Centuries of critical study have established a working consensus regarding the standard components of the classical epic. At the same time, centuries of writers have produced subtle changes and experimental variations so that this venerable genre turns out to be more flexible than academic purists might prefer. As early as Dante, the elevated heritage of the epic managed to survive the insertion of the poet as a participant in the action. Later the definition has been expanded in order to accommodate the prose of Melville and then Joyce, with common seamen or citizens of Dublin as protagonists. Over time the idea of heroic action has undergone serious re-evaluation, and our postmodern age questions the legitimacy of any hierarchical literary canon. Against this fluid background, Derek Walcott published his extended West Indian narrative poem, Omeros , in 1990. Whereas predecessors in the epic field might depend upon a cohesive national, racial, or spiritual framework, Walcott assembles his story out of the detritus of imperial exploitation and colonial neglect. Born on the tiny island of St Lucia in the Lesser Antilles (1930), the mulatto descendant of European masters and African slaves, he writes of fragmented cultures and uprooted peoples dealing with life in their marginalized corner of the world. With such an unpromising point of departure, the initial challenge is in drawing out the relevance of their struggle.


In this paper we present a Petri net-based analysis of a service oriented architecture (SOA)-based system that represents specification of dependency relationships and model the dependencies in a SOA-based system at conceptual level. Analysing the dependency relationships, at conceptual level, enable us to know about the evolution of services and how to access them in relation to other services. We have shown the graphical representation of dependency relationships in terms of Petri nets, which may be helpful for the designer in order to get a complete overview of dependencies in the system and the interactions that take place among web services. The correctness of dependency analysis model is determined by several important properties of Petri net. Such modelling can help in identification of inconsistency among services and web services can be verified for safety and reliability.


The technique of fluctuation of transmitted light can reflect the size and changing state of the coagulation particle through the state of the transmitted light fluctuation, and the detected value R can be used as a control parameter to control automatically the coagulate dosage. The control system of coagulate dosage has had some kinds of control modes, which includes single loop system, cascade system, forward feedfeed back system and forward feed-Cascade system, and the technique has stronger practicability.


Objective
To explore the treatment effect of flap transfer for repairing scalp defect with titanium mesh exposure after cranioplasty.

Methods
Fourteen cases of scalp defect with titanium mesh exposure were treated by flap transfer. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.

Results
Two cases of titanium mesh exposed area smaller, wound healing after timely debridement suture. Eight cases with titanium mesh exposed area larger, adopting the vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) combined and local skin flap, of which 7 cases cured, 1 case with distal flap appear superficial necrosis by switching to heal. Four cases of titanium mesh exposed area big, 2 patients with VSD combined with S-shaped skin flap transfer treatment, 2 cases with VSD combined with A-T transfer skin flap for treatment, 2 cases of them were cured. All patients were followed up for 8 to 24 months, the treatment effect was satisfactory.

Conclusions
It is an effective remedial measures for repairing scalp defect with titanium mesh exposure after cranioplasty by flap transfer.

Key words:
Skull; Surgical flaps; Retrospective studies


Random pulse width modulation (RPWM) technique has emerged as a most used modulation strategy instead of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) for the voltage source inverter (VSI) fed AC motor drives when the issues like acoustic noise, vibration etc. are the main concern. A comprehensive comparison of SPWM and Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) bit based RPWM is presented in this paper. The distribution of harmonic power in the output voltage of VSI when controlled using SPWM is studied for three phase star connected resistive load. A MATLAB based organized comparative analysis of SPWM and RPWM methods characteristics such as total harmonic distortion (THD) in output line voltage, DC bus utilization and the harmonic spread factor (HSF) is presented.


Athanasios Theocharopoulos1, Stamatis Aggelopoulos1, Panoraia Papanagiotou2, Katerina Melfou3 and Evangelos Papanagiotou2 1Department of Agricultural Development and Agribusiness Management, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki 2Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 3Department of Agricultural Products Marketing and Quality Control, TEI of Western Macedonia, Florina Branch, Florina Greece


The need of quick and comfortable public transportation in our societies makes that many countries are planning to develop a high-speed railway network for improving their passenger transport capacity. Such a development implies among other problems how to select the location of high-speed railway station (HSRS) in each city along the line? Thus, this paper introduces an integrated approach for solving the site selection problem of HSRS, which consists of a consensus reaching process (CRP) with a group decision making (GDM) method whose inputs are trapezoidal fuzzy neutrosophic set to model experts' assessments of potential locations of HSRS. To accomplish the decision process, the inputs should be weighted and aggregated with novel trapezoidal fuzzy neutrosophic prioritized aggregation operators to reflect the priority relationship between the aggregated information. The necessity of polishing conflicts in these decisions lead then to improve the experts' agreement in the group, in our case, three consensus indexes at different levels are defined to implement the CRP. Eventually, the proposed CRP-GDM approach is put forward to solve the site selection issue of HSRS and a case of study is presented to illustrate its applications and advantages.


This study focused on consumer information search activity and consumer's post-purchase satisfaction. For these purpose, a survey was conducted suing questionaires on 430 homemakers that lived in seoul. Statistics used for data were Frequency Distribution. Percentile, Mean, One-way AAANOVA., Scheffe-test, T-test, Pearson's correlation. Multiple Regression Analysis and Multiple Classification Analysis. The major findings were ; 1) The level of each amount information search was lower than average. And the level of consumer's post-purchase satisfaction was a little higher than average. 2) On amount of "noncommercial-personal" information search, the influencing variables were desire to seek information, education, brand royalty in turn. These three variables explained 7% of dependent variable's variance. 3) On amount of "noncommercial-media" information search, the influencing variables were desire to seek information, amount of internal information, education, occupational status in turn. These variables explained 14% of dependent variable's variance. 4) On amount of "commercial-personal" information search, the influencing variable was desire to seek information, and this variable explained 3.1% of dependent variable'a variance. 5) On amount of "commercial-media" information search, the influencing variables were desire to seek information, education, amount of internal information in turn. These three variables explained 12.1% dependent variable's variance. 6) Resulting from multiple classification analysis, influencing variables on consumer's post-purchase satisfaction were amount of noncommercial-media information search and printed media search, and brand royalty. These three variables explained 9% of dependent variable's variance. Furthermore, througout all the subareas of consumer's satisfaction, the amount of noncommercial-media information search was the most influencing variable.


The Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is supporting the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Salt Repository Project (SRP) through its Waste Package Program (WPP). During FY 1984, the WPP continued its program of waste package component development and interactions testing and application of the resulting data base to develop predictive models describing waste package degradation and radionuclide release. Within the WPP, the Modeling Task (Task 04 during FY 1984) was conducted to interpret the tests in such a way that scientifically defensible models can be developed for use in qualification of the waste package.


Objective: To search optimal solutions of convex programming problems with linear constraints. Method: A globally convergent primal-dual exterior-point algorithm is proposed based on the saddle-gradient method. Result: The saddle-gradient of Lagrange function is utilized to construct the search directions and generate the sub-feasible solutions sequence , then we prove that the limit of the sequence is the optimal solution of the primal-dual problem. Conclusion: The algorithm is convergent even if it iterates from an infeasible point of the primal-dual problem.


Thesis (M.S.)--American University of Beirut. Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, 1996.;"Advisor: Nahla Baba , Professor, Nutrition-- Shadi Hamadeh: Assistant professor of Animal Science-- Member of committee: Raja Tannous, Professor, Food Tec


We extend the application of temporal and spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to study the sound propagation and sound-structure interaction of systems combined of acoustic and structural subsystems. We consider a prototypical system consisted of two adjacent rooms separated by a sound insulating plate. Approximation to the steady-state and transient response is obtained with the aid of the finite element method. We define the temporal (real) and spectral (complex) variations of POD to tackle acoustical and structural degrees of freedom. We apply the method to process the numerical databases of the finite element solutions. It is shown that the steady-state and transient response may be represented by a small number of dominant POD modes. The extracted frequencies and spatial shapes are evaluated and linked to the modal properties of the system. It is shown that POD analysis may provide significant insight on the properties of coupled structural-acoustic systems.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Abstract Non‐tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections, such as those caused by Mycobacterium abscessus, are increasing globally. Due to their intrinsic drug resistance, M. abscessus pulmonary infections are often difficult to cure using standard chemotherapy. We previously demonstrated that a piperidinol derivative, named PIPD1, is an efficient molecule both against M. abscessus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis, by targeting the mycolic acid transporter MmpL3. These results prompted us to design and synthesize a series of piperidinol derivatives and to determine the biological activity against M. abscessus. Structure‐activity relationship (SAR) studies pointed toward specific sites on the scaffold that can tolerate slight modifications. Overall, these results identified FMD‐88 as a new promising active analogue against M. abscessus. Also, we determined the pharmacokinetics properties of PIPD1 and showed that intraperitoneal administration of this compound resulted in promising serum concentration and an elimination half‐life of 3.2 hours.


Abstract Communicating the Christian ethos of Christian institutions constitutes a significant portion of the effort and monies of these institutions. Included in the purview of ethos enablers are faculty input and advising, student services, required chapel/worship, ministry formation/field experiences, admissions procedures, and opportunities for students to interact with one another in informal settings. Each of these is included in the core functioning of campus-based Christian institutions. As these institutions move more and more to providing distance learning opportunities, it is questioned if equal importance is being given to these ethos enablers in interactions with distance learners. The purpose of this study is to describe what is being done and how effective selected Christian institutions perceive themselves to be in including intentional ethos enablers in their distance learning opportunities.


