered MPC has the ability to deal with the multiconstraint system with the time-invariant state or output constraints. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis of the stability and recursive feasibility is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that the new robust event-triggered MPC with state feedback not only has satisfying control performance but also significantly reduces the computational burden for aero-engine FADEC system.


A two-phase approach is proposed to model the rheology of polymer glass-fiber compounds such as SMC or GMT during processing. The anisotropic behavior of the composite, which is related to the microstructure of the fiber network, is reduced to the simple case of transverse isotropy. The rheology of the two media, e.g. the matrix and the fiber network, as well as their interaction follow non-linear viscous behaviors. The equations of this model are simplified to the case of the compression of SMC, giving the formulation of a shell model whose equations are written into a finite element code. Simple simulation examples thus show the strong influence of material and process parameters on the phenomenon of phase separation.


Quantum chemistry calculations have been applied to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the hetero-Cope [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1-butene thiobenzoate in the gas phase and different solvents. Of the two proposed mechanisms, concerted and biradical paths, a concerted mechanism with an activation Gibbs free energy of 27 kcal mol–1 was preferred. Based on natural bond orbital analysis, the electronic charge distribution at the transition state was affected by the solvent, through the perturbation in the electronic energy levels. The interaction energy of LpS25 → π*C1–C2 was larger in the solvent which means S25–C1 bond formation is more advanced in solution. C1 atomic charge reduction (0.26 e) and atomic charge increase for the S25 atom (0.23 e) indicated charge transfer from C1 to S25 during transition state formation.


In this study, hypoxanthine biosensor based on immobilization of xanthine oxidase on polyvinylferrocenium perchlorate matrix coated Pt electrode for detection of hypoxanthine was presented. The steady-state background current of the biosensor was measured at+0.5V, which was due to the electrooxidation of enzymatically produced H2O2. The biosensor exhibited a linear range from 2.15 × 10−3mM to 1.03mM (r = 0.9963) with a detection limit of 6.5 × 10−4mM (S/N = 3) for the detection of hypoxanthine. The storage stability of the biosensor, the effect of interference by uric acid, and the applicability to fish sample of the biosensor analysis were also evaluated.


Preface Does Inference to the Best Explanation Work? Fundamental Problems in the Theory of Scientific Explanation Technological Escalation and the Exploration Model of Natural Science The Law of Logarithmic Returns Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge Baffling Phenomena Finitude and Limitations The Unpredictability of Future Science Can Computers Overcome Our Limitations? Extraterrestrial Science Meaningless Numbers Credit for Making a Discovery The Ethical Dimension of Scientific Research Moral Issues Relating to the Economics of Knowledge in the Biomedical Science.


Aim  The problems in public health and field management in France caused by Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. require a better knowledge of the introduction and naturalization of this species in both the past and present.


This research analyzes the hadith texts of the hajj (pilgrimage) to identify the hajj
maqasid in the Sunnah perspective. Altogether, 1,947 hadith texts relating to hajj in the
al-Sunan al-Sittah has been screened and takhrij analysis has been performed. It is found
that there are 105 hadith texts that are related to the practice of hajj of the Prophet and
maqasid pilgrimage. 98 of them are authentic hadith texts, and 7 are hasan hadith texts.
Of these, 49 texts are focusing on various aspects of hajj as done by the Prophet and 56
texts focusing on the maqasid pilgrimage. The study found that many maqasid and legal
principles should be adopted in performing hajj. In this research, surveys and observations
have been conducted to compare between Malaysian pilgrims practice of hajj and the way
that has been performed by the Prophet. Based on descriptive questionnaire survey
involving 379 respondents, it has been shown that the understanding of Malaysian
pilgrims to the purposes of pilgrimage in the Sunnah perspective is just at a moderate
level. The inference test, t-test and Anova studies indicate that the practice of Malaysian
pilgrims on the Sunnah is also at very moderate level. Education and frequency of
performing hajj factors do not have any influence on the variables used to measure the
level of respondents. While gender and education level, only slightly affect the level of
hajj practice by the respondents. Experience attending the hajj courses, is not significant
to the understanding and practice of the maqasid hajj according to the Sunnah of the
Malaysian pilgrims. The pilgrims will have very good understanding of hajj and thus
greatly influence their practice of hajj mostly due to their previous knowledge and good
explanation by the speakers during the course. The pilgrim understanding level is not
because of the module provided by the Hajj Pilgrims Fund Board itself.


This study presents a danger estimation system to prevent accidents among infants. A video camera positioned above the infant's crib captures video. The proposed system can monitor the behavior of infants aged zero to six months. If there is a change in behavior or any other unusual occurrence, the system alerts the person responsible to attend to the baby immediately. The proposed system operates in three phases, which are foreground color model (FC model) construction, infant detection, and degree of danger analysis. During FC model construction, the foreground color histogram is created iteratively; the background image does not have to be constructed first. A motion-history image (MHI) is also obtained based on the motion of the infant. The color and motion information supplied by the FC model and the MHI are combined to detect the infant, who is regarded as the foreground object in the input frame. Moreover, six features of infant behavior are extracted from the detected infant to measure the degree of danger faced by the infant, and the result is used to warn the baby-sitter if needed. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and efficient.


Two aposteriori and three multiple regression techniques were used to estimate the receptivity of 20 seedbed types in two trials of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) broadcast seeding in northern Ontario. None of the methods was a satisfactory substitute for experimental determination of receptivity by means of seed spots. Receptivity varied within seedbed types, and the β probability density function described the variability reasonably well. In the broadcast seeding trials, three probabilistic models were used to predict regeneration stocking from seeding rate, seedbed area, and seedbed receptivity. The model that took into account within-seedbed variability predicted seedling stocking with the lowest bias (−0.03).


In the title compound, C21H17N5·H2O, the dihedral angles between the acridine ring system and the imidazole rings are 78.8 (1) and 71.2 (1)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by O—H⋯N, C—H⋯O, C—H⋯π and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid separations = 3.732 (1) and 3.569 (1) Å].


I read with interest the article 'Handling training' (No Limits February 23). I am currently studying the theory-practice gap in moving and handling.


Fundamental to using computational services over the web is the ability to compose them, and transfer results from one service as input to the next service. This paper presents the use of active mediation in applications that employ multiple web services which are not fully compatible in terms of data formats and contents. Active mediation allows an application acting as a client of web services to modify the interfaces of the remote services. This approach increases the applicability of the services, reduces data communication among the services, and enables the application to control complex computations. A number of features are presented to support active mediation: (1) mobile classes are introduced to allow dynamic information processing; (2) active mediators are incorporated into web services to support the execution of the mobile classes; and (3) service access protocols are designed for invoking active mediation. The importance of active mediation is illustrated with various applications, such as relational operations, dynamic type conversion, and result extraction. Finally, it is shown that active mediation can greatly improve the performance of an application utilizing multiple web services.


According to the New Teaching Requirements for College English set by the Ministry of Education for non-English undergraduate students,this paper expounds the necessity and feasibility of introduction to the theory of translation,cross-cultural communication as well as reinforcing the practice of translation in offering TCM-English course in colleges and universities of Chinese medicine.The corresponding approaches and methods are also dealt with.


Since 1980, when human hair follicle cells were cultured in vitro for the first time, a whole series of techniques have been developed that render hair follicle keratinocytes as easy to handle in culture as fibroblasts. As a consequence, one can conclude that the need for a method providing for the routine cultivation of easily obtainable human primary epithelial cells has now been met, and it may be expected that more and more workers will use hair follicle keratinocytes for studies that specifically require human epithelial cells. The ease of culture and the ready availability of material may encourage workers to consider human hair follicle cell culture before either animal models or cultures of cells derived from invasive skin biopsies.


For the network environment book requisitioning in the status and perplexity,this paper points out that the book in an interview with the effective measures should be taken,and staff must have the qualities.


Objective: Aim to investigate the influencing factors of postoperative quality of life with breast cancer patients in Xi'an, and to provide scientific basis for promoting the health of breast cancer patients and improving their quality of life. Methods: we used the cluster sampling method to select 181 breast cancer patients in Xi'an as case study, and used the breast cancer quality of life scale (FACT-B and V4.0) to investigate the data. The status of quality of life, status of social family, emotional status, functional status, breast cancer attachment and other dimensions of quality of life were selected as the dependent variables, and the variables of general demographic characteristics and disease characteristics were taken as independent variables to make multiple linear regression analysis, and established the different dimension of the multiple linear model respectively. Results: the factors which influencing the postoperative quality of life of patients with breast cancer were pain, marital status, family per capita annual income, and whether complications. Among them, the more obvious the pain feeling, the marriage is divorced, widowed and other unstable state, the family per capita annual income is low, with complications and other characteristics of breast cancer patients, the lower of quality of life score. In addition, the source of medical expenses is an important factor which affecting the physiological state of the factors, the results show that the quality of life becomes worse. The patients with lower emotional scores were accompanied by anxiety, negative feeling of the disease, did not participate in anti-cancer association, less physical exercise; The patients who have lower educational level and late clinical stage had lower functional status scores. Conclusions: we should increase the health investment, improve the awareness of breast cancer patients, make early breast cancer screening for married women, eliminate the negative psychological emotions of breast cancer patients, and participate in physical exercise actively. Above all were the effective measures of improving the quality of life of breast cancer patients.


