: The greatest fresh water user sector is agriculture worldwide. The optimum utilization of current water supplies is necessarily prerequisites particularly in water poor climates. It is almost impossible to obtain economical crop yield without irrigation in those types of environments. In general, vegetables are high water consuming crops and well responses to the adequate soil moisture levels in rooting depths. Correct irrigation program is vital important for reaching target optimal production. The present study aimed to analyze irrigation programs affect on yield and water use efficiency, WUE, of lettuce plant for different growing conditions. In accordance of previous studies, maximum yield was obtained from full irrigation treatment. Lettuce plants were not tolerant wide irrigation intervals e.g. 2 or 3-day ideal for optimal yield and quality. Evapotranspiration, ETc, was highly dependent on lettuce varieties, availability of soil moisture content in root systems as well as climatological factors, and ranged between 413 mm and 208 mm. The planting geometry also had effect on lettuce yield. The irrigation system is important, but the most important issue is proper water management for enhancing crop production. Use of sprinkler or drip irrigation system should be highly recommended for better yield, quality as well as efficient water usages or water savings in vegetable farming under correct irrigation program.


We study information flows across four wheat futures markets on four continents: Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (ZCE), South African Futures Exchange (SAFEX), Euronext/Liffe, and Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBT). Three main approaches have been applied: cointegration techniques, VAR analysis, and a multiple regression model proposed by Peiro, Quesada, and Uriel (1998) to study information flows among non-synchronous markets. Our results indicate that no long-run links exist among the four markets, that ZCE is by far the most endogenous market, and that Euronext/Liffe is the most exogenous one. Furthermore, the model by Peiro et al. (1998) points to KCBT as the most influential as well as the most sensitive market to giving and receiving information flows from the global wheat system.


The following case is reported because of the early age of incidence. Case Report On July 23, 1946, a woman brought her child aged 4 years 9 months to hospital, stating that until the previous day the child had been well; she then complained of pain in her right foot on walking, and it was noticed that she limped. No history of trauma was elicited. There was nothing of note in the child's previous history; walking had never troubled her before. On examination the right foot was mildly swollen but not bruised, and there was tenderness along the shaft of the second metatarsal. The appearance of the left foot was normal. She had a mild genu valgum. There was no clinical evidence of systemic disease. A skiagram (Fig. 1) showed: (1) A cuff


The ceramic raw materials, aluminum titanate (AlTiO5), were prepared by the sol-gel method. To produce aluminium titanate powder, aluminum and titanium alkoxides were used as precursors with the addition of hydrochloric acid aiming to produce a translucent gel to minimize the precipitate formation. The most translucent gel obtained showed, by thermal treatment, a typical structural evolution: the direct crystallization of the aluminum titanate phase at 900C. At this temperature the aluminum titanate phase was detected after 3 hours treatment. At 900 C after 5 hours treatment, the phase became well crystallized without any change in its characteristics within 10 hours treatment. At 1400 C occurred the formation of aluminium titanate in all samples.The sol-gel method minimized residual -alumina and rutile phases when compared to the conventional method of oxide admixtures.


This paper develops a computationally tractable approach to the analysis and synthesis problem of robust control of nonlinear systems with structured gain-bounded uncertainty. It is shown how state-dependence of scaling matrices can be utilized to reduce the conservatism of nonlinear systems analysis and synthesis. The robust performance problem with state-dependent scaling is characterized by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). This paper clarifies to what degree these LMI conditions can actually guarantee robustness of the nonlinear system. Furthermore, the controller synthesis problem of expanding the region where required performance is achieved is formulated as a convex optimization.


In this paper, fractional integrating dynamics in the return and the volatility series of stock market indices are investigated. The investigation is conducted using wavelet ordinary least squares, wavelet weighted least squares and the approximate Maximum Likelihood estimator. It is shown that the long memory property in stock returns is approximately associated with emerging markets rather than developed ones while strong evidence of long range dependence is found for all volatility series. The relevance of the wavelet-based estimators, especially, the approximate Maximum Likelihood and the weighted least squares techniques is proved in terms of stability and estimation accuracy.


The ability of plant species to migrate is one of the critical issues in assessing accurately the future response of the terrestrial biosphere to climate change. This ability is confined by both natural and human‐induced changes in land cover. In this paper we present land‐cover and Carbon (C) cycle models designed to simulate the biospheric consequences of different types of land‐cover changes. These models, imbedded in the larger integrated assessment model IMAGE 2, were used to demonstrate the importance of considering spatial aspects for global C‐cycle modelling. A gradual‐migration, an unlimited‐migration and a no‐migration case were compared to show the range of possible consequences. Major differences between these cases were simulated for land‐cover patterns and the carbon budget. A large geographical variation in the biospheric response was also simulated. The strongest response was simulated in high‐latitude regions, especially for the migration cases in which land‐cover changes were permitted. In low‐latitudes regions the differences between the migration cases were smaller, mainly due to the effects of land‐use changes. The geographical variation among, and the different responses, the migration cases clearly demonstrate how essential it is to assess biospheric responses to climate change and land use simultaneously. Moreover, it also shows the urgent need for enhanced understanding of spatial and temporal dynamics of the biospheric responses.


Abstract : The heat transfer processes between a snow cover and its environment were studied and evaluated in order to predict changes in the physical characteristics of the snow cover from standard methorological information. The study was based on micrometeorological and related snow and soil data collected at the Keeweenaw Field Station (Mich.) from 1954-1956. Computations of conductive heat transfer in snow, using the Liljequist method, showed significant correlation with average air temperatures. Average values of the cold content of snow can be estimated from average air temperatures. Average temperature differences through the snow can be estimated from a knowledge of the previous 20-hr average air temperature; snow hardness can be estimated graphically from snow density and depth. (Author)


This article reviews relevant theories and literature on big data management, management decision-making, execution, and other aspects, discusses the two significant factors of decision-making force and executive power that are the realization of corporate strategic goals, and puts forward the corporate data in the context of big data. The operating model (mainly for the enterprise's decision-making and implementation) faces new opportunities and challenges, that is, through in-depth analysis and exploration of big data management can effectively improve the company's decision-making ability and execution efficiency, and promote the realization of corporate strategic goals.


Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Chief Scientists: Guy Cochrane, Pete Dartnell. Data (bathymetry) of field activity EW0407 (E-1-04-SC) in Southern California shelf from 08/06/2004 to 08/15/2004, http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/e/e104sc/html/e-1-04-sc.meta.html.


Elizabeth Perkins passed away peacefully at the Wesley Park Haven Hospital in Townsville on 17 February after a long period of ill health. She is mourned by her sisters, Dorothy and Florence Perkins, by her godchildren Laura, Robert and Mike, by the students and staff of James Cook University, by theatrical and arts communities in Townsville, and by literary academics throughout Australia.


From fourteenth century medieval literature to contemporary American and African American literature, researchers have singled out and analyzed writing from every genre that is prophetic in nature, predicting or warning about events, both revolutionary and dire, to come. One twentieth-century American whose work embodies the essence of warning and foretelling through history-laden literature is Toni Morrison. This modern-day literary prophet reinterprets eras gone by through what she calls "re-memory" in order to guide her readers, and her society, to a greater understanding of the consequences of slavery and racism in America and to prompt both races to escape the pernicious effects of this heritage. Several critics have recognized and written about Morrison's unique style of prophetic prose. These critics, however, have either taken a general cursory analysis of her complete body of works or they are only focused on one of her texts as a site of evidence. Despite the many critical essays and journal articles that have been written about Morrison as literary prophet, no critic has extensively investigated Morrison's major works by way of textual analysis under this subject, to discuss Morrison prophetic prose, her motivation for engaging in a form of prophetic writing, and the context of this writing in a wider general, as well as an African-American, tradition. This dissertation takes on a more comprehensive, cross-sectional analysis of her works that has been previously employed, concentrating on five of Morrison's major novels: The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, Beloved, Jazz and Paradise, in an order to assess how Morrison develops and infuses warnings and admonitions of biblical proportions. This investigation seeks to reveal Morrison's motivation to prophecy to Americans, black and white, the context in which she engages with her historical and contemporary subjects, and the nature of the admonitions to present and future action she offers to what she sees as a contemporary generation of socially and historically oblivious African Americans, using literary prophecy as the tool by which to accomplish her objectives. This dissertation also demonstrates—by way of textual analysis and literary theory—the evolution through five novels of Morrison's development as a literary prophet. INDEX WORDS: Toni Morrison, Prophecy, Prophet, Scripture, Literature and Prophecy, Toni Morrison and Prophecy, Toni Morrison and The Bible, Toni Morrison and The Holy Quran, Beloved, Jazz, The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, Paradise, Mercy. LITERATURE AS PROPHECY: TONI MORRISON AS PROPHETIC WRITER


The dehydrobromination of 3-bromo-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3,1,1]heptan-2-one has been studied. Treatment with lithium bromide and lithium carbonate in dimethyl sulphoxide gave 6,6-dimethylnorpin-3-en-2-one (apoverbenone) in good yield. From (–)-pin-2(10)-ene, optical purity 91%, we obtained (+)-apoverbenone, [α]D+ 319°(c 2.4% in CHCl3).