Let G be a simple graph.An Ⅳ-total coloring f of G refers to a coloring of the vertices and edges of G so that no two adjacent edges receive the same color.Let C(u) be the set of colors of vertex u and edges incident to u under f.For an Ⅳ-total coloring f of G using k colors,if C(u)≠C(v) for any two different vertices u and v of V(G),then f is called a k-vertex-distinguishing Ⅳ-total-coloring of G,or a k-VDIVT coloring of G for short.The minimum number of colors required for a VDIVT coloring of G is denoted by x_(vt)~(iv)(G),and it is called the VDIVT chromatic number of G.We will give VDIVT chromatic numbers for double star S_(2n),wheel W_n and fan F_n in this article.


Over the past 10 years, seaweed utilization in Chile reached a volume of over 400,000 tons (wet weight) per year. Fifty percent of that production involved various species of Phaeophyta. The other 50 percent resulted from the harvest of Rhodophyta. Chile has, thus, become one of the most important countries for exploitation, cultivation and uses of algae. Algal production in Chile is mainly based upon the exploitation of wild stocks and cultivation on a commercial scale remains restricted to Gracilaria chilensis (Buschmann et al. 2001a). This contribution presents a brief summary of the available information in the country on brown and red seaweed cultivation. Second, we discuss an interest in developing novel seaweed products to increase the profitability of algal markets and third, we provide evidence gathered along the Chilean coast for the use of seaweeds as biofilters. This paper covers only the most important species exploited at the present time in Chile. Therefore, our discussion is restricted to important advances in the development of a diversified seaweed aquaculture industry in Chile.


Occult inguinal hernia,also called occult hernia,is the special type of the indirect inguinal hernia in children.Due to the patent processus vaginalis or the smaller hernia sac,the intra-abdominal organs didn′t protrude into the inguinal canal to form bump,therefore,the patients were asymptomatic clinically and prone to delayed treatment.Once symptomatic,the patient had to accept further operation,which could easily result in unnecessary medical disputes.Most occult hernias are confirmed by surgical operation in children,especially after widely-used laparoscopy.This review mainly summarize the recent advance about the diagnosis and treatment of occult hernia in children.


Photonic crystals (PCs) are a remarkable class of materials wherein the periodicity of the index of refraction can be engineered to obtain unprecedented optical properties that have no parallels in other materials. Some interesting optical phenomena inherent to PCs include second harmonic generation, the superprism effect, photonic bandgaps (PBGs), and "slow photons". It is also possible to achieve light localization within PCs by introducing defects by design that disrupt the periodicity of the index of refraction, allowing the creation of localized photon modes having frequencies that lie within the PBG of the PC. The ability of defect modes in PCs to confine photons is expected to provide the infrastructure for optical circuits. Moreover, lossless light propagation along PBG waveguides with coupling to quantum dots or optical cavities could provide new avenues for quantum information processing. Considering that an ideal crystal is a periodic structure extending to infinity in all directions, the planar surface of a PC can actually be regarded as a 2D crystal defect. Accordingly, it is interesting to note that as in the case of defects introduced into the bulk of a PC, light can also be localized at the PC surface. For instance, it has been known for quite some time that light can propagate in localized modes along the surface of a periodically layered medium, which effectively acts a 1D PC. Recently, Miguez and co-workers have investigated photon surface resonant modes in thin films coupled to PCs. One structure studied in this work has been fabricated by depositing a homogeneous silica layer on top of a silica inverse colloidal crystal. The results of the study indicate that upon illumination of this layer of silica with normally incident light at certain frequencies within the bandgap of the PC, the electromagnetic field near the PC/film interface is amplified with respect to the electromagnetic fields in the surrounding regions. This phenomenon arises from partial light localization at the modified PC surface, which behaves as an optical dopant or defect. Structures similar to those studied by Miguez and co-workers have been used to enhance the efficiency of Gratzel cells comprising dye-sensitized titania electrodes shaped as PCs. The observed improvements were initially attributed to slow photons propagating through the PC structure; however, it has subsequently been pointed out that this hypothesis does not account for all of the observed results and that the improvements arise primarily from light localization at the surface of the structure. The objective of the research reported herein is two-fold. The first objective is to demonstrate that the photoconductivity of a semiconductor film can be amplified by optically coupling the film to a PC surface. Indeed, in this construct, the film does not itself need to be periodically structured. The second objective is to show that the photoconductivity enhancement attainable from surface resonant modes in thin films coupled to PC surfaces is greater than the enhancement that can be achieved by depositing a perfect mirror (PM) onto the backside of this film. To address the first objective, we have compared the measured quantum efficiencies (QEs) of a thin hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) film deposited on a glass substrate for two different structures. One structure is the film–PC construct shown in Figure 1a, wherein an opaline PC is deposited onto the backside of a thin a-Si:H film, whereas the secC O M M U N IC A IO N


Primary elections have become a relevant aspect of Italian politics, where participation of the whole citizenship, in disregard of party affiliation, is allowed. On one side, they can be considered a tool that political parties set up in order to react against the crisis of legitimacy they are suffering from. On the other, perhaps more importantly, primaries may be understood as a new participative dimension in which the nature of party membership is refurbished and redefined. Indeed, through primaries, the incentives to participation are reallocated in a way that members share the same commitment and engagement of those who intervene in party life only 'on and off' sporadically. Given these premises, this paper focuses on how Democratic Party (PD) members perceive such an instrument. We distinguish between old-style members, who come from a militant experience within a party structure oriented and focused on members and their key role, and new-style members, who join a party for the very first time. While the former understand primaries as a return of the party, for the latter primaries give the opportunity for a new mode of participation. Using data from a web survey submitted to PD members, we find that both types give quite a positive opinion of primaries, though new-style members are slightly happier than old-style members. Although members conceive primaries as a new opportunity for participation, the latter are also perceived as a lighter way of participating in party life, as the members' positive opinion declines when the level of involvement within the party increases. However, when intra-party democracy procedures are at stake, the distinction between membership styles seems to disappear in favour of a division between internal members and external supporters. In fact, there still is a consistent group of reluctant and sceptical members who interpret primaries, as well as more inclusive methods of candidate and leader selection, as an instrument aiming at putting members and supporters on the same level.


Ageing represents a great concern in developed countries because the high number of people included in this group (indeed, a further increase in the rate of old people it is expected in the near future). Another important aspect concerning ageing is the number of pathologies related with this phenomenon like Alzheimer, Parkinson, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. According to the free radical theory of ageing and its further mitochondrial extension, ageing is the result of the oxidative insult to the organism throughout the life. Some of the damages are not entirely repaired and are accumulated, leading to organism malfunction. Such oxidative-stress related events are particularly important in mitochondria and specially at the mitochondrial DNA level (less protected and more prone to oxidation than nuclear DNA and with a not well established repairing system). Such mitochondrial damage directly affects to the cell energy delivery system, being that, at least in part, the explanation for the structural and functional impairments related to age. Oxidative stress is related with the fatty acid composition of membranes. The intake of a type of fat affects in a direct way the fatty acids and antioxidants composition of subcellular membranes (including mitochondrial membranes) and in an indirect way the susceptibility of the membrane to oxidation. Thus, if we build specific biological membranes according to particular types of fats, we would be able to positively affect the way and intensity in which different organs would age. This work hypothesis represents a new point of view in the investigation of ageing and might have important consequences. According to the above-mentioned premises, this work reviews the convenience to use virgin olive oil as dietary fat from the point of view of mitochondrial ageing.


Retrodirective arrays are able to radiate a signal in response to a signal transmitted by an interrogator back toward the transmitter position with no a priori knowledge of the arrival direction. We present a novel architecture that enables the retrodirective array to respond to an interrogator at the same transmitted frequency with no previous knowledge of the transmission frequency. The frequency agile prototype array shows excellent retrodirectivity at various frequencies.


Ribonucleic acid extracted from influenza virus was labeled at the 3′ termini with 3H and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Influenza virus was found to contain a minimum of seven and possibly as many as 10 polynucleotide chains, most of which appear to terminate at the 3′ end in uridine.


Polymer tantalum capacitors are emerging as an excellent choice for circuit designs that requires stable capacitance, long life, high reliability, and smaller size. Conductivity stability of Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) materials as well as capacitors with PEDOT cathodes were investigated in this study. PEDOT films and cathodes formed from insitu polymerization of 3,4ethylenedioxythiophene monomer doped with p-toluenesulfonate (TOS) and pre-polymerized dispersion of PEDOT complexed with poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) were compared under 85 °C/85% RH (relative humidity) environment. Electrical measurements along with Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), UV Spectroscopy, Thermo-mechanical Analysis (TMA), and Thermal Imaging were used to characterize the samples. Resistance of the films formed from insitu polymerization increased significantly on exposure to 85 °C /85% RH compared to the films formed from pre-polymerized dispersion. However, the trend was reversed in the capacitors where cathodes formed by insitu polymerization was more stable than the cathodes from PEDOT: PSSA. Our studies suggest that delamination caused by the thermomechanical and voltage induced stress generated in these capacitors is primarily responsible for conductivity degradation in polymer capacitors. These new insights led to the development of a new generation of PEDOT: PSSA polymer systems which significantly enhanced the reliability of polymer capacitors in harsh environments.