The 26 December 2004 Andaman mega tsunami killed about 200, 000 people worldwide. This infamous tsunami serves a potent wakeup call for many countries in the affected regions including Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. More recently, the 25 October 2010 tsunami in Mentawai islands of Indonesia that killed more than four hundred people is a recurrent reminder of the hazards of tsunamis in this region. Active research on tsunami simulation and community outreach activities on tsunami education, risk reduction and preparedness are essential to help community develop resilience to tsunamis. Many researchers in the regions have developed their respective long-term programs on tsunami related research for this purpose. Over the past several years, capacity building has been intensely stepped up to develop human resources that are able to perform tsunami simulations for developing inventory of tsunami risk hotspots and evacuation routes. Several international workshops were held in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea regions to propel effective research collaboration. Enlightened by these international workshops, the Malaysian government has appointed the authors to (a) develop tsunami simulation model TUNA, (b) to establish local maps that rank tsunami risk hotspots and their associated characteristics for northwest Peninsular Malaysia and (c) to conduct tsunami modelling workshops for the purpose of developing human resources capable of performing or understanding tsunami simulations in their respective work place. This paper presents an overview of tsunami simulations performed by means of the model TUNA for the recent tsunamis that occurred in Andaman Sea and the South China Sea to highlight potential hazards. It also provides a summary of tsunami simulation training manual based upon TUNA to facilitate effective hands-on learning on tsunami simulation.


Amari is the district of Crete which lies south-west of Mount Ida. It is a hill-district, consisting mainly of the slopes of Ida and Kedros, which with its craggy sides and hundred springs is no unworthy rival to Ida. Between the two mountains lies the valley of the river Platys. Amari forms an eparchy, with thirty-nine villages, but no large centre of population. The villagers, farmers and shepherds, are an old-fashioned folk; they still maintain many of their traditional customs, dispense an open-handed hospitality, and have more than their share of the war-like virtues of the Cretans.


AIM
To validate the efficacy of nanocomplexes from RGD-modified polyamidoamine (PAMAM G1) copolymer for prevention of restenosis.

MATERIALS & METHODS
Generation 1.0 polyamidoamine (PAMAM G1)-based copolymers (PGP) and RGD modified PGP (PGP-RGD) were synthesized and its properties were evaluated. Intravascular VEGF165 release tests were performed.

RESULTS
The PGP-RGD1 (2.6% grafting rate) exhibited lower cytotoxicity and larger combining ability with pDNA. The complexes had sizes of 80-160 nm and zeta potentials of 3-20 mV. Transfection efficiency of PGP-RGD1 complexes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was larger than that of PGP complexes. Patency and expression level of artery in PGP-RGD1 group were higher than that in saline group.

CONCLUSION
PGP-RGD1 will be a promising targeted gene vector.


Noise cancellation in a speech signals degraded by additive noise is a universal problem in signal processing,especially in telecommunication systems.This paper is concerned with the real time speech enhan ce-ment system of spectral subtraction modified algorithm based on TMS320VC33.[


In this work, a synthesis strategy is proposed to design Static Passive Smart Skins that match the desired reflection pattern and can be installed on building facades presenting one or more windows. Thanks to the profitable exploitation of Non-Radiating (NR) currents, the proposed approach enables decoupling the field-matching requirements from the geometrical constraints and addresses them separately. The potentiality of the proposed approach is demonstrated in a simple illustrative example.


The model of the traditional family is breaking down, children barely into their teens are experimenting with sex, and half of all marriages in developed countries end in divorce. In this book, Osho explains why these phenomena are happening and how they can actually be viewed as a cause for celebration rather than a worry. In a post-ideological world, where all the old moralities are clearly out of date, we have a golden opportunity to redefine and revitalise the very foundation of our lives - to literally start fresh with ourselves, our relationships to others and how we define fulfillment and success for the individual and for society as a whole. This book is a provocation and a guide for that fresh start.


In this article we prove several results about the local quasiconvexity behavior of small-cancellation groups. In addition to strengthening our previously obtained positive results, we also describe several families of negative examples. Also, as the strength of the assumed small-cancellation conditions increases, the gap between our positive results and our counterexamples narrows. Finally, as an additional application of these techniques, we include similar results and counterexamples for Coxeter groups.


In the region of the Riau Islands of Indonesia fresh water scarcity is one of the challenges the local community is facing. In order to increase the catchment of fresh water the choice is made to turn Bintan Bay, part of the Riau Islands, into a fresh water reservoir. Hereby collecting the fresh water runoff from local rivers. It is however unknown where the reservoir, and thus dam, will be positioned and whether the closure can be constructed with sand. This thesis focusses on those two topics. Based on an investigation into the hydraulic boundary conditions six alternative dam locations are defined. To weigh the alternatives a preliminary cost-benefit analysis is carried out. The outcome of the analysis is that the alternative in which the whole bay is turned into a reservoir can be considered most favourable. However, underlying assumptions and simplifications need to be verified in order to assess the effects on the outcome of the analysis. One of these assumptions is that a sand closure is constructible for all alternatives. This implies that additional effort, in terms of the required capacity of the dredgers, and sand losses are not included. To investigate these assumptions a more detailed research is carried out into the sand closure. The principle of a sand closure is fairly straightforward: the supply of sand has to be larger than the losses due to erosion in the closure gap to be able to close the dam. Since the sand losses are directly linked to the flow velocities in the closure gap a one-dimensional flow model has been created. This shows that maximum flow velocities at Bintan are higher than the limit according to a rule of thumb provided in literature. Therefore, the closure seems difficult, if not impossible. However, since a spring-neap cycle is applied a worst case scenario is simulated where also the critical closure stage is during springtide. This can be considered an overestimation of reality since it is common practise to close during neap tide. By introducing a sediment transport function and a sand input, the closure gap area is made time dependent. With this upgraded model, more realistic scenarios can be simulated where the critical closure phase is executed around neaptide. After optimizing, the maximal flow velocities showed a significant reduction while the production rate is high compared to other closures, but not unrealistic. The one-dimensional closure model has limitations in describing the flow velocities and erosion. Therefore, an additional two-dimensional model is set up in FINEL. The applied erosion function was already calibrated on the recent closures at the Maasvlakte 2, and is therefore regarded to provide more accurate results. Various simulations are conducted to recognise sensitivities and to identify the differences between the one- and two-dimensional models. The comparison shows that the original erosion function applied in the one-dimensional model indeed highly overestimates the sand losses. Because of this, new simulations are performed in the one-dimensional model with calibrations based on the MV2 closures. A comparison shows that for the identical dredger capacities the sand losses are significantly reduced. Therefore, a successful closure proves to be achievable with half of the original production capacity. Since all computations are conducted for the most favourable alternative, a final comparison is conducted with the other alternatives. This results in the conclusion that solely the sand losses will not result in another alternative to become more favourable in the cost-benefit analysis. However, dredgers that can achieve the required production capacity should be available in the area. If not, other alternatives might be cheaper to execute since these can be closed with smaller dredger capacities and thus smaller vessels.


The sensitivity of hyper-spectral remote sensing to the directional reflectance of surfaces was studied using both laboratory and field measurements. Namely, the effects of the specular- and diffuse-reflectance properties of a set of eight samples, ranging from high to low in both total reflectance and specularity, on diffuse-only and diffusespecular radiative transfer models in the long-wave infrared (LWIR, 7-14-μm wavelength) were studied. The samples were measured in the field as a set of eight panels, each in two orientations, with surface normal pointing toward zenith and tipped at 45° from zenith. The field-collected data also included down-welling spectral sky radiance at several angles from zenith to the horizon, ground spectral radiance, panel spectral radiances in both orientations, Infragold® spectral radiances in both orientations near each panel location, and panel temperatures. Laboratory measurements included spectral hemispherical, specular and diffuse directional reflectance (HDR, SDR and DDR) for each sample for several reflectance angles with respect to the surface normal. The diffuse-only radiative transfer model used the HDR data, while the diffuse-specular model used the SDR and DDR data. Both calculated spectral reflected and self-emitted radiances for each panel, using the field-collected sky radiance data to avoid uncertainties associated with atmospheric models. The modeled spectral radiances were then compared to the field-collected values to quantify differences in moving from an HDR-based model to an SDR/DDR model in the LWIR for a variety of surface-reflectance types.


Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method for generating a network managing packet traffic through the policy and charging control (PCC) rules. The method may comprise: receiving a request message to request PCC rules from the network component; information set based on the requested QoS, the QoS information collection for authorization; generating PCC rules; PCC rules and the network element transmitting to the embodiment. The request message may include: a set of requested QoS information and are each described by a plurality of flow streams of packets transmitted across the network map. The PCC rules may include: the authorized QoS information set and a plurality of streams corresponding to each traffic mapping description. PCRN may comprise: transmitting a first interface, a measurement engine, rule generator, and the PCC rules request message is received to the second interface network component embodiment.


Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is the current trend in surgery. Compared to traditional surgery, MIS can substantially decrease recovery time and expenses needed by patients after surgeries, reduce pain during surgical procedures, and is highly regarded by physicians and patients. An endoscope is widely used in the diagnosis and treatments of various medical disciplines, such as hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, and colonoscopy, and have been adopted by many branches of medicine. However, the limited image field of MIS is often the most difficult obstacles faced by surgeons and medical students, especially to less experienced physicians and difficult surgical procedures; the limited field of view of endoscopic imaging does not provide a whole picture of the surgery area, making the procedures difficult and full of uncertainty. In light of this problem, we proposed a "Panoramic Wireless Endoscope System design", hoping to provide physicians with a wide field of view of the endoscopic image. We combine images captured from two parallel-mounted endoscope lenses into a single, wide-angle image, giving physicians a wider field of view and easier access to the surgical area. In addition, we developed a wireless transmission system so the image can be transmitted to various display platforms, eliminating the needs for excessive cabling on surgical tools and enable physicians to better operate on the patient. Finally, our system allows surgical assistants a better view of the operation process, and enables other physicians and nurses to remotely observe the process. Our experiment results have shown that we can increase the image to 152% of its original size. We used the PandaBoard ES platform with an ARM9 processor and 1G of onboard RAM, and continuously implementing animal trials to verify the reliability of our system.


Urban ethnography has produced some of the most influential and memorable studies in sociology since the discipline's founding. Showcasing the ideas, analysis, and perspectives of experts in the method conducting research on a wide array of social phenomena in a variety of city contexts, this volume provides a look at the legacies of urban ethnography's methodological traditions and some of the challenges its practitioners face today.


AbstractThrough modern nondestructive inspection (NDI) techniques, fatigue cracks can be detected with varying accuracies in steel bridge structures, and consequently assessment and updating of fatigue reliability can be performed. A probabilistic fracture mechanics method based on the Bayes theorem using information from NDI has been demonstrated to update the relevant parameters of crack growth models effectively. Using the probabilistic characteristics of the NDI techniques, the probabilistic fatigue failure method, and the Bayes theorem, a procedure for assessing and updating the fatigue reliability of existing steel bridge components is presented. Data collected from two steel bridges, the Zhejiang Street Bridge and Ganjiang River Bridge, are used to illustrate the fatigue reliability assessment and updating method. In the case study, the suspender β‐T curves of the Zhejiang Street Bridge and Ganjiang River Bridge are determined after inspection and updating. It is found in this research that the fat...


By using the T106 data and filter method,the mesoscale precipitation systems have been found,and the characters and variations of some meteorological elements also have been analyzed.It is found that by analying and tracing the mesoscale systems,the rainstorm forecasting could be more accurate.The strong convergence of moisture corresponds to the rainstorm well in time and position.We must pay attention to the southern warm thermal advection as well as the northern cold thermal advection in the cold front shear type rainstorm process.


Objective To look into the arsenic metabolism in leukemia patients treated with arsenic trioxide and the side effects of arsenic trioxide on liver function and results of blood routine test. Methods First-morning urine of 12 inpatients treated by arsenic trioxide were collected before treatment,after 10 days of treatment and after 20 days of treatment,respectively.Urine levels of inorganic arsenic(iAs),monomethyl arsenic(MMA) and dimethyl arsenic(DMA) were detected.Indices of liver function and blood routine test were also determined.Repeated measures analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze the result. Results Levels of iAs,MMA and DMA before treatment,after 10 days of treatment,and after 20 days of treatment were significantly different(P0.05).Levels of total proteins,albumin,aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were not significantly different(P0.05),while differences in alanine aminotransferase(ALT) levels were statistically significant among the three time points(P0.05).Indices of blood routine test were not significantly different before and after treatment(P0.05).Levels of iAs were positively correlated with ALT levels after 10 days of treatment(r=0.65,P0.05). Conclusion Levels of ALT are associated with iAs levels after arsenic trioxide treatment,whereas other aspects of liver function and the blood are not affected by the drug,which in turn makes it a both effective and safe treatment.With the arsenic levels in the urine monitored,which mirrors the metabolism of arsenic of the body,anti-arsenic therapy can be carried out when necessary.


In Norway syntaxonomical work started approximately at the same time in Central Europe. Nordhagen was the pioneer, making the basis for the classification of especially alpine communities, followed by Dahl and Gjaerevoll, also focusing on alpine vegetation. During the 1970-80's a large number of syntaxonomical studies were made on a diversity of topics; most of these studies were never published. The rather species-poor flora and the difficulties of applying the concept of character species have caused Norwegian botanists to develop a classification system of their own, as a summary of present knowledge. The next step should be to rework a large number of releves with numerical methods to form the basis of a national vegetation survey.


The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the rationality and effectiveness of the application of Grounded Theory in health education. Analyzing the connotation and characteristics of Grounded Theory, the possibility of data analysis and theory construction was discussed by using Grounded Theory in the field of health education. Aiming to analyze the interview data of the health education and health promotion project, three-rank-coding method of Grounded Theory is tentatively used. Furthermore, the prospects of applied Grounded Theory in health education were also predicted in this paper.


This study aimed to obtain probiotic bacteria nthat are antagonistic bacteria to Colletotrichum acutatum and to improve chilli seeds quality. The purpose of this study was to obtain probiotic bacteria antagonistic to C. acutatum and prevent seed-borne diseases. The layout of the experiment arranged in completely randomized design factorial design with two factors. The first factor is the seed coating that consists of 6 levels i.e control / without coating (c0), coating without bacteria (c1), coating Bacillus sp. (c2), coating Pseudomonas sp. (c3), coating Actinomycetes sp. (c4) and fungicidal coating (c5). The second factor is the storage period is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months.nThe results showed that three bacteria that are antagonistic to C. acutatum, i.e.Actinomycetes sp. (ATS6) having inhibition percentage of56, 8%, Bacillus sp. (B48) having inhibition percentage 56,7% and Pseudomonas sp. (P12) having inhibition percentage 46,7%. Application of probiotic bacteria increased viability and the health of chilli seed for storage period of 5 months, seen from maximum growth potential 80-84%, germination capacity 76-78,7%, infected seeds in coating of Actinomycetes sp., 2,6% and Bacillus sp., 6,7%.Bacillus sp. contained 91,8 ppm indole acetic acid (IAA) and 103,2 ppm giberelins (GA3), Actinomycetes sp. contained 89,6 ppm IAA and 92,5 ppm giberelin and Pseudomonas sp. contained 68,9 ppm IAA and 69,2 ppm giberelin. ©2016 Published by Savana Cendana.


The study of capillary blood is why many years of countless jobs, all oriented towards the investigation of its anatomical and histiologica constitution, their physiological responses and pharmacodynamic observable pathological and clinical manifestations.


In order to solve the problem of complex calculation of logistics value in process simulation, based on the parameter characteristics of Aspen Plus, a simplified logistics calculation model is proposed. The comparison with exercom shows that the error of the calculation results in this paper is less than 1%, which verifies the correctness of the model. The calculation model of logistics flow provides convenience for process simulation software Aspen Plus to analyze the simulation process. Based on the logistics calculation model and the "fuel cost" model of thermal economics, a coal-fired boiler of a domestic unit is analyzed. The results show that the heat loss of the boiler mainly occurs in the process of coal decomposition and combustion, followed by the heat exchange process between flue gas and main heat exchange surface. The overall efficiency of the boiler is 46.4%.


The rubidium and cesium binding characteristics of rat liver cell microsomes were studied by an equilibration, centrifugation and washing procedure. Concentration dependence experiments, in which microsomes were equilibrated in media containing 0 to 400 mM rubidium or cesium chloride at pH 6.9, yielded saturation type adsorption isotherms similar to those previously reported for sodium and potassium. Mass law analysis of the data yielded apparent dissociation constants of 21 × 10−3 eq/liter and 19 × 10−3 eq/liter for rubidium and cesium binding, respectively. The results indicate that cesium is bound slightly more strongly than rubidium, and that both these cations may be bound more strongly than sodium or potassium. The maximum binding capacity at pH 6.9 was approximately 1.3 meq rubidium or cesium/g nitrogen. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium generally associated with the isolated microsomes decreased concomitantly with increasing bound rubidium or cesium, demonstrating the ion exchange nature of the binding. Results of pH‐dependence experiments showed that following equilibration of the microsomes in media containing approximately 96 mM rubidium or cesium at various pH values, bound rubidium or cesium was essentially zero at pH less than five, increased sharply between pH 5 and 7, and tended to level off at higher pH. The present results further characterize the cation binding properties of the microsomal material.


English class interaction plays an important part in mastering English,but it is difficult to implement due to various factors.This paper analyses the causes in terms of students,teachers and teaching process,proposes appropriate measures and proves by the author's teaching experiment that English class interaction is feasible and effective.