Abstract This paper presents data from two independent case studies: a 15-year-old female with cerebral palsy and related profound and multiple learning difficulties, and a 7-year-old male with extreme behaviour associated with autistic spectrum disorder. An audiovisual immersive interactive environment was developed to encourage creative interaction and expression from the participants. In both case studies, there were support workers present and it was the interventions of these support staff which are the main focus of this paper. Results indicated that profuse but unintentional interventions from the staff could have distorted interaction with, dissuaded or diverted participants from meaningful engagements with the reactive feedback provided by the system.


We present our recent application of the coherent mid-infrared measurement technique for phonon spectroscopy. We investigate the dynamics of phonons interacting with THz radiation. First, we excite coherent LO phonons using ultrashort near-infrared laser pulse. The THz radiation field emitted by coherent phonons is detected in the Fresnel geometry under different excitation conditions in different semiconductors. The results are discussed in terms of the dynamics and amplitude. We discuss results in different samples, i.e., semi-isolating and doped, under different optical excitation conditions. Furthermore we use coherent time-domain optics to study dielectric response dynamics in the reststrahl band. By analyzing the time-domain THz field reflectivity near the phonon frequencies of materials we demonstrate observation of a quantum kinetic behavior of the lattice dielectric response in a simple coherent optics scheme.


Tensor network states are powerful variational Ansatze for many-body ground states of quantum lattice models. The use of Monte Carlo sampling techniques in tensor network approaches significantly reduces the cost of tensor contractions, potentially leading to a substantial increase in computational efficiency. Previous proposals are based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme generated by locally updating configurations and, as such, must deal with equilibration and autocorrelation times, which result in a reduction of efficiency. Here we propose perfect sampling schemes, with vanishing equilibration and autocorrelation times, for unitary tensor networks, namely, tensor networks based on efficiently contractible, unitary quantum circuits, such as unitary versions of the matrix product state (MPS) and tree tensor network (TTN), and the multiscale entanglement renormalization Ansatz (MERA). Configurations are directly sampled according to their probabilities in the wave function, without resorting to a Markov chain process. We consider both complete sampling, involving all the relevant sites of the system, and incomplete sampling, which only involves a subset of those sites and which can result in a dramatic (basis-dependent) reduction of sampling error.


Effects of humus soil on the settling and dewatering characteristics of the activated sludge were investigated. Addition of the humus soil improved the sedimentation characteristics of the activated sludge remarkably. The initial lag phase was diminished and the zone settling velocity increased as the humus soil dosage increased. For estimation of the chemical effect of the humus soil on sludge settling, cation mixtures equivalent to the cations leaching from the humus soil were added and only the chemical effect was examined. The physical effect was then isolated by subtracting the chemical effect. The chemical effect on sludge settling was about30∼50% of the equivalent humus soil powder dosage and the physical effect was more important in improvement of the sludge settling properties. Dewatering characteristics of the activated sludge were dependent on both the concentration and distribution of the cations leaching from the humus soil. Divalent cations, calcium and magnesium from the humus soil decreased the bound water content of the sludge, which in turn increased floc density and cake solids content. However, excess sodium ion increased the SRF (specific resistance to filtration) slightly. Addition of humus soil to thickened activated sludge improved the dewatering properties, which could be well explained by the effect of the cations leaching. The SRF showed a good trend with the monovalent to divalent cation (M/D) ratio, which could be utilized as a useful tool for evaluation of the sludge dewatering characteristics.


The production of knowledge increasingly takes place within the framework of a broad and diverse network of researchers working together in cooperation. The achievement of a successful academic and research career among scientists is rooted in their establishment of collaborative ties with other researchers. Cooperative practices also constitute the mechanism for socializing and integrating new researchers into the academic and scientific community. This note reviews some basic guidelines and recommendations related to scientific collaboration, so that researchers from any area of knowledge can understand its importance and improve its effectiveness in their own context.


In this paper, we derive new generalized expressions to compute error rates for M-Ary square quadrature amplitude modulation (SQAM) in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The proposed method uses a region based symbol error rate (SER) and bit error rate (BER) computation technique which reduces the bit error rate over the conventional method as the size of the constellation increases. For the constellation size of 1024, at 10 dB average bit energy to noise spectral density ratio (Eb/No), BER is improved by a factor of 1.654, while for 256-QAM, the BER shows an improvement by a factor of 1.196.


Degradation of three benzonitrile herbicides, bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), ioxynil (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), and their mixtures by the soil micro-organism Agrobacterium radiobacter 8/4 was studied in batch cultures. Bromoxynil was found to be most rapidly degraded, while dichlobenil had the lowest toxicity to our strain. All transformations of studied benzonitriles were performed by the nitrile hydratase which has been shown to act on a broad range of substituted aromatic nitriles. © 1997 SCI.


Using the method of double – time thermal Green's functions and Kubo formalism, a general expression is derived for the complex dielectric constant of BaxSr1–xTiO3 ferroelectric crystal in the paraelectric phase taking into account the change of mass as well as harmonic force constant between impurity atom and host lattice atoms. The results are used to obtain an expression for the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant of Bax Sr 1–x TiO3 due to impurity and anharmonic scattering. To a first order approximation of the defect parameters the Curie temperature shift is found to depend only on the harmonic force constant changes between the impurity and host lattice atoms, and is proportional to the concentration of defects. The dielectric constant of ceramic SrTiO3 can be enhanced by the addition of cation impurities like lead, barium, zirconium etc.


Lahore College for Women University, Jail Road, Lahore. Pakistan. Institute of Agricultural sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Pakistan Centre for Integrated Mountain Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Pakistan. Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT: Oryza sativa, Asian rice, is a member of family Poaceae and main staple food for the population of several countries including Pakistan hence the phytochemical analysis of the locally consumed rice cultivars is of much importance both from commercial and consumers dietary perspectives. Keeping in view this importance eight approved varieties namely 'Sela', 'IRRI-86', 'Brown Rice', 'Superi PK-386', 'Super Basmati', 'Basmati-140', 'Basmati-150' and 'Basmati-160' of rice, were analyzed for their phytochemical analysis viz., alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides case of phytochemical analysis, plant showed positive results for the presence of saponins, tannins and terpenoids by producing their characteristics precipitates, froth and ring production. Whereas, in some cases it negative results were recorded for absence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, phlobatanins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. The antioxidant activity revealed that the varieties of rice are rich source of antioxidants. Moreover the total antioxidant assay and DPPH assay were performed in which methanol extract of all the plant parts showed very much comparable results with the available standards as BHT and alpha tocopherol. Thus, it can be concluded that these varieties are reservoir of potentially useful chemical compounds and good source of antioxidants as well. Nonetheless, due to its dietary properties there is enormous scope of future research on different varieties of rice.


In the Discussion, Higgs (2009) criticizes the interpretation of Mulder et al. (2009a) concerning sedimentary features called hummocky crossstratification (HCS)-like features as related to deep-water (water depth >1000 m) turbidite processes. This Discussion is essentially based on: (i) a dogma: HCS occurs strictly in shelf environments; (ii) 'astrogeology (remote sensing) fieldwork' (Higgs never visited the described outcrops); and (iii) 'recent references accessible by search engines'. He also criticizes the pioneer interpretation of Offroy (1984) concerning the exceptional gravity flow deposits encountered in the Basque flysch series. It is true that most of the work on this area is older than 1990. Therefore, Higgs (2009) drew the conclusion that the Flysch Basque Basin was deposited in a shallow-water environment dominated by storm-wave action. The main criticism of Higgs is the interpretation of the described deposits as deep-sea sediments. His Discussion is based on:


Objective: The work of health professionals in hospital emergency rooms is highly demanding due to the decisions they must take. In the present study, we consider assessing stress response in emergency health workers, measuring related biomarkers such as cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and salivary α-amylase during the whole working day. Method: An analytical, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. The study was conducted in the emergency rooms of two public hospitals. Ninety-seven professionals participated, 45 corresponding to one hospital and 52 to the other. Four salivary samples were obtained according to circadian rhythms: at 8:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 00:00 h/24 h. The data were subsequently analyzed. Results: Cortisol levels decreased throughout the working day, with minimum values being at 24 h. A similar pattern was observed in DHEA. The α-amylase levels increased throughout the working day, reaching its peak at 15:00 h, and decreasing at 24 h, compared to the data from the rest of the working day. Conclusions: Since reference/baseline values are not presented, this work is focused on a stress situation experienced during one regular working day in emergency rooms with no extreme situations. In this context, stress, measured through cortisol and α-amylase, is present in emergency room doctors and nurses. However, the increase in DHEA, due to its anabolic condition, could counteract their effect, suggesting a positive effect on their professional actions.


The purpose of this study was to compare Thai and American college students on their perception of the importance of the various roles and functions of school psychologists, and who should assume those roles and functions in the absence of school psychologists. One hundred and eighty-one Thai college students and their 168 US counterparts participated in the present study. Each student rated the various roles/functions of a school psychologist and specified who should assume those roles/functions in the absence of a school psychologist. Results indicated that while Thai students rated the assessment role/function significantly higher (p < 0.05) than their US counterparts, they rated the other roles/functions significantly lower (p < 0.05) except for counselling (p > 0.05). However, they differed significantly (p < 0.05) on who should assume the counselling role in the absence of a school psychologist. Thai students expected their parents and older siblings, as well as their teachers, to fill the vacuum more than their US counterparts did.


