Platinum-based material is the most efficient and durable electrocatalyst for motivating the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an acidic electrolyte; however, its low abundance and high cost limit its further application in proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) technology. Therefore, minimizing the Pt amount while retaining high activity would be desirable. Herein, we use defect-rich W 18 O 49 nanowires to anchor well-dispersed, ultrafine Pt species (Pt-W 18 O 49 ) via a freeze-drying method to avoid aggregation, further mediating an efficient and durable HER in acidic water. Density functional theory analyses also demonstrate that the strong electronic interaction between the Pt species and W 18 O 49 support greatly improves the HER performance. With a 1/10 Pt loading amount of the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C, the Pt-W 18 O 49 catalyst requires the overpotentials of 116 and 743 mV to achieve high current densities of 100 and 1000 mA cm −2 in 0.5 mol L −1 H 2 SO 4 , outperforming those of the 20 wt% Pt/C benchmark. More im-portantly, the Pt-W 18 O 49 catalyst can sustain a high-current-density HER at 500 mA cm −2 for more than 38 h without obvious degradation. This work paves a new avenue for sy-nergistically reducing the Pt amount and retaining high activity for real-world PEMWE.


Abstract : Eleven students participated in the Air Force Research in Aero Propulsion Technology (AFRAPT) program during the 1987-88 academic year. During this year: One new Ph.D. candidate completed two qualifying exams and initiated his thesis research; One new Ph.D. candidate withdrew from the program and is now permanently employed at a participating company; four M.S.M.E. candidates completed their thesis and are now permanently employed at a participating company; five M.S.M.E. candidates completed their course work, and are working on their thesis projects. Gas turbines, Propulsion, Combustion, Reprints.


Safety pharmacological properties of CJ-11555, an anti-cirrhotic agent, were investigated in experimental animals and in vitro test system. CJ-11555 had no effects on normal body temperature in rats, motor coordination, chemoshock induced by pentetrazol, electric shock induced by electric shocker and writhing syndromes in mice at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1,000 mg/kg. CJ-11555 inhibited intestinal activity and prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice at the dose level of 1,000 mg/kg. CJ-11555 affected on general activity and behaviour tests in SD rats, such as lacrimation, ptosis, piloerection, decreased body tone, abnormal dispersion within the cage, diarrhoea, red colored faeces, slight hypothermia and decreased grooming, at the dose level of 1,000
mg/kg in rats. CJ-11555 was effected on cardiovascular and respiratory system in anesthetized beagle dogs, such as tachycardia, increase of mean blood pressure and decrease of PR interval, decrease of respiratory rate and minute volume, at dose levels of 10 and 30 mg/kg. However, these effects were also observed in vehicle treated anesthetized beagle dogs. In in vitro experiments, CJ-11555 inhibited agonists (histamine, acetyl-choline or BaCl2) induced contraction of isolated guinea-pig at the concentration of 30×10-6 M. CJ-11555 was weekly inhibited hERG channel current at concentrations of 10 and 30×10-6 M, and IC50 was estimated to be higher than 30×10-6 M. Based on these results, it was concluded that CJ-11555 affected on cardiovascular and respiratory system, general activity and behaviour and hexobarbital-induced sleeping time at the dose level of 1,000 mg/kg and contraction of the smooth muscle and hERG channel current at the concentration of 30×10-6 M.


Science literacy is one of main skills students should have in the 21st century. One method to train science literacy is by writing scientific article. The purpose of the study was to improve science literacy of students through scientific writing in exploration of local wisdom in East Java on Conservation of Natural Resources and Environment (CNRE) course. Indicators of science literacy expected including formulation of problems, data collection in local region, data analysis, and formulation of conclusions based on study conducted. Respondents were consisted of five classes of year 2019 students in Department of Biology programming CNRE course; 2 classes of Biology study program and 3 classes of Biology Education study program, divided into 37 groups. Each group wrote scientific article based on local wisdom found in their local region. Data was analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis. Results showed that scientific literacy training through scientific writing in CNRE course was successful, as indicated by average article score of 83%. Article component of title formulation had the highest score (95%), while referencing had the lowest score (68%). Based on indicators of issue formulation, data collection, data analysis, and conclusion formulation, scientific writing on local wisdom in East Java was able to train science literacy skills to Biology students.


Written language in all cultures is composed of symbols to which sounds have been attached somewhat arbitrarily. Meanings are also attached somewhat arbitrarily to letters and groups of letters. The transformation of symbols into sounds is generally seen to be part of the reading process, though it is not clear whether it is of equal importance at all stages of competence. It is possible that, at some stages, the skilled reader may have direct access to the meaning of a word or phrase from its visual representation. There is evidence from work of Coltheart, Hull and Slater (1975) that females tend to use phonological encoding to a greater extent than males when reading. Naish (1980) found that females encoded phonologically at a faster rate than males, and suggested that this might explain why the preferred mode of access to meaning appeared to be phonological for females but visual for males.


An electrochemiluminescence(ECL)hydrazine sensor with higher selectivity,good reproducibility and fast response time was developed based on the immobilization of luminol into the anion-exchanger resin by the strong electrostatic interaction on a carbon paste electrode.Under the optimum experimental conditions developed,the sensor responds linear to hydrazine concentration in the range 4.0×10-7—4.0×10-6g/mL.The detection limit is 2.3×10-7g/mL,and the relative standard deviation of 1.4% for 8 measurements of 2.8×10-6g/mL hydrazine standard solution.


ABSTRACT This article intends to investigate new progressive mean (MEP) charts using a single auxiliary characteristic (AMEP) and two auxiliary characteristics (TAMEP) to trace small shifts in the process mean effectively. The effectiveness of the proposed TAMEP scheme is evaluated under the absence and presence of multicollinearity among the two auxiliary variables. The run-length profile of the proposed designs has been computed using statistical metrics: average run length (ARL). Numerical comparison study reveals that the proposed structures prove highly sensitive as compared to counterparts, particularly for the detection of small shifts. The estimation effect of the process parameters on the in-control characteristics of the proposed AMEP chart is also part of this study. An illustrative application related to the fiber tube manufacturing dataset is also provided in this study for the demonstration of the proposed designs.


Bending strength, fracture toughness, and elastic modulus data were acquired for YBa2Cu3O(x), Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(x) (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O(x), and Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O(x) bars. These data and thermal expansion coefficients strongly suggest that the maximum possible tensile strain without fracture of bulk tapes or wires is approximately equals 0.2%. In Ag-clad conductors, residual stresses will be of limited benefit, but fractures produced by larger strains can be accommodated by shunting current through the Ag.


Certain processes with nonconservation of muon number (..mu -->..e+..gamma..+..gamma.., ..mu..+e..--> gamma..+..gamma.., and ..gamma..+e..--> gamma..+..mu..) are investigated in the framework of the pole model. For the decay ..mu -->..e+..gamma..+..gamma.. the Dalitz distribution in the energies of the electron and one of the photons is obtained, together with the energy distributions of the electrons and photons in the final state (in the approximation m/sub e/=0). The distribution over the angle between the momenta of the two photons is calculated. The total probability of the decay ..mu -->..e+..gamma..+..gamma.. is estimated. For the reactions ..mu..+e..--> gamma..+..gamma.. and ..gamma..+e..--> gamma..+..mu.., expressions in which the electron mass is taken into account are obtained for the differential and total cross sections.


Although intelligent Advanced Driving Assistance Systems and Autonomous Driving technologies are becoming ubiquitous, efficient and safe driving in dynamic, narrow or congested environment remains a theoretical and technological challenge. The reason mainly lies in the complexity of handling prediction and uncertainty, which are the fundamental ingredients for risk estimation. The theoretical shortcomings can be seen on the level of mesoscopic risk quantifiers like those based on Time-To-Event (TTX, e.g. TTC, TTB) or spatial safe distances, which mainly reflect heuristic engineering practices or worst case deterministic forecasts of a scenario. In both cases, uncertainties are not explicitly considered and worst-case assumptions significantly reduce driving efficiency, like traffic throughput. However uncertainties are ubiquitous in real driving so that a fundamentally different strategy is required, which seeks for a tradeoff between risk and benefit. In this paper, we introduce a microscopic, probabilistic unified risk estimation framework (PURE), grounded in a first principles probabilistic risk theory, which generalizes to arbitrary risks and situations and which explicitly addresses these uncertainties. To underline the generality of the approach, we show how empirical risk measures like TTX can then be derived, understood and extended starting from the general risk estimation, making them interpretable in terms of their constituting parameters.


This paper is concerned with time-optimal path planning for a constant-speed unmanned aerial vehicle flying at constant altitude in steady uniform winds. The unmanned aerial vehicle is modeled as a particle moving at a constant air-relative speed and with symmetric bounds on turn rate. It is known from the necessary conditions for optimality that extremal paths comprise only straight segments and maximum-rate turns. An essential observation is that maximum-rate turns correspond to trochoidal path segments, as observed from an Earth-fixed inertial frame. The path-planning problem therefore reduces to identifying the switching points at which straight and trochoidal path segments join to form a feasible path and choosing the true minimum-time solution from the resulting set of candidate extremals. The paper's primary contribution is a simple analytical solution for a subset of candidate extremal paths: those for which an initial maximum-rate turn is followed by a straight segment and then a second maximum-rate turn in the same direction as the first. The solution is easy to compute and is suitable for real-time implementation onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle with limited computational power. The remaining candidate extremal paths may be found using a simple numerical root-finding routine. The paper also shows that, for some candidate extremal paths, no corresponding Dubins path exists in the (moving) air-relative frame.