In this paper,the fluorescence feature of Terbium- TPA- TPPO(Phen)and the influence of Yttrium,Gadolinium on the fluorescence intensity of Terbium- TPA- TPPO in Triton X- 100- ethanal solution were studied.The experimental result showed that the fluorescence intensity of Terbium- TPA was not high at pH=6,the fluorescence intensity was enhanced when Terbium- TPA was treated with TPPO and Triton X- 100 at pH=4,the addition of Gadolinium or Yttrium could distinctly enhances the fluorescence intesity of Terbium- TPA- TPPO.This system was applied to the determination of trace Terbium,the detection limits of Terbium was 2× 10- 9mol· L- 1


We quantified structural attributes in three alluvial flat old-growth coast redwood stands. Tree size parameters and occurrences of distinctive features (e.g., burls, goose pens) were similar between stands. Occurrence of distinctive features was greater among larger trees. Tree sizefrequency distributions conformed to a reverse-J diameter distribution. The range of tree sizes was similar between study sites. Redwood density ranged from 118 to 148 trees ha-1 and upper canopy tree density ranged from 45 to 74 trees ha-1. Crown ratio was similar across study sites with an overall mean of 64.3 percent, except that crown ratio of the largest trees was lower at the site with the highest growing space occupancy. The percentage of plot area in canopy gaps ranged from 17 to 25 percent. Seedling regeneration was no more frequent beneath canopy gaps. These and other results describe structure in old-growth redwood forests and can serve as reference conditions for old forest restoration on alluvial flats.


Electroluminescent material is a light emitting electrically powered composite which consists of a stacked sequence of various specific materials. At the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering there is always an interest for the development of new materials. Yet there is a knowledge gap between the theory and the practical DIY fabrication of electroluminescents (ELs). This graduation assignment will demonstrate practical knowledge on the DIY production of electroluminescent materials and the fabrication parameters. This will be moulded into a design with a working prototype/ demonstrator. The project starts by analysing the internal workings of the luminous material (phosphors) and the material properties of the composite and sensory properties of the emitted light. In order to explore the context of the material current uses are investigated and the ELs are compared with other light emitting materials. Simultaneously practical fabrication of the material (tinkering) is used to gain knowledge and insights for development opportunities. The variations of EL samples made during tinkering are used to map the experiential qualities of the material which in turn is used for the experience vision of the final application. The insight collected during the tinkering are converted into a summary with helpful diagrams like a problem solving flowchart for future DIY EL fabrication projects. The analysis was the essential foundation for the ideation phase which lead to the development of the material demonstrator that is called "Regenlicht - a Drop of Light". This device is an umbrella that analogously lights up parts of the canvas that are hit by raindrops. This spectacular sight transforms a negative context (a rainy day) into a marvellous experience. It does that while on a technical level it shows the unique material properties Of electroluminescent material like being luminous, semi transparent, light weight, flexible, and many more...


During the summer of 1994, a satellite-tracked drifter transited from the southeastern Bering Sea slope through Bering Strait by a route westward along the slope and then northward through Anadyr Canyon and Strait. The trajectory emphasizes the importance of a western location of northward flow on the Bering Sea shelf. The transit time was 2 months from Cape Navarin to Bering Strait with northward drift velocities of 5–40 cm/s.


Expression of full‐length p16INK4a blocks αvβ3 integrin‐dependent cell spreading on vitronectin but not collagen IV. Similarly, G1‐associated cell cycle kinases (CDK) inhibitory (CKI) synthetic peptides derived from p16INK4a, p18INK4c and p21Cip1/Waf1, which can be delivered directly into cells from the tissue culture medium, do not affect non‐αvβ3‐dependent spreading on collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin at concentrations that inhibit cell cycle progression in late G1. The αvβ3 heterodimer remains intact after CKI peptide treatment but is immediately dissociated from the focal adhesion contacts. Treatment with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) allows αvβ3 to locate to the focal adhesion contacts and the cells to spread on vitronectin in the presence of CKI peptides. The cdk6 protein is found to suppress p16INK4a‐mediated inhibition of spreading and is also shown to localize to the ruffling edge of spreading cells, indicating a function for cdk6 in controlling matrix‐dependent cell spreading. These results demonstrate a novel G1 CDK‐associated integrin regulatory pathway that acts upstream of αvβ3‐dependent activation of PKC as well as a novel function for the p16INK4a tumour suppressor protein in regulating matrix‐dependent cell migration.


his failure to discuss individual pantheists at any length. Although certain groups of figures are regularly cited in illustration of various ideas (for instance, Spinoza, Hegel and Lao Tzu), it might have been clearer to address the questions at issue by examining in turn the views of particular pantheists. It is at any rate arguable that the differences between pantheists are large enough to ensure that 'the pantheist's' view holds little interest in itself, for instance because of its distance from any form of pantheism which has in fact been embraced as a guide to life. However, limits of space may have prohibited the author from following another approach, and no doubt a similar charge could be laid against many discussions of'theism'. Besides, there are indications in the text of the diversity of pantheistic opinion on various questions, and no doubt there are anyway detailed discussions of individual pantheists which Levine had no interest in duplicating. Some may feel that Levine's discussion sometimes takes him into territory which, while interesting in itself, is not directly relevant (or at any rate, not always clearly shown to be relevant) to the matter in hand. To name one example, some of the discussion in Part III on the relation in general between belief and practice may be superfluous to the ensuing discussion of the relation between pantheistic belief and practice. However, these excursions, if such they are, may help to bring out the importance of the material which relates directly to pantheism, most notably when the author is offering an assessment of the difficulties which may be posed for theism. On the whole, then, this work can be warmly commended. Levine's enterprising enquiry should stand as an encouragement (or provocation?) to others to address these same issues.


It is well‐known in the cosmology community that an accurate determination of the Hubble constant (H0), to within few percent, can be used to break the degeneracy between ΩM and w in CMB measurements. The current uncertainty in H0 from the HST Key Project is about 10%. In contrast future observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have the potential to deliver an H0 measurement accurate to under a few percent. This is because JWST will operate in the near‐ and mid‐infrared, thus significantly reducing the influence of extinction. Motivated by this, we derive Spitzer IRAC band period‐luminosity (PL) relations (the Leavitt Law) from the Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids which can be applied to future distance scale measurements with JWST. To test these PL relations, we applied the IRAC band PL relations to the three nearby galaxies (NGC 6822, IC 1613 & WLM), where the Cepheid data were found from the Spitzer Archival data, and derive the distance moduli (in IRAC bands) to these galaxies. We also com...


When the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was introduced in 1990, one of the specific regulations included regulated between car barriers (BCB) for light and heavy rails. The objective of between car barriers was to encourage everyone, including the disabled people, to confidently use the transportation system, designed with complete safety for everyone. This paper discusses the development of a prototype unit to meet the intent of the ADA. The design was given high consideration for safety, reliability and operational constraints. Before implementation, items such as rain impact, sharp turns, speed of the car, rubbing against car body, attachment to car body for stability, toxicity, flammability, labor time for removal and replacement of BCB devices were considered in many configurations. The progressive design modifications, prototype construction and testing in the field has improved and evolved the design to current level.


This paper outlines the basic theory and the design and implementation of a low voltage Colpitts chaotic oscillator based on an Electrically Programmable Analog Device matched Pair Mosfet Array (EPAD). The Oscillator is capable of producing chaotic carriers in very low supply voltages, which is a feature very useful in mobile and low power consumption utilities.


Translating noisy inputs, such as the output of a speech recognizer, is a difficult but important challenge for neural machine translation. One way to increase robustness of neural models is by introducing artificial noise to the training data. In this paper, we experiment with appropriate forms of such noise, exploring a middle ground between general-purpose regularizers and highly task-specific forms of noise induction. We show that with a simple generative noise model, moderate gains can be achieved in translating erroneous speech transcripts, provided that type and amount of noise are properly calibrated. The optimal amount of noise at training time is much smaller than the amount of noise in our test data, indicating limitations due to trainability issues. We note that unlike our baseline model, models trained on noisy data are able to generate outputs of proper length even for noisy inputs, while gradually reducing output length for higher amount of noise, as might also be expected from a human translator. We discuss these findings in details and give suggestions for future work.


Whether green residential building,or green design of public buildings,mainly rest on the related request to carry on in "Green Construction Evaluation Criteria"(hereafter refers to as"Standard").Taking the green public building design as the example,there is understanding difference on"Standard"in many areas.


What kind of firms should be saved by the government during an economic downtown? Previous research indicates that firms with growth potential instead of zombie firms should be saved, and firms that are most distressed should be subsidized. This paper provides a new perspective and suggests that socially responsible firms that care about stakeholders should be saved. During an economic downtown, firms stop hiring regardless of their financial strength and act cautiously, but firms that care about their stakeholders lay off fewer employees and keep hiring. For a one standard deviation increase in the percentage of population donated to a charity, the aggregate job posting number from the firms in that county increases by 13% during the COVID-19 period. At the firm level, I show that for a one standard deviation increase in a firm's CSR community score which mainly measures a firm's donation level, a firm's job posting growth is 5% higher, 2.7% less likely to announce a massive layoff plan and 3.5% less likely to announce a hiring freeze policy. Unlike the previous literature regarding COVID-19 and unemployment which suggests that the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) does not work, I show that the PPP has significantly increased new job postings but only in counties with a high level of altruism. These results suggest that fiscal stimulus such as the PPP should target firms with good track records of corporate social responsibility performance.