Detecting entity mentions in a text and then mapping them to their right entities in a given knowledge source is significant to realization of the semantic web, as well as advanced development of natural language processing applications. The knowledge sources used are often close ontologies built by small groups of experts and Wikipedia. To date, state-of-the-art methods proposed for named entity disambiguation mainly use Wikipedia as such a knowledge source. This paper proposes a method that enriches a close ontology by Wikipedia and then disambiguates named entities in a text based on that enriched one. The method disambiguates named entities in a text iteratively and incrementally, including several iterative steps. Those named entities that are identified in each iterative step will be used to disambiguate the remaining ones in the next iterative steps. The experiment results show that enrichment of a close ontology noticeably improves disambiguation performance. Keywordsentity disambiguation; ontology enrichment; annotation; named entity; ontology


The inspiration to research and present this paper came from a folklore tale about how Saint Martin created the pig from a piece of fat. The paper will explore the pig in Irish cuisine and culture from ancient times to the present. The paper will discuss the pig in Irish literature and mythology; outline the role the emergence of the potato had on domestic pig keeping, and trace the rise of commercial processing in the nineteenth century to the present day. It will highlight a number of traditional Irish dishes using pig meat and illustrate how today's chefs have incorporated the pig into their menus. The paper will discuss how scientists have developed leaner, low-fat pigs that contain only half the salt compared to thirty years ago. The paper will also highlight the small breed of artisan pork butchers who are trying to re-create the taste of bygone days whilst keeping the quality of modern day standards. In Ireland today we eat more pork per capita, approximately 40.6 kg, than any other meat, yet you would very seldom if ever see a pig. Fat and flavour are two words that are synonymous with pig meat, yet scientists have spent the last thirty years cross breeding to produce leaner, low-fat pigs. Today's pig professionals prefer to use the term 'pig finishing' as opposed to the more traditional 'pig fattening'. The pig evokes many themes in relation to cuisine. Charles Lamb (1775-1834), in his essay Dissertation upon Roast Pig, cites Confucius in attributing the accidental discovery of the art of roasting to the humble pig. The pig has been singled out by many cultures as a food to be avoided or even abhorred, and Marvin Harris illustrates the environmental effect this avoidance can have by contrasting the landscape of Christian Albania with that of Muslim Albania (Harris, 1997). In this paper I will focus on the pig in Irish Cuisine and culture from ancient times to the present day. The inspiration to research and present this paper came from a folklore tale about how Saint Martin created the pig from a piece of fat. It was in a book on Irish proverbs written by my father that I came across this story taken from the famous Kerry storyteller, Seán Ó Conaill. The story details the origins of not only pigs, but mice, rats and cats. The story goes as follows: 'From St Martins fat they were made. He was travelling around, and one night he came to a house and yard. At that time there were only cattle; there were no pigs or piglets. He asked the man of the house if there was anything to eat the chaff and the grain. The man replied there were only the cattle. St Martin said it was a great pity to have that much chaff going to waste. At night when they were going to bed, he handed a piece of fat to the servant-girl and told her to put it under a tub turned upside down, and not to look at it at all until he would give her the word next day. The girl did so, but she kept a bit of the fat and put it under a keeler to find out what it would be. When St Martin rose next day he asked her to go and lift up the tub. She lifted it up, and there under it were a sow and twelve piglets. It was a great wonder to them, as they had never before seen pig or piglet. The girl then went to the keeler and lifted it, and it was full of mice and rats! As soon as the keeler was lifted, they went running about the house searching for any hole that they could go into. When St Martin saw them, he pulled off one of his mittens and threw it at them and made a cat with that throw. And that is why the cat ever since goes after mice and rats (Mac Con Iomaire, 1988).' The place of the pig has long been established in Irish literature, and longer still in Irish topography. The word torc, a boar, like the word muc, a pig, is a common element of various Irish placenames, from Kanturk (boar's head) in West Cork to Ros Muc (headland of pigs) in West Galway. The Irish pig had its place in literature well established long before George Orwell's English pig, Major, headed the dictatorship in Animal Farm. It was a wild boar that killed the hero Diarmaid in the Fenian tale The Pursuit of Diarmaid and Gráinne, on top of Ben Bulban in County Sligo (Mac Con Iomaire, 1988). Wild boars were hunted with great fervour, and the prime cuts were reserved for the warrior classes, and certain other individuals. Pig meat in the form of pork, ham and bacon has been one of the most traditional of Irish foods since prehistoric times. At a feast, a leg of pork was traditionally reserved for a king, a haunch for a queen, and a boar's head for a charioteer. The champion warrior was given the best portion of meat (Curath Mhir or Champions Share), and fights often took place to decide who should receive it. In the ninth century tale 'The story of Mac Dathó's Pig', Cet mac Matach, got supremacy over the men of Ireland: 'Moreover he flaunted his valour on high above the valour of the host, and took a knife in his hand and sat down beside the pig. 'Let someone be found now among the men of Ireland', said he, 'to endure battle with me, or leave the pig for me to divide!'(Gantz, 1981) It did not take long before the wild pigs were domesticated. Whereas cattle might be kept for milk and sheep for wool, the only reason for pig rearing was as a source of food. Up to the late medieval times the 'domesticated' pigs were fattened on woodland mast, the fruit of the beech, oak, chestnut and whitethorn, giving their flesh a delicious flavour. So important was this resource that it is acknowledged by an entry in the Annals of Clonmacnoise for the year 1038: 'There was such an abundance of ackornes this yeare that it fattened the pigges [runts] of pigges' (Sexton, 1998). In another mythological tale, two pig keepers, one called 'friuch' after the boars bristle (pig keeper to the king of Munster) and the other called 'rucht' after its grunt (pig keeper to the king of Connacht), were such good friends that the one from the north would bring his pigs down with him when there was a mast of oak and beech nuts in Munster. If the mast fell in the north the pig-keeper from the south would travel northward. Competitive jealousy sparked by troublemakers led to the pig keepers casting spells on each other's herds that no matter what mast they eat they would not grow fat. Both pig keepers were practiced in the pagan arts and could form themselves into any shape, and after being dismissed by their kings for the leanness of their pig herds due to the spells, they eventually formed themselves into the two famous bulls that feature in the Irish Epic 'The Táin'. In the witty and satirical twelfth century text, The Vision of Mac Conglinne (Aisling Mhic Conglinne), many references are made to the various types of pig meat. Bacon, hams, sausages and puddings are often mentioned, and the gate to the fortress in the visionary land of plenty is described thus: 'there was a gate of tallow to it , whereon was a bolt of sausage' Although pigs were always popular in Ireland, the emergence of the potato resulted in increasing both human and pig populations. The Irish were the first to seriously consider the potato as a staple food. By 1663 it was widely accepted in Ireland as an important food plant and by 1770 it was known as the Irish Potato (Linnane, 2001). The Potato transformed Ireland from an under populated island of 1 million in the 1590's to 8.2 million in 1840, making it the most densely populated country in Europe (Phillips and Rix, 1995). Two centuries of genetic evolution resulted in yields growing from 2 tons per acre in 1670 to 10 tons per acre in 1800. A constant supply of potato, which was not seen as a commercial crop, ensured that even the smallest holding could keep a few pigs on a potato-rich diet. Pat Tuite, an expert on pigs with Teagasc, the Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority, reminded me that the potatoes were cooked for the pigs and that they also enjoyed whey, the by products of both butter and cheese making. Arthur Young, whilst travelling through Ireland commented in 1770 that in the town of Mitchelstown in County Cork there seems to have been more pigs than human beings. So plentiful were pigs at this time that on the eve of the Great Famine in 1841 the pig population was calculated to be 1,412,813 (Sexton, 1998). Some of the pigs were kept for home consumption but the rest were a valuable source of income and were shown great respect as the 'gentleman who paid the rent'. Until the early twentieth century most Irish rural households kept some pigs. Pork had been popular and seemed to have been the main meat eaten at all feasts in the main houses; indeed a feast was considered incomplete without a whole roasted pig. In the poorer holdings fresh pork was highly prized, as it was only available when a pig of their own was killed. Most of the pig was salted, placed in the brine barrel for a period or placed up the chimney for smoking. Certain superstitions were observed concerning the time of killing. Pigs were traditionally killed only in months that contained the letter 'R', since the heat of the summer months caused the meat to turn foul. In some counties it was believed that pigs should be killed under the full moon (Mahon, 1998). The main breed of pig from the medieval period was the Razor Back or Greyhound Pig, and it was very efficient in converting organic waste into meat. The killing of the pig was an important ritual and a social occasion in rural Ireland, for it meant full and plenty for all. Neighbours who came to help brought a handful of salt for the curing, and when the work was done each would get a share of the puddings and the fresh pork. There were a number of days where it was traditional to kill a pig, the Michaelmas feast (29 September), Saint Martins Day (11 November) and St Patrick's Day (17 March). Olive Sharkey gives a great description of the killing of the 'barrow pig': 'The local slaughterer (búistéir) a man experienced in the rustic art of pig killing


