【Objective】The objective of this study is to reveal the relationship among geographical regions, biological characteristics and genetic diversity of 111 strains of Ustilaginoidea virens from 10 provinces in China.【Method】Sporulation, growth rate and pathogenicity of these strains were evaluated by biological methods, and the relativity was analyzed by using the software SPSS 20.0. DNA was extracted from the strains, the genomic fingerprint profiles of 111 strains were generated by BOX-PCR, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR, respectively. Their genetic diversities were further investigated by using clustering analysis.【Result】The correlation coefficient of sporulation and pathogenicity was 0.765 and the significance probability was 0.001, the correlation coefficient of growth rate and pathogenicity was 0.035 and the significance probability was 0.685. The genomic fingerprint profiles of 111 strains were generated by BOX-PCR, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR, respectively. The genetic diversities of the U. virens population were 0.73(in BOX), 0.62(in ERIC) and 0.60(in REP), respectively. The number of polymorphic bands was between 7 and 13 of each examined isolate detected through BOX-PCR analysis. According to cluster analysis of UPGMA, 6 clusters were grouped based on the boundary level of 0.70 average distances. The predominant group was group one which included 57 strains(51.4%). The strains of U. virens from Anhui, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hubei and Yunnan were grouped into group 1 and group 4. The strains of group 2 were mainly from Jiangsu, including 18 strains(16.2%), the strains of group 3 were from Zhejiang, including 8 strains(7.2%), the strains of group 5 were from Heilongjiang, including 9 strains(8.1%), and the strains of group 6 were from Liaoning, including 12 strains(10.8%). There was some correlation between BOX groups and geographic regions, no relationships were observed between BOX groups and their biological characteristics.【Conclusion】The relativity between the sporulation and pathogenicity was assumed to be medium. There was no relativity between the growth rate and pathogenicity. There was a significant relationship between BOX groups and the geographical regions, these results suggested that, naturally, U. virens in China might not be spread over long distances. No significant relationships were observed between BOX groups and their biological characteristics.


This open issue is predominantly concerned with what we document in theatre research, and how. Many of the articles move beyond the UK-US axis which is so dominant as paradigm in theatre studies, looking to Canada, South America, Australia, Latino performance in the US, and the presence of a US artist in Paris, as a way of probing and understanding key questions around the efficacy of performance and its relationship to applied and technological practices in our global age. The focus is on going beyond the mainstream to examine the kinds of work taking place outside or on the margins of officially sanctioned performance spaces, work that interrogates our relationship with 'the other' and that highlights the civic functions of theatre in arenas of political compromise or instability. In our opening article Paul Heritage reflects on a theatrical project that crossed a series of political, cultural and social borders, presenting Antony and Cleopatra on the fractious border between two favelas in Rio. As well as presenting a compelling narrative account of the events that lead up to this extraordinary production, the article offers a wider discursive framework that explores the issues of law and order and individual and collective oppression in this environment. It explains how the political situation in Rio, that can justifiably be seen as a state of war, is often defined in terms of binary oppositions: the official city (or asfalto) and the favela that is measured as 'other' to it; mainstream cultural discourses and narcocultura (incorporating funk, hip-hop, rap and other artistic manifestations that engage with the context of the favela and the gun culture that flourishes within it). In his reflection on these binaries, Heritage shows how they suit both the government and the drug gangs, and pleads for more concerted efforts to challenge them so as to 'build each day the new practices on which social justice depends' (p. 405). If Heritage probes 'limits of performance' so too does Libby Worth in her study of Anna Halprin's 2004 visit to Paris's Festival d'automne. By probing issues of voyeurism and the aestheticism of extreme illness, Worth indicates how the audience member 'witnesses' an encounter in which s/he plays a part. This is engagement evidently not of the manner presented by Heritage but similarly raising issues around the ethics of what and how we present. Antonia Nagano Glenn's exploration of the transformative performances of theatrical troupe Culture Clash provides a perceptive overview of the group's history and working practices. Crucially, however, she locates the inscription of race in the productions as a way of foregrounding the erasure of artists of colour from dominant theatrical paradigms in the US (p. 416). In asking about the 'interpretational process' (p. 419) rather than simply the product, Glenn reflects on strategies for taking control of the means of production and what this means for audiences made aware of Contemporary Theatre Review, Vol. 15(4), 2005, 389 – 391


Curative therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are underutilized, possibly because of the complex nature of determining the ideal treatment modality.

In the current retrospective cohort study, researchers assessed the effect of multiple care delivery variables on the likelihood of receiving active HCC therapy and survival in 3988 patients treated for HCC at 128 U.S. Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals. Information on specialties of providers involved in …


ABSTRACT Sweden has been held up as one of the most advanced states when it comes to legal realisation of human rights for older persons with dementia, and there are national policies that propose how welfare professionals are to fulfil these rights. However, previous research has repeatedly shown that care managers in Sweden make decisions that leave these persons and their families without suitable interventions, which is especially problematic in cases of self-neglect (an inability to care for oneself combined with resistance to receiving care from others) when basic living standards for health and well-being are jeopardised. This problem is increasing around the world as dementia becomes more common, but there has been little national or international research on policies affecting this matter. This article examines how national policies in Sweden guide care managers to work ethically in cases of self-neglect among older persons with dementia. Through a policy narrative approach, the findings specify care ethical standards that aim to support decision-making abilities in such cases. The discussion dwells on how weaknesses in the identified narrative, in the context of dementia-associated self-neglect, can explain why these standards seem to have little impact on practice.


Objective:Ballonet pressure plays an important role in the management of artificial airway.Too low ballonet pressure would lead to increasing incidence of pneumonia while excessive ballonet pressure will hurt airway mucosa. This study aims to explore the influence of different ballonet pressures on artificial airway.Methods:96 patients with artificial airway and artificial ventilation in the ICU of the hospital were chosen and randomly divided into three groups with ballonet pressures of 35 cmH2O,30 cmH2O and 25 cmH2O (Group A,B and C),respectively,which were observed by POTEX ballonet pressure meter. Bronchofiberscope examinations and X-ray chest examinations would be performed after 72 h of trachea intubation within the 3 groups.Results:There were 9 cases,5 cases and 1 case of airway injury in group A,B and C,respectively and there were 2 cases,4 cases and 8 cases of pulmonary infection in group A,B and C,respectively.Conclusion: The appropriate ballonet pressure should be chosen for artificial airway,and the most suitable ballonet pressure range is 25-30 cmH2O. Professional ballonet pressure meter should be adopted to test and control the pressure in ballonet to minimize the incidence of airway injury and aspiration to the full extent.


Reflections on the reform of Italian cohesion policy for 2014-2020. The state of the debate and the prospects for Italy.


Dr K.N. Mahajan is a recipient of Grant #W81XWH-12-1-0248 from the US Department of Defense. Dr N.P. Mahajan is supported by Grant #1R01CA135328 from the National Institutes of Health/ National Cancer Institute and Grants #W81XWH-14-1-0002 and #W81XWH-14-1-0003 from the Department of Defense. Protein kinase B (AKT) is an important signaling molecule in multiple cell types, relaying growth, proliferation, and survival cues.1-3 AKT interacts with regulatory networks to feed extracellular signals into transcriptional programs within cells that eventually dictate the cell state. Its activation impacts a number of physiological processes such as glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, and regulated apoptosis. In normal cells, the activation of AKT is thought to be critically dependent on phosphorylations, which are tightly regulated by disparate upstream kinases, responding to different stimuli.4,5 Two of the best studied AKT phosphorylation events occur at threonine (Thr) 308 and serine (Ser) 473 residues, mediated by the receptor tyrosine kinase/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog (RTK/PI3K/ PTEN) signaling nexus.6-10 The PI3K/PTEN pathway is one of the most deregulated pathways in human cancers. However, cancer cells often develop resistance to PI3K inhibitors or do not utilize the PI3K/ PTEN pathway for AKT activation. Therefore, numerous laboratories have invested considerable efforts into understanding the mechanisms of AKT activation and its pathological role in driving human malignancies. Such efforts have revealed that AKT hyperactivation in cancer cells is not mediated by the RTK/PI3K/PTEN signaling alone, but rather a diverse group of kinases might target and activate AKT to promote uncontrolled proliferation and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents (Table).4,5,8,10-17 For example, some oncogenic kinases, such as ACK1 (also known as TNK2) and TANK-binding kinase 1 bypass the PI3K dependence to activate AKT and promote tumor growth and resistance to PI3K inhibitors.4,11 Therefore, keeping in mind the multiple regulatory networks that feed into AKT signaling and the complexity of signaling, pinpointing the mechanisms by which AKT signaling is activated is crucial to specifically target this pathway to achieve maximum clinical benefit. A report by Liu et al12 is another addition in the already long list of AKT phosphorylations, highlighting a previously unknown mode of AKT activation. The researchers identified a novel phosphorylation event at the AKT carboxy terminus tail residues, Ser-477/Thr-479, which occurs in a cell cycle–dependent manner. The key to this study is the generation of high-specificity antibodies that cross-react with the novel phosphorylated-AKT Ser-477/Thr-479 residues but not with phosphorylation-AKT Ser 473, which is a fairly robust phosphorylation.12 Using a synchronized population of cycling cells, the researchers uncovered Translational Medicine Simplified


This study presents and analyzes the teacher training policies for basic education in undergraduate courses, degrees, as its main regulations after the promulgation of the Guidelines and Bases Law of National Education (LDB), Law No. 9.394 / 1996 of December 20, 1996 (BRAZIL, 1996), currently in effect. Synthetically runs through the historical trajectory of post military dictatorship country, drawing an explanatory overview of the disputes between the different conceptions of training that marked the construction of these regulations process. Points out, in this process, the importance of a central issue in these definitions, namely, the fact that, ultimately requiring a higher level of training to train teachers. This paper therefore proposes, through a theoretical and conceptual approach to analyze the regulations that have been settling since the second half of the 1990s to the present day, with reference to national curriculum guidelines in place to regulate the training teachers for basic education developed in undergraduate courses, undergraduate calls.


