Over the years, I consolidated some ideas and data into a theory about how these different kinds of cells came to cooperate in budding [4-8]. I proposed that early in the Neoproterozoic Era a primitive two layered epithelial mat (resembling contemporary Placozoa [9-10]), was infected by amoeboid cells already equipped with an extrusion apparatus. The epithelia's attempt to reject the foreign cells failed but a symbiogenic relationship evolved and the duel system found a selective advantage in modified ejection. Ultimately, a mechanism for removing excess amoeboid cells was adapted for the production of buds. The adaptation hinged on three conditions:


Everything you need to know about music resources and how to find them in the ECU library A list of online music resources


Large eddy simulation (combined with the mixture model) and laboratory experiment were used to investigate the impact of emergent and rigid vegetation on the dynamics of downslope gravity currents in stratified environments. The reliability of the numerical model was assessed with the corresponding laboratory measurements. The results show that the vegetation cylinders lead to severe lateral non-uniformity of the current front, causing more evident lobe and cleft structures. In stratified environments, the smaller driving force leads to less propagating velocity until the current separates from the slope. The transition point (from acceleration to deceleration phases) of current velocity appears earlier as the vegetation becomes denser. The peak value of the bulk entrainment coefficient Ebuik is inversely proportional to the vegetation density, while the final converged value of Ebuik is proportional to the vegetation density. Vegetation patches make the degree of fluctuation of the instantaneous entrainment coefficient Einst more intense, and even negative values appear locally, indicating that the gravity current is detrained into the ambient fluid. The velocity profiles of gravity current develop multi-peak patterns in stratified environments due to fingering intrusive patterns. Our analysis reveals that as the vegetation density increases, the generated wakes behind vegetation cylinders increase local entrainment and mixing, causing the density of current flow from vegetation to decrease and reach the neutral buoyancy layer of ambient fluids earlier, finally leading to a smaller separation depth.


I cannot help deploring the tendency shown by many of your correspondents to belittle the magnificent playing of American stars and at the same time to glorify the regrettable imitative attempts of their British counterparts. Surely they must appreciate that jazz is in origin American, and that whatever efforts may be made in this country they cannot help but fall short of the inspired playing of the transatlantic geniuses. —William Pousarby, letter to Melody Maker, December 9, 19391


After installation of platform screen door (PSD) in subway stations, particulate matters (PMs), which are originally ventilated through the platform, are accumulated inside the tunnel of the subway system. It deteriorates an air quality inside the tunnel. To ventilate the accumulated PMs inside the tunnel, the natural ventilator which are located inside the tunnel (namely, tunnel ventilation system) are used as only one circulation system. In addition, the installation of PSD can affect to the aerodynamic variations inside the tunnel, since the PSD system was not considered factor when the tunnel ventilation system was designed. However, the researches about the tunnel ventilation system have not been adequate. Therefore, this study is carried out with two objectives: 1) to measure the velocity of air current by the train-induced wind, when the train passes through the tunnel, and 2) to investigate the typical patterns of air current by quantitatively evaluating the characteristics of inflow/outflow of air current which passes through the natural ventilation system. This study can suggest the basic standard to newly design the tunnel of the subway system as well as the ventilation system.


Through Laplace transformation and Stehfest numerical inversion,the dynamic stress field in elastic rock medium around the cylindrical cavity under inner explosion load is calculated The influence of dynamic unloading of explosion load on stress distribution in rock medium is discussed,and it is found that during the unloading process of explosion load,the radial stresses around cylindrical cavity change from compressive stresses to tensile stresses which leads to the formation of circumferential cracks In addition,a reasonable explanation to some phenomena observed in blasting engineering is made using the mechanism of dynamic unloading


In practical applications of the statistical energy analysis (SEA) or other power flow techniques, the calculation of the power flow between subsystems is of fundamental concern. When the subsystems are connected by multimodal structures, for instance, vibration mounts, values for the coupling loss factors as found in the literature are not suitable. In this paper we present a general theoretical framework for calculating the coupling loss factor when the coupler is numerically modeled by classical dynamics, notably by means of a finite element analysis (FEA). After presenting some pertinent results and definitions from SEA, FEA, and structural dynamical theory, an expression for the "coupling" impedance matrix, which relates the forces and free velocities at nodes along the subsystem/coupler boundaries, is derived. This impedance is formed from the admittance matrix of the coupler, calculated using FEA, and input impedances for the systems, analytically calculated. From the coupling impedance, expression...


This paper presents an algorithm for analyzing a standard color image to determine intrinsic images of the amount of interface ('pecularland body ("iffuse I reflection at each pixel. The interface reflection represents the highlights from the original image, and the body reflection represents the original image with highlights removed. Such intrinsic images are of interest because the geometric properties of each type of reflection are simpler than the geometric properties of intensity in a blackand-white image. The algorithm is based upon a physical model of reflection which states that two distinct types of reflection -interface and body reflection -occur and that each type can be decomposed into a relative spectral distribution and a geometric scale factor. This model is far more general than typical models used in computer vision and computer graphics, and includes most such models as special cases. In addition, the model does not assume a point light source or uniform illumination distribution over the scene. The properties of spectral projection into color space are used to derive a new model of pixel-value color distribution, and this model is exploited in an algorithm to derive the intrinsic images. Suggestions are provided for extending the model to deal with diffuse illumination and for analyzing " the intrinsic images of reflection. 6LCd'l r, c ,,^ f!. -L I I (0) The author's permanent address is: Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213. This research was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), monitored by the Office of Naval Research under Contract NOOO1 4-82-K-01 93. .-. -. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be Interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the US Government. * . . ..... : ................................ ......... . .


In this paper, a SI epidemic model with stage-structure and nonlinear contact number is studied. The threshold is found, that is, when the infection rate is less than this threshold, the epidemic will die out; otherwise the epidemic will become local epidemic.


