When the eighteenth century began, the British Colonies in North America had a system of education that was inherited from prior centuries. The biological sciences, the mathematical sciences, and Aristotelian physics were represented in this system, but the earth sciences were not. Within colleges, curricula emphasized classical languages, many students were very young, few professors had profound ties with a specific discipline, and the system was not flexible. As the century progressed, major changes in schools and in the general culture acted to change geological education. The number of well-traveled literate people increased and they described the earth in books and diaries. More books and periodicals were published and, in the last half of the century, scientific societies began to take root, scientific agriculture became popular, and groups of educators developed strong interests in aspects of geology such as earthquakes, minerals, and vertebrate fossils. Further, formal education in medicine grew ...


Information on the distribution of Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) in Spain was gathered by sampling different legume crops (faba bean 'Muchamiel', forage faba bean, pea and chickpea) in four regions (Murcia, Andalucia, Castilla y Leon, and Extremadura). The virus was detected by TAS-ELISA in faba bean 'Muchamiel' and peas only in the Murcia region. A portion of 272 bp within the C5 component of a FBNYV from Murcia was amplified by IC-PCR and directly sequenced. The Spanish FBNYV was 93.75% identical to two previously sequenced isolates of FBNYV from Syria and Egypt. Periodic samplings of faba bean 'Muchamiel' over one growing season (Oct. 1999 to Jan. 2000) in Murcia provided no clear evidence of any spread of the disease either within or beyond the affected fields. Mixed infections of FBNYV and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV) and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) were commonly observed. The necrotic symptoms developed on the leaf borders were more pronounced in these mixed infections. Transmission experiments using a Spanish isolate as inoculum source and the aphid species Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis craccivora showed that both are efficient FBNYV vectors. In these experiments, the faba bean cvs. 'Aguadulce', 'Muchamiel' and 'Valenciana' were all susceptible to FBNYV. Additional key words: IC-PCR, legume virus, mixed infections, sequencing, TAS-ELISA, viruliferous aphids. Resumen


The potential of our energy sources in Indonesia is getting thinner day by day. Energy sources that come from fossils if we take it continuously will run out and cannot be renewed. Therefore, it is necessary to have an alternative source of renewable energy, one of the renewable energies to replace fossil energy, is wood biomass. One of the woods that can be used as a renewable energy source is Kaliandra wood (Calliandra calothyrsus). Calliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) is a type of tree that can grow throughout the year. The problem faced in generative breeding of Kaliandra is the low seed germination caused by Kaliandra seeds having hard seed dormancy, and the skin has a waxy coating. To overcome the problem of meeting the needs of Kaliandra wood in energy resources, vegetative propagation of plants is needed, one of which is stem cuttings. This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness of the successful growth of Kaliandra stem cuttings using various concentrations of growth regulator Rootone F. The research method used is quantitative by conducting various experiments, namely treatment of Kaliandra stem cuttings without treatment, treatment using Rootone-f hormone with concentration (100 ppm), and treatment using the hormone Rootone-f with a concentration (200 ppm). The results showed that the number of shoots and the number of leaves were the same in each treatment, namely 1 shoot. The length of shoots in the Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 (ppm), produced the largest shoot length of 0.71 cm, the percentage of life in the Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 ( ppm) was 6.67%, and the root length of Kaliandra cuttings on Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 (ppm) produced the largest 0.25 cm.


This paper analyzed the development of SME E- business in Jilin province,expounded the problems in the development of E- commerce,and put forward the corresponding solution.


We describe an extension of the Enzo code to enable fully coupled radiation hydrodynamical simulation of inhomogeneous reionization in large ∼(100 Mpc)3 cosmological volumes with thousands to millions of point sources. We solve all dynamical, radiative transfer, thermal, and ionization processes self-consistently on the same mesh, as opposed to a postprocessing approach which coarse-grains the radiative transfer. We do, however, employ a simple subgrid model for star formation which we calibrate to observations. The numerical method presented is a modification of an earlier method presented in Reynolds et al. differing principally in the operator splitting algorithm we use to advance the system of equations. Radiation transport is done in the gray flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation, which is solved by implicit time integration split off from the gas energy and ionization equations, which are solved separately. This results in a faster and more robust scheme for cosmological applications compared to the earlier method. The FLD equation is solved using the hypre optimally scalable geometric multigrid solver from LLNL. By treating the ionizing radiation as a grid field as opposed to rays, our method is scalable with respect to the number of ionizing sources, limited only by the parallel scaling properties of the radiation solver. We test the speed and accuracy of our approach on a number of standard verification and validation tests. We show by direct comparison with Enzo's adaptive ray tracing method Moray that the well-known inability of FLD to cast a shadow behind opaque clouds has a minor effect on the evolution of ionized volume and mass fractions in a reionization simulation validation test. We illustrate an application of our method to the problem of inhomogeneous reionization in a 80 Mpc comoving box resolved with 32003 Eulerian grid cells and dark matter particles.


Under NASA sponsorship, TRW has been developing an 870-ibf thrust GO2-C2H5OH workhorse engine to demonstrate the feasibility of operation of this engine for non-toxic Shuttle Upgrade. The use of non-toxic propellents will allow reducing cost and schedule for Shuttle Orbiter turnaround operations. The TRW engine design offers a number of advantages. The test engine incorporates design flexibility to allow testing over a wide range of parameters, with functional geometry fully applicable to a flight version. The engine utilizes TRW's flight-proven, dynamically stable, pintle injector. A GOX-fed, columbium-based engine configuration and a LOX-fed, actively cooled chamber version of the engine were investigated. In both cases the injector characteristics could be easily varied during testing through the use of shims and replaceable pintle tips. The GOX-fed configuration was hot fired tested to evaluate both steady state performance and pulse mode response of the engine. As a design evolution of the GOX-fed engine, a concept utilizing an actively cooled heat exchanger (HEX) thrust chamber to vaporize the LOX prior to injection was also tested. The proof-of concept HEX chamber was mated to the GOX-fed injector to demonstrate its ability to operate over a wide range of LOX inSet conditions. This paper presents the design and the test results for the non-toxic 870-ibf-workhorse engine.


This invention relates to a railway wagon for coupling. It is characterized in that it comprises, in combination: a. A coupling to the longitudinal axis; b. A coupling head provided with a rod; c. A removable pin retaining said rod in the coupling; d. An orifice provided in the coupling through which the pin may be withdrawn, near which are two opposed grooves; e. Two stops in the vicinity of said grooves; f. A retaining plate; g. A stop boss carried by said retaining plate; and h. Means which cooperate with the retaining plate to come into contact with the other abutment in order to limit rotation of the retaining plate in the opposite direction when the boss encounters said first abutment. Application to rotary type couplings for railway wagons.


The rating given to a motor is the manufacturer's guarantee of the motor performance under the conditions given on the name plate. Assuming that this rating is entirely safe, then the successful functioning of the motor depends entirely upon the application engineer's analysis of the particular duty that the motor will be required to perform. Where the required motor output is practically constant the application is simple; however, in many cases the motor load is apt to be anything but constant, consisting of loads of all degrees of magnitude, and in such cases the economically correct application is especially difficult. The past improvements made in the motor design, mechanically and electrically, have resulted in greater importance of the motor-operating temperatures, in fact in the great majority of cases the motor rating is limited only by the motor temperature. It is obvious then that correct motor applications depend to a very great extent upon correct operating temperatures. Ratings such as the continuous, short-time, normal, and duty-cycle ratings give the performance of the motors under some particular conditions; however, the duty required of a great number of industrial and railway motors will not agree with any of the above ratings. Thus the application of motors to cranes, hoists, steel mills, and railways must be made with the knowledge of the motor's performance under one or more arbitrary conditions. In general the two ratings which should be known for motor application to such irregular duty are the continuous and a short-time rating. The time period of the short-time rating should not exceed one hour and in many cases a one-half hour run is preferable. The correct application of a motor requires a knowledge of the thermal conditions inside of the motor. Thus it is evident that the motor must be able to dissipate eventually all of the heat losses generated. On a continuous load the final rate at which the heat is transferred from the motor to the air will be equal to the rate of heat generation. The resulting temperature rise can be estimated with the physical conditions known. This is simply a problem in physics and involves the conditions of ventilation with the corresponding ventilating surfaces. To predetermine the internal temperatures requires a knowledge of the rate of heat flow along the various heat flow paths to the ventilating surfaces. Under irregular loads the temperatures are transient and are determined not only by the conditions of ventilation and rates of heat flow, but also by the motor's ability to store heat, which is proportional to the product of the motor's mass and specific heat. Hence the temperature rise of any part of a motor under any given load for some definite time is a function of the rate of heat flow from that part to the surrounding air and its thermal capacity. Thus from the known physical conditions the temperature rise of the motor can be predetermined and with certain assumptions a simple equation can be developed which will give an approximate value of the motor temperature under any given load conditions. When the constants of the theoretical equations are based upon tests (such as given by short-time and continuous rating) the above method of temperature predetermination will be sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes, and will make possible the calculation of the motor temperature rise under any duty cycle. The temperatures referred to are not only those temperatures obtained by thermometers upon the surfaces of the machines, but also the maximum internal temperatures, since it is the latter temperatures which first produce insulation failure. The temperatures obtained by thermometers bear no fixed relation to the maximum temperatures for all types of machines under various loads. In order to have something concrete to work upon the writer has taken up the heating and cooling characteristics of railway motors. A brief analysis of the heating at the standard ratings is given. The fundamental equations defining the temperature rise of a motor on a continuous or short-time load are developed, and finally the applications of these equations are made in several specific examples.


