In this essay we shall use topological and dynamical concepts, especially those developed by Rene Thom and others in catastrophe theory, for the study of word meaning. Many semanticists believe that logics and algebra are the only formal means adequate for the constructiori of a semantic theory. They point to a strong tradition reaching from Aristotle to medieval philosophy and to modern philosophers äs Carnap, Montague, Cresswell and others. There exists, however, another tradition starting with Heraclitus (544 to 483 B.C.) which considers the world essentially äs something changing and governed by dynamic principles. The basic invariant forms are called logos. In modern times gestalt-psychology and, parallel to it, field-linguistics have taken up this tradition, seeking dynamic principles in the organization of cognition and language. We shall not pursue the issue of historical continuity or the question of the merits of the static-logical paradigm against the dynamic-geometrical paradigm. The most far-reaching and mathematically riebest dynamic theory of semantics has been proposed by Rene Thom (1968: Topologie et Linguistique, 1973: Langage et Catastrophes), who is the founder of catastrophe theory. Its application to word semantics is based on a larger research work (Wildgen, 1979 a) which integrated the short and sketchy proposals of Rene Thom into the modern framework of interdisciplinary research in semantics. We shall first present some results of research on human perception of processes, objects and qualities which allow the formulation of some crucial problems of a semantic model which has a cognitive foundation (in chapter one). In chapter two we discuss the semiotic basis of semantics, chapter three introduces the techniques of catastrophe-theoretical modelling and chapter four contains dynamic models related to the problems raised in chapter one. As this is the first essay on catastrophe-theoretical models in word semantics, we have not touched the problem of vagueness and the description of nominal compounding for which Solutions have been proposed in Wildgen, 1980b and 1979a. Archetypal Dynamics in Word Semantics 235


Pendap is a fish-based food that is cooked for 8 hours. Currently, Pendap is one of the culinary heritages of the Bengkulu region. However, of the Pendap is still rarely studied. This study aims to determine Pendap as a culinary treasure typical of Bengkulu. This study uses a qualitative research design with research subjects are pendap producers and owners of typical Bengkulu restaurants, and data collection using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. Data analysis used an interactive analysis model consisting of data collection and conclusion. The results show that Pendap has existed since 1 century ago and is passed down from generation to generation and is often presented in community events. Pendap has a uniqueness that can be seen from the cooking process which is carried out for 8 hours and has become part of Bengkulu cuisine. Pendap is successfully traded as a Bengkulu typical side dish because it can last for 2 days without preservatives and for 2 weeks if packaged using a vacuum. The results of this study are expected to increase the understanding of people who are involved in the Bengkulu traditional culinary world to pay more attention and know about local wisdom because there are still few studies that discuss the related topics.


We argue that the critical velocity for intrinsic nucleation of quantized vortices in isothermal flow of He II at low temperature can be viewed as approaching the spinodal limit in pressure and breakdown of superfluidity as a consequence of the Bernoulli equation. Breaking the liquid by cavitation that changes the topology from simply to multiply connected seems an essential requirement for intrinsic vortex nucleation and serves as an additional criterion of superfluidity, of the form Vc = [2(pext − psp)/ρs]1/2, where pext is the external pressure, psp denotes the spinodal limit, and ρs stands for the superfluid density. This criterion can be viewed as additional to the well‐known Landau criterion for breakdown of superfluidity due to emission of quasiparticles.We argue that the critical velocity for intrinsic nucleation of quantized vortices in isothermal flow of He II at low temperature can be viewed as approaching the spinodal limit in pressure and breakdown of superfluidity as a consequence of the Bernoulli equation. Breaking the liquid by cavitation that changes the topology from simply to multiply connected seems an essential requirement for intrinsic vortex nucleation and serves as an additional criterion of superfluidity, of the form Vc = [2(pext − psp)/ρs]1/2, where pext is the external pressure, psp denotes the spinodal limit, and ρs stands for the superfluid density. This criterion can be viewed as additional to the well‐known Landau criterion for breakdown of superfluidity due to emission of quasiparticles.


A hybrid method for synthesizing antenna's three dimensional (3D) pattern is proposed to obtain the low sidelobe feature of truncated cone conformal phased arrays. In this method, the elements of truncated cone conformal phased arrays are projected to the tangent plane in one generatrix of the truncated cone. Then two dimensional (2D) Chebyshev amplitude distribution optimization is respectively used in two mutual vertical directions of the tangent plane. According to the location of the elements, the excitation current amplitude distribution of each element on the conformal structure is derived reversely, then the excitation current amplitude is further optimized by using the genetic algorithm (GA). A truncated cone problem with 8×8 elements on it, and a 3D pattern desired side lobe level (SLL) up to 35 dB, is studied. By using the hybrid method, the optimal goal is accomplished with acceptable CPU time, which indicates that this hybrid method for the low sidelobe synthesis is feasible.


Dr Vaage W ith the change in patient population toward older and sicker patients undergoing cardiac surgery, neurologic injury has emerged as perhaps the most important perioperative complication, and its frequency increases exponentially with increasing age.1 Particular attention has been paid to the role of cardiopulmonary bypass per se2 and thromboembolization from the ascending aorta.3 However, neurologic injury is not limited to only stroke and coma1; increasingly there is a focus on the more subtle neurocognitive dysfunction and its consequences on quality of life.4,5 The majority of cases of gross neurologic injury do not represent a diagnostic problem, as at the time of diagnosis the injury is usually manifest and irreversible. Neurocognitive dysfunction, however, is less accessible for quantification, which requires time-consuming neuropsychologic testing. With only a few exceptions, such testing has been unavailable for the cardiac surgeon. Prompted by the increasing awareness of neurologic injury, as well as the emergence of minimally invasive cardiac surgery, there is at present an increasing interest in cognitive testing. However, such testing will remain a research method and not available in everyday clinical practice because of the time and manpower it consumes. A biochemical marker in the blood of the patients—"a troponin of the brain"— would represent a revolution in the investigation and diagnosis of neurologic injury in cardiac surgery. A serum marker could potentially identify which aspect(s) of cardiac surgery are responsible for cognitive dysfunction and evaluate the efficacy of alternative surgical techniques. Additionally, if marker concentrations during or directly after surgery could be related to cognitive dysfunction or shown to predict gross neurologic injury that became clinically evident after some hours (or days), then potentially neuroprotective interventions might be indicated. The ideal biochemical marker should have the following properties: 1. Central nervous specificity 2. Rapid and significant release into blood after injury, preferably within minutes 3. Elimination within a few hours 4. Rapidly and readily obtainable assay results 5. Predictability of serious injury from an early sample, eg, at the end of surgery 6. Relationship of marker concentration to the degree of injury, quantifying the full range from subtle cognitive deficits to gross injury 7. Inexpensive During the past two decades a variety of substances have been suggested as possible biochemical markers of brain injury, such as adenylate kinase, creatinine phosphokinase isoenzyme BB, lactate, myelin basic protein, S100 , and neuronspecific enolase.6 Recently, glial fibrillary acidic protein has been added to this list,7 but its potential role is unknown. Most of these substances have methodologic problems: for instance, adenylate kinase and lactate have to be sampled directly from cerebrospinal fluid, and creatinine phosphokinase isoenzyme BB lacks brain specificity. The value of neuron-specific enolase was also recently shown to be doubtful because of its association with hemolysis caused by destruction of erythrocytes.8 S100 appeared to fulfill many of the above criteria of an ideal marker.6,9,10 From the Departments of Thoracic Surgery and Thoracic Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.


were employed with the help of employment agencies at various levels. The. nation has set up more than 3,000 such agencies which provide information about the labour market and extend a helping hand to those seeking work. They cover almost every country or urban district of China. Quite a number of the large and medium-sized cities have developed labour information networks, promulgated rules and regulations, set up labour offices and appointed professional personnel for the work. In its simplest sense, the employment agencies set up by all levels of labour departments involve a variety of public employment services. They provide information about the labour market and help applicants find jobs or help them prepare for occupations and careers in which labour needs appear likely. Those seeking work and those enterprises in need of employees can meet directly and determine if their capabilities and requirements match. Since 1979, China has carried out a series of reforms to its centralised


I n this paper I am concerned with the role of obscene language in the (re)production of gender ideology in the process of production on commercial halibut fishing boats in British Columbia. In particular, I focus on banter between male fishers at specific points during the fishing process that make reference to women and their sexuality. In this analysis I hope to go beyond the beliefs, values, customs—the content of culture—and look to the linkage between culture and social relations, specifically the social relations of production. In this respect it is important to realize that production "refers to an entire system, including both work processes and the formation, transfer and transformation of surpluses. It is the social 'reproduction' of both relations of work and of surplus formation and, most importantly, the struggles and contradictions characteristic of each and both that give systems of production their shape and their dynamic" (Sider, 1989:17).


There is a close relationship between the creation of urban spaces and ergonomics. To make new stimulating and satisfying urban spaces, ergonomics criteria should consider. In this study, two main urban squares from Istanbul examined. Selected urban squares evaluated by site observation according to the classified ergonomics criteria. Strong and weak points of chosen squares discussed and some suggestions proposed. The results demonstrated the fact that urban equipment meets the individual ergonomic criteria are not sufficient in the use of both squares, and they need to be re-planned.Keywords: Ergomomics; urban squares, IstanbuleISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i11.1695 .