Professor STOCKMAN: 1. A man, aged 47, with double cervical rib, much more developed on the left side than on the right. The left arm became very much more easily tired than the right, and the left subelavian artery was much lower than is normally the case. 2. Two boys, with swelling of the tibial tuberosity (Schlatter's disease). Though alleged to have followed injury in both cases, the histories were very doubtful. 3. A painter, aged 65, witlh lead palsy, showing the usual drop-wrist in botlh arms, along with paralysis of the deltoids, supra. and infra-spinati, and the lower half of the trapezii. 4. A girl, aged 19, with chronic swelling of the parotid glands of two years' duration. It varied a good deal in degree, and was accompanied by slight dryness of the mouth. Dr. J. CRAWFORD RENTON: 1. A manlwhoseGasserian ganglion was remlloved three years ago for epileptiform neuralgia. The inferior division of tlle fifth nerve; was evulsed at first, and that freed him from pain for two years. He lhad tllen a return of symptoms, and the complete operation was done, with the resuLlt that lhe had been free from pain for three years. 2. A boy whose spleen was removed four years ago. He appeared quite well, and his blood, wlhich at first slhowed a great increase of lymphocytes, was niow nearly normal. 3. A case of osteomyelitis of the tibia, in whicll the diaphysis of the bone had been removed six years ago. He had now a good serviceable leg, and was able to go about his work. 4. A case of Still's disease, where spastic paralysis existed for four years, and was relieved by operation. This child walked about with the apparatus on, and a sufficient amount of abduction was demonstrated. 5 and 6. Two cases of ruptured gastric ulcer, which lhad completely recovered through operation. Dr. T. KENNEDY DALZIEL: 1. A young woman wlhose larynx and pharynx had been excised for carcinoma. 2. A mn-an in whom he had excised the rectum and lower sigm-ioid (Miles's operation). 3. A patient from whom he had removed a psammoma of the brain; tlhe tumour, which was of the size of an cgg, was also slhown. SIr. J. H. NICOLL Showed cases and specimens illustrative of biliary surgery. Dr. D. MACARTNEY: 1. Two cases of traumatic musculo-spiral paralysis treated by operation with good recoveries. 2. Wound of right thigh implicating the femoral artery and vein, both of whicch were ligatured. recovery. 3. Enlargement (adenoma) of left breast in a girl aged 17. 4. Gall stones, numbering 801, removed from gall bladder. 5. Skiagram of fracttire of femur-plated. Mr. G. H. EDINGTON: 1. Distributed a leaflet with a series of skiagrams illustrating numerous fractures, and the same with suturing and fixing apparatus during treatment and again after their removal. The short explanatory text accompanying made this an interesting memento of the meeting. 2. Described an operation for removal of the appendix. Dr. ALEX. MACLENNAN Showed a series of stereoscopic slides illustrative of anal conditions. Dr. R. BARCLAY NESS: 1. A case of tabes dorsalis with motor symptoms. All the usual symptoms developed in a year. In addition there was paresis of the external rectus of the riglht eye and ptosis of the left eye. The Wassermann reaction was positive, but there was no definite history of syphilis. 2. A case showing spinal miosis, Argyll Robertson pupil, and positive Wassermann reaction, treated by a series of injections of neo-salvarsan. After the series the cerebro-spinal fluid showed a negative Wassermann reaction. 3. A case of juvenile tabes (aged 28 years). Symptoms developed four and a half years ago.All the usual symptoms were present, and in addition arthropathy of the left hip and right knee-Charcot's joints. There was also synechiae of the iris,choroiditis, and linear scars at tlle angles of the moutLh; Wassermann reaction positive. The patient 'was, no doubt, a congenital syphilitic. Dr. WALKER DowNIE: 1. A man, aged 22, who was operated upon for sarcoma of the ethmoid eight years ago. This case had shiown externally some distension of tlle bridge of the note. 2. A man with leucoplakia of the tongue and buccal mucosa of sixteen years' duration. There was no evidence of malignancy. Dr. SAMUEL CA-MERON: 1. Two cases of chorion-epitlhelioma cured by operation. The first of these developed after a quite normal labour. 2. Cases of colnplete uterine prolapse treated by vaginal fixation of uterus. 3. Cases in which abdominal operations lhad been performed througlh transverse suprapubic incisions. Dr. J. G. TomKINSON: 1. Cases of tuberculosis verrucosa and lupus vulgaris under treatment by a modified x-ray metlhod. 2. Naevi-vascular, verrucose, and pigmented-treated with solid CO2 and electrolysis. 3. Erythema induratum. scrofulosorum treated with x rays; early pityriasis rubra pilaris. 4. A series of cases of alopecia areata. Dr. J. WYLLIE NIcOL: Cases of lupus vulgaris, urticaria pigmentosa, etc. Dr. THOMAS BARR: 1. The radical tympano-mastoid operation. 2. Scllwartze's mastoid operation. 3. The subcortical mastoid operation. 4. Bezold's mastoid abscess. 5. Septic thlrombosis of the lateral sinus with pul monary infections and large metastatic abscesses in back; sinus obliterated and internal jugular vein ligatured. Dr. ALEX. H. EDWARDS:' Ortliopaedic cases. Dr. HENRY WHITEHOUSE Showed a boy on whom he had performed the radical mastoid operation with a very suLccessful issue.


The study of the test morphology of type specimens and newly collected foraminiferal material of the family Lasiodiscidae Reitlinger, 1956, from the Carboniferous (Visean Stage, Mississippian Subsystem) to Permian (Roadian Stage, Guadalupian Series) beds of Russia (East European Platform and Urals), Turkey, and Tajikistan (Darvaz) allowed a revision of the species composition of the genera Howchinia, Monotaxinoides, Eolasiodiscus, Turrispiroides, and Mesolasiodiscus. A new genus, Postmonotaxinoides, is described. The species Monotaxinoides transitorius, M. subplanus, M. gracilis, Eolasiodiscus donbassicus, E. galinae, Mesolasiodiscus tenuis, M. nigrans, Postmonotaxinoides horridus, P. costiferus, and P. grandis are redescribed based on new data of their test morphology. Their taxonomy is revised and new phylogenetic reconstructions for the species are proposed.