A new series of 4-cyclopropyl-5-(2-fluorophenyl)arylhydrazono-2,3-dihydrothiazole derivatives was synthesized via the reaction of prepared thiosemicarbazones with 2-bromo-1-cyclopropyl-2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanone in the presence of Et3N as a catalyst through a semi Hantzsch cyclization. The optimized reaction conditions for this one-pot reaction were achieved. The products were obtained in short reaction times, high yields and high purities. Antioxidant activity of products was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-sulfonate) assays. Products showed higher antioxidant activity using the ABTS method. Compounds 5c and 5g showed lower IC50 values compared with ascorbic acid as a standard. Compounds 5a–5h possessed moderate to high antioxidant activity by both methods. Also, antibacterial activity of 5a–5h was evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. None of the compounds inhibited A. hydrophila, while they had moderate to low inhibitory activity against other tested bacterial strains. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


In this paper we give a new bound for the solutionsx of the title equation, provided that k \ge 8. This bound is polynomial in d. Moreover, under the same condition, a similar bound for the number of solutions in (x, k, y, l) is given.


Thermodynamic cycle analyses of biomass gasifier-based electric power stations at two scales, nominally 5 and 20 MWe (net electric power output), were performed to assess process performance and viability. Various configurations (Rankine, simple, steam-injected gas turbine, and combined cycles) of a 5 MW stand-alone power station were modeled and a 20 MW biomass-based integrated gasifier combined-cycle cogeneration facility at a sugar factory was simulated. Information gained from these analyses will be applied to determine whether biomass gasification based electricity production is practicable in Hawaii and other sugar producing locales.


(Ti1-xAlx)N films were deposited on high speed steel and silicon substrates by reactive sputtering in mixed discharges. Crystalline phases and microhardness of ()N films were investigated with variation of the film composition and substrate RF bias voltage. With Al content x of about 0.6, crystalline phase of ( N films was changed from single-phase NaCl structure to two phase mixture of NaCl and wurtzite structures: Microhardness of ()N films was largely improved by applying RF bias voltage above 50 V during deposition. Hardness of ()N films reached a maximum value for Al content x of about 0.4, and 1900 kg/ was obtained for 1-thick ()N films.


Howard and his colleagues have discovered an instrumentation related contamination which confounds the results of studies which employ self-report measures in a pre/post or posttest only design. This confounding influence is referred to as response-shift bias. Research has demonstrated that the traditional methods of analysis (i.e., analysis of posttests only, analysis of pre/post difference scores, and analysis of covariance using prescores (ANCOVA)) do not consider response-shift bias and produce biased estimates of the treatment effect. A retrospective pre/post design is recommended by Howard and his colleagues to control for response-shift bias. The only method of analysis which yields an unbiased estimate of the treatment effect is posttest minus retrospective pretest difference scores. The purpose of the present study is to determine the relative loss in statistical power of the traditional methods of analysis when response-shift bias is present. Analytic and Monte Carlo techniques were employed to compare the powers of five methods of analysis under various conditions. The results indicate that when there is a response-shift the most powerful method of analysis, overall, is the retrospective pre/post method and the loss in statistical power of the traditional methods can be substantial under many conditions. Recommendations and applications to applied research are discussed.


Objective To study the interference and protection of radix aconiti carmichaeli on acute immune liver injury model of rats.Methods 50 rats were divided randomly into 5 groups,including group A(Ga),group B(Gb),group C(Gc),group D(Gd) and group E(Ge).BCG and LPS were injected intrapefitoneally(ip) to rats in Gb,Gc,Gd and Ge to induce acute immune liver injury.And then Gc,Gd and Ge were treated with different doses of traditional Chinese medicine.ALT,AST and TBIL in serum of rats were observed.Results ALT,AST and TBIL were markedly depressed by radix aconiti carmichaeli,which were different form treatment groups and model group.The diseased tissues showed that the liver injuries of rats in treatment groups were declined.The metabolic examination showed that radix aconiti carmichaeli could reduce the changes made by immune liver injury of small molecule metabolism.Conclusion Radix aconiti carmichaeli can attenuate the liver injury in immune liver injury model rats and possess a certain action of protecting liver and lowering transaminase.


Introduction: Hyperthrophic scar and keloid is a big problem after many operation. Hypertrophic scar depended on many factor one of them is Incision.
Method: This is a randomized clinical trial and sequential sampling in Alzahra hospital and Kashani hospital. we selected two groups, one group we used S shape incision and observed group linear incision. Age was between 10-30 years and dermatological problems and cigaret smoking was Negative in two groups perforated and secondly skin closure was excluded in our study. patient divided in two group each group was twenty and fllowed for one year. Patients satisfaction and skin collor normality and itchiny was evaluated in two groups.
Results: Appearance of scar was different in collor much and shape. Normality for collor of incision in s shape groups were 68.4% but in linar incision was 31.6% (Pvalue= 0.026) with statically meaningful. Mean of scar width: In 5-shape =1.33+0.49mm in Linear shape = 2.23+0.92. P = 0.001. Prevalence of itching was same in both groups.
Discussion: patients overall satisfaction and itching were the same for both groups. skin color normality was 68.4% in 5 shape incision groups versus 31.6% in linear incision groups which has been shown to be statistically meaningful using chi-square test so it seems reasonable to conclude that calor mathing is more favorable in 5 shape incisions rather than linear incision. Mean of scare width in licear incision group was 2.23+0.92 mm versus 1.32+0.49 mm in 5 shape incision group. this difference is also statistically meaningful using T test. 50 it can be concluded that using 5 shape incision is better because post operative scar is smaller and exposure is like linear incision.


In this study, a numerical method has been developed in order to solve fluid-structure interaction problems, and vortex-induced vibration for incompressible viscous flow past an elastically supported circular cylinder is simulated by two-and three-dimensional calculations. In the results of the three-dimensional calculation the lock-in region, the drastic change of the phase angle between lift force and cylinder displacement, and response amplitude of a cylinder in transverse direction show good agreement with experimental values. Furthermore, the hysteresis loop of the response amplitude can be simulated in the lock-in region, and it is pointed out that the hysteresis depends on the change of three-dimensional vortex structure. Because of such a mechanism hysteresis loop and lock-in phenomenon cannot be simulated with sufficient accuracy in the results of a two-dimensional solver.


Distribution and dispersal of T. fluminensis Tradescantia fluminensis is indigenous to the tropical rainforests of SE Brazil and NE Argentina. It has been grown worldwide as an ornamental, and has either naturalised or become invasive in: Australia – invasive Italy Japan Kenya New Zealand – invasive Portugal – invasive (Almeida et al. 2003) Puerto Rico Russian Federation South Africa Swaziland – invasive USA – invasive in Florida (http://www.issg.org/database/species)


A Healing God Comes to Rome: Aesculapius and the Effects of the Arrival of His Cult Jaehyun Kim Director: Alden Smith, Ph.D. The importation of Aesculapius, the Greco-Roman god of medicine, into Rome was a monumental event in Roman history. In order to comprehend the implications of the arrival of Aesculapius as well as the importance of his healing cult to the Romans, this thesis, through careful readings and analyses of various ancient literary works, explores the historical background of Aesculapius, the epigraphy of his importation, the effects that his healing cult had on the Roman world, and the downfall of Aesculapius and his cult mainly effected by the rise of Christianity in antiquity. For many Romans, the healing god"s departure from Epidaurus, his former dwelling, and arrival at Rome signified more than a mere dismissal of the outbreaks of the plague for which they had summoned the deity. The importation – Aesculapius" "willingness" to come to the aid of the Romans – indicated that the gods favored the Romans and that Rome, now the capital of the world, could find the healing it would need to be the international hub. APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF HONORS THESIS: __________________________________________________ Dr. Alden Smith, Department of Classics APROVED BY THE HONORS PROGRAM: _______________________________________________ Dr. Andrew Wisely, Director DATE: ________________________ A HEALING GOD COMES TO ROME: AESCULAPIUS AND THE EFFECTS OF THE ARRIVAL OF HIS CULT A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Baylor University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Honors Program


From the perspective of lattice theory,two kinds of ideals of discrete topology as a locale, which are principal ideal and WB-ideal, and some of their properties are presented.


Formation of Titan's lakes by episodic dissolution and precipiation of a surface layer under semi-arid conditions : comparison with the Pans and calcrete of Etosha (Namibia)


The objective of this study was to assess whether there are any differences between fluoxetine and dothiepin on cognitive function of patients with major depression (DSMIII‐R). A randomized, double‐blind, parallel group design, 6 week trial in patients in general practice was employed where patients were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups, i.e. fluoxetine 20 mg mane or dothiepin 75 mg nocte (increasing to 150 mg in the 2nd week). Eighty‐four depressed patients aged 18–70 (mean 43·8) years were admitted to the study. Cognitive function was assessed by a valid battery of tests before and during treatment. The severity of depression was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) at the start and end of the study. Both treatments were similarly efficacious in reducing the HAMD and performance tended to improve with both drugs during treatment. There were significant differences between the drugs on the critical flicker fusion task where the fluoxetine group performed significantly better than the dothiepin group (p<0·05). The fluoxetine group also had better scores on a mental arithmetic task. No significant differences were observed in the adverse event profiles. The results of this study show that fluoxetine and dothiepin cannot be differentiated in terms of efficacy manifest by changes in the HAMD, but do possess different profiles of action on the battery of cognitive tests. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The utility model discloses a labeling type frozen instruction device, which comprises a body, wherein a diffusion cavity and a liquid storage cavity are arranged in the body, the body on the front portion of the diffusion cavity is provided with a visible window, a diffusion strip is arranged in the diffusion cavity, diffusion liquid can be stored in the liquid storage cavity, an opening is arranged between the liquid storage cavity and the diffusion cavity, and the liquid storage cavity and the diffusion cavity are insulated by a hollow insulation piston. A pressing nail is arranged between the diffusion strip and the insulation piston. A corresponding position below the visible window, which corresponds to the position of the pressing nail in the diffusion cavity, is pasted with a pressing nail motion label. The labeling type frozen instruction device mainly aims to the critical temperature of -18 DEG C, is designed with a product frozen instruction device which can accumulatively record time and temperature variation, can visibly instruct the quality situation of products in the storage conditions of low temperature. The labeling type frozen instruction device is simple and practical, is convenient to operate, and can be used as an instruction device of all goods which need to be frozen and stored in -18 DEG C.