Peasant-workers have become a social group on scale,who should not be overlooked,and are main force in China's economic construction.Because China's social insurance system lags behind and has defects,the peasant-workers are still at the social border of social insurance.The main content for constructing harmonious society is to perfect social insurance of peasant-workers and to protect the interests of this large-scale group.Based on the status quo of social insurance and self-characteristics of the peasant-workers,this paper gives several ideas about perfecting social insurance system of the peasant-workers.


Electrostatic interactions and phosphate exchange are the most important mechanisms for the adsorption of antigens onto aluminum-containing adjuvant. But the immunogenicity of the final vaccine is not proportional to the amount and the adsorption strength of antigens onto aluminum-containing adjuvant. The stability of aluminum adjuvant would be decreased while it is stored in room temperature. However, it does not affect immune enhancement activity. Usually, aluminum adjuvant should avoid exposure to elevated temperature in long time, and buffer salts such as phosphate could be used to protect vaccines containing aluminum adjuvant. Now the new formulation of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine dry powder can increase the stability of vaccines. This review describes recent studies on the interaction between aluminum adjuvant and antigens, the stability of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvant and the development tendency of aluminum adjuvant.


AIM:To explore the related factors of influence on treadmill exercise test (TET), and in order to improve the accuracy in diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: 267 patients with suspected CAD were involved in this study, and underwent TET and coronary artery angiography (CAG), respectively.With CAG as the gold standard and the diagnostic results were compared to get the sensitiving and specificity of TET and the clinical factors influencing the outcomes of TET by statiseical analysis. RESULTS: The sensitivity, speci-ficity, false positive and false negative in diagnosis of CAD with TET were 64.7% (121/187), 52.5% (42/80), 47.5% (38/80) and 35.3% (66/187), respectively. The results showed the patients with typical angina, history of diabetes, ST-segment depression 0.2 mV and occurrence of typical angina induced by exercise had a higher true positive rate than the other ones. False positive rate was higher than true positive one in the changes of ST-segment in leads Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF. All cases with injury-induced ST-segment elevation were positive in TET. CONCLUSION: When combined with dangerous factors of CAD, the degree and form of ST-segment changes, and when the factors of influence on TET are eliminated, TET can increase the diagnostic specificity and accuracy of CAD.


The one-dimensional kinetic Potts models are studied for both Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics with different transition rates. Rigorous lower bounds for the dynamical exponent (z) are obtained from the initial response rate and the scaling hypothesis for the relaxation time. It is shown that the z exponent is non-universal for several periodic models with a basic unit cell (J1,J2,. . .,JM) containing different coupling constants. The critical dynamics of the alternating bond model is also studied by a simple argument about the movement of domain walls.


There are two main goals in studying the size distribution of the transneptunian objects (TNOs). The first is the quest to determine the mass in the transneptunian region. The second is to understand the competition between accretion and collisional erosion. The size distribution of the largest bodies is controlled by the accretion process, while that of bodies smaller than 50–100 km in diameter is believed to result from collisional evolution. An accessible way to determine the size distribution of TNOs is to determine their luminosity function (LF) and then try to convert magnitude to size. Interpreting the survey data to determine the correct LF, with confidence region for the parameters, is a subtle problem and is only beginning to be properly understood. Converting the LF into a size distribution is very complex and involves modeling, both dynamical and of physical surface properties of the TNOs. Several papers have been published that address this question, yielding LF slope of 0.3 to 0.9, and 1 object per deg2 brighter than R magnitude 23–23.5. The exponent of the size distribution is most likely on the order of 4–5 for bodies larger than a few tens of kilometers, and the number of objects with diameter larger than 100 km is on the order of a few 104. However, this subject is still in its infancy, and much observational and modeling work needs to be done before we claim to know the size distribution of the various populations of TNOs.


Modern diesel vehicle has to comply with the EURO Ⅳ, Ⅴ regulation with low level of particulate matter and smoke emission Moreover, emission standards of each countries are becoming stringent in advanced countries such as USA and Europe. Because Bio-diesel is similar to diesel fuel, it is essential to judge the environmental and health effects deriving from the use of Bio-diesel in diesel engine. The deterioration characteristics of emission in accordance with aging vehicles must be regulated for Bio-diesel. Therefore, under 1200 driving hours, 220,000㎞ driving distance condition and full load, the deterioration characteristics of emission were estimated. We could reduce sulfur contents of fuel, particulate matter and smoke emission by using Bio-diesel and conform the influence of engine performance, emission, and fuel consumption by Bio-diesel deterioration


F armers and food manufacturers continue to evolve toward a business model that emphasizes financial efficiency and lower consumer prices. American consumers are driving this movement by spending an increasing proportion of their food dollar at fast food restaurants and at mammoth food retailers such as WalMart, Albertsons, and Krogers. What these restaurants and retailers have in common is the need for predictable, uniform, low-cost supplies. They find that they can best meet their needs by conducting their business with large, innovative food manufacturers, such as Hormel, ConAgra, Kraft, Nestle, and Smithfield, or by working directly with the largest farmers, such as the company founded by J.R. Simplot. The push for low-cost and uniform agricultural products, combined with the tremendous increases in agricultural productivity from new technologies, has created an economic incentive for farmers to specialize and has given them the means to do it. Commercial fertilizer substitutes for livestock manure. Pesticides substitute for crop rotation. And machinery continues to reduce the need for labor. We now have specialized grain producers and specialized livestock producers. This specialization has resulted in lower production costs and the ability to significantly increase the size of farming operations. It is no accident that American consumers pay so little for their food compared to consumers in other countries. Our national policy has been to fund agricultural research that increases yields, decreases labor requirements , and enables farmers to rely more on biotechnology and chemical inputs than on traditional farming practices. The result of this national policy has been lower prices, ever fewer farmers, and, as shown in the map on page 4, widespread population losses in major U.S. agricultural production regions. To a large degree, this policy has been a national and international success story. Most Americans do not have to worry about whether they will have enough to eat, and U.S. agricultural surpluses help hold down prices paid by consumers around the world. The loss of population in many rural U.S. counties simply reflects the better economic opportunities that urban areas have to offer individuals and their families. However, there are some drawbacks. A policy of increasing agricultural research and the subsidization of commodity production inevitably leads to lower farm prices over time. But Congress is unwilling to allow price supports to decrease. With this increased reliance on government subsidies, crop farmers have developed a culture of dependency. This culture is most evident at …


Out of 74 food samples including pickled radish, soy sauce, Lactobacillus drinks, frozen sweets and snack confections, 60 samples were found to contain saccharin. The contents of sacchrain in terms of maximum and positive mean were 541, 306 ppm in pickled radish, 302, 153 ppm in soy sauce, 66, 37 ppm in Lactobacillus drinks, 90, 51 ppm in frozen sweets and 606, 285 ppm in snack confections, respectively. Most food items did not exceed the tolerance limit of saccharin while 70% of snack confections exceeded the limit, the average concentration being 2.9 times of the limit. Total daily intake of saccharin by Korean population for the period of was estimated to be from consumption data and from supply data. The intake level was of acceptable daily intake for man (ADI) recommended by FAO/WHO whereas the level was slightly higher than that in USA or Japan. It is. therefore, judged that saccharin at the current pattern of usage will not exhibit any adverse effect on the safety of Korean population.


Bell's palsy is a prevalent type of Facial nerve Palsy, estimated up to 75% of the cases. A 58 year old male patient presented with right
sided Bell's palsy. Thorough examination revealed the weakness of facial musculature and synkinesis associated with drooping and
asymmetry. Reportedly, he had difficulty in eye closure, chewing and drinking. Assessment was conducted using Sunny Brook Facial
Grading Scale. After assessment a comprehensive strategy combining of different modalities including electrical stimulation with
Russian Current, gentle soft tissue mobilization, resistance exercises and taping. Symptomatically, after 3 weeks there was a significant
improvement in the facial symmetry, strength and function of facial musculature as well as score of Sunny Brook Facial Grading Scale.
Experimentally, this indicates effectiveness of this treatment regime, however; further randomized control trials should be conducted to
further investigate efficacy and validity of this combination approach.


This article explores the transition of youth from childcare institutions into young adults through the lens of youth identity and gender. The research revolves around rethinking the delicate boundaries of adolescence and adulthood for the 'institutionalised' youth that is already on the edge of the society. This research tries to understand and decode the experiences of youth, who have lived in the childcare institutions. The childcare institutions reinforce the gender roles through its practices and structure, enabling gaps and challenges for both male and female youth outside the childcare institutions. There is an absence of a strong mechanism, enabling the smooth transition of youth from childcare institutions to adulthood. This results in unprepared young adults for an unplanned transition, fostering several challenges on them as they exit the childcare system. This is a qualitative study. The research includes both male and female youth who have lived in childcare institutions situated in Delhi. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews with the youth. This study finds that youth leaving childcare institutions are at higher risks of having negative adult outcomes in life. While there is an absolute absence of any body or mechanism to help the youth transit smoothly, childcare institutions reinforce the inferiority and exclusion on a child during the stay period, creating a foundation for youth to perceive the social factor outside the institutions.


The exploiting level of tourism products in the nature reserves should be higher than that of common scenic spots.Dinghushan Biological Cycle Nature Reserve is successful in its exquisite.Green tourism products and the design of tourism interpretation system and its experience is worth for reference.However,the tendency of urbanization and gardening should be resolutely curbed.In its future exloitation,priority should be given to the protection of ecological environment;make clear the objective of the products and market positioning,stress on the exploitation of ecotourism products.