We present a systematic experimental study of geometric and physical properties of thermal plumes in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection using the thermochromic-liquid-crystal (TLC) technique. The experiments were performed in three water-filled cylindrical convection cells with aspect ratios 2, 1 and 0.5 and over the Rayleigh number range 5×107⩽Ra⩽1011. TLC thermal images of horizontal plane cuts at various depths below the top plate were acquired. Three-dimensional (3D) images of thermal plumes were then reconstructed from the 2D slices of the temperature field. The results show that the often-called sheetlike plumes are really 1D structures and may be called rodlike plumes. We find that the number densities for both sheetlike/rodlike and mushroomlike plumes have power-law dependence on Ra with scaling exponents of ∼0.3, which is close to that between the Nusselt number Nu and Ra. This result suggests that it is the plume number that primarily determines the scaling exponent of the Nu–Ra scaling relation. The evolution of the aspect ratio of sheetlike/rodlike plumes reveals that, as Ra increases, the plume geometry changes from more-elongated to less-elongated. Our study of the plume area fraction (fraction of coverage over the surface of the plate) further reveals that the increase in plume numbers with Ra mainly comes from an increase in plume emission, rather than fragmentation of plumes. In addition, the area, perimeter and shape complexity of the 2D horizontal cuts of sheetlike/rodlike plumes were studied and all are found to obey log-normal distributions.


The three-magnon linewidth in the ferromagnetic resonance absorption experiment of Zn 2 Y (Ba 2 Zn 2 Fe 12 O 22 ), which arises from destruction of a k =0 magnon with the simultaneous creation of two magnons having half the uniform mode frequency and having equal and opposite wavenumber vectors, is measured separately from the other linewidths. The theoretical three-magnon linewidth is calculated by the transition probability method for the anisotropy energy and demagnetizing energy. The complete agreement between the experimental three-magnon linewidth and the theoretical one is achieved when the effective exchange constants are D ⊥ =0.13×10 -9 Oe cm 2 and D || =6.8×10 -9 Oe cm 2 within and between the crystallographic c planes.


A 65 year old male with HIV and COPD developed Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression after receiving low-dose inhaled budesonide and ritonavir. Discontinuation of ritonavir led to improvement in Cushingoid complications, however evidence of adrenal suppression still persisted 6 months later. Low-dose budesonide is often viewed as a safer alternative to fluticasone when inhaled corticosteroid therapy is required in a patients on ritonavir. Our case illustrates that patients receiving low-dose budesonide and ritonavir should also be considered at high risk of Cushingoid complications.


This paper deals with observations on the Variable angle device' for simultaneous measurement of the linear dimension of an object and its height above a given plane. Its purpose is not, however, to improve on the methods of measurement based on the principle of triangulation and other mathematical computations, but to present certain new facts, their practical application and the results obtained. The main departure from the other methods in use is that the measurement is based on the graphical localisation of the rays incident to a graduated arm set at any convenient angle to the horizontal, the object being parallel or at an angle to the plane of the film or to the measuring device. Measuring device. The measuring device (Fig. 1), which has been studied in the preliminary paper (CALDER 1956) is made of plastic ma terial and consists of two arms adjustable to any angle suited to the thickness of the object in which the length and the height of a structure are to be determined. The required angle is held in position by two lock screws and accurately measured by the protractors incorporated on both sides of the short arm. A rod opaque to roentgen rays (see also Fig. 2) serves both as a pivot at the apex of the angle and as reference to the radiographed scale of the graduated arm on which large and small lead


There is a time relationship between verb predicate and adverbial of time in any Russian simple sentence, which can be categorized into that of direct time and that of comparative time according to synchronization or unsynchronization of action and time. The most common way of showing time relationship is through the use of the construction of verb and static word group with or without prepositions, which functions as adverbial of time. This paper tries to analyze the construction expressing direct time to show time relationship and the corresponding ways of expressing time relations of the simple sentences in Russian.


Citation for published version (APA): Ahlenius, H., Visan, V., Kokaia, M., Lindvall, O., & Kokaia, Z. (2009). Neural stem and progenitor cells retain their potential for proliferation and differentiation into functional neurons despite lower number in aged brain. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(14), 4408-4419. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6003-08.2009


This essay is an exploration of the theoretical and practical problems posed by translating Jacques Derrida's essay "What is a 'relevant' translation?" into English, given the peculiar marginality of translation in academic institutions, especially in the United States. Whereas cultural studies exhibits a theoreticism that strips translation of its material specificity, translation studies exhibits an empiricism that suppresses the philosophical and political implications of translation. These limitations motivated translation strategies that aim not only to address the two constituencies in terms that are intelligible to each, but to alter the very terms in which we understand and study translation.


This thesis is a study of a molecular crystal SF6 through the molecular dynamics(MD) method. Solid SF6 has a plastic phase below its melting point and in this phase the interactions between the molecules are highly anharmonic and the orientations of the molecules are highly disordered. At even lower temperatures, the substance has a truly crystalline phase which exhibits, according to our MD simulation, some highly anharmonic properties such as molecular reorientation especially when the temperature is near the plastic-crystal transition point. In the simulation, a simple Lennard-Jones potential function is used to represent the interactions between the molecules. So far, it has been found that this model can give results which are well in agreement with experiments in both the plastic and the crystalline phase. The agreement between the lattice parameters from the simulation and from neutron experiments is very good. The plastic-crystal phase transition and melting are observed in the simulation. The melting point for a bulk sample is found to be 23% higher than the experimental values but the melting point estimated from the surface-initiated melting is found to be closer to the experimental value. In the study of the low-temperature phase we have found that the thermal motions of the molecules are very diferent for the molecules occupying the two different symmetry sites of the monoclinic structure. Highly anisotropic patterns of the molecular movements have also been revealed. In order to study the plastic-crystal phase transition, a constant-pressure MD method is used to ensure the smooth transitions between single-crystals. Through the use of this method, we have found that in the search for new crystalline structures the phase transitions are not necessarily between single crystals crystallites with certain orientation may prevail resulting in a large crystal with domain structures. SF6 is a substance which has not been fully studied through experiments.. This offers us an opportunity to use the MD method to predict. some of its properties to guide experiments. In this thesis, we present the work on the use the fluctuations of the simulated system to calculate the heat capacity and the elastic constants.


In this paper we constructed an interactive wheelchair rehabilitation training platform. The roller wheel on the platform is driven mainly by turning the wheelchair, and then the relative position of wheelchair on the screen can be adjusted based on the rotation speed of left and right wheels on the platform. Comparing the digital logic function when two wheels rotate at the same time and judging the variance in digital logic, the steering direction of wheels can be known and be controlled forward or backward. Additionally, the standard digital logic function could be individually judged when left wheel rotates and vice versa, so as to control the steering. Through judging three digital logic functions, the initial time of left wheel, next signal selecting time of left wheel, initial time of right wheel, and next signal selecting time of right wheel could be obtained, then the system can achieve the required direction control function through the judgment formula. The direction control function is indicated by standard digital logic function, so that the user can operate smoothly in the interactive situation software and make an interaction with the computer 3D simulation scene, the patient would have rehabilitation training through various 3D simulation real exteriors. This study not only provides basic trainings but also records the service behavior of wheelchair users, so that the rehabilitation consultant would have reference for the future diagnosis.


