Denenberg rightly stresses the importance of studying ethologically meaningful species-specific behavior in animals, and makes the interesting distinction between lateralization at an individual and at a population level. However, in the case of man, I believe Denenberg is wrong in arguing that lateralization in the individual increases with maturation. The overall evidence nowadays tends very much to the contrary. Moreover, with respect to a population, why should it become lateralized? If there is indeed an advantage for the individual in hemispheric specialization, why should the direction of such specialization be so consistent across a majority of individuals, whether human or, as Denenberg points out, other members of the phylum? Is there an evolutionary advantage in most animals' sharing the same direction, or is it a necessary consequence of some other preexisting, more fundamental anatomical, biochemical, or physical property of the organism and its constituents? If the former, why are not all members of the species, rather than just a majority, lateralized in the same direction? (Or, to put it another way, what is the evolutionary advantage to the species or individual of dimorphism, of retaining a minority who polarize in the opposite direction?) If the latter - i.e., if lateralization is a necessary consequence of some prior state - then there should not be any dimorphism, exceptions, or minority members, unless they are somehow disadvantaged in consequence. Indeed, there is some evidence of a cognitive deficit in sinistrals, though it is disputed (see Bradshaw 1980 for review), and others have even suggested that the species as a whole may benefit in some way from such an uneven dimorphism (Levy 1974), but what evidence is there for such propositions with respect to rats, apes, monkeys, or chicks? This is an issue that should be addressed in any general model that includes laterality in animals. [See Corhallis & Morgan: "On the Biological Basis of Human Laterality" BBS 1(2) 1978.]


PCT No. PCT/GB79/00030 Sec. 371 Date Oct. 10, 1979 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 14, 1979 PCT Filed Feb. 9, 1979 PCT Pub. No. WO79/00614 PCT Pub. Date Sep. 6, 1979.A hearing faculty test and apparatus therefor is based on the findng that sound input to the ear gives rise to a returned wave from and related to the condition of the inner ear, this wave being detectable as an echo from the ear drum. The apparatus preferably comprises a sealing aural probe (1) housing transducers (2,3) respectively to project a repetitive transient sound by pulse generator (4) activation and to pick-up for detection (5) successive echoes by time-gating. Detected echoes are preferably averaged during processing (6) for display. The echo occurs about 5-20 ms after its sound and a maximum operating frequency of about 50 Hz is appropriate. A continuous sound input can be used with consequent echo interference detectable as rapid changes of acoustic impedance with sound input frequency. Another alternative can involve detection of the ear drum movement by returned waves.


In this paper, we propose a calculation model for a crossflow filtration process that is applicable to polydispersed slurry microfiltration. The deposition velocity of particles in slurry, particle distribution, and resistance of the filter cake on the surface of the filtration media can be predicted by this model, and can be used to predict the variations of filtration velocity. The theoretical prediction matched well with the experimental data, having a difference within 20%, except for the initial few seconds. However, the porosity of the filter cake used in the theoretical prediction was assigned based on the literature. It is revealed by the model that the variations in the crossflow filtration velocity are induced by the gradual domination of particles with small diameters in the filter cake. Meanwhile, the possible direction for the optimization of this model is pointed out.


Transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) is a critical cell growth regulator that is overexpressed in various tumor tissues. However, its role in the development of cervical cancer remains unknown. In the present study, public databases were thus explored and a higher expression of TFAP2A was found in cervical cancer. A total of 131 clinical samples were collected and it was also identified that TFAP2A was highly expressed in cervical tumor tissues. TFAP2A was also found to be associated with a higher tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and a poor patient survival. In vitro experiments revealed that the knockdown of TFAP2A inhibited the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, it was observed that TFAP2A could bind the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) promoter region and PD-L1 rescued TFAP2A expression. In vivo experiments also revealed that TFAP2A promoted tumor growth. Collectively, in the present study it was demonstrated that TFAP2A is a transcription factor of PD-L1 and a prognostic factor with clinical value, identifying a positive feedback loop of TFAP2A/PD-L1.


We present molecular dynamics simulations on ubiquitin with explicit solvent molecules and investigate the influence of different force fields [Weiner et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:765–784, 1984; J. Comput. Chem. 7:230–252, 1986) vs. Cornell et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:5179–5197, 1995)], different treatments of the long‐range electrostatic interaction (8 Å cutoff vs. particle mesh Ewald), and different solvation models (periodic box vs. small shell of water molecules) on the structure and the dynamics of the protein. Structural data are monitored by atomic root mean square deviations (RMSDs) from the crystal structure, the radius of gyration, the solvent‐accessible surface area, and the pattern of the backbone hydrogen bonds. The dynamic behavior is assessed by the atomic fluctuations and the order parameters of the N‐H backbone vectors.


This study investigated the usefulness of the cloze-elide objective language task (Manning, 1987) in a test of teacher English language proficiency in Quebec, Canada. While the task has demonstrated its usefulness recently in low-stakes language diagnostic testing in a New Zealand university context (Elder & von Randow, 2008), it is important to examine its usefulness in other contexts. In addition, evidence was collected regarding the construct being addressed by this particular task, something that has not yet been examined. A cloze-elide task was administered to 346 preservice teachers at a Montreal university, in addition to other direct and indirect tasks, as part of a high-stakes exam for teacher certification. It was decided that the cloze-elide task would be deemed useful if it distinguished between English and French native speakers (assuming that French native speakers would be more in need of language support). In addition, the task would be deemed useful if it had sufficient face validity to be accepted by the test takers. Results from regression analysis show that the cloze-elide did not effectively predict language group. In addition, results on the authentic teacher communication tasks of the exam also did not predict language group, suggesting that distinguishing between English and French native speakers may not be useful, or may not even be possible in all cases in the Quebec context. A survey with students after the exam provided insight into students' suspicion of the task. In addition, students' descriptions of their reading strategies during the cloze elide task provided insight into the construct represented by the task. For example, students demonstrated awareness of the need to balance topdown and bottom-up approaches to the text. This study underlines the importance of considering the local context in determining test task usefulness, as well considering the input from the test takers themselves in test task validation.


The present disclosure relates to a lithium secondary battery capable of improving the safety and reliability of the electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the electrolyte. Electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery according to the present embodiment includes a non-aqueous organic solvent, lithium salts, and fluoroalkyl ether phosphazene flame retardant material, and comprising at least one ester solvent.


Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) are well known for their attractive red fruits, characteristic aroma and distinct taste. They are grown and eaten all over the world and they are considered a popular summer fruit. Apart from the abovementioned valued characteristics, strawberry fruits are a significant source of vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, phytochemicals, polyphenols, and antioxidants. In recent years, the increase in production and consumption of strawberries around the world can be noticed. Additionally, strawberries are now considered a 'functional food' due to the associated taste, nutritional composition, phytochemicals and multiple health benefits. The review provides a brief overview of strawberries not only as popular summer fruits, but also as health-promoting beneficial fruits. The nutritious, dietary and phytochemical properties as well as biological benefits of strawberries on human health are highlighted. The synergetic role of strawberry as a functional food and some of the key pre-harvest and post-harvest factors which influence strawberry yield and overall fruit quality are discussed. Apart from the numerous benefits associated with strawberries, some allergies are also linked with their consumption which is also mentioned in the article.


The change in charge density due to a phonon and its connection with the electron-phonon interaction and the change in potential is discussed. It is shown that these are analytic functions of q in metals and where Zeff is zero. The charge density and the potential can be uniquely split into a part that rigidly follows an ion and a part that deforms as the ions move; the composite is called 'the generalised pseudo-atom' and is shown to be neutral. The behaviour of the potential near q=0 in metals is discussed. Using a relation between the ionic potential, the dielectric function matrix and the electron-phonon interaction, a useful expression for the dynamical matrix is easily derived. The discussion is generalised from the Fourier representation to other representations. It is shown that finite-range rigid-atom potentials give incorrect results near q=0 and that in cubic metals with one ion per unit cell or with rocksalt structure, deformation occurs, but only in Fourier components outside the first Brillouin zone. The occurrence and possible results of deformation are discussed.


The paper provides and realizes the data fusion arithmetic used among the monitor agents in Distributed Intrusion Detection System(DDIS),then testifies that the arithmetic can detect many distributed denial attacks such as SYN flood,Smurf,Land etc in 0.07 s~1 s and take instant countermeasures to block intrusive connections.Based on the analysis of multi-data of many machines,so the arithmetic advances the exactness of intrusion detection largely,overcomes the localization of the traditional detect method of router access control list,and basically realizes detect and alert function without affecting the normal running of the network.


The good result of the formula proposed by West for [ital n]=3, [ital N][sub [ital c]]=3 and [ital n][sub [ital f]]=5 is fortuitous. (AIP)


Non-Fermi liquid behaviour in single-crystalline U 2Pt2In has been studied by means of resistivity experim ents (I||c) under hydrostatic pressure ( P<1.5 GPa). At ambient pressure the resistivity ρ(T) follows a power law ρ~T with α~0.5. Upon applying pressure α increases. For P>1 GPa a minimum develops in ρ(T). A study of the field dependence of the minimum confirms its magnetic ori gin. The ratio c/a is proposed as the effective control parameter, rather than the unit cell volume.