Many municipal wastewater discharges currently exceed total cyanide (CN) effluent limitations when based on analytical results from standard EPA methods. The approved EPA methods used to measure CN in wastewater effluent are prone to numerous interferences that are unpredictable and difficult to mitigate. Substantial evidence indicates that these analytical problems are causing many current CN compliance issues, rather than actual high CN concentrations in the treated effluent. The preservative NaOH is required to be added to all samples that cannot be analyzed in less than 15 minutes, and NaOH is itself a proven interference for which there is no specific mitigation technique. Substantial evidence suggests NaOH addition may be unnecessary to maintain sample integrity over typical hold-times prior to analysis. Based on this information, CN measurements made under the current paradigm are likely inaccurate and produce unreliable information for determining NPDES permit compliance.


Summary In the article a case of a little APW coincidented with pulmonary stenosis (the first such description in Poland) in 26-week-old fetus of a thirty-two-year-old woman, gravida 3, was presented1.


We present simulations of cumulus convection over land with shortwave radiation computed by a Monte Carlo ray tracer coupled to the flow solver. Ray tracing delivers very realistic in‐cloud heating rates and global horizontal irradiance fields. The necessary performance of the ray tracer has been enabled by the raw power of graphics processing unit computing and from techniques for accelerating data lookup and ray tracer convergence. We used a case study over a grassland in the Netherlands to compare simulations with a coupled ray tracer to those with a conventional two‐stream solver, and to test ray tracer convergence. We demonstrate that the simulated cloud evolution is insensitive to the convergence of the ray tracing across a wide range of samples per pixel per spectral quadrature point. Furthermore, simulations with a coupled ray tracer produce surface irradiance patterns that resemble observations and that strongly feed back to the evolution of clouds via locally enhanced surface heat fluxes.


Abstract : Isolation and cloning of a conserved cdc25-interacting protein, Pinl, provides the opportunity to explore the role of this binding partner in cooperating with cdc25 to regulate cell cycle transitions. Pinl is a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase; its yeast homologue is essential for proper execution of mitosis and has implied roles in regulating transcription through its effects on chromatin structure and RNA processing. Presented here are data that demonstrate a role for Pinl in negatively regulating the mitotic entry in Xenopus laevis. Without catalytically active Pinl, egg extracts initiate mitosis prematurely and do not activate the G2 checkpoint that arrests the cell cycle when DNA replication is stalled. Because it selectively binds to and catalyzes isomerization of prolines preceded by phosphorylated serine or threonine, Pinl may exert its inhibitory influence on mitotic entry by affecting phosphoprotein structure. Together with the work of other groups, this study suggests a role for Pinl in controlling the timing of mitotic entry by isomerizing phospho-S/T-proline subsequences and thereby influencing the abilities of these motifs to be substrates for the mitotic phosphatase, cdc25.


This paper states the relationship between college sports and community sports from the point of view on the present situation of community sports of our cities.And put forward some new ideas on city community sports and some new thoughts on organic combination of college sports and community sports.


Over the last two decades, Ecuador has come to be considered one of the most unstable democracies in Latin America. The Ecuadorian state has seen over ten different heads of state in just the last decade. At the heart of this tumultuous era lies the highly organized Indigenous Movement. Led by arguably the most effective indigenous social organization in the western hemisphere, CONAIE (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador), the movement has seen both a drastic rise in international visibility and, more recently, a spiraling decline of influence within national politics. This paper attempts to contextualize the Indigenous Movement within the broader socio-economic portrait of the Ecuadorian state. I argue that the movement and the indigenous idea of 'a plurinational state' represent a dramatic, even revolutionary, new democratic force in Ecuadorian history with the potential to bring sustainable prosperity to the Ecuadorian Republic.


Mollon and Polden (1978) have suggested that selective backward masking, the greater masking of central than peripheral items in briefly-presented letter rows by a patterned stimulus, may be due to an advantage conveyed to the peripheral items by the more rapid onset of the short wavelengths emitted by tachistoscope lamps. This suggestion was evaluated by comparing report accuracy under mask and no mask conditions when the tachistoscope fields were viewed through yellow or red filters that eliminated all wavelengths below 510 and 590 nm, respectively. The results showed similar selective-masking effects with both filters. Since selective masking occurs even when the short wavelength emissions are eliminated, Mollon and Polden's suggested explanation for selective masking must be rejected.


: In mobile networks, such as fifth generation (5G), the appealing characteristics of the small cells, like easy deployment, affordable, and low power usage,


Fe/Tb multilayers with various Fe layer thickness and fixed Tb layer thickness wereprepared by e-beam alternate vapor deposition. Analyses of the microstructure of thesefilms show that the magnetic performance is strongly affected by the interface struc-ture. Fe in the films evolved to amorphous phase and the Fe/Tb interface becameindiscernible with decreasing Fe thickness. At the same time, the film was observedto perform superparamagnetically, which is quite different from the ferromagnetic be-havior of Fe/Tb multilayers that have sharp Fe/Tb interface. Our work shows thatthe interface roughness has strong influence to the properties of magnetic multilayers.


Background: Epidermal hyaluronan (HA) and its receptor CD44 were demonstrated to regulate permeability barrier homeostasis and skin aging. However, little is known about the effects of IPL on epidermal HA metabolism. Objectives: We investigated the effect of IPL on the HA metabolism in young and old aged mouse epidermis and cultured keratinocytes Methods: The dorsal skin of young (8 weeks, hairless) and old (47 weeks, C57BL/6J) mice and cultured keratinocytes were irradiated with a single pass of IPL. Skin sampling was performed on days 1, 3 and 7 postirradiation. HA levels were measured by ELISA. Gene expression of HABP4, hyaluronate synthase (HAS)3, and CD44 were analyzed by real time RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry for HA, CD44, PCNA and filaggrin was performed. Results: HA concentration and the mRNA levels of HABP4, CD44, and HAS3 were upregulated in the epidermis of both young and old aged mice after IPL treatment, with the largest increase on day3 and, subsequently decreased close to control level on day 7. In addition, IPL increased mRNA levels of HAS3 and CD44 in cultured human keratinocytes. IPL treatment significantly increased PCNA and filaggrin expression only in the old aged mice skin. Conclusion: IPL increases epidermal HA and CD44 expression in both young and old aged mice and cultured keratinocytes, suggesting a new mechanism involved in the skin rejuvenation effect of IPL.


OF THE DISCLOSURE Varnishes of resole resins in largely non-aqueous or ganic solvents, especially lower alkanols, produced by first making a resole under basic aqueous conditions from formaldehyde and a phenol which has been previously reacted under Friedel Crafts conditions with a specific mixture of dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentadiene/acyclic conjugated diene codiners, and conjugated dienes and thereafter dissolving such resole in such organic solvent. These varnishes are useful in impregnating sheets and in making laminates therefrom. RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of our earlier filed application, Ser. No. 747,437, filed July 25, 1968 now abandoned.


At this time of year, the thoughts of many nurses turn to the spiritual and religious needs of their patients, but what about the rest of the time? The author conducted a small survey to identify how well nurses were facilitating access to the hospital chaplain for a group of elderly patients, and uncovered some distressing findings.


Following the Australian New Year's pyrocumulonimbus complex between 29 December 2019 and 4 January 2020, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observed a plume with unprecedented enhancements of H2O and biomass‐burning products (CO, HCN, CH3Cl, CH3CN, and CH3OH) in the lower/middle stratosphere, accompanied by depressions in stratospheric species (O3 and HNO3). The plume persisted for ∼110 days, circling the globe twice while ascending to 5.62 hPa (∼35 km). Air masses drawn off the main plume moved toward the developing Antarctic polar vortex but do not appear to have penetrated it. Comparison of species in the plume requires consideration of their measurements' spatial resolutions and background abundances. The apparent decay of some long‐lived plume constituents is largely attributable to their coarsening spatial resolution with height, which reduces observed peak values. Differing HCN/H2O signatures indicate that multiple early plumes originated from different stratospheric injection events.


One way to execute a program faster on a parallel computer is to allocate some processors to speculative computation: work which may prove to be unnecessary. However, this technique, speculative parallelism, requires the programmer to have some control over the physical processors in the machine, and is therefore not usually possible in high-level concurrent languages. This paper investigates the exploitation of speculative parallelism in concurrent logic programming languages. We propose a simple language extension that makes the technique possible, and illustrate its use in two applications: (1) the familiar branch-and-bound search algorithm, and (2) a new dynamic buffer protocol for interprocess communication. The new language feature has been implemented by extending the JAM Parallel Parlog system. The results of our experiments confirm that speculative parallelism can result in greater parallel speedups than is possible with other (divide and conquer) forms of parallelism alone.


This scoping review investigates the relationship between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and cataract surgery. We synthesized existing research to clarify SFCT changes following surgery and identify contributing factors. Our aim was to enhance understanding of the ocular changes associated with cataract surgery. A comprehensive database search identified studies on SFCT changes after uncomplicated cataract surgery, categorized as "SFCT changes after cataract surgery," "Factors influencing SFCT," "Macular thickness changes," and "Long-term changes." Quantitative data and findings were extracted from a total of 13 research articles. Studies on SFCT changes after cataract surgery provided valuable insights for the subject under review. Factors influencing SFCT changes included age, axial length, and cataract surgery. Macular thickness increased at various time points. Long-term SFCT changes varied among studies. The present research provides valuable insights into SFCT changes after cataract surgery. Factors including age, axial length, and cataract surgery consistently influence SFCT. The clinical relevance of macular thickness changes remains uncertain, and the influence of age, ocular pathologies, and patient populations is highlighted. Long-term changes in SFCT vary, suggesting a need for further research. Standardized measurement techniques and larger cohort studies are recommended to enhance comparability and generalizability. This review enhances understanding of ocular changes associated with cataract surgery and informs future research.