A compact 1064 nm linearly polarized low-noise single-frequency fiber laser has been demonstrated. An over 200 mW stable polarization-maintaining (PM) single-longitudinal-mode laser was achieved from an 8-mm-long custom-built non-PM Yb3+-doped phosphate fiber. The linear polarization extinction ratio (LPER) is larger than 30 dB. The measured relative intensity noise (RIN) is less than -125 dB/Hz at frequencies over 700 kHz. The linewidth of the fiber laser is estimated to be less than 2 kHz.


Abstract: The new technologies for DNA and RNA sequencing have made it possible to identify and analyse individual transcripts and differentially spliced isoforms at a relatively low cost. Several plant genomes are now known, as is the genome output: a multitude of transcripts. Studies are ongoing to understand what their function is and to locate their products in networks and pathways. One useful tool applied for this purpose is RNA silencing. Antisense RNA is one of the gene knock-out technologies that are used in cell and tissue cultures as well as in whole plants. Novel applications and the production of transgenic plants and trees require surveillance of the positive and negative effects on the environment and on life biodiversity in general that may result from their introduction.


The invention relates to a method for the treatment of a cell structure having raw materials in the meat, fleischnebenprodukte-, fish and seafoodverarbeitenden food industry for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and / or reduction of process steps. According to the invention, an electric field having a field strength is applied> 0.5 kV / cm and implements an energy input in the treated cell structure product to a power limit which excludes thermal effects as the primary cause of the changes occurring product. In this way, sets an electroporation of the cell membrane, the semi-permeability of the cell membrane and thus the mass transfer barrier between the cell interior and the surrounding area is canceled reversible or irreversible. Following an accelerated and uniformly distributed recording of liquids by injection or Marination in the created porous matrix of cells is possible, with more in the liquid medium, the product characteristics determining substances can be dissolved or contained. The improved by electroporation mass transport within the tissue can be used by applying suitable driving forces, such as vacuum or corresponding concentration gradient for accelerated removal of water.


Measurements of mortality change among less educated Americans can be biased because the least educated groups (e.g., dropouts) become smaller and more negatively selected over time. We show that mortality changes at constant education percentiles can be bounded with minimal assumptions. Middle-age mortality increases among non-Hispanic Whites from 1992 to 2018 are driven almost entirely by the bottom 10 percent of the education distribution. Drivers of mortality change differ substantially across groups. Deaths of despair explain most of the mortality change among young non-Hispanic Whites, but less among older Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks. Our bounds are applicable in many other contexts. (JEL I12, I26, J15)


A multi-purpose reference work which should become an indispensable companion for anybody who comes into touch with Hinduism. Includes a dictionary of Sanskrit and vernacular terms; a glossary of terms and concepts; and a survey of the historical development of Hinduism.


Microalgae have immense potential as biological sources to produce biofuels and high-value biomolecules. Biofilm-based microalgae cultivation has attracted much interest recently because of its high biomass productivity, reduced water use, and low cost of harvesting. This study aimed to understand the effect of photoperiod on three microalgae biofilms, including Nannochloris oculata, Chlorella sp., and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The examined photoperiods were 3:3 s, 5:5 s, 30:30 min, 12:12 h (light-period-to-dark-period ratio), and continuous lighting. By determining the maximum quantum yield and relative electron transport rate of photosystem II, we found that photoperiods on the seconds scale improved photosynthetic performance of microalgae biofilm. Biomass yield and lipid content of these three microalgae cultured under the photoperiod with the seconds scale increased by 11%–24% and 7%–22%, respectively, compared with those cultured under continuous lighting. In addition, the photoperiods of 3:3 s, 5:5 s, 30:30 min, and 12:12 h were beneficial for protein synthesis. These results have important implications in establishing suitable light regimes for microalgae biofilm-based cultivation systems.


Persimmon crop is growing in importance in Brazil, and with the increase of the production area there also has been an increase in the problems related to diseases and pests. For the control and prevention of these problems, most often it is used pesticides spray, and one of the main techniques is the spray with the aid of air flow. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of changes in the application rate and transfer with a spray gun on the leaves mixture coverage. The spraying was performed using tractor and air flow sprayer. The application was performed with two forward speeds of the equipment, leading to different application rates. The transfer was made with a spray gun attached to the same equipment. For the assessment of the coverage it was used a mixture prepared with fluorescent tracer dissolved in water. Leaves were collected in the inside and outside of the tree. Later, in dark room with ultraviolet lighting to highlight the area affected by the fluorescent tracer, the upper and lower surfaces of each leaf were photographed with a digital camera. Each image was subjected to analysis generated by software SIARCS 3.0, resulting in percentage of coverage. It was used a randomized block design with subdivided parcels with four replications, being the treatments in a 2x2x2 factorial scheme (high or low application rate, with or without transfer, inside or outside the tree). The evaluations were made in the upper and lower leaf surfaces. There was significant interaction between treatments (application rate and spray gun transfer), leaf position and surface. High application rate promoted a significant increase in the coverage of the lower leaves, regardless the site in the plant (inside or outside). The inside leaves had a better coverage with the spray gun transfer. As most of the agents of plant damage begin to occur in the lower surface of leaves, it can conclude that the spray gun transfer was more effective to cover the leaves inside the plant than increasing the application rate.


Two‐dimensional 1H‐nmr methods are described to obtain information on the sidechain conformation of valyl residues of the lac repressor headpiece and to assign the resonances of their methyl groups stereospecifically. The spin–spin coupling constants (Jαβ) between Cαand Cβ protons are obtained from two‐dimensional correlated spectroscopy experiments. Large values for Jαβ(10–12 Hz) corresponding to trans orientations for these protons (g+ conformation) are found for all valyl residues in α‐helical segments. For these valyl residues, the distance between one methyl group (γ1)and the valyl amide proton is much shorter than for the other methyl group, so that stereospecific resonance assignments follow from relative intensities of the corresponding cross peaks in a two‐dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum. Thus, streospecific assignments could be made for the methyl groups of Val 9, 20, 23, and 38 (of a total of eight valyl residues).


The current trend to personalize anticancer therapies mostly relies on selecting the best drug or combination of drugs to achieve optimal efficacy in patients. In addition to the comprehensive genetic and molecular knowledge of each tumor before choosing the drugs to be given, there is probably much room left for improvement by further personalizing the very modes the drugs are given, once they have been carefully selected. In particular, shifting from standard dosing to tailored dosing should help maintaining drug exposure levels in the right therapeutic window, thus ensuring that the efficacy/toxicity balance is optimal. This paper covers the current knowledge regarding PK/PD relationships of anticancer agents, from decades-old cytotoxics to the latest immune checkpoint inhibitors, the most frequent sources for long-neglected inter-patient variability impacting on drug exposure levels, and what could be done to achieve real personalized medicine in oncology such as implementing therapeutic drug monitoring with adaptive dosing strategies or using model-driven modalities for personalized dosing and scheduling.


The invention discloses a precision drip irrigation measuring and controlling system based on a wireless sensor network. The system comprises a plurality of soil moisture statue monitoring nodes arranged within field monitoring ranges; each soil moisture statue monitoring node comprises a plurality of soil moisture content sensors buried in different underground depths and a soil moisture statue signal processing module; the soil moisture statue signal processing module is used for sending control information to next precision drip irrigation control nodes through a ZigBee wireless communication unit; and each precision drip irrigation control node comprises a ZigBee low-power-consumption and short-range wireless communication module, a singlechip and a control execution unit. By the system, three-dimensional monitoring on soil moisture content of underground plant roots in the different depths can be realized, and the measuring and the controlling on precision drip irrigation can be realized without the support of fixed networks. The system has the characteristics of rapid development, strong destruction resistance and the like, is convenient to install and maintain, and is particularly applicable to rural areas with poor signal converge. Moreover, the communication cost is lower when the system is used in a large scale.


This paper presents the results of a series of compression tests on FRP-confined concrete that was cast with seawater or sea-sand or both. A total of 48 standard concrete cylinders were tested in four series: reference normal concrete, sea-sand concrete, seawater concrete and seawater/sea-sand concrete. The concrete cylinders were either unconfined or confined with a 1-ply or 2-ply CFRP jacket. The unconfined specimens were tested at ages of 7 and 28 days and the confined specimens were tested at the age of 28 days. The test results show that concrete made with seawater and/or sea-sand developed a higher strength than normal concrete at the ages of 7 and 28 days. The test results also show that the four types of concrete have similar stress-strain behavior when confined with FRP; the use of seawater and sea-sand does not appear to have a significant effect on the effectiveness of FRP confinement.