The Media and the Tourist Imagination: Converging Cultures : by Crouch, David; Rhona Jackson and Felix Thompson (eds) (2005) London: Routledge


Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for Successive Approximation Register (SAR) based Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) in long battery applications like medical application, Sensors and many more. In this paper DAC circuit is designed using multiple capacitor and Multiple MUX for switching. A split based capacitor is used for boosting the speed of the architecture. In split based DAC no common mode voltage required and dynamic offset can be removed as well. In this work, 12-Bit DAC and encoder is designed using 2 Transistor MUX and 18 Transistor Full adders (12B-2TM-18TFA). 2T and 18T is used to design the MUX and FA. This entire architecture is implemented in Cadence Virtuoso 45nm CMOS technology. Simultaneously, 10B-12TM-36TFA architecture also implemented in this paper. The performance parameters like area, power, and delay, current is evaluated for both architectures. Result showed that 12B-2TM-18TFA architecture consumed less area, less power, less delay, and less current compared to 10B-12TM-36TFA.


The invention discloses a social network user interest mining method. The method is characterized by comprising the steps: rearranging user groups which are divided aiming at respective concerned objects of all users in a social network, so as to obtain all user groups in the social network; selecting a user group for each preset interest category, and enabling the selected user group to serve as an interest core group corresponding to the related interest category; calculating the similarity between the other user groups and each selected interest core group, and enabling the user groups with similarity higher than a set threshold value to serve as a generalized interest group of the related interest core group; determining an interest mining result for each user in the social network according to the interest categories corresponding to the generalized interest group containing the related user. By applying the method, the accuracy of interest mining can be improved.


BACKGROUND
Up to 1 in 5 patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) express dissatisfaction with their surgery. Our goal was to understand the experiences of patients of South Asian origin who undergo TKA and to identify a research agenda for this patient population.

METHODS
We undertook a modified Delphi study in British Columbia to generate and prioritize potential research topics. An initial list of topics was generated using 3 focus groups with patients of South Asian origin who underwent TKA and their caregivers. Focus group sessions were audiotaped and transcribed, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The resulting Delphi question-naire was administered over 2 rounds to patients, caregivers and health professionals. The second-round questionnaire included only topics that were strongly supported in the first round. A patient-oriented approach was adopted, with 3 patient partners as full research team members, who contributed to scoping, design, data collection, analysis and interpretation.

RESULTS
Twenty-one patients who had undergone TKA and 6 caregivers attended the focus groups. Our analyses resulted in 6 broad themes and 25 research topics, all of which were presented in the first round of the Delphi survey. The survey was completed by 27 patients and 5 caregivers (54% combined response rate) and by 25 clinicians (76% response rate). Top priorities both for patients and caregivers and for clinicians were promoting exercise following surgery and self-management after hospital discharge. One of the highest ranked topics for patients and caregivers was improving knee implants; this was supported by only 60% of clinicians.

INTERPRETATION
The patients and caregivers in our study prioritized research on promotion of exercise and self-management following surgery and improvement in knee implants. Future patient-oriented research efforts in Canada should emphasize these topics for this patient population.


Technical characteristics of locomotive auxiliary converter are stated. Development and applications of the auxiliary convertersin China are introduced. Performances are detailed taking as examples TGF9 auxiliary converter and TGF11 auxiliary converter with 4 quadrantconverter . It is pointed out that it is the right time in China to widely apply auxiliary converters.


A six parameter cosmological model, involving a vacuum energy density that is extremely tiny compared to fundamental particle physics scales, describes a large body of increasingly accurate astronomical data. In a first part of this brief review we summarize the current situation, emphasizing recent progress. An almost infinitesimal vacuum energy is only the simplest candidate for a cosmologically significant nearly homogeneous exotic energy density with negative pressure, generically called Dark Energy. If general relativity is assumed to be also valid on cosmological scales, the existence of such a dark energy component that dominates the recent universe is now almost inevitable. We shall discuss in a second part the alternative possibility that general relativity has to be modified on distances comparable to the Hubble scale. It will turn out that observational data are restricting theoretical speculations more and more. Moreover, some of the recent proposals have serious defects on a fundamental level (ghosts, acausalities, superluminal fluctuations). ∗Invited "brief review" for Modern Physics Letters A; to appear.


The incorporation in Brazil of the pattern of Western civilization was gradual. The construction of national society, bourgeois and modern, has always reflected centuries of colonial exploitation, bloodshed, environmental devastation and overexploitation of labor. In the 21st century, few changes, without deep ruptures. Brazilian capitalism was and is dependent on the hegemonic countries of the world economic system, from which the social problems that afflict the national working class result. This work aims to demonstrate that new developmentalism is very different from the classical developmentalism. Starting in the 2000s under the Lula and Rousseff governments, new developmentalism is, in fact, a contemporary adaptation of Brazilian dependent capitalism within the economic and ideological order of global neoliberalism. Hence, the recent pattern of national economy and politics deepens the structural constraints of dependency through economic "reprimarization" and financial liberalization.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the displacement effect on government expenditure for Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States over the periods of the first and second oil price shocks. Following J. Diamond (1977) and P. A. Watt (1978), the displacement effect can be interpreted as a structural change. The author examines the displacement effect by using the Chow test and the modified Wald test proposed by Y. Honda and K. Ohtani (1986). Copyright 1991 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester


MANETs are fast emerging as alternate network architecture to infrastructure networks. It is finding many applications and the constraints of processing power, memory, and bandwidth will be soon being overcome with the rapid improvement in the technologies. However the major concern which will remain is the security of the network. MANETs differ largely in the routing mechanism in the network layer from other wireless networks and therefore require different security schemes to secure the routing protocols. The security of the routing protocols is the major active area of research. In this paper author analyze the routing process, their vulnerabilities and the various types of attacks which can be launched by exploiting the same, to disrupt the routing process or launch DoS attacks. The author also reviews the possible countermeasure against these attacks and listed out the advantages as well as the limitations of the countermeasures. Keywords-Black Hole Attack, Flooding Attack, MANETs, Rushing Attack, Sybil Attack, Wormhole Attack


Chemical control of plant-parasitic nematodes, essentially, involves the use of synthetic nematicides. However, apart from its very high cost, increased concern for the environment has necessitated a reduction in the amount of nematicide used for nematode control. Additionally, there has been an increase in the intensity of search for other efficient, ecologically sound and safe control methods. Meloidogyne incognita. (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, eggs were exposed to concentrations of leaf extracts of agricultural weeds such as Parthenium hysterophorus, 0icotiana plumbaginifolia, Avena fatua, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium murale, Amaranathus spinosus, Oxalis corniculata. One hundred percent concentration of root extracts of P. hysterophorus, 0. plumbaginifolia exhibited 100% inhibition of egg hatch and larval mortality. While 100% concentration of root extracts of A. fatua, C. album exhibited 97.83 and 96.52% inhibition of egg hatch and 95 % larval mortality in both plants at 48 hour. Other plants also exhibited the nematicidal properties. Egg inhibition and larval mortality decreased with an increase in the dilution of all the extracts. Similarly with an increase in exposure time, juvenile mortality was also increased.


In transboundary river basins, like the Blue Nile, conflicts over the use of water resources are growing and recent advances in sustainable resource management recognizes the need for approaches that coordinate activities of people dependent on a common resource-base to realize sustainability and equity. Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are a component of a new and more direct conservation paradigm and an emerging concept to finance conservation programs by fostering dialogue between upstream and downstream land users. Those kinds of approach are particularly useful if applied in basins where irrigation schemes are emerging and the service life of reservoir and irrigation canals, in downstream areas are threatened by the sediments moved from upstream region. Here we report the results of our study on the determinants of Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Compensate (WTC) for improved land and water management practices in the Blue Nile Basin (Gumera and Koga watersheds). A total of 325 sample households were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique, and a structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from the sample households. We applied Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to elicit WTP using monetary and material payment vehicles. Our results showed that more households are willing to pay in labor than in cash. The mean WTP for improved land and water management was estimated at US$1.06 and US$1.3 months-1 household-1 for upstream and downstream farmers, respectively. Besides, 83.56% of the sample farm households showed WTC the upstream farmers in cash. However, the aggregate WTP falls far short of the estimated investment cost needed for ecosystem restoration. Among others, the number of livestock, size of arable land, access to education and credit by the sample farm households were identified to positively influence sample farmers\u2019 WTP for restoration of ecosystem services and downstream farmers\u2019 WTC for improved ecosystem regulation services. Therefore, institutions and policy measures that enhance environmental education, reduce poverty and foster stakeholders\u2019 cooperation must be promoted. Prospect of Payments for Environmental Services in the Blue Nile Basin: Examples from Koga and Gumera Watersheds.


Guidelines recommend statin therapy in middle-aged people (age range, 40–75) with type 2 diabetes for preventing cardiovascular disease (Diabetes Care


by and and and when the a the and and or differentiated activities be prepared in the according to the learning style of each According to determine the writing activities prepared for students in differentiate. this purpose, according to the Maker Model, examined the writing activities in the Turkish Activity Textbook used in Science and Art Centres (BILSEM) in terms of process, product, and environment differentiation. independence-dependency, complexity-simplicity, openness-closeness.