Instabilities in a neutron star can generate Alfvén waves in its magnetosphere. Propagation along the curved magnetic field lines strongly shears the wave, boosting its electric current j A. We derive an analytic expression for the evolution of the wavevector k and the growth of j A. In the strongly sheared regime, j A may exceed the maximum current j 0 that can be supported by the background e ± plasma. We investigate these charge-starved waves, first using a simplified two-fluid analytic model, then with first-principles kinetic simulations. We find that the Alfvén wave is able to propagate successfully even when κ ≡ j A/j 0 ≫ 1. It sustains j A by compressing and advecting the plasma along the magnetic field lines with an increasing Lorentz factor, γ ≳ κ 1/2. The simulations show how plasma instabilities lead to gradual dissipation of the wave energy. Our results suggest that an extremely high charge-starvation parameter κ ≳ 104 may be required in order for this mechanism to power the observed fast radio bursts (FRBs) from SGR 1935+2154. However, cosmological FRBs with much higher luminosities are unlikely to be a result of charge-starvation.


This study examined the suitability and comparative efficacy of Zn through different levels and sources on blood-biochemical profile and serum mineral status. 63 weaned (130±3.1g) wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into 7 equal groups in completely randomized design. These rats were fed a common basal (synthetic) diet for 90 days, except for Zn supplementation, which was 10 ppm through zinc sulphate or 10, 20 and 40 ppm nano Zn either from commercial or synthesized (prepared by green method) source. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each animal through cardiac puncture and analysed for hemato-biochemistry and serum minerals. The Hb, PCV in blood and glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine in serum were comparable (P>0.05) among various treatment groups. Serum Ca, P, Cu, Fe and Mn were also not affected by source and different levels of Zn supplementation, however, serum Zn levels were significantly (P<0.001) higher in nano zinc supplemented groups as compared to control and 10 ppm nano Zn groups. It is concluded that Zn nano particles can be safely supplemented up to 40 ppm level in the diet of rats.


In order to improve dynamic response speed and static control precision of regenerative braking energy absorption device,a high-performance digital control system based on DSP and FPGA is designed.It describes main circuit and operation principle of the device,stresses the design of hardware and software for control system based on DSP and FPGA.Results of full power test and field operation show that the system has fast dynamic response speed and high control precision,which can realize stability of the grid voltage in real-time.


This paper proposes a novel differential evolution (DE) algorithm with random walk (DE-RW). Random walk is a famous phenomenon universally exists in nature and society. As random walk is an erratic movement that can go in any direction and go to any place, it is likely that this mechanism can be used in search algorithm to bring in diversity. We apply the random walk mechanism into conventional DE variants with different parameters. Experiments are conducted on a set of benchmark functions with different characteristics to demonstrate the advantages of random walk in avoiding local optima. Experimental results show that DE-RWs have general better performance than their corresponding conventional DE variants, especially on multimodal functions.


In this paper, the structural stability of the hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) and possible changes in pricing behaviour of firms are investigated in the context of oil price shocks. Using quarterly US aggregate data, this curve is estimated in subsamples formed with oil price shock dates by generalized method of moments (GMM) and continuously updated GMM (CU-GMM). The results for the structural break test confirm 1974:I, 1979:II and 1990:III as identified oil price shock dates and do not reject the structural stability of the over-identifying restrictions implied by the Gali and Gertler's (1999) hybrid NKPC. However, there is evidence for parameter instability for this hybrid NKPC in terms of backward-looking rule-of-thumb behaviour in both set of estimations. The standard GMM estimates suggest that although the forward-looking behaviour is predominant in the period before the 1974 Oil Crisis, it loses ground against backward-looking behaviour after every oil shock. In contrast, the CU-GMM estimates suggest the opposite: forward-looking behaviour becomes more important after oil price shocks, and inflation persistence decreases as a result. The difference between the two sets of results may be due to weak instruments. Alternatively, given that the CU-GMM seems to suffer smaller bias in the finite sample than the 2-step GMM in the presence of weak instruments, it is more likely that the structural instability of the hybrid NKPC is captured by the CU-GMM estimates.


Using the Science Citation Index (CD-Rom version) for 1990 and 2000, this paper analyses international co-authorships. The paper presents the methodology for identifying these coauthorships. Analysis is presented on observed linkages at the global level and on regional bases. The architecture of the network is further explored using statistical methods and factor analysis to reveal intense relationships as well as the core members of a global network. Findings show that, in the 10 years between 1990 and 2000, the global network has expanded to include more nations and it has become more interconnected. Regional networks show emerging hubs. Within the global network, a core set of countries has expanded from six in 1990 to eight in 2000.


We report on the use of a ultrashort high brightness relativistic beam from the UCLA Pegasus laboratory RF photoinjector source for probing matter transformation at the atomic scale with sub-100 fs time resolution. The high accelerating gradient and the relativistic electron energy allow to pack more than 107 electrons in less than 100 fs bunch length, enabling the study of irreversible ultrafast phenomena by single-shot diffraction patterns. The experimental setup, and the preliminary results from the first ever relativistic electron diffraction time-resolved study are discussed.


Individual layers of the cornea as well as lung tissues of rabbit were cultured separately in vitro. The endothelial and stromal cells of the cornea maintained their distinctive tissue culture morphology in serial subcultures for a period of over 20 months, and in the case of one endothelial line, even in passages after thatuing from storage at -79° C. These cell lines proved to be very suitable material for chromosome study. Normal karyotype of rabbit has been studied, from some of these lines derived from the corneal and. lung tissues. One cell line derived from the corneal endothelium loas stored at -79° C. for over 3 months and subsequently thawed, and subsequent passages after thawing, showed heteroploid. transformation of chromosomes, and subsequent passages, after thawing shoiced heteroploid transformation of chromosomes. The possible application of karyologic studies of corneal cells in ophthalmic research is discussed.


This study aims to present an optimization-based audio watermarking using entropy-based watermarking technique in the wavelet domain. In general, the performance of a watermarking system is measured in terms of signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER). However, there is a tradeoff between them which issues a challenge in the field of the watermarking. To overcome this challenge, this study first integrates entropy-based embedding technique and SNR into an optimization problem. Because of uncertain service environment for the audio media, an optimization algorithm with less hardware requirement is required to solve this problem. Since both performance index and constraint are nonlinear, the compact particle swarm optimization (cPSO) which suits for embedded system can do this well. In addition, the hidden information can be extracted without knowledge of the original audio. In the experiments, the performance of the proposed method is tested and the results verify the better SNR and the strong robustness against most signal processing or attacks.


The current co-operative strategy literature places heavy
emphasis on bilateral co-operation: to take just three
examples, joint ventures, partnerships and strategic
alliances. Industry wide co-operation however has received
less attention. In addition, there has been little research
devoted to the formation of such alliances. Therefore this
research attempts to discover more about this type of cooperation and how it is encapsulated into formal structures.

Empirical research was conducted on industry wide cooperation among Irish companies. The methodology chosen
was inductive and exploratory. In total, three major and
a number of minor case studies were completed.

Comparative analysis indicates that there are a number of
precisely definable stages through which such industry-wide
co-operation will proceed before it formalises or
crystallises. It also highlights a number of factors that
drive co-operation from one stage to the next. The most
important of these are non-economic. It further suggests
that the reason for initial industry wide co-operation may
differ from the reasons which sustains the co-operation.
The implications of these and other findings are discussed.


xml_tab saves Stata output directly into XML file that could be opened with Microsoft Excel or OpenOffice Calc. The program is relatively flexible and produces print-ready tables in Excel or Calc. xml_tab allows users to apply different formats to the elements of the output table and essentially do everything MS Excel or OO Calc can do in terms of formatting from within Stata.


The bottom sediment of reservoirs has many functions. Among them, matter sorption is a very important one, and results in many side-effects on the reservoir sediment forming the water–bottom sediment system. As a result, bottom sediment can also be an indicator of anthropogenic water pollution. There is only very little knowledge of this situation in the study area. The main objective was the analysis of heavy metal accumulation in bottom sediment, as well as their ability to migrate throughout the water–bottom sediment system and their spatial distribution in the Kapshagay Reservoir in Kazakhstan. Heavy metal concentrations, in the both water samples and the bottom sediment, were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Surfer software was used to visualize the processes of migration and accumulation. Another objective was the development of model maps of the spatial distribution of metals in the reservoir water area, which indicated significant anthropogenic loads. It is obvious that both the transboundary inflow of the Ili River and the inflow from small rivers in the territory of Kazakhstan are the reasons for the anthropogenic water and sediment load. The results of the spectrometric analysis verify the water pollution in the reservoir, revealing increased concentrations of zinc reaching up to 10.8 µg/L and lead up to 32.7 µg/L, transported by the transboundary runoff of the Ili River and by the small rivers on the left bank into the Kapshagay Reservoir. Sediment concentrations close to the central part and dam zone of the reservoir reached the following values: zinc up to 37.0 mg/kg and lead up to 8.8 mg/kg. The results of this study indicate a significant anthropogenic load of the ecological conditions of the Kapshagay Reservoir. This is discussed and compared with other relevant studies.