The author attempts to reconstruct semantics and to express a hypothesis on origin of West Siberian ornamental edgings with a bordering, organized following strict formal rules used in lingual texts on creating palindromes. It is suggested that in the perception of ancient West Siberian aborigines the edgings-palindromes symbolized space, possessing an ability to keep living entities. The ornaments were used as amulets. It is suggested that evolution of ornamental pattern being closely connected with weaving processing methods.


In a report concerning the protective action of 0-mercaptoethylamine against radiation lethality, Bacq and associates (1) discussed possible mechanisms by which this chemical agent might exert its beneficial effect against radiation injury. These investigators called attention to the fact that 0-mercaptoethylamine is a constituent of the coenzyme A molecule and might exert a protective action on this coenzyme by competing for free radicals formed during irradiation. The sulfhydryl group of 3-mercaptoethylamine has been shown by Lynen and Reichert (2) to be the functional part of coenzyme A. Barron has stated (3) that coenzyme A is among the most sensitive sulfhydryl compounds toward oxidation by X-irradiation in vitro. Oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups of coenzyme A would prevent the normal transport of acyl groups as thioesters, and this defect should be reflected in a decreased ability of tissues of irradiated animals to perform acetylation reactions. The present study was undertaken to obtain information on the functional activity of coenzyme A in the tissues of irradiated animals. The influence of Xirradiation on acetylation reactions was measured by administering sulfanilamide to irradiated and normal rats and comparing urinary excretion of free and acetylated sulfanilamide.


The small GTPase Ran plays a central role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nuclear transport of Ran itself depends on nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2). Here, we report that NTF2 and Ran control nuclear import of the filamentous actin capping protein CapG. In digitonin‐permeabilized cells, neither GTPγS nor the GTP hydrolysis‐deficient Ran mutant RanQ69L affect transit of CapG to the nucleus in the presence of cytosol. Obstruction of nucleoporins prevents nuclear transport of CapG, and we show that CapG binds to nucleoporin62. In addition, CapG interacts with NTF2, associates with Ran and is furthermore able to bind the NTF2–Ran complex. NTF2–Ran interaction is required for CapG nuclear import. This is corroborated by a NTF2 mutant with reduced affinity for Ran and a Ran mutant that does not bind NTF2, both of which prevent CapG import. Thus, a ubiquitously expressed protein shuttles to the nucleus through direct association with NTF2 and Ran. The role of NTF2 may therefore not be solely confined to sustaining the Ran gradient in cells.


In Run 3 of the LHC the LHCb experiment faces very high data rates containing beauty and charm hadron decays. Thus the task of the trigger is not to select any beauty and charm events, but to select those containing decays interesting for the LHCb physics programme. LHCb has therefore implemented a real-time data processing strategy to trigger directly on reconstructed events. The first stage of the purely software-based trigger is implemented on GPUs performing a partial event reconstruction. In the second stage of the software trigger, the full, offline-quality event reconstruction is performed on CPUs, with a crucial part being track reconstruction, balancing track finding efficiency, fake track rate and event throughput. LHCb's CPU-based track reconstruction sequence for Run 3 is presented, highlighting the"Forward Tracking", which is the algorithm that reconstructs trajectories of charged particles traversing all of LHCb's tracking detectors. To meet event throughput requirements, the"Forward Tracking"uses SIMD instructions in several core parts of the algorithm, such as the Hough transform and the cluster search. These changes led to an improvement of the algorithm's event throughput by 60%.


–In order to do the best job of fisheries management, fisheries biologists need ready access to relevant information. This report describes databases that have recently been compiled and progress in making the information more available to fisheries biologists through development of relational databases and a geographic information system (GIS). The following 14 datasets have been converted to relational database tables: water bodies from the Michigan lake inventory of Humphrys and Green (N = 32,121); Michigan coldwater lakes (N = 1,345); names of Michigan lakes appearing on U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps (N = 6,904); water quality data for lakes with a public access site and a surface area of at least 50 acres (N = 730); Schneider's compilation of lake morphology and water quality (N = 387); Schneider's compilation of Lower Peninsula lakes sampled for fishes with large seines (N = 229); lake characteristics from Fusilier's atlas and gazetteer of Michigan lakes (N = 297); lakes sampled in the Michigamme Project (N = 66); watershed area and perimeter for natural lakes at least 100 acres in area (N = 831 individual lakes and 40 multi-lake groups); names of Michigan lakes sampled as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (N = 172); list of reports published by Fisheries Division as research, technical, special, and status of the fishery resource reports (N = 2,404); public boat launch sites on inland lakes (N = 920); Laarman's compilation of fish length at age (N = 26,086 records representing 1,135 lakes and 18 species); and names of inland lakes with angler creel survey data (N = 183 lakes, N = 596 lake-year combinations). Metadata were prepared for these data sets. One critical task in this project was assigning a unique lake code to items in various data sets so that multiple sources of information about particular lakes could be linked. Another critical task was assigning the unique lake code to GIS lake points and polygons so that values from various data sets could be displayed as maps. This compilation of databases also contains a collection of digital images of lake maps. Over 160 lake maps have now been converted for use in GIS analyses and for calculation of lake volume and mean depth. These compiled data sets can now be used in the development of decision-support tools for lake and fisheries management, such as estimation of lake fetch and thermocline depth and estimation of walleye population characteristics from lake variables. In order to do the best job of fisheries management, fish biologists need ready access to relevant information. Much useful information on Michigan lakes has been collected by various workers under different studies for a variety of purposes, however such information is contained in multiple documents, some of which are not widely available (e.g.,


T h e d e b a t e s about interdisciplinarity in Academia offer an endless and repetitive story. Everybody seems to agree that it is a very desirable objective while at the same time acknowledging that it is a very difficult if not impossible task. At the end of the day truly interdisciplinary works are rare, and often confirm the suspicion that interdisciplinarity research does not match the standards of the welldefined disciplines. So when one happens to read a fascinating investigation at the crossroads between history and sociology, one can only rejoice. Finally, one has in hand the proof that interdisciplinarity might be indeed a challenging and daunting task but, when successful, remarkably rewarding. This is the feeling of the reader when closing Ruling Oneself Out: A Theory of Collective Abdications by Ivan Ermakoff. The book deals with two emblematic cases: the death of democracy through a vote by a democratically elected assembly in Germany on 23 March 1933 and in France on 17 June 1940 when the Parliament abdicated its powers into Petain's hands. The two cases chosen for analysis are exceptional, not only because of the way they unfold, but also because of their consequences for democratic regimes and institutions. From the outset Ermakoff draws a distinction between abdication and surrender, and states in his preface ''History is punctuated with critical decisions, decisions that engage one's fate and the fate of others, decisions that people make in a mist of darkness, the darkness of their own motivations, the darkness of those who confront and challenge them and the darkness of what the future has in store''. Actors have very little light to guide their choices and actions. Ermakoff dismisses fear as a too easy and conventional explanation of the actors' behaviour and rather insists on two crucial factors: the role of peers when the members of a given group are lost and look for solutions and support from their fellow companions; the situation of uncertainty whereby individuals do not know which choice should be made and ignore what will be the choice of their peers. From this point of view the chosen cases are particularly crucial: there are a limited number actors (a parliament). They know each other and are organized around groups, parties and structured by fixed


The article analyzes the influence of various factors on the application of the technology of crushed stone ballast clearing. A model of a ballast prism composed of crushed stone of various fractions in the form of an elastic isotropic flat layer of varying thickness, bounded around the perimeter by a contour of arbitrary shape, is considered. Criteria for evaluating crushed stone ballast cleaning technologies are given: performance of a ballast cleaning machine - estimated by operating speed, volume of cut out and cleaned ballast (per hour) and depends on the initial state of the path superstructure, initial contamination and ballast moisture, cutting depth and width of the ballast; technical characteristics of the screen, bar chain, conveyor system; quality of ballast cleaning - depends on the initial state of the ballast layer (moisture, debris), surface area and angle of screen inclination, amplitude and frequency of vibration of the screen; the purity of rubble that is returned on the way, also depends on the effectiveness of protection against weed spills on conveyors and bunkers with clean rubble, and protection against the spill of weeds from the machine onto the ballast prism after it has been cleaned. The choice of a variant of the production technology for ballast cleaning is also based on an analysis of the condition of the path before and after repair and reduces, as a rule, to the formation of a chain of heavy track machines. Analysis of the application of crushed stone ballast cleaning technology, taking into account a set of technical, operational features of the repair site, technical characteristics of track machines for deep cleaning of crushed stone ballast, as well as technological and production requirements for various types of the path repair, showed the need for further study of this issue to reduce operating costs for Russian Railways.


A new expression of Reynolds equation with no apparent oil-wedge term and the CIP scheme are utilized for analyzing mixed or micro EHL. A quite stable convergence has been realized in developed numerical procedure, as the fault of conventional Reynolds equation that it includes redundant terms which should be cancelled out regarding an effect of moving asperity slope on film establishment was eliminated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


The article considers the basic methodological approaches of pedagogical research of General scientific and specifically-scientific levels, substantiated and is devoted to methodological approaches of formation of the competitiveness of graduating students of the University.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an improved method for assembling an inflatable cushion with a reaction housing in an inflatable restraint system, and an assembling device thereof. SOLUTION: A die 10 which includes at least one cavity 25 extending through the die 10, and an elongate slot 21 communicated with the interior of the cavity 25 and disposed along the length thereof is provided. This die 10 is matched with a reaction housing 16, and a cushion insert formed at a gas introducing opening of an inflatable cushion is axially inserted into an adaptable sleeve of the reaction housing 16 through the die cavity 25 to complete assemblage.