The military conflicts of the last century revealed the importance of information in the conduct of air force missions regarding the neutralization of objectives that were important for the enemy's war effort. The need to ensure information support for the decision-making processes resulted in the design of air surveillance systems capable of providing the information required by the structures that specialized in countering of the air force threats. The quality of information provided was influenced by the passive or active air surveillance sensors due to their superior power of detection over long distances and low altitudes.


Abstract: This study was designed to see the learning readiness of vocational education students who were carried out online during the Covid-19 pandemic. Vocational education which has a peculiarity is the mastery of skills, so we want to see the extent of students' readiness to carry out online learning. In a quantitative research approach with a survey method, a survey was conducted on 247 vocational education students via a google form. The collected data were analyzed, then the results of the study revealed that students were fully ready to carry out online learning, starting with digital literacy, independent learning, and communication. Overall students are ready to do online learning, Judging from the characteristics of vocational education, there is practicum material that can be handled by the use of several supporting learning media. But in controlling themselves during the learning process (learning control), students have not been able to fully control themselves during the learning process. The online learning process provides various facilities for students, but still, the teacher has a role as a guide and guides students so that the learning process is following the expected goals. Keywords: covid-19, online learning, readiness, vocational education


Modelling complex socio-environmental problems requires integration of knowledge across disparate fields of expertise. A key challenge is understanding how social learning across disciplines occurs in scientific research teams, in order that integrated knowledge is co-created. This article introduces a new framework for training researchers to integrate their knowledge across disciplines, based on current understanding of how inter- and transdisciplinary learning in research teams occurs. The framework was generated from a synthesis of learning, cognitive, and social science theories, and combines facilitated, structured negotiation processes with co-creation of boundary objects. It was used in two, 9 to 10-day intensive training workshops for doctoral students. This article describes the framework, workshop design, analysis of data collected during the workshops related to knowledge integration processes, what has been learned from the results, and the impact on participants. All participants indicated the experience was transformative, provided knowledge and skills unavailable elsewhere, filled gaps in their graduate education programs, and improving confidence in their capacity for inter- and transdisciplinary research. Pre- and post-workshop surveys confirm that the framework changed participants' knowledge, behaviors, and competencies for engaging across disciplines. Many students have reported they have used the framework in a variety of other research and education settings, indicating they are able to transfer their new competencies to other contexts. Findings contribute to understanding of how to more effectively train researchers to integrate knowledge across disciplines for complex societal problem solving.


Streamflow forecasting, as one of the most important issues in hydrological studies, plays a vital role in several aspects of water resources management such as reservoir operation, water allocation, and flood forecasting. In this study, wavelet-gene expression programming (WGEP) and wavelet-M5 prime (WM5P) techniques, as two robust artificial intelligence (AI) models, were applied for forecasting the monthly streamflow in Khoshkroud and Polroud Rivers located in two basins with the same names. Results of hybrid AI techniques were compared with those achieved by two stand-alone models of GEP and M5P. Seven combinations of hydrological (H) and meteorological (M) variables were considered to investigate the effect of climatic variables on the performance of the proposed techniques. Moreover, the performance of both stand-alone and hybrid models were evaluated by statistical criteria of correlation of coefficient, root-mean-square error, index of agreement, the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient, and relative improvement. The statistical results revealed that there is a dependency between 'the M5P and GEP performance' and 'the geometric properties of basins (e.g., area, shape, slope, and river network density)'. It was found that a preprocessed technique could increase the performance of M5P and GEP models. Compared to the stand-alone techniques, the hybrid AI models resulted in higher performance. For both basins, the performance of the WM5P model was higher than the WGEP model, especially for extreme events. Overall, the results demonstrated that the proposed hybrid AI approaches are reliable tools for forecasting the monthly streamflow, while the meteorological and hydrometric variables are taken into account.


The present invention provides an MEMS sensor which can enlarge the mass of a movable hammer with variable position in a direction vertical with a substrate and can be freely and easily manufactured through a CMOS process. The MEMS sensor (100A) comprises the movable weight portion (120A) which is connected with a supporting portion (110) through connecting portions (130A) and is movable in a Z-direction, wherein, the movable hammer has a stacked structure which comprises the following components: a plurality of conductive layers, a plurality of interlayer insulation layers which are configured among the plurality of conductive layers, and a plug that is filled into an embedding groove pattern formed to penetrate through the respective plurality of inter-layer insulating layers and has a larger specific gravity than the inter-layer insulating film. The plug formed in the layers includes a wall portion formed in a wall shape along at least one axial direction on a two-dimensional plane parallel to the plurality of inter-layer insulating layers. A movable electrode part (140A) is formed by the stacked structure. The facing area between the movable-electrode face of the movable electrode portion (140A) and the facing-electrode face of the fixed electrode portion (150A) changes according to the Z-direction variation of the movable weight portion.


A R T I C L E S U M M A R Y Content list available at www.urmia.ac.ir/ijltr Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research 10.30466/ijltr.2015.20399 2 K. Lotfipour-Saedi/Suggestions toward some ... Introduction Formulating our location in relation to the jargon: Register, Genre, Style, and Discourse analysis Texts we encounter in our everyday life vary from one another in many different respects, for example, poetry, fiction prose, newspaper articles, public speeches, parliamentary question-time talks, courtroom language, classroom talk, academic papers, lab reports, billboards statistics, funeral eulogies, sermons, wedding ceremony, personal letters, business letters, degree award ceremonies, family dinner table conversation, and many others. These varieties come about thanks to variations in the choices from both lexico-grammar and para-language. But despite sharing the same resources, the variations fall under different perspectives of register, genre and style. Adopting an SFG (Systemic-functional Grammar) outlook, these terms can be defined in the following way. Register: Any piece of text would, naturally, represent a context of situation and context of culture. Any choice made in the textualization process can be argued to represent the ethnographic features of the given context; and any, even minor, variation in these ethnographic features will be reflected in the textual choices. Register refers to this aspect of textual variation; the study of the relationship between the choices made in the textual presentation of a message and the factors involved in the ethnographic description of the related context being called register analysis. For example, the lexico-grammatical choices made in composing a personal letter as opposed to a business letter can be related to the relationship between the addressor and addressee and the degree of intimacy between them among many other factors. Genre: Like register, genre is a perspective motivated by the communicative purpose and factors in the context of situation; but unlike register, it is constituted by conventional structure of the text not by lexico-grammatical variations. While a register materializes through certain choices from the lexical and grammatical resources scattered around a text, a genre comes into existence through adherence to certain conventional super-structures belonging to a whole text. For example, the way personal letters open and end; the overall structure of academic papers and the way they are segmented into sub-sections and different moves each segment can consist of all belong to generic variations. Genre-analysis is the study of generic variations. Style: Like register, style perspective defines a textual orientation through lexico-grammatical choices. But while the choices in register, as noted above, are motivated by changes in the context of situation and communication goals, stylistic choices opted for are never contextmotivated. They rather "reflect aesthetic preferences, associated with particular authors or historical periods." (Biber&Conrad 2009, p. 2). For example, a rhyming pattern, a grammatical parallelism or a semantic pattern such as a metaphor employed in a literary text cannot be motivated by the context. This does not, of course, mean that the special patterns in literature-texts lack any function. For discussions on the function of the special patterns in literature cf. Leech (1970), Halliday (2002), Hasan (1985), Butt (1984) and Lotfipoursaedi (2008). Style analysis or rather stylistics is the study of the special patterns mainly in literature-text. Discourse: The terms 'discourse' and 'text' have been variously defined. 'Discourse' has been used to refer to 'spoken language', 'language structure beyond sentence', 'language in use', 'language in action' , 'language in context', etc. (cf. Stubbs, 1983; Yule & Brown, 1983) and 'text' has been used to refer to the 'stretch of language beyond sentence' and 'one or more sentences containing a whole meaning'. Some authors have used the terms 'discourse' and 'text' interchangeably (Halliday 1985). But some others use the term 'discourse' to refer to the 'pre-textual process of language production' and reserve the term 'text' to refer to the final 'product' which manifests the discourse process (cf. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research 3(1), (Jan., 2015) 1-18 3 Widdowson, 1984, 2004). Following Widdowson, we use 'discourse' to refer to the pre-textual process of thinking and 'text' to the surface manifestation of the discourse process. Discourse-analysis: 'Discourse analysis' can, naturally, mean analysis of 'discourse' in any of the above senses of the term. But to be able to present a definition with the capacity to accommodate the 'ever-evolving' sense of the term 'discourse', I would like to stick to the definition formulated before (cf. Lotfipour-Saedi, 2008). Here, having presented an evolutionary history of the approaches to the study of language, and going through various approaches, starting with traditional approaches, structuralism, generativism, Chomskyan concept of linguistic competence, which excluded all the situational and contextual factors (Chomsky 1965), and the trends thereafter, which have ever since been vehemently trying to broaden the domain of this 'competence' (cf. Austin, 1962; Searle 1969 ; Hymes, 1972 ; Schegloffe,1972; Canale & Swales, 1980; Bachman, 1991), the term 'discourse' was chosen to refer to this concept of language in its ever-widening dimensions as opposed to 'language', which, prior to this socio-pragmatic surge, was used as a default term to refer to both the medium and the users' ability to use it in their everyday communication, not exceeding beyond the lexico-grammatical and phonological dimensions, of course. 'Linguistics' was the term introduced in early 20th century to refer to the study of 'language' in its lexico-grammatical and narrow sense , replacing the term 'grammar', traditionally used for this purpose. Along this line of thinking, with 'discourse' suggested to be used to refer to language in its widest dimensions, 'discourse analysis' was used to refer to the study of language and language ability encompassing all its aspects and dimensions (cf. Lotfipour-Saedi, 2008). Discourse analysis, defined as such, would, thus, be seen as an umbrella term including textlinguistics, conversation analysis, pragmatic analysis, register analysis, genre analysis, critical discourse analysis, forensic linguistics, ..... Duality of language functions (coreand meta-) Language or textual functions have been discussed by many scholars under variously labeled and almost similarly defined dual types: 'representative vs. expressive' (Buhler,1934) , 'referential vs. emotive' (Jakobson,1960) , 'descriptive vs. social' (Lyons,1977) 'conceptual vs. interactive' (Widdowson,1984) , 'transactional vs. interactional' (Brown & Yule,1983) , and 'ideational vs. interpersonal and textual' (Halliday, 1985) . In all these dual functions, one is considered as the 'core' and the other as 'supportive'. Despite their differences, since they are highly intertwined into one another , lately some authors have chosen to add the prefix 'meta-' to core function in order to refer to the supportive one : 'meta-function'. Crismore (1989), for example, has used meta-discourse to refer to the supportive discourse functions. Following Widdowson (1984) , as noted above, to use 'discourse' and 'text' to refer to 'the pre-textual process' and 'the surface manifestation of that process', respectively, we have talked of discourse vs. meta-discourse and text vs. meta-text and have defined these meta-functions accordingly (cf. Lotfipoursaedi , 2005) : 'Meta-discourse' is used to refer to strategies which target the discursive process of negotiating a message and which are employed to guarantee a smooth running of the discourse; and 'meta-text' is used to refer to strategies which are employed to guarantee an orderly presentation of the textual indices. (Lotfipoursaedi, 2005 p.6) In that study, meta-discourse strategies were classified into three categories on the basis of their functions: cognitive, interpersonal and interactional , each with its own specific sub-categories ; and meta-textual strategies are categorized into cohesive ties , T-unit demarcation decisions, organization announcers , paralinguistic decisions , inter-textual markers , and generic conventions. For further discussion and examples of each of these meta-strategies see Lotfipour-Saedi (2005). 4 K. Lotfipour-Saedi/Suggestions toward some ... In discourse-analytic approaches to language, any variation in a text, whether in the core or metacomponents, is considered to be 'motivated'; and studies under these approaches aim at making explorations in the relations between those variations and their motivating factors. The variations manifest themselves mostly in the lexico-grammar choices; and it is in this sense that grammar is seen by systemic-functional grammarians as a 'theory of human experience, playing an essential role in construing human experience into meaning' (cf. Halliday, 1994; Halliday & Matthissen, 1999). Such studies can offer varying types of implications including shedding light on why the texts are the way they are, the reading and writing processes, why the same language-user may experience more / less difficulty in performing definite reading / writing tasks relative to others, and how language teacher education as well as effective language pedagogy programs can be designed addressing such issues. In the present paper, some aspects of such text variations will be examined with special reference to academic texts. Text types and textual strategies Texts, as noted above, represent their underlying context; and they vary in response to any variation in their contextual factors, communication goals and any element in the composition of their respective ethnography of communication