Progress in nano- and microsystem technology is directly related to the development of thin-film technologies. At the present time, thin metal films can serve as the basis for the creation of new instruments for nanoelectronics. One of the important parameters of thin films affecting the characteristics of devices is their optical properties. That is why the island structures, whose optical properties, can change in a wide range depending on their morphology, are of increasing interest. However, despite the large amount of research conducted by scientists from different countries, many questions about the optimal production and use of thin films remain unresolved.


The insulating oil is used in electricity as a medium for cooling and dielectric in transformers, as a dielectric and for cooling and extinguishing the arcs in high voltage switches, etc. The operating conditions of the electrical equipments affects properties of the insulating oil causing their aging. Generally, it is well known that thermal and electrical stresses have a strong influence on the degradation of insulations. But the effect of the electric field on the oxidation phenomenon is not yet well analyzed, especially to apparatus for test the oxidation stability. Some studies on the influence of the electric field on the oxidation stability of insulating oil are presented below.


This study raised the issue of Parental Guidance Pattern in Educating Religious Behavior of Teens in Nendagung village of South Pagar Alam. This study used qualitative research methods to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by research subjects. The Techniques of data collection used were interviews, observation and documentation. From the results of this study indicate that the parental guidance pattern in educating religious behavior by guiding adolescent teenager has been running well, but not maximized yet, it can be seen in daily practice for every parent that already provides guidance and examples to each of their children in daily life like good character toward the family between parents and children, among children with their parents, between moral life with peers and neighbors who already guided by parents in in Nendagung village of South Pagar Alam, guiding teens to have good manners indeed to be with feeling and heart, because adolescence is an age that is highly vulnerable and have very high ego. Inhibiting factors of parents in educating their religious behavior of teenagers in in Nendagung village of South Pagar Alam arising from environmental and social effects of technological advances require the guidance of the family especially the parents as the closest person with the growth and education for teenagers at home.Moral is awareness of one's soul to deeds without consideration of the mind first. Therein lies the role of parents in shaping the personality, characters and morals of teens. Parents should have a role and a high knowledge, all of it can be obtained in a religious activity. The moral of teenagers formed or not depends on the responsibility, understanding and knowledge that exist in the elderly. Parents have a responsibility to guide, nurture and maintain their children, so it is expected that the teenagers have good morals.


A key component of the EU and WHO strategy to promo te a healthy diet includes sufficient intake of fresh fruit and vegetables 1 with a daily recommended dose of 400 g. Recently, the consumption of ready to eat salads and fruit salads has been ri sing n Europe, the USA and elsewhere. These products help to provide readily accessible sources of fruit and vegetables in the home and on the move. However, both traditional fresh fruit and veg etables and minimally processed products can harbour human pathogens. Minimally processed foods are particularly vulnerable compared to fully processed foods, as they do not typically inc lude a kill step to eliminate the presence of micro organisms, as this would also affect their nutritio nal value. Furthermore, due to the processing steps that include trimming, peeling and cutting an d then a wide distribution of the product, opportunities for propagating any contaminants ente ring the supply chain are increased 2. A key priority for the industry therefore is early detect ion of contaminants in the supply chain and a thorough investigation of any contamination found t o determine the source. Processes can then be improved to reduce occurrence of contamination to a minimum.


This study treated new immigrants as the subjects, and aimed to verify the correlational model comprised of leisure motivation, leisure activity participation, leisure constraints and leisure benefits. By purposeful sampling, this study retrieved 466 effective samples. Using structural equation modeling as an analysis method, to analyze by statistical analysis software LISREL8.7. The results indicated that: 1.leisure motivation was negatively correlated with leisure activity participation; 2.leisure motivation was negatively correlated with leisure constraints; 3.leisure constraints were negatively correlated with leisure activity participation; 4.leisure constraints were negatively correlated with leisure benefits. Since leisure constraints were an intermediary to leisure motivation, leisure activity participation and leisure benefits, new immigrants might achieve a higher willingness of leisure activity participation through overcoming these constraints. With regard to leisure constraints, structural constraints, interpersonal constraints and individual's inner constraints were three factors by the order of priority. The major constraints that face new immigrants were some structural constraints produced from the outer circumstances such as time and money, rather than personal or interpersonal factors. In addition, the effects of these constraints were far too strong, which immensely affected these new immigrants' willingness to partake of leisure activities. Meanwhile, the benefits could hardly meet their expectation, which means that they have enjoyed very little positive effect after partaking of activities.


The aim of the work was compare the concentration the of toxic and essential elements in the sperm plasma and blood serum of stallions. Sperm plasma and serum were collected from 39 Arabian stallions, aged 5 to 15 years. Concentration of toxic elements [aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg)] and essential elements (boron (B), lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), strontium (Sr) and vanadium (V)) in the sperm plasma and serum were determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP) using an mass spectrometer Elan 9000 (Perkin Elmer, USA) and an atomic emission spectrometer Optima 2000V (Perkin Elmer, USA). It is established that the concentration of toxic and essential elements in the sperm plasma is higher than in serum. The greatest difference between the average concentrations of elements in the sperm plasma and serum was set for Sr - 252.9 times, Hg - 85.1 times and Al - 20.7 times. The minimum difference between the average concentrations in the sperm plasma and serum was set for B - 0.3 times, Li - 1.1 times and As - 1.8 times. For the remaining elements, the difference between the averages was in the range 2.7 - 8.5 times. It can be assumed that a greater amount of toxic and essential elements accumulate in the accessory gonads and enter the sperm during ejaculation. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 17-16-01109, development program of Bioresource collections "Cryobank of genetic recourses the All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding."


The recent advances in developing compact laser plasma accelerators that deliver high quality electron beams in a more reliable way offer the possibility to consider their use in designing a compact free electron laser (FEL). Because of the particularity of these beams (especially concerning the divergence and the energy spread), specific electron beam handling is proposed in order to achieve FEL amplification.


The study was undertaken to evaluate atropine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m.) - xylazine (0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) - propofol (1.5 mg/kg, i.v.) as an anaesthetic combination in six buffalo calves. Atropine 0.04 mg/kg was administered i.m.; 15 min later, xylazine 0.1 mg/kg was administered i.m. Anaesthesia was induced 15 min after xylazine injection with single bolus of 1% propofol 1.5 mg/kg b.wt administered intravenously. A decrease in spontaneous activity with sternal or lateral recumbency was seen after xylazine administration. Loss of swallowing reflex and complete analgesia occurred after propofol administration. Recovery took 108.0±9.75 min of propofol administration. Heart rate increased significantly after atropine administration. There was a decrease in respiratory rate after propofol administration. A significant increase in plasma glucose was recorded after xylazine administration, which remained significantly elevated till recovery. Chloride level also increased significantly after xylazine administration. However, almost all the parameters reached near normal level by 24 hr. It was concluded that atropine-xylazine-propofol anaesthesia may be used safely for short duration anaesthesia in buffalo calves.


The Communist Party of China has set up the objective of building a harmonious socialist society.Such an objective calls for harmonious governance accordingly.The paper ventures to expound major conceptions on harmonious governance as a brand-new notion and strategy,covering its definition,connotations as well as its hallmarks.It argues that it is of great significance for the ruling party to adhere to this new orientation of harmonious governance,for it helps to strengthen the party's self-construction,to consolidate its power,enhance its governance capability,and ultimately to construct a harmonious society.


The possibilities for applying the theory of system stability to problems of soil science are examined. The stability of the self-regulating system consisting of the soil and biocenosis is analyzed with regard to the kinetics of transformation of the organic matter in it.


The paper discusses the methodological issues raised by a study comparing labour market entry of young people in two expanding and two contracting labour markets in West Germany and England. Rather than draw random samples of 16-19 year olds from each study area, it was decided to select samples from the expanding labour markets in the two countries and the contracting labour markets in which individuals were "twinned" on the basis of career patterns and occupational outcomes. For example, a fitter and a hairdresser who had been through apprenticeships in West Germany were twinned with their counterparts in England, in the expanding and the contracting labour markets. The purpose of this approach was to be able to compare subjective and objective experience of vocational preparation in the two countries for young people in comparable occupational tracks. As conventional statistical analysis was not appropriate for data generated in this way, quantitative and qualitative methods were used in tandem to describe differences and to elucidate their origins in the quite different meaning attached to vocational preparation in the,two countries. This approach proved most fruitful in the present study, and it is argued that the strategy could be applied more widely in comparative research. Structural Constraints on Youth Opportunities z NATIONAL SURVEYS OF YOUNG people's school to work transitions display variations between different structural categories. Social class background, gender and ethnicity differentiate routes into the labour market * Social Statistics Research Unit, City University, Northampton Square, London ECIV OHB, U.K. ** Department of Sociology, University of Bremen, West Germany.