This paper researches the effect of reward shaping in a complex and dynamic environment. A challenge in reinforcement learning is having sparse rewards. As the agent gets a reward only when completing an objective. This can make it very difficult for the agent to associate actions with the reward. Reward shaping helps the agent by giving it more frequent feedback. This can help the agent in the learning phase and help it to find desirable behaviors. These agents are implemented in a Hollow Knight boss fight as a good test case. This is a good test case as the boss fights in Hollow Knight are complex and have dynamic environments, where each boss fight incorporates stochasticity in their attack patterns. To understand the effect of certain types of rewards, the rewards are divided into base, sub, and instrumental rewards. Where base reward is a win, sub-rewards are rewards leading to a win, and instrumental rewards are rewards that do not necessarily lead toward a win but can lead to desirable behaviors. All combinations of these categories will be implemented as agents and trained. Our results show that reward shaping can help find more desirable behaviors in the learning phase however, it does not change our end phase result. When not including the base reward the models performed worse in the end phase. When including instrumental rewards, only with all the types of rewards it performed well. When combined with the sub-reward it had no effect on the wins or losses, and on its own or combined with the base reward it showed convergence to a policy that did not focus on winning the boss fight. When trying to test the effect of transfer learning on another boss, it showed that the agents needed more training time to converge to an optimal policy and further conclusions could not be made. Reward shaping can have a beneficial influence on the training phase when dealing with a complex and dynamic environment. Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge that reward shaping has the potential to introduce biases, potentially diverting the agent from its optimal policy.


The United States' monetary policy is a monetary policy that the world economy, including Indonesia, pays attention to and is wary of. Along with high inflation rates, the United States Central Bank The Federal Reserve (The Fed) tightened monetary policy more to maintain stability. This research is a descriptive qualitative research type. The purpose of this research is to find out how the policy of Bank Indonesia towards the increase in the Fed. Through the explanation in this research, it is found that Bank Indonesia makes monetary and financial sector policies as well as maintains macroeconomic and financial system stability and encourages national economic recovery.


This article aims to study how well represented and portrayed the older people in print advertisements, how the manufacturers and marketers would like to utilize older persons in their advertisements, and consequently how these will affect the elderly's self-esteem and societal attitudes toward them. To find out these, a questionnaire survey is conducted. And seven sets of model images of aging and older people are selected out of approximately 100 advertisements collected in current print media in the UK. Finally, 30 respondents are recruited. The results have confirmed the seven categories of elderly images in print ads. The findings also show that the respondents' descriptions of either male or female elderly are in general positive. It concludes that the respondents' positive attitudes towards the images of elderly in the ads designated have mirrored the advertisers' positive attitudes towards the elderly.


The huge amount of phenolic wastewater generated at coke oven plants is nowadays partially utilized during the wet coke quenching process. The stream, however, contains a range of inorganic compounds (i.e., chlorides, alkali and sulphates), the presence of which in the coke is highly undesired. Moreover, the impact on the quenching water composition on the fi nal quality of coke, considering the concentrations of mineral contaminants, is unknown. Our paper investigates the composition of quenching water – in particular the impact of chlorides and sodium ion content on the fi nal quality of wet-quenched coke. We used dry-quenched coke, treated rainfall, and treated phenolic wastewater generated at one the largest coke plants in Poland. Our study showed the existence of linear dependences between chlorides and sodium ion content in quenching water, and their fi nal amount in the wet-quenched coke. We developed the calculation procedure of the maximum share of the treated phenolic wastewater in the quenching water stream, at which the contract parameter of coke could be held, based on the basis of our experimental results.


This article explores the relationship between dispositional employability and online training purchase. Through a sample of 883 employees working for enterprises in Spain, and a using principal component analysis and binomial logit probabilistic models, the research revealed two main results. First, it was found that dispositional employability is characterized by five factors: "openness to changes at work," "career motivation and work resilience," "work and career proactivity," "optimism and engagement at work," and "work identity." Second, the research also found a double causality in the relationship analysis between dispositional employability and online training purchase. However, this causality is not direct. In explaining dispositional employability, certain motivations and types of behavior of employees participating in online training are significant. In particular, greater sensitivity toward career-related personal empowerment, a greater predisposition toward developing new experiences at work, and a greater awareness of the fact that positive job outcomes are related to preparation conscientiousness. In explaining online training purchase, employees who are more motivated and who better identify with their jobs are more likely to pay. Moreover, employees who spend more time on training and have less contact with new trends in their jobs, find it hard to keep calm in difficult situations, and have a greater predisposition toward effort, and preference for novelty, variety and challenges at work are more likely to purchase online training.


The recently issued CBS STR-100 stereophonic test record enables the user to make a rapid and accurate assessment of phonograph pickup characteristics. An important feature of the record is the synchronized sweep frequency bands which are used in conjunction with a level recorder to obtain an automatic plot frequency response and crosstalk in a fraction of the time previously required. A synchronizing circuit for the level recorder is described. Spot frequency band with voice announcements also are provided. Other test bands permit measurement of pickup sensitivity, stylus-tone arm resonance compliance, and wavelength loss based on Miller's equations. A significant proportion of the effort was devoted to calibration of recorded amplitudes. Microscopic, light pattern and variable speed turntable methods were used, and the resultant calibration curves are shown.


Landslide processes are growing problem in Polish part of Western Carpathians. We discuss application of electric resistivity tomography (ERT) survey for flysch landslide site description. Refering to sites of known geological context, and surveyed with seismic refraction method we are able to distinguish resistivity signal of landslide deposits from signal of bedrock. Such approach alowed us to indicate usefull information to be obtained from ERT surveys, as well as shortcomings of the method


The rural area of the Santiago Metropolitan Region is a combination of natural, social, economic and technical factors that give origin to several territories. If we consider those in which water resources play a significant role in carrying out agricultural activity, several different «water territories» can be identified in the Tiltil, Valle de Mallarauco and San Pedro de Melipilla areas. In these cases the study allowed us to shed light upon and discuss several important points regarding the territorial approach to water resources and water management in a model that favors the actions of private parties, such as: the extension of the agricultural use of the water resources, the conflicts and problems over its control and the resulting water territories that have come about as a result of the various assessments of a liberal management system. This has been done with the intention of contributing, from a Geographical point of view, thoughts geared towards achieving a comprehensive and sustainable management of the water resources in Chile.


(Full paper not available at time of printing) Within an hour after the event the author presented himself to the Sergeant coordinating rescue operations on the site of the collapsed Workers Club in King Street, Newcastle. This attendance was in response to a public plea for assistance broadcast on Radio NewFm Being in the proximity of the site inspecting his own clients' building made such a response convenient to make. He approached Sgt Whitley with the words do "you need an Engineer? " to which Whitely replied "Are you an Engineer?" Sirasch replied "yes", Whitely then said "that I needed to know that the collapsed building was safe for my people to be working in". Sirasch said "ok" and went about viewing and reporting to Whitely all he saw that was considered to be relevant. It is the circumstances over the next 4 to 5 hours experienced by myself having accepted a role that was described by others later on as having "difficulties" that I intend to describe in this paper.


Let us consider the following two problems: Problem A. Let g be a given Lie algebra over the real number field R. Then find all real, irreducible representations of g. Problem B. Let n be a given positive integer. Then find all irreducible subalgebras of the Lie algebra ôí(w, R) of all real matrices of degree n.


Human-Computer Interaction migrates from the classic perspective to a more natural environment, where humans are able to use natural language to exchange knowledge with a computer. In order to fully "understand" the human's intentions, the computer should be able to detect emotions and reply accordingly. This thesis focuses on several issues regarding the human affects, from various detection techniques to their integration into a Distributed Interactive System. Emotions are a fuzzy concept and their perception across human individuals may vary as well. Therefore, this makes the detection problem very difficult for a computer. From the affect detection perspective, we proposed three different approaches: an emotion detection method based on Self Organizing Maps, a valence classifier based on multi-modal features and Support Vector Machines, and a technique to resolve conflicts into a well known affective dictionary (SentiWordNet). Moreover, from the system integration perspective, two issues are approached: a Wizard of Oz experiment in a children storytelling environment and an architecture for a Distributed Interactive System.


INTRODUCTION: Currently, people's esthetic requirements and expectations have increased substantially. Therefore, dentists have been seeking ways to provide excellent treatment results which, consequently, increasingly require a well organized transdisciplinary approach. The link between orthodontics and periodontics became evident from the moment professionals began to understand the biology of tooth movement. As regards smile esthetics, however, such cooperation is now essential. OBJECTIVE: To show clinically how and when orthodontists and periodontists should work jointly to enhance smile esthetics based on the display and harmony of the gingival contour.


The current study presents an investigation of the behavior of prominences during eruptions. Variations in the distribution of their velocities are detected at altitudes <0.6 R⊙. Detailed analyses are carried out for 304 Å Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA) observations. To track the behavior of prominences during eruptions, 41 events in the period 2010–2017 are studied. To follow the rise of a filament on higher altitudes (up to 32 R⊙), Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (SOHO/LASCO) data are also inspected. They are used to obtain kinematic profiles of eruptions. Obtained height–time and speed–time plots of the eruptions show velocity fluctuations in 83% of the explored cases, detected only in the SDO/AIA field of view, and not in any of the prominences observed at higher altitudes by SOHO/LASCO. Time intervals between fluctuations and heights at which they are detected are estimated. Strong periodicity cannot be determined.