Hzl lymphocytes stimulated in the CML assay by B6 cells kill not only B6 but also M505 targets. (Hzl and M505 are strains that differ from B6 by recent mutations that occurred in the H-2Kb gene.) When the Hzl anti-B6 lymphocytes are adsorbed on M505 monolayer, the nonadherent cells still react with B6 but not with M505 targets. This result suggests that different antigenic determinants carried by the same H-2 molecule stimulate different T cell clones. The implication of this finding is that probably large numbers of T cell clones are stimulated by a foreign H-2 haplotype coding for a great number of antigenic determinants.


During the last few years, many different techniques for measuring material appearance have arisen. These advances have allowed the creation of large public datasets, and new methods for editing BRDFs of captured appearance have been proposed. However, these methods lack intuitiveness and are hard to use for novice users. In order to overcome these limitations, Serrano et al. [SGM∗16] recently proposed an intuitive space for editing captured appearance. They make use of a representation of the BRDF based on a combination of principal components (PCA) to reduce dimensionality, and then map these components to perceptual attributes. This PCA representation is biased towards specular materials and fails to represent very diffuse BRDFs, therefore producing unpleasant artifacts when editing. In this paper, we build on top of their work and propose to use two separate PCA bases for representing specular and diffuse BRDFs, and map each of these bases to the perceptual attributes. This allows us to avoid artifacts when editing towards diffuse BRDFs. We then propose a new method for effectively navigate between both bases while editing based on a new measurement of the specularity of measured materials. Finally, we integrate our proposed method in an intuitive BRDF editing framework and show how some of the limitations of the previous model have been overcomed with our representation. Moreover, our new measure of specularity can be used on any measured BRDF, as it is not limited only to MERL BRDFs [MPBM03].


In [4, 12], Chee et al. proposed a new class of cryptographic primitive, 'semi-bent functions', which exists on only odd dimensional vector spaces [4]. In this paper, we discuss new notion of generalized semi-bent functions which can be defined on any vector spaces. And we suggest systematic methods for constructing generalized semi-bent functions and analyse their cryptographic properties. In addition, we show that SUC fulfilling Boolean functions can be found on any dimensional vector spaces.


Through-silicon via (TSV) induced stress field and device performance variation are investigated using N28 silicon data. Back-end-of-line (BEOL) dielectrics affects the stress field of via-last TSV. Asymmetric keep-out zone (KOZ) is observed, i.e. the absolute value of radial stress (|σr|) is different from that of tangential stress (|σθ|). The physics behind the asymmetry is described. A KOZ model considering the asymmetric stress field is proposed and verified by experiment data.


Olaparib can be effective in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have homologous recombination repair gene alterations. In the phase III PROfound trial, the drug extended median radiographic progression-free survival and increased objective response rate in patients with BRCA 1/2 and ATM mutations, compared with enzalutamide or abiraterone plus prednisone.


Among middle‐aged and older women with early breast carcinoma, breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) has been shown to have an effect on survival that is similar to that of modified radical mastectomy (RM). Nonetheless, it remains to be established whether BCT also is the optimal treatment option for early breast carcinoma in young women, because these women generally have more aggressive disease and a higher frequency of local recurrence compared with older women.


This paper introduces one of the methods——Smith overlapped control method, which is used in the automatic city railway train change_speed control,combining one kind of underway train tractive model,labor,the paper deduces the transfer function of the control system,and obtained the parameters of Smith control method,by experiments.It proves no overshoot and responds quickly,achieving the favorable dynamic performance.It can meet the require of high performance in trailway train change speed control,and it is of convenience to implement in real time control of the project and is one of the practical methods in project.


The article considers a perspective direction physical and sports activities in penal institutions, and presents the program of physical education for juvenile offenders serving time in the center of adaptation and rehabilitation of Perm Juvenile Correctional Penitentiary Service of Russia.