Conversion of native forests to agriculture and urban land leads to fragmentation of forested landscapes with significant consequences for habitat conservation and forest productivity. When quantifying land-cover patterns from airborne or spaceborne sensors, the interconnectedness of fragmented landscapes may vary depending on the spatial resolution of the sensor and the extent at which the landscape is being observed. This scale dependence can significantly affect calculation of remote sensing vegetation indices, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its subsequent use to predict biophysical parameters such as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by forest canopies (fPAR). This means that simulated above-ground net primary productivity (NPPA) using canopy radiation interception models such as 3-PG (Physiological Principles for Predicting Growth), coupled with remote sensing observations, can yield different results in fragmented landscapes depending on the spatial resolution of the remotely sensed data.We compared the amount of forest fragmentation in 1 km SPOT-4 VEGETATION pixels using a simultaneously acquired 20 m SPOT-4 multispectral (XS) image. We then predicted NPPA for New Zealand native forest ecosystems using the 3-PG model with satellite-derived estimates of the fPAR obtained from the SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor, using NDVI values with and without correction for fragmentation. We examined three methods to correct for sub-pixel fragmentation effects on NPPA. These included: (1) a simple conversion between the broad 1 km scale NDVI values and the XS NDVI values; (2) utilization of contextural information from XS NDVI pixels to derive a single coefficient to adjust the 1 km NDVI values; and (3) calculation of the degree of fragmentation within each VEGETATION 1 km pixel and reduce NDVI by an empirically derived amount based on the proportional areal coverage of forest in each pixel. Our results indicate that predicted NPPA derived from uncorrected 1 km VEGETATION pixels was significantly higher than estimates using adjusted NDVI values; all three methods reduced the predicted NPPA. In areas of the landscape with a large degree of forest fragmentation (such as forest boundaries) predictions of NPPA indicate that the fragmentation effect has implications for spatially extensive estimates of carbon uptake by forests.


The following article aims to review the situation of the green spaces in Bucharest, by going through a case study with the goal of emphasizing crucial aspects for this city to become "smarter" than it currently is, in terms of sustainable development. This article is based on geophysical data and urban characteristics of this capital, compared to the other major European cities. We also present some of the previously proposed governmental initiatives in terms of natural spaces and lifestyle improvement, as well as what citizens believe to be improvements of their current living conditions. Through our research, we found that Bucharest possesses various sectors with a large demographic index. These condensed housing sectors, usually involving tall apartment buildings, could benefit from small parks, as well balcony or "vertical" gardens. Considering the great number of schools of this capital, green initiatives can be implemented in educational set-ups as well. Implementing previously proposed ideas such as the creation of a "green belt" would significantly improve the air quality, landscape and pedestrian security of the busy Bucharest. After all, maintaining a green and healthy urban area brings major benefits, and it should be a common goal for all its citizens. Besides the general public, this review article can be of particular interest to the city council and to researchers interested in civil engineering and urban development. Lastly, we strongly believe in the importance of the present study, since it contains up-to-date information and it customizes sustainability initiatives to the economical and social conditions of this city.


1. Serum samples from 105 dogs, including a mixture of healthy animals and patients with kidney disease, were analyzed once with CatalystSDMA (using an IDEXX Catalyst Dx Chemistry Analyzer) and once with RefSDMA. A correlation plot was constructed with Passing-Bablok Regression analysis. 2. For each assay, results (to the nearest whole number) were assigned to one of three categories: ≤14 μg/dL; 15 to 19 μg/dL; ≥20 μg/dL. The percentage agreement between the two assays was calculated. For the discordant samples, the distribution of the absolute differences between results was determined.


This paper presents a new Korean verb conjugation system, which enables an easy treatment of Korean morphological phenomena such as contraction. This makes the size of the dictionary for ending forms to be small. We also introduce a Korean morphological analysis system. Korean morphological analysis system generally analyzes sentences within the segments(a part between spaces). We propose a system that considers the information beyond segmentation.


The shallow draft quay and small port facilities, including revetment has designed and built upon the foundation laid riprap(QRR) below the bottom surface of the mat for add the secure the bearing capacity of the ground is the majority. In this case, do the pre-roll format in the land would be advantageous to be installed to the bottom mat and put to laying the bottom surface of the mat efficiently, construction quality. For example, the result of applying 00 Port International Passenger Pier construction work, as well as by the process shortened the effect of the cost reduction was confirmed.


The experiment results show that the main phase of combustion products changes to Ti_2AlC from Ti_3AlC_2 if TiC was added to the reactant mixtures as dilute agent without variation of overall Ti_2AlC stoichiometry by using Ti, Al and C powders as raw materials. The amount of Ti_2AlC was increased with decreasing combustion temperature. From chemical thermodynamics principle, the combustion temperature upper limit to formation of Ti_3AlC_2 was much higher than that to Ti_2AlC. The Ti_2AlC was difficult to form when the combustion temperature was above 1600℃, while the Ti_3AlC_2 can still be formed.


The Pyrenean newt (Calotriton asper) is a morphologically diversified species endemic to the Pyrenean mountains (Western Europe) that inhabits fast running streams and mountain lakes. Given its high morphological diversity, the species has been subdivided into at least ten different taxa, subsequently treated by most authors as local forms. Herein, we examined the electrophoretic patterns produced by 20 presumptive allozyme loci in specimens of seven populations distributed over the entire geographic range of the species. Sixteen loci were monomorphic across the sampling area and only four loci were polymorphic. No diagnostic alleles of any population or population set were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was found to be extremely low, between 1.1 and 1.2 ± 0.1. Genetic divergence among populations was minimal, with a maximum divergence of Nei 78 = 0.031. No correlation was shown between genetic and geographic distances (Mantel test: r = -0.29, t = -1.1, p = 0.13). Fst values were low, as would be expected for a nonfragmented population. Estimated gene flow among populations was high, with a Nm = 1.01. Cytochrome b mtDNA sequences from the two populations furthest apart only differed in a single position. According to these genetic/morphological discrepancies, we interpret the observed morphological diversification of C. asper as a product of rapid morphological change under local selection pressure, in response to population specific ecological conditions. The implication of our findings for conservation efforts is that we need to preserve the unique evolutionary processes occurring in single populations or small groups of populations, even if the populations involved cannot be taxonomically differentiated.


How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. Karen Brodkin New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998. ix. 227 pp., notes, bibliography, index.

Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit. John Hartiganjr. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. xv. 354 pp., notes, index.


A new general theoretical treatment is given concerning the change in molecular size distribution due to crosslinking. Mass conservation and gelation are discussed by this fundamental treatment. The behaviors of the number and weight average molecular size of sol after gelation point are shown for many initial molecular size distributions. When a polymer has such a molecular size distribution as has two peaks, the weight average molecular size of sol may have a maximum and a minimum in the region after gelation point. Polymers which contain gel fraction initially are discussed by the same fundamental treatment as those which contain no gel fraction initially. The latter is the limiting case of the former. New quantities are derived which conserve in the region prior to gelation.


The evolution of the classical viscous incompressible fluid flow is governed by the NavierStokes equation (NSE). The theory regarding the qualitative properties of solutions to the NSE is far from being complete. For instance, the global regularity for the 3D NSE has been a longstanding open problem. My research has been mainly concerned with regularity problems, well/ill-posedness problems, the long time dynamics of solutions to the NSE and other related fluid equations, and finite dimensionality of flows.


Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of invasive cancer in women in their forties and fifties. Recent evidence suggests that JAK2/STAT3 signaling is constitutively active in breast cancer. Previous studies suggest that plant extracts, including Salvia Officinalis, have strong cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. The differential expression of miRNAs is also strongly linked to cancer development. Aim: In the current study, we hypothesize that S. Officinalis extract suppresses JAK2 expression and has strong anticancer potential in MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. Methods: GC-MS analysis showed the presence of flavonoids in dried leaf of Salvia officinalis Extract. The cytotoxicity of S. Officinalis was compared to Cisplatin on human breast (MCF-7) cells. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to detect the link between JAK2 and different microRNAs. qPCR assessment of microRNAs and JAK2 , BAX, Bcl-xL and BIRC5 mRNAs was performed. miR-216a-5p was overexpressed in MCF7 cells to test its anticancer potential. Results: GC-MS analysis showed the presence of anticancer and antioxidant compounds (Linolein and Apigenin). S. Officinalis extract reduced cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells with an IC50 range from 5.123 to 6.345 mg/mL (p<0.0001) compared to cisplatin (IC50 =20 ug/ul). S. Officinalis was also safe for the human skin fibroblast, suggesting that S. Officinalis has anticancer activity and is less harmful to normal cells (p<0.0001). Morphological assessment of MCF-7 cells showed that untreated cells maintained their epithelial morphological shape, while those treated with S. Officinalis displayed morphological changes consistent with apoptosis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that JAK2 contains theoretical binding sites of miR-101, miR-216, and miR-204 in its 3` UTR. qPCR revealed that three miRs (miR-101-5p, miR-216a-5p & miR-204-5p) were less expressed in breast cancer cell lines than in normal cell lines (P=0.0022). S. Officinalis and cisplatin reduced the expression of miR-101-5p (p<0.0001). While S. Officinalis reduced the expression of miR-216a-5p (p<0.005).