: We show that a large class of Euclidean extended supersymmetric lattice gauge theories constructed in [1–3] can be regarded as compact formulations by using the polar decomposition of the complex link fields. In particular, the gauge part of the supersymmetric lattice action is the standard Wilson action. This formulation facilitates the construction of gauge invariant operators.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy(EIS) performed both by intravariceal and paravariceal injection for esophageal variceal hemorrhage.Methods One hundred and one patients with esophageal variceal hemorrhage had received the sclerotherapy.According to different treatment methods,they were divided into combined injection group and intravariceal injection group.The combined injection group underwent EIS both by intravariceal and paravariceal injection,while the intravariceal injection group underwent EIS only by intravariceal injection.The clinical effect between the two groups was evaluated after two years follow-up.Results No significant difference was found between the two groups in bleeding control(100.00% vs 96.88%),early re-bleeding rate(6.12% vs 11.54%),varices elimination(81.63% vs 78.85%),survival rate in two years(81.63% vs76.92%) and complications(all P 0.05).But the late re-bleeding rate of the combined injection group was remarkably lower than that of the intravariceal injection group(14.28% vs 30.77%,P 0.05).No serious complications such as esophageal perforation,ARDS and ectopic embolism were observed in the two groups.Conclusion EIS is effective and safe for esophageal variceal hemorrhage.EIS performed by combination of intravariceal and paravariceal injection can decrease the late re-bleeding rate remarkably.


Objective
To evaluate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid for the treatment of single segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures(OVCF).

Methods
Clinical datas of 90 cases patients with postmenopausal suffered single segment vertebral compression fracture who were treated in Beijing ShiJingshan Hospital of Capital Medical University from March 2010 to March 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.The patienrs were randomly divided into three groups according to the different treatment methods, 20 patients received " bed rest" treatment as conservative group, 40 patients were undergone percutaneous kyphoplasty as operation group, 30 patients were given percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid as combination group.Visual analogue score(VAS) were recorded before treatment and 1 week, 6 months after treatment, and lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density(BMD) was measured before treatment and 2 years after treatment.The subsequent fracture of the vertebrae was analyzed after 2 years of treatment.

Results
There were 4 patients were not followed up.Three patients in conservative group suffered complications, but no complications were observed in operation group and combination group.The VAS score of the combination group and operation group at 1 week after treatment was significantly different compared with conservative group((3.0±1.4) points vs.(3.2±1.2) points vs.(8.0±1.1) points, P 0.05). Lumbar vertebrae BMD of combination group increased at 2 years after treatment, compared with conservative group and operation group the difference were significantly((-1.8±0.6) vs.(-3.1±0.5) vs.(-2.7±0.3), P<0.05). The incidence of the subsequent fracture of the vertebrae reduced of combination group, compared with conservative group and operation group the difference were significantly(3.3%(1/30) vs.27.8%(5/18) vs.21.1%(8/38), P<0.05).

Conclusion
Percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid for the treatment of OVCF-patients with postmenopausal and single segment fracture is not only safe, effective, but also can obviously relive pain and reduce the risk of subsequent fracture of the vertebrae.

Key words:
Osteoproticvertebral compression fractures; Osteoporosis; Percutaneous kyphoplasty; Zoledronic acid; Female; Postmenopause


Introduction Scholarship on Homosexuality Homosexuality in India Historical Overview and Contemporary Situation Social and Sexual Profile of Men Who Have Sex With Men Sexual Identities of Men Who Have Sex With Men Stress and Coping Strategies of Men Who Have Sex With Men Social Work Practice with Men Having Sex With Men


This study does try to proceed on the assumption that complex buildings can vitalize urban life of contemporary society from contemporary complexity and cases of past failure. The scope of investigation on complex buildings in Sangju built in 1990s' and 2000s' on this thesis is that site size is 400 square meter, total area 1500 square meter, and the number of stories on the ground below 5 floor. Method of investigation on twenty one buildings which have been built on new C.B.D. between the Namwon avenue and the Joongang 1th street in Sangju is through field investigation, field photographs, recordings and drawings on these buildings. Investigative contents have been divided and analysized into physical and functional elements in urban and architectural dimension. On the basis of these results, the future planning approach of complex buildings in medium and small cities has been considered into planning principles of convenience of building use and efficiency of site size, physical plans reflected on the traffic and pedestrian movings and the face of buildings, pedestrian resting space-creation like plazas and central gardens, regional character reflected with urban context, and separation and union of approached movings interrelated among the components.


The invention aims to disclose a Panax Notoginseng-containing healthcare fermented soya bean and a preparation method thereof. The fermented soya bean is composed of 55-65 parts of a soybean, 6-10 parts of Panax Notoginseng, 6-8 parts of isatis root, 5-7 parts of Japanese Thistle Herb, 4-6 parts of Atractylodes lancea, 1-2 parts of a hawthorn seed, 1-1.5 parts of a peanut hull, 1-1.2 parts of grapevine root, 1-3 parts of Chinese prickly ash, 6-10 parts of peanut oil, 7-10 parts of a white spirit, 10-15 parts of salt, and a proper amount of sodium benzoate. The fermented soya bean produced in the invention is delicious and tasty and has a unique fragrance, and the added Panax Notoginseng has the effects of blood vessel expanding, blood pressure reducing, microcirculation improving, blood flow volume increasing, and cardio-cerebral tissue ischemia and anoxia preventing and treating, and can promote the synthesis of proteins, ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), build up bodies, promote the metabolisms of blood cells, and balance and adjust the blood cells. The Panax Notoginseng-containing healthcare fermented soya bean also contains a plurality of traditional Chinese medicinal components beneficial for human bodies, and is beneficial for the human bodies through long-term eating.


ABSTRACT The ςS- and ς70-associated forms of RNA polymerase core enzyme (E) of Escherichia coli have very similar promoter recognition specificities in vitro. Nevertheless, the in vivo expression of many stress response genes is strongly dependent on ςS. Based on in vitro assays, it has recently been proposed that the disaccharide trehalose specifically stimulates the formation and activity of EςS and thereby contributes to promoter selectivity (S. Kusano and A. Ishihama, J. Bacteriol. 179:3649–3654, 1997). However, we demonstrate here that a trehalose-free otsA mutant exhibits growth phase-related and osmotic induction of various ςS-dependent genes which is indistinguishable from that of an otherwise isogenic wild-type strain and that stationary-phase cells do not accumulate trehalose (even though the trehalose-synthesizing enzymes are induced). We conclude that in vivo trehalose does not play a role in the expression of ςS-dependent genes and therefore also not in sigma factor selectivity at the promoters of these genes.


Recent studies of accidents/inc idents attributed to wind shears encountered during takeoff or landing approach have indicated the necessity of quantifying the combined effect of downdraft and horizontal shear. This paper discusses the development of a system to compute and display to the flight crew this loss of performance capability. Preliminary results from simulation, flight test, and in-service evaluation are discussed in terms of performance margins and implications for pilot technique in the recovery from a severe wind shear encounter.


The surface chemistry of [(1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-7,7-dimethyl-4,6-octanedionato)(trimethylphosphine)silver(I)], [(fod)AgP(CH3)3], a silver precursor for chemical vapor deposition (CVD), has been investigated on plasma-modified polyurethane surfaces by means of reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the unmodified polyurethane surface, the RAIRS and XPS data show that [(fod)Ag(P(CH3)3)] reacts with polyurethane CO, N−H, and C−O−C groups present at the surface by displacing the Lewis base P(CH3)3; these acid−base reactions yield the formation of surface Ag−O and Ag−N bonds. Air plasma treament of the polyurethane surface leads to the incorporation of CO and C−O−O functional groups, as well as the conversion of C−N(H)− into CN− functional groups by the abstraction of hydrogen. RAIRS data obtained following O2 and air plasma treatment showed that, in addition to grafting of functional groups, polyurethane chains change their conformation in the p...


Iron overload is a well known complication in multitransfused patients with MDS, contributing to morbidity and mortality. The presence of non transferrin bound iron (NTBI), a catalyst in generation of reactive oxygen species, has also been documented (Winder et al, Blood2003;102:916a), resulting in impaired function of the mitochondria in the heart. The technology of T2* MRI allows accurate measurements of iron in different body organs. Studies in thalassemia demonstrated there was no direct correlation between the amount of iron deposited in liver and heart. The purpose of the present study was to measure by T2* the degree of iron overload in the heart and liver of transfused patients with the sideroblastic form of MDS. Methods: MRI measurements were performed using 1.5T GE MRI systems. Scans included left ventricular volumetric and function measurements, and a breath-hold multi echo gradient echo T2* sequence. T2* values across regions of interest located at the cardiac septum and at the subphrenic part of liver were evaluated (Anderson et al, Eur Heart J22:2171,2001). Results: Reported myocardial and liver T2* values for healthy volunteers are 52 ± 16 ms and 33 ± 7 ms, respectively, where cardiac iron overload is below 20 ms. The present results in the controls are in concordance with those values and displayed in the table: In 4 out of 5 MDS patients who received up to 67 transfusions throughout a period of 1 to 5 years, there was no evidence of iron accumulation in the heart, while in one untransfused patient with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (HEMPAS) despite chelation with Desferrioxamine and Deferiprone there was a lot of iron in the heart. Moreover, in spite their advanced age, 4 out of 5 patients had normal left ventricular ejection fraction. The one exception (LVEF-15%) had severe atherosclerotic heart disease. On the other hand, 4 of 5 patients had a lot of iron in their liver. There was no correlation between serum ferritin levels and the T2* values in the heart. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that iron accumulation in elderly patients with refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) who received more than 30 blood units is primarily in the liver and not in the heart. In order for the heart to be involved higher number of transfusions and/or a longer duration of the disease may be required. Moreover, the mechanism of iron deposition in the heart seems to be different in congenital anemias, where intravascular premature hemolysis results in release of iron, and accumulation in the heart even without transfusions. The present findings indicate that there is a rationale for iron chelation in RARS patients at least from the liver and possibly, with longer duration of the disease, also from the heart. The mode of chelation will have to be designed accordingly, since the efficacy of the available chelators is not the same on the liver and heart.