s introductory comments on "Books and Macrog" for this special Silver Anniversary issue of the of Macromarketing, Roger Dickinson refers to g that he calls "the 'Holbrook' review in which oks are covered and analyzed" in one compreheny—namely, one that addresses a number of authors mon topic in a way that ties together various impores of interest to the community of macromarketing . In that spirit, the present four-part essay reviews t burgeoning crop of managerial self-help books on ct of experiential marketing. Thus, beginning here tinuing in the next three issues of the Journal of arketing (JMM), this multipart review presents a four installments on a common focus of interest to aders. Specifically, it explores marketing applicamacromarketing repercussions of the consumption ce as something new, something old, something d, and—most of all, in the hands of the management something sold. rter-century ago, Beth Hirschman and I published a f papers on the consumption experience—one in the of Marketing on "Hedonic Consumption" (Hirschman rook 1982) and another in the Journal of Consumer on the "Experiential Aspects of Consumption" k and Hirschman 1982) or what we referred to colas "Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun." When this work onsumption experience appeared in 1982, I mistakught that we had pretty much discovered the cont in a stream of subsequent contributions to this d with a bit more digging into the literature of the viewed, for example, in my book about Consumer : Introspective Essays on the Study of Consumption 95—I soon realized that others had beaten us to it. nspicuously, Wroe Alderson (1957) had emphasized rtance of the consumption experience in his semion Marketing Behavior and Executive Action at ury. Around the same time, the economist Lawrence 1955)—writing about Quality and Competition— ssed the role of services performed by products to consumption experiences as the basis for customer ater, just prior to my work with Beth, Walter Woods (1981) had developed similar ideas in a textbook on Consumer Behavior. Furthermore, a recent treatise on Pursuing Happiness by Stanley Lebergott (1993) traces the concept of the consumption experience back through the contributions of John Maynard Keynes and Alfred Marshall to insights found in the writings of Adam Smith. So, recalling Ecclesiastes, I learned that—with the consumption experience, as elsewhere—"what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun." Like so many other contributions through the ages, the work by Morris and Beth had at most given a new structure to some old content, packaged some old wine in a new bottle, or adopted a novel slant on some venerable ideas. Nonetheless, repeating my own essentially self-indulgent mistake, subsequent writers have continued to reinvent the wheel with an air of breathless excitement over their rediscovery of hedonic consumer behavior and the experiential aspects of consumption. For example, in a book on The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism published in 1987, Colin Campbell declared that no other consumer research had addressed the topic of hedonic consumption. More recently—as reported in my previous essays for JMM—my friend and colleague Bernd Schmitt (1999) has written about Experiential Marketing with only the slightest of nods to previous research on the topic, while Joseph Pine and James Gilmore (1998) have followed the best-practice Harvard Business Review style by discussing The Experience Economy with nary a reference to earlier studies espousing the experiential perspective. Closely related work on the entertaining, exhibitionistic, and evangelizing aspects of contemporary consumption by such excellent authors as Michael Wolf, Neil Gabler, Robert Frank, and others—also covered in my earlier reviews for this journal—have pretty much followed suit, blithely oblivious to the long-established tradition of the experiential perspective in marketing and consumer research. Most recently, the efforts of these and other businessoriented writers have sewn the seeds for a new vogue in


A new state-of-the art caravan and camping site next to Rother Valley Country Park is set to pitch up this April and is now taking bookings, ready for the spring school holidays.


The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we update in the second section the credit segment of a Post Keynesian macro model, the detailed features of which will already be familiar to the readers of this journal (Arestis, 1987-88). What the updating is especially anxious to capture is the sharp increase in the share of U.K. bank debt held by the personal sector since we should expect the personal sector's demand for bank lending to be more interest-sensitive than the demand for bank lending from finns.' Figure 1 demonstrates the essential fact for this study: after 1983 consumer borrowing became a vital component in bank loan portfolios, while at the same time a decline in the share of bank advances going to corporations or industrial and commercial companies (ICCs) was observed. Figure 1 clearly shows that consumer and ICC shares of bank lending combined accounted for over 86 percent of the total in 1979(3). After the "crossover" during 1983, their combined shares held briefly at 85 percent but by 1988(3) they accounted for only 78 percent of total bank debt. Over the same period, (nonbank) financial institutions increased their share of total bank debt from 0.14 in 1979(3) to 0.15 in 1983(3) and then to 0.22 by 1988(3). Since 1988(3), the shares have


Objective Patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma (NFMA) with suprasellar extension show disturbed sleep characteristics, possibly related to hypothalamic dysfunction. In addition to hypopituitarism, both structural hypothalamic damage and sleep restriction per se are associated with the metabolic syndrome. However, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with NFMA is not well established. Our objective was to study the prevalence and risk factors for (components of) the metabolic syndrome in patients treated for NFMA. Design The metabolic syndrome (NCEP-ATP III criteria) was studied in an unselected cohort of 145 NFMA patients (aged 26–88yr, 44% female) in long-term remission after treatment, receiving adequate stable hormone replacement for any pituitary deficiencies. The results were compared to population data of 63,995 Dutch inhabitants by standardization (LifeLines cohort study). Results NFMA patients showed increased risk for reduced HDL-cholesterol (SMR 1.59, 95% CI 1.13–2.11), increased triglyceride levels (SMR 2.31, 95% CI 1.78–2.90) and the metabolic syndrome (SMR 1.60, 95% CI 1.22–2.02), but not for increased blood pressure, waist circumference or hyperglycemia. Preoperative visual field defects independently affected the risk for increased blood pressure (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.9–22.2), and hypopituitarism was associated with a body mass index - dependent risk for increased waist circumference (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.2) and the metabolic syndrome (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.9). Conclusions Patients treated for NFMA are increased at risk for developing the metabolic syndrome, mainly due to decreased HDL-cholesterol and increased triglycerides. Risk factors included hypopituitarism and preoperative visual field defects. Hypothalamic dysfunction may explain the metabolic abnormalities, in addition to intrinsic imperfections of hormone replacement therapy. Additional research is required to explore the relation between derangements in circadian rhythmicity and metabolic syndrome in these patients.


Near surface wind spectra are considered from three dramatically diierent data sources, covering a range of spatial scales from 10 0 km to 10 3 km. The data were observed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) intensive observation period (IOP) spanning November 1992 to February 1993. Speciically, spectra are examined from: low resolution yet spatially and temporally complete NCEP reanalysis wind elds, moderate resolution satellite-based ERS-1 scatterometer winds, and high resolution aircraft observations from the NCAR Electra. Combined spectra from these data demonstrate a power-law relation over the entire range in spatial scales. While fundamental assumptions of two-dimensional turbulence theory are undoubtedly violated for tropical near-surface winds, these results suggest the possible existence of inertial sub-ranges supporting the forward cascade of enstrophy and the inverse cascade of energy. In particular, the data support spectral slopes of k ?5=3 and k ?2 , but there is little evidence for a slope of k ?3 .


Purchased materials often account for more than 50% of a manufacturer's product nonconformance cost. A common strategy for reducing such costs is to allocate periodic quality improvement targets to suppliers of such materials. Improvement target allocations are often accomplished via ad hoc methods such as prescribing a fixed, across‐the‐board percentage improvement for all suppliers, which, however, may not be the most effective or efficient approach for allocating improvement targets. We propose a formal modeling and optimization approach for assessing quality improvement targets for suppliers, based on process variance reduction. In our models, a manufacturer has multiple product performance measures that are linear functions of a common set of design variables (factors), each of which is an output from an independent supplier's process. We assume that a manufacturer's quality improvement is a result of reductions in supplier process variances, obtained through learning and experience, which require appropriate investments by both the manufacturer and suppliers. Three learning investment (cost) models for achieving a given learning rate are used to determine the allocations that minimize expected costs for both the supplier and manufacturer and to assess the sensitivity of investment in learning on the allocation of quality improvement targets. Solutions for determining optimal learning rates, and concomitant quality improvement targets are derived for each learning investment function. We also account for the risk that a supplier may not achieve a targeted learning rate for quality improvements. An extensive computational study is conducted to investigate the differences between optimal variance allocations and a fixed percentage allocation. These differences are examined with respect to (i) variance improvement targets and (ii) total expected cost. For certain types of learning investment models, the results suggest that orders of magnitude differences in variance allocations and expected total costs occur between optimal allocations and those arrived at via the commonly used rule of fixed percentage allocations. However, for learning investments characterized by a quadratic function, there is surprisingly close agreement with an "across‐the‐board" allocation of 20% quality improvement targets. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 684–709, 2001


The detectable hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)in the blood or other body fluids is the most direct indiction of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.The serum HBsAg titer is varied during the natural process of infection correlated with the HBV covalently closed circular DNA(HBV cccDNA)level in liver.Also,it can be used to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral drugs,including interferon and the nucleoside/nucleotide analogues.This review summarizes the clinical application of HBsAg quantitative assay.


This paper study the effect on employment level of an increase in the specific cost of fixed term contracts. We build a stochastic dynamic model of labour demand where long-term and fixed-term contracts are both available. We found that such a change reduces employment when shocks are transitory but it can increase hiring on long-term contracts and decrease firing providing an increase in employment. An illustration is designed by calibrating the model on aggregate data.


Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a type of cancer that has different clinical presentations and therefore different effects, since, depending on each case, different treatment options will exist. While in the case of cutaneous HSA the first line of treatment is always surgical removal of the tumor, metastatic foci should be sought and then perform chemotherapy, despite them having a low metastatic potential. Moreover, the low survival that exists in this type of cancer is a factor that should be communicated to those responsible for the pets, so that, with all available information, they can make a free and informed choice about the treatment they want for their pet, considering the financial commitment, survival time and quality of life associated with chemotherapy. This article describes the clinical case of a female greyhound dog of eight years of age that was brought to consultation for a skin tumor on the right hind limb in the distal tibia. She was diagnosed with noninvasive cutaneous HSA through histopathology, reason why the owners chose not to do the chemotherapy; however, 10 months later Descripción clínica de hemangiosarcoma (HSA) cutáneo metastásico en un canino galgo: estudio clínico de un caso Romy Marie Weinborn Astudillo1 / Constanza María Issotta Contardo2 / Marisol Karin Agurto Merino3 / Juan Ignacio Lara Luna4 1 Médica veterinaria. MSc. Especialista en Medicina Interna de Animales Pequeños (EMAP), Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile.  email@example.com 2 Médica veterinaria. Dip. Anestesia y Dolor, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile.  email@example.com 3 Médica veterinaria. MSc., Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile.  email@example.com 4 Médico veterinario, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile.  email@example.com Cómo citar este artículo: Weinborn Astudillo RM, Issotta Contardo CM, Agurto Merino MK, Lara Luna JI. Descripción clínica de hemangiosarcoma (HSA) cutáneo metastásico en un canino galgo: estudio clínico de un caso. Rev Med Vet. 2015;(30):107-16.


MIM capacitor with niobium pentoxide (Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/) dielectric whose K value is higher than 40, is successfully demonstrated for RF bypass capacitor application. Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/ MIM with HfO/sub 2//Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ barriers delivers a record high capacitance density >17 fF//spl mu/m/sup 2/ with excellent reliability and RF properties, while maintaining comparable leakage current with other high-K dielectrics. It is demonstrated that the high capacitance values can be stable up to 20 GHz when it is integrated into Cu-BEOL process.


There are many definitions for what is applied ethics regardless of internal academic circles or external academic circles,but each definition has its dilemma It lies in that the name of applied ethics is incorrect and what is said doesn't accord with reason.This situation needs rectifying name,replacing applied ethics with department ethics.This title conforms to criterion of discipline division and has ample foundation of academics.This new title can clarify many theoretical problems that applied ethics can not explain.


Eating behavior changes are an essential component in long-term weight loss and key in reducing the risk of chronic disease. With increased access and use of app-based technology to monitor individual's health, the role of technology in eliciting eating behavior changes was investigated.

 498 African Americans were enrolled into Weight Matters, a culturally tailored, weight management intervention aimed at reducing risk factors of chronic disease in African Americans. Participants were randomized into a Tech group (N = 249, 89% female, 51.5 ± 13.4 yrs, BMI: 36.6 ± 8.3) that utilized app-based technology to track their fitness, diet, and health data and a Non-Tech group (N = 248, 88% female, 51.5 ± 12.5 yrs, BMI: 36.4 ± 7.7) that used paper-based tracking. The intervention consisted of bi-weekly educational sessions focused on health, fitness, and nutrition during an 18-week period with scheduled follow ups post-test and 12 months. In addition, participants received a one-year fitness membership. The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) was used to measure cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE), and emotional eating (EE) at enrollment, post-test, and 12 months.

 Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the changes in the construct scores of CR, UE, and EE within-subjects as well as between-subjects. There were no significant differences in mean scores of CR (F(2, 426) = .78, P = 0.46), UE (F(2, 426) = .28, P = 0.76), and EE (F(2, 426) = 1.07, P = 0.34) between Tech and Non-tech groups. For CR, the mean differences between enrollment and posttest (χ = −1.03, P < 0.001) as well as enrollment and 12-month follow-up (χ = −.86, P < 0.001) were statistically significant. There was a significant mean difference between the enrollment and 12-month (χ = 1.15, P < 0.001) for UE while the other two comparisons were not significant. There were no significant differences observed in EE throughout the study.

 Improvements in cognitive restraint and uncontrolled eating were observed in participants enrolled in an 18-week weight management intervention and the effect persisted after 12 months. However, the use of app-based technology to monitor their fitness, diet, and health data did not impact eating behavior change.

 Supported by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) (DHHS Grant # 1102017000118).


Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines. It is surrounded by developing cities that pollute the lake with plastics from different industrial and domestic activities. In the study, microplastics were collected from the lake's surface water through three (3) collection points within the lake. The collection of microplastics was conducted from August 2018 to October 2018. About eight-hundred ninety (890) microplastics were collected and cataloged. Among the collection sites, 'Brgy. Sampiruhan' has the most microplastics, with a median of 15 ranging from 11-24 microplastics per 1000 L of lake water. On the other hand, 'Brgy. Napindan' has a median of 4 which ranges from 2-6 microplastics per 1000 L, and 'Brgy. San Isidro' has a median of 6 which ranges from 4-24 microplastics per 1000 L. Image analysis revealed that microplastics from this site were larger and angular. The color analysis shows signs of whitening and yellowing of the plastic materials, which suggests that the microplastics undergo photodegradation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) found that most of the microplastics in the lake are made of polyethylene and its derivatives. Microplastics in Laguna de Bay show the continuous plastic pollution in the Philippines' largest lake.


t has become a game in which high school seniors bound for one of the nation's highly selective colleges and I universities recite from memory the ranking of each institution to which they have applied. And while there are numerous ranking schemes-Money magazine's "Best College Values,'' Princeton Review's "Top Party Schools," and the "Gourman Report" to name just a few-the one most often cited in the rankings game is "America's Best Colleges" by US. News & World Report. U.S. News produced its first national rankings in 1983, basing its results on the composite scores of an opinion survey of college and university presidents. Over the next two decades, the magazine both refined and made more complex its methodology, adding "quantifiable" variables and shifting the weights assigned to items, ostensibly to fine-tune its process of assessing institutional quality. The resulting methodology all but ensures, by its very construct, that a system characterized by glacial change will seem volatile enough to have a shake-up in the ordering of institutions every year. That reshuffling has included wide swingsvariations that ultimately raise the question, "What exactly is it that the U S . News rankings are measuring?' U.S. News' own answer is simple and direct: the rankings identify America's best colleges and universities by measuring quality. Researchers working with The Learning Alliance at the University of Pennsylvania have an alternate answer, arguing that what the rankings actually measure are the shape and preferences of the higher education market. In this issue of The Landscape, their taxonomy segmenting the collegiate marketplace goes head-to-head with U S . News rankings. The results indicate what the rankings game ultimately captures, as well as how institutions' standings compare to their ordering in the market taxonomy.


The properties of aqueous solutions of non-ionic thickening polymers using in pharmacy were studied after the introduction of antiseptics of the guanidine series: chlorhexidine and its high molecular analog (polyguanidine chloride). The intramolecular interaction between guanidine antiseptics and thickening agents was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. A quantitive measure of changes in the properties (surface tension, viscosity, drug realease) of the aqueous compositions of antiseptics and thickening agents with ionic charge as compared to placebo and to each other was found using the Rebinder device, Ubellohde viscometer, and dialysis via semipermeable membrane.


5559Background: In the CARD (NCT02485691) study, radiographic PFS (rPFS), PFS and OS were significantly improved with CBZ vs. androgen-signaling-targeted agents (ARTA; ABI or ENZ) in pts with mCRPC...


Clustering unsupervised classification according to similarity of objects is one of common tools in data mining.Unfortunately,many traditional clustering algorithms assumed the distribution of each feature is uniformed.By researching and analyzing relief algorithms and its weakness in clustering,a novel feature criterion function based on relief algorithm has been proposed in the paper.Meanwhile,we apply the function into feature learning clustering in order to counteract the negative affects by the given feature weighting wrongly.


Aim: This study was conducted to share our experiences, analyses and results related to patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with the aim of contributing to the literature in the diagnosis and treatment of and the combat against the COVID-19 disease. Here, we report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients as well as their treatments and clinical outcomes. Method: This study was conducted as a descriptive and epidemiological study. We included patients admitted to the secondary step public hospital in Kahramanmaras, affiliated with the Ministry of Health, and who were evaluated, followed-up and treated for diagnosed of COVID-19. The patients' data such as age, gender, complaints, blood test results, imaging findings, PCR results and prognosis were recorded. Results: 73 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were examined. 42.5% of the patients were aged 60 and over. The most complaints of the patients diagnosed with COVID-19, were cough, fever and shortness of breath.57% of the patients had lymphocytopenia, and 42.3% had hypocalcemia. Conclusion: While the typical symptoms are crucial in patients applying for COVID-19, healthcare workers should also pay attention to atypical symptoms. The PCR test is primarily used in the diagnosis of COVID-19, but detecting compatibility with COVID-19 in CT of the thorax is more effective in diagnosis. COVID-19 patients have high D-dimer, CRP, PCT and ferritin levels and low lymphocyte levels. Most patients were observed to have a good general condition, with low overall mortality rates. The main issue in combatting COVID-19 is isolation and hygiene conditions.