A 0.038 inch perfusion wire was used to selectively administer a 24-hr infusion of urokinase into the occluded saphenous vein bypass graft of a 69-yr-old woman. Immediately following subsequent reperfusion by balloon angioplasty, she developed a hemorrhagic myocardial infarction.


UTI is most common in woman and UTI is often recurrent, there are many reasons for recurrent UTI in woman, the most relevant cause may be due to developing resistance. E.coli is the most important uropathogen its isolates in 2009-2010 from urinary tract infection form hospitalized patients in countries world wide has shown ESBl resistance rates were high in Asia pacific region of 27%.This case report is presented here to address the need for altering the available antibiotic regimen for recurrent UTI and we suggest here Sulbactomax (Ceftriaxone + Sulbactum + Ethylene-diaminetetracetic acid ) as an empirical therapy in the treatment of UTI to prevent recurrent UTI.


The utility model discloses an LED drive control circuit, which is characterized by comprising an A/D conversion circuit, a control signal generating circuit and at least one post-stage functional circuit. Each post-stage functional circuit is connected with an LED string. The A/D conversion circuit is used for sampling analog voltage value capable of reflecting current of the LED string from the post-stage functional circuit, and converting the analog voltage value into digital voltage value, the control signal generating circuit is used for generating control signals capable of controlling current flowing through the LED string according to the digital voltage value, and the post-stage functional circuit is used for driving the LED string according to the control signals. The LED drive control circuit has the advantages of flexible circuit, easy product updating and the like, and not only can be used for low-voltage LED drive, but also can be used for high-voltage LED drive, further, parameters of each post-stage functional circuit can be adjusted independently, energy loss can be minimized with high product energy efficacy, thereby saving energy and protecting environment.


In this paper, we use the generalized regression neural network (GRNN) for the inverse scattering from perfectly conducting cylindrical targets illuminated by the transverse magnetic to z polarization.


Soluble trehalase (EC 184.108.40.206) from Drosophila melanogaster was purified to a specific activity of about 112 units/mg and only one band was detected by analytical disc-gel electrophoresis. Soluble sucrase (EC 22.214.171.124) having a specific activity of about 10 units/mg was obtained. The two enzymes had similar molecular weights, pH optima, and responses to mercaptoethanol, and neither enzyme was activated by ions or ethanol. Para-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited sucrase to a greater extent than trehalase while iodoacetate did not affect either enzyme. Sucrase was less stable to a variety of denaturing conditions, the Km's of the two enzymes differed greatly, and Tris and Tricine were much stronger competitive inhibitors of sucrase than of trehalase. Both enzymes underwent a large reduction in molecular weight during the purification procedure.


The recent (February 2009) defection of a key member of the Band of Brothers Alliance in EVE caused a major restructure of the EVE gaming environment, much to the joy of the game's operators, CCP games. (So much so, that many accused them of having staged an 'inside job' to disrupt the stranglehold of BoB). The defection was made possible through the design of the game and the need to maintain corporate structures to effect control over key regions. The defection of Haargoth was catastrophic to BoB, destroying years of player time and significant real money investment in game time. Some calls were made for CCP to intervene, but such action would have contradicted the game character of EVE itself as a piractical world. If such conduct had occurred in the corporate world of any RL nation, clear demands for regulatory control would have been acceded to (see, for example, the demand for repayment of AIG bonus payments made to executives).
In another virtual world, World of Warcraft, the operators Blizzard, have recently announced (March 2009) a new policy regarding add-ons, which will affect the way in which many keen WoW participants will interact with the game. This follows on from the litigation regarding Glider, which divided the WoW community regarding what is acceptable in terms of mods and automated play. Again response to the add-on policy has attracted heated debate in the dedicated WoW community. The relationship between practice and theory regarding treatment of mods and add-ons by Blizzard has been inconsistent and frustrating for many keen WoW players. The legal status of mods and add-ons in other worlds remains unclear.
Finally, the operators of Entropia have just announced that they have been granted a banking licence in Sweden. It remains to be seen how this will impact on the gaming experience and the regulation of that experience by external authorities.
This article will consider the important influence of game design and game governance on the nature of the player's experience. It will also compare social world environments, such as Second Life. It will consider increased calls for inworld regulation and the impact this would have on the nature of the players' experience. It will explore the need to acknowledge the particular nature of the world under consideration and discuss ways how this might be respected and protected. It will consider the relationship between real world laws, inbuilt game standards and the players' own negotiated understanding of the world with which they are engaged and how this may change over time, according to gaming experiences and investment in the game world. It will explore the relationship between the underlying governance structures of the virtual world and the developing nature of that world and make suggestions regarding the possible effects of law reform and standards setting in this area.
This paper will build on work I have been doing on virtual world governance, such as 'Legal Issues in Virtual Worlds: Governance and Intellectual Property', a presentation to the OECD Workshop on Innovation and Policy for Virtual Worlds, 11 March 2009, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/2/42347580.pdf; my contribution to the ENISA Position Paper: Virtual Worlds, Real Money, Security and Privacy in Massively- Multiplayer Online Games and Social and Corporate Virtual Worlds, November 2008, http://www.enisa.europa.eu/doc/pdf/deliverables/enisa_pp_security_privacy_virtualworlds.pdf; 'The dark side of online games : fraud, theft and invasion of privacy', (2009) 11(9) Internet Law Bulletin 147-151 and 'Governance and the Global Metaverse,' (with David Lindsay) presented at the Cybercultures Conference , Salzburg, 15 March 2009, http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/cyber/cybercultures/conference-programme-abstracts-and-papers/session-8-cyber-policy-and-cyber-democracy/.


The contribution deals with the proposal and realization of the mathematical model of the converter process. In the introduction are described processes of formation of the metal batch, slag, converter gas and blowing oxygen consumption as well as material and heat balance of the converter process. In the next an algorithm and implementation of the mathematical model is described. Finally, simulation results are presented and the sensitivity analysis of selected inputs to the steel temperature is realized.


Abstract Let f be an entire transcendental function of finite order and Δ be a forward invariant bounded Siegel disk for f with rotation number in Herman's class $\mathcal{H}$. We show that if f has two singular values with bounded orbit, then the boundary of Δ contains a critical point. We also give a criterion under which the critical point in question is recurrent. We actually prove a more general theorem with less restrictive hypotheses, from which these results follow.


Objective
To explore the correlation of caries susceptibility of patients with the immediate tooth polish, application of fluoride, and the patients' oral hygiene habits after interproximal enamel reduction (IER) in clinical practice.

Methods
The present study retrospectively collected 45 cases of IER (18 males and 27 females) in 196 tooth sites. Each sample was examined clinically and radiologically to obtain the incidence of caries, and the outcome was correlated with amount of IER, tooth polish, application of fluoride, and the brushing method and frequency for statistical analysis.

Results
The present study showed that there was no statistical significance among the amount of IER, the site of IER, the patients' brushing method, and the gender with the susceptibility of caries. However, there was statistical significance among the application of fluoride, tooth polish and brushing frequency with the susceptibility of caries.

Conclusions
The current research suggests that it is desirable to polish tooth and apply fluoride for patients with IER in clinical practices. In the meanwhile, the clinician should pay attention to patients' oral hygiene habits, especially brushing frequency, due to the positive correlation between the brushing frequency and incidence of caries.

Key words:
Interproximal enamel reduction; Fluoride; Tooth polish; Susceptibility of caries; Tooth brushing


The crystallographical texture is relevant information for NdFeB magnets, since the maximum energy product is directly related to orientation of the crystals. EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) is a very suitable tool for preferred orientation measurement of NdFeB magnets. The advantages of EBSD against X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pole figures for texture determination are discussed. EBSD identifies misaligned grains, and this is not feasible with XRD pole figures. EBSD is also helpful on the identification of oxides.


English is considered as the most important language all over the world. It is an international language and several types of English speaking people are living around the world. Sometimes it is referred to as accents and is spoken by people in every real life situations. English language is divided in to two types namely American English and British English. The usage of English is entirely different among the people, not only in pronunciation but also in sentence structure, slang and vocabulary. This review article is based on the importance of English language in day today life. It also details an overview of English Language Learners (ELLs) in all parts of the world. This analysis also describes the challenges faced by a large number of ELLs. They go to foreign country for studies or jobs and stay there for more than six years, yet they are not developing their English language proficiency. A large number of people are still struggling without having proper English knowledge which is essential for academic and professional success. Hence, these ELLs require additional time, aligned assessments and appropriate instructional support for their higher growth and to obtain both content area knowledge and English language proficiency.


In spite of the existing strong literature about the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the aspects of environment and society, there is a significant gap about how CSR can create value for company stakeholders. In spite of Carroll's pyramid and 3C-SR model, there is a lack of holistic framework that exhibit the process of value creation for company stakeholders. The objective of this paper work is to identify theoretical possibilities of value creation through CSR for stakeholders, yet avoiding extensive discussions concerning value creation to common environment. Study shows that most likely only shared value creation through CSR seems to be sustainable. It's already foreseen that CSR will evolve and value creation through CSR will change and possibly implementation of CSR will become more oriented towards creation of shared value. The employed research methods refer to scientific literature analysis and synthesis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.2.2200


Chickens were immunized by intramuscular injection of eukaryotic expresstion recombinant plasmids containing gB、gC and gD genes of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus WangGang strain.The specific antibody was detected after immunization.Immune effects showed that the immune protection rate of recombinant plasmids reached 79%.This result proved that the DNA vaccine could be used as a addition to prevent ILTV infection.