T his article deals with the initiation and development of diplomatic relations between Mexico and the Republic of Korea. Both countries started relations in 1962, but in a rather idiosyncratic way. While South Korea immediately opened an embassy and appointed a resident ambassador, Mexico made a deliberate effort to keep bilateral contacts to a bare minimum. Thus, Mexico only opened its embassy in Seoul in 1978 and posted a resident ambassador until 1987. The text addresses the explanation of this asymmetric relation, positing as main hypothesis that, given the antiimperialist lineages of its revolution, Mexico sought to establish a distance 1. An earlier version of this manuscript was presented at the 5th Kyung-Hee University-University of Guadalajara Workshop, The Asia-Pacific relations in the context of the global economic crisis, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, February 22-23, 2010. I wish to thank participants in the workshop for their kind comments. I also want to thank my Korean colleagues Kim Won-ho, Kwak Jae-sung, and Lim Hyo-sang for their helpful orientation during my research stay in Seoul in October-November, 2008. Usual caveats strongly apply. 2. José Luis León-Manríquez is Professor at the Department of Politics and Culture at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco in Mexico City. He holds a PhD in Political Science from Columbia University, New York, and is a member (Level II) of the National Research System in Mexico. Contact: email@example.com


Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of edaravone combined with Qingkailing Injection on the acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Methods:90 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were randomly divided into Qingkailing group (n=30),edaravone group (n=30) and edaravone combined with Qingkailing Injection group (n= 30). Therapeutic effect was evaluated by the basis of effect scale standard of stroke.Results:As compared with Qingkailing group and edaravone group,the NHISS score of edaravone combined with Qingkailing Injection group was significantly lower at 14d and 3 month. The BI score of edaravone combined with Qingkailing Injection group was significantly higher at 14d and 3 month. Conclusion:Edaravone combined with Qingkailing Injection is effective in improving the prognosis of acute intracerebral hemorrhage.


The positive fecal occult blood of hepatic cirrhosis patients is firstly considered to be upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage.If examination of colonoendoscope was not done,hepatic cirrhosis with inflammatory bowel disease will be missed diagnosis.The previous clinical reports have proved that inflammation bowel disease was induced or aggravated during interferon treatment of hepatitis C patients.However,any report has been not found which ulcerative ileitis and colitis appeared in the patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis after 23 months of entecavir treatment.


Negative selection algorithm is one of the most widely used techniques in the field of artificial immune systems. This paper proposed an approach to implement negative selection algorithm based on FPGA, aiming at fault detection problems. The negative selection algorithm generally uses binary matching rules to discriminate self from non-self. Firstly, three most widely used binary matching rules were presented. Then we gave the details of our implementation of binary matching rules technique on FPGA. Experiment result shows that this approach for negative selection algorithm is very effective. This paper also put forward the hardware immune system architecture with an immunologically inspired approach to fault tolerance. It demonstrates a finite state machine can be used to detect every faulty state during a normal operating cycle in FPGA.


This paper attempts to determine the unknown wetted surface of a free-running planing plate. The perturbation method is applied to analyze both the near and far field flow around a restrained planing plate with comparably large breadth, disregarding gravitational effects. The matching process of each height of water surface leads to a non-linear system of integro-differential equations to determine the distributions of both the wetted length and the apparent circulation around the plate. The serious solution of reduced single integral equation, still holding 3-dimensional characteristics but the so-called downwash effects, diverges from the assumed high aspect ratio solution because of the logarithmic non- linearity. The equation gives an insight into static stability in performance and the limitation in height to restrict the plate in exposure above still water. The configuration of wetted surface obtained displays the behaviour of the spray root line crossing the hard chine well, however, it is unfortunately rather wide to coincide with the experimental one. The free-running condition is estimated.


A new yellows disease of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) in Hawaii has symptoms of reduced leaf size, leaf yellowing and crinkling, and occasionally witches' brooms. This disease is found on all watercress farms on Oahu but has not yet been found on other Hawaiian islands. Watercress plants were tested for phytoplasma infection by polymerase chain reaction assays using phytoplasma-specific primers. Amplicons of the expected sizes were produced from all symptomatic plants but not from healthy plants raised from seed. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that watercress yellows was caused by a phytoplasma in the aster yellows group, with sequence similarity to onion yellows from Japan. Six weed species collected from the vicinity of affected watercress farms, Amaranth sp., Eclipta prostrata, Emilia sonchifolia, Plantago major, Myriophyllum aquaticum and Sonchus oleraceus, were also determined to be hosts of this phytoplasma. Leafhoppers, identified as Macrosteles sp. (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae), collected from symptomatic watercress transmitted this phytoplasma to watercress, plantain and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in greenhouse experiments.


Aim Increasing evidence suggests that a history of diabetes may be involved in the development of various sites of cancer. However, the association of diabetes and risk of gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Methods We identified studies by a literature search of MEDLINE (from 1 January 1966), Web of Science (from 1 January 1994), and EMBASE (from 1 January 1974 through 31 May 2011), and by searching the reference lists of pertinent articles. All data were extracted independently by two investigators using a standardized data abstraction tool. Summary relative risks (SRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a random-effects model. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. Results A total of 21 studies (four case–control studies, 17 cohort studies) were included in this meta-analysis. Analysis of these 21 studies found that compared with nondiabetic individuals, diabetic individuals had a similar risk of GC (SRRs, 1.09; 95% CI: 0.98–1.22). There was strong evidence of heterogeneity among these studies (P<0.001, I2=81.2%). A subgrouped analysis found that diabetic women had 18% increased risk of GC (SRRs, 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01–1.39), whereas it was not the case with diabetic men. No significant public bias was found in this study. Conclusion These findings of this systematic review indicate that compared with nondiabetic individuals, diabetic women have an 18% increased risk of GC development. However, diabetic men have a similar risk of GC.


This article consists of five sections. The first section clarifies research questions, the purpose of study and methodology about the analysis of food culture acculturation of Busan and Incheon. The second section deals with methods of study, literature review, previous research and theoretical background of the analysis of food culture acculturation of Busan and Incheon. The comparative variables of a characteristic of food culture are international regional ecology, climate, globallization, policy and religion, so forth. This paper analysed effects among food material, recipe, food manners and the analysis of food culture acculturation of Busan and Incheon. The third section presents comparative analysis about food culture acculturation of Busan and Incheon. The forth section suggests interchange direction for fostering the food culture acculturation of Busan and Incheon. The last concluded and proposed the meaning of the study, limitations and further studies.


Heterogeneous reconfigurable architectures are being used for video encoding applications. During early stages of the design flow, performance estimation due to parallel execution of video encoding applications on heterogeneous platforms is a critical requirement. In this article, we formulate the performance of parallel execution of H.264 video encoding application on a heterogeneous reconfigurable architecture. The formulation process starts with the analysis of video encoding application and separates the application into frame data processing and macro-block processing. Parallelization is done at macro-block level and performance gain is derived with an equation. Keywords-analysis; performance; parallel; estimation, HW/SW co-simulatio, partitioning, mapping


ii DECLARATION iv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER


Traditionally, we have learned that a disaster occurs when a system does not have sufficient capacity to respond to an adverse event. However, this definition does not consider the time in which this variable should be measured. Some civil defense law tells us that after 72 hours (time) it is feasible to declare the emergency and receive external support, that is, in this period of time the response actions are implemented (interventions), evaluated and, if the In this case, it is accepted that it has exceeded the system's responsiveness.


This study tested the utility of using the emotioneliciting qualities of candidates to classify both decided and undecided voters. Based on Mehrabian and Russell's (1974b) theoretical perspectives, a hypothesis was developed that emotional response to candidates could be used to discriminate between voters.

Three hundred eighty-six registered voters in Bexar County, Texas, were randomly polled. These voters were asked a series of attitude and behavior questions. Of special interest for this study were questions about the Texas Governor's race between Bill Clements and Mark White. Voters were asked to identify their preference for either man and to respond to questions that tapped the emotioneliciting qualities of each candidate. The results indicated that the emotioneliciting qualities of the political candidates could be used to discriminate both decided and undecided voter preference. Specifically, over 90% of the decided voters and 80% of the undecided voters were accurately classified. This was seen as important for two reasons. First, it supported the claim that emotions may play an important role in voter preference. Second, it suggested a method for discriminating between voters even when voters were unable to immediately identify their own candidate preferences. Also of importance was the finding that the emotioneliciting quality scales became a "clarification" tool for some voters who were "on the fence" about the two candidates. After these voters responded to questions about thek feelings, candidate preference could be more clearly verbalized.

A refinement of the "emotion-eliciting quality" instrument was suggested for future research.


A process for producing DL-phenylalanine by reacting an alpha -halogeno- beta -phenylpropionic acid represented by the general formula: (I) where X is a halogen atom, or its salt, with ammonia, characterized in that the reaction is conducted while supplying the alpha -halogeno- beta -phenylpropionic acid or its salt into aqueous ammonia charged in a reactor in advance.