If density isomers exist they can be detected by measuring the excitation function of subthreshold kaon production. When the system reaches the density where the density isomer has influence on the equation of state (which depends on the beam energy and on the optical potential), we observe a jump in the cross section of the kaons whereas other observables change little. Above threshold [bar [Lambda]]'s or [ital [bar p]]'s may be used to continue the search. This is the result of microscopic Boltzman-Uehling-Uhlenbeck calculations.


The utility model provides a tightly-cover slow-stew pot which comprises a pot body, a handle and a pot cover. The handle and the pot cover are arranged on the outer wall of the pot body. A movable tightly-cover mechanism is arranged on the upper wall of the pot cover. The handle is hinged with a tightly-cover stem corresponding to the movable tightly-cover mechanism. The tightly-cover stem and the movable tightly-cover mechanism are matched with each other for operation. The pot cover can be tightly pressed on a pot container under the effect of the tightly-cover stem. Covering and loosening of the tightly-cover stem are very convenient and reliable. The tightly-cover stem is provided with two pressing parts which are matched with a layer of detectable washing sealing ring on the edge of the pot cover, so that the pot cover can be well pressed on the pot container, steam leakage and outflow of fluid food are avoided, pressure is increased, food heating is even, energy and electricity are saved, and convenience and sanitation are achieved. The handle is fixed on the pot cover through a screw, a sealing particle is added between the handle and the pot cover for auxiliary connecting, and the problem that the pot cover and the handle cannot contact in a matching mode because of uneven radian of the pot cover is avoided. A protruding part on the inner wall of a middle layer of the pot body can fix the position of an inner container.


The co‐occurrence of tics and dystonia as an idiopathic condition has only rarely been reported. We report a series of patients with tics and persistent dystonia, with the aim of determining the prevalence and clinical characteristics of this syndrome.


With the continuous expansion of computer simulation scale, the demand for data mining algorithm is also more and more big. The difficulties in computer data mining technology are focused on algorithm development. Apriori algorithm is a kind of computer data mining algorithm which can greatly improve the computational efficiency. The algorithm uses association rule, which can avoid repeated frequently by layer scanning, reducing the computer time. This paper uses Apriori algorithm to design the data mining parameter optimization model of computer 3D human biology simulation, and applies to improve the step three jump. Through the simulation we found step distance appropriate, it provides technical reference for the application of computer simulation technology in sports.


In this paper, the effect of surface modification of short glass fiber on some properties ofhigh-density polyethylene composite was investigated. The chemical treatment of short glassfiber (SGF) with solvent ethanol was achieved, and composites with weight fraction (0.5, 2.5,4wt. %) were fabricated. Mechanical behavior tests include (tensile strength, impact, andhardness tests) and structure test (FTIR) were used. Values of mechanical tests for treatedshort glass fiber – reinforced High density polyethylene composites were much better thanthe neat high density polyethylene. The tensile strength value of composite from (37 to 41MPa), impact strength from (83 J/m² to 100 J/m²), and hardness from (64 to 86 N/m²). Resultof FTIR test showed physical reaction without the formation of new peaks.


Shipbuilding uses a wide range of welding processes which have been introduced and adapted over the years in response to the continuous drive for increased productivity. This article describes these developments from the standpoint of Lloyd's Register of Shipping under the headings of i) enhanced submerged arc welding, ii) programmed gas metal arc welding, iii) robots, and iv) quality and inspection.


This paper describes a methodology and a programming support that use the SIP protocol as a universal communication bus in pervasive computing environments. In doing so, our work enables homogeneous communications between heterogeneous distributed entities. We present a classification of a wide variety of entities in terms of features, capabilities and network connectors. Based on this classification, a methodology and a programming support are described for connecting entities on the SIP communication bus. This work has been validated by applications using the SIP communication bus to coordinate widely varying entities, including serial-based sensors (RS232, 1-Wire), ZigBee devices, X10 devices, PDA, native SIP entities, and software components.


This exploratory study aims to inform policy-makers in the Netherlands about privacy protection in the Internet of Things, by mapping the views of stakeholders in Silicon Valley.


In this paper,Hilbert Huang transform(HHT) method is used to reduce vortex flow meter signal noise in oscillatory flow.The empirical mode decomposition(EMD)-scales filtering is used to erase vortex flow signal noise in oscillatory flow,and then the denoising effect of EMD-scales filter is compared with that of wavelet threshold filter using vortex flow meter signal noise in oscillatory flow.The signal simulation test shows that both EMD-scales filtering and wavelet threshold filtering can achieve good results,however,the former is more convenient and completely adaptive.


The overarching goal of the project is to discover and develop hydrogen storage materials that are constituted largely from earth abundant, benign and low cost elements, such as silicon and boron. Specifically, the goal is to identify computationally and synthesize hitherto unknown high H-capacity Si-based borohydrides (Si-BHs) with useable gravimetric density of over 10 wt% H2, and decomposition enthalpies in range of 25–35 kJ/mol-H2, such that H2 desorption occurs at the operating temperature (~80–100°C) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells.


Objective This article was to evaluate the advantage of 64- slice spiral CT coronary angiography( CTCA) in showing coronary artery stenosis and its clinical value in diagnosis of coronary artery disease( CAD). Methods We chose 39 suspected CAD patients during April 2013 and December 2014 as study subjects. All patients were examined by using 64- slice spiral CTCA and electrocardiographic gating technique retrospectively. Acquired data was transported to work- station and analyzed by using coronary artery analyzing software. Volume rending( VR),maximum intensity projection( MIP),curved planar reconstruction( CPR)were performed for the analysis and assessment of coronary artery at optimal phase of image quality. Results 74 in 78 cases were found to have coronary artery stenosis,( the positive rate was 94. 37%),including 26 cases of mild stenosis,36 cases of moderate stenosis,12 cases of severe stenosis and 4 cases without stenosis. 48 cases were diagnosed as CAD. The plaque of narrow area: calcified plaque in 26 segments,non calcified plaque in 158 segments,mixed plaque in 170 segments,crown opening variation in 4 cases. Conclusions 64- slice spiral CTCA is a non invasive,quick,safe and reliable method in the diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis. It can display coronary artery stenosis,evaluate properties of coronary atherosclerotic plaque noninvasively and display coronary anatomic variations at the same time. 64- slice spiral CTCA can be used as preferred method for screening,diagnosis and treatment evaluation of CAD.


Obvious achievements have been made in the development of small towns of Heibei Province,while there are still many problems existing,e.g. the industry features are not distinctive;the third industry is not well developed;the scale of the small towns is in general too small;the construction fund is far from being enough;the quality of planning and management is relatively low.In order to promote the development of small towns of Heibei Province,measures should be taken to speed up the urbanization process,to promote small towns to going up in their grades,to educate talents to improve the working ability of laborers in small towns.


Objective To explore the value of the practical use of solubility CD23 in uraemic patients.Methods Test the serum level of sCD23 in uraemic patients with ELISA.Result The level of sCD23 in uraemic patients(173.2 ± 60.3 U/mL)are obviously higher than the control group(50.1 ± 7.6U/mL),and turn back to normal(49.8±13.9U/mL) after the kidney transplant.But after hemodialysis the level of sCD23(168.2±63.4U/mL) can't descend.Conclusions sCD23 is the sensitive index of immune function in uraemic patients.


Abstract The epiphytic lichen Evernia prunastri is sensitive to air pollution and reacted by total retreat to the worsening of air quality during the peak of SO2 pollution in Central Europe (1950s–1990). Since 1990, after a significant decrease in air pollution, epiphytic lichens recolonized previously polluted areas, including E. prunastri. We investigated the physiological status of E. prunastri, transplanted for six months in 34 sites in the urban area of Bratislava (Slovakia) under current conditions. The content of chlorophylls, cortical and medullar secondary metabolites and soluble proteins were explored. We then examined the relationship of these parameters with the environmental quality status, reflected by the diversity of epiphytic lichens. The results showed that the physiological status of E. prunastri did not change significantly after exposure. Positive correlations were found between lichen diversity in the sampling sites and physiological parameters (photosynthetic pigments and phaeophytinization quotient) in the transplants. Transplants from sampling sites with a greater proportion of nitrophilous lichens displayed a decrease in photosynthetic pigments. Sites where E. prunastri naturally occurred had a lower proportion of nitrophilous species in comparison to sites where E. prunastri was not present. This suggests that the indicator species E. prunastri may also recolonize sites with low eutrophication in urban environments under decreased air pollution, and the information on its presence can help to assess the pressure caused by nitrogen excess.


Abstract A quick, simple, effective wellsite technique is described for empirically reading net hydrocarbon pay zones directly from porosity (density, sonic, or neutron) log - conductivity log curve overlays. Devised for use in the South China Sea, this method could also be used in any area for shaly or clean sands, as well as for carbonate reservoirs.


OBJECTIVE
To compare results of a clinical scoring system for diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis with microbiologic results, when several different pharyngeal pathogens were tested simultaneously.

DESIGN
Evaluation of clinical manifestations of 106 adult patients with pharyngitis of different microbial origin.

SETTING
General private practice; Health Center Pulssi, Turku, Finland.

PATIENTS
Adult patients whose chief complaints were sore throats.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
A symptom score that was assigned to each patient according to the total number of certain signs and symptoms that are postulated to increase the probability of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and blood measurements for infection.

RESULTS
The highest symptom scores, 3 and 4, were found in 21 patients. These patients had pharyngitis due to group A streptococcus (four patients), group C streptococcus (four patients), group G streptococcus (two patients), group F streptococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, herpes simplex type 1 virus (two patients), and coxsackie B4 virus. No pathogen could be identified from three of the 21 patients. The C-reactive protein values and the leukocyte counts were raised significantly more often in streptococcal infections than in infections of other origin; the P values were .00016 and .028, respectively.