We report the study of Na_2KSb photocathode as high brillance electronicinjector.We have measured the properties of the multiphoton photoelectron emis-sion with ultra short pulse laser (the wavelength is 1.06μm,the width of a pulse is50ps).It was two photons effect.We have also studied photoelectron emission lim-it.


The work is an industry-focused extension to the CIMclad (computer-integrated manufacture of cladding systems) research project (www.cimclad.com) which investigated the feasibility of improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the cladding sector through the development of a standardisation framework for computer-integrated design and manufacture of cladding systems. Owing to the timescale for the CIMclad project, industrial deployment was limited to the product model prototype software. However, CIMclad Report 7 (available on the project website) on a CIM roadmap for the cladding sector made recommendations on the way forward for the cladding sector to fully maximise and exploit the benefits of CIM. A key requirement was the need for organizations involved in the cladding work package delivery process to integrate and align their processes to the CIM working model that focuses on cladding information management and exchange. This work assesses the implications for CIM working model within a facade engineering practice, drawing from the Group's practice. Sector-wide implications of the cultural shift in the current industry practice and the technical issues it will contend with were discussed in CIMclad Report 7.


One Lung Ventilation (OLV) is often required for surgeries in the thorax; patients may belong to any age group. If the patients are adult, the options for lung isolation are many, but handicap arises when one is dealing with paediatric patients. While dealing with pediatric patients, Embolectomy Catheters (EC) may be quite useful as they are available in a wide range of sizes, making them appropriate for lung isolation even in neonates. Besides, ECs can be improvised to achieve selective lobar separation in patients who have borderline lung function and are at risk for intraoperative hypoxemia. Though EC is a versatile device, it is underutilized; only a few low-quality pieces of evidence are available. Among the people who have used ECs for lung isolation, the technique of insertion had been variable. This article is an attempt to review the methods of lung isolation and explore the possibility of EC becoming a universal device for lung isolation. Background One Lung Ventilation (OLV) is usually indicated in thoracic, oesophageal, vascular and nonthoracic surgical settings in perioperative period. A variety of surgeries require OLV; an indication can be to improve the exposure of intrathoracic structures or to prevent soiling of the healthy lung with contaminant from the affected lung. Now a days, Embolectomy Catheters (ECs) are becoming more popular for One Lung Ventilation (OLV) because of their easy availability even in resource limited health care facilities. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on emerging evidence and defining the role of ECs in OLV, both in paediatric and adult patients. Challenges of OLV in paediatric patients and available lung isolation techniques OLV in paediatric patients is a challenge to all anaesthesiologists; smaller the airway, greater is the challenge. Antero-Posterior (AP) diameter of a neonatal trachea, in both males and females is just 4.3mm; at 15 years, the size increases to 14mm in both sexes, thereafter the trachea in female stops growing, while in males it grows to a size of 16-18mm at 19years (Table 1). In adults, the Lung Isolation Techniques (LITs) most commonly used are Double Lumen Tubes (DLTs); less common options include, Bronchial Blockers (BB), Univent Tubes (UT), and Embolectomy Catheters (EC). Double lumen tube: DLT is most popular, but it is not available below 26 Fr [1]. A generic interpretation of a 26Fr DLT is two 4mm ETTs joined together, implying thereby that in order to accommodate even the smallest DLT the tracheal diameter has to be more than 8mm and the bronchial diameter has to be more than 4mm. So, a DLT is fit for paediatric patients of age more than 8 years, weighing more than 30kg or height more than 130 centimeters; recommended size varies with age and human race too [2]. According to Brodsky, appropriate size of DLT may be determined either by direct Research Article Can An Embolectomy Catheter Become a One Stop Solution for Lung Isolation in One Lung Ventilation? Jain A* Department of Anesthesiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: Anuj Jain, Department of Anesthesiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Received: July 03, 2020; Accepted: August 13, 2020; Published: August 20, 2020 measurement of bronchial diameter in a chest radiograph or by predicting left Bronchus Diameter (BD) based on Tracheal Diameter (TD) according to the formula, LBD=(0.4×TD)+ 3.3 [3]. Marraro-bilumen tube: These bilumen tubes can be used in smaller paediatric patients; smallest tube is made of two 2.0 mm tubes molded together. The sizes may go up to two 3-3.5mm tubes molded together, making it appropriate for 2-3 years age group. Although Marraro tubes may be used in neonates, it is usually unavailable and most anaesthesiologists are unaware that such tubes even exist. Univent Tube (UT): A UT with an Internal Diameter (ID) of 3.5mm has an External Diameter (ED) of 7.5-8.0mm, while the one with 4.5mm ID have an ED of 8.5-9.0mm. The large ED limits its use in Asian paediatric population smaller than 4-6years of age [4]. Bronchial blockers: Arndt's BB are available in 5,7 and 9Fr and are appropriate for 6month to 6 years, 6 years to 14 years and 14-18 years age groups respectively [5]. BBs have a low pressure cuff and a coaxial channel for suctioning, which allows active deflation of lung. Apart from its high cost and less availability, the major disadvantage of BBs is that the loop guide wire (which is essential for placement) once removed cannot be reinserted, rendering it useless if need for repositioning arises. In a RCT by Narayanaswamy, the misplacement rate of Arndt's blocker (the most popular among the 3 BBs) was higher compared to other two BBs [6]. Endobronchial Single Lumen Tube (SLT): SLTs can be used for lung isolation in emergency situations like contralateral pneumothorax [7]. Some anaesthesiologists also insert two SLTs, one in trachea and other in the bronchus. Endobronchial SLT has a tendency to progress to the right side due to the more inline orientation of the right bronchus. It can be of concern, if surgery needs to be performed in the right hemithorax. In order to overcome this problem, Chengod et al., [8]. Suggested left endobronchial intubation using a SLT that was curved towards the left side (with a stylet). However, this approach may not be appropriate up to 2 years of age as the diameter of the left


Analysis of existing research papers on improving the effectiveness of training has shown that motivation is one of the leading factors in learning a foreign language. Thus, the purpose of this article is to consider ways to increase the motivation of students in the course of studying the English language discipline in order to improve the quality of teaching the subject in the university.


The Ecuadorian law establishes different provisions in order to regulate taxpayers and the IRS, nevertheless, sometimes disagreements arrive, due that the tax law is subject to interpretation by the tax authority, which causes a vast number of legal issues. The main objective of the following analysis is to clarify the Ecuadorian situation, regarding the lack of legal security and transparency, arising from the thin capitalization regulations enforcement, which overlays the state's interests above taxpayer rights; likewise, through this document, an economic impact assessment has been made regarding the thin capitalization rules enforce, which causes an evident disincentive in the corporate activity, in the foreign investment, and a negative overall impact on the financial system of the state. The chosen methodology throughout this document is the dogmatic and an exegetical study, enclosing the thin capitalization regulations, enforced by the IRS, furthermore, an analysis has been performed concerning the conceptual, historic, and developmental matters. The final results obtained throughout this paper, unveil that the enforcement of the thin capitalization regulations by the IRS, affects negatively into the Ecuadorian economic stability, legal security, and international trust to the state, since the government becomes both, judge an interested party at the same time. According to the aforesaid, it is been concluded that, an amendment must be done in the tax law, in order to modify the objective method, applicable to determine thin capitalization processes and right the tax administration conduct.


The effect of host availability at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h intervals on temporal variation in median host-biting frequency, oviposition and survival of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), was investigated under laboratory conditions. In each feeding interval, ten replicates containing five mosquitoes were assessed over 12 days. Median host-biting frequencies were 0.7 bites per female mosquito in the 24 h feeding interval, 0.54 bites per female in the 12 h feeding interval, and 0.47 bites per female in the 6 h feeding interval. Although the 24 h figure was comparable to previously documented levels, feeding increased by 1.5 and 2.7 fold in the 12 and 6 h feeding intervals over a 24 h period. Host biting and oviposition were observed to peak at dusk in the 6, 12 and 24 h feeding intervals, but substantial activity was also observed at dawn, noon and midnight. Daily feeding analysis showed that host biting decreased by approximately 50% in all feeding interval trials over the 12 day test period. Oviposition peaks coincided with biting decline, suggesting a three day gonotrophic cycle. Survival did not differ significantly between feeding intervals. The reported rate of 0.47 host bites per female mosquito per 6 h (≈ 1.9 per 24 h) is thus far the highest recorded for A. aegypti . The suggestion that A. aegypti probably feeds more regularly than once in a 24 h period in nature is consistent with the biting and oviposition results.