By introducing a application of PLC FP-10SH in the temperature control of dyeing machine, this article describes the status and function of PLC in industry distribute control system. It also mentions the method of system optimization.


Background. As a result of the referendum which took place in the Crimea in March, 2014, the people of the peninsula chose, whether there the Crimea will be a completely autonomous republic as a part of Ukraine or a part of the Russian Federation as a subject of the federation. 96,77 % of Crimeans and 95,6 % of Sevastopol residents voted for the reunion of the Crimea with Russia. On March 21 the Federation Council accepted, and the President of Russia signed the law on admission of the Crimea and Sevastopol in the structure of Russia. So how will the economic capacity of the Russian Federation change taking into account the recently annexed territories? The work purpose is togive a short analysis of economic trends in the Russian Federation taking into account the new territories. Materials and methods. Realization of the research tasks was achieved on the basis of the analysis of the presented versions of the forecast of social and economic development of the Russian Federation taking into account a hypothesis of external and internal factors change. Thus, the author considered the dynamics of prices of oil and other goods of the Russian export, the remaining geopolitical tension due to the economic sanctions concerning Russia. Results. The research has established that the reunion of Russia with the Crimea has already rendered and will further have a huge positive impact on the economic capacity of Russia, nevertheless, there is a set of the social, economic and other problems demanding the fastest decision. The region was underfunded within 20 years, and it will take many means and much time to raise the standard of living of the population of the recently annexed territories. Conclusions. According to the content of the article one may conclude that the annexation of the Crimea and the city of Sevastopol will affect the Russian economy only positively. But at the early stages the peninsula will demand large investment injections and efforts on integration thereof into the economy of the Russian Federation. However, it is quite a repaying region, and this measure after the jump of the state expenditures can add to GDP growth up to 0,2 %.


A self-assembled monolayer of dithiol, namely 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol (BDT), on a polycrystalline gold surface was effectively used to carry out a two-dimensional reaction between pendent −SH and zirconium ion in solution to produce oriented monoclinic zirconia at room temperature on potentiodynamic cycling. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to follow the monolayer formation, Zr-attachment on the SAM surface, and the subsequent formation of ZrO2 phase. The XRD analysis shows the growth of the crystal as monoclinic form with a size ranging from 5 to 15 μm. A tentative reaction scheme and also a mechanism are proposed to understand the role of SAM in changing the size and habit during the crystallization of ZrO2 at room temperature.


The tourism industry is one sector of the economy, is also part of the national development of a nation. Tourism has an effect on the economy of the tourist destination. Indonesia is an archipelago with attractive tourism resources, both natural beauty and variety cultural. Bandung is a city that is always visited by tourists. With the number of tourists coming necessarily have to be balanced with adequate supporting tourism facilities as well as restaurants. The Centrum is one restaurant that has a feel like a cruise ship, to be able to compete with other restaurants The Centrum strive to meet the wishes and needs of guests. The number of purchases at the restaurant The Centrum experiencing fluctuating so does the amount of income. Strategies under taken in improving the purchasing decision one of them is Direct Marketing. This study aimed to obtain findings on direct marketing, purchasing decisions and influence between the two at the restaurant The Centrum. This type of research is descriptive and verification method used is explanatory survey. The sample of 100 respondents with a sampling technique that is systematic random sampling. Data analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis. The independent variable in this study is face to face selling (X1), telemarketing (X2) and online marketing (X3) while the dependent variable is the purchase decision (Y). The results showed that the respondents about direct marketing is generally considered high. There biggest influence on online marketing while telemarketing received the lowest ratings. Responder regarding the purchasing decisions rated. The indicator that received the highest score is the method of payment and that got the lowest score is the number of purchases. Based on testing SPSS 20 shows a correlation between the partial simultaneous and direct marketing to the purchase decision.


The last decade has brought about a profound transformation in multimessenger science. Ten years ago, facilities had been built or were under construction that would eventually discover the nature of objects in our universe could be detected through multiple messengers. Nonetheless, multimessenger science was hardly more than a dream. The rewards for our foresight were finally realized through IceCube's discovery of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux, the first observation of gravitational waves by LIGO, and the first joint detections in gravitational waves and photons and in neutrinos and photons. Today we live in the dawn of the multimessenger era. The successes of the multimessenger campaigns of the last decade have pushed multimessenger science to the forefront of priority science areas in both the particle physics and the astrophysics communities. Multimessenger science provides new methods of testing fundamental theories about the nature of matter and energy, particularly in conditions that are not reproducible on Earth. This white paper will present the science and facilities that will provide opportunities for the particle physics community renew its commitment and maintain its leadership in multimessenger science.


This paper discusses about a sorting algorithm which uses the concept of buckets where each bucket represents a certain number of digits. A two dimensional data structure is used where one dimension represents buckets i. e; number of digits and each bucket's corresponding dimensions represents the input numbers that belong to that bucket. Each bucket is then individually sorted. Since every preceding bucket elements will always be smaller than the succeeding buckets no comparison between them is required. By doing this we can significantly reduced the time complexity of any sorting algorithm used to sort the given set of inputs.


It's often using digital filtering method to eliminate the interfering signal presently, but this method is difficult to determine the frequency range of interfering signal, it can't distinguish interfering signal from real signal, and can't totally eliminate the distinguish signal on the condition of not affecting real signal. According that different segment of every cycle dynamic data has different frequency response characteristics; this paper proposes a method using both FFT analysis of different segment and wavelet packet analysis together. First, do wavelet analysis of the dynamic data to eliminate the white noise as a pretreatment, then divide the dynamic data of one cycle into different segments basing on different segments having different frequency response characteristics, do FFT analysis of each segment to determine the frequency range of the interfering signal, use method of wavelet packet analysis and reconstruction to eliminate the interfering signal. This method shows a good result: Comparing with common using digital filtering method, this method improves 1.02 percent of the dynamic data accuracy, decrees 12 percent of valve speed distortion which is obtain from the integral of dynamic acceleration data, improve 7.71 percent of valve load speed accuracy. It provides new ideas to process valve train dynamic data.