: The Principal Curves are one-dimensional and have high data representation capacity, which makes them a robust pattern recognition technique. This work presents an iterative clustering method using the Principal Curves technique. In the proposed method, initially and through the k-means algorithm, curves are allocated in each of the clusters found and, iteratively, the distance from each point to the curves is calculated, associating the point with the nearest curve. This process is performed iteratively until the convergence of the algorithm. The method was applied to synthetic databases and the results compared to those of the k-means algorithm. The proposed method obtained results better than or equal to that of k-means mainly in databases with curvilinear distribution. It was identified a certain sensitivity according to the initialization of the method showing the need to optimize its initial parameters.


The Dempster's combination rule has been widely used recently since it is a convenient and promising method to combine multi-source information with their own confidence degrees/evidences. On the other hand, it has been criticized and debated upon its some counterintuitive behavior and too restrictive requirements. To clarify the theoretical essence of the Dempster's combination rule and provide a direction to solve these problems, the Dempster's combination rule is formulated based on random set theory first. Then, under this framework, all possible combination rules are presented, and these combination rules based on correlated sensor confidence degrees (evidence supports) are proposed. Finally, the optimal Bayes combination rule can be given whenever all necessary priori conditions are available


Abstract : At the request of Mr. F. J. Moynihan, Motor Transportation Office, samples of broken leaf springs were examined. These samples were approximately 2-3/4 in. long, 3 in. wide, and 3/8 in. thick. The springs had been in service about five years on a five-ton truck which distributed salt on the Arsenal roads during the winter months. The samples had a very heavy coat of corrosion on both surfaces and several had transverse cracks extending almost the width of the spring. Failure by stress-corrosion or corrosion-fatigue was indicated.


Endmenber extraction has received increasing interests in hyperspectral image analysis. Two major issues are of interest. One is determination of endmembers, p, required to be generated and the other is generation of initial endmembers. Since most endmember extraction algorithms (EEAs) use randomly generated vectors as their initial endmembers to initialize their algorithms, their final generated endmembers are generally determined by these random initial endmembers. As a result, a different set of random initial endmembers may well likely produce a different final set of desired endmembers. This paper converts this disadvantage to an advantage and further resolves the above-mentioned two issues. Due to the random nature of initial endmembers, the proposed idea is to implement an EEA as a random algorithm so that a single run using a random set of initial endmembers is considered as a realization of a random algorithm. As a result, if an EEA is implemented several times with different sets of random initial endmembers, the intersection of their final generated endmembers in all runs should contain the desired endmembers. An EEA is then terminated when their produced intersections converge to the same set of desired endmembers. In this case, there is no need to determine the p. An EEA implemented in such a manner is called automatic EEA (AEEA). Two commonly used EEAs, pixel purity index (PPI) and N-finder algorithm (N-FINDR), are extended to AEEAs along with a new automatic ICA-based EEA. Experimental results demonstrate that the AEEA performs at least as well as their counterparts.


"Adam Naming the Beasts" and its companions in pursuit of the motivated sign natural signs and the Fall of language language and modes of production the return to Logos afterword - romantic languages and modern methodologies.


The article analyzed the present status of potato industry development in Heilongjiang,promulgated the question lied in the potato industry development,and then proposed certain suggestions to speed up the development of potato industry.


Shots of devastated German cities provide stirring vistas in postwar Trummer filme (rubble films). As low-angle compositions frame monuments of destruc tion against the vastness of cloudy skies, the shattered expanses of a depopulated metropolis resemble natural landscapes. At times the jagged shards of broken buildings bear an uncanny resemblance to the craggy contours of alpine peaks. But discussion of these often-studied films has rarely granted their most conspicuous shapes and spaces sustained or close attention. 1 In fact, rubble plays a prominent role in the Trummerfilm . The Trummerfilm , particularly the seminal exercise in this vein, Wolfgang Staudte's Die Morder sind unter uns (The Murderers Are among Us, 1946), also figures in a much larger history of rubble representation. The postwar rubble in Berlin differed from that in Frankfurt, Hamburg, or Dresden. Modern Berlin, notes Wolfgang Schivelbusch, was a city machine in which advanced technology did not simply work over old structures but constituted the urban space's prime substance. Unlike other more conventional German cities, Berlin was largely a product of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and for that reason steel skeletons undergirded much of its architecture. The capital's buildings (even its historical edifices from the baroque to the Wilhelminian eras) were so massive that they withstood bombing during


"Renty, Congo. Plantation of B. F. Taylor, Esq." Daguerreotype taken by J. T. Zealy, Columbia, S.C., March 1850. Peabody Museum, Harvard University Recent discussions of multiculturalism, ethnicity, identity, and race have raised many new questions about the nature of cultural difference. Some critics have derided "political correctness" and challenges to Western canons of culture, while others have struggled to trace the genealogies of cultural oppression and to challenge normative structures of identity formation. In its methodology, this second group of critics has shifted the analysis away from essentialist or biological versions of race by trying to determine how fluctuant ethnic roles are constructed and articulated through a variety of positions, languages, institutions, and apparatuses. When race has been subjected to the critical gaze of these practices, it has inevitably been reinscribed as a complex and discursive category that cannot be separated from other formative components of identity. In other words, these debates have made clear that "race" is a political issue, a product of subjective choices made around issues of power, a function less of physical repression than of constructions of knowledge. Who determines what counts as knowledge? Who represents and who is represented? Whose voice will be heard? Whose stories will be remembered? Such questions go to the heart of how history is written and validated by society-through negotiations fraught with silent conflicts and profound implications. For this reason, it is important to historicize not only the concept of race but also the institutions and powerknowledge conjunctions that have fostered it. Museums are central to the ways our culture is constructed. Despite the attention they now pay to spectacle and display, museums-like libraries, historical societies, and archives-are principally concerned with sorting and classifying knowledge. It is significant, then, that over the past few decades a great seachange has swept over all these institutions. In the wake of the photography boom of the 1970s, information once stored in the form of photographs and photographically illustrated books has been wrenched from its previous organizational and institutional contexts and reclassified according to its medium. As critic Rosalind Krauss has noted, the effect of this change has been "to dismantle the photographic archive-the set of practices, institutions, and relationships to which nineteenth-century photography belonged-and to reassemble it within the categories previously constituted by art and its history."' Thus, in recent museum exhibitions of daguerreotypes, images once intended for


In this chapter molecular transport of three aromatic solvents (benzene, toluene and xylene) and petroleum fuel (petrol, kerosene and diesel) through peanut shell powder filled SBR composites were studied at three different temperatures by conventional weight gain experiments. The diffusion process depends on free volume within the matrix, nature of the polymer, nature of filler, temperature, penetrant size and degree of reinforcement. The impact of concentration of filler, the effect of modification by silane treatment on PSP and effect of temperature on the diffusion properties were analysed. The swelling coefficient and diffusion coefficient decrease with increase in filler loading and increase with temperature. The activation energies and thermodynamic parameters were also determined. The relationship between diffusion behavior and morphology was arrived at from SEM studies. The mechanism of transport phenomenon was investigated. The oil resistance of the composites using different oil (IRM 901,902 and 903) were also carried out at different temperatures. Chapter 6: Transport properties and oil resistance 142 6.


Valganciclovir has been used extensively for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus in adults for many years. In August 2009, valganciclovir was approved by the US FDA for use in children at the same time as a valganciclovir oral solution. This oral solution will facilitate dosing in patients who are unable to swallow tablets or who require intermediate doses. This paper reviews the current status of the general use of valganciclovir in organ transplant patients with a particular focus on children. Valganciclovir appears to be safe and effective in children. The dose of valganciclovir that appears appropriate for children is based on both renal function and body surface area – specifically, dose (in mg) = seven-times the body surface area multiplied by the creatinine clearance (calculated using a modified Schwartz formula).


Introduction Many developing countries face a huge challenge in expanding university education for a sizeable proportion of their population to meet the demands of the global knowledge economy. The state university system, currently the largest provider of university education in Sri Lanka, only has around 22 000 places a year for in-person (on campus) education (around 3% of the school leaving age cohort). The government of Sri Lanka investigated options for expanding university education and selected technology-mediated distance education as the preferred option due to perceptions of cost advantages and quality enhancement. Today, both state universities and private institutes offer e-learning to their students with a range of options from fully online delivery to blended or supplementary online delivery. An island-wide network of telecentres was established to provide access to e-learning for students who do not possess their own connectivity.


Rectal tumours which are not amenable to endoscopic resection have been managed traditionally by radical surgery. Transanal techniques are less invasive and have a lower mortality and morbidity, but a higher local recurrence rate. This article reviews and compares some of these techniques.


The objectives of the course are to learn the bases of entrepreneurship, free enterprise education, and social entrepreneurship - in a variety of forms and delivered experientially. Student teams will continually develop, innovate, and implement an assortment of projects and programs. These projects should tie the skills learned in the entrepreneurship classes to date. The teams are required to document the impact of their efforts, whether it is in dollars, educational achievement, or business health. They should partner with existing organizations on campus, the school system and with the business community. Programs and projects should be developed to ensure their continuity into the future.