CONCLUSION
Use of a clinical scoring system alone for diagnosis of pharyngitis may lead to improper use of anti-microbial agents. There is a need for accurate microbiologic diagnostic procedures in general practice to determine proper treatment of pharyngitis as well as to test the effect of antibacterial and, in the future, antiviral treatment in respiratory tract infections.


The study of the n.m.r. spectrum of (+)-coyhaiquine (1), the first known oxidized proaporphine–benzylisoquinoline, has led to a simple method for the assignment of stereochemistry at C-13 for the proaporphines.


427 Background: Standard sunitinib schedule, 4-week on followed by 2-week off (schedule 4/2), is associated with troublesome toxicities, and maintenance of sunitinib dose intensity has been challenging, especially in patients with Asian ethnicity. To determine the efficacy and safety of an alternative dosing schedule, 2-week on and 1-week off (schedule 2/1), we conducted a randomized phase II study. Methods: Treatment-naive patients ≥18 years with clear cell type, mRCC were randomly assigned 1:1 to schedule 4/2 or schedule 2/1 after stratification for MSKCC risk group. The primary endpoint was failure-free survival (FFS) at 6 months. Results: From November 2007 to February 2014, 76 patients were enrolled (38 to schedule 4/2 and 38 to schedule 2/1). Two patients in schedule 4/2 were later found to be ineligible due to brain metastases and excluded from the analysis. FFS at 6 months was 44% in schedule 4/2 and 63% in schedule 2/1. Patients with schedule 2/1 were treated for a median of 7.7 months (95% CI, 3...


With the continuous exploration of unmanned technology in recent years, techniques for road vanishing point detection have emerged, mainly including the exhaustive searching based methods, RANSAC based methods and expectation maximization (EM) based methods. This paper propose an exhaustive searching and RANSAC based algorithm called vanishing point detection which is capable of detecting vanishing point in road images. Our proposed algorithm first uses the LSD algorithm to determine the vanishing point in the road and detects the line segments in the filtered image; then we detect the candidate vanishing points (referred to as VPs) and determine the final VPs by mapping the candidate VPs to the sphere. Compared with other algorithms on more than 120 test images, the error of our method is within 5%. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by quantitative and qualitative experimental results. And our approach offers a new and effective algorithm to image recognition of driverless technology.


The southwest Australian margin formed at the nexus of
rifting and breakup between India, Australia and Antarctica
in the Early Cretaceous. Studying the basin evolution along
this margin has been hampered by a lack of data from the
offshore Perth Abyssal Plain (PAP), and from the conjugate
Greater Indian margin, which was highly deformed during
collision with Eurasia. Here, we present new data (magnetic
anomaly profile data, swath bathymetry, and dredge
samples) constraining the evolution of the PAP, collected
during voyage ss2011/v06 of the RV Southern Surveyor in
late 2011.
The Batavia Knoll (BK) and Gulden Draak Knoll (GDK)
are two prominent, previously unsampled bathymetric
features located >1600 km offshore Australia that have been
assumed to be igneous features. Successful dredges on the
western flanks of both knolls recovered continental basement
rocks, revealing that both knolls are microcontinents. We
use quantitative analysis of shiptrack magnetic profiles
combined with satellite gravity anomalies to estimate the
extent and spatial variation in thickness of the continental
crust. Sediment thickness estimates are made using depths to
magnetic sources for shiptrack profiles.
The geophysical data provide evidence for basin structures
within the knolls of a similar scale to those imaged within
other fragments of stretched continental crust such as the
Naturaliste Plateau. Interpretation of previously unidentified
M-series anomalies in the Perth Abyssal Plain, combined
with dredge data, support a reconstruction model where the
BK and GDKs are microcontinents that initially rifted with
Greater India during breakup with Australia at ~130 Ma. As
seafloor spreading ceased in the PAP at about 105–100 Ma,
a westward ridge jump led to the rifting of the BK and GDK
from Greater India.


The beta/alpha lipoprotein ratio and other serum lipid components have been studied in a population of full-blooded Navajo Indians. The findings offer a basis for assessing the low degree of atherogenesis and are consistent with evidence for the low incidence of coronary heart disease in this ethnic group.


This article presents a space–time averaging technique that can realize instantaneous fractional frequency division, and thus, can significantly reduce the quantization error in a fractional-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> phase-locked loop (PLL). Spatial averaging can be achieved by using an array of dividers running in parallel. Their different division ratios are generated by using a fractional <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> modulator (DSM) and a dynamic element matching (DEM) block. To reduce the divider power, this article also proposes a way to achieve spatial averaging using only one divider and phase selection. A prototype 2.4-GHz fractional-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> PLL is implemented in a 40-nm CMOS process. Measurement results show that the proposed technique reduces the phase noise by 10 and 21 dB at the 1- and 10-MHz offset, respectively, leading to a reduction of the integrated rms jitter from 9.55 to 2.26 ps.


The two-dimensional distributions of the potential, current, and surface charge for a magnetic-field-sensitive N-channel MOSFET have been computed numerically. The MOSFET is operated in the linear region and is based on a triple-drain configuration. The sensitivity as well as the signal-to-noise ratio is studied for a variety of channel geometries, and an optimal device geometry is presented.


A questionnaire sampled the opinions of Chartered Financial Analysts (CFAs) on how the oil and gas industries handle financial accounting and reporting. The purpose in analyzing their replies is to improve communications between the accounting profession and equity investors. The analysts feel that DOE figures are grossly understated, but recognize the correlation of recoverable reserves and acceptable costs. They also believe that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controls oil reserves. CFAs prefer successful-effort or full-costing methods over reserve-recognition accounting and believe they increase access to external capital. The analysts also want data on reserves only as a supplement to financial statements. 5 tables. (DCK)


Various researches have already reported the efficacy of bio-fungicides against rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea). However, studies on the optimum concentration that will inhibit the growth of the fungus were not yet conducted. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of bio-fungicide formulated by the Free Farmers Federation against rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea). It was undertaken using paper disc method and slide germination technique laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results showed that among the concentrations of bio-fungicide (bf), 0.009 ppm was proven to be more effective than the other treatments with 19.5 mm average zone of inhibition on the mycelial growth of M. grisea that is 5%, 12%, 15%, and 100% higher than 0.005 ppm bf, 0.007 ppm bf, 0.00375 ppm Dithane, and negative control, respectively. Highest percentage kill is also exhibited by the same treatment at a rate of 53.8% as shown in the results on slide germination technique. Therefore, 0.009 ppm bio-fungicide can be the optimum concentration of bio-fungicide to control rice blast.


Resource-poor Denmark has not developed nuclear power because its decentralized, cooperative electric power companies are also part of a decentralized political system. Present utilities are run as commercial companies, with consumers having little say. Based on cheap oil, the power industry saw nuclear power as a threat to its autonomy. Belated steps to develop nuclear power in the 1970s were opposed by a wave of adverse public opinion. Plans for Swedish power reactors close to Copenhagen were submitted to Danish utilities, but were not brought to the attention of the Danish government until it was too late to affect the siting. Denmark's plans to introduce North Sea natural gas, expand cogeneration, import coal and oil, and develop renewable energy sources have been contested by those who want to develop fission power. The country has been able to see the consequences of first-generation reactors before making a commitment to nuclear power. 6 references. (DCK)


Background Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus occasionally includes an extensive lateral recess creating an area beneath the temporal lobe that is relatively inaccessible to surgical intervention. Pathology in this anatomic location presents special surgical and therapeutic challenges. Recently, several authors have described the endoscopic transpterygopalatine fossa approach to this anatomic region. This approach is associated with minimal morbidity while providing direct endoscopic surgical access for managing a variety of disease processes in this region. Methods This study presents eight cases requiring this approach or a modification of this approach. Six patients presented with temporal lobe meningoencephaloceles with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Each case was managed successfully through this surgical approach. Results One patient experienced transient postoperative palatal anesthesia due to injury to the greater palatine nerve and another complained of ipsilateral dry eye postoperatively. Two other patients had neoplasms (inverting papilloma and chondrosarcoma), which were successfully addressed through this technique. There were no postoperative complications in these patients. Conclusion We have previously described the relationships of neural and vascular structures in this anatomic region. This article will review these relationships as they pertain to this surgical approach and will discuss the indications, techniques, and surgical outcomes in this series of patients. This approach is a valuable addition to the endoscopic armamentarium of the experienced endoscopic surgeon.


Outdoor Education firstly emerged in the 19th century until the 20th century in the form of camping activities in schools, and it also has been developed in several universities. In Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, Outdoor Education has been included in the school curriculum. Outdoor Education (OE) has also been developed in Indonesia during the development of various learning sources. Having around 17,504 islands, Indonesia becomes an archipelagic country with an area of 1.9 million km2. Lying along the equator line, Indonesia has two seasons, namely rainy season and dry season. Indonesia also has many beautiful landscapes scattered in various regions that can be used as the media to implement OE activities such as forests, mountains, and rivers. With Indonesia's geographical conditions, OE is very suitable to be applied in the school curriculum. With the context of Positive Youth Development (PYD), there are many positive benefits for children involved in OE activities, namely life skills improvement, social interaction, and higher environmental concerns to protect the natural environment. This paper is ended with an OE program that integrates structured and deliberated life skills for the development of positive youth. Besides, the transfer process of life skills that occurs is discussed in depth.