This study evaluates the added value in the representation of surface climate variables from an ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) simulations by comparing the relative skill of the RCM simulations and their driving data over a wide range of RCM experimental setups and climate statistics. The methodology is specifically designed to compare results across different variables and metrics, and it incorporates a rigorous approach to separate the added value occurring at different spatial scales. Results show that the RCMs' added value strongly depends on the type of driving data, the climate variable, and the region of interest but depends rather weakly on the choice of the statistical measure, the season, and the RCM physical configuration. Decomposing climate statistics according to different spatial scales shows that improvements are coming from the small scales when considering the representation of spatial patterns, but from the large‐scale contribution in the case of absolute values. Our results also show that a large part of the added value can be attained using some simple postprocessing methods.


The schema approach to self-concept was used to investigate the association between body-weight self-conception and self-esteem, negative affect states, and disordered eating behavior in women with anorexia nervosa (n = 26) or bulimia nervosa (n = 53) using experience sampling methodology. We predicted that self-esteem would be lower and unpleasant affect and disordered eating behaviors would be higher when the body-weight self-schema was activated in working memory compared to when non–weight-related self-schemas were activated. Participants recorded the currently activated self-schema, self-esteem, affect, and behavior in response to an alarm-watch signal 5 times daily for 5 days. Activation of the body-weight self-schema was associated with lower self-esteem and higher negative affect, but not higher levels of disordered eating behavior. Low selfesteem and negative affect, however, were associated with disordered eating behavior. Findings have important implications for treatment of eating disorders.


Deciduosis is a stromal reaction which is pregnancy associated and may concern all types of intraabdominal tissues. In rare circumstances and provided a certain extent it may lead to massive intraabdominal haemorrhage. We present the case of a primigravida who initially was admitted in the 26th week of gestation with the diagnosis of necrotising lateral myoma. A fortnight later she required emergency laparotomy due to extensive intraabdominal bleeding. We intensively describe and discuss the histological differential diagnostic procedures.


1. Introduction Isn't communication the sole purpose of teaching and learning a language? The answer to this question in most societies appears to be NO. Languages are taught and learnt for a series of reasons, short-term goals such as examination success, long-term goals such as improved career opportunities. Actual communication seems to be a side issue.


Prior literature has found that as uncertainty in a firms information environment increases, optimism increases in equity analysts' earnings forecasts. The studies suggest an economic incentive explanation, commonly called the management‐relations hypothesis. However, there is conflicting evidence that managers would prefer pessimistic forecasts and encourage analysts to "walk‐down" their forecasts to prevent negative earnings surprises. To test these contradictory findings, this study uses an experimental setting to remove economic incentives from the analyst's decision process and isolate the cause of observed bias in analysts' reports. The results of the experiment show that an increase in the perceived uncertainty of the forecasting task results in significantly lower relative optimism in analysts' earnings forecasts. This finding is consistent with a negativity hypothesis and the managementrelations hypothesis extolled in the empirical research. The findings also show that relative forecast optimism bias is positively related to the level of analysts' buy/sell recommendations consistent with more recent findings that suggest that analysts use motivated reasoning (the tendency to process information in a manner that supports one's goal) in their judgments of forecasted earnings and recommendations. Together, these results suggest that analysts consider and use financial information differently depending on their decision goal.


Coleostachys is a monospecific genus of Neotropical Malpighiaceae, known in the literature from only two collections. After a thorough analysis of Brazilian and International herbaria, we present a taxonomic revision of Coleostachys . This work includes a complete morphological description of the genus and its single species, C. genipifolia , along with line drawings and photograph plates, a distribution map, and comments on taxonomy, ecology and conservation of this obscure Amazonian genus.


This paper examines low level damage due to ESD stress below ESD rating on one-micron n-well CMOS VLSI circuits and on an NMOSFET. Different VLSI products with different ESD protection circuits were tested using a new method, proposed for latency phenomenon investigation. It is clearly ascertained that ESD stress below ESD rating causes latency damage in VLSI circuits independent of the ESD protection circuit performance. The results obtained on an NMOSFET allow to explain many in-circuits degradations caused by low-level ESD events.


A wireless sensor network consists of many inexpensive sensor nodes that can be used to confidently extract data from the environment. Nodes are organized into clusters and in each cluster all non-cluster nodes transmit their data only to the cluster-head. The cluster-head transmits all received data to the base station. Because of energy limitation in sensor nodes and energy reduction in each data transmission, appropriate cluster-head election can significantly reduce energy consumption and enhance the life time of the network. In the proposed algorithm, a modified fuzzy logic approach is presented in order to improve the cluster-head election based on four descriptors energy, concentration, centrality, and distance to base station. Cluster-head is elected by the base station in each round by calculating the chance each node has to elect as a cluster-head by considering descriptors. Network life time is evaluated based on first node dies metric, so energy depletion of one node causes the network to die. Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively increase the network life time. Sensor network is also simulated when sensor nodes move with random velocity in random direction in each round. Simulation shows that network life time is increased by considering this assumption in the proposed algorithm and can develop a better performance.


Olli Väntsi Utilization of recycled mineral wool as filler in wood plastic composites Lappeenranta 2015 99 pages + 5 original articles Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 663 Diss. Lappeenranta University of Technology ISBN 978-952-265-855-5, ISBN 978-952-265-856-2 (PDF), ISSN-L 1456-4491, ISSN 1456-4491 The impact of a recycled mineral wool filler on the various properties of wood plastic composites was studied and the critical factors affecting the formation of the properties were determined. An estimation of the volume of mineral wool fiber waste generated in the European Union between the years 2010-2020 was presented. Furthermore, the effect of fiber pre-treatment on the properties of the wood plastic composites were studied, and the environmental performance of a wood plastic composite containing recycled mineral fibers was assessed. The results showed that the volumes of construction and demolition waste and new mineral wool produced in the European Union are growing annually, and therefore also the volumes of recycled mineral wool waste generated are increasing. The study showed that the addition of recycled mineral wool into composites can enhance some of the mechanical properties and increase the moisture resistance properties of the composites notably. Recycled mineral wool as a filler in wood plastic composites can also improve the fire resistance properties of composites, but it does not protect the polymer matrix from pyrolysis. Fiber pre-treatment with silane solution improved some of the mechanical properties, but generally the use of maleated polypropylene as the coupling agent led to better mechanical and moisture resistance properties. The environmental performance of recycled mineral wool as the filler in wood plastic composites was superior compared to glass fibers. According to the findings, recycled mineral wool fibers can provide a technically and environmentally viable alternative to the traditional inorganic filler materials used in wood plastic composites.


S ince the 1830s much ink has been devoted to that special occupational group of 3,000 or so men who participated in one of the more short-lived socioeconomic phenomena in American historythe fur trade of the Far West.' In all of our social history, no other category of Americans, with the exception of politicians, has received so much attention as this cadre of often overly romanticized, yet persistently charismatic, group of mythological and real personalities.2 Described variously as "rangers of the wilderness ... come[ing]and go[ing] ... when and where they please," "a 'genus' more approximating to the


Since the discovery of neuromorphic computing, the search for the ideal hardware technology has been the main focus of technological research and development in the area. Among the candidates, the electrochemical neuromorphic organic device (ENODe) shows promising properties such as low energy consumption, high computing efficiency, and relatively inexpensive units. However, ENODes suffer from long term instability, especially due to electrode degradation. Here, the use of a modified poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) synthesis is proposed to obtain intrinsically low‐charge density PEDOT:PSS inks for application as post‐synaptic electrodes in ENODes. The charge density of the synthesized inks is evaluated by optical spectroscopy, revealing that the amount of oxidizing agent in the synthesis route is directly correlated with the PEDOT:PSS charge density. ENODes fabricated with the synthesized low‐charge density PEDOT:PSS operate in the low‐voltage regime, with good stability and present non‐volatile memory levels. The easy‐to‐implement synthetic approach unlocks new strategies for producing stable and tunable charge‐density materials for constructing the next‐generation of organic neuromorphic devices.


E-Registration system of student's status and academic certificate is an essential policy for improving the management and quality of higher education.It plays an irreplaceable role in defending the seriousness of higher education certificate.This paper discussed the current E-registration system in respects of its evolution,content and optimization strategy.


Abstract:New Sincerity literature is thought to succeed postmodern fiction with formally conventional narratives centered on dilemmas of alienation and communication and the difficulty of conveying one's inner life to others amid late or neoliberal capitalism. A major author of the New Sincerity, Dana Spiotta has examined such dilemmas in her four novels. This article proposes that her most recent, Innocents and Others (2016), signals an abrupt end to the New Sincerity and effectively retheorizes the periodization of recent US fiction. Tracing the unexpected deployment of postmodern epistemologies and aesthetics by the novel's central character, the article contends that Spiotta marks the New Sincerity as having reached an ironically postmodern state of exhaustion. In doing so, Spiotta discloses an atypical theory of periodization that rejects the antipathies that characterize recent literary history, emphasizing instead fiction's own involvement with the discourses that make legible literary-historical tensions.