Abstract As both plant and animal species shift their ranges in response to a changing climate, maintaining connectivity between present habitat and suitable habitat in the future will become increasingly important to ensure lasting protection for biodiversity. Because the temporal period commensurate with planning for mid‐century change is multi‐generational for most species, connectivity designed to facilitate climate adaptation requires pathways with 'stepping‐stones' between current and future habitat. These areas should have habitats suitable not only for dispersal, but for all aspects of species lifecycles. We integrated present‐day land use, topographic diversity, and projections of shifting climate regimes into a single connectivity modeling approach to identify pathways for mid‐century shifts in species ranges. Using Omniscape we identified climate linkages, or areas important for climate change‐driven movement, as the areas with more current flow than would be expected in the absence of climate considerations. This approach identified connectivity potential between natural lands in the present climate and natural lands with future analogous climate following topo‐climatically diverse routes. We then translated the model output into a strategic framework to improve interpretation and to facilitate a more direct connection with conservation action. Across modified landscapes, pathways important to climate‐driven movement were highly coincident with the last remaining present‐day linkages, reinforcing their importance. Across unfragmented lands, the presence of climate‐adapted pathways helped inform the prioritization of conservation actions in areas where multiple connectivity options still exist. Many climate linkages follow major watercourses along elevational gradients, highlighting the importance of protecting or managing for these natural linear pathways that provide movement routes for climate adaptation. By integrating enduring landscape features with climate projections and present‐day land uses, our approach reveals "no‐regrets" pathways to plan for a connected landscape in an uncertain future.


In the history of Anglo-European political thought it was commonly believed that the basic precepts of human practical rationality were to be found in the natural law doctrine. Enduring in human nature, these precepts were said to be knowable by all human beings. In addition, due to their power to direct these beings towards intrinsic goods these principles were considered to be equally binding on all such beings. Taking this history into account one could, today, surmise that a viable grounding of universal human rights should dock onto the ground already covered by the natural law doctrine. In the intercultural/cross-cultural context there is reason to be cautious about the viability of this model. My paper can be squarely located within this framework. Using the lens of comparative philosophy, the paper's focus is specific: it examines the conception of natural law and rights of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948), and endeavors to develop a reasonable, immanent account of it.


The in situ generation of metal-alkoxide complexes is a common initiation method in cyclic ester ring-opening polymerization. However, this method is often a "black box", where the species generate...


A ROW between nursing unions and an East Anglian trust erupted last week over managers' plans to introduce new shift rotas for night nurses.


The influence of the parameters of dispersed reinforcement on the properties of fibro-foam concrete analyzed. The experiment planning matrix was built. A series of samples of various compositions made of fibro-foam concrete were tested for compression and bending. The regression equations obtained in coded form, which are adequate to the calculated ones, based on the Fisher criterion. The analysis of the equations carried out and the response surfaces constructed from them, which showed that the highest values of the optimization parameters correspond to the design area with high µv and low l/d. It has been established that the introduction of a sufficient amount of short fibers into the foam concrete matrix leads to the strengthening of the material, which is provided not only by the reinforcing properties of the fibers, but also by their ability to positively influence the structure of aerated concrete.


The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of a 12-week elastic band exercise on health-related fitness and blood lipids in 4th grade elementary male students. Sixteen subjects were participated in this study from one elementary school in Busan. Participants were randomly allocated to experimental group(n=8) and control group(n=8). Experimental group conducted 50 minutes of elastic band exercise three days a week with 11 to 15 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) for 12 weeks, and the control group continued their normal life. In experimental group, lean body mass, percent body fat, cardiovascular endurance, and muscular endurance were all significantly improved after the program, but muscle strength, flexibility were not changed. While in control group, percent body fat and muscular endurance were significantly improved. There were significant interaction effects (group by time)of cardiovascular endurance, and muscular endurance between groups after the program. Group analyses showed that there were no significant difference in all blood lipids (T-C, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C) within group and between groups after program. These results indicate that elastic band exercise is effective to improving cardiovascular endurance, and muscular endurance in normal elementary male students. However, long-term follow up studies are necessary to clarify moderate exercise intensity of the elastic band exercise for normal elementary male students.


A new bifunctional chelate intermediate of time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay,2,6-bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-aminopyridine was prepared from 2,6-dibromopyridine by oxidation,nitration,reduction and nucleophilic substitution reaction.The product was characterized by melting point,IR,1H NMR,GC-MS and element analysis.The reaction conditions were also discussed.


There is therefore this quite complicated mix between the private and the public worlds, my own history, values, writings and positions as they derive from my experiences, on the one hand, and on the other hand, how these enter into the social world where people debate and make decisions about war and freedom and justice. There is no such thing as a private intellectual ... Nor is there only a public intellectual ... There is always the personal inflection and the private sensibility, and those give meaning to what is being said or written.'


Objectives Few studies to date have examined the utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in a local, ethnically diverse population in the United States (U.S.). Fewer have addressed the differences in their use based on inclusion or exclusion of prayer as a modality. Variable definitions of CAM are known to affect public health surveillance (i.e., continuous, systematic data collection, analysis, and interpretation) or benchmarking (i.e., identifying and comparing key indicators of health to inform community planning) related to this non-mainstream collection of health and wellness therapies. The present study sought to better understand how including or excluding prayer could affect reporting of CAM use among residents of a large, urban U.S. jurisdiction. Design Using population-weighted data from a cross-sectional Internet panel survey collected as part of a larger countywide population health survey, the study compared use of CAM based on whether prayer or no prayer was included in its definition. Patterns of CAM use by socio-demographic characteristics were described for the two operationalized definitions. Multivariable binomial regression analyses were performed to control for gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, employment, income, and health insurance status. One of the analyses explored the associations between CAM use and racial/ethnic characteristics in the study sample. Setting Los Angeles County, California. Subjects A socio-demographically diverse sample of Los Angeles County residents. Outcome measures CAM use (with prayer) and CAM use (excluding prayer). Results Blacks were among the highest users of CAM when compared to Whites, especially when prayer was included as a CAM modality. Regardless of prayer inclusion, being a woman predicted higher use of CAM. Conclusions How CAM is defined matters in gauging the utilization of this non-mainstream collection of therapies. Given that surveillance and/or benchmarking data are often used to inform resource allocation and planning decisions, results from the present study suggest that when prayer is included as part of the CAM definition, utilization/volume estimates of its use increased correspondingly, especially among non-White residents of the region.


The present invention discloses an electrochromic panel and a control device. The electrochromic panel includes a first conduction layer for receiving a positive drive voltage, a second conduction layer for receiving a negative drive voltage, an electrolyte layer disposed on the second conduction layer, and a coloration layer having a pattern and disposed between the electrolyte layer and the first conduction layer, wherein an electron current generated by the negative drive voltage flows from the second conduction layer, the electrolyte layer, the coloration layer to the first conduction layer, such that the coloration layer performs a reduction-oxidation reaction and the pattern of the coloration layer changes from transparent to a non-transparent color. The electrochromic panel of the present invention can display key pattern thereof by changing from transparent to non-transparent color, thereby increasing a usage convenience and entertainment of an electronic product.


Simple Summary This study presents a user-friendly model for assessing the value of dairy bulls in artificial insemination (AI) companies. The model, a Markov Chain model, considers important factors for replacement decisions, such as a bull's age, expected semen production, and predicted genetic merit. Data from a leading AI company were used to apply this model, which calculates a bull's net present value based on various costs and revenues. The model also calculates the value of a bull compared to a potential young replacement. Findings showed that nearly half of the bulls were recommended for replacement due to a negative value comparison. The value of a bull was primarily influenced by market distribution and pricing, as well as the interaction of semen production with genetic merit. Abstract Deciding when to replace dairy bulls presents a complex challenge for artificial insemination (AI) companies. These decisions encompass multiple factors, including a bull's age, predicted semen production, and estimated genetic merit. This study's purpose was to provide a practical, objective tool to assist in these decisions. We utilized a Markov Chain model to calculate the economic valuation of dairy bulls, incorporating key factors such as housing costs, collection and marketing expenses, and the bull's probable tenure in the herd. Data from a leading AI company were used to establish baseline values. The model further compared a bull's net present value to that of a potential young replacement, establishing a relative valuation (BullVal$). The range of BullVal$ observed spanned from −USD 316,748 to USD 497,710. Interestingly, the model recommended culling for 49% of the bulls based on negative BullVal$. It was found that a bull's net present value was primarily influenced by market allocation and pricing, coupled with the interaction of semen production and genetic merit. This study offers a robust, data-driven model to guide bull replacement decisions in AI companies. Key determinants of a bull's valuation included market dynamics, semen production rates, and genetic merit.


Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) with or without nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) inhibitors has been shown to prevent recurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). However, the use of HBIg has many disadvantages.