Received: 22.12.2013 Accepted: 10.04.2014 This investigation was presented in the 5th National Pediatric respiratory disease Congress at 4-6 May 2008, in Adana, Turkey. Address for Correspondence: Şit Uçar, Clinic of Pediatrics, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 343 31 35 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com ©Copyright 2014 by Turkish Thoracic Society Available online at www.toraks.dergisi.org 122 Laryngoscopy was applied to the patients for whom laryngeal pathology was considered. Rigid bronchoscopy was conducted in order to diagnose and treat the patients having been suspected of foreign body. Flexible bronchoscopy was applied for the patients having recurrent pulmonary infection and stridor with unknown etiology. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents of the patients participated in the study. Moreover, ethics committee approval was received from the Ethics Committee of Keçiören Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey on the date of August 19, 2013. statistical Analysis For the categorical variables, the values of number and percentage were used. In addition, standard deviation (SD) values were employed as a measure of variability when the means were given. resULTs The mean age of the evaluated cases was 5.1±2.7months SD (2-8 months) and the ratio of male/female (7/5) was found to be 1.4. All patients were hospitalized in order to treat acute community-acquired pneumonia and to evaluate the etiology of recurrent pulmonary infection and chronic stridor. Early onset of patients' complaints, recurrent pneumonia symptoms with respiratory distress despite providing appropriate treatment and the presence of associated chronic stridor led to further examination. Five patients were diagnosed with vascular ring and other patients were diagnosed with tracheomalacia, severe laryngomalacia, cervical hamartoma, cervical bronchogenic cyst, foreign body aspiration, H-type tracheoesophagial fistula (TEF), and congenital subglottic stenosis. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological and bronchoscopic findings of the patients and also treatment methods are shown in Table 1. Of the patients with chronic stridor who were involved in the study, 85% had persistent stridor and 15% had recurrent stridor. Seven patients (58%) had the complaints beginning from the birth, whereas the complaints of 5 patients (42%) became clear in the first or second months. The complaints of 3 patients (25%) were related to position and they decreased in lying position. Feeding difficulty and malnutrition were found in six patients (50%). Chronic stridor and accompanying cardiac anomalies in the patients with recurrent pulmonary infection are demonstrated in Table 1. Sweat test results and Ig M, A, G, E levels were found to be normal for the patients having the history of recurrent pulmonary infection. On the other hand, the result of tuberculin test, which was applied to all patients, was positive for one case. Tuberculosis was excluded with the examinations for this patient. Of the cases evaluated, vascular ring was the most frequently diagnosed defect (42%). Common characteristic of these cases was that symptoms were not associated with position and/or nutrition. In the esophagography conducted with the pre-diagnosis of vascular ring, various indentation patterns were observed in all cases (Figure 1). The final diagnosis was made by defining vascular pathology via MR angiography. In a case with recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms and malnutrition, flexible laryngoscopy results were found to be consistent with laryngomalacia results. For this patient with the history of developmental delay and recurrent lower respiratory tract infection, flexible bronchoscopy was performed to evaluate accompanying tracheobronchial pathology and the result was found to be normal. Table 1. Clinical, laboratory, radiological, bronchoscopic and treatment features of the patients Age of Age initial PPd Bronchoscopy diagnosis (month) complaint stridor esophagography (mm) eCHo (type) Treatment Aberrant right 5 congenital inspiratory indentation 0 No right not performed Follow-up subclavian artery* subclavian exit Severe laryngomalacia 2 congenital inspiratory not performed 0 N laryngomalacia (flexible) surgery Double aortic arch* 4 2-month biphasic indentation 2 ASD pulsation (flexible) surgery Double aortic arch * 2 congenital inspiratory indentation 1 N not performed surgery H-type TEF 6 congenital inspiratory fistule 0 N not performed surgery Right aortic arch 5 congenital inspiratory indentation 1 VSD not performed surgery accompanied by ligamentum arteriosum* Cervical bronchogenic 4 congenital inspiratory not performed 12 N not performed surgery cyst Cervical hamartoma 7 3-month inspiratory not performed 0 VSD not performed surgery Subglottic stenosis 6 congenital biphasic not performed 0 N not performed surgery Tracheomalacia 7 1-month expiratory N 3 N Tracheomalacia (flexible) Follow-up Vascular sling 7 congenital biphasic indentation 0 Silent ductus N (flexible) surgery Foreign body 6 4-month inspiratory not performed 0 N Foreign body (rigid) Removal of aspiration foreign body ECHO: echocardiography; ASD: atrial septal defect; VSD: ventricular septal defect; TEF: tracheoesophageal fistula; N: normal *Vascular Ring 123 Turk Thorac J 2014; 15: 122-7


In this paper we study the general features of the Dyson equation at finite temperature. For a relatively long-lifetime quasiparticle, we prove that its causal Green's function with Feynman-Dyson expansion can be put in a much simplified form. Application to the infrared absorption at crystal surfaces is discussed.


At present,information maintenance and revision have been the bottlenecks for the development of geographic information public serving platform.There are three modes about geographic information public serving platform,they are information centralized storage and maintenance,information centralized storage and distributed maintenance,information distributed storage and maintenance.Among the three modes,the problem of information maintenance could be solved very well through using the second mode under available conditions.So building a series of platform of geographic information for public,company and government based on the distributed maintenance,could make our country's geographic information public serving enter into a new era.


The aim of Goldberg 1997 was to show that Boghossian's so-called 'Memory Argument' (Boghossian 1989) is not really about memory in the first instance at all, but rather uses a memory-involving case to make a point about the difference between self-ascription of content and knowledge of content, which point can be made in various ways. In an attempt to vindicate my claim that the so-called 'Memory Argument' is not at bottom about memory at all, and to articulate why it is reasonable to treat S as failing to know her content, I proposed to replace Boghossian's appeal to a (contested) principle about memory with the 'Principle of Knowledgeable Identification' (PKI). To paraphrase, PKI amounted to the following stipulation, as a necessary condition on 'knowledge of content' attributions:


Diana Asbridge has been APMT Administrator for the past 16 years, and plans to retire in the autumn of 2003. Here she looks back on those years, remembering how the Association has grown from a small group of music therapists struggling to achieve recognition for their profession to its present-day strongly established role working for music therapists. Mary Simmons works freelance within music therapy with both the young and the elderly, with special interest in acute mental health. She is a past APMT Chair, at the time overseeing state registration and the advent of CPD. She is currently Vice-Chair of the BSMT and a member of APMT's Advisory Council.


Thermodynamics of z = 4 Hořava-Lifshitz black holes in 3+1 dimensions is studied in extended phase space. By using the scaling argument we find the Smarr relation and the first law for the black hole solutions of z = 4 Hořava-Lifshitz gravity. We find that it is necessary to take into account the variation of dimensionful parameters of the theory in the first law. We find that the reverse isoperimetric inequality can be violated for spherical, flat, and hyperbolic horizons and in all such cases we have black holes for which the specific heat at constant pressure and volume are positive. This provides a counterexample to a recent conjecture stating that black holes violating the reverse isoperimetric inequality are thermodynamically unstable. We find for z = 4 Hořava-Lifshitz black holes with hyperbolic horizons that there are two critical points: one showing Van der Waals behavior, the other reverse Van der Waals behavior. ar X iv :2 10 3. 04 36 5v 1 [ he pth ] 7 M ar 2 02 1


Our work is a detailed report about an educational experience, tailored on groups of students of the first two years of high school. The starting point is the classical "Seven Bridges of Konigsberg" problem but the whole historical background of our inquiry spans from Heron to Fermat, on the thread of the shortest path problem. In particular, starting from physical phenomena easily experienced in the daily life, the Fermat's least time principle is introduced. The light behavior is described in a geometrical optic approximation, in analogy with kinematics. The activities, based on laboratory teaching and learning, are focused on linking physics and mathematics: refraction and reflection experiments compass-and-straightedge constructions and interactive open source geometry software, as Geogebra; recognition of isometries in problems and reasoning based on their features; working by artifacts to build knowledge and skills; translation of geometrical objects in algebraic language.


We evidence experimentally and theoretically spatio-temporal antiphase dynamics in a system made of two liquid crystal slices optically pumped by two identical counterpropagating beams.


Aero-engine digital simulation is the integrated application in the field of aircraft engine with modern information system simulation and the latest scientific achievements.Based on the FORTRAN77 procedure,a mathematical model of the double-shafts turbojet engine was established.First of all,the design point's performances of a two-axle turbojet engine were calculated.The calculations of off-design points were based on the control law of low pressure rotor speed at 11212r/min.By the use of FORTRAN procedure,the performance parameters of the engine at maximum working condition are obtained.Meanwhile,a certain double-shafts turbojet engine's speed characteristics,height characteristics as well as throttle characteristics were analyzed.The calculation yields in a large content matched very well with the actual performance data of the double-shafts turbojet engine.


Although it is expensive,epoxy resin colophony is still widely used by Jiangsu Anbang electrochemical Co.Ltd.,because it has high strength,strong stick and shorttime concreteness.Epoxy resin colophony now has been used in matchring epoxy resin colophony concrete to repair the machine to make wind which was badly broken.In the meantime,we also overcame a lot of troubles which included a complex mixed course,difficult start,unsureness of the mixed proportion and so on.However,we finally finished it by one time,and in a short period,the equipment also safely work so as to making us great economic benefit.


Energy efficiency standards for appliances mandate that appliance manufacturers not manufacture or import models that have a test energy efficiency below a specified level after the standard effective date. Thus, appliance standards set a floor for energy efficiency. But do they also induce more significant changes in the efficiencies that manufacturers offer after the standard becomes effective? To address this question, we undertook an examination of before-standard and after-standard efficiency of models on the market for three products: (1) Refrigerators (1990, 1993, and 2001 standards); (2) Room air conditioners (1990 and 2000 standards); and (3) Gas furnaces (1992 standard).


AbstractData from 169 students on 22 variables were used to study the relationships among characteristics often associated with learning mathematics, to develop models for predicting performance during and following a university mathematics course, and to explore sex differences in the variables and prediction models. Of 231 correlations among the variables, 152 were significant at the .05 level, indicating the existence of associations useful for developing prediction models. Previous work in mathematics, quantitative ability, precourse knowledge of the subject, and self-concept were among the covariates found to be useful in predicting end-of-course performance and long-term retention of concepts. Sex differences associated with better predictability of results for females were not confirmed by these data.


In the winter of 1934–35, a ball-court, analogous in many details with those of Central America, was discovered at Snaketown on the Gila River Indian Reservation in south-central Arizona, during excavations conducted by Gila Pueblo. The announcement of a ball-court 1500 miles from its supposed origin, and in a region where it was entirely unexpected, met with skepticism until the discovery was verified by men qualified to judge from first hand knowledge acquired in the Middle American field. A new angle to the problem of relationships of Southwestern, Mexican, and Central American cultures was thus brought to the fore. Now, to add to this discovery, comes another find in the form of a rubber ball. It, too, was found in south-central Arizona and may, indeed, have been used in the game for which the courts were built.