Purpose: Entrepreneurship is the basis and foundation of successful economy and a hope for developing economic systems. Nowadays, engineering students must become engineers with entrepreneurial attitude. Unemployment of graduates of higher education is one of the recent problems of many countries of the world and one basic issue of higher education is development of factors affecting entrepreneurship in graduates. Method: In terms of method, this study is a descriptive study and in terms of purpose, it is an applied research and is also a qualitative study in terms of data. Data collection instrument is semi-structured interview and to determine sample size, purposeful sampling is used because of considering quality of data from sampling to theoretical saturation. Result: Academic experts and entrepreneurship lecturers and faculty members in relation with entrepreneurship and industry are selected and after the interviews, the data analysis is done through open and axial coding. Discussion: Hence, 15 factors affecting entrepreneurship of students are classified including education, research, motivation and entrepreneurial capacity, attitude, personality, information technology, management support, environment, entrepreneurship skills, culture, family,


U-S(University-School)cooperation on teacher cultivation becomes the necessary requirement for the development of teacher and education.Building of perfect cooperation mechanism is the internal demand of highly qualified teacher education.For U-S cooperation,it's the guiding mechanism of realizing winwin target based on knowledge and participation.The dynamic mechanism of forming composite force based on communication and sharing;the guarantee mechanism of effective operation based on perfect and standard system;the operation mechanism of effective implementation based on efficient and fruitful road;the leading mechanism of thinking reformation based on intellectual and informed environment.Only when the vigorous cooperation mechanism was developed can the teacher cultivation and operation mode be well formed,realizing the goal of cultivating highly qualified teacher.


three The only clinical The exams The exams found found a complex fracture the orbital and maxillary bones on the right with a right frontal acute subarachnoid hemorrhage of about 1 cm in size.The CT scan The dynamic is one of the most important aspect to evaluate in a trauma


Genetic analysis of the dwarf stem were undertaken on crosses between a dwarf Brassica napus mutant DS-1 and a normal cultivar Zhongshuang 4. Inheritance of the dwarf stem in reciprocal F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 populations clearly revealed that the dwarf stem of DS-1 was controlled by a partial dominant major gene and some minor genes, and the partial major gene was named Ds1.At the same time the bulked-segregant method was used to screen RAPD markers linked to Ds1, of totally 1041 arbitrary primers screened for 147 randomly selected F2 plants, only the primer S470 produced repeatable marker S470.416 linked to Ds1, with a map distance of 8.9 cM.


"Access to justice" as a term is used to reflect that in a rights based society, every one must be able to know his/her rights and the way to get them enforced in case of their infringement. Further, the mechanism to get the rights judicially determined well within time and then the enforcement of court orders are main focus of any access to justice program (AJP). The term access to justice is not confined to any reform program relating to judiciary only. It has rather broader horizon to include all the justice sector stake holders like police, prosecutors, court staff, investigators, witnesses and bars. Litigant is a focal person and the access to justice is to empower him/her to ensure that he gets what is his/her right. This paper examines the concept of access to justice in Pakistan and also discusses in brief the AJP's main focus areas.


The presence of inevitable air void defects in reinforced concrete components due to poor quality control during construction can further aggravate the moisture and chloride penetration in concrete to accelerate the corrosion process of the reinforcing steel. Non-destructive test  (NDT) methods, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Impact-Echo (IE), are utilised tp detect the void defects. This study is to compare the accuracy and limitations of both methods in detecting the sizes and depths of the air voids. The sample is a 600 × 400 ×200 mm3 reinforced grade 40 concrete slab with embedded air voids in the sample. The air-voids are introduced in the concrete slab by positioning air-void plastic balls with diameters of 67, 45, 27, 20 and 3 mm each at the depths of 70, 80, 100, 80 and 80 mm, respectively, from the top surface of the slab. Results show that GPR can detect the air voids with sizes larger than 20 mm in diameter with error ranging from -8.9 to 30% from their actual diameters. The IE method is only able to detect the air voids depths and not the voids' sizes. It is also observed that the void depth estimation acquired by GPR is more accurate only for large size void (67 mm), but for sizes less than that, IE is more accurate in determining their locations. Both methos should be considered for NDT application in detecting voids depending on which parameter accuracy is inticipated.


It is no doubt that community based co-management,as a new management way in nature reserve,which has been increasingly used in China.Generally speaking,community based co-management plays an important role in changing the farmers' livelihood,promoting die development of community and alleviating the conflicts between community and nature reserve.This paper chose Xiao Nuo You Shang Zhai,NabanHe National Nature Reserve,Yunnan Province as the example.It summarized the situation of farmers' livelihood change in this community.And then die following analysed the problems that would affect farmers' sustainable livelihood change in the context of community based co-management.Finally,it provided several suggestions for enabling fanners' livelihood change in community based co-management.


Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) provides both patients and surgeons with huge benefits. However, at the same time, it is still experiencing obstacles, such as confined working space, the absence of force feedback information and lack of visualization etc. The spinal cord and spinal nerves connect the brain with the rest of the body. They are quite vulnerable and small damages on them may lead to severe body dysfunction. This paper presents that using Raman spectroscopy as an analytical tool to identify spinal cord and spinal nerves from surrounding tissues for MISS purpose. Ex vivo Raman experiments is done on swine backbone samples with a fiberoptic Raman sensing system to examine the viability of this work. A total number of 750 raw spectra of bone, fat, muscle and spinal cord are obtained and data pre-processing procedures are employed before multivariate analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are then applied for data dimensionality reduction. Finally, classification model (together with 10-fold cross validation) using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for multiple classes is built based on the PCA results and an overall accuracy of 93.1% is reached.


The lithium-ion battery as a new type of secondary power supply which has superior performances, is gaining more and more attention in battery industry, especially the big market in future is more optimistic.This paper introduces the development and applications of the lithium-ion power battery, and mentions the comparisons of present level in china with advanced level in foreign countries and the current problems.It mainly analyses the technologies and technics of key equipments left behind the development of lithium-ion battery industry, and elaborates author's viewpoints.


The extraction of groundwater and especially the over-exploitation of the Santo Domingo aquifer since 1957 has caused modifications in the natural flow system and induced lateral flow of seawater from the coastline. As a result the groundwater quality in the Santo Domingo Irrigation District is deteriorating. Seawater intrusion and irrigation-return combined with the mobilization of deeper groundwater have been identified as important sources of salinization. Figure 1. Location of the study area in Mexico, in the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula and detailed map of the Santo Domingo Irrigation District with the most important catchments and drainage systems


Dear Sir, Candida, a type of fungus, can cause infections, which can be either local or systemic. The human body hosts small amounts of this fungus under normal conditions. However, problems arise when it begins to multiply and creates an overgrowth. Although more than 150 species of Candida exist, the majority of infections are caused by a species called Candida albicans. The prognosis for candida infections is often very good. In general, the condition is not serious and can be easily treated.[1]


Aiming at the problems of low efficiency and poor accuracy in manual identification of tens of thousands of substation inspection images in the power grid, one method and system for identifying defects in substation inspection image data based on Faster R-CNN is proposed. The inspection images are preprocessed through data analysis module, image annotation module, image cleaning module, firstly. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to perform feature extraction on the processed images to obtain the target features, secondly. A Region Proposal Network (RPN) is introduced, which generates multiple candidate anchor frames on the target feature images, thirdly. Region of Interest (ROI) pooling is performed on the multiple candidate anchor frames to obtain a feature matrix of a fixed size, fourthly. Then, the frame regression and classification recognition are applied to obtain the defect recognition result and target anchor frame position. Finally, high-precision identification of 25 types of defects of substation inspection images such as oil leakage, insulator damage, mark damage, metal corrosion, is realized. The average accuracy of the method is as high as 93.44%, which is about 27% and 23% higher than the traditional systems with R-CNN and Fast R-CNN algorithms. The time of single image recognition is shortened to (150ms) millisecond level. This method greatly saves the detection time, which can effectively reduce manpower input, improve work efficiency more effectively, and provide a foundation for the digital transformation of the power grid.


Objective: To evaluate the operation, complication and curative effect in endoscopic sinus surgery which under image guided navigation system (IGNS) and traditional methods. Methods: Thirteen patients were undergone endoscopic sinus surgery using IGNS, and were compared with the other thirty patients using traditional methods. The detailed informa tion and data including the operation procedure time, the amount of bleeding, the postoperative complication, the accuracy of operation, and patients' restoration process. Results: The preoperative time was 20-30 minutes in all cases, the localization accuracy was 1 mm, all operations were right, bleeding was lessen, no complication occurred. The operation time was similar compared with the traditional endoscopic sinus surgery. Conclusion: IGNS could work well with endoscopic system, and instruct doctor to identify the sinuses local anatomical structure in corresponding area. IGNS is a useful tool for en doscopy sinus surgery and will make a great important development in future.


A large-scale inhomogeneity of coherent axion field may exist in the early universe. This gives a spatially varying source of strong CP nonconservation and, when coupled to baryon-nonconserving interaction, may lead to generation of the isothermal perturbation of baryon density. A specific mechanism is presented, in which three-body decay of a heavy Majorana lepton gives the additional baryon generation.


Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of apple polyphenol (AP) intake on muscle endurance. Since mitochondria are critical for muscle endurance, we investigated mitochondrial enzyme activity, biogenesis, degradation and protein quality control. Twenty‐four Wistar rats were randomly fed a 5% AP diet (5% AP group, n = 8), a 0.5% AP diet (0.5% AP group, n = 8), or a control diet (control group, n = 8). After a 4‐week feeding period, the expression level of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator‐1α, a mitochondrial biosynthetic factor, did not increase, whereas that of transcription factor EB, another regulator of mitochondrial synthesis, significantly increased. Moreover, the mitochondrial count did not differ significantly between the groups. In contrast, mitophagy‐related protein levels were significantly increased. The enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III and IV were significantly higher in the AP intake group than in the control group. We conclude that AP feeding increases the activity of respiratory chain complex enzymes in rat skeletal muscles. Moreover, mitochondrial biosynthesis and degradation may have increased in AP‐treated rats.


The spread of Covid-19 majorly affected the global economic stability. This major change also changed the dynamic of Indonesia economic growth. This study employed a literature study and discussion technique to analyze the situation during the spread of Covid-19. The data collected from the literature, websites, national and international news that relevant to the recent policies and conditions. This study aimed to know the strategy and policy taken by the national policymaker in the agricultural sector during the Covid-19 outbreak. Results showed that the impact of the spread of Covid-19 on the economic aspect and the strategy chosen depending on the national policies. The national policies made based on various aspects, risks, and market scenarios. The labor-intensive effort, development of the agricultural technology, and marketing efforts intensively done to engage the farmer and consumer. The long-term policies strengthen the national food security and agricultural sector. The policies of data use arranged to be applied in various sectors, especially agricultural and food security. These policies managed to encourage and accelerate the synergy of a sustainable agricultural modernization. The national food security development actively contributed to cope with the food security gap in all area in Indonesia. The long-term policies provided a better comprehension and behavior change toward the farmer wellness aspect.


Energy, temporal and spectral characteristics of HF-laser pumped by non-chain chemical reaction initiated by radially converging e-beam, planar e-beam and non-self-sustained discharge have been investigated. The major channels of vibrationally excited HF molecules formation have been analysed. It has been confirmed that the high efficiency (~ 10 %) of non-chain HF laser can be reached only by simultaneous atomic and molecular fluorine formation under the action of e-beam and molecular fluorine participation in the inversion releasing process. It is shown that the laser pulse has a complex spectral-temporal structure caused by consecutive generation of the P-lines P2?P1?P3?P4?P5?P6 and overlapping of the rotary lines of the same oscillatory band and separate oscillatory lines during a pulse of radiation. With e-beam pumping of a 30 1 active volume laser, the output energy as high as 115 J and efficiency with respect to e-beam energy deposited into gas mixture up to 8 % were demonstrated. The optimal gas mixture SF6 : H2 =8 : 1 under pressure of 0.45 atm has been obtained. At pressure 1 .1 atm and non-uniform output distribution, total laser energy and efficiency with respect to e-beam energy deposited into gas were found to be up to 200 J and 1 1 %, respectively. Use of e-beam initiated low pressure pulsed discharge for excitation HF molecules leads to increase of radiation energy in 2.8 times. Also investigations on zeolite-based different absorbents influence on energy stability of HF-laser are presented and radiation energy decay after 103 shoots not more than 15-20 % is gained.


In order to improve the dispersing capacity of the microcapsules in self-repairing composite and its effect on the mechanical property of the composite,two coupling agents namely KH550 and KH560 were applied to the surface modification of the microcapsules,and the dispersing capacity of the self-repairing microcapsules in glass-fiber reinforced plastic(GFRP) and flexural property of fabric thereof were investigated.The results showed that after KH560 treatment,the dispersing capacity of the self-repairing microcapsules in GFRP is enhanced by 64.7%,which is superior to KH550 treated microcapsules.However,the flexural strength of the prepared GFRP is decreased.According to SEM observation,after coupling agent treatment the interface between microcapsule and epoxy bonds well.


By simulation, this paper studies the performance of integrated data/voice services in the high speed packet radio network and thoroughly discusses the influence of different low layer protocols on the performance of services and the network, on the basis of which some new low layer protocols to support integrated data/voice services are presented. Simulation results show that low layer protocols play an important role in the performance of the network and the protocols presented significantly improve the performance of data/voice integration. Even in case of heavy load, our protocols can provide acceptable quality of voice service for a limited number of users.


At,in and on are the three common preposions They are all used to talk about time and position in space.The differences between them are rather complicated.and it is not always to know which of the three is correct.In order to provide refendnece for studying and teaching,I'vesummed up the usage of the threeas follows.


The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are the main sources of water in Iraq. Iraq used to receive 33 × 109 m 3 of river water per year at Hit, 200 km downstream from the Syrian border before the 1970s. In 1980s, the discharge decreased to as little as 8 × 10 9 m 3 per year at Hit. The decreasing of discharge and water level in the Euphrates River causes problems of both quantity and quality, such as the increasing salinity in the internal delta downstream, the TDS (total dissolves salinity) at Hit has increased from less than 500 ppm to about 700 ppm. By 1989, the Euphrates' salinity at Al Qaim reached 1,000 ppm. Currently, the TDS of the river, at Al Qaim, is greater than 1,000 ppm. The problem of control salinity has received considerable attention particularly when the surface water is extremely limited with poorly available ground water supply. The field measurement has achieved for TDS, pH (hydrogen ion), EC (electric conductivity), coliform content and heavy metal for three sectors in the Euphrates River basin in Iraq as well as the lakes of Tharthar, Habbaniya, and Al-Razzaza. The statistical analysis was made to relate these parameter with discharge and water level, which are refered to the important effect of the flow in river on the water quality of Euphrates River. The storage of water in the lakes Al-tharthar, Al-habbanya, and Al-Razzaza has a negative effects on the water quality, and shows that the best method for storage water is the reservoirs along river stream.


.................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................... ix CHPATER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: BARTIK SHIFT-SHARE INSTRUMENT ............................................... 6 CHAPTER 3: METHODS ............................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 4: DATA .................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS .............................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION ........................................................... 46 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 50


1. Letter to the Editor In a recent article, Faysoill et al. reported about the effects of home mechanical ventilation (HMV) on left ventricular function in 10 patients with genetically proven sarcoglycanopathy [1]. After a median follow-up of 3 years, an increase of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was observed. We have the following questions and concerns:  Regarding the inclusion criteria it is stated that patients were included before introduction of HMV. Thus, we do not understand why patient #6 was included, who was already under invasive mechanical ventilation at recruitment.  Regarding the study design and follow-up duration, it remains unclear which endpoints were chosen.  Regarding pharmacotherapy, it remains unclear why patient #1 did not receive antihypertensive medication since her blood pressure at inclusion was 180/120 mmHg. We should also be informed how many patients started with pharmacotherapy during the follow-up period.


New updated! The latest book from a very famous author finally comes out. Book of present day political organization of china, as an amazing reference becomes what you need to get. What's for is this book? Are you still thinking for what the book is? Well, this is what you probably will get. You should have made proper choices for your better life. Book, as a source that may involve the facts, opinion, literature, religion, and many others are the great friends to join with.


This study aims to determine user acceptance and what factors influence user acceptance of E-Kinerja. The theoretical model used is a combination of the theoretical model of technology adoption of TRAM (Technology Readiness Acceptance Model) and EUCS (End User Computing Satisfaction). For example, the intention to use variable in the TRAM (Technology Readiness Acceptance Model) model is used as a link between the two models in this study. This research was conducted in Sidoarjo Police by using a questionnaire that was distributed directly as a source of data with probability sampling technique involving the participation of 229 respondents from Sidoarjo Police as members of the e-Kinerja application. The data analysis technique used is PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling). The results of this study state that there are seven positive and ten negative hypotheses. The findings of this study are the user's intention to positively influence user satisfaction in using the e-Kinerja application which can be interpreted that the user feels satisfied and accepts the e-Kinerja application as an information system that can help reporting and calculating the performance of each member of the Sidoarjo Police.


In silkworms, the white egg 1 (w‐1) mutant, which is characterized by white eyes and white eggs, is deficient in Bombyx kynurenine 3–monooxygenase (KMO) activity. To investigate whether the w‐1 mutant phenotype is rescued by introducing the wild‐type KMO gene, we constructed transgenic silkworms with the wild‐type Bombyx KMO gene under the control of either the cytoplasmic actin gene promoter (A3KMO) or the native KMO gene promoter (KKMO). We created two transgenic lines with A3KMO and one line with KKMO constructs. The eyes of adults in these lines were brown, and the eggs laid by the transgenic females were also brown. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction(RT‐PCR) analysis showed that the A3KMO silkworm lines expressed the transcript in the mid‐gut, fat bodies, and Malpighian tubules. The KKMO line expressed the transcript only in the fat bodies and Malpighian tubules. The intensity of eye and egg color in the transgenic lines was proportional to the KMO expression level. Interestingly, transgenic larvae with the A3KMO construct had a light brown larval cuticle, but the KKMO line did not. These results indicate that the wild‐type KMO gene can be used as a marker gene for visually screening transgenic silkworms.