Objective: To build a set of scientific,objective and all-round index system of internship quality assessment from preventive medicine major.Methods: Literature review,expert interview and Delphi Method were employed.Results:A set of index system assessment has been built including 4 first-level indexes,17 second-level indexes and 54 third-level ones;Conclusion: The structure of this index system is relatively reasonable with its overall contents.This index system can meet the actual requirements of teaching management department towards the monitor for teaching quality in the process of internship.


The data format of existing commercial softw ares for pow er system is not unified,w hich leads to the existence of a large number of heterogeneous data sources,and difficult data exchange among simulation softw ares. To solve this problem,a data conversion method based on particle sw arm optimization-genetic algorithm( PSO_GA) w as proposed for pow er system simulation softw ares. The differences of component model and control model in simulation softw are BPA,PSASP w ere dissected,and then the conversion relationship betw een corresponding models w as established,as w ell as the objective function and associated constraints of intelligent optimization algorithm( PSO_GA). The parameters of each model in objective conversion softw are w ere corrected based on PSO_GA to achieve the data conversion of pow er system simulation softw are BPA to PSASP. By the example of IEEE 43 system,the data conversion process of BPA to PSASP w as validated,the effectiveness of the method for the data conversion of pow er system simulation softw are w as demonstrated,and the accuracy of data conversion and the speed of the algorithm w ere improved.


Perak is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is the second largest state in Peninsular Malaysia. There are 136 destinations on Perak, but based on sustainable tourism concept, there are only less than 15 % destinations were sustained, and most of them were unsustained. So, based on techno-centrism's philosophy, we try to develop new prospective sustainable tourism for the balance destinations. It not only could improve local economic growth, but also could improve the quality of destination's environment and strengthen the regional tourism institution in improving their performance on serving local communities.
Furthermore, to fulfill the aim of the research by using techno-centrism's philosophy, and content analysis to tabulate the research which was conducted for 3 months, we tried to develop new prospective destination by finding the way out how to improve the amount of destination down Perak areas.


The paper describes the design of microstrip leaky-wave antennas for single and dual-beam applications. Dispersion curves for the first higher order mode are given by analytical expressions with the help of a simple cavity model. From knowledge of the propagation characteristics, the radiation patterns of the leaky-wave antennas are easily computed. The antennas are excited by open-ended CPW lines which both present a good coupling efficiency and high potentiality for the insertion of active circuits. Several C-band applications on various substrates are presented, showing the usefulness and the easy design of microstrip leaky-wave antennas for the realisation of steerable dual-beam patterns.


Isoscalar spin-transfer excitations have been measured in {sup 90}Zr and {sup 208}Pb by inelastic scattering of vector and tensor polarized 400 MeV deuterons in an excitation energy range from 2.5 to 43 MeV and 2.3 to 23 MeV, respectively. For {sup 90}Zr, spin excitations were found between 7.5 and 10.7 MeV and in a large structure in the continuum (18 to 28 MeV). For {sup 208}Pb, spin excitations were found at 3.55 and 5.85 MeV, between 6.5 and 11 MeV, and spread over the continuum. Elastic scattering cross sections and vector and tensor analyzing powers were measured between 3.4 and 24{degree} for Zr and Pb, and optical potential parameters were derived. The experimental results are compared to DWIA/RPA calculations. The transition densities used are generated using the continuum random phase approximation. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}


Occupational injury in the health care sector in the United States rates among the highest of all industries. Specific to hospital support service workers (e.g., Food & Nutrition, Environmental Services), studies have shown that injury rates for support service workers tend to be among the highest of hospital personnel, and yet there is a shortage of research investigating the safety climate of these workers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine safety perceptions of support service workers. Surveys were used to measure safety climate leadership factors (per the AHRQ's Survey of Patient Safety Culture) to determine if they are related to individual safety perceptions, as well as ratings of work unit safety. Following established safety climate research, we examined the role of the work environment (e.g., supervisor support and work unit culture) on safety perceptions. We found that both supervisor and organizational safety leadership are positively related to individual safety perceptions and supervisor support. Organizational safety leadership and work unit culture were positively related to work unit safety rating. Our findings demonstrate that the antecedent factors and pathways that promote a positive safety climate among health care providers functions in a similar manner for support service workers. These findings contribute to a better understanding of occupational safety of this understudied work group and provide evidence to hospital administration that developing a strong safety climate among support service workers is not entirely different from what is required to promote a robust safety climate across an organization.


PURPOSE: A music selling method is provided to determine a rank on applied music by an internet voting, and sell the music according to the rank of the music so that the consumer can purchase the music at a reasonable price. CONSTITUTION: A music selling method comprises the steps of a music ranking and sale server checking if a new user logs in the server(S200), the server asking the user if he or she wants a music purchase or a music vote(S202), in case that the user wants a music vote, the server displays 2 competition music according to a tournament table(S204), the server allowing the user to assess the 2 music, for example input assessment points in a window according to assessment elements(S206), checking if the vote number is over a designated number(S208), determining final play-off music after repeating the voting steps, and determining the price of the winning prize music, the semifinal winning prize music and other music(S210), storing the rank and the price of the music at a database(S212), in the case that the user wants to purchase a music, the server offering a purchase window(S216), the server allowing the user to search for a music or select a music from a menu(S218), the server downloading the music after checking the payment for the music(S220,S222).


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the implant macroand micro design on the primary stability. 200 dental implant test specimens were inserted into twenty 3D-printed simulation models of lower jaw,as the maximum insertion torque value, the PTV and the ISQ were measured. Considering the mean values of implants of different diameter, length, design or surface topography we concluded that the cylindrical implants with deeper thread and conical implants, which are tapered in their coronal region demonstrate higher primary stability, compared to the other two implant designs included in the study. The insertion of longer implants with larger diameter and rough surface improved the primary stability in 3D-printed simulation models of lower jaw.