Abstract: 61 actinomycete strains were isolated by culture techniques in mangrove forests in Cat Ba, Hai Phong and Xuan Thuy, Nam Dinh. The 31 isolates (50.82%) showed the antibacterial activity with at least one of test microorganisms including Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus , in which two strains SCA N2.2 and GI H1.3 had strongest antibacterial activity. Two strains growed at optimal temperature at 37oC. Strain SCA N2.2 could grow in the medium with 3% NaCl concentration while GI H1.3 strains growed in the medium without NaCl. Based on morphology, color of colony, biological characteristic and 16S rDNA sequence , GI H1.3 strain and SCA N2.2 strain were classified  to  Actinomadura genus and Streptomyces genus, and were considered as Actinomadura glauciflava _AB1846 and Streptomyces griseoincarnatus _AB184207, respectively. Keywords: Actinomyces, antimicrobial, isolation, mangrove forests, 16S rDNA .


An education reform of training students self-study and innovation ability is widely developing,as the base of personnel training,it must to deepen the education reform and build appropriate education,but there are still many other problems,such as cultivation objective is inaccurate.So constructing the training mode,teaching course system and practice teaching platform of manage innovative talents,have great significance.


The use of the run-time security evaluation (RTSE) method for a distributed application takes a toll in ouerall application performance. The associated overhead and its major sources are discussed, along with possible solutions for improvements, and questions that remain still open. 2 Overview of RTSE


A simple circuit, which provides a flow rate sensor which can accurately detect a detection signal corresponding to the direction of fluid flow. A upstream heat generating element 12a, the average temperature of the downstream side heating element 12b, the average temperature control unit 1a, always kept higher temperature by a predetermined temperature than the temperature of the fluid detected by the fluid temperature detecting unit 2 together, the voltage ratio control unit 8a, the temperature difference between the upstream heat generating element 12a and the downstream-side heat generating member 12b, or to voltage ratio applied becomes a predetermined value, the upstream side heating element 12a, respectively, downstream heating element and controls the heating current flowing in 12b, to obtain a detection signal corresponding to the direction of flow of the fluid from the state of the control, the direction of flow of the fluid is determined forward flow or backflow of. .FIELD 1


The hardware and software used to realize an electroacoustic music composition exerts a major influence on the creative processes, the selection of effective composing strategies and the quality of the sounds produced. This paper examines some aspects of the relationship between the concepts and procedures embodied in a work and their realization via the human-machine interface in general. It also explores the degree to which certain compositional procedures may arise directly from the architecture of devices in the production chain in contrast to either compositional planning or aural necessity.


Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary disease that is characterized by fever, peritonitis, arthritis, skin lesions in the form of erysipelas and has recurrent episodes of fever and features of autosomal recessive autoimmunity. In FMF, which is an inflammatory disease, while procoagulant factors increase both during episodes and inter-episode periods, the anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity decrease. As a result, predisposition to thrombosis occurs. A 46-year-old female patient, while she was being followed-up because of acute FMF episode in the Rheumatology department, she was admitted to the stroke unit due to the right shift of the mouth, speech disorder, the left side weakness and numbness. In the brain and diffusion Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging of the patient, it was seen that there was the diffusion restriction in the field irrigated by right middle cerebral artery, and the intra-infarct hematoma on right side at the level of basal ganglia in follow-up. It was thought to be appropriate to present the case, which applied with ischemic stroke symptom and had development of intra-infarct hematoma in follow-up, due to the coexistence of two clinical forms. There were no similar cases that had coexistence of two different clinical symptoms, in the literature.


The three-dimensional display of each leaf of a number of adjacent plants was measured with a spatial coordinate apparatus on five occasions during the growth of a tobacco crop. Several architectural characteristics of the foliage display were estimated from these data. A truncated ellipsoid adequately described plant extent and allowed the calculation and analysis of vertical profiles of leaf area distribution within the plant volume. Foliage densities ranged between 5 and 12 m-1 in small plants and in the upper regions of larger plants. Plants with leaf areas in excess of 0.8 m2 had a leaf area density of approximately 3.2 m-1. In mature crops, the foliage extended further into the inter-row space than into the space occupied by neighbouring plants in the row. Mean leaf angle was 40° and elevation distributions were remarkably similar throughout growth and development. Foliage inclination consistently decreased with depth in the canopy. Azimuth distributions of foliage were not significantly different from that of a uniform distribution. The data are discussed in the context of assumptions that are commonly used in representations of canopy structure.


Lee and Rosenblatt Lee, H. L., M. J. Rosenblatt. 1986. A generalized quantity discount pricing model to increase supplier's profits. Management Sci.32 9 1177-1185. considered the joint problem of ordering and offering discount by a supplier to his sole buyer, the objective of the supplier being to induce the buyer to alter his order quantities in order to increase the supplier's yearly profit. They determined the optimal ordering and pricing policy for the supplier under the constraint on the amount of discount offered to the purchaser. This restriction on the amount of price discount seems unreasonable when the objective of the supplier, in all likelihood, is to increase his own profits. It is possible that higher discounts in purchase price may lead to greater economies for the supplier. In this note, a much simpler approach is being offered for determining the optimal ordering and pricing policy for the supplier.


Long glass fiber reinforced PET(LFT-PET)engineering plastics was prepared by a self-developed on-line plastics processing equipment,and the mechanical properties of LFT-PET were compared with those of the short glass fiber reinforced PET(SFT-PET)prepared with double screw extruder.The results showed all of the me- chanical properties of LFT-PET was better than those of SFT-PET.When both of the mass fractions of the glass fibers was 30%,the tensile strength,bending strength and impact strength of LFT-PET were 1.4,1.5 and 3 times of those of SFT-PET respectively.


Ultra-Wideband(UWB) impulse radiation antenna arrays are widely used for its flexible radiation pattern and high gain.However,inter-element mutual coupling should be studied carefully because the arrays involve non-linear elements.Simulation and experiments taking constant impedance TEM horn as an array element show that mutual coupling is closely related to inter-element distance and frequency band.Mutual coupling increases radiation power in low frequency band and boosts the magnitude of pulses in the principal direction of the antenna array.


Literature on Diaspora media clearly shows that the media plays a crucial role in the construction of migrant identities. The capacity of Diaspora media to initiate change in undemocratic societies has vastly increased, creating new sources of information, and platform for scrutinizing home governments by orchestrating international pressure against unpopular policies. However, little is known as to the potential impacts of Diaspora media on democratization processes. The goal of this research is to examine how the emerging transnational media environment and digitization of information are influencing unfettered exchange of ideas, culture, and openness, as well as creating a world without borders. Interviews of a purposeful sample of 15 respondents and a 5-member focus group drawn from different immigrant communities in New York, academics, editors, and proprietors of Diaspora media networks including online editions, and civil society will seek to illuminate the extent to which media consumption and communication technologies have become increasingly important in the formation of shared identities for immigrant populations. Structured interviews will investigate 5 topical areas derived from the literature including globalization, media convergence, advocacy, democratization, and transparency. Emergent themes regarding citizen empowerment will be extracted from the interview data and then triangulated with those themes that will be identified from the focus group. The results from this study will provide a significant framework for governments in democratic transition, policy makers, civil society, students, and researchers interested in media, democracy, and open society. Also, the study will add to the body of knowledge about journalism practice across borders. The findings will potentially impact positive social change by addressing key issues relevant to transnational cultures, multiculturalism, and improvement of community journalism.


In this paper, we present a robust spectro-temporal feature extraction technique using autoregressive models (AR) of sub-band Hilbert envelopes. AR models of Hilbert envelopes are derived using frequency domain linear prediction (FDLP). From the sub-band Hilbert envelopes, spectral features are derived by integrating these envelopes in short-term frames and the temporal features are formed by converting these envelopes into modulation frequency components. The spectral and temporal feature streams are then combined at the phoneme posterior level and are used as the input features for a recognition system. For the proposed features, robustness is achieved by using novel techniques of noise compensation and gain normalization. Phoneme recognition experiments on telephone speech in the HTIMIT database show significant performance improvements for the proposed features when compared to other robust feature techniques (average relative reduction of 10.6 % in phoneme error rate). In addition to the overall phoneme recognition rates, the performance with broad phonetic classes is also reported.


GARDNER reported in 1935 that the pubic symphysis of the mouse separates during pregnancy and that a small amount of separation could be obtained by prolonged treatment of castracted mice with estrogens (Gardner, 1936). Hall and Newton (1946, 1947), however, showed that it was necessary to inject castrated mice with pregnant rabbit serum (PRS) in addition to a preliminary treatment with estrone in order to duplicate the rapid rate of separation observed during pregnancy. Further work by Hall (1948) indicated the necessity of pretreating the mice with estrogen for a period of five to eight days in order to obtain the maximum response to PRS. Because PRS is an excellent source of relaxin, and since the same type of response, i.e. pelvic relaxation, is obtained in both the mouse and guinea pig, Hall (1948) suggested that the measurement of pubic relaxation in the mouse could be used as an assay for relaxin.


drogenase (decarboxylating) were less active in leukocytes (mostly myeloblasts) from eight patients vith acute myeloblastic leukemia (I) than in leukocytes (mostly granulocytes) from 16 normal subjects (II) or 16 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (Ill). (b) Of the enzymes of the citrate cleavage pathway, ATP citrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) were virtually absent in the cells studied. (c) lsocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, which, together with the much more active malate dehydrogenase, constitute a newly proposed NADPH-forming metabolic cycle, showed a higher activity in I than in II or Ill, and therefore could compensate, as concerns NADPHgeneration, for the low activity of pentose cycle dehydrogenases. We are not sure whether the enzymatic characteristic of I cells is attributable to their immaturity or to their leukemic nature. AddItIonal Keyphrases: pentose phosphate pathway NADPH-formingcycle


In this paper, we apply the invariant region theory [1] and the compensated compactness method [2] to study the singular limits of stiff relaxation and dominant diffusion for the Cauchy problem of a system of quadratic flux and the Le Roux system, and obtain the convergence of the solutions to the equilibrium states of these systems.