Abstract The paper proves a predicate version of Solovay's well-known theorem on provability interpretations of modal logic: If a closed modal predicate-logical formula R is not valid in some finite Kripke model, then there exists an arithmetical interpretation f such that PA ⊬ fR. This result implies the arithmetical completeness of arithmetically correct modal predicate logics with the finite model property (including the one-variable fragments of QGL and QS). The proof was obtained by adding "the predicate part" as a specific addition to the standard Solovay construction.


Abstract To improve the proposed technique of Compton profile measurements and develop an accurate density distribution measurement technique, the detected scattered spectrum in a system of collimated source and uncollimated detector is expressed in terms of the density distribution and a multiple-scattering factor. A particular experimental approach to this technique is outlined. Multiple-scattering is carefully considered in the analytical-numerical interpretation of the problem. The proposed technique is shown to be clearly valuable for stochastically steady flows in which relatively low frame rates for local time average two-phase flow parameters are acceptable.


This paper analyzes the problems and challenges faced by traditional library in the age when Internet develops rapidly,and based on this,looks forward to the future development directions of the library,which are the digitalization of library's collection resources,the informatization of library's facilities,and the networking of library's interlibrary resource access,etc.


Resources for style guides and citations. As a general rule, use MLA style for scholarship in literature, arts, and the humanities.


Linear canonical transform is an integral transform with four parameters and has been proved to be powerful tool for optics, radar system analysis, filter design etc. Fractional Fourier transform and Fresnel transform can be seen as a special case of linear canonical transform with real parameters. Further generalization of linear canonical transform with complex parameters is also developed and Fractional Laplace transform is one of the special case of linear canonical transform with complex entities. Here we have studied the fractional Laplace transform of a periodic function of compact support. New sampling formulae for reconstruction of the functions that are of compact support in fractional Laplace transform domain have been proposed. More specifically it is shown that only (2k+1) coefficients are sufficient to construct any fractional Laplace transform domain of periodic function with compact support, where k is the order of positive highest nonzero harmonic component in the domain.


This paper studies the statistical prediction of the expectations of the extreme values in some dynamical systems which have non-linear and non-memory elements, as seen in the problem of the structural strength of the ship among the irregular waves.In case of a single input, when number of observations is large enough, the expectation of the extreme value of the output can be obtained by substituting the extreme value of the input into the response function.In case of multiple inputs, it is difficult to obtain the generality. In this paper, two cases are studied for the impulsive pressures which act upon the fore part of the ship.


Insurance companies, insurance agents, and insurance planners strongly resist the announcement of the Korean Financial Services Commission(FSC)'s policy to allow Big Tech's insurance comparison and recommendation service. Big Tech's entry into the insurance market, which has a large customer base and customer information, may threaten existing insurance companies. However, the financial authorities allow entry in stages, as is currently the case. Suppose we design and apply an appropriate regulatory system for permitted business activities. If this is done, the existing insurance industry and Big Tech can coexist while growing the pie in the insurance market, contrary to the insurance industry's concerns. Ultimately, it is expected that the competitiveness and financial inclusiveness of the insurance market will be strengthened due to Big Tech's entry into the insurance market.
The FSC stated that insurance brokerage is possible for platform operators but limited the available services to comparing and recommending insurance products that fall under the recommendation, which is step 1 of the five steps of brokerage, and linking operators. Accordingly, if the three big tech companies start the above service, it is unclear whether this corresponds to insurance brokerage and whether insurance brokerage regulations can be applied. Insurance brokerage has different characteristics from other brokerages. Even if the concept of insurance brokerage is analyzed to determine the insurance brokerage of Big Tech's insurance product comparison·recommendation services and provider connection services, it takes work to identify brokerage due to the problems inherent in the 5-step brokerage theory of the FSC. Among the two interpretation theories presented in this paper, even if it is based on the negation theory of brokerage, considering the reality of the service provided by Big Tech and the need for responsibility, the concept of insurance brokerage is widely interpreted for Big Tech, leaving room for acknowledgment of brokerage. If the requirements for appearance liability are met, Big Tech should bear brokerage liability. In the case of future regulation through revision of the law, it is a desirable direction in the legal system to include Big Tech in the insurance intermediary regulations under the Commercial Act and Insurance Business Act rather than preparing regulations in the Electronic Financial Transactions Act. Also, we need to add insurance brokerage clauses in the insurance section of the Korean Commercial Act.


Light controls local- and reach-scale primary production in forested headwater streams. In terrestrial ecosystems, short periods of elevated light beneath canopies (sunflecks) are instrumental in maintaining understory autotrophic production, but sunflecks are unexplored and uncharacterized in stream systems. We described short-term light dynamics in 4 forested headwater streams in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon. We quantified the prevalence and characteristics of sunflecks, compared the timing of light exposure at stream sites to a sensor in full sun, and evaluated whether sunfleck characteristics differed between stream sections in old-growth vs second-growth forest. Sunflecks were common in streams. A minimum of 3 individual sunflecks/d occurred at each of 47 sensor locations. Short sunflecks were more common than long sunflecks, a result consistent with findings in terrestrial studies. However, streams had longer sunflecks than upland forests in this region, probably because canopy gaps are larger over stream channels than in the forest. In >½ of the 47 sensor locations, daily light distributions differed between in-stream and full-sun locations, revealing that canopies affect both the total light and the timing of light delivery to understory locations. The timing of peak stream temperature coincided better with light delivery by sunflecks than in full sun. Peak stream temperature was offset by ≥3 h from midday peak light in full sun, but beneath the forest canopy at the 4 surveyed streams, 26 to 60% of sunfleck events occurred within 2 h of peak stream temperature. These findings highlight the presence and potential importance to in-stream autotrophy of short-term light events (sunflecks) in forested streams. In a model simulation, a 1-h sunfleck increased stream primary production 5 to 17%, depending on the time of day that sunfleck occurred.


Species composition and vertical distribution of oncaeid copepods, which are potentially important prey for juvenile fish, were investigated in the Kuroshio Extension region, the NW Pacific, in April, August, November 1998 and February 2001. Samples were collected from 8 discrete layers in the epipelagic zone (0-200 m depth) using MOCNESS (0.064 mm mesh) during both day and night. Thirty-five oncaeid species were identified. �Oncaea� (s.l.) zernovi and Spinoncaea ivlevi were numerically the dominant species comprising 20.0-48.2% and 15.2-26.8%, re- spectively, of adult oncaeid copepods in the epipelagic zone. Cluster analysis on all samples revealed that these were separated into three groups with discrete vertical ranges; the first one appearing in the 0-50 m depth surface layer in April and August and consisting mainly of Oncaea (s. str.), the second one located in the deepest layer and composed mostly ofO.� zernovi and S. ivlevi with some mesopelagic species, and the third one located above the second one and having intermediate species composition. Species-specific vertical distributions indicate that most oncaeid popula- tions shifted downward from August to November, when the thermocline remarkably descended. However, most On- caea spp. did not show a downward shift with the thermocline, and were positively correlated to appendicularian abundances, suggesting that appendicularian houses, known to be oncaeid habitats and to provide food, were a possi- ble factor affecting their vertical distribution. Niche partitioning, allowing coexistence of congeners, might be ex- plained by differences in body size and distribution layers in Oncaea and by differences in distribution layer in Trico- nia.


The concern of present research was to investigate the effect of religious and socio economic status on college girls students' personality criteria namely locus of control. The sample was confined to the colleges of Parbhani District of Maharashtra. The stratified randomize sample taken into consideration for the study was consisted of 120 college going girls belonging to the age group of 17 to 23 years, out of which 60 belongs to Hindu community and 60 belongs to Muslim community as per objective. Both the groups were equally subdivided into two group's i.e. low and high SES students. The data were collected by using test namely; Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. To analyze the data the present investigation deals with 2 x 2 factorial design and data was analyzed using 2 Way ANOVA. Results revealed that both religious and socio economic status were significant on locus of control of college going girls.


With the advent of the era of big data, the relevant technical standards of wireless sensor networks are becoming more and more perfect, so the information security of wireless sensor networks will also attract increasing attention. Because once the information secret of the wireless sensor network is leaked, it will bring huge damage to the entire Internet environment, and even cause the entire Internet to collapse. As a result, the privacy security problem in sensor networks has become an urgent problem to be solved. This paper aims to study the privacy protection of wireless sensor networks from the perspective of big data. Taking data privacy protection as an example, it proposes based on the analysis of the characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the application fields of wireless sensors, the classification of data aggregation technologies, and the CPDA scheme. An improved data privacy protection scheme is proposed, and simulation experiments are carried out on it. The experimental results show that the privacy of the method used in this paper is better than that of the CPDA method, and the probability of the lock being exposed increases, and its privacy is better than that of CPDA.


Bacterial meningitis is a fatal, restricting and endemic disease requiring rapid antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this prospective longitudinal study was to document the causative agents in suspected cases of meningitis by performing cultures and rapid tests, their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and to find its mortality rate from Summer 2017 to Spring 2019. 7276 cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) samples were collected from patients suspected of meningitis in Benghazi Pediatric Hospital of which 146 (2%) were positive bacterial meningitis and 454 (6.24%) were positive viral meningitis. The most common isolated pathogen was Gram negative bacilli 30 (20.5%), followed by Haemophilus influenzae 20 (14%), Streptococcus pneumonia 18 (12%), Neisseria meningitides and E. coli 16 (11%) equally, Pseudomonas spp 14 (9.5%), Staph. albus and Staph. epidermidis 10 (7%) equally and Klebsiella spp and Staphylococcus aureus 6 (4%) equally. As many as 50% patients with pneumococcal meningitis also showed evidence of pneumonia on an initial chest radiography. The maximum antibiotic resistance was towards Ampicillin 34 (23.3%) followed by Sulfamethoxazole 32 (21.9%). The low susceptibility was recorded towards Erythromycin 18 (12.32%) and Augmentin 19 (13%). Amikacin 19 (13%) followed by Colistin 18 (12.32%) were recorded to have intermediate susceptibility. Ciprofloxacin 86 (58.9%) followed by Augmentin 53 (36.3%) and Ceftriaxone 48 (32.9%) had the highest antibiotic susceptibility. The majority of cases, 1218 (16.74%), were isolated in Summer 2018, followed by 1017 (13.98%) cases in Spring and Autumn 2018, while the lowest incidence, 334 (4.59%), was observed in Summer 2017. The child begins to improve within 24 to 36 hours after starting antibiotics and 90% of children with bacterial meningitis recover completely with no long-term complications. However, 10% of meningitis cases can damage the brain and cause long-term complications, including deafness, delayed growth or learning difficulties, muscle spasms or paralysis, and seizures (deaths are uncommon), which is the main reason the Libyan Ministry of Health provides free vaccinations against Meningitis for Libyan children from birth until they enter school.