The aim of the paper was to determine which anthropomorphological (AM) features are possessed by players who competed at the elite international level (Olympic Games), at the elite national level (Super League) and the federal level (second division - North) in order to classify the most important AM characteristics that determine competitive performance in volleyball for women. A set of 11 variables, measured by standardized tests in field measurement conditions, was used for the assessment of their anthropomorphological profiles. The data were processed by a multivariate statistical method. The results showed that there is a general statistically significant difference in the AM profiles between female volleyball players of different competitive levels (Wilks' Lambda Value-0156, F=4927, 0000 and p=0.000) mostly in body height, LBM, body weight and upper leg skin folds. In terms of selection and in function of AM space, the top female volleyball players must be of above-average height and with morphological features which provide them with an outstanding speed-explosive motor potential. .


Bamboo processing generic technology equipment is an important basic technology form of bamboo processing machinery,which takes a pivotal role of promoting the development of bamboo processing mechanization.The paper creatively puts forward the connotation,structure and content of bamboo processing generic technology equipment,the category of bamboo processing generic technology equipment is defined,the development situation and problems are stated,the key development direction and fields are analysed,the measures for speeding up development of bamboo processing generic technology equipment are stated.Bamboo processing generic technology equipment is a new field to be further researched in academic.


Coronavirus severe acute respiratory coronavirus of the COVID-19 pandemic in the of numerous health care systems and economic states of most countries globally The global response to COVID-19 on bringing down the transmission rates to protect vulnerable subjects and prevent further socio-economic


Dried crude filtrate (DCF) from Streptomyces sp., containing antibiotic P-9, was compared in 1962 with a mixture of nickel chloride and zineb and in 1964 with symmetrical dichlorotetrafluoroacetone (DCTFA) for the control of cereal rusts on Marquis wheat. Seven applications of DCF gave significantly better control of stem rust on the sheaths than six applications of nickel–zineb. The control of stem rust on the necks and of leaf rust was equally good for both materials. Rust control by either material resulted in a substantial improvement of yield and grade. When 280 kg/ha of DCF, a quantity equal to that used successfully in three applications over a period of 4 weeks, was applied in a single application, less control was obtained and some phytotoxic necrosis occurred. The phototoxicity may have been due to an extraneous substance in the DCF, and might not be a limiting factor with purified or partially purified preparations.Under the conditions of the experiment in 1964, DCTFA was not as effective as DC...


The brands' development and management are inevitably accompanied by the need for the market research in order to get information on customers, their standpoints, perceptions and preferences. The needs and wishes of customers are not the permanent issue, but are being changed upon their satisfaction and also by the activities of competitive companies. This requires the needs and wishes of the customers be permanently followed and examined. To be well informed about the needs of customers as well as about their expectations make a strong base for successful marketing. Only when we know the most important values for the customer and his life values as well, all market activities and communication may be directed to his real needs. The behavioral analysis of the customers makes an important part of marketing which combines the elements of psychology, sociology, anthropology and economy in order to get answers to questions what the customers buy, when they buy, why they buy and how they make decisions on shopping.


Objective To identify the relationship between expression of hematopoeitic stem/progenitor cell(HSPC)-related gene HSPC016 and aggregative behavior of the dermal papilla cells of hair follicles. Methods The aggregated human dermal papilla cells, non-aggregated human dermal papilla cells and the human dermal fibroblasts were used in this study. Expression of HSPC016 mRNA was investigated in the three cell groups by intracellular mRNA hybridization in situ and RT-PCR. Results By in situ hybridization, it was shown that gene HSPC016 specifically expressed in the aggregated dermal papilla cells, but not in the non-aggregated human dermal papilla cells and human dermal fibroblasts. A 200bp fragment of target cDNA was amplified from RNAs of the aggregated human dermal papilla cells by RT-PCR, but could not from RNAs of other two cell lines. Conclusions Gene HSPC016 was specifically expressed in the aggregated dermal papilla cells, and expression of HSPC016 might be related to the differentiation and functions of dermal papilla cells.


Two novel quinoline-2-carboxylic acid derivatives, perspicamides A (2) and B (3), were isolated from the Australian ascidian Botrylloides perspicuum. Extraction of the freeze-dried ascidian with methanol and purification of the extract by C18 MPLC followed by repeated C18 HPLC yielded the new compounds 2 and 3 as well as the known compounds botryllamides A-C (4-6). The structures of 2 and 3 were determined from analysis of 2D NMR spectra.


During the process of economic development,it is unavoidable that there is the process of the growth of the emerging industry and the declining of the traditional industry.This process is determined by the change rule of the emerging,growth,maturity and depressing of industry.Declining industry is the result of the industry evolution.It is normal economic phenomenon of the industry's ups and down.This paper analyzes the foreign research status quo of declining industry from the perspective of strategy,organization ecology,exit and studies some country's declining industry.It also summarizes the domestic research status quo in terms of declining industry's identification,strategy,regulation,assistance,transformation,exit and study on some industries.Finally,it points out the future study direction on the declining industry.


We demonstrate links between the protein content of diets, food intake, the resultant body mass, juvenile hormone synthesis by the corpora allata, and o6cyte maturation in Blattella germanica. Oiicyte development and oviposition were suppressed in starved females as well as in females fed deficient artificial diets (low- or high-protein contetits). On all diets, as well as in starved females, oiicyte growth was significantly potentiated by hydirene, indicating that the suppressed oiicyte growth on deficient diets was largely due to juvenile hormone deficiency. Also, under all dietary treatments, including in starved females, transection of the nervi corporis cardiaci (NCC)-I and II significantly potentiated juvenile hormone biosynthesis, o6cyte development and oviposition compared with the respective sham-operated females. These results clearly show that intact nerves are a major route of allatostatic signals from the brain which in turn are regulated by food quality. However, a partial suppression of juvenile hormone synthesis and smaller o6cytes in females with denervated corpora allata that were fed protein-deficient diets (starved, 0%, 5%) or high-protein diets (78%) compared with females that were fed normal diets (25%, dog and rat foods) highlights the importance of humoral signals in allata activity. OScyte size and juvenile hormone biosynthetic rates were also significantly lower in adult females that were fed a 7.5%~protein diet as nymphs compared with females fed a 25%-protein diet. Denervation of the corpora aUata resulted in potentiation of their activity, but to significantly lower rates in females that were raised on the low-protein diet as nymphs, further supporting the importance of the nutritional milieu in corpus allatmn activation. Both food intake and body mass varied directly with the protein content of the diet, confounding the conclusion that corpus allaturn activity was affected by signals related to the dietary protein content. To dissociate food consumption and body mass from corpora allata activity and oiicyte growth, 2% trypsin synthesis inhibitor was added to a 7.5%-protein diet. Neither body mass nor total food consumption were changed relative to control females, but o6cytes were significantly small on this diet. Together with data showing that o6cyte maturation can be induced with hydroprene in protein-deprived or even in starved females, these data argue that signals associated with the protein content of the diet partially lift brain inhibition of the corpora aUata.


In this paper query optimization using materialized views has been analyzed and a comprehensive and efficient technique has been proposed to create Map-table. Materialized views can provide massive improvements in query processing time, especially for aggregation queries over large tables. To realize this potential, a number of existing techniques have been considered regarding the problem of maintaining materialized views as well as optimal searching time and memory overhead. Keeping this in mind, an optimal algorithm has been proposed in this paper for query optimization. It has been demonstrated that the proposed algorithm reduces the searching time substantially and reducing the memory size as well.


Electrical smallness is one of the most fundamental properties of metamaterials. Generally, the size of a metamaterial unit cell must be less than λ/10. In this paper, we propose the design of extremely sub-wavelength magnetic metamaterials that can be made far less than λ/1000. Based on broadside capacitive couplings, the magnetic resonant frequency of split-ring resonator magnetic metamaterials can be drastically reduced by introducing more shunt capacitances. As an example, we demonstrated by experiment a polarization-independent sub-wavelength magnetic metamaterial that is as small as λ/38. This design avoids the use of lumped elements whose capacitances/inductances usually vary with frequencies and thus provides an efficient route to deep sub-wavelength metamaterials with stable performances for practical applications.


The present disclosure provides a system for tuning the transmit coil for operation in multiple frequency bands, the method and apparatus. In one aspect, a method of wireless power transmission is provided. The method via a wireless power transmitter, comprising the step of exciting the first portion of the wireless power transmission system. This method, if the non-charging object exists, further comprising the step of detecting a first variation of the first parameter. The first parameter indicates the coupling between the non-charging object and a first portion. This method is based on the first change, further comprising the step of changing the characteristics of the wireless power transmission.


This study was conducted to investigate the predictor factors (e.g., life satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and self-esteem) on psychological well-being among orphans. This survey used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Scale, and Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale. This study uses a sampling method to involve 103 orphans in PERKAYA Orphanage, Marang aged 18 years and below. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 using descriptive and inferential analysis. The findings of the study indicate that the psychological well-being of orphans is at a high level. Also, the study found that there was a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Besides that, life satisfaction and self-esteem were not significantly related to psychological well-being. Multiple regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence and self-esteem were predictor factors of psychological well-being among orphans. In conclusion, the findings of this study can serve as a starting point for developing programs or module that emphasizes aspects of emotional intelligence and self-esteem in strengthening the psychological well-being of orphanage.


Abstract We propose a new method for a point cloud based viewshed generation. We start with a brief summary of existing methods for viewshed generation and then present ours based on point clouds. The method is implemented in AutoCAD Civil 3D. Moreover, we present an idea of how to deal with huge point clouds using AutoCAD Civil 3D and how to automatize this process.