With the growth of digital media, it is becoming more prevalent to find a method to protect the security of that media. An effective method for securely transmitting images is found in the field of Visual Cryptography (VC). Visual cryptography scheme is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (e.g. printed text, handwritten notes, and picture) to be encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be performed by the human visual system(HVS), without the aid of computers. In this paper, a novel method of VC is presented for halftone images which represent the resultant image in the same size as the original secret image. This scheme proposed the new algorithms for the (2, 2) visual cryptography. According to visual cryptography the decryption is performed by human visual system. Proposed method based on with the aid of computer at the time of decryption. The proposed schemes are for gray scale image, color image and by stacking the shares; the resultant image achieved in same size with original secret image. The proposed scheme uses the concept of pseudo randomization and pixel reversal approach in all methods.


The effect of grain size on the flow strength of FCC polycrystals was analyzed by means of computational homogenization. The mechanical behavior of each grain was dictated by a dislocation-based crystal plasticity model in the context of finite strain plasticity and takes into the account the formation of pile-ups at grain boundaries. All the model parameters have a clear physical meaning and were identified for different FCC metals from dislocation dynamics simulations or experiments. It was found that the influence of the grain size on the flow strength of FCC polycrystals was mainly dictated by the similitude coefficient K that establishes the relationship between the dislocation mean free path and the dislocation density in the bulk. Finally, the modeling approach was validated by comparison with experimental results of the effect of grain size on the flow strength of Ni, Al, Cu, and Ag.


Eight healthy volunteers participated in a single-blind,4×4 latin square study evaluating the effect of orally administered placebo, 40mg/d, 80mg/d and 120mg/d of propranolol on systolic time inter-vals (STI). Resting and exercise heart rate blood pressue and blood druglevel were also determined. After oral propranolol, left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI)reduced in increment of propranolol, pre-ejection time (PEP) and its index(PEPI ) progressively increased, and isovolumic contraction time (ICT)prolonged, PEP/LVET also progressivly increased. There were signifi-cant differences between placebo and larger dose of propranolol in LVETI,PEP (PEPI), ICT and PEP/LVET. But no differences were observed be-tween placebo and smaller doses or between each dose of propranolol. After oral. propranolol, resting and maximal exercise heart rate obvi-ously declined. Correlation between plasma drug level and percent reduc-tion in heart rate (% RHR) at rest was poor. However, correlation betweenplasma drug evel and percent reduction in maximal heart rate duringexercise (% MHR) was well. Resting and exercise systolic blood pressuredeclined, but diastolic blood pressure had no changes. We concluded that parameters of STI and exercise heart rate can re-flect the negative intropic and chronotropic effects of heart to propranololHowever, the parameters of STI is not enogh sensitive and exercise testis limited in clinic.


A new set of pseudo -empirical equations are presented in order to simulate the optical and bias dependencies of GaAs MESFET junction capacitances, which is valid for the whole I-V plane. The variations induced in the small signal equivalent circuit by the optical illumination are extracted from on-wafer scattering parameter measurements. New linear and quasilogarithmic variations versus the incident optical power are shown for gate-to-drain and gate-to-source (Cgd and Cgs) capacitances. Furthermore, experimental results are in very good agreement with the simulated values for a wide range of optical power and bias conditions.


Tracking the positions of people in large indoor spaces is important, since it enables a range of applications related to security, indoor navigation and guidance. This paper proposes a personal indoor navigation system based on hybrid map, containing geometric as well as symbolic information. In this way the same map can be exploited to guide and localise the user efficiently during navigation. The hybrid map is built using floor plans of the environment. It is a topological graph capturing the connectivity of complex indoor environment and it is retrieved by applying image-processing techniques. Some additional metric information are added to make the map suitable for quantitative localisation. Semantic features are considered to improve user readability.


The doctrine has different points of view when it comes to discussing about violation of domicile as a form of grand theft committed by efraction or by using a genuine or a false key without consent or if we talk about more than one crime. The natural complexity of the grand theft comes when the crime has been committed in a house, and for this it is compulsory to enter the house to commit the crime. In this situation, the breaking in represents the material element of the theft, illicit or not. As a consequence, if the breaking in was illicit, the constitutive elements of the crime of violation of domicile have been met, and it will naturally be absorbed by the crime of theft.


The process of enzyme-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from the leaves of Elaeagnus mollis Diels was optimized.Based on the single-factor tests,the effects of enzyme amount,time of enzymatic hydrolysis,pH value and temperature of enzymatic hydrolysis on the extraction yields of total flavonoids from E.mollis Diels leaves were studied by response surface methodology(RSM).The results indicated that cellulase showed better ability of enzymatic hydrolysis.The optimum enzyme-assisted extraction process was: enzyme amount 6.5mg·g-1,time 1.5h,pH value 4.7 and temperature 46℃.The highest yield of total flavonoids was 7.1%.


Features works created by international artists using recent technology to express themes related to the French Revolution. Also includes brief descriptions of holography, electroacoustic music, digital images, fiber optics, lasers and supraconductors. Brief texts on the participants.


Despite speech act theory being very influential in pragmatics, the notion of what constitutes a speech act in languages other than English has not received the attention it deserves in the literature. After a brief outline of traditional speech act theory, this paper problematizes the use of English speech act labels by comparing English and Japanese conceptualizations of 'apologies' and 'thanks'. The notion of indebtedness and the norm of reciprocity are then discussed, arguing that they can help revealing similarities between 'apologies' and 'thanks' in Japanese that are not observed in English. The second part of the paper is empirical in nature and adopts a corpus-assisted approach. The Japanese expression su(m)imasen [sorry], usually signaled as apologetic, is used as key word in two web corpora of written Japanese for retrieving metapragmatic comments and naturally occurring exchangeswhere su(m)imasen is framed as an expression of gratitude – a function English apologies do not serve. Finally, the paper proposes the notion of pragmatic space to investigate 'apologies' and 'thanks' as neighboring speech acts that overlap to different degrees and present different prototypical features in Japanese and English. The analysis reveals that the acritical use of English speech act labels is not suitable for describing 'apologies' and 'thanks' in Japanese.


Fire and seral vegetation succession are known to influence the distribution and abundance of a wide range of arid and semi-arid mammal species. In Triodia hummock grasslands, the gradual increase in Triodia cover after fire is a significant factor influencing mammal distribution and abundance. However, the height of fire-adapted hummock grass species is often ignored during habitat preference studies despite the fact that taller hummocks are likely to have improved insulation properties and greater protection from predators. We tested the relative importance of a range of Triodia habitat characteristics in determining the distribution and abundance of a fire-adapted mammal inhabiting Triodia mallee dune fields in semi-arid Australia. We sampled 77 sites and collected information on habitat attributes including Triodia cover, height and time since fire. The 90th percentile Triodia height (>400 mm) was the most reliable predictor of sandhill dunnart abundance, and breeding, inferred through the presence of subadults. The presence of adult sandhill dunnarts was best explained by Triodia cover, increasing when cover exceeded 25%. We suggest that while Triodia cover may be an important variable for predicting the presence of adult sandhill dunnarts, the height of Triodia is important for breeding, when tall Triodia are possibly sought for nesting sites. These Triodia height and cover requirements were not recorded at sites until at least 10 years post fire but the relationship between fire and Triodia cover and height was inconsistent; after 20 years Triodia cover declined with increasing fire age while the 90th percentile Triodia height remained relatively constant. This incongruence may explain why the presence of sandhill dunnarts appears more constrained by a minimum rather than maximum time since fire and could help explain patterns of post-fire distribution in other arid zone mammals. Importantly, the 90th percentile Triodia height highlighted the possible significance of scattered, tall Triodia hummocks for arid zone fossorial mammals.


This paper introduces the system of the embedded processor NiosⅡ based on SOPC technology.For the 128*64 LCD module interface,we use HDL to finish logic interface on the basis of the timing analysis,give the method of custom logic and basic programming applications in NiosⅡ IDE,and achieve the application of the 128*64 LCD in the system of embedded processor NiosⅡ.


After a consideration of the ways in which the fertility of domestic animals is controlled some of the factors which limit it have been investigated. Various circumstances control the number of ova shed at each heat period. Data are presented which show that the low fertility of young as compared with adult sows is due to the fact that not so many ova are shed at each period. Counts have been made of the number of corpora lutea present in the ovaries and number of foetuses present in the uteri of pregnant rabbits and pigs. The results show that many more ova are shed at the heat period than young are produced at birth. Some ova possibly may be lost but many after fertilization atrophy at some period of their development and undergo absorption in utero. While the occurrence of atrophic foetuses only causes reduced fertility in animals which have many young at birth yet their occurrence in animals producing only one young would give rise to sterility so that the problem of the cause of the atrophy becomes an important one. Investigation points to the conclusion that the atrophy is not bacterial in origin since frequently healthy and atrophic foetuses lie side by side in the uterus. Moreover no bacteria could be found either in the foetus or foetal membranes. Evidence is given to show that nutrition cannot be the cause of the atrophy although it may affect to a certain extent the size of the young. No conclusion has yet been arrived at as to the cause of the atrophy, and the several possibilities suggested are still under investigation.