Proechimys are nocturnal, medium-size rats that commonly inhabit rain forests throughout South America and are frequently found near buildings (Emmons 1997), open areas and water (N owak a nd Para diso 1983). They generally occupy natural cavities beneath tree roots or among rocks (Nowak and Paradiso 1983), and breeding may occur throughout the year (Emmons 1997, Nowak and Paradiso 1983). Their diet mainly consists of fruit, seeds, and fungi (Emmons 1982), and they utilize areas ranging from 0.15 ha to 1.7 ha (Emmons 1982). Little is kn own abou t the b ehavior of Proechimys, although a few studies have been conducted on animals in captivity (Maliniak an d Eisenberg 1971), and little has been published on the ecology of the Amazonian species (Emmons 1982). I report here observations of an extended agonistic interaction between two fema le Proechimys sp, identified to genera by L. H. Emm ons (pers . comm.), and ten tatively identified to species as P. simonsi Thomas (1900). The rats were enga ged in what appeared to be a fight, very similar to a boxing match, in which the animals punched, pushed, and threw one another. On 29 Sept. 1993, between 05:20 and 05:3 0 am, the tw o female Proechimys sp were observed quietly interacting aggressively on a small, bare patch of ground at the edge of Cocha Cashu, an oxbow lake adjacent to the Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Madre de Dios, Peru. The s ite is described in Gentry (1990). This beha vior was filmed w ith a video recorder (Sony Hi-8), and analyzed with a vcr editor (Hi-8 vs-3000). Through examination of the video, I identified a numb er of independent behaviors that recurred throughout the entire interaction. These behaviors were performed standing erect on their hindlimbs. Such behaviors included: (1) the rats standing perpendicular to the ground, their head and snouts pointed vertically in the air with their chests pushed out; not touching one another, (2) lunging and leaping toward the other or sideways, (3) forelimb movement including punching, grabbing, pulling, and pushing, (4) one forelimb of each rat locked together with one free to hit or push (Fig. 1a), or both forelimbs locked pus hing and shoving one an other back and forth (Fig. 1b), and (5) throwing or flipping one another. Individual elem ents of throws consi sted of locked forelimbs, with one female (the aggressor) lunging toward the other (the victim) until the victim is completely vertical. The aggres sor then forcefully pushed the victim back, until it was thrown up into the air, and it fell and landed on its back. Flips occurred


This paper represents an effort to synthesize the work of philosophers of science with regard to teleological or adaptive systems. Methodological in focus, the intent is to identify a set of logica...


Social change and social interaction is a particular social circumstances to other social circumstances change, Cycle theory explains there are a number of intermediate stage but its not the end of the the perfect process change, but it will return to the original back experiencing a transition. The factor of social change are 1) social; Families, groups and Ormas, 2) Psychology, 3) Culture. Social change can be seen from the characteristic: 1) development, 2) followed by the other changes, 3) self adaptation, 4) A change is not limited to the material or spiritual aspect.


Autocidal control of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is an environmentally friendly and safe practice employed successfully worldwide. A key component in the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is to release sterile males that can compete with wild males in nature. Exposure of sterile males to ginger root oil (GRO) in the form of aromatherapy prior to release has been shown to significantly improve male competitiveness and performance. However, alternatives to GRO exposure are desired to (i) reduce personnel costs and handling‐time requirements and (ii) find new aromatherapeutic compounds. In this study, alternatives to GRO aromatherapy were investigated, such as incorporating GRO into the post‐teneral diet, or employing other molecules (limonene and linalool) occurring naturally in citrus release areas. Our results reveal that both the GRO‐supplemented diet and linalool aromatherapy were equal to the GRO aromatherapy control in improving mating performance in sterile males. In contrast, exposure to limonene did not afford a mating advantage to sterile mates when compared to the control. In addition, sterile male survival was not affected by any of the treatments tested. Implications for how both new approaches could be implemented in SIT programmes in citrus production areas are discussed.


Axially chiral binaphthyl derivatives with highly twisting powers were synthesised by substituting phenylcyclohexyl (PCH) mesogenic moieties into 2,2′ positions or 2,2′,6,6′ positions of binaphthyl rings. The di‐ and tetra‐substituted binaphthyl derivatives were adopted as chiral dopants to induce chiral nematic liquid crystals (N*‐LCs). The helical twisting power (βM) of tetra‐substituted binaphthyl derivative, D‐3, having direct linkages between the PCH moieties and the binaphthyl rings at the 6,6′ positions, was 449 µm−1. This is ca. 2.6 times larger than that (171 µm−1) of di‐substituted one, D‐1. For systematic investigation of helical twisting power in the binaphthyl derivatives, several tetra‐substituted binaphthyl derivatives (D‐2–D‐9) were synthesised by introducing different aromatic moieties into the 6,6′ positions of the binaphthyl rings without methylene spacer. When the substituents group changed from p‐hexaoxyphenyl to p‐hexaoxybiphenyl, the helical twisting powers of the binaphthyl derivatives increased from 234 to 757 µm−1. Interestingly, D‐3 and D‐9 exhibited liquid crystallinity. Although the liquid crystallinity of the chiral dopant has no direct influence on the helical twisting power of the N*‐LC, it plays a role in increasing the miscibility of the chiral dopant to host N‐LC, leading to a raise of the upper limit in concentration of the chiral dopant. Consequently, both the high helical twisting power and the high miscibility of D‐3 allowed us to prepare a highly twisted N*‐LC, the helical pitch of which is in the nano‐order, e.g. 270 nm.


The implementation of the so-called Digital Oil Field (DOF) in the oil and gas industry has been
consolidated as a fundamental basis for the sector. This is a broad term encompassing the use of
interconnected technologies and innovations in the management of large data to improve
exploration and production operations, allowing remote monitoring and decision support.
These technologies are also a good way to take full advantage of the potential of more experienced
employees and improve the ability to monitor using real-time data that allows greater efficiency
in operating times.
As a result of this project, the implementation of this methodology will be carried out in the
Yarigui - Cantagallo oil field in order to analyze the impact on cost reduction and production
improvement thanks to the implementation of a remote real time center for producing wells And
injectors.
Through the implementation of the DOF improved production rates and reduced failure detection
times in producing wells, which has allowed to reduce the deferred production. This reduction is
due to the ability to identify in real time, through remote monitoring, events that affect
production, such as theft, electric failures, gas blockages, among others. This allows immediate
attendance of such eventualities in order to ensure the normality of production and decrease the
costs of production.


The stretching of thermally stable polymers by hot dry process is very difficult, because these polymers have high glass transition temperatures. We developed a swell-wet stretching process; the polymers are stretched in a swelling agent at lower temperature. The purpose of this series of study is to make clear how the stretching media and temperatures affect the mechanical properties of resulting polymer materials, e.g. fibers or films.In this report, Nylon-6 films were uniaxially stretched with free width at 10-90°C by 100%/min in water. The stretchability was estimated by stretching work. The work is concerned with stretching stress and strain, and initial modulus. We found that it is a good measure for the estimation of stretchability of the film.


Now the power system is more complicated, high efficient and rapid, the traditional PID control technology already unable to meet the needs of power system by now. In this paper, starting from the actual demand of the power system, aiming at the problem of traditional PID control parameters can not change in real time, using the method combined with theory of the fuzzy control and the traditional PID control, proposes a control system that can change the control parameters in real time——fuzzy PID excitation control system, and carries on the simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK. Results show that the fuzzy PID control system has high performance and good real-time control, and it has better stability then traditional PID control system, it can make faster to achieve stability of the synchronous generator.


Vaccination of HIV‐infected patients against the influenza A/H1N1 subtype was proposed as a mandatory precautionary measure during the 2009 pandemic. The immediate cardiovascular effects of the novel vaccine have been largely unexplored. We investigated the impact of vaccination on indices of endothelial function in a cohort of HIV‐infected patients.


Live weights and daily gains of 8 243 performance tested young sires of Czech Fleckvieh (dual purpose) till the age 400 days were analysed using Random Regression (RR) and Single Trait Animal Models. Evaluations were for entire period and for daily gains in various consecutive monthly intervals. Systematic environmental effects explained a higher proportion of variability in the RR for gains in short consecutive intervals (GSCI) than for other definitions of growth. The expected average reliability of estimated Breeding Values (BV) of young animals was similar for all methods from 0.42 to 0.46, but the rankings of animals differed. Determination (r 2 ) of BV between methods ranged from 0.64 to 0.94. Within-method correlations of BV of parents with progeny according the data from performance-test stations were highest for the GSCI. Correlations of BV of sires for own growth at performance-test stations with the BV of net gain of groups of progeny at progeny-test stations with the final live weight around 600 kg and age 500 days were according the method of sires evaluation from 0.26 to 0.38. Preferred method was according GSCI. This method also allows include more data in the evaluations, and separate the growth curve into genetic and non-genetic parts.