Guidelines for the evaluation of renal transplant candidates are well established and comprehensive, including assessment of an individual's cardiovascular function and comorbidities.1 Regarding the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in renal transplant candidates, the American Society of Transplantation recommends that angioplasty or surgical intervention for PAD be reserved for patients with symptomatic disease.1 However, these guidelines do not specify which patients should or should not be considered for renal transplant in the presence of PAD. Given the high prevalence of PAD in this population, an understanding of its impact on outcomes, including graft failure and mortality, is important. In order to examine this relationship, Patel and colleagues performed a retrospective analysis investigating the ability of pre-transplant ankle–brachial index (ABI) measurements to predict graft failure and mortality in kidney transplant recipients.2 The authors analyzed the medical records of all kidney transplant recipients from 1994 to 2014 at three Mayo Clinic campuses and included 819 patients with ABI measurements within 5 years of the renal transplant. ABI measurements were ultimately grouped into normal ABI (0.90–1.39), low ABI (≤ 0.89), and high ABI (≥ 1.40). A predictive model of graft failure and mortality after adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors (age, sex, smoking history, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, known coronary artery disease or heart failure, and years of dialysis) was then performed. Using multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, the authors report that low ABI was a significant predictor of graft failure (odds ratio (OR) 2.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.68–4.58, p < 0.001) and secondary endpoints, including myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident and limb ischemia/gangrene/amputation (hazard ratio (HR) 1.39, 95% CI 0.97–1.99, p < 0.076), and death (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.26–2.68, p = 0.002). We commend the authors for their important work in bringing to attention the prognostic importance of pretransplant ABI to potentially predict graft failure and mortality in these high-risk patients.2 Their results, if reproducible when performed prospectively, could potentially lead to routine screening for PAD with an ABI in all patients undergoing renal transplant evaluation. However, the study has a number of limitations that merit further consideration. The population included patients from three Mayo Clinic sites: Florida (606 patients, 74%), Arizona (73 patients, 9%), and Rochester, Minnesota (140 patients, 17%). The authors explain that patients at the Arizona and Rochester sites were selected for ABI measurements based upon clinicians' suspicion of significant PAD, while the patients in Florida underwent routine ABI testing as part of pre-transplant evaluation. Over one-quarter (26%) of patients in this study had a clinical presentation that warranted ABI measurement, such as limb ischemia, gangrene, or ulcer. As a result, this could have introduced inherent selection bias in favor of ABI as a strong predictor of outcomes and may not support routine screening ABI measurement. Patients in the cohort had a high prevalence of diabetes (70%), which itself has been associated with higher graft failure and decreased survival; however, this was not adjusted for in the current study. The presence of PAD in kidney transplant candidates creates issues related to the suitability of the lower aorta and common and external iliac arteries for allograft placement. Since graft failure was greater among those with PAD, and technical issues (usually surgical) did not appear to be accounted for in the models, this may have also contributed to the worse outcomes in the PAD cohort. In their analysis, Patel and colleagues separated their analysis into low ABI (< 0.9) and elevated ABI (> 1.4) groups; however, it is well known that elevated ABI is associated with poor prognosis, as many of these patients likely have PAD despite a non-compressible ABI.3–5 Since the authors did not use other reliable diagnostic methods such as toe pressures or the toe–brachial index (TBI), it is likely that many patients with PAD were included in the high ABI group. Hence, their finding that a Presence of peripheral artery disease in renal transplant outcomes – Don't throw the baby out with the bath water


To the Editor: With interest we read the article on the association among blood lactate levels, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment subscores, and mortality by Jansen et al (1). Their retrospective results indeed suggest blood lactate levels are related to Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, particularly during the early phase of an intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Although the findings of Jansen et al are interesting, we would like to raise some concerns. First, the authors demonstrated differences in outcome based on area under the lactate curve (AUC) between survivors and nonsurvivors. The upper normal lactate limit was defined as 2.0 mmol/L, which was also used to compute the AUC. In survivors (n 105), the median AUC was 0 for all used lactate values (initial, maximal, total, and mean lactate). In nonsurvivors (n 29), the median AUC varied between 0 and 0.5, including the AUC of total lactate (AUC, 0.5; interquartile range, 0–2.7). We assume that the units used in this table are days/mmol/L. To understand the real lactate load, we also assumed the median length of stay in the ICU of nonsurvivors equaled the median ICU length of stay of the total population (2.75 days). This means a median total lactate load of only 2.2 mmol/L during 1 day in nonsurvivors. We think it hard to understand these values in relation to the reported differences in clinical outcome. If such a small level above the upper normal limit would mean such a strong difference in outcome, we should consider a large abasement of the normal upper limit. That is unlikely to happen. On the other hand, the AUC might prove to be an extremely sensitive parameter. Indeed, shorter duration of hyperlactemia ("lactime") (2) and higher lactate clearance (3) are important, but if we overpraise lactate as a prognostic parameter, we would neglect the complexity of the origin of lactate both in general and in critically ill patients (4, 5). Second, Jansen et al described a clinically relevant association in the early phase of ICU stay between failure of the cardiovascular system and lactate-derived parameters. They suggested that hyperlactatemia in critically ill ICU patients illustrates the severity of the initial cardiovascular collapse. This may indicate the presence of hypoperfused organ systems without simultaneous global hypotension (6, 7). However, the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment cardiovascular subscore is not only determined by systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), but also by the use of vasopressors (in g/kg/min). The difference in use of vasopressors between survivors and nonsurvivors is not obvious from the presented data. This is unfortunate, because others have prospectively shown that patients with higher lactate clearance had favorable outcome but with inconsistent differences in either the use of vasopressors in survivors compared with nonsurvivors or patient assigned to standard therapy or early goal-directed therapy (3, 8). We agree with the authors that prospective studies are needed to improve insight in the causal relationship between hyperlactemia and individual organ dysfunction. The authors have not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.


Many manufacturing processes, such as lithography, etching, laser, electrical discharge machining (EDM), and electrochemical machining (ECM), are being applied to produce the meso- and microscale parts and products. Materials such as silicon, glass, quartz crystal, and ceramics are being increasingly used in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices. Ultrasonic machining (USM) offers an attractive alternative to machine some of the hard and brittle materials. However, the tool wear in micro-ultrasonic machining adversely affects the machining accuracy. Therefore, it is necessary to account for and to compensate the tool wear during machining. This paper reports the feasibility of applying the uniform wear method developed for micro electrical discharge machining and its integration with CAD/CAM to microultrasonic vibration process for generating accurate three-dimensional (3D) microcavities. Experimental results show that the tool shape remains unchanged and the tool wear has been compensated.


Introduction: Meaningful engagement in quality improvement (QI) projects by trainees is often challenging. A fellow-led QI project aimed to improve adherence to a blood culture clinical decision algorithm and reduce unnecessary cultures in pediatric oncology inpatients. Methods: We visualized preintervention rates of blood cultures drawn on pediatric oncology inpatients using a control chart. Following the introduction of the algorithm to our division, an Ishikawa fishbone diagram of cause-and-effect identified two areas for improvement: prescriber education on the algorithm and targeted feedback on its use. We developed two interventions to support algorithm awareness and use: (1) bundled educational interventions and (2) targeted chart review and feedback. Fellows reviewed >750 blood culture episodes and adjudicated each as "adherent" or "nonadherent" to the algorithm. In addition, fellows provided direct feedback to prescribers regarding nonadherent episodes and discussed strategies for algorithm adherence. Results: Blood culture rates in preintervention, intervention, and follow-up periods were 33.35, 25.24, and 22.67 cultures/100 patient-days, respectively. The proportion of nonadherent culture episodes decreased from 47.14% to 11.11%. The use of the algorithm did not prolong the time to cultures drawn on patients with new fever. Seventy-five percent of fellows provided feedback to inpatient teams on algorithm use. Following this project, trainees reported feeling more qualified to apply QI principles to patient care. Conclusions: Implementation of a clinical decision algorithm reduced the rate of cultures drawn on pediatric oncology inpatients. Fellow-led education of the care team decreased the proportion of nonadherent culture episodes and provided active engagement in QI.


Many wastewater treatment plants in the United States seeking to expand or upgrade their facilities often face space limitations. But now a number of "small-footprint" technologies refined in other countries where space has long been at a premium are gaining acceptance here.


The utility model relates to a terminal crushing machine. The utility model solves the problem of processing quality. A wire leading-in pipe is connected with a rotary block, one end of the rotary block is pivoted with a lateral plate, the rotary block is connected with a straight rod, the upper end of the straight rod is connected with a cross rod, one end of the cross rod is connect with the lateral plate, the upper end of the straight rod is connected with a spring, and the other end of the straight rod is connected with a screw rod. The screw rod is fixed on the lateral plate, a terminal pressing assembly is arranged at the back of a feeding assembly, the terminal pressing assembly comprises a stamping mechanism and a pressing slice, and a terminal placing rack is arranged at the upper part of the terminal pressing assembly. The utility model is used for the processing of an electric wire.


The main objective of this paper is to explain the principal of different analog circuit testing methods to examine the difficulties present in the analog circuit testing i.e. to test the analog parts in a mixed signal circuit. In this paper all possible catastrophic and parametric faults present in the analog bandpass filter are tested by OBIST method which does not requires test vector generator which reduces the test development. Bandpass filter is examined for all possible fault detection and verifying that OBIST approach can improve the overall percentage of fault detection.


At the time of the documented investigations that for years have besieged the figure of Federico Garcia Lorca, this work seeks to rescue, through two biographical books, two intimate voices: that of Federico's brother, Francisco Garcia Lorca, and that of Jose Mora Guarnido, friend of the poet's youth. The biographies prioritize the familiar look in the surroundings of Granada, the admiration for the character, the pain of sacrifice and not only speak of the biography but above all of the biographers who write them.