The quality control of graduation thesis of the major of administration has become the important aspect of examining teaching quality.According to the graduation thesis of business major graduates from Jiangsu Teachers University of Technology,this article briefly made analysis on the issues of writing papers.The investigation involves four aspects: the role,the title,the writing,the guide and appraise of graduation thesis.Finally,the article focused on how to evaluate graduation thesis based on the characteristic of talents——training mode of applied academies.


This chapter explores the roles that structure plays in the similes in Vergil's Aeneid from both a cognitive and an aesthetic perspective. First, it describes the forms of similes in Homeric poetry and compares these to the Aeneid, concentrating especially on the marked differences in how the end of a simile is treated and on linking these features to the compositional and performance contexts of Homeric epic and the Aeneid. The chapter examines two pairs of similes as case studies of the aesthetic possibilities that the varied structures of Aeneid similes open up for both the poet and the audience. The two similes in the expedition and death of Nisus and Euryalus in Book 9 both lack an explicit end point. Two similes describing Turnus in Books 9-12 have the same form as a Homeric simile most commonly does, even though that form is comparatively rare in the Aeneid. Keywords: Aeneid; Homeric epic; simile structure; Vergil


BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY
The occurrence of mechanical valve thrombosis was studied in a chronic sheep model of valve implantation in the pulmonary position.

METHODS
Six monoleaflet and six bileaflet mechanical valves were implanted in young sheep. Anticoagulation was stopped at one week postoperatively, after which weekly fluoroscopic evaluation was performed. Animals were sacrificed at the moment of any abnormality on the fluoroscopic image or, if no abnormality occurred, at fixed time intervals of two and three months. After explantation, valves were examined macroscopically, by stereomicroscopy, histology and scanning electron microscopy. Lung biopsies were taken.

RESULTS
All monoleaflet valves remained functionally intact for up to three months without anticoagulation, but explantation after two or three months revealed thrombi attached to struts, cuspal surface and valve ring. All bileaflet valves, except one, showed obvious dysfunction on fluoroscopy (one or both cusps fixed) within a time frame of three to eight weeks after implantation. Histology and scanning electron microscopy showed primary thrombotic material in one or both hinges, obstructing further cusp movement. Lung embolism was detected in only one animal among biopsy specimens.

CONCLUSION
The low-pressure environment of the pulmonary position caused primary thrombotic changes in all implanted mechanical valves. The thrombosis caused severe mechanical dysfunction only in the bileaflet valves, probably due to their delicate hinge mechanism. These findings may be used in the further development of an animal model of mechanical valve thrombosis.


The invention discloses a method which is used for automatically generating an optical path service in a communication pipeline resource management system, which is characterized in that: by establishing an interface of transmission network pipeline, the cable topology connection relationship is gained by the transmission network pipeline system and the optical path service route is automatically generated on physical optical fibre. The method of the invention reduces the working quantity of service optical path recording of the user and ensures the accuracy of physical fibre jumping and service optical path.


Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an emerging public health crisis and biomarkers are playing a large role in AD research. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) holds advantages over existing biomarkers for AD. This project aims to measure subfield thickness throughout the hippocampal long axis using HippUnfold, a novel open-source automated hippocampal segmentation software. Methods: High resolution (0.39×0.39×2mm) Hippocampal MR Images [control, n= 16, mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n =16), and AD, (n = 16)] acquired by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were analyzed with an automated segmentation software (HippUnfold) to compute thickness measurements. ADNI data such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) biomarkers, Cerebrospinal Fluid biomarkers, and cognitive scores such as Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS13), and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), were correlated to thickness along the hippocampal long axis using linear regression models. Results: We found significant cluster correlations (p < 0.05) throughout the long axis between hippocampal subfield thickness to MoCA scores, ADAS13 scores, PET phosphorylated tau levels, and PET beta-amyloid levels. Conclusions: Subfield atrophy throughout the hippocampal long axis is associated with disease severity (as measured with existing biomarkers and cognitive testing) in patients with MCI and AD.


Controlling robots based on human motion recognition visually has attracted much attention recently. Classical methods are mainly with single viewpoint, like interaction via Microsoft Kinect depth sensor. However, such methods will strictly limit the interaction range and human users have to face the visual sensor. Stereo vision methods are helpful to implement a viewpoint-free system. Visual hull, a classical stereo vision method, can provide the estimated 3D shape of the avatar and prepare further processing such as recognition. Upon the previous visual hull methods (single object), this paper proposes a visual hull algorithm which can calculate the 3D surface of multiple objects (multiple users or scene with the user and occlusion objects). When dealing with several co-existing objects, the silhouette of each object is separated first. Then the visual hull of each object is computed independently. Experimental results are shown to prove the effectiveness of our method. The proposed method will lead to a better human-robot interaction.


In developing countries like Nigeria, the exacerbation of thermal discomfort in a living space is closely associated with high cost of air conditioning systems and the epileptic power supply. This paper therefore attempts to determine the contribution of each of the cooling load component of a modest residential building with the view of meliorating thermal comfort by manipulating the components that contribute significantly to the total cooling load of the building. To achieve the set objectives, the sources of heat load both internal and external were identified and their relative contributions to the total cooling load were determined. The results show that external heat load which encompasses heat gain through walls, windows, roof, and infiltration heat load, contributes about 87% of the total cooling load of the building. Significant reduction of the external cooling load by passive measures will not only make the occupants of the building to have relief comfort but can also reduce the size, cost and the power requirement of the air conditioning system to be used in the building. Amelioration of thermal comfort by mitigation of the external cooling load of a building using passive measures is recommended.


Objective:To investigate the effect of the fiberoptic bronchoscope guided nasotracheal intubation in rescuing patients with respiratory failure in the COPD.Methods:50 cases of COPD patients with severe respiratory failure in the fiber bronchoscope after nasotracheal intubation mechanical ventilation treatment,the success rate,clinical symptoms,blood gas analysis were observed.Results:The success rate of 50 patients guided by fiberbronchoscope through nasal tracheal intubation was 100%,50 patients had fewer complications,short operating time (0.5~2 min),blood gas analysis of pH,PaO2 and PaCO2 significantly improved (P0.01),SaO2 rose.Conclusion:Guided by fiberbronchoscope through nasal tracheal intubation in treatment of severe respiratory failure patient is safety,rapid,the intubation success rate is high,can effectively correct the respiratory failure,improve ventilation,improve the success rate of emergency patients.


Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was once considered a rare and untreatable condition. Over the past half-century, however, a dramatic surge in research has led not only to a clearer understanding of this problem but also to the realization that it is fairly common and impairing, afflicting up to about 3% of the population. When the prevalence and functional impairment are considered together with the anxiety and distress that individuals with this OCD experience, one recognizes that this condition represents a significant public health concern. With this in mind, the present volume focuses on advances and emerging clinical implications in the field of OCD and related disorders with respect to assessment, treatment, treatment augmentation, and basic science.


Abstract The paper uses Lévy processes and bivariate Lévy copulae in order to model the behavior of intraday log-returns. Based on assumptions about the form of marginal tail integrals and a Clayton Lévy copula, the model allows for capturing intraday cross-dependency. The model is applied to VaR of the portfolios constructed on stock returns as well as on cryptocurrencies. The proposed method shows fair performance compared to classical time series models.


Silkworm vitellin was radioactively labeled both in vivo upon injection of [32P]phosphate and in vitro upon incubation of tissue extracts with [γ-32P]ATP. Phosphorylation of vitellin was also demonstrated in the cultured ovary. [32P]phosphate groups were added to serine residues of the peptide, indicating that silkworm vitellin is a phosphoprotein. SDS slab gel electrophoresis revealed three major labeled peptides in cases of in vitro and in vivo labeling methods. Two of them were identified, with specific anti-vitellin serum, as vitellin subunits, whereas another labeled peptide has not yet been characterized. The latter protein was not found in the hemolymph and fat body, suggesting that it is specifically localized in the ovary but immunologically different from vitellin. Protein kinase activities capable of phosphorylating vitellogenin and vitellin were identified in various tissues of the silkworm and the kinases from the ovary were partially characterized.