This study investigated the effect of properties of words aid texts on the incidental learning of word meanings during normal reading. A total of 352 stude-s in third, fifth, and seventh grades read either expository or narative passages selected from gradelevel textbooks, and after six days were tested on their knowledge of difficult words from the passages. Word properties investigated included length, morphological complexity, part of speech, conceptual difficulty, and the strength of contextual support for each word. Text properties included readability as measured by standard formulas, and several measures of density of difficult words. Among the word properties, only conceptual difficulty was significantly related to learning from context. Among the text properties, learning from context was most strongly influenced by the proportion of unfamiliar words that were conceptually difficult, and by the average length of difficult words.


### Learning objectives

Stress echocardiography is an established technique for the detection of coronary artery disease, but the echocardiographic assessment of valve disease has conventionally been performed under static conditions. However, valve disease also tends to present with exertional symptoms, influenced by changes in haemodynamic conditions provoked by normal physical activity. The changes in heart rate, contractility, loading conditions and left ventricular (LV) compliance during exercise may influence the haemodynamic significance of a given valve lesion. Consequently, in recent years the role of stress echocardiography in valve disease has been studied widely.1–6 The evaluation of valve disease under haemodynamic stress permits the detection of changes in transvalvular gradients, severity of regurgitation, LV contractility, pulmonary artery pressure and concomitant myocardial ischaemia. As valve disease tends to progress slowly, symptoms may develop insidiously, and many patients may either be unaware of the subtle changes in effort tolerance or regard any changes to be non-specific. Stress echocardiography with physiological exercise is uniquely placed, beyond other imaging modalities, in enabling an objective assessment of functional capacity and correlation of symptoms with the severity of valve disease and LV contractile response.

In general terms, a severe valve lesion causing symptoms or LV dysfunction usually warrants intervention.7 8 However, management may be unclear in those with severe valve disease without symptoms, non-severe valve disease with symptoms or valve disease with low flow. Under these circumstances stress echocardiography may provide additional information, helpful in the decision-making …


TITLE: Operational Medical Issues in Hypo-and Hyperbaric Conditions [les Questions medicales a caractere oprationel liees aux conditions hypobares ou hyperbares] To order the complete compilation report, use: ADA395680 The component part is provided here to allow users access to individually authored sections f proceedings, annals, symposia, etc. However, the component should be considered within [he context of the overall compilation report and not as a stand-alone technical report. Abstract During September and October of 1997, the Military Aviation Hospital in Kosice was entrusted by the Head of the Slovak Air force to select appropriate astronaut candidates for space flight and stay at the Russian Space Station "MIR" from 26 applicants (experienced elite fighter pilots of the Slovak Air Force) to be placed in a mixed international crew (Slovak, Russian and French). A resulting seven-day mission of the first Slovak astronaut in February 1999 was successfully completed. Part of the medical-psycho-physiological selection of applicants was exposure to hypobaric chamber conditions. During a 20-minute exposure to 7,600m (25,000 ft.) of altitude their cognitive capacity was tested (by simplified mathematical tasks) and correlated with other tests of mental capability. The behavioural and mood changes were continuously observed and recorded. Achieved findings were used for the assessment of hypobaric mental work ability of the astronaut candidates. Before and after the hypobaric exposure we took applicants blood samples in order to estimate blood oxygen saturation. Fig. ] Introduction Several studies on hypobaric exposure and extreme hypoxia describe the changes in cognitive performance and psychic states (2, 6, 9, 10). The most typical changes in psychological states during hypoxia are elation, euphoria, overconfidence and lack of discipline, risky behaviour, higher level of aggression through loss of control, irresponsibility and senselessness. Concerning the effects of hypoxia on cognitive functions, there is a typical performance decrement, difficulty in concentrating and faulty judgement (5, 6, 7, 10). It is well recognised that performance in an hypoxic state does not suddenly change from normal functioning to uselessness, but rather that there exists a progressive performance deterioration, reflecting the arterial blood oxygen saturation. Various aspects of human perception including vision and hearing are sensitive to hypoxia. Another well-known characteristic of hypoxia is that it slows the responding and prolongs the reaction time (4,5). Temporary impairments in cognitive functioning found at high altitude include deterioration of the ability to learn, remember and express information verbally, impaired concentration and cognitive flexibility, decline in …


Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a retinal condition characterized by fluid
accumulation in the subretinal space, resulting in neurosensory detachment or pigment
epithelial detachment. The risk factors associated with this condition include
male gender, middle age, smoking, stress and use of corticosteroids. We report a case
of CSCR in a 37-year-old policeman with hypertension and bronchial asthma. He
presented with sudden onset of bilateral blurring of central vision for 1 day, worse
over the left eye. There were no other significant eye complaints. He is an active
smoker and has been on long-term corticosteroids for asthma. On examination, the
visual acuity was 6/9 bilaterally. The anterior segment of both eyes was normal. Examination
of the right fundus revealed a dome-shaped swelling inferior to the fovea,
while the left fundus showed circular detachment of the neurosensory retina at the
macula. He was diagnosed to have bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy. He was
also counseled to stop smoking. The corticosteroids were continued due to the risk of
precipitating an asthma attack if they were withheld. Upon his next review two
months later, his condition remained stable. CSCR is usually a self-limited condition,
with good visual outcome. A thorough medical, social and drug history should be
obtained, and patients advised to modify their lifestyle to eliminate or reduce risk
factors such as smoking, stress and corticosteroid use.


Because of its excellent seal property, contacting mechanical face seal was widely used. But itsserrice lifeis shorter, which limits its use in some cases. Through the dynamic analysis of the face seal, the transfrom from contacting to noncontacting state is discussed, which prroved this transform to be completly possible. These are lfbenefit to prolong its serrice life.


The purpose of this research was to study the microstructure change of ASSAB 760 (equivalent to AISI 1045 and JIS S45C) steel subjected to the gas cementation and the quenching process. Gas cementation is a heat treatment surface process by means of carbon diffusing into steel. This process is carried out in a furnace in a fluidized bed by using media of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and nitrogen gas at a temperature of 1203 K and various holding times of 7.2, 10.8 and 14.4 ks, respectively. The rapid quenching process is carried out in oil media for 420 sec. The results shows, that remnant austenite is formed on the specimen with a holding time of 7.2 ks and the networks of existing bainite structure are clearly spread on the specimen with holding time of 10.8 and 14.4 ks. Additionally, this gas cementation process when followed by the quenching process is effective in forming the martensite and austenite microstructures.


Thesis Title : Investigation of Infrared Hand Vein Pattern Biometrics. Author : Wang Lingyu. Supervisors : Prof. Graham Leedham & Asst. Prof. Siu-Yeung Cho. The increasing public awareness of security issues has led to a massive rise in demand for high accuracy and reliable personal identification systems. Many biometric systems have been developed to meet the requirements. Many human surface features such as the faces and fingerprints have been studied extensively to identify a person for a number of years. Whilst these features can offer relatively high accuracy, their tolerance to forgery is moderate. There is a recent developing trend of studying the unique interior features (e.g. iris, retina etc.) of the human body for biometric purposes. Amongst those interior features, human vein patterns offer the potential for robust performance, and, have not been fully investigated previously by researchers. This thesis investigates the potential of the hand vein patterns serving as a biometric feature. Several major research issues are identified and investigated regarding the hand vein patterns as biometrics. These research issues are: (i). Collectibility of the vein pattern images; (ii). Processing of the vein pattern images; (iii). Identification of features for matching the vein patterns; (iv). The study of the discriminating power of vein patterns in biometric applications. In order to carry out the study, a model is proposed with five independent stages vii ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library


The coupling effects of hydrochloric acid mist, carbon dioxide, and salt mist rich in Cl– and SO4 2– on the degradation of reinforcement concrete (RC) beams were researched with the simulation of colliery ground environment (CGE) and experimental investigation. The results indicated that carbonation of concrete and corrosion of rebar increased slowly as the maximum width of crack became <0.5 mm. Meanwhile, the flexural carrying capacity of the deteriorated beam decreased slightly, while the concrete strength got a small increase first and a large decrease of more than 20% quickly. As the width of crack exceeded 0.5 mm, each target changed rapidly except the carbonation depth. Because of the interaction of deteriorated concrete and corroded rebar, the crack width, and flexural behavior of the beams have discrete correlation with the corrosion of rebar. The failure mode of beams changed from the crushing of compression concrete to the yielding of rebar.