AbstractAs represented by the five books reviewed here (all in English and published in the United States, it should be noted), the study of modern and contemporary Chinese literature reaches in fo...


Abstract Sap extracted from leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor Costand Reyn, and C. album L. inhibited infection by tobacco mosaic virus on Nicotiana glutinosa L., but only slightly on the species from which the sap was extracted. Sap was still inhibitory after heating at 55°c for 10 minutes and after storing at 20°c for six days. No inhibitory activity remained in sap heated at 100°c for 10 minutes. Dilution of inhibitorvirus mixtures resulted in recovery of infectivity. Most inhibitor remained in the supernatant fluid after centrifuging sap at 40,000 r.p.m. for four hours in a Beckman/Spinco Model L ultracentrifuge (No. 40 rotor). Sap was still inhibitory after dialysis against water. Nicotiana glutinosa leaves sprayed with C. album sap were protected from infection by tobacco mosaic virus for about three days after spraying.


Electronic sports (eSports), the sport competition using video games, has become one of the most popular sporting events now. The eSports audience needs textual commentaries for deeply understanding the games and for efficiently retrieving specific games of their interest. Therefore, in this work, we set up an eSports data-to-text generation task and tackle three fundamental problems: dataset construction, model design, and evaluation metrics. We first build a data-to-text dataset containing data records and game commentaries from the a popular eSports game, League of Legends. On this new dataset, we propose a hierarchical model to address difficulty in handling long sequences of inputs and outputs with an encoder-decoder model. The hierarchical model sets multi-level encoders for the input data. Besides, we organize and design a new set of evaluation metrics including three aspects to meet this task's goal. Experimental results on the new datasets confirm that the hierarchical structure improves the performance of the model.


Repair and restoration work of reinforced-concrete (RC) structures is increasing because of the deterioration of aging infrastructures worldwide. Generally, plain mortar and polymer-modified mortar are widely used as repair materials for RC structures. In this study the effect of the combined use of polymers with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on certain mechanical and durability properties (such as compressive and flexural strengths, water absorption, carbonation, and chloride penetration) of modified mortars is evaluated experimentally. The experimental program consists of two parts. In Part I, the effect of SCM slag and silica fume (SF) on the mechanical and durability properties of mortars is evaluated. On the basis of the best performance among different slag and SF contents, Part II of the experimental program is designed, in which the combined effect of polymers and slag/SF on the mechanical and durability properties of modified mortar is evaluated. Results show that the combined slag/SF and polymer-modified mortars (PMMs) exhibited better results than polymer-modified mortar alone. Between the combined polymers and SF/slag-modified mortars, the polymer-modified mortar containing 10% SF exhibited the highest compressive and flexural strengths and the lowest chloride penetration resistance compared to those containing 40% slag. Interestingly, the combined polymer and 40% slag-modified mortars exhibited better performance in water absorption and carbonation resistance than polymer-modified mortar containing 10% SF.


This is an entry for The Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, to be published by Wiley in 2005. In regression analysis there are n observationsyi on a dependent variable(also known as outcome or criterion) that are related to n corresponding observationsxi on p independent variables (also known as inputs or predictors). Fitting regression models of some form or another is by far the most common uses of statistics in the sciences (crossref). Statistical theory tells us to assume that the observed outcomes yi are realizations ofn random variablesy i . We model the conditional expectation of y i givenxi , or, to put it differently, we model the expected value of yi as a function ofxi E(y i | xi ) = F(xi ), where the functionF must be estimated from the data. Often the function F is known except for a small number of parameters. This defines parametric Date: July 18, 2004.


One kind of cup-shaped body (1) comprises a peripheral wall (2) and the first end wall (3). Deepened portion comprises a first end wall (4), which deepened portion is formed a first recessed space (5). The first end wall further includes a projection (6), the projecting portion projecting from the deepened portion into said first recessed space. The body is formed such that the same sample is a body (1, 1A) can be slid into each other. Deepened portion (4) formed to include abutment structure (7) having adjoining state, limiting the first (1) of the sample into the second sample (1A) in the abutment condition of the degree of slip resistance.


A kind of adsorbent prepared from pomelo peels was used in laboratory to test its capability of absorbing Pb2+ from wastewater and the influence of size of the adsorbent particle,pH of wastewater,duration of exposure,dosage of absorbent as well were investigated.The results showed that the optimal absorption conditions were found to be 7.0 pH in wastewater,0.21 mL/s,the flow rate of wastewater 0.2 g and 60 mesh of pomelo peel.The adsorbent could remove more than 76.54% of the Pb2+ from the wastewater and the adsorption capacity of Pb2+ is 38.27 mg/g.


Several recent articles have noted the difficulty of encouraging current sociology students to participate in class discussions (Gimenez 1989; Holtz 1989; Wright 1989). Traditional gender roles. which foster independence and assertiveness among men and encourage dependence and passivity among women, make it especially challenging to promote class participation among female students (O'Keefe and Fampel 1987). We describe an exercise that is simple to implement but is extremely effective in increasing gender equality and awareness in class discussions.


Local energy communities (LECs) facilitate energy distribution, supply, consumption, storage, and trading for the communities and their members. This paper proposes a risk-averse energy management system (EMS) for optimal heat and power scheduling in LECs. Three approaches namely high accuracy forecast models, advanced optimization models, and providing flexibility sources are followed to handle uncertainties of photovoltaic power and load. To this end, the load demand and photovoltaic power as uncertain variables are predicted using machine learning methods and the problem is modeled under uncertainties by information-gap decision theory (IGDT). This method doesn't require probability distribution functions of uncertain variables which makes it valuable in cases with high levels of uncertainties or lack of sufficient historical data. The advantage of flexibility in increasing robustness is studied by adjusting desired indoor and hot water temperatures. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model are evaluated on the LEC at Chalmers University of Technology campus, Gothenburg, Sweden.


High temperature properties,water stability,low temperature crack resistance,and fatigue resistance of water-retention and temperature-fall semi-flexible pavement mixture SFAC-13 which were compared with ordinary asphalt concrete AC-16 were tested in laboratory,as well as water-retention and temperature-fall performance of SFAC-13 were studied.Result indicates that the dynamic stability of SFAC-13 is much higher than that of AC-16,its residue stability and the ratio of freezing-thawing split-strength are larger than that of AC-16.When they are under-10 ℃,damage tensile strain of SFAC-13 is greater,and stiffness modulus of SFAC-13 is less than that of AC-16.Fatigue resistance of SFAC-13 is better than that of ordinary asphalt mixture AC-13.It indicates that the temperature of SFAC-13 pavement is 8 ℃ to 10 ℃ lower than that of AC-16 pavement,and water-retention capacity in 24 hours and the temperature-fall parameter after 8 hours sprinkling is recommended as the assessment criteria.


This paper studies the current situation of energy management and driving range of fuel cell vehicles, and establishes a corresponding test and evaluation method for driving range. First of all, the situation of the fuel cell vehicle mileage at home and abroad standards is analyzed, the energy change law of the fuel cell and the power battery under the cycle working conditions is studied, and the rapid test and evaluation method of the driving range of the full-power model and the rapid test and evaluation method of the mileage of the electro-electric hybrid are established for different energy mixing states. The established test analysis method plays an important role in the rapid development of fuel cell vehicles.


Background: Biofilms have been reported as important virulent markers associated with drug resistance in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans and dogs. However, in veterinary medicine, researches involving biofilm formation, treatments and preventions have been limited; yet, it is still possible to find few studies demonstrating biofilm-forming bacteria associated with different comorbidities such as otitis, wound infections, UTIs, and endometritis. These studies generally select dogs with chronic and recurrent infections, which could be an important factor in antibiotic resistance. We aimed to evaluate biofilms in sporadic cystitis regarding prevalence and drug resistance.Materials, Methods & Results: Urine samples were collected by cystocentesis from 36 client-owned dogs under clinical and laboratory suspicion of non-recurrent urinary bladder infection (cystitis). Urine was aseptically plated onto blood agar, MacConkey, and CLED, followed by incubation for 24 to 48 h. Definitive identification of a potential pathogen was made by subculture collected from an isolated colony to obtain a pure culture. The gram staining method and specific biochemical tests (phenol red fermentation, lysine, phenylalanine, citrate, sulfide-indole-motility, and urease) were used to distinguish and classify the bacteria. After identification, the bacteria were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by a standard disk diffusion method, using the following antimicrobials: amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cefazolin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The biofilm-forming ability was determined based on a culture in Congo red agar (CRA), where biofilm producer strains formed black colonies with a dry crystalline surface, while non-biofilm producer strains formed red colonies with a smooth surface. A crystal violet dye assay was used to confirm the CRA results. Of the 36 urine samples collected from dogs with suspected cystitis, a total of 37 isolates were obtained, from mixed or pure cultures. The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (11/37), followed by Staphylococcus spp. (8/37), Proteus spp. (7/37), and Enterococcus spp. (5/37). Other less prevalent bacteria were Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Enterobacter spp. As for biofilm-forming ability, 67.6% (25/37) of the 37 bacterial isolates had biofilm formation in CRA and 54.05% (20/37) on the microplates containing crystal violet dye. There was no statistical difference in antimicrobial susceptibility between biofilm producer and non-biofilm producer bacteria.Discussion: We found a high proportion (> 54%) of in vitro biofilm-forming ability by different bacteria, which may indicate that biofilms may also be formed in vivo, in simple cystitis. Antimicrobial resistance was not noticed in bacteria capable of forming a biofilm; however, in a future study it is important to evaluate bacterial resistance in vivo, considering the possibility of having a different response than in vitro. In addition, the problem of the presence of a biofilm in vivo is that it can nullify the antimicrobial efficacy of therapeutic agents even with in vitro susceptibility. Besides the possibility of slow or incomplete diffusion of antibiotics through the extracellular matrix of the biofilm, aspects like hydration level, pCO2, pO2, pH, pyrimidine, and divalent cation concentration that negatively influence antimicrobial activity in vitro can also cause undesirable effects at the profound layers of the biofilm. In conclusion, all of the genera of bacteria isolated from dog's sporadic cystitis in this study were able to form a biofilm in vitro. The pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of bacteria appears unrelated to biofilm formation in vitro.Keywords: sessile bacteria, urine, simple cystitis, antibiotic resistance.