Based on the meteorological data of 48 weather stations from 1951 to 2005 in the eastern Inner Mongolia,the changes and spatial distribution characteristics of air temperature,precipitation,wind speed and sunshine duration were analyzed by trend analysis method.The results show that air temperature in the eastern Inner Mongolia increases during recent 50 years,and the increase of extreme minimum temperature is higher than that of extreme maximum temperature.Precipitation increases obviously in the eastern Hulunbeier and the southwestern Chifeng,while it decreases obviously in Tongliao.The mean wind speed decreases except Tongliao.The changes of sunshine duration and precipitation are contrary.


The effects of hydrological alterations on thermal regimes due to small water provisioning schemes are poorly understood. We studied the alteration of thermal regimes in a Mediterranean stream, where a weir and a water abstraction have been previously shown to severely affect the flow regime (e.g. frequency and duration of drought) and fish assemblage. Compared to non‐impacted sites, the daily water temperature was more variable downstream of the weir, where water flow was reduced and drying occurred every summer. However, water temperature variation was smaller in a nearby downstream site dominated by effluents from a wastewater treatment plant. In addition, compared to all other sites, the times of the day to reach minimum and maximum water temperatures were markedly different in this site receiving the wastewater plant effluents and occurred earlier in the day in the site below the weir. The relationships between air and water temperatures were tight downstream but became looser and anomalous at the sites affected by water abstraction and effluent inputs. Overall, our results show that water temperature regimes in small streams are abruptly disrupted with water provisioning schemes with unknown consequences for aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Effects may be particularly stressful in Mediterranean‐climate streams, where water is scarce and hydrological alterations pervasive. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


. The article analyzes modern problems of development of the capital market in Ukraine and the pathology of its main institutions, suggests areas for their recovery and effective functioning to provide investment resources for the real sector of economy and structural adjustment. The basic goals of the state's long-term strategy in the capital market development, in particular, the stock market and the market of bank loans, are defined. The necessity of reforming the system of regulation of the financial sector to overcome the causes of structural and cyclical and financial crises is substantiated. The goals and guidelines for the functioning of the financial system and financial market are defined to provide the real sector of economy with investment resources and to promote industrial, economic, social and ecological modernization of the country.


We investigated the gastrointestinal transit of liquids, as well as various gastric pH profiles, in fed cynomolgus monkeys. Twelve grams of a biscuit‐type solid food were provided 1 h before the test. The acetaminophen method was used to determine the gastric half‐emptying time (t50%), which provided an estimate of the gastric emptying rate. The gastric emptying rate of liquids was significantly reduced after food intake in monkeys. The mean t50% value was 143.5 min and comparable to that of humans after eating. However, there was a large variability in the t50% between individual animals as shown by the coefficient of variance of approximately 80%. Next, the median oro‐caecal transit time in fed monkeys was determined to be 1.8 h, using the sulfasalazine‐sulfapyridine method. There was no significant difference in oro‐caecal transit time between unfed and fed monkeys; thus, food intake has no significant effect on the oro‐caecal transit time of liquids in either monkeys or humans. However, the oro‐caecal transit time in humans is about 2 h longer than that in monkeys. Our experiments using several different foods suggested that the typical human gastric pH profile could not be simulated in fed monkeys. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We examined the interaction of socio-structural variables predicting Roma's identification and endorsement for collective action. Roma from Slovakia rated perceived stigma and status, their perception of the intergroup context, identification, and desire for Roma to join together to compete with the high status non-Roma majority. The results showed that greater perceived permeability predicted lower Roma identification. The socio-structural variables also interacted such that Roma who perceived group boundaries as impermeable and status difference as unstable and illegitimate expressed the highest desire for collective action. Lastly, identification was also a strong predictor of desire to directly compete with non-Roma. The results highlight both the usefulness of a social identity perspective for understanding resistance to discrimination and perceived context for collective action.


The world's leading global companies excel because of world-class procurement organizations. Procurement contributes to the bottom- and top-line by operating at nearly 20 per cent lower costs and by securing profit margins up to 22 per cent higher than the average. Chief Procurement Officers (CPOs) and their procurement staff have earned a reputation as creators of competitive advantage and enterprise value. In times of increasing competition, environmental pressures, and complex sourcing environments, however, many procurement initiatives struggle to create such value. The present dissertation addresses this deficiency by taking a collective creativity perspective on value creation in procurement. This dissertation investigates whether team climates conducive of creativity facilitates the performance of sourcing teams and co-innovation teams, that business leaders increasingly employ to pool relevant knowledge and expertise where needed.


So far the theory of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) of polar molecules was based on an ad hoc generalization of equations for spherical atoms. Here I adopt a rigorous pseudo-potential approach to low-energy dipolar interactions and derive a non-linear mean-field Schrodinger equation for a harmonically-trapped condensate. I show that, effectively, the dipolar interactions alter molecular mass. The resulting effective mass is anisotropic: to the leading order the mass is altered only for the motion along the polarizing field. For a typical BEC of spin-polarized magnetically-interacting alkali-metal atoms the effective atomic mass is reduced by 10% from its bare value. For a BEC of polar molecules the mass may be reduced by a factor of a 1,000.


In this paper, a modified S-MAC protocol incorporating a new back-off mechanism applicable to body sensor networks (BSNs) is proposed. The proposed protocol alleviates the drawback associated with the back-off mechanism which is currently utilized in the original S-MAC protocol in addition to its derivatives. Also, the cross-layer technique is used so as to achieve a better energy consumption and a reduced delay which are both accomplished by adjusting the contention window adaptively. Performance analysis of the modified S-MAC protocol is evaluated in a network simulator (i.e., NS-2) by monitoring the energy efficiency, delay and throughput parameters in an example BSNs. The obtained results show a significant improvement with the proposed protocol performance compared to the original counterpart.


This collection of ppt presentation was used as support for a course taught in English (in 2013) which provides an overview of the major questions arising in the field of nationality law. The course focuses on acquisition and loss of nationality and touches upon other issues such as multiple nationalities and the influence of the European construction on nationality law. All these questions are studied using comparative materials (mainly from Western Europe) as basis. Reference is also made to the European Convention on Nationality (1997) as well as to other relevant international instruments dealing with nationality law.


Along with rapid growth in usage of credit card in ecommerce, rough and robust security measure and technologies should be developed. One old problem about the credit card transaction -that also exists in widely used payment system like 3D-SecureTMis the possibility of disclosure of sensitive data which is being stored by merchants during the transaction. A solution to this problem is using provisional information in transactions. In this paper, solving this problem, we propose a one-time-use transaction number generation method using hash functions in 3D-SecureTM payment system.


postoperative epidural infusion of ropivacaine combined with sufentanil in a randomized, controlled trial. Methods: Thirty-two ASA I–III patients undergoing elective total hip replacement (THR) were included. Lumbar epidural block using 0.75% ropivacaine was combined with either propofol sedation or general anesthesia for surgery. On arrival in the recovery room, the epidural infusion was commenced at a rate in mL calculated as follows: (height in cm – 100) × 0.1. Eleven patients received an epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% with 0.5 μg·mL–1 sufentanil (Group R+S0.5), ten patients ropivacaine 0.1% with 0.75 μg·mL–1 sufentanil (Group R+S0.75), and 11 patients ropivacaine 0.1% with 1 μg·mL–1 sufentanil (Group R+S1) over a postoperative study period of 44 hr. All patients had access to iv piritramide via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device. Postel-Merle-d`Aubigné scoring system (PMA score) was assessed preoperatively, three weeks after surgery, and three months after surgery by an orthopedic surgeon blinded to study group. Results: Motor block was negligible in all three groups. After eight hours of epidural infusion, sensory block had regressed completely in all patients. There was no significant difference with regard to visual analogue scale (VAS) scores (at rest: P = 0.55, on movement: P = 0.63), consumption of rescue medication (P = 0.99), patient satisfaction (P = 0.22), and the incidence of adverse events. All treatment regimens provided effective postoperative analgesia with only a minimal use of supplemental opioid PCA. There was no difference between groups regarding orthopedic PMA score (pain: P = 0.24, mobility: P = 0.65, and ability to walk: P = 0.44). Conclusion: Ropivacaine 0.1% with 0.5 μg·mL–1 sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after THR provides efficient pain relief and, compared with 0.75 and 1 μg·mL–1 sufentanil, reduces sufentanil consumption without compromise in patient satisfaction, VAS scores, and functional outcome.


The main objective of the present investigation is to predict longitudinal dispersion coefficient (Kx) in natural streams using artificial neural network (ANN) technique based on most famous training functions such as Trainlm, Trainrp, Trainscg, Trainoss, and so on. To achieve the goal, hydraulic and geometric data (shear velocity, channel width, local flow depth, and mean longitudinal velocity) that are easily obtained in natural streams are used. First, we have tried to review the most well‐known of published work in the field due to find out deficiencies of them. Second, new approach of ANN model based on the famous training functions is applied for predicting Kx in natural streams and then the best architectures for each training functions is selected by trial and error. Finally, Levenberg‐Marquardt training function (Trainlm) is selected as the best choice for training the network parameters. Determination coefficient (R2) and mean absolute error for ANN (Trainrp) model were equal to 0.94 and 33 in the training and 0.95 and 30 in the testing steps, respectively. It is hoped that the presented methodology in the research, can be useful in river water quality management studies. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.