Sn only by a permutation of its rows and columns, then G is isomorphic to Sn. In this paper we consider a question naturally raised by Nagao's result. To state it, we must recall that the ordinary irreducible characters of Sn are canonically labelled by the partitions of n, and that this set also labels the conjugacy classes of Sn. Given partitions and of n, let ( ) be the value of the irreducible character of Sn labelled by on elements of cycle type . Now suppose that one has discovered (for example, by applying Nagao's theorem) that a given square matrix is an unlabelled character table of the symmetric group Sn. We ask: when can one go further, and uniquely reconstruct the partitions labelling its rows and columns? The answer is


This research aims at diagnosing such priority areas for the development of petrochemicals in Russia as sustainable development and energy efficiency, at identifying trends and forecasting the development of the industry, taking into account the greening of the industry. Achieving the goal is based on the use of methods such as graphical, comparative, economic and mathematical (neural network modeling, correlation regression analysis), and prognostic. The article contains an assessment of the achievement of the sustainable development goals focused on energy saving and environmental protection; forecasting the level of greenhouse gas emissions in Russia based on the construction of a neural network and a regression model; comparative analysis of the rates of transition to sustainable development of chemical production and production of coke and petroleum products in the Russian economy. The scientific results of the research are a neural network model trained on the indicators of sustainable and energy efficient development of the Russian economy, on the basis of which the relationship between the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the energy intensity of GDP and the share of electricity from renewable energy sources is formalized; a predictive model that made it possible to calculate future values of greenhouse gas emissions depending on the target values of predictive variables; features of the greening of petrochemical industries in Russia.


The peculiarities of introduction the corporate information systems (CIS) at the enterprises have been considered in the article. The brief review of up-to-date CIS presented in the domestic market and their functionality has been made. The main steps of information systems introduction process and the risks concerned have been described.


SUMMARY In this Letter, a new face recognition approach based on curvelets and local ternary patterns (LTP) is proposed. First, we observe that the curvelet transform is a new anisotropic multi-resolution transform and can efficiently represent edge discontinuities in face images, and that the LTP operator is one of the best texture descriptors in terms of characterizing face image details. This motivated us to decompose the image using the curvelet transform, and extract the features in different frequency bands. As revealed by curvelet transform properties, the highest frequency band information represents the noisy information, so we directly drop it from feature selection. The lowest frequency band mainly contains coarse image information, and thus we deal with it more precisely to extract features as the face's details using LTP. The remaining frequency bands mainly represent edge information, and we normalize them for achieving explicit structure information. Then, all the extracted features are put together as the elementary feature set. With these features, we can reduce the features' dimension using PCA, and then use the sparse sensing technique for face recognition. Experiments on the Yale database, the extended Yale B database, and the CMU PIE database show the effectiveness of the pro


The fabrication of the first metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on Hg1−xCdxTe is reported using MOCVD grown layers on GaAs substrates. An epitaxial CdTe overlayer has been incorporated in the device structure for the enhancement of Schottky barrier characteristics. The interdigitated devices (2.3 μm electrode width, 3.3 μm spacing) exhibited a breakdown voltage of −60 V and responsivities of more than 1.0 A/W at a wavelength of 1.3 μm and bias voltage of 40 V. Over the range of bias voltage examined, the dark leakage current of the detectors was dependent on the choice of contact metal, with minimum values of 10 nA at <1 V for Pt/CdTe/Hg1−xCdxTe.


The half century after 1949 has seen a negative growth of ethnic Korean population in Yanbian area.This situation can be attributed to such aspects as:the different culture of child bearing,the difference in population growth rate,the effect of population flow and the implementation of child bearing policy.If efficient policies are adopted,this situation can be improved.


Compact arrays are known to be associated with antenna coupling and noise correlation. The noise can be either antenna noise, LNA noise or downstream noise. Due to these effects, it was shown that the matching network affects the performance of MIMO systems with coupled receiver antennas. Since the optimal multiport matching network is of very high complexity as well as very narrow operation bandwidth, development of single-port (SP) matching networks that boost the performance became inevitable. In this paper we develop a gradient-search algorithm to design the matching network for achievable rate maximization of multi user MIMO systems. For any combination of noise sources, we rigorously derive the exact gradient of the achievable rate with respect to the components of the matching network. We assume either full knowledge of the spatial channel or knowing its statistical properties. In the later case we optimize the matching network to maximize the Jensen's bound. Substantial performance enhancement is shown when our algorithms are used. Significant reduction in the array area is gained in comparison to the often used λ/2 antenna spacing without taking coupling into account. This can be vital for future wireless systems adopting massive MIMO arrays. Via eigenvalues distribution simulations at different SNR regimes, we show an intuitive link to the communication theory.


I T O OUTSIDERS, there has always been a grim fascination in the fact that Western monotheism, which arrogates to its God exclusive power to redeem us from evil, should itself be so bedeviled by the apparently simple yet evident proposition that something is evil. But even such comparative insiders as Augustine and Dostoevski have been obsessed by the irony implicit in the fact that, having hopefully begun by justifying themselves to God, they must end despairingly by having to find excuses for him. Between man's justice and God's Justice, as Abraham and Job discovered, there falls a shadow whose darkness becomes only the more inscrutable as the light of human reason is trained upon it. This enigma, or paradox, which marks the profoundest crisis of faith and morals that the monotheist knows, is usually referred to as "the problem of evil." It might, with more propriety, be labeled "the problem of faith and conscience." Compared with it, the metaphysical perplexities inherent in the notions of a casa sui or a necessary being are, in Locke's sense, trifling. The latter belong to an episode in the history of a rationalistic theology whose connection with the faith of the prophets, the apostles, and the fathers of the church remains problematic. The problem of evil is of a different order. What it concerns is the ultimate consistency of a form of life, and what it threatens is the faith animating that form of life. No solution to it would extend by a hair's breadth either our grasp of relations of ideas or our knowledge concerning matters of fact. It would be more appropriate, indeed, to speak, not of solutions to the problem of evil, but of modes of absolution from it. In these gay and gaudy days of existentialism and neo-orthodoxy, such remarks may seem merely to underline the dangers of consecutive thinking about religious and ethical problems. Such was not their intention. A problem does not transcend logic merely because we can call it practical or existential.-The inconsistency between the faith and the conscience of the traditional monotheist cannot be removed, certainly, by the methods available to empirical science, mathematics, or linguistic philosophy. But the very fact that it can be stated with some precision ought to be sufficient evidence that religious utterances, as well


Explicit construction of harmonic maps from R 1,1 to classical semisimple Lie groups SL(N,R),SU(p,q),Sp(p,q),SO(p,q) by using Darboux transformation are given. A new parallel transport was obtained from a known one via a purely algebraic algorithm and a new harmonic map is given.


We demonstrate a compact and low-power wavelength-division multiplexing transmitter near a 1550-nm wavelength using silicon microrings. The transmitter is implemented on a silicon-on-insulator photonics platform with a compact footprint of 0.5 mm2. The transmitter incorporates 8 wavelength channels with 200-GHz spacing. Each channel achieved error-free operation at 40 Gb/s, resulting in an aggregated data transmission capability of 320 Gb/s. To our knowledge, this is the highest aggregated data rate demonstrated in silicon wavelength-division multiplexing transmitters. Owing to the small device capacitance and the efficient pn-junction modulator design, the transmitter achieves low energy-per-bit values of 36 fJ/bit under 2.4 Vpp drive and 144 fJ/bit under 4.8 Vpp drive. Comparisons are made to a commercial lithium niobate modulator in terms of bit-error-rate versus optical signal-to-noise ratio.


An administration sub-station was established in the Trobriand archipelago's main centre, Losuia, in the South Eastern Division of British New Guinea (later Papua), in 1904. It was rebuilt in 1910 and continued to operate right through World War II until the present. In March 1950, the Papuan Eastern and South Eastern Divisions were merged to create the Milne Bay District. In 1978 the Milne Bay District acquired Provincial status. The Losuia District Administration now covers the northern part of the Milne Bay Province, with most of the population residing at Kiriwina, Kitava and Murua (Woodlark) Islands. It has two administrative centres, one at Losuia on the island of Kiriwina and a subsidiary centre at Guasopa on the island of Murua. Local Government Councils were established at Kiriwina and Murua in 1966 but were disrupted by the emergence of the Kabisawali Movement in 1972 which promoted Trobriand control of their own economic and political affairs in opposition to the last years of Australian colonial rule. Between 1972 and 1977, Kabisawali opened and operated trade stores and invested in copra, transportation and tourism. While it enjoyed political support and some economic success through the mid to the late 1970s, the movement as a whole had gone into decline by 1980. However, its legacy was signiŽ cant, re ected in changes such as the decision to abolish the Kiriwina Local Government Council in 1990 and replace it with a Kiriwina Community Government, including a chamber of traditional chiefs, constituted under the Milne Bay Provincial charter. While carrying out Ž eldwork in the Trobriand Islands for his doctoral dissertation, the anthropologist Jerry Leach (producer and narrator of the renowned ethnographic Ž lm Trobriand Cricket) surveyed and microŽ lmed important archives kept in Losuia. These records were drawn upon for Dr Leach's research on the Kabisawali Movement. According to Martha Mcintyre's Kula: a bibliography, in the 1970s Dr Leach microŽ lmed records of the Losuia District Administration and Methodist Mission in the Trobriands, 1894–1974 (987 frames), and the Kiriwina Local Government Council, 1966–74 (750 frames).1 Allan Darrah and his colleague Jay Crain, of the Anthropology Department, California State University, Sacramento, had embarked on a project to digitise the Trobriand corpus of ethnographic literature as a research tool.2 Noting Martha Macintyre's reference to Dr Leach's microŽ lms, Dr Darrah contacted Dr Leach who indicated that he had given all his Trobriands material to the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Anthropology Curator, Jay Homiak, reported to Allan Darrah that Jerry Leach's microŽ lms had not been accessioned. As it appeared that they were lost, it was felt necessary to try to access the