The objective of this study was to compare the uterine health between fertile, sub-fertile alpacas and tuis using transrectal ultrasonography, endometrial cytology and bacterial isolation. A total 10 tuis (young mature females without breeding with average age of 1.5 years) and 20 adult alpacas of the Suri breed were used. In turn, the adult females were divided into two groups of 10 animals each according to their reproductive history: fertile group (parturition every year) and sub-fertile group (1 to 2 years without pregnancy). In all females, the thickness of the cervix and uterine horns was determined by transrectal ultrasonography. On the other hand, endometrial cytology and bacterial isolation were performed from samples obtained by uterine flushing. A Kruskal-Wallis and a Chi-square tests were used to compare ultrasonography and cytology groups. A greater thickness of the cervix and both uterine horns (p˂0,05) was observed in the fertile alpacas with respect to the sub-fertile and tuis. The percentage of PMN in tuis and sub-fertile alpacas was < 2%, while in fertile alpacas the percentage of PMN were: 6 animals with < 2% PMN, 2 animals with 2-5% PMN and two other alpacas with > 5% PMN. The bacteria isolated were: Bacillus lechiniformis and Escherichia coli in the three groups studied, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Bacillus cereus in tuis and fertile alpacas, Staphylococcus aureus in tuis and sub-fertile, Bacillus spp. and Micrococcus spp. in fertile and sub-fertile alpacas, Bacillus lactic acid, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Citrobacter spp. in fertile alpacas, Enterococcus spp., Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella spp. in sub-fertile and Enterobacter spp. in tuis. The low percentage of PMN in endometrial cytology in sub-fertile alpacas would indicate the absence of endometritis at the time of the study. However, the lower thickness of the cervix and uterine horns observed in sub-fertile alpacas suggest that it would be necessary to perform uterine biopsies in order to evaluate if there is any association between the thickness of the uterine wall and the presence of degenerative and/or inflammatory changes observed on histopathological examination.


Natural language processing is still an emerging field in machine learning. Access to more and more data sets in textual form, new applications for artificial intelligence and the need for simple communication with operating systems all simultaneously affect the importance of natural language processing in evolving artificial intelligence. Traditional methods of textual representation, such as Bag-of-Words, have some limitations that result from the lack of consideration of semantics and dependencies between words. Therefore, we propose a new approach based on graph representations, which takes into account both local context and global relationships between words, allowing for a more expressive textual representation. The aim of the paper is to examine the possibility of using graph representations in natural language processing and to demonstrate their use in text classification. An innovative element of the proposed approach is the use of common cliques in graphs representing documents to create a feature vector. Experiments confirm that the proposed approach can improve classification efficiency. The use of a new text representation method to predict book categories based on the analysis of its content resulted in accuracy, precision, recall and an F1-score of over 90%. Moving from traditional approaches to a graph-based approach could make a big difference in natural language processing and text analysis and could open up new opportunities in the field.


This study examined the vegetation growing beneath Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea) plantations established within previously abandoned tea lands adjacent to intact rain forest in southwest Sri Lanka. To examine the pattern and composition of secondary succession and factors affecting it, vegetation was sampled in different relative locations (interior and edge conditions) within plantations. Results demonstrated that more vegetation was found near the plantation edges than in the interior, and this pattern was prominent for both wind- and bird- dispersed species. The vegetation represented a mixture of species belonging to a range of successional guilds representing early (17 species, 42.4% in stem count) and late-successional species (52 species, 40.6%), although native long-lived canopy tree species were mostly absent. Bird-dispersed species dominated the flora (80 species, 86.7% in stem count). Abundance of an exotic shrub Clidemia hirta (Melastomataceae) showed a negative correlation with that of other species, indicating its impact on native flora. Underplanting of native canopy species may be effective in assisting secondary succession and control C. hirta in the plantations.


A new approach to the fully self-consistent solution of the one-particle equations in a periodic solid within the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham local-density-functional formalism is presented. The method is based on systematic extensions of non-self-consistent real-space techniques of Ellis, Painter, and collaborators and the self-consistent reciprocal-space methodologies of Chaney, Lin, Lafon, and co-workers. Specifically, our approach combines a discrete variational treatment of all potential terms (Coulomb, exchange, and correlation) arising from the superposition of spherical atomiclike overlapping charge densities, with a rapidly convergent three-dimensional Fourier series representation of all the multicenter potential terms that are not expressible by a superposition model. The basis set consists of the exact numerical valence orbitals obtained from a direct solution of the local-density atomic one-particle equations and (for increased variational freedom) virtual numerical atomic orbitals, charge-transfer (ion-pair) orbitals, and "free" Slater one-site functions. The initial crystal potential consists of a non-muffin-tin superposition potential, including nongradient free-electron correlation terms calculated beyond the random-phase approximation. The usual multicenter integrations encountered in the linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals tight-binding formalism are avoided by calculating all the Hamiltonian and other matrix elements between Bloch states by three-dimensional numerical Diophantine integration. In the first stage of self-consistency, the atomic superposition potential and the corresponding numerical basis orbitals are modified simultaneously and nonlinearly by varying (iteratively) the atomic occupation numbers (on the basis of computed Brillouin-zone averaged band populations) so as to minimize the deviation, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$, between the band charge density and the superposition charge density. This step produces the "best" atomic configuration within the superposition model for the crystal charge density and tends to remove all the sharp "localized" features in the function $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$ by allowing for intra-atomic charge redistribution to take place. In the second stage, the three-dimensional multicenter Poisson equation associated with $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$ through a Fourier series representation of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$ is solved and solutions of the band problem are found using a self-consistent criterion on the Fourier coefficients of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$. The calculated observables include the total crystal ground-state energy, equilibrium lattice constants, electronic pressure, x-ray scattering factors, and directional Compton profile. The efficiency and reliability of the method is illustrated by means of results obtained for some ground-state properties of diamond; comparisons are made with the predictions of other methods.


The revolution in Servicizing is the inevitable tendency of enterprise operation.Based on the literature analyzing,this paper concludes and reviews micro-developing path of the service revolution of industrial enterprise and service advance of service enterprise.This paper put forward both has similarity in total direction and difference in concrete path of service revolution of industrial enterprise and service advance of service enterprise.This paper analyzes the tactics and measures for our country to promote servicizing.


As Britain's population ages, health- and social-care systems face the challenge of continuing to provide high-quality care in the face of increased demand on services. Government policy has proposed meeting this challenge through integrated partnership working to enable people with complex, multiple needs to receive timely care closer to home. Co-morbid mental health needs, including dementia, are common in people with physical health issues, and must be addressed appropriately if systems are to provide the best possible all-round patient care. This paper describes how two senior clinical psychologists have developed an embedded living mental health resource within physical health care, and demonstrates how this has directly and positively impacted on both service performance indicators and patient experience.


In the complex electromagnetic environment, the traditional fast independent component analysis algorithm to achieve frequency-hopping network station sorting does not consider the instantaneous frequency-hopping fast changes, complex time-frequency analysis and other characteristics, resulting in low robust performance, slow convergence, Not conducive to hardware. Therefore, based on the fast independent component analysis algorithm, the traditional nonlinear function is improved, and the Newton iteration of the fixed point algorithm is converted from second order to fifth order convergence. A new method which is suitable for the frequency-hopping signal Selected Improved Fast Independent Component Analysis Algorithm. Simulation results show that the correlation coefficient, PI value and output SNR index of the proposed algorithm are superior to the traditional fast independent component analysis algorithm, and the robustness is improved, the convergence speed is accelerated, and the computation time is reduced by more than 60%.


The 2018 OSCE-led Survey on the Well-being and Safety of Women was conducted in seven OSCE participating States , interviewing more than 15,000 women, including over 2,300 women in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The survey results for BiH were released in June 2019 indicating that 38% of BiH women have experienced some form of violence since the age of 15. The most prevalent form is psychological violence carried out by an intimate partner (36% of women affected), closely followed by sexual harassment (28%).


A set of AlN films were deposited by reactive direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. Films were analyzed with X-ray diffraction and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). There is a correlation between deposition parameters and crystal growth. Depending on the deposition parameters, films can present a hexagonal wurzite (P6mm) or cubic zinc-blend (Fm3m) microstructure. Oxygen appears to induce on films a degree of amorphous growth and a distortion of the lattice parameters. For the film with cubic microstructure, AES transitions detected near the surface level at 56 eV and 66 eV were attributed to aluminum-oxide (AlxOy), AlN, and metallic Al.


Some linear time-varying (LTV) components used to control feedback in sound systems were tested experimentally in real-time simulators and rooms with and without external reverberation. Gain before instability (GBI) was measured in single channels employing frequency shifting (FS), phase modulation (PM), and delay modulation (DM) implemented on a digital signal processor. FS performed according to the established theory. For PM GBI increased almost monotonically with modulation index β, except for cases with large loop gain irregularities which displayed a reduced GBI for values of β that corresponded to low carrier suppression. Also, GBI was practically independent of the modulation frequency fm already from 0.5 Hz even when this was much lower than the correlation distance of the loop gain transfer function. Rooms with different reverberation times gave different initial (time-invariant) GBI values but these differences decreased by the use of modulation. The GBI increase was larger for cases with exter...


Complex ac susceptibility has been measured on the ${\mathrm{TlSr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{y}}$ superconductor doped with Pb and Ba, which was prepared by the partial melt processing. The flux creep barriers U(J,B,T)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{J}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$${\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.75}$(1-${\mathit{T}}^{2}$/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}^{2}$${)}^{1.5}$ with \ensuremath{\mu}=0.64 and current decay S=-d lnJ/d ln[t/${\mathit{t}}_{0}$] =1/(\ensuremath{\mu} ln[t/${\mathit{t}}_{0}$]) with ${\mathit{t}}_{0}$=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ s have been determined at various temperatures, ac frequencies f, dc fields B, and current densities J in a time window ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ s\char21{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ s, which extends considerably the very limited one (typically 1 s\char21{}${10}^{4}$ s) used by the conventional dc magnetometer. The result that U(J)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{J}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$ is an evidence of the vortex-glass phase or collective-creep mechanism predicted by theories from the ac susceptibility measurements.