Is The Matrix merely a science fiction scenario, or is it, rather, a philosophical exercise? Alternatively, is it a realistic possible future world? The number of respected scientists predicting the advent of intelligent machines is growing exponentially. Steven Hawking, perhaps the most highly regarded theoretical scientist in the world and the holder of the Cambridge University chair that once belonged to Isaac Newton, said recently, "In contrast with our intellect, computers double their performance every 18 months. So the danger is real that they could develop intelligence and take over the world." He added, "We must develop as quickly as possible technologies that make possible a direct connection between brain and computer, so that artificial brains contribute to human intelligence rather than opposing it." 1The important message to take from this is that the danger—that we will see machines with an intellect that outperforms that of humans—is real.


Introduction: The work of a professor is generally an intangible, inseparable, heterogeneous and perishable service which not recognize property, whose use could be active or not, as part of a formal planned process, which is imparted in an organized manner, based in a curriculum and measurable results, for the promotion until the syllabus is completed, in in the primary, secondary and the college level. The university professor's work, likewise, is a service with the same features, which deepens an area of knowledge and constitutes a profession.
This research is justified by previous investigations from the Huelva University (Spain), in which its showed that the 23% of professors will acquire a psychosocial illness, in the UK 20% of the teachers suffer depression and stress; in the U.S. the 27% of educators surveyed suffered from chronic health problems as a result of teaching, 40% of teachers have taken drugs because of stress. In Ecuador, there are no studies like this around the university professor. The question we seek to answer with this research is: Is work stress of university teachers of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Central del Ecuador, a psychosocial risk factor labor, which depends on the monitoring, gaps, cooperation, students, changing the value of work and improvements?.


In this experimental study, concrete strength development according to curing temperature at early age were investigated. Due to increase in curing temperature, compressive strength was developed.


The fundamental frequency of a periodic signal whose fundamental component is not available for measurement can be determined by measuring the frequencies of its higher harmonic components and computing the largest common divider of these frequencies. Similarly, the fundamental period can be determined by measuring the periods of individual harmonics and finding their smallest common multiple. Several methods of fundamental frequency and period measurement, based on these concepts, are described in this paper. The results of computer simulations and analog instrumentations indicate that these new methods. at a considerable reduction in complexity, compare favorably with, and in some cases exceed, the capabilities of cepstrum analysis.


To reduce the mortality rate in cancer patients who undergo stem cell transplantation, a study was conducted on the development of cellular immunotherapy using immature T-cells to strengthen the immune system after treatment. A clinically applicable system was developed for producing these cells from stem cells. It was found that vitamin C significantly improved production and brought about greater cell yield for therapeutic purposes. It was also found that patients with haematological malignancy (i.e. certain forms of cancer, including leukaemia) had lower vitamin C levels. Administering vitamin C may therefore promote immune recovery.


Background: Elevated free heme levels have been shown to be associated with thrombosis in a variety of diseases as well being experimentally causative in vitro and in vivo. Stored red blood cells hemolyze both in the bag and in the recipient, raising the question of whether red blood transfusion is prothrombotic. Transfusions have been associated with an increased risk of thrombosis in several patient cohorts, including one randomized trial. While neonates and infants are generally considered to be in a slightly hypocoaguable state, certain complex congenital heart diseases and their surgical repair can put them at increased risk for thrombosis. Red blood cell transfusions may further increase this risk for thrombosis. It is unclear if transfusions result in increased heme levels and if this increase is associated with thrombotic events in this setting. Method: We retrospectively analyzed samples from 39 children who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from 2009-2010, including 15 children who developed a post-operative thrombosis and 24 age matched controls from the same randomized trial of washed blood transfusions. The infants/children were between 0 days to 60 months of age. All patients received leukoreduced, irradiated and ABO identical red blood cell products. Seven patients in the thrombosis group and 13 patients in the non-thrombosis group received washed products (47% and 54%, respectively, no significant difference). Free heme was quantitated by colorimetric analysis of previously frozen citrated plasma samples pre-surgery, immediately post-operatively and 6 and 12 hours post-operatively. Results: Patients that developed thrombosis post-operatively had significantly greater increased average heme levels over time (pre-surgery to 12 hours post-surgery) compared to patients that did not develop thrombosis (39.8μM vs. 29.3 μM respectively, p Conclusion: Increased cell-free heme levels are associated with a higher risk of thrombosis in a transfused pediatric cardiac surgical cohort. Higher heme levels are also associated with the number and volume of transfusions. This is a potentially important finding since it highlights for the risk for transfusion-associated thrombosis in another vulnerable patient cohort. Further studies are warranted to examine the possible mechanistic role of heme in contributing to thrombosis in transfused patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


ABSTRACT The landmark Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, with its extension of local democracy, presented Irish nationalists with an opportunity to advance the cause of national independence by curbing British influence at the local level. Post-independence local government reforms stressed the consolidation of central government institutions because of the need for regime security and stability. The introduction of the 'County-Manager' reforms, centred on the notions of bureaucratic professionalism, efficiency, and coordination of local services, further entrenched centralism. Using historical institutionalism as a framework for analysis, this article argues that in the period under review local government reforms in Ireland exemplify a perpetuation of the legacy of centralization. This legacy has two sources: the exogenous 1898 Act, and the perceived need to subvert its provisions to the greater goal of national independence, and the continuity in post-independence reforms, which left undisturbed the institutional processes of the inherited political order. This article concludes that notwithstanding reform efforts, the impetus for change was neutralized by constitutive features of Irish political culture, conventional practices, and established elite interests. While critical of existing arrangements, politicians found it impossible to accomplish change.


Between 1999‐2018, almost 450,000 deaths have been attributed to opioid overdose. Co‐prescription of Naloxone with opioids, as well as implementation of Naloxone education and training, may substantially decrease morbidity and mortality related to opioid abuse. Nevertheless, resident physicians report low levels of comfort in prescribing Naloxone and difficulty discussing this topic with patients even when it directly relates to their care.


Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) play an important role in the control of cell growth, differentiation, as well as cell metabolism. Dimerization of growth factor receptors is driven by ligand binding to the extracellular domain. Receptor dimerization is responsible for tyrosine kinase activation and for autophosphorylation. For receptor tyrosine kinases after TGF-β stimulation, suggesting that Smad7 may exert a negative feed-back inhibition in TGF-β signaling. transition through up-regulation of cyclins D2, D3,


The most notable property of bulk metallic glasses is their ultrahigh (near theoretical) strength and hardness. Because many of known BMGs miss tensile plasticity and thus exhibit catastrophic failure upon tension it is of great importance to understand deformation mechanisms involved and thus improve their performance. Time-resolved in-situ x-ray diffraction experiments may nowadays be performed at high-brilliance synchrotron radiation sources for a variety of conditions. An example is provided, concerning mapping of the strain distribution in tensile stressed Zr-based BMG by in-situ hard x-ray diffraction.


Mean ADC value from the 747 NAWM areas from MS patients was 0.82 1 x 10" mm'isec (SD = 0.18 x lo" mm*/sec) and was significantly higher (p<O.OOOl) than that from the 528 white matter areas of controls (0.727 x 10" mm%ec with a SD = 0.09 x 10~' mm'isec). Mean ADC values from the NAWM of MS patients, for each of the anatomical regions studied, were significantly higher than those from controls (Table 1). A total of 173 hyperintense lesions were identified on the dual-echo scans from MS patients. The mean ADC value for these lesions was 1.085 x10" mm*/sec (SD = 0.10 x10" mm'/sec) and it was significantly higher (p<O.OOOl) than the mean ADC of NAWM. There was no significant correlation between the average ADC values in lesions and NAWM (r=O. 18). No significant difference in ADC values was found between enhancing (n=20, mean f SD = 1.039 + 0.17 x 10.' mm2/sec) and non-enhancing lesions (n=l53, mean + SD = 1.040 + 0.14 x 10e3 mm%ec), whilst the mean ADC value of Tl-hypointense lesions (n=60, mean f SD = 1.115 * 0.13 x 1O-3 mm%ec) was significantly higher (p<O.OOOl) than the mean ADC value of Tlisointense lesions (n=93, mean f SD = 0.995 f 0.13 xl 0~3 mn?isec). Table 1. Mean ADC values (SD) in different white matter areas from controls and MS patients. ADC values are expressed m 10" mm2 /sec.