Modeling Nuclease Digestion Data to Predict the Dynamics of Genome-wide Transcription Factor Occupancy by Kaixuan Luo Graduate Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Duke University


Immunoelectron microscopy of storage protein at early stage of seed development showed legumin was firstly accumulated protein in between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae, and these accumulates were differentiated into protein body (PB) by transformation at later stage. Thin sections of pea cotyledons during the later stages of seed maturation showed three morphologically different types of protein bodies. One of these, presented as rough-surfaced cisternae with terminal dilations, which contained protein deposits and were often found interdigitated between stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Conventional electron microscopy at earlier stages of cotyledon development showed this protein body type initially developed from the rough ER. This transformation of endoplasmic reticulum into a protein body is believed to represent a new pathway of protein body development.


With the increasing popularity and wide penetration of mobile smart devices, the advanced capabilities of mobile phones and tablets are being incorporated into assistive technologies. These technologies are crucial for assisting the elderly and people with disabilities in order for them to live independently. There are a myriad ways of designing and developing mobile assistive applications today, each comes with its pros and cons. In this paper we investigate the tradeoffs to be considered when trying to build a "one-size-fits-all" cross platform solution to the existing assistive technology. We outline the design decisions with respect to cross-platform issues, performance, development costs, maintenance overhead, and so on. These design and implementation decisions are the outcome of our two prototype implementations: (i) the development of a cross-mobile application that helps users effectively navigate the outdoor public transit system; and (ii) the development of an application that monitors a user's movement and detects certain abnormal behaviors such as falling. We also further investigate the system level concerns such as the performance and efficiency of data storage. We found that it is still challenging to develop a truly "one-size-fits-all" application with today's mobile techniques. However, this is an important first step towards platform independence of assistive technologies.


Jamieson, E. G. M., Scheltinga. D. M. & Richer de Forges, E. 1998. An ultrastructural study of spermatozoa of the Majidae with particular reference to the aberrant spermatozoon of Macropodia longirostris (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura).-Actu Zoalogica (Stockholm) 79: 193-206. A total of 17 species, in 14 genera of majids have been examined for sperm ultrastructure. The present account describes the sperm of six of these species, in two subfamilies: PisinaeSphenocarcinus orbicularus and Sphenocarcinus stuckiae and Inachinae-Cyrtomaia furici, Gypacheus hyalinus. flatymaia rebierei and Macropodia longirostris. M. longirostris has the only eubrachyuran sperm in which the acrosome is known to depart radically from a subspheroidal form. The acrosome is semilunar in shape and is bordered by a very thin layer of cytoplasm and an unusually uniform, narrow band of chromatin. The apical surface of the acrosome is almost flat, though slightly concave, whereas the posterior surface forms a hemisphere, and is almost completely occupied by the thin, centrally perforate, electron dense operculum. The bulk of the acrosome consists of a homogeneous, moderately electron dense outer acrosome zone. This surrounds a small inner acrosome zone internal to which is an ellipsoidal, pale perforatorium capped by a central acrosome zone. Majid sperm are distinguished by a flattened andlor centrally depressed operculum; a further characteristic is that the pointed perforatorium is relatively short and frequently does not reach the operculum. They vary inter alia with regard to presence or absence of a posterior median process and, apparently. of centrioles and of microtubules in the nuclear arms, and in the number of these ams. Perforation of the operculum, seen in the Pisinae, is not constant in the Inachinae. Spermatozoal ultrastructure offers no certain support for a close relationship of majids with parthenopids or hymenosomatids. 0 1998 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved


The study investigates extreme response style (ERS) in cross‐cultural research. Through a four‐country application of the Greenleaf ERS measure, finds that ERS varies between cultures and across response formats. Evidence is also found that the acquiescence response style (ARS) varies between cultures and response formats. Through a series of ANOVAs, it is shown how a post hoc response style adjustment can be used to minimize between‐group differences for ERS and ARS. Finally, this study illustrates how cross‐cultural market researchers, using a marketing‐oriented survey instrument like the CETSCALE, could reach erroneous conclusions by failing to adjust for between‐group difference in ERS. Implications for cross‐cultural marketing research are discussed.


Gastric papillary adenocarcinoma is one of the histological variants of gastric cancer that shows more aggressive clinicopathological behavior compared to tubular adenocarcinoma. Previous studies have reported higher lymphovascular and submucosal invasion rates for papillary adenocarcionoma than those of tubular adenocarcinoma. However, the current guidelines categorize papillary adenocarcinoma and tubular adenocarcinoma together as differentiated-type tumor and have recommended the same endoscopic submucosal dissection criteria. Thus, concerns have been raised regarding the appropriateness of the current policy. To validate the current guidelines, the lymph node metastasis rate from surgical specimen studies as well as the long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for papillary adenocarcinomas need to be taken into consideration. In this review, I aimed to review the current understanding of the clinical and pathological features of papillary adenocarcinoma. In addition, I aimed to generate an integrated view regarding the outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection and surgery for papillary adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the appropriateness of the current guidelines.


We analyzed the stability of the uniform flow solution in the optimal velocity model for traffic and granular flow under the open boundary condition. It was demonstrated that, even within the linearly unstable region, there is a parameter region where the uniform solution is stable against a localized perturbation. We also found an oscillatory solution in the linearly unstable region and its period is not commensurate with the periodicity of the car index space. The oscillatory solution has some features in common with the synchronized flow observed in real traffic.


The paper discusses some difficulties that life in Anthropocene poses to our ethical thinking. It describes the sort of ethical task that individuals find themselves confronting when dealing with the planetary environmental quandaries that characterise the new epoch. It then asks what, given the situation, would count as environmentally virtuous ways of looking at and going about our lives, and how relevant virtues can be developed. It is argued that the practice of gardening is distinctively conducive to that objective. Finally, some garden virtues that will be of special importance in the Anthropocene, but have so far been largely neglected by environmental ethicists, are listed and described.


Crystalline Ni,amorphous Ni-P and Ni-B nanoparticles with high purity were prepared by using a modified electroless plating method.The resulting samples were characterized by transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and the catalytic effect of the prepared nanoparticles on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate was investigated using TG-DTA.The results indicate that Ni nanoparticles are in spherical shape with average size of about 60 nm in cubic crystal structure;Ni-P and Ni-B nanoparticles are an aggregation of ultrafine alloy particles with relatively wide size distribution of 10~80 nm and 30~50 nm respectively in amorphous structure.Ni,Ni-P and Ni-B nanoparticles have significant catalytic effect on thermal decomposition of AP,the effects are more apparent on the stage of high-temperature decomposition,and Ni-B nanoparticles have the greastest influence on the high-temterature decomposition of AP among the resulting nanoparticles.Compared with pure AP,adding Ni or Ni-P nanoparticles(5%) in AP resulted in a decrease of peak temperature of high-temperature decomposition of about 53 ℃ or 80 ℃;however adding Ni-B nanoparticles(5%) in AP resulted in more significant reduction of peak temperature of high-temperature decomposition from 457.37 ℃ to 321.68 ℃ i.e.about 125 ℃ and disappearance of the peak of high temperature decomposition,which leads that the whole thermal decomposition stage shows one single exothermic peak at 321.68 ℃ and ends at 368.33 ℃.


In this work a procedure to optimize the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of several dietary fiber sources, which are processed as tablets, is...


The present invention discloses a smelting process for producing centrifugal casting austenitic stainless steel large-bore thick-wall nuclear main-pipeline straight pipe. Said invention adopts double smelting process of medium-frequency furnace + AOD furnace refining process. It is characterized by smelting CF8M Modify ultra-low carbon nitrogen-controlled austenitic stainless steel, its tapping temperature is 1600deg.C-1630deg.C, and adopting staged pouring process and inner wall heat-producing heat-insulating agent, so that it can ensure the compactness of centrifugal cast pipe and can improve surface roughness of inner wall of main pipe simultaneously.


Introduction Inulin is used either as a macronutrient substitute or as a supplement added in foods mainly for its nutritional properties. Chemically, inulin consists of a long chain made up of fructose molecules and one glucose molecule at one end. The fructose molecules are connected by β-(2-1) bonds and the last fructose is linked with a glucose by an α-(1-2) bond as in sucrose [1, 2]. The average molecular weight and degree of polymerisation of inulin depend on the source of inulin, the time of harvest and the process of production. In native chicory inulin, the number of fructose units linked together ranges from 2 to more than 60, with an average degree of polymerisation of the order of 10 and the high performance forms of inulin have an average degree of polymerisation of 25 [3]. The rheological behaviour of inulin and inulin-hydrocolloids mixtures in water were characterised by Bishay [4] who found a synergistic effect between inulin and calcium alginate. The objective of this work was to study the influence of the addition of inulin of different chain lengths on the flow behaviour of dairy beverages model systems with different milk fat content and with and without κcarrageenan added.


Language can be a useful tool for social robots as part of their repertoire of social engagement. This late breaking report outlines preliminary studies into how a child can teach a robot lexicons for colors and color relations. The robot used is a minimal social robot, made from cardboard and foam, that interacts with the children through a simple color naming game. Distributed, non-parametric lexicons similar to those used in previous language learning robot studies are used to store links between words and colors. We visually present the resulting lexicons and highlight the issues that have arisen from this preliminary study and how they can be resolved for future studies. The results of this study indicate that children can teach a social robot lexicons, allowing the children and robot to develop a shared set of symbols for color.