Biotech companies are conducting difficult and costly research on new ways to make vaccines. Not using eggs vastly reduces the chance of ending up with contaminated batches. If successful, these efforts could make problems like this fall's flu vaccine shortage a thing of the past.


Many states have recently made or are considering changes to their teacher retirement systems. However, little is known about how teachers value various elements of their retirement benefits versus other aspects of their jobs and compensation. To help alleviate this gap, we use a discrete choice stated preferences experiment embedded in a nationally representative survey of teachers to estimate their willingness-to-pay for various retirement plan characteristics and other non-salary job components. We find that teachers would be indifferent between a traditional pension and alternative retirement plan designs if the alternatives were paired with 2 to 3 percent salary increases. Our results indicate that experience is a significant mediator of retirement plan preferences. While more experienced teachers are willing to pay more to keep their traditional pension plans, inexperienced teachers do not have strong preferences around retirement plan type. However, teachers' willingness-to-pay for traditional pension plans is less than their willingness-to-pay for many other elements of their compensation, including the value of retirement benefits, retirement age, salary growth, healthcare coverage, and Social Security enrollment. A BSTRACT : Many states have recently made or are considering changes to their teacher retirement systems. However, little is known about how teachers value various elements of their retirement benefits versus other aspects of their jobs and compensation. To help alleviate this gap, we use a discrete choice stated preferences experiment embedded in a nationally representative survey of teachers to estimate their willingness-to-pay for various retirement plan characteristics and other non-salary job components. We find that teachers would be indifferent between a traditional pension and alternative retirement plan designs if the alternatives were paired with 2 to 3 percent salary increases. Our results indicate that experience is a significant mediator of retirement plan preferences. While more experienced teachers are willing to pay more to keep their traditional pension plans, inexperienced teachers do not have strong preferences around retirement plan type. However, teachers' willingness-to-pay for traditional pension plans is less than their willingness-to-pay for many other elements of their compensation, including the value of retirement benefits, retirement age, salary growth, healthcare coverage, and Social Security enrollment. A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS : We thank the Walton Family Foundation and the Equable Institute for financial support. We thank Heidi Erickson for her help on earlier versions of this work. We thank Robert Costrell and conference participants at the 45 th Annual AEFP Conference for their comments. We to their We in on cognitive ability, financial literacy, and risk tolerance. main indicate that teachers would be accept being enrolled in alternative retirement plan designs if they are compensated with modest salary increases, marginally larger expected retirement benefits, or slightly earlier retirement eligibility. We also find that experience substantially mediates willingness-to-pay for alternative retirement plans. While the most experienced have a relatively strong preference for FAS plans, early-career teachers are indifferent between FAS plans and either DC or CB plans. Respondents also placed a significantly higher value on enrolling in Social Security than they did on maintaining participation in FAS plans. Additionally, we find that teachers with higher cognitive ability, higher financial literacy, and lower levels of risk tolerance are willing to pay more for FAS plans.


A kinetic equation of process of the internal nitridation below asurface nitride layer was derived.This equation is also applicable to the processof double internal nitridation.The steel 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo was nitrided in gase-ous medium of ammonia.The process was designed on the basis of thekinetic equation,and the expected results were achieved.The nitriding layer'sspalling of the steel can be eliminated with high temperature of nitridation andhigh rate of ammonia dissociation.


This study was carried out with 50 asthmatic children to evaluate the speed of action of Sus-Phrine,‡ which is epinephrine in a concentration of 1: 200, of which approximately 20 per cent is in solution for an immediate effect with the remainder in suspension for sustained action. The data indicated that Sus-Phrine is comparable to aqueous epinephrine in the rapidity of its bron chodilating effect. Because of its well-established prolonged action, this may be the drug of choice for the initial injection of epinephrine in acute asthma.


"The most powerful medium of communication yet devised by man." So television is described in a recent report from the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Advancement of Education (1). The report concludes that "Television has already demonstrated that it can be a powerful tool for helping to raise the quality of education in the face of rising numbers of students and a shortage of able teachers" (2). But even after several years of extensive research, we are still unclear as to the role television can play in improving the teachinglearning process. In a survey of 281 studies in instructional television, it was found that almost 90 per cent of the gross comparisons between television and conventional classroom situations revealed no substantial differences in achievement or information gain (3). The National Program in the Use of Television in the Public Schools, a nationwide project sponsored by the Fund for the Advancement of Education, involved nearly two hundred thousand students in some two hundred public school systems during the 195960 school year. The majority of the comparisons in this program revealed no significant differences in the academic achievement of the experimental and the control groups (4: 25).


— The plane flow of a fluid obeying the equations of magnetohydrodynamics is studied under the assumption that both the viscosity and the resistivity depend on the temperature. Some results of existence, non-existence, and uniqueness of solution are proved.


The present invention is based on the oxidative ring opening of a compound having the oxindole structure, formula (2-1) N-sulfonyl - Formula traveling from being substituted 3-triazinyl oxindole of (1-1) mETHOD fOR pRODUCING are substituted 2- (triazinyl carbonyl) sulfonanilide compounds, thus 2- (triazinyl carbonyl) sulfonanilide compounds of the formula are prepared (1-1), as well as fine chemicals and agricultural sector it relates to the use of it as an intermediate product for the synthesis of active substances. Furthermore, the present invention provides a compound of formula (7-1) of 3- (alkylsulfanyl) -1,3 proceeds from dihydro -2H- indol-2-one formula (4-1) N-alkyl--N- [2 - (1,3,5-triazine-2-yl-carbonyl) a multi-stage process for preparing phenyl] alkane sulfonamides, methods also include the oxidative ring opening of a lower stage, and oxidative open obtained by the ring, the present invention relates to 2- (triazinylamino carbonyl) sulfonanilide kind of expression that is used as an intermediate (1-1) in a multi-step process.


The analysis of functional MR images of the brain such as FMRI and neuro perfusion is significantly limited by movement of the head during image acquisition. Already small motions introduce artifacts in voxel-based statistical analysis and restrict the assessment of functional information. The retrospective compensation of head motion is usually addressed by image registration techniques which spatially align the images of the time-series. In this paper we investigate the relevance of intermediate interpolation during the registration process, similarity measure and optimization scheme by means of statistical consistency of the registration results. Experiments show that cubic and quartic interpolation remarkably improve the consistency when compared to linear methods. The use of larger interpolation kernels, however, does not result in further improvements. Measures based on the mean squared error are successfully applied to FMRI time- series which provide constant tissue-to-image transfer. However, they are not suitable for neuro perfusion imaging since the change of image intensity during the inflow of the contrast agent affords measures typically applied in multi- modality registration. Our results indicate that a recently proposed measure based on local correlation is preferable to mutual information in the case of neuro perfusion.


The aurora program at the Pole was divided into three parts, each part contributing to some particular facet of the auroral problem: time-lapse photography was utilized in recording the auroral forms and motions, a high-speed spectrograph was used to record the auroral spectra, and, finally, visual observations were made periodically throughout the "day," every day of the dark period. Similar programs were carried out at five other U.S. scientific bases in the Antarctic.


The Tead family of transcription factors recognise the MCAT element found in thepromoters of muscle-specific genes. Genetic analysis of their function in muscledifferentiation has proved elusive likely due to redundancy amongst the family members.We previously used shRNA-mediated silencing to show that loss of Tead4 function resultedin abnormal differentiation characterised by the formation of shortened myotubes. ChIP-chipcoupled to RNA-seq data identified a set of potential target genes that are either activatedor repressed by Tead4 during differentiation. In this study, we have used siRNA-mediatedsilencing to address the role of the Tead factors in primary myoblast differentiation. Incontrast to C2C12 cells where Tead4 plays a critical role, its silencing in primary myoblastshad little effect on their differentiation. Silencing of individual Tead factors had no significanteffect on primary myoblast differentiation, whereas combinatorial silencing led to inhibitionof their differentiation indicating redundancy amongst these factors. In C2C12 cells also,combinatorial Tead silencing had much more potent effects than silencing of Tead4 aloneindicating a contribution of other Teads in this process. By integrating Tead1 and Tead4ChIP-seq data with RNA-seq data following combinatorial Tead1/4 silencing, we identifydistinct but overlapping sets of Tead regulated genes in both C2C12 cells and primarymyoblasts. We also integrated the Tead1/4 ChIP-seq data with public data sets on Myogand Myod1 ChIP-seq and chromatin modifications to identify a series of active regulatoryelements bound by Tead factors alone or together with Myog and Myod1. These datadissect the specific and combinatorial functions of these transcription factors in muscledifferentiation regulatory networks.


The article analyzes changes in the Russian criminal legislation on liability for illicit trafficking including the ones stipulated by the Agreement on the Customs Code of the Customs Union and the appearance of a single customs territory of the Customs Union within the EAEU taking into consideration the provisions of the ruling of the Plenum of the Supreme Code of the Russian Federation dated April 27, 2017 No. 12 On Judicial Practice in Cases on Illicit Trafficking. The author describes the reasons that have brought about the need to prepare clarifications on illicit trafficking cases at the level of the ruling of the Plenum of the Supreme Code of the Russian Federation; pays attention to the changes of the legal regulation of customs relations; sets out the approaches to the notion of illicit trafficking in a narrow and broad sense; gives clarifications as to the determination of the illicit trafficking object itself and its subjects; unfolds the content of the objective side of illicit trafficking; makes notice of the issues, which have not received due clarification yet and the answers thereto will be developed in course of law enforcement.