I. PERSONAL RADIATION DIARIES This is a plea for the adoption of a nationally standardized personal radiation-diary system. The purpose of such a system would be to reduce to a readied exactness the composite previous irradiation record of any individual patient. We believe that such a diary is valuable for many reasons, the principal one being the cumulative biological effect of radiation. There is an ever-increasing use of radiation in its various forms by many types of specialists and practitioners, who may lack appreciation of the relative dangers of fluoroscopy in relation to film exposures, as exemplified in the table in Part II. The constant trend is to reduce the tolerance dose of x-rays, as witness the change in the past few years alone—from 0.2 to 0.1 r to 0.05 r per day, or 0.3 r per week. Furthermore, at present, there is lacking a readily available exact, uniform record


This integration project aims to make a plan of marketing mix for acquisition and retention of new consumers by segmenting the market newspapers (newspaper) in the city of Machala, was used for the collection of technical information obtained from the survey Quantitative data was applied to 398 inhabitants of this city, of which information concerning the acceptance they have the three most important newspapers in the city of Machala was sought are: Daily Review, The Mail and National. We study the consumer behavior of the inhabitants of the city of Machala, in the consumption of print media and identify the profile they have and their needs. We have established very important strategies that help newspaper companies of this city to increase sales and attracting more customers, this will allow them to growth and economic power to such companies and remain in the market as pioneers in sales. Technological progress is very relevant in this investigation because the print media have been forced to create social pages where actualized and immediate information is disseminated, in order to maintain some way the customer satisfied and true to the brand. These pages must be constantly updated. The feasibility of this project, as results have good opportunities for companies in the print media (newspapers) on the market to which they are addressed, increasing productivity, labor and innovating the final product.


Permselective polymer coatings improve selectivity and sensitivity of microelectrodes for cationic neurotransmitters. Immobilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into these polymers should further improve sensitivity by increasing the electroactive surface area. The goal of this study was to compare the electrochemical properties of overoxidized polypyrrole (oPPY)-CNT and Nafion-CNT coated microelectrodes. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to test their response to neurochemicals. For dopamine, the average increase in oxidation current compared to bare electrodes was 3.7 ± 0.5 for oPPY-CNT electrodes (limit of detection (LOD) = 3.3 ± 0.6 nM) and 3.3 ± 0.8 for Nafion-CNT electrodes (LOD = 4 ± 1 nM). The selectivity for dopamine over ascorbic acid was better with oPPY-CNT electrodes. oPPY-CNT electrodes also displayed increased electron transfer kinetics for anions while Nafion-CNT electrodes did not, which proves that polymer deposition can affect the electrocatalytic properties of the CNTs. Both oPPY-CNT and Nafion-CNT electrodes were used to detect stimulated dopamine release in the caudate-putamen of anesthetized rats after 2, 4 and 12 pulse stimulation trains. oPPY-CNT electrodes could also detect small amounts of dopamine after 4 and 12 pulse stimulations in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Although Nafion-CNT electrodes were easier to make, oPPY-CNT electrodes were more advantageous for dopamine detection because they were reproducibly fabricated, measured higher currents in vivo, and maintained selectivity over anions. The addition of CNTs to polymer coatings facilitates measurements of small concentrations of neurotransmittersin vivo.


In order to obtain bulk FinFET characteristics that closely match SOI FinFET characteristics, meaning DIBL below 70 mV/V @ ID = 10-6 A and subthreshold swing below 100 mV/dec @ VDS = 1.2 V, source/drain junction depths must be aligned to the bottom of the gate and the fin width of the bulk FinFET must be 20 nm at most assuming the gate length of 50 nm. Bulk FinFET characteristics can be improved by reducing S/D junction depth with respect to the bottom of the gate (e.g. Deltaxj = -10 nm), which can be easily accomplished in fabrication.


Many theories beyond the Standard Model predict new phenomena with the final states of well isolated high-pT leptons. Searches for new physics with these signatures are performed in the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The ATLAS experiment collected 139 fb−1 of data with 13 TeV pp colliding energy during 2015 to 2018 (Run 2), that is available for physics analyses. In this article, the results to search for a heavy particle decaying into leptonic final states with full Run 2 dataset as well as the combination analysis and prospects for HL-LHC are reported.


A new approach for efficient archiving and content protection of scanned documents, comprising texts and pictures, is presented in this paper. The offered approach presumes to compress the pictures and the texts in different way: the pictures – with lossy coding based on decomposition, called inverse difference pyramid (IDP), and the parts, containing text (graphics) – with lossless coding. For the reliable image content protection is offered new method for digital watermarking based on the IDP decomposition, which permits the insertion of multi-layer watermarks.


N OWHERE HAVE John Trumbull's ideas on religion received the consideration shown his politics or literary theory. These ideas, formulated by his twenty-fourth year, emerge and find their fullest expression in his little-known writings while still at Yale (1769-1770, 177I-I773): The Meddler and The Correspondent, newspaper essays; and the unpublished "Speculative Essays" and "The Mathematical Metaphysician."' The better known Progress of Dulness and M'Fingal merely reiterate ideas already established, usually in a livelier expression. It is a mistake to regard Trumbull's religious thinking as unduly systematic or enthusiastic: it was neither; indeed he abhorred both habits of mind. A conservative Congregationalist, he denounced heresy and laxity within the Establishment and often looked down on those who lay outside. From an examination of Trumbull's early writings (1769-1783) I wish to indicate: (i) what influences caused him to write as he did, (2) his reaction to two sorts of religious controversialist in his day and to key personalities in the controversies, (3) his attitude toward denominations other than his own, and (4) the dangers he found threatening Congregationalism from within and his recommendations for averting them. To view these writings always in perspective it will be necessary to provide backdrops at several points.


Montmorillonite (MMT) was modified through intercalative polymerization of phenol and formaldchyde catalyzed by oxalic aeid. The modified montmorillonite was delaminated at large, as demonstrated by XRD and TEM studies. It can disperse easily in epoxy resin to form exfoliated nanocomp osites. The nanoscale silicate platclets dispersed in water can be metallized by silver deposition.


Late Quaternary rapid warming events inferred on the basis of oxygen isotopic data from Greenland ice cores are the most prominent characteristic of millennial‐scale Dansgaard‐Oeschger oscillations. In a coupled climate model simulation which has accurately reproduced this oscillatory behavior for the first time, we show that formation of a glacial North Atlantic super polynya characterizes the initial stage of transition from cold stadial to warm interstadial conditions. The winter polynya forms within the otherwise sea ice‐covered North Atlantic as a consequence of the onset of a thermohaline convective instability beneath an extensive stadial sea ice lid. Early in the stadial period, the tendency for thermal convective instability of an extensive warm pool beneath the sea ice lid is strongly inhibited by a stabilizing vertical salinity gradient, which gradually diminishes until a thermohaline convective instability occurs that leads to polynya formation and the rapid retreat of North Atlantic sea ice cover.


This Engineering Task Plan (ETP) is to be distributed to communicate the design basis of the 241-AZ-101 camera system and to define system requirements and associated responsibilities.


One of the most serious issues in the nation is heavy metal toxicity. It severely affects both plant and animal kingdom as well as disrupts the soil ecosystem. The consequence of heavy metal toxicity is the generation of osmotic and oxidative stress, membrane dysfunctioning, metabolic imbalances and cellular toxicity. To combat the prevailing issue, seeking eco-friendly ways to enhance and stimulate plant tolerance against stress, is the vital step. Hence, the application of biostimulants can be the best and effective alternative. Biostimulant is a non nutrient preparation of microorganism and/ or substances which enhance the crop quality enrich nutrient uptake efficiency and show tolerance against abiotic stresses. The super dynamic substances utilized in such arrangements are humic and fulvic acids, compounds containing nitrogen, protein hydrolysates, silicon, melatonin, seaweed extracts, and valuable microorganisms. The review briefly articulates the definition of biostimulants, its various types as well as its role towards reducing the heavy metal toxicity. Apart from these, the review also takes in consideration the ameliorating effects of silicon against heavy metal toxicity. Hence, biostimulants play an important role as reactive oxygen scavengers, stimulate antioxidant system of the plant, and induce gene expression of stress responsive gene thereby fostering plant tolerance to heavy metal toxicity.


In accordance with the characteristics of a rapid change in the talents market, higher education should at all times adjust the speciality direction, the aim of training talents and its model - form static education to dynamic education. In this paper, the authors give the brief description mentioned above and propose a new viewpoint of education consume.