Lipid droplets, the dynamic organelles that store triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol esters (CE), are highly accumulated in colon cancer cells. This work studies the TG and CE subspecies profile in colon carcinoma cells lines, SW480 derived from primary tumor, and SW620 derived from a metastasis of the same tumor. It was previously reported that the total TG and CE content is dramatically higher in SW620 cells; however, TG and CE subspecies profile has not been investigated in detail. The presented work confirms that total TG and CE content is significantly higher in SW620 cells. Moreover, the FA-composition of TGs is significantly altered in SW620 cells, with significant decrease in the abundance of saturated triglycerides. This resulted in significantly decreased TG saturation index in SW620 cells. The saturation index of CEs was also significantly decreased in SW620 cells. The saturation indices of some other major lipid classes were either similar or only moderately different between SW480 and SW620 cells. We also compared the expression of metabolic genes that may regulate these changes in the lipidomic profiles.


The aim of this investigation is to analyze the relationship between the variance of patenting propensity across different industrial sectors and the possible determinants of that variance in 10 economies (US, Canada, Japan, France, Italy, Germany, UK, Finland, Netherlands and Denmark). Until recently such analysis would not be possible. Patent statistics have been organized according to a technological classification, while economic statistics are organized according to the sectoral affiliation of firms. However, the recently published "OECD Technology Concordance OTC" database has made available patenting data on a sectoral level. The original source of the OTC information is the European Patent Office. The analysis we carried out related the sectoral OTC data with information about the possible determinants of patenting. A concordance matrix had to be built to make compatible information stemming from 6 different sources. The econometric model that was run separately for each country assumed the log-log or the log-lin form with average values for years 93/94/95/96. The dependent variable has been alternatively represented by "patents per employee" and "patents/GVA". The explanatory variables were: APP (effectiveness of patents to appropriate the returns on innovation); EFFORT (R&D intensity); SIZE (dimensional distribution of firms in each industry); and X/O (export propensity). The econometric estimation revealed that APP and EFFORT are significant for most economies, while X/O tends to be statistically significant only for nonEU countries. Finally SIZE despite always non-significant has a negative impact on patenting. The paper finalizes with the implications of these results for both innovation theory and policy formulation. Paper to be presented to the London IPR Conference: September 14-15 2006 "Intellectual Property Rights for Business and Society"


Because they broadcast data on the open airways, wireless networks present unique challenges for authentication mechanisms not encountered on wired networks. This tutorial explores how wireless networks are different from wired networks with regard to authentication and presents the requirements that an authentication method must meet in order to be appropriate for wireless networks. It then considers several families of authentication methods that have been designed specifically around the needs of wireless networks – the public key certificate-based methods, the password methods, and the strong password methods. One particular strong password method, known as SPEKE for Simple Password-authenticated Exponential Key Exchange, is examined in some detail. The tutorial concludes with a table comparing the properties of these authentication methods to each other and to earlier legacy methods.


While the literature for the doping of silicon quantum dots (QDs) and nanocrystals (NCs) is extensive, reports of doping their germanium analogs are sparse. We report a range of attempts to dope Ge QDs both during and post-synthesis. The QDs have been characterized by TEM, XPS, and I/V measurements of SiO 2 coated QD thin films in test cells using doped Si substrates. The solution synthesis of Ge QDs by the reduction of GeCl 4 with LiAlH 4 results in Ge QDs with a low level of chlorine atoms on the surface; however, during the H 2 PtCl 6 catalyzed alkylation of the surface with allylamine, to enable water solubility of the Ge QDs, chlorine functionalization of the surface occurs resulting in p-type doping of the QD. A similar location of the dopant is proposed for phosphorus when incorporated by the addition of PCl 3 during QD synthesis; however, the electronic doping effect is greater. The detected dopants are all present on the surface of the QD ( s -type), suggesting a self-purification process is operative. Attempts to incorporate boron or gallium during synthesis were unsuccessful.


W artykule przeanalizowana zostala obecnośc wątkow związanych z Marcem '68 w publikacjach drugiego obiegu wydawniczego. Wskazalem w nim na najwazniejsze ksiązki, broszury i numery czasopism, ktore ukazaly sie w PRL poza cenzurą i dotyczyly tego "polskiego miesiąca". Wyroznilem trzy momenty intensyfikacji debat na ten temat na lamach niezaleznych publikacji oraz przeanalizowalem kilka wybranych wątkow dotyczących Marca, ktore byly przedmiotem sporow i zroznicowanych ocen. March '68 in texts of underground circulation of the Polish People's Republic The article presents an analysis of topics related to March '69 in Samizdat texts. I have indicated the most important books, pamphlets, and volumes of periodicals that appeared in the Polish People's Republic outside censorship control and were related to the subject of the Polish March 1968. I have included, among others, books by Jakub Karpinski, Anna Mieszczanek, Anna Siwek, Paul Lendvai, and two special issues of the periodical Krytyka (Criticism). I have distinguished three moments when the debates on the subject in clandestine publications intensified. The first one took place on the tenth anniversary of March, when oppositionists had an opportunity to debate on the subject for the first time. The second one was in 1981, when the "Solidarity" organised a special celebration of the thirteenth anniversary of March. The third one – in 1988 – was a response to the attempted change of narratives about the March undertook by the state authorities. I have analysed several selected topics of March which were the subject of disputes and different opinions: the question of possible provocation that sparked protests, the problem of reaction of Polish people to the antiSemitic propaganda and the policy of the authorities in general, the question of Leftist orientation of the protest participants and the problem of recapitulation of March '68.


A method for improving the brazing joining strength of Titanium alloy/Stainless steel fabricated through fibre laser surface texturing is introduced because it is a simple process that does not require the fabrication of complicated interlayers. However, previous research shows that a milimeter scale was fabricated by surface modification for dissimilar brazing join, yielding insignificant results and limiting the application and degree of enhancement. Fiber laser ablation was used in this study to create microscale periodic patterns (grooves) on a stainless steel surface. No defect or damage induced during laser surface texturing process. The groove dimension was tunable by controlling the laser parameters. Vacuum brazing of Ti6Al4V to 316L stainless steel with surface texturing, the average joint strength was 22.1 MPa, 34% of increase of joining strength compared to unprocessed flat surface. The combination of laser surface texturing and brazing proven effectively on joining strength enhancement.


A high performance 640 X 480 focal plane array has been developed for the 1 - 5 micron band with excellent sensitivity at temperatures below 120 K. The detectors are processed on 2' or 3' diameter PACE-I (producible alternative to CdTe for epitaxy) HgCdTe material. The multiplexer is a direct injection input, switched-FET device with four independent quadrants. The detector is hybridized to the multiplexer through indium columns and is characterized. A mean camera NE(Delta) T (noise equivalent temperature difference) of 13 mK has been achieved for temperatures <EQ 120 K. Background-limited (BLIP) D* of 1 X 1012 Jones (cm-(root)Hz/W) has been measured for 1014 phs/cm2-s background at 95 K. The hybrids have been thermally cycled for 15 times with no interconnect loss. Interconnect yields as high as 99.3% have been achieved.


In recent years,the bilateral agricultural trade between China and Africa has risen rapidly.While many researchers have been conducted to analyze the driving factors and changing trend,there are few efforts made to deeply explore the spatial changing characteristics and challenges of agricultural trade between China and various African countries.This study is trying to make up the gap.Based on the comprehensive trade during 1992-2010 from UNCOMTRADE,the geographical characteristic and its changing trend of agricultural trade between China and African countries are analyzed by usingstatistical method and diversity indictors.Our study shows that the agriculturaltrade between China and Africa heavily concentrates on several key countries.As to the agricultural imports from Africa,there is significant trend of diversity,but such a trend does not happen to the export to Africa.Moreover,the agricultural trade in Africa country level is unbalanced remarkably.It is recommended that China needs pay more attention to develop new markets in Africa and also take effective measures to balance the bilateral agricultural trade.


For flexible chain suspension catenary,the catenary model is established using finite element method,the pantograph model is established by multi-body dynamics,then the coupling dynamics model of pantograph/catenary system is established through the contract force element.Pneumatic servo system is created using mathematical methods.According to the speed signal the static contact pressure is provided by controlling balloon using proportional control strategy.Air spring that is controlled using fuzzy control strategy according to the dynamic contract force signals provides compensation force for the dynamic contact pressure force.Actuators are installed in the under arm and bow head,the contact pressure was actively controlled by two ways including low-frequency and high-frequency In order to achieve a stable high-speed pantograph current collection.


By the late 1980s it was a widely held view in the West that the single greatest threat to the USSR was an Islamic inspired revolt in Central Asia. This did not occur. Myer seeks to explain how such an expectation could have developed and been sustained. Western thought on Central Asia, as it appeared in English, French, German, and US sources, is place in its political and intellectual context. It is argued that ideas about colonialism and the colonial dynamic unduly influenced western understanding of Central Asian politics. The concept of colonialism is examined in depth and the contributions of the major scholars of the area examined on a decade by decade basis, focusing on their understanding of Central Asia as a colonial society and on the role of Islam within it. Finally a 'genealogy of ideas' is offered to explain how a combination of political imperatives, sponsorship and the histories of the scholars involved, precluded the possibility of competing interpretations and has led to modrn misconceptions. As the only work of its kind providing an overview of more than fifty years of scholarship, this book will be of interest to students of colonialism and the history of ideas, particularly those concerning the relations between the West and the Muslim world.