The paper,from the feature of the universities in non-central cities and taking East China Institute of Technology as an example,analyses the new situation of external publicity of these universities,the characteristics and shortcomings of its external publicity.Then the paper investigates the strategies on strengthening the external publicity,presenting five measures such as: idealization,eventualization,personalization,informatization and quickness.


A noise-sustained and noise-modulated structure of propagating Taylor vortices (PTV) in a conveclively unstable regime of Couelle-Taylor flow with a superimposed axial flow was observed and studied. The structure differs drastically from PTV in an absolutely unstable regime in its noisy power spectrum and in the noisy temporal dynamics of the front. Interaction of perturbations with the interface causes an amplitude modulation near the front and a noisy phase further to the outlet


The results of positron-lifetime measurements as a function of temperature, across ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, and as a function of heat treatment are presented. The lifetime in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O does not show any variation with temperature in the range of 10 to 300 K, a result that is in contrast with other cuprate superconductors. The absence of lifetime variation across ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is understood in terms of the calculated positron-density distribution, which indicates that the maximum of the positron density is in the region between the Bi-O layers with no significant density in the superconducting ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ layers. Positron-lifetime measurements as a function of heat treatment indicate a decrease in lifetime as the annealing temperature is lowered from 800\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The decrease in lifetime, which is correlated with the increase in the weight of the sample, is explained in terms of the intercalation of the excess oxygen in the region between the Bi-O layers, which is the region probed by the positron.


John H. Kareken (in this issue) has provided an insightful survey of a wide range of issues concerning government regulation of commercial banks in the United States. In commenting on his stimulating paper, I shall focus on policies and regulations directed at assuring the "safety and soundness" of banks but shall broaden the discussion somewhat to cover other depository institutions, including savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, and credit unions. There are important differences between these other depository institutions and commercial banks, just as there are between different sizes of banks, but all the broad classes of depository institutions operate under a general commitment of government to maintain their safety and soundness, and there is considerable similarity in the specific policies used to implement this commitment. No comment will be made on Kareken's discussion of important issues that I believe to be of tangential relevance to the safety and soundness of depository institutions, in particular, merger and acquisition policies for banks, geographic restrictions on bank branching, and bank size and the concentration of financial power. Rather I shall dwell more on the general rationale for government assurance of safety and soundness of depository institutions, on the essential requirements for policies to meet this objective, and on strengths and weaknesses of present policies in satisfying these requirements. To begin, I shall summarize the wide range of policies used to assure the safety and soundness of depository institutions in the United States. Many but not all of these policies are commented on by Kareken, and the omitted ones deserve at least brief notice. Next, I shall


In this work, we demonstrate a facile one-pot glucose-mediated hydrothermal method for the synthesis of ferric oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) rodlike nanoparticles. It is found that the presence of glucose not only facilitates the formation of FeOOH nanorods but also gives rise to a uniform, glucose-derived, carbon-rich polysaccharide (GCP) overlayer on the FeOOH nanorods. By varying the concentrations of ferric ion, the aspect ratios of these FeOOH nanorods can be readily tuned. The corresponding carbon-coated magnetite (Fe3O4@C) nanocomposites can be easily obtained by carbonizing the as-prepared GCP-coated FeOOH nanorods under inert atmosphere. These Fe3O4@C nanorods exhibit good cycling performance for lithium storage. Specifically, reversible capacities of as high as 808 mA h g–1 can be retained after 100 charge–discharge cycles, making them promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries.


In this paper, with water glass as alkali activator, slag and class F fly-ash based cementing material is mixed to prepare alkali-activated concrete. The dynamic mechanical property and surface micro-topography under different temperature of −50°C−140°C was evaluated by using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA+1000) and ESEM technology. DMA results show that when the ambient temperature changes from 28°C to 140°C, the rigidity of alkali-activated concrete increases, but the elastic deformation ability decreases; the temperature increment stimulates surface cracks of concrete to become wider and more, and increases the dissipation factor. When the ambient temperature changes from 28°C to −50°C, the storage modulus and rigidity of alkali-activated concrete increase first, and then decrease. ESEM test results show that the storage modulus will increase, and the dissipation factor will decrease at ordinary temperature. When the temperature increases, the surface cracks become larger, and the strength of materia...


Abstract China has been experiencing rapid economic growth over the past few decades accompanied by an overwhelmingly large number of rural habitants out-migrating to urban areas for work and better earnings. However, children of migrants are not entitled to free schooling provisions in these urban destinations and so millions of school-aged rural children have to be "left behind" by their migrating parent(s) in their home place. This study investigates the educational aspirations of Chinese "left-behind children". Via an ethnographic, qualitative case study approach it captures the impact of "left-behind-ness" on aspirations Findings indicate that whilst educational aspirations are embedded in left-behind children's disadvantaged social background, they are also shaped by the consequences of being "left-behind". By doing so, it seeks to highlight an important area as well as illustrating the value—or not—of using Western theories of social inequalities with an Eastern context.


Recently, the methods for generation of recombinant MHC class II molecules have yielded a big interest regarding the possible use of these proteins for tracking antigen-specific T cells and the opportunity to develop novel vaccines. There is a strong association between certain HLA alleles and the development of some autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type I diabetes. In the case of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the most commonly expressed HLA haplotype is DR4. Thus, the purification of such MHC II molecules is of central importance for studying the disease mechanisms and validating new anti-rheumatic therapies. In the present report, we describe the production of soluble recombinant HLA-DR4 proteins. We have generated a stably transfected SL2 Drosophila cell line, which secretes the recombinant protein after induction with CuSO 4 . Using SDS-PAGE and Western blot, we demonstrate that DR4 α- and β-chains form a stable heretodimer, which is expected to exert the same function as the native protein.


The US Environmental Protection Agency has set a standard for the performance of geologic repositories for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The standard is divided into several sections, including a section on containment requirements. The containment requirement is probabilistic, in that it allows certain small amounts of radioactive waste to be released at high probabilities and larger amounts to be released at lower probabilities. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission is responsible for implementing the standard. Implementation of the standard will probably involve development and screening of scenarios, assignment of probabilities to the scenarios, determination of consequences of the scenarios, and analysis of uncertainties. Scenario development consists of first, identifying events and processes that could initiate waste releases or affect waste transport, and second, combining the events and processes in physically reasonable ways. Scenarios can be screened on the basis of low probabilities or consequences. Consequences of scenarios are estimated using a series of models that simulate the movement of radionuclides out of the waste package and underground facility and the transport of the radionuclides by ground water or other means to the accessible environment. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis examines the sources and effects of uncertainties on the calculations. Thismore » document uses a simple example to illustrate techniques for the implementation of the standard.« less


A hazardous solid waste is accumulated during the processing of tobacco for the manufacture of cigarettes. Its main characteristics are the high nicotine content as the only toxic compound, and the powdery structure that does not permit recycling. A biotechnological process is proposed to detoxify these powdery tobacco residues. The toxic compound, nicotine, is transferred from the solid phase to an aqueous solution through efficient percolation. Nicotinophilic micro-organisms were screened to evaluate their ability to degrade nicotine directly in the extracted liquid. The biodegradation process was followed by nicotine detection and CO 2 production, while other parameters were determined to assess the correct disposal of the final products. Among three strains used, Pseudomonas putida had the best nicotine degradation performance in this complex medium. © 1997 ISWA


In the course of an outbreak Bornholm disease may undergo metamorphosis.' The following may be an example, though I have no proof. Recently in my practice there were 11 cases, mostly school children, with headache, vomiting, fever, giddiness, meningism, and one erythematous rash; i.e., resembling Type 2 of Bury and Tobin.2 On the same day as the last case, my youngest child brought home from a local school the illness described below, and the week following my eldest daughter and I were involved. My personal experience was of going about for two weeks as though with the toxaemia and fire of a severe sunburn. Original case, daughter, aged Si; onset 9 October, 72 hour fever with two peaks, abdominal pain, prostration. Sore leg on 7th day. Faeces 20th day: no isolation.


This paper presents experimental results on chaotic vibrations of an annular plate with initial deflection. The effect of modal interaction on chaotic vibrations is main scope in this paper. The plate is free on the outer edge and clamped on the inner edge. The initial deflection of the plate is nine thousandth times to the difference between the outer radius and the inner radius. The lowest and the third modes with one nodal-diameter have different natural frequencies due to the initial deflection. The second mode corresponds to the mode without nodal-diameter. The fourth and fifth modes have two cross nodal-diameters. The linear natural frequencies of the second and the third modes coincide with a slight deviation. The plate is subjected to lateral periodic acceleration. Sweeping the excitation frequency, nonlinear response curves of the plate are recorded. In the wide frequency ranges, non-periodic responses are generated. The responses are inspected by the Fourier spectrum, the Poincare projection, the maximum Lyapunov exponent and the principal component analysis. The predominant non-periodic response is confirmed as the chaotic response generated from one-to-one and two-to-three internal resonances. The lowest, the second and the third modes are coupled in the internal resonances. The principal component analysis is applied to the chaotic response selected with short-time intervals sequentially collected from the long-time response. It is found that exchanges of the contribution ratio are observed among the lowest, the second and the third modes. Furthermore, the nodal diameters of the fourth and the fifth modes are fluctuated along the circumferential direction in the chaotic response.