The interface is critical for the design of nanocomposites with desirable properties, this research try to prove the influence of interface bonding strength between nanofiller and matrix on the dielectric properties (dielectric spectroscopy and conduction current) of epoxy nanocomposites. In this experiments, nanofiller/ethanol suspensions were prepared by ultrasonic vibration method, the four kinds of epoxy resin nanocomposites with 3wt% concentration were made, respectively. The zeta potential of the suspensions were measured by ESA method. The dielectric spectroscopy and the conduction current characteristics of nanocomposite were tested. The zeta potential of the four kinds of suspensions according to the order from small to large is ZnO, MgO, Al2O3 and SiO2 successively, SiO2 nanocomposites shown the lowest permittivity, in addition, the conduction current of the SiO2 composites was also lowest among them except the MgO composites. The results indicate that the higher zeta potential can represent strong interface bonding and make the permittivity and conduction current of the nanocomposites decrease, this is due to the lower polarization strength. In this paper, the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles can provide advantageous performance of epoxy nanocomposites among the four kinds of nanofillers. The interface bonding strength has a major influence on the dielectric property of composites.


With only a matter of months before the extended two-year-olds scheme comes fully into force in September, what can nurseries do to accommodate the new families? Ruth Thomson offers some guidance.


This study represents another attempt to determine whether food safety concerns of consumers vary according to some demographic variable. More specifically, the study attempted to determine whether the higher-education segment is more confident or less confident than others regarding food safety. This highly educated segment of the consumer market shares concerns about food safety although in general they seem to have relatively high levels of confidence. Over 60% had experienced illness from eating food, largely (48%) from full- service restaurants—which, nevertheless, are trusted more than fast-food restaurants. Well over half of the respondents who had changed their eating habits never returned to their previous ones; and even those that did took months.


Deposition, usually recognized as the very evidence and indicator of debris flow and its assessment, has long been thought of as an outcome of a certain process, having a determined set of property featuring the debris flow in question. Deposition features suggest that it is actually a result of iteration and accumulation of some elementary unit process, which is associated with the intermittent surges of debris flows. Then, from the observations of debris flow surges in the Jiangjiagou Gully, one can calculate various properties concerning debris flow and its deposition, such as the flow discharge, depositional thick, as well as viscosity and yield strength, which present certain style of curve of frequency distribution, suggesting a probabilistic viewpoint about debris flow. This understanding is seemingly about to change the traditional deterministic conceptions in assessing debris flow and the detailed distributions are ready to provide quantitative basis for practical purposes in the study of debris flows.


【Objective】 To discuss the feasibility of gallbladder preserved polypectomy on clinical surgery. 【Method】From January 2005 through March 2009, our department of surgery operated 83 combined laparoscopic and cholangioscopy minimal invasive gallbladder preserved polypectomy on the gall bladder polypus pathlogical changed patients. 【Results】We operated 83 gallbladder preserved polypectomy, in which 74 patients succeeded to keep the gallbladder, 9 cases were converted to laparoscopic cholectomy, no bile leakage, no hemobilia, no case were converted to open surgery, no expired. The operation lasted 60~200 min and the patients needed to be in hospital for 3~5 days after the operation. By following up the 74 patients who succeeded to keep the gallbladder, no recurrence appeared. 【Conclusion】Selecting appropriate patient, combined laparoscopic and cholangioscopic gallbladder preserved polypectomy is an easy, minimal invasive, effective and safe surgery.


Pity the poor nongovernmental organizations trying to work in North Korea…It is, by all accounts, a lose-lose situation. 1 Brad Glosserman The Japan Times In this issue of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Yim, Choi, and Van Rooyen provide us with a unique glimpse into the sensitivities and complexities surrounding the delivery of humanitarian aid in North Korea and the compelling struggle that the humanitarian community must face to find the elusive humanitarian space. The lessons learned from this study are powerful testimony to the will of humanitarianism and the willingness of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to patiently challenge what doubters saw only as Orwellian theater that had no good ending. The concept of " espace humanitaire " or " humanitarian space " ensures that the humanitarian community's actions for civilians exposed to extreme distress and caught up in war and conflict remain unencumbered and " free to evaluate needs, free to monitor the distribution and use of relief goods, and have a dialogue with the people who receive it. " It is a synonym term for a physical, geographical space that is protected from fighting and maintained as a " conducive humanitarian operating environment. " 2 Part and parcel of the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross, United Nations Children's Fund, and NGOs, is that their access and actions to protect civilians are uniquely protected under international law and covenants. Admittedly, the stated right of the humanitarian community to bypass governments , go directly to the beneficiaries in need, and operate free from unwarranted governmental interference or intrusion becomes an ideal that is more often than not challenged by nation-state authorities. Many see humanitarian space as a valid issue only in context of war and conflict, the examples of which are many. 2,3 Normally, NGOs work in failed states where the central authority has collapsed. Even in Afghanistan where aggressive violence takes place, donors and aid agencies that span the continuum between relief and every aspect of development, have insisted on their own assessments, monitoring, ongoing evaluation, and direct implementation of projects. Delivery of aid, in general, is a hazardous business and risks to relief workers during this decade have grown exponentially. Unconventional or asymmetrical warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan are just two examples where perpetrators, motivated by control of a population, leave everyone as a vulnerable target, resulting in a shrinking or absent humanitarian space. In Darfur …


SocIetIes have long struggled with the problems ansmg when a debtor can no longer payor perform hIS obligatIon. SolutIons range from the penodic debt forgIveness, of anCIent HebraIC SOCI ety 1 to the Impnsonment of the debtor for failure to pay of recent Anglo-Amencan Junsprudence. 2 ASIde from moral consIderatIons, both of these alternatIves are unthmkable m modem socIety where credit plays an Important role. Such chOices excessIvely chill the use of credit on opposite SIdes of the debtor-creditor relatIonshIp. To foster credit usage,3 it IS necessary to at least offer the debtor a new opportunity m life and a clear field for future effort."4 At the same tIme, creditors must be gtven some assurance of equality of


We give an overview on X(3872), Z(3930), Y(3940) and X(3940) resonances observed by the Belle detector at asymmetric energy e+e− KEKB collider and consider their possible interpretations.


The ethnic map of the region of the Late Antiquity based on information of late classic authors (Plinius Maior, Claudius Ptolemaeus, Strabo, etc.) with retrospective attraction of the data of the Early Medieval written sources and modern etnonymics of the North Caucasus, characterized by extreme diversity, is presented in the article. The mentioned in the narrative sources tribes and their massive groups are compared with Pra-Abkhaz-Adyg and Pra-Daghestani-Nakh ethnic communities who would actively interact with the Sarmatian (Sarmato-Alanian) ethno-cultural world.


The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on differentiated marketing strategies necessary for barber shop management in the future by verifying differences in relational benefits, relationship quality, happiness, and long-term relationship orientation according to barber shop use. The 320 copies of data collected in this study were analyzed through SPSS 21.0, and frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and ANOVA analysis were performed. Through this study, it was found that there are differences in customer relational benefits, relationship quality, happiness, and long-term relationship orientation according to the use of Barber Shop. The improvements based on the conclusion of this study are as follows. First, it provides accurate information that customers need to increase their psychological satisfaction. Second, treat customers like friends so that they can feel comfortable. Third, barber shop goods are provided to customers so that customers can feel a sense of belonging. Fourth, to increase mutual reliability, the reservation time is strictly observed. Fifth, it provides perfect styling to customers so that customers can feel a sense of accomplishment. Sixth, use a referral coupons. By doing so, barber shop can secure regular customers and new customers.


The invention provides a D2D communication method, device and system. The D2D communication method comprises the following steps: a base station transmits D2D resource information of a cell where user equipment (UE) is located to the UE, and the UE which needs D2D signal communication transmits and receives D2D signals according to D2D recourses indicated by the D2D resource information of the cell transmitted by a base station. According to the D2D communication method, device and system, the D2D resource information of each cell in a cellular network is controlled by the base station, therefore, the utilization rate of the D2D resource information can be greatly improved, and the interference in the cellular network is eliminated beneficially.


Current consensus holds that 1) passing through wholesale electricity clearing prices to end-use consumers will produce maximal efficiency gains and 2) simpler forms of time-varying retail rates will capture only a small portion of potential benefits. We show that neither holds in the presence of capacity costs typical in U.S. wholesale markets. Using an optimization model describing the short-term problem faced by an electricity retailer, we find hourly prices that optimally pass through capacity costs. We estimate benefits for a retailer using these prices as well as optimal configurations of a number of time-varying rate structures. Testing a range of realistic assumptions, we find that in the absence of a well-designed demand charge, passing through clearing prices may miss up to three quarters of the benefits possible from optimal hourly prices. By contrast, a simpler critical peak pricing structure enables retailers to achieve approximately two-thirds of the total possible benefits.