A characteristic feature due to the formation of a percolation phase transition of carriers has been observed in a two-phase system consisting of borosilicate glass with ZnSe quantum dots. For near-threshold quantum-dot concentrations, changes due to microscopic fluctuations of the quantum-dot density have been observed in the intensities of radiation emission bands. This phenomenon is reminiscent of critical opalescence, where similar fluctuations of the density of a pure substance arise near a phase transition. It is proposed that the dielectric mismatch between the matrix and ZnSe plays a large role in the carrier (exciton) delocalization, resulting in the appearance of a "dielectric trap" on the interface and the formation there of surface states of excitons. The spatial overlapping of states which occurs at the critical concentration of quantum dots results in carrier tunneling and the appearance of a percolation transition in such a system.


OF THE DISSERTATION DISCERNING THE MECHANISMS OF COEXISTENCE BETWEEN MARINE CREN/THAUMARCHAEA AND MARINE BACTERIA VIA STABLE ISOTOPE PROBING by LAUREN MARIE SEYLER Dissertation Director:


We extend the results of Kottwitz, [17], on points of Shimura varieties over finite fields to cases of bad reduction. The "test function" whose twisted orbital integrals appear in the final expression is defined geometrically using deformation spaces of p-divisible groups.


There is a widespread delusion that in theoretical nuclear physics protons and neutrons are the real thing, and nucleons are not more than a mathematically
equivalent formality. It is shown that, on the contrary, nucleons are the real thing, because only a part of the theory is essentially identical to proton-and-neutron theory, whereas the remaining part is physically relevant.
The approach is general. Thus, this is a paradigm of relation of a wider and a more narrow theory, so that the wider theory describes reality better.
Also the relation of disjoint domains to the exclusion principle is clarified.
A general fermion theory of how to distinguish identical particles is presented.


The interpretation of high-frequency (HF) radar backscatter from the sea surface to provide measurements of waves, winds, and currents has been developing over the last 30 years. Dual radar systems are usually used because it is then possible to resolve direction and amplitude ambiguities in wave and wind measurement and provide full vector surface currents. In this paper the accuracy and limitations of wave measurements with single radar systems are explored using data sets obtained in a number of experiments using dual radar systems. It is shown that single radar estimates of significant wave height, mean wave period, and wind (or short wave) direction provide two alternative estimates, neither of which is as accurate as a dual radar estimate. Furthermore, there appears to be no way of selecting which of the single radar estimates is correct without bringing in additional information not provided by the radar itself. It is suggested that single radar systems could be used through assimilation of the data into models or a combined wave and backscatter model approach.


Vibration reduction in term of lower acoustic noise level increases e.g. the passenger comfort, fulfills acoustic manufacturing standards, decreases the transportation influence on the environment etc. The basic sheet metal structure is complemented with damping layer which absorbs the vibration energy. The frequency response experiment analysis of the component structure with damping material helps to validate the separate material models used for predictive simulations.


We report the case of a 28-month-old boy who displayed symptoms of Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), a type of small-vessel vasculitis that affects multiple systems in childhood and is caused by IgA. The symptoms include dermatological, abdominal, articular, and renal manifestations. HSP can occur due to several factors, such as upper respiratory tract infections, medications, vaccinations, and malignancies. The patient had positive COVID-19 serology but no other trigger factor for HSP, indicating a possible correlation between the two. The boy received oral prednisolone, leading to a swift clinical improvement. Our findings align with other research that suggests a link between the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and infantile HSP.


The Mesaba Energy Project to build a 603 MW IGCC power plant in Minnesota's Iron Range may or may not go ahead. Developers have proposed incorporating carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), including a pipeline. Opponents insist Mesaba should not go ahead unless it uses CCS immediately. Until November the project looked on the road to recovery but then the regulators came close to derailing the project citing recent delays and cancellations of IGCC projects in Florida, Colorado and Arizona. The next step is to work with the US DOE to structure the loan guarantee and to work with regulators in Minnesota to structure an off-take plan. 1 photo.


Faced with fierce market competition and grim employment pressures,independent colleges have to reform their teaching of English.As the part of the reform,English interpretation gains popularity in the labor market.Only after following principles of interpretation learning,taking language proficiency of English majors of independent colleges into consideration and demonstrating its own features,can the teaching plan achieve its goal of cultivating practical interpretation talents.


For more than a generation human rights organizations have struggled to prevent and end abuses and discrimination against individuals worldwide. But only since the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) ten years ago have most of these organisations expanded their missions to include protecting the reproductive and sexual rights of women. Gita Sahgal director of the Gender Unit of Amnesty International (AI) and LaShawn Jefferson executive director of the Women's Rights Division of Human Rights Watch (HRW) are leaders in the two organisations that set the standard for much of the human rights community. Recently they talked about how their work has evolved since 1994 and what they see for the future. (excerpt)


Single‐crystal TiC exhibits a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity with a resistivity in the [100] direction of 200±20 μohm cm. The thermoelectric power ΔV/ΔT referenced against copper at room temperature is 7.8±0.6 μv/°C and indicates n‐type conduction. No hydrostatic piezoresistivity was observed. The predominant cleavage plane for single‐crystal TiC is {100}. It can be concluded from P vs T and thermoelectric data that single‐crystal TiC has metallic‐type conduction, and the predominant charge carriers are electrons.


We present an overview of all the features of the unified multi-component cellular automaton (UMCCA) model. The UMCCA model describes quantitatively the complexity of biofilms for all biofilm components: active bacteria, inert biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). It also includes original donor substrate, two types of soluble microbial products (SMP) and oxygen. All mass balances and parameters used in UMCCA are based on our unified theory, which reconciles the apparently disparate findings about active and inert biomass, EPS and SMP. The UMCCA model captures all trends observed experimentally regarding biofilm density, namely large density differences within individual biofilm samples, with bottom layers (closest to the substratum) being as much as 5 to 10 times denser than top layers, which appear to be "fluffy" and porous. To capture this effect, the UMCCA model employs the novel idea of biofilm consolidation: the fluid over the biofilm creates pressures and vibrations that cause the biofilm to consolidate, or pack itself to a higher density over time. As a result, each biofilm compartment in the model output consolidates to a different degree that depends on the age of its biomass, which is higher for the bottom layers of the biofilm. The UMCCA model can also be used to describe biofilm mechanical properties variable in time and space, and it can be linked to finite-element software to study the behavior of biofilms under tensile or compressive stress and to perform a stress analysis of the deformed biofilm, possibly indicating where it is likely to fail or detach. * Corresponding author:


Living culture resources are kinds of important humane resources that deserve to be recorded and protected.This paper aims to use the advanced capture technology of stereoscopic video for the research on records of living culture resources.We have studied the structure composition and characteristics of the stereoscopic video capture system,and discussed the key contents of stereoscopic video capture,including the distribution of cameras,chosen of camera types,control of parameters and stereo effects.This stereoscopic video capture method is not only beneficial for recording our country's precious culture and protecting endangered culture resources,but also for promoting core technology development for the field of culture.


new science and profoundly modified others, the estimation of his genius is bound to develop into respect and admiration. Almost sixty years ago the deceased scientist's travels in the Sudan, Bechuanaland, Damaraland, and other parts of Africa earned him the gold medal of the Eoyal Geographical Society. This work, be it noted, makes Sir Francis Galton the predecessor of Stanley, Cameron, Livingstone, Thomson, and almost all the other great African explorers of the Victorian age?themselves


Residual level and enantiomeric composition of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),including Hexachlorobenzene,Heptachlor,Aldrin,Isodrin,trans-chlordane,cis-Chlordane,Dieldrin,Endrin,Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane(DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) in soil and plant samples from Tanggu and Ninghe in Tianjin,China were analyzed by GC/ECD. The results showed most of the OCPs were detectable in these samples. Mean levels of ∑HCHs in soil were 88.76 μg·kg-1 in Tanggu and 98.46 μg·kg-1 in Ninghe,respectively. The composition of β-HCH was in strongly dominated,accounting for 91.9%~99.9% of HCHs,and γ-HCH was undetected in soil samples,which suggested that source of HCHs was from historic residue but not recent input of technical HCHs or lindane. Average concentrations of ∑DDTs in soil were 30.87 μg·kg-1 in Tanggu and 1.30 μg·kg-1 in Ninghe. Metabolites of DDT(DDE+DDD) accounted more than 50% in all the samples and the ratio of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT was higher than that in technical DDTs in samples from Tanggu,which implied that the residue of DDTs originated from historical usage of both dicofol-type DDT and technical DDT rather than new input. Besides isomer ratios,enantiomer ratio(ER) of chiral compounds could also provide helpful information about whether it was being currently applied or residue from past application. ER=1 meaned new input of parent chiral compound,and no metabolism had occurred. α-HCH displayed the non-racemic signatures in all samples,also indicating the old source with the usage of technical HCHs,suggesting the effectively management for restricting the application of HCHs and DDTs. Accumulation by plants was an important step for OCPs into the food chains. In this study,the accumulative abilities,expressed as logarithmic transformed bioconcentration factor(lg BCF) ranged from 0.24 to 0.73 for HCH and 2.02 to 2.90 for DDT,respectively. It was noticeable that the concentration of Dieldrin in Tanggu was obviously higher,that needed additional work to find its source. The levels of other organochlorine pesticides were within the ranges reported in other literatures.


This article looks at the reasons for the lack of a discussion on "network oriented" media and internet law. The Internet has fundamentally changed the conditions of communication. It has broken down or undermined all borders between formats, individual and mass communication, communication content, and technologies of telecommunication. As a "network of networks," it is also a challenge for the legal system which has linked its conceptions and doctrine to those separations and borderlines.