Aims This study assessed the impact of COVID-19 on hip and distal femur fracture patient outcomes across three successive UK lockdown periods over one year. Methods A single-centre retrospective cohort study was performed at an acute NHS Trust. Hip and distal femur fracture patients admitted within the first month from each of the three starting dates of each national lockdown were included and compared to a control group in March 2019. Data were collected as per the best practice tariff outcomes including additional outcomes as required. Data collection included COVID-19 status, time to theatre, 30-day mortality, presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and pneumonia, and do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) status. Data were analyzed using an independent-samples t-test or chi-squared test with Fisher's exact test where applicable. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 95 patients during the pandemic were included and 20 were COVID-positive. Patients experienced a statistically significant increase in time to theatre in Lockdown 1 compared to 2019 (p = 0.039) with a decrease with successive lockdown periods by Lockdown 3. The 30-day mortality increased from 8.8% in 2019 to 10.0% to 14.8% in all lockdown periods. COVID-positive patient mortality was 30.0% (p = 0.063, odds ratio (OR) = 4.43 vs 2019). The rates of AKI and pneumonia experienced were higher for patients during the pandemic. The highest rates were experienced in COVID-positive patients, with 45.0% of patients with AKI versus 27.0% in 2019 (p = 0.38, OR = 1.80), and 50.0% of patients diagnosed with pneumonia versus 16.2% in 2019 (p = 0.0012, OR = 5.17). The percentage of patients with a DNACPR increased from 30.0% in 2019 to 60.7% by Lockdown 3 (p = 0.034, OR = 3.61). Conclusion COVID-positive hip and distal femur fracture patients are at a higher risk of mortality due to AKI and pneumonia. Patient outcomes have improved with successive lockdowns to pre-pandemic levels. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(12):1017–1026.


Background: Apathy, a profound loss of motivation, initiation, and goal directed cognition, is a common comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The presence of apathy is associated with rapid progression of AD, long-term impairment, disability, and higher mortality. Pharmacological treatments of apathy are limited. Objective: The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for apathy in AD. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-arm, sham-controlled pilot study was conducted in subjects with AD and apathy (N = 20). Subjects were randomized to rTMS or sham treatment (5 days/week) for four weeks. Primary outcome, apathy evaluation scale-clinician version (AES-C), and secondary outcome measures, modified-Mini Mental State Examination (3MS), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and clinical global impression (CGI), were assessed at baseline and four weeks. Follow-up visits were conducted at 8 and 12 weeks to test the durability of effects of intervention. Results: Mean age was 77.3 (±7.2) years, 80% were Caucasians and 10% were females. After adjusting for baseline, there was a significantly greater improvement in the AES-C with rTMS compared to sham treatment (–10.1 (–15.9 to –4.3); t (16)  = –3.69; p = 0.002) at 4 weeks. There was also significantly greater improvement in 3MS (6.9 (1.7 to 12.0); t (15)  = 2.85; p = 0.012), IADL (3.4 (1.0 to 5.9); χ21 = 7.72; p = 0.006), CGI-S (1.4 (0.5 to 2.3), t (16)  = 3.29; p = 0.005), and CGI-I (–2.56 (–3.5 to –1.6), t (17)  = –5.72; p < 0.001) for rTMS compared to the sham at 4 weeks. The effects of rTMS were durable at 12 weeks. Conclusion: rTMS may be safely used in subjects with AD and may improve apathy, function, and some aspects of cognition.


Although sight singing and ear training have been widely used in teaching, there are still many problems in the actual implementation process and only by solving these problems can teachers' teaching goals be better achieved and music teaching in education can be achieved Better results. In the process of practice, teachers need to use computer technology to teach students according to their aptitude, pay attention to the dominant position of students, actively create a good learning environment for students, enhance students' self-awareness in learning and make vocal training and ear training in education majors. It has been continuously developed, so that the trained talents can better adapt to the needs of social development.


A quarter of a century ago I introduced two paradigms into psychology which in the intervening years have had a direct impact on the psychobiology of early vision and an indirect one on artificial intelligence (AI or machine vision). The first, the computer-generated random-dot stereogram (RDS) paradigm (Julesz, 1960) at its very inception posed a strategic question both for AI and neurophysiology. The finding that stereoscopic depth perception (stereopsis) is possible without the many enigmatic cues of monocular form recognition - as assumed previously - demonstrated that stereopsis with its basic problem of finding matches between corresponding random aggregates of dots in the left and right visual fields became ripe for modeling. Indeed, the binocular matching problem of stereopsis opened up an entire field of study, eventually leading to the computational models of David Marr (1982) and his coworkers. The fusion of RDS had an even greater impact on neurophysiologists - including Hubel and Wiesel (1962) - who realized that stereopsis must occur at an early stage, and can be studied easier than form perception. This insight recently culminated in the studies by Gian Poggio (1984) who found binocular-disparity - tuned neurons in the input stage to the visual cortex (layer IVB in V1) in the monkey that were selectively triggered by dynamic RDS. Thus the first paradigm led to a strategic insight: that with stereoscopic vision there is no camouflage, and as such was advantageous for our primate ancestors to evolve the cortical machinery of stereoscopic vision to capture camouflaged prey (insects) at a standstill. Amazingly, although stereopsis evolved relatively late in primates, it captured the very input stages of the visual cortex. (For a detailed review, see Julesz, 1986a)


This study investigates what influences the blog-maintenance intentions of American and Chinese bloggers. Specifically, the current study investigates the role of online posting anxiety and its determinants. Based on social cognitive theory (SCT), this study suggests that bloggers experience anxiety because of their low blogging self-efficacy, negative outcome expectations, and the specific characteristics of blogs. To investigate this hypothesis, in-depth interviews were conducted to examine the nature of online posting anxiety among American and Chinese bloggers. Ten American and 16 Chinese bloggers were interviewed online about their beliefs pertaining to blogging self-efficacy, negative outcome expectations, and online posting anxiety. The current research therefore makes a unique and original contribution, in that this research applies social cognitive concepts to explain online posting anxiety in a computer-mediated communication (CMC) domain.


Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has developed a large 3,000 ton class clamping force electric injection molding machines, the 3000 em and 3500 em, the first in the world. While meeting the demands for the world's fastest high-cycle production of large plastic parts such as bumpers for automobiles, the machine is space conservative and energy efficient by incorporating MHI's unique 2-platen type mold clamping mechanism and hybrid electric system. Furthermore, it is equipped with a newly developed center press platen and has electric control of the internal mold pressure waveform, thus reducing flash on products to enable burr-less molding, contributing to a reduction in customers' running costs.


Since the end of 1999 there has been a brand new WSRT standing in the community of Hooghalen, The Netherlands. Although the Upgrade of the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope is not totally completed, major parts of all the envisioned state-of-the-art systems have been installed and are operating. This Newsletter is designed to let the national and international astronomy community know about the current state of affairs at the WSRT and how users may use this facility in the coming years.


Abstract We present a case of a 10-year-old girl shot in the thigh by a stray bullet who had a favorable outcome when treated with a multidisciplinary approach at the nearest nonpediatric level II trauma center. Point-of-care thromboelastography facilitated effective resuscitation based on her coagulation profile, minimized blood product use, and allowed for damage-control surgery to stabilize and revascularize her complex femur fracture.


Abstract : This study was an experimental investigation of the feasibility of an explosive MHD pulsed electric power generator. The electrical energy, when reconverted into thermal energy with a large exploding wire, will yeild very high energy densities (temperature 10 eV - 100 eV) suitable for nuclear weapon simulation in large scale explosive field tests. The key technical problem was seen as fast ( 100 microsecond) self-excitation of a low inductance field coil to full power field strength of about 50 tesla. Experimental results demonstrate MHD power production and partial self-excitation. Lower than expected electrical conductivity prevented complete self-excitation and full power operation. Achieved field amplification was 20 dB (to 3.7 tesla) instead of 43 dB (50 tesla) required for full power. Achieved power was in excess of 200 megawatts. Recommendations for further work to resolve the conductivity problem or minimize its effect on the field amplification process are made. (Author)


PURPOSE: A wafer level semiconductor package and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to prevent an exfoliation phenomenon and cracks generated on a junction part between different materials of a semiconductor package, thereby improving reliability of the semiconductor package. CONSTITUTION: A first semiconductor chip(110) and second semiconductor chip(210) are connected to each other by a bump(150) in a face-to-face type. A first dielectric layer(120) and second dielectric layer(140) are arranged on the upper surface of the first semiconductor chip. A first redistribution conductive layer(130) is arranged between the first dielectric layer and second dielectric layer. A molding part(300) is arranged between the first semiconductor chip and second semiconductor chip. A third dielectric layer(220) and fourth dielectric layer(240) are arranged on the surface of the molding part.


Twenty-one {l_angle}110{r_angle} symmetric tilt grain boundaries (GB{close_quote}s) are investigated with atomistic simulations, using an embedded-atom method (EAM) potential for a low stacking-fault energy fcc metal. Lattice statics simulations with a large number of initial configurations are used to identify both the equilibrium and metastable structures at 0 K. The level of difficulty in finding the equilibrium structures is quantitatively assessed. The stability of the structures at an elevated temperature is investigated by Monte Carlo annealing. A form of GB dissociation is identified in a number of the boundaries. These structures are used to develop a dislocation model of GB dissociation by stacking-fault emission. Also, an attempt is made to apply the structural unit model (SUM) to the simulated boundaries and problems that are encountered for GB structures in low stacking-fault energy metals are enumerated and discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


Acid residues from limestone obtained from a single locality in eastern Nevada have yielded 5 lagenid species of Triassic foraminifera. The specimens are silicified and are present in over 600 ft. of section. The fauna is associated with Lower Triassic conodonts and occurs about 1,000 ft. above the Lower Triassic (Scythic) ammonoid guide, Meekoceras.