Senna siamea is a plant used in the tradomedicinal practice for the treatment of malaria. Despite its efficacy, there is no scientific information concerning the safety of the plant extract on the liver hence, the study evaluated the effect of the methanol extract on liver function enzymes in wistar albino rats. Thirty two rats weighing between 180-210g were randomly grouped into four of 8 rats each. Group 1(control group) received normal saline, while groups 2, 3 and 4 received orally 100, 200 and 400mg/kg/body weight of the extract. Two animals were sacrificed on weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively and both blood and organ samples were collected. Results showed 4.4% percentage yield of MESS which contains a range of phytochemicals. The liver marker enzymes AST and ALP showed no significant changes in their serum activity while ALT activity increased significantly (p<0.05) during the 3rd and 4th weeks. Bilirubin concentration also increased significantly (p<0.05) during the 3rd and 4th week of administration of the extract to the 4th group. This investigation suggests that prolonged ingestion of high concentration of methanol extract of S. siamea (MESS) could be toxic to hepatocytes. This was further revealed by the histological examination result showing degenerative changes when compared to the control.


We have found that the hardware and software infrastructure exists to simulate general relativity problems in a distributed computational environment, at some cost in performance. We examine two different issues for running the Cactus code in such a distributed environment The first issue is running a Cactus simulation on multiple parallel computer systems. Our objective is to perform larger simulations than are currently possible on a single parallel computer. We distribute Cactus simulations across multiple supercomputers using the mechanisms provided by the Globus toolkit. In particular, we use Globus mechanisms for authentication, access to remote computer systems, file transfer, and communication. The Cactus code uses MPI for communication and makes use of an MPI implementation layered atop Globus communication mechanisms. These communication mechanisms allow a MPI application to be executed on distributed resources. We find that without performing any code optimizations, our simulations ran 48% to 100% slower when using an Origin at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and an Onyx2 at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). We also ran simulations between Cray T3Es in Germany and a T3E at the San Diego Supercomputing Center (SDSC). Running between the T3Es in Germany resulted in an increase in execution time of 79% to 133%, and running between a German T3E and a T3E at the San Diego Supercomputing Center resulted in an execution time increase of 114% to 186%. We are very encouraged that we are able to run simulations on parallel computers that are geographically distributed, and we have identified several areas to investigate to improve the performance of Cactus simulations in this environment. The second issue we examine here is remote visualization and steering of the Cactus code. Cactus is a modular framework and we have implemented a module for this task. This module performs isosurfacing operations on the same parallel computers that are running the simulation and reduces bandwidth requirements between the simulation and visualization components by a factor of 2.5 to 114, depending on the complexity of the data being visualized. This performance improvement and the available high-performance wide area networks allow us to distribute the simulation and visualization components in different parts of the US and Europe and interactively visualize and steer cactus simulations.


This study was performed to evaluate the existing pain assessment methods including the tools developed for use with nonverbal older adults with dementia, and to suggest recommendations to clinicians based on the evaluations. Computerized literature searches published after year 2000 using databases - Google scholar, RISS, KoreaMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, CINAHL - were done. Searching keywords were 'pain', 'pain assessment', and 'cognitive impairment/dementia'. The pain assessments for non-communicative dementia patients who are unable to self-report their pains are often made using the assessment tools relying on the observation of behavioral indicators or alternatively the strategy of surrogate reporting. While several tools in English version and only one in Korean are suggested for the pain assessments based on the observation of behavioral indicators, none are commonly used. In this review, we selectively evaluated those tools known to show relatively higher degree of validity and reliability for nonverbal older adults with dementia, namely, CNPI, DOLOPLUS 2, PACSLAC, PAINAD, and DS-DAT. It is hoped that the present review of selected tools for assessing pain in those vulnerable population and the general recommendations given be useful for clinicians in their palliative care practice. And future studies should focus on enriching the validation of the useful tools used to o bserve the nonverbal patient's behavioral indicators for pain in Korean.


During the 1960s, higher education in the United States underwent serious quantitative and qualitative changes. The number of students virtually doubled: it reached the 5.5 million mark in 1969 (or 7.5 million, including two-year junior colleges). The rapid rise in enrollment was the result of a number of factors, chief among which were the significant internal changes in the state-monopoly system of U. S. imperialism, the change in the balance of power in the international arena, and the struggle of the progressive elements of society to expand educational opportunity. The fundamental research work The Contemporary University: USA notes that "a more critical attitude towards the college has risen … in response to international events as well as domestic needs — the Cold War, Sputnik, and reports of a more strenuous, practical and successful system of education in the Soviet Union" (The Contemporary University: USA, Robert S. Morison, ed., Boston, 1966, p. 4). In the late fifties, this assessment of educa...


Alveolar macrophages represent critical effector cells of innate immunity to infectious challenge in the lungs and recognize bacterial pathogens through pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinse (PI3K) regulates TLR-mediated cytokine release, but whether HIV infection influences PI3K signaling pathway and alters TLR4-mediated macrophage response has not been investigated. In the current study, surface TLR4 expression were similar but TLR4 activation (lipid A, 10 μg/ml) resulted in lower TNF-α release by HIV+ human macrophages compared with healthy cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K (LY294002) normalized TNF-α release in HIV+ macrophages and augments ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in response to lipid A. Importantly, HIV+ macrophages demonstrated increased constitutive phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate formation, increased phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) at Ser9, and reduced PTEN protein expression. As a functional assessment of GSK-3β phosphorylation, TLR4-mediated interleukin-10 release was significantly higher in HIV+ human macrophages compared with healthy cells. Incubation of human macrophages with exogenous HIV Nef protein induced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β (whereas phosphorylation was reduced by PI3K inhibition) and promoted interleukin-10 release. Taken together, these data demonstrate increased constitutive activation of the PI3K signaling pathway in HIV+ macrophages and support the concept that PI3K activation (by HIV proteins such as Nef) may contribute to reduced TLR4-mediated TNF-α release in HIV+ human macrophages and impair host cell response to infectious challenge.


Introduction – The estimate of relative renal function (RRF) through scintigraphy with dimercaptosuccinic acid labelled with Technetium-99 metastable (99mTc-DMSA) may be influenced by kidney depth (KD), due to attenuation by soft tissue surrounding the kidneys. Considering that rarely this KD is known, several methods for attenuation correction (AC) have been developed, namely those using empirical formulae, such as Raynaud, Taylor or Tonnesen methods, or by direct calculation of the geometric mean (GM). Objectives – To identify the influence of different AC methods on RRF estimateby scintigraphy with 99mTc-DMSA and to evaluate the respective KD variability. Methods : Thirty-one patients were referred for 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy and underwent the same acquisition protocol. Processing was performed by 2 independent operators, three times per exam, changing for the same processing the methods for the FRR determination: Raynaud's method, Taylor's method, Tonnesen´s method, GM and without AC (WAC). Friedman's test was used to identify the influence of the different AC methods on RRF estimate and Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the association and significance between KD and the variables age, weight and height. Results – Friedman's test indicated that there were significant differences between methods (p=0.000), except for WAC/Raynaud, Tonnesen/GM and Taylor/GM (p=1.000) comparisons, for both kidneys. Pearson's test showed a strong positive correlation between weight and the three methods of KD estimation. Conclusions – Taylor's method, regarding the three methods of KD calculation, is the closest to GM. The choice of the attenuation correction method influences significantly the quantitative parameters of FRR.


An analysis is made of the problem of the formation of social fears and "existential vacuum" in terms of network wars. It is emphasized that one of the main aims of the network war effects is the destruction of the semantic unity of the world and personality, isolation, value-sense human disorientation, replacing of the true meanings and values of human life.


Plinio, perch6 la narrazione del suo modello collimava perfettamente con le tesi che egli intendeva propugnare. . . . Tacito presenta questi messi [56, 1 ad fin.] come i portavoce di un concilio generale gallico, mentre, in realta, si era trattato di un conciliabolo di un gruppo di sediziosi' (p. 55). Contrast H iv, 55, 3-56, 1, where Tacitus says exactly the opposite. Before further hypotheses are built around the Batavian War, it is essential to have as clear a narrative as a careful study of our sources will permit us to write. Bessone would be well qualified for this spade-work. As it is, his edifice is a succession of more or less arguable views liberally qualified by expressions like forse, disicuro, senza dubbio, and adorned rather than supported by a generous (but not entirely up-to-date) citation of authorities new and old, good and bad, with a proliferation of op. cit. bugbears. If this memoire, inflated to bursting point, seems to float grandly in the clouds, that is not to say that we should neglect the apparition. It should be studied and discussed—but after, and not before, we have done our homework on Tacitus.


In this paper we give a generalization of the Lagrange mean value theorem via lower and upper derivative,aswellasappropriatecriteriaofmonotonicityandconvexityforarbitraryfunction f : (a,b) → R. Some applications to the neoclassical economic growth model are given (from mathematical point of view).


The authors propose a method for continuous monitoring of railway switch point blades based on radio frequency identification technology (RFID). Unlike the known monitoring methods, the method proposed allows to significantly expand the set of fixed diagnostic situations, as well as to control the mechanical parameters of moving elements of the switch. This paper describes the architecture of the continuous monitoring system with each level defined. A technical solution allows to use a wireless path based on a radio channel with an unlicensed frequency for the transmission of diagnostic information. The solution provides the implementation of central information processing without additional costs for the laying of communications.


We present a class of distributions of which the distributions with characteristic function , is a subclass, which we have named as α - Laplace, and the whole class as Semi -α - Laplace. A characterization of this class is given i n terms of distribution function. These distributions are partially attracted to a corresponding semi-stable law. exists for . They are absolutely continuous for α > 1. Conditions under which Semi - α - Laplace becomes α - Laplace are given. An example o f a Semi - α - Laplace whlch is not α - Laglace is given . A posslble application is also indicated.