The transmission coefficient for sound at an interface between a fluid and a porous medium has been derived. Numerical values are compared with experimental values obtained by Plona [Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 259 (1980)] who transmitted a short ultrasonic pulse through a porous disk. The good agreement between theory and experiment supports the conclusion that a second compressional wave has been observed.


e18291 Background: Desmoid tumors (DTs) are sarcoma, known to invade surrounding tissues, compromising organ function and complications. As few as 5 per 1 million people are diagnosed with DTs annually, which may be an underestimate of the actual affected population due to difficulty in correctly diagnosing the disease. To improve awareness of DTs and better inform treatment development, DTRF, in partnership with the NORD, launched the DTRF patient registry and natural history study. Here, we describe patient demographics, tumor location, and QOL in registry patients. Methods: The registry launched September 2017 and contains 15 surveys covering diagnostics, disease, treatment, care management, and quality of life. As of January 2019, 357 patients have completed 2,371 surveys. Results: Registry participants are mostly white (88%, 313/357), female (81%, 277/343), and reside in 27 countries with 80% (285/357) US-based. Median age at diagnosis is 33 and the time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was more than 1 year for 54% (189/352). DT location was reported for 119 respondents at time of data collection. Most prevalent locations were joint /extremities (39%, 47/119), intra-abdominal (24%, 28/119), and chest wall (24%, 29/119). Multiple locations were indicated for 22% (26/119). QOL reported as very good or excellent ranged from 28% to 60%, depending on DT location. Conclusions: Patients with DTs have varied QOL and tumor locations. Data collection through the study is ongoing. [Table: see text]


Although the oral route of administration is the most common and preferred method of delivery due to convenience and ease of ingestion for many drugs it can be a tricky and inefficient mode of delivery for water-insoluble drugs with high permeability or Class II drugs in FDA's Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). Such drugs typically exhibit dissolution rate limited absorption resulting in poor bioavailability when delivering via the oral route. Solid dispersion is a competent approach to deal with drugs that suffer from dissolution-limited absorption. This strategy has proven to improve the bioavailability by dispersing the hydrophobic drug as very fine particles within hydrophilic matrix that results in increased solubility with increased surface area available for dissolution. Being versatile in their application, solid dispersions can form the basis of products applied for various routes of administration and for various dosage forms. The review covers concise preface of solid dispersion highlighting various approaches for their preparation, technology involved, selection of carriers and methods of characterization.


In the practice of competence-oriented education, Chinese educators gradually realize the importance of critical thinking. However it is still understood as not following authorities' instruction without questioning, having a curious mind and an inquisitive attitude. Through introducing western scholars' comprehension on critical thinking and the critical spirit embodied within the core curricula of Harvard University, it is revealed that the full understanding of critical thinking should include many other attributes in both cognitive skills and affective dispositions. This article also points out some problems that we should pay special attention to in current practice of constructing curricula.


Background: DAPHNe was a prospective trial designed to assess adherence to de-escalated antibody doublet therapy in the adjuvant setting among HER2+ breast cancer patients experiencing a pathologic complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant taxol (T), trastuzumab (H) and pertuzumab (P). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), were collected from all patients at baseline and after THP completion. The goal of this study was to determine if a patient's peripheral blood immune profile at baseline, or the longitudinal change with treatment, could predict response to THP. Methods: Blood samples were subjected to high dimensional (28-30 parameter) flow cytometry with comprehensive T- and NK-cell panels. A fully automated computational analysis strategy was undertaken consisting of unsupervised clustering of the high dimensional data into groups of cells with similar immunophenotypic signatures. Clustering was performed using 2 algorithms: Fingerprint-based clustering (Fluster) and High Throughput Mapper (HiTMapper). Clusters were tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for correlation with the clinical response. Responders were those with pCR (=residual cancer burden [RCB] 0) or RCB 1; non-responders were those with RCB 2/3 disease. P values were adjusted with the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control for FDR. In addition to P values, effect size was evaluated using the nonparametric Cliff's Delta measure. An effect was determined to be large if the magnitude of Delta was >0.4 which corresponded to one cohort coming ahead 70% of the time. In addition, groups of clusters were evaluated using multivariate statistical modeling or dimensionality reduction to determine if there was an association with pCR. Results: Matched baseline and pre-op PBMC were available to perform the NK panel in 66 patients and the T cell panel in 40. In both groups 70% were responders and 30% were non-responders. No cluster produced by Fluster or HiTMapper differed significantly between responders and non-responders however, in the T cell panel, several clusters had a large effect size (table) suggesting the clusters are good at differentiating some, responders from non-responders. Both algorithms agreed that the median responder has more CD4 naïve and CD8 naïve cells than the median non-responder. While no individual cluster differed significantly between responders and non-responders, cross-validated logistic regression analyses showed that 2 clusters, activated CD4 central memory clusters, and activated CD4 naïve clusters, predicted responder status with AUC of 0.70 and 0.68 respectively. Numerous clusters showed robust and significant longitudinal changes between baseline and pre-op samples. Stratifying longitudinal changes by response status revealed no significant differences between responders and non-responders, however evaluation of effect size suggested a naïve CD4 cluster that increased in non-responders and decreased in responders. The latter could be explained as naïve T cells acquiring a memory phenotype in response to treatment in responders. Conclusion: High dimensional flow cytometry suggested a potential role for monitoring several T cell subsets to predict response in HER2+ patients receiving THP. Additional analyses to include cyTOF evaluation of PBMCs are ongoing to further characterize the peripheral immune profile of these HER2+ patients.
 T cell clusters with high effect sizeMajor PhenotypeOther markersMethodp-valueeffect sizeCD4 CM.actCD38, CD226HiTMapper0.351-0.469CD4 Naive.act.2CD38, CD226HiTMAPPER0.4-0.413CD4 Naive.act.4CD226HiTMapper0.351-0.490CD4 Naive.act.5CD38HiTMapper0.351-0.524CD8 Naive 1CD226HiTMapper0.396-0.427CD3 Neg-Fluster0.3190.476CD3 Neg3CD45RA, CD185, CD197Fluster0.3190.476CD3 Neg4CD45RA, Eomes,tBETFluster0.4240.413CD4 Naive-Fluster0.319-0.517CD8 Naive1-Fluster0.319-0.469Unassigned 20 (CD4)CD45RA, CD27-, CD28-Fluster0.364-0.441
 Citation Format: Esther R Ogayo, Adrienne Waks, Wade Rogers, Matei Ionita, Kenechukwu Adigwe, Jillian Alberti, Sapana Kadel, Jonni Moore, Tari King, Ian Krop, Sara Tolaney, Eric Winer, Jennifer Guerriero, Elizabeth Mittendorf. High dimensional flow cytometric analysis or the peripheral immune profile and response to HER2-targeted antibody therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-13-15.


For years, acoustic sensor systems have been used effectively in a variety of battlefield applications due to its low‐cost, low‐power, non‐line‐of‐sight and 360 deg coverage capabilities. Acoustic (only) systems can autonomously detect, track, and classify a variety of targets: personnel, ground vehicles, airborne targets, and transient events. In recent years, acoustics has become an important sensing technology due to its complementary sensing capability within multi‐modal sensor systems, and its wide‐area coverage capability to alert and point other hi‐resolution sensors within a network of sensor systems for intelligent‐surveillance‐reconnaissance (ISR). For example, in a multi‐modal sensor system, acoustic can provide enhanced detection and discrimination of targets and activities, and cue imaging sensors to capture the events of interest. Similarly, in a network of ISR sensor systems, acoustic can reduce the search space for other ISR sensors to autonomously track and locate events of interest in re...


Six mammoth firms called sogo shosha handle 50% of Japan's trade. This paper proposes a theoretical model to explain their role and persistence. Comparisons are drawn with markets and vertically in...


The ambiguity and non-uniqueness in interpretation of magnetic data acquired in sedimentary environments cannot be over emphasized due to the feeble changes in magnetic response in sedimentary environments as most sedimentary materials are paramagnetic and diamagnetic in nature. Magnetic prospecting looks for variations in the magnetic field caused by changes in subsurface geological structure or by differences in the magnetic properties of near-surface rocks . The inherent magnetism of rocks is called the magnetic susceptibility of which sedimentary rocks generally have a very low magnetic susceptibility compared to igneous or metamorphic rocks (in a basement terrain) which tend to have a much higher magnetite content (a common magnetic mineral). Since sedimentary rocks have very low magnetic susceptibility, magnetic data acquired in sedimentary environment shows feeble or weak response in amplitude of magnetic anomalies. Therefore, interpretation of such data is done by plotting the data with a logarithmic scale rather than


The pre‐invasive lesion associated with post‐pubertal malignant germ cell tumours of the testis was first recognized in the early 1970s and confirmed by a number of observational and follow‐up studies. Until this year, this scientific story has been confused by resistance to the entity and disagreement on its name. Initially termed 'carcinoma in situ' (CIS), it has also been known as 'intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified' (IGCNU) and 'testicular intraepithelial neoplasia' (TIN). In this paper, we review the history of discovery and controversy concerning these names and introduce the reasoning for uniting behind a new name, endorsed unanimously at the World Health Organization (WHO) consensus classification 2016: germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS).


Micro Small medium enterprises(UMKM) in each state specifically in the ASEAN region faced with the situation of global competition. A very tight competition is forcing businessmen to become the best. One of the ways that it can be reached by the trade to be able to be the best business strategy is appropriate, effective and efficient. This research aims to find out how the application business model canvas in creating alternative business strategies for the development of UMKM. The second objective is to know the proper strategic alternatives for the development of UMKM. The methods used in this research is descriptive qualitative approach with the use of informants as respondents research. The data source used is the business owners as much as 16 UMKM who open businesses in the downtown area of Pasir Pengaraian.Data collection techniques using interview techniques directly, observation and documentation. This research uses a template business model canvas to map strategy for the effort and combined with the SWOT analysis. Based on data obtained from the results of research, that the description of the business model approach UMKM using Business Model Canvas outline can be used as recommendations for business strategy, the business model which is currently already underway is able to meet the Nine elements of the blocks on the template business model canvas. The findings of this research are that not all the UMKM business strategy and have just run a business without the vision of enterprise development. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis can be found that alternative new efforts by optimizing internal strength in revenue streams on each UMKM and conduct elections to the right customer segments. Suggestions that may the researcher pointed out every UMKM should be more daring to have the vision to grow and continue to innovate against products goods or services, increase customer segmentation and make use of business model canvas approach in making the strategy of the business.