An endoscope, and a production method and a repair method for the endoscope, where an illuminating lens whose front end surface is exposed from an opening at the head of an insertion section and whose rear end surface is in contact with or close to the front end surface of a light guide can be replaced without damaging the light guide in contact with the illuminating lens. An endoscope having an illuminating lens (33a) fitted in a frame (33d) which is installed at the head of an insertion section and whose adhesion section (33ac) at its outer periphery is fixed in the frame (33d) by an adhesive agent (100) and having a light guide (33b) installed in the frame (33d) such that an emission end surface (33bs) is in contact with a curvature surface (33ak) of the illuminating lens (33a), wherein a non-adhesion section (70) is formed between the adhesion section (33ac) of the illuminating lens (33a) in the frame (33d) and the emission end surface (33bs) of the light guide. ® KIPO & WIPO 2007


tems managers, the studies nevertheless cover a wide range of library types, including an extensive account of Suffolk County Library, details of the University of Strathclyde's systems and implementation of Sirsi UNICORN at the Department of Health, amongst others. The cases detail experiences of moving from proprietary automated library housekeeping systems to so-called third generation standards-based open systems. Despite being selected for their recent involvement in system migrations and hence balanced combination of experience and relevance, the contributors have managed to put across the overall history and evolution of library automation issues very well. Library managers looking for a new automated library system, whether a replacement or not, will find much of the material interesting. They may not have to grapple with many of the actual problems of the older second generation library systems mentioned in these cases. Those who do still have systems running under proprietary database software and operating systems and who are not using authority files for quality control will find much here with which to empathize. Most of the authors write from the point of view of those forced to undertake both migration project management and systems management, which gives them a clear perspective on success and failure and the issues they feel should be of concern to others. From the introduction onwards, it is clear that, as Graeme Muirhead says, 'the most noticeable progress has been made in the 'softer' aspects of computerization and the management of change – consulting and involving staff in the decision-making process, and communicating with all systems users throughout the process of change'. The authors do seem to have felt an obligation to pass on such lessons through publication. The book is unusually and perhaps surprisingly honest about the difficulties faced during changes of computer systems, both by librarians and their suppliers, who are covered to a lesser extent here. My only real concerns about recommending this as a valuable reader for students and for library managers contemplating new purchases, or even merely seeking to understand the hair-pulling of their systems teams, are that such studies are necessarily backward-looking. Although history can be very valuable to place staff on their guard and to improve planning, the risks of the future will not be the same as those of the past. A completely new generation of library systems is already emerging, as we begin to develop the digital library of the next millennium. Hardly any discussion of the newer issues is included, because the systems covered are geared mainly for internal housekeeping functions. The index excludes copyright, electronic journals, digitization, metadata, clumps and so on, and the studies pay little heed to the Internet/Intranet/Extranet developments of the last few years. Systems managers seem to have wanted their new library management systems to support some of these functions through further software development led by the supplier. There seems to have been a feeling that more significant cultural change within the library would be possible only 'when there is more time'. Perhaps these are the last years when studies of individual libraries are possible in such isolation. In the index of future editions, collaboration, partnerships and standards will appear, and emphasis will be on political, strategic and tactical barriers to progress instead of technical ones. The Muirhead work is a hardback (although Book Data's new website The Book Place indicates paperback), whereas Gallimore is a paperback. This seems perverse, as although both works have much to commend them, Gallimore has extracted the principles and laid down general guidelines for any kind of IT strategic planning for librarians, whilst in Muirhead there is so much detail that readers in but a few years are bound to find it less and less relevant. In the end, neither work is truly inspiring, but both have immediate practical value for students and practioners alike. For the future, perhaps a website with the now ubiquitous white papers, case studies, discussions and links to live systems would be a better way of attracting readers, who could browse material, try systems and take off-prints for reading on the train. I await the correspondence to prove me wrong.


A long‐standing question on possibility of construction of the Prandtl' problem classic solution without some kind of kinematic or static hypotheses as well as on an existence of the other, "non‐classic," solutions which the Prandtl' hypothesis is not correct for (and which cannot be verified in real experiment), is discussed and resolved. On the basis of asymptotic analysis with natural low geometric parameter, the exact solution (in sense of finite number of asymptotic terms) coinciding with the generalized Prandtl' solution in case of arbitrary plate roughness coefficient, is obtained. A nonapplicability of this asymptotic near the middle cross‐section of layer is precisely shown.


The impact of HIV/AIDS in Southeast Asia is felt in every sector of society including the economic sector. Especially in societies with relatively high prevalence rates and developing economies private-sector involvement in the traditionally public fight against HIV/AIDS may have significant results. This is true for large parts of Asia Africa and Latin America where government institutions often lack sufficient resources to address HIV/AIDS effectively. It is noted that the concept of partnerships between different sections of society to address a common issue is significant. The strategy of the Asian Business Coalition on AIDS a public-private partnership of 10 Asian countries to coordinate and expand business activities towards HIV/AIDS illustrates this concept. Its mission is to link together organizational resources both in- country and inter-country within and between businesses at all levels in order to prevent further HIV spreading and ensure non-discriminatory treatment of HIV positive staff. Moreover it is noted that governments and nongovernmental organizations have started to acknowledge the importance of creating common values in the fight against AIDS when working together with businesses.


Inclusive education is a process aimed to respond to the diversity of children's needs by increasing their level of participation in learning and reducing their exclusion. This implies a number of substantial changes in terms of educational content, didactic and pedagogical approach, structure of the educational system and educational strategies. In order to effectively integrate students with special educational needs (SEN) in the physical education lesson, it is necessary for physical education and sports teachers to be familiar with the term "inclusive education". The aim of this research is to make a correct analysis of teachers' opinions and attitudes with regard to the integration of students with SEN in physical education lessons and to achieve a centralisation of medically exempt students in Bucharest. The research was conducted between February and June 2018 and consisted in applying a survey questionnaire among 157 physical education and sports teachers in Bucharest. The purpose was to identify their level of knowledge about inclusive physical education and to find out their opinions about the categories of students exempt from physical education classes for medical reasons and those with special educational needs in the educational establishment in which they worked. In conclusion, 98.1% of teachers have reported that they include students with SEN in physical education lessons and, due to the large number of positive responses, we can state that they are open to the new concept of inclusive education.


Aim: To select suitable virus strains and celllines for experiment of inactivation of Poliovirus in water.Metheds: Comparing the results of cytopathic effects (CPE), 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50 ), plaqueforming units (PFU) and dot immunobinding assays(DIBA) after 5 virus strains were separately propagated for3~5 days in 5 cell lines. Results: Determination of CPEand TCID 50 showed that ① the virulence of 5 strains to thesame cell line ranged from the highest to the lowest asHenan, Hebei Brunhide, Mahony Sabin; ② Thesensitivities of 5 infected cell lines to the same strain were thefollowing range: Hep-2BGMHela, VeroRD.Detection of PFU and DIBA indicated that Henan strain was inspecied more easily than Brunhide strain after both strainswere propagated in Hep-2 cells. Conclusion: PV 1 Henanstrain and Hep-2 cell line are appropriate to the edperimentof inactivation of PV in water.


This paper analyses the difference between traditional and stage assessment methods,and expounds the practical significance of stage assessment method in computer basic course teaching reform.Taking "Computer Programming" as an example,this paper describes the plan and result of stage assessment method.Practice has proved that this method is worthy to be popularized and referenced in teaching.


A hierarchical system through the somatosensory cortex builds representations of touch and of the positions of the limbs in space up through parietal cortex areas 5 and 7b, where the system is interfaced to the visual system for the computations involved in reaching into space and grasping objects. Attractor network mechanisms for decision-making between somatosensory stimuli are described. In the orbitofrontal cortex, the affective value of pleasant touch and of pain is represented.


The polymerization condition of L-lysine at a glassy carbon electrode and the electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode had been investigated. It was found that the the polymer showed strong catalytic effects on the electrooxidation of Norepinephrine. Under the normal physiological condition, Norepinephrine was determined by square wave voltammetry after preconcentration for 2.0 min at -0.2 V. The anodic peak current showed a linear relationship with the concentration of Norepinephrine in the range of 1.0×10~(-8)~5.0×10~(-4) mol/L. The detection limit was 8.2×10~(-10) mol/L ((S/N=3).) The relative standard deviation for eight determinations of 1×10~(-7) mol/L Norepinephrine was 2.4%. The modified electrode shows excellent stability and reproducibility.


The geopolitical situation of Afghanistan is drastic and hence the demolition of the country has started after the comeback of Taliban and withdrawal of American forces. Recently, the third Regional Security Dialogue on Afghanistan was held in New Delhi on September 10, 2021. (NSAs). In 2018 and 2019, Iran hosted the forum's initial two meetings. Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan agreed with India's National Security Advisor, Ajit Doval. There were two individuals who were absent. Moeed Yusuf, Pakistan's national security adviser, rejected the offer in writing, stating that "a spoiler (India) cannot be a mediator." Chinese authorities reported "scheduling problems." Given the current state of affairs in Pakistan, the refusal was not unexpected. China's absence indicates that Pakistan would continue to direct China's Afghanistan strategy. So, this is found to be a known situation for Indian leaders but these situations forces India to stay updated with the developments and hence modify their role in Afghanistan. The paper aimed to understand the redefining role of India in Afghanistan and hence it tried to determine the situation, strategies, plans and actions of India with Afghanistan. After a details exploratory examination, it has been found that yes, ofcourse, the role of India is changing but the recent developments has gave a significant power to Indian leadership which can help in creating betterment facilities for the welfare of people of both the nations in coming future.