Article history Received: 26 March 2020 Accepted: 3 April 2020 Published Online: 30 April 2020 The study on scientific analysis and prediction of China's future carbon emissions is conducive to balancing the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions in the new era, and actively responding to climate change policy. Through the analysis of the application of the generalized regression neural network (GRNN) in prediction, this paper improved the prediction method of GRNN. Genetic algorithm (GA) was adopted to search the optimal smooth factor as the only factor of GRNN, which was then used for prediction in GRNN. During the prediction of carbon dioxide emissions using the improved method, the increments of data were taken into account. The target values were obtained after the calculation of the predicted results. Finally, compared with the results of GRNN, the improved method realized higher prediction accuracy. It thus offers a new way of predicting total carbon dioxide emissions, and the prediction results can provide macroscopic guidance and decision-making reference for China's environmental protection and trading of carbon emissions.


The two-type society construction presupposes the citizen's legal consciousness innovation.First of all,it is only the innovation of citizen's legal consciousness,which could provide powerful support for legal system innovation;secondly,citizen legal consciousness innovation may provide public opinion supervision for the perfection of legal system,thirdly,the innovation of citizen's consciousness may provide strong guarantee for strengthening legal system capacity construction.The innovating of citizen's legal consciousness demands attention from the following three aspects: firstly,making clear of the ecological value consciousness,adhering to the judging criterion of viewing the resources-saving and environment-protection as the fundamental state policy;secondly,cultivating the thinking mode which fits for two-type society construction,making the citizens think,innovate and fit for the law as a membership of the whole family rather than as nature conqueror,ruler;thirdly,fostering the social mentality on human-nature harmonious development,making the energy-saving and ecological environment protection consciousness to be the moral responsibility of every citizen,carrying out the transfer of the two-type society from legal system to legal order.


This paper attempts to discuss the malaise of the Muslim ummah by presenting the essential factors that impede its development in the contemporary world according to the framework propounded by Faruqi (1989) which are the decline of intellect and methodology. It brings forth and discusses the ideas propounded by renowned Muslim scholars such as Abdul Hamid Abu Sulayman, Mohd Kamal Hassan, Ismail al-Faruqi, Al-Attas etc. and relate them to the core issues faced by Muslims worldwide. It also aims to provide some suggestions for Muslims to tackle these issues constructively.


Understanding of the processes that underlie brain development is of great clinical importance because it helps determining endo- and exogenous factors that may influence the neurocognitive abilities of human progeny. It is known that cognitive functions of children largely depend on the prenatal and intrauterine environment, which denotes that programming of future health occurs even before the birth of a fetus. This bibliographical review considers some environmental factors, such as neurohormonal, alimentary, and somatic, that influence the formation of the concept of metabolic imprinting, which in its turn allows determining the main risk groups and directions for therapeutic and preventive measures with the purpose of formation of mother's health for future healthy progeny, including the cognitive functions. The following databases were studied thoroughly in this review: PubMed®, Wiley Online Library, and eLIBRARY; the sources dated 2000 to 2021 were used.


Today, and especially in the future, soldiers have to be able to operate and maintain a large variety of devices connected to the cyber domain in whatever environment they are operating in. This places a high demand on soldiers' cognitive abilities and mechanisms that humans use to process and store information. In this paper we study how motivation, gained by understanding the purpose of tasks connected to the cyber domain and level of physical conditioning affect cognitive abilities. A cognitive test designed for this study contains tasks that are similar to real cyber operations or incidents. The test was conducted three times during a two-week long military exercise where sleep and nutrition were highly reduced and physical activity significantly increased. We show that both motivation (given by task explanations) and high physical fitness has a positive effect on performance in cyber tasks.


This paper studies the electrochemical behavior of ferrocene in the ScCO2/BMIMPF6 biphasic system using cyclic voltammetry on a platinum disk micro-electrode.The diffusion coefficient of ferrocene under different pressure conditions is determined.The results show that the redox reaction of ferrocene in ScCO2/BMIMPF6 biphasic system is quasi-reversible,and the electrode process is controlled by diffusion.Moreover,addition of CO2 has effects on both mass transfer process in electrode reaction and electron exchange process on the electrode surface.


The investigation results shown that the sugarbeet yellow wilt happened in the North of Xinjiang general state farm of Fangcaohu Xinlu state farm Wujiaqu Cangji Shihezi and the South of Xinjiang Yanqi. The more severe areas are Fangcaohu Wujiaqu Shihezi the pathogen is RLO which is a bacterium the vector is leafhopper the method of controlling is the disease-resistance variety used or spray the insecticides to control it.


Received: November 11, 2017 Revised: January 30, 2018 Accepted: February 5, 2018 Abstract: Background: Globally, there is a lower ratio of healthcare worker to population in rural compared to urban areas. Scholars are motivated by a number of factors to choose a career in health sciences. Determining these factors among rural and urban-origin students could inform recruitment and retention strategies to redress this imbalance.


The utility model relates to an eye short-distance reminder which is installed on a glasses feet. The short-distance reminder is formed by electrically connecting a battery, a switch, an infrared distance detection component, an intelligent chip and a prompt device, wherein the switch is an elastic piece switch; and an elastic piece protrudes towards the inner side of the glasses feet. The eye short-distance reminder has attractive appearance and simple and light structure, can automatically detect the distance between an object and eyes, reminds a user to look out and adjust, and leads the user to keep good eye using habit; furthermore, a circuit can be automatically switched on and off, thus being convenient for operation and saving electric energy.


This paper presents a online multi-font numeral recognition method, whose main aim is to recognize overlaid time numeral from video. The portion of the video frame containing the time text is binarized and segmented. Minimum rectangular bounding box is inserted over the isolated numeral images. Euler number of numeral images is found out to initially differentiate into three groups. Then, the numerals are recognised by considering the individual distinct features of each numeral within the group. This recognition process is carried out for all numeral positions. Sometimes it is seen that either due to noise in video sequence or because of poor quality of recorded! online video, some of the numerals are not recognized. Therefore, image correlation is performed as the last step, only for the unrecognized numeral images. Experiments were conducted on various infrared and CCD camera video sequences as well as on commercially available CCTV CCD videos, by taking different sizes and types of fonts. The method provides accuracy of 98.67% and the per-frame computation time is 15.413 ms which is fast as per interlaced video.


Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), one of the most common immunoassays, is widely used for detection and quantification of chemical and biological molecules and is becoming more and more important in clinical diagnostics, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring. A major challenge in developing the CD-ELISA is to split the flow (e.g., bio-reagents) evenly on the micro-channels. The Coriolis force resultant from CD rotation can disturb the flow in the splitter region and thus cause the failure mode in delivering the solution from each reservoir in a pre-specified manner. In this study, we investigate on the effects of inlet pressure and Coriolis force on the splitting ratio under two splitter structures. The analysis is based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and the simulation results agree well with our experimental work.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Technology advancement in concrete industry and expanding interest for high quality construction materials have prompted the development of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC). Despite of many advantages gained using UHPC, however, conventional design of UHPC poses many concerns especially on sustainability issues. Producing UHPC, requires relatively high amount of cement content and in most cases, the compositions are not optimized causing an increase in materials and energy cost. Low cement UHPC was proposed to minimize the economic and environmental disadvantages of current UHPC by incorporating high volume of Fly Ash (FA) and Silica Fume (SF) as cement replacement materials and locally available coarse aggregates. An experimental program was carried out to evaluate the effect of combined FA and SF on mechanical and impact performance of low cement UHPC. Both hooked and straight steel fibers with aspect ratio of 83 and 100 were used respectively as the reinforcing material. An enhancement of 111% was observed in impact resistance of the fibrous concretes with an incorporation of both FA and SF replacing 50% of cement, as compared to specimen without any replacement.


The dynamic hysteresis model was proposed by combining Gamma filters and structure PI model. Based on the structure of PI model, the output of Gamma filters was used for input to static neural networks series with a dynamic neural networks. In comparison with PI model, the proposed hysteresis model is a dynamic hyststeresis model because of dynamic hystreretic cell in the new model. The approximation and prediction results on pizeocamaic actuator show that the proposed hysteresis model has high precision and good generalization capability.


As far as the editors can determine, the following article by Mildred Edie Brady reprinted from the New Republic of May 26,1947, with the permission of the editors and the author, is a valid presentation of ""The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich."" In view of the fact that the author of the article suggested that members of the medical profession had not themselves made sufficient effort to warn the public of their non-approval of Mr. Reich, the editors of the Bulletin decided to reprint her article for the benefit of our readers. In the middle and late 1920''s, Reich made some important contributions to the theory of psychoanalysis in his numerous papers and book on character analysis. He was expelled from the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1934 because of his complete ideological departure. At the same time his political activities, as described in the following article, had brought him into sharp conflict with all political parties, including the Nazis, the Socialists, and the Communists. The review by Jules H. Masserman of Reich''s latest edition of Character Analysis, in Psychosomatic Medicine is not an official repudiation of Reich by psychoanalysts. When an individual leaves a scientific field of endeavor, it is hardly customary and certainly unnecessary that workers in the original field should be expected to state their opinions publicly. His present interests, theories and practice involving the orgastic potency theory and the discovery of orgone have nothing to do with psychoanalysis and are not accepted as such by any of the leaders in psychoanalysis today.


Introduction. Global morbidity from enteric infections and diarrhea remains high in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite significant investment over recent decades in health systems and global water and sanitation infrastructure. Other types of societal changes may be required to reduce disease burden. Ecological research on the influence of household and neighborhood societal development on pathogen transmission dynamics between humans, animals, and the environment could identify more effective strategies for preventing enteric infections. Methods and analysis. The "enteric pathome" - i.e., the communities of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens transmitted from human and animal feces through the environment is taxonomically complex in high burden settings. This integrated cohort-exposure assessment study leverages natural socio-economic spectrums of development to study how pathome complexity is influenced by household and neighborhood development. We are enrolling under 12-month-old children in low- and middle-income neighborhoods of two Kenyan cities (Nairobi and Kisumu) into a short-cohort study involving repeat testing of child feces for enteric pathogens. A mid-study exposure assessment documenting infrastructural, behavioral, spatial, climate, environmental, and zoonotic factors characterizes pathogen exposure pathways in household and neighborhood settings. These data will be used to inform and validate statistical and agent-based models that identify individual or combined intervention strategies for reducing multi-pathogen transmission between humans, animals, and environment in urban Kenya. Ethics and dissemination. The protocols for human subjects' research were approved by Institutional Review Boards at the University of Iowa (ID 202004606) and AMREF Health Africa (ID ESRC P887/2020), and a national permit was obtained from the Kenya National Commission for Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) (ID# P/21/8441). The study was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05322655). Protocols for research on animals were approved by the University of Iowa Animal Care and Use Committee (ID 0042302). STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This cohort-exposure assessment study will provide new evidence on the nature of household and neighborhood developmental strategies that are most effective at preventing critical multi-pathogen transmission pathways among humans, animals, and environment in cities of low- and middle-income countries. We study middle class households and neighborhoods to test counterfactual theories about meeting basic developmental standards to reduce pathogen transmission. Our data collection uses objective methods to comprehensively document socioeconomic, weather, infrastructural, spatial, behavioral, environmental, zoonotic, and human data, including use of both selective culture and molecular methods to characterize pathogen community patterns. The observational study design is vulnerable to unmeasured confounders. The living conditions in middle-class households and neighborhoods may not offset hygiene conditions in the overall urban environment enough to alter enteric pathogen transmission patterns.


Factors contributing toward the hydrogen bond strength in the adducts of H2S with model molecules H2O, CH3OH, HCOOH, CH3COOH, H2CO, (CH3)2O, NH3, CH3NH2, HCONH2, NH2NH2, HF and HCl have been studied. Various properties such as variation in geometrical parameters, atomic charge redistribution and alterations in conjugative interactions have been explored to rationalize the hydrogen bond acceptor and donor ability of S and S‒H, respectively. NBO and SAPT analysis reveals that the attractive interactions resulting from electrostatic, inductive and dispersive interactions in adducts of H2O have an edge over those in adducts of H2S with a few exceptions and that all the components are affected by the nature of the H-bond donor and acceptor group in a similar manner in both the series of adducts, however the effect is different quantitatively.


The article presents a review of the book "Facilitating Reflective Learning in Higher Education" by Anne Brockbank and Ian McGill.


The combined influences of unsteady aerodynamics, dynamics, viscoelasticity and piezoelectricity are studied to determine their interaction and influence on sensing and structural control. Critical parameters are identified and numerical simulations are used to evaluate their sensitivities to system responses and to predict flutter conditions and control.


Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are vehicles that provide connectivity between other vehicles (V2V), infrastructure (V2I) and any things (V2X) using various communication technologies. Deploying CA V s can make transportation safer, improve mobility and provide benefits to the Smart city environment. For autonomous driving, lane detection/segmentation is one of important tasks, and changing lanes is one of the crucial driving decisions. This paper exclusively investigates drivable space segmentation and state-of-the-art deep learning model for instance segmentation. The results show that the selected Mask R-CNN model accurately detects and segments direct lane and alternative lanes with high confidence score.


João Paulo Madeira firstname.lastname@example.com PhD in Social Sciences from Lisbon University (UL, Portugal). Assistant Professor at the University of Cape Verde (Uni-CV). Researcher at the Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies (CAPP-ISCSPUL) and the Centre for Research in Social and Political Sciences (CICSP-Uni-CV). Member of the Research Group on Practices, Media and Digital Competencies at the Autonomous University of Lisbon (NIP@COM/UAL).


The role which information technology should play in the tax reform process is a subject of considerable debate. Installing computers and writing software to assist the tax administration is no substitute for political will, along with sound assessment and enforcement procedures, which are the critical elements for enhancing taxpayer compliance. Without these hey ingredients in place, computerization can easily serve as a way to absorb technical assistance, and camouflage the fact that little or no fundamental progress is being made on the reform. If the essential political, legal and administrative elements for tax reform are being put in place, then modern information technology can be a powerful tool to enhance the capabilities of the reformed system. The chapters in this volume by Lasheras and Menendez-Ros (Spain), Gil-Diaz (Mexico), and Marshall (Canada) all describe tax reform programs where modern information technology systems were introduced. In the cases of Spain and Mexico, comprehensive tax reforms were implemented covering the legal and administrative aspects of all the tax systems, from income tax to customs. In Canada, the conversion of the antiquated federal manufacturing sales tax system into a comprehensive value added tax was accompanied by a complete reorganization of the tax administration and the introduction of modern information technology into the administration of indirect taxes.


Significance Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an increasing medical health problem caused by autoimmune T cells killing insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans. When the majority of β cells are destroyed, unless exogenous insulin is administered, ketoacidosis and death follow. However, providing exogenous insulin does not prevent the resultant complications of stroke, heart disease, visual impairment, or faulty wound healing, indicating the need to preserve β cells in the prediabetic stage to insure endogenous insulin production. We show that blockage of IFN-α signaling prior to clinical T1D disease by antibody or a sphingosine-1 receptor agonist prevents autoaggressive T cells from entering the islets and killing β cells. The result is aborting T1D by acting at the prediabetic stage. Blockade of IFN-α but not IFN-β signaling using either an antibody or a selective S1PR1 agonist, CYM-5442, prevented type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the mouse Rip-LCMV T1D model. First, treatment with antibody or CYM-5442 limited the migration of autoimmune "antiself" T cells to the external boundaries around the islets and prevented their entry into the islets so they could not be positioned to engage, kill, and thus remove insulin-producing β cells. Second, CYM-5442 induced an exhaustion signature in antiself T cells by up-regulating the negative immune regulator receptor genes Pdcd1, Lag3, Ctla4, Tigit, and Btla, thereby limiting their killing ability. By such means, insulin production was preserved and glucose regulation maintained, and a mechanism for S1PR1 immunomodulation described.


In this paper, we consider a certain theorem on the global invertibility of a \begin{document} $C^{2n+1}$ \end{document} -mapping between Banach spaces with a singular point in which the derivatives of order up to \begin{document} $2n$ \end{document} vanish. The theorem is illustrated by several applications.


The three‐body fragment molecular orbital (FMO3) method is formulated for density‐functional tight‐binding (DFTB). The energy, analytic gradient, and Hessian are derived in the gas phase, and the energy and analytic gradient are also derived for polarizable continuum model. The accuracy of FMO3‐DFTB is evaluated for five proteins, sodium cation in explicit solvent, and three isomers of polyalanine. It is shown that FMO3‐DFTB is considerably more accurate than FMO2‐DFTB. Molecular dynamics simulations for sodium cation in water are performed for 100 ps, yielding radial distribution functions and coordination numbers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


AbstractProcesses associated with the local amplification of easterly waves (EWs) in the east Pacific warm pool are explored. Developing EWs favor convection in the southwest and northeast quadrants of the disturbance. In nascent EWs, convection favors the southwest quadrant. As the EW life cycle progresses, convection in the northeast quadrant becomes increasingly prominent and southwest quadrant convection wanes. The EW moisture budget reveals that anomalous meridional winds acting on the mean meridional moisture gradient of the ITCZ produce moisture anomalies supportive of convection in the southwest quadrant early in the EW life cycle. As EWs mature, moisture anomalies on the poleward side of the EW begin to grow and are supported by the advection of anomalous moisture by the mean zonal wind.In the southwest and northeast portions of the wave, where convection anomalies are favored, lower-tropospheric vorticity is generated locally through vertical stretching that supports a horizontal tilt of the wav...


Zhongjing inheritance of Yi Yin dietotherapy thoughts and according to their own research and clinical experience and compiled the "treatise on Febrik and Miscellaneous Diseases". The prescription is rigorous and has significant curative effect and practical significance.Therefore, this article summarizes the characteristics of dietetic therapy from these aspects of the application of Zhongjing diet therapy in diseases, the application law of Zhongjing diet, the combination characteristics of food and medicine, and the characteristics of dietary therapy. Including the application in interior heat syndrome, mental restlessness syndrome and other aspects; The application law such as preventing of disease, early treatment to prevent deterioration, discontinues use immediately when effective; the combination characteristics of food and medicine such as Coexistence of Chinese medicine and food, Single or multi-flavored food group; function characteristics of diet therapy such as adjusting ying-wei and exterior and interior, protect the spleen and stomach and protect vital-qi.Finally, Finally, the analysis and discussion of the modern development of diet and its problems, and put forward their own views.


The temperature influence and the structure changes of polymer matrix on fluorescence of impurity luminescence centers were investigated. The obtained data broadens the perspectives of using triphenylmethane dye as a detector that helps to analyse physical conditions of polymers. Computer simulation of polymer matrices structuring process was carried out. The results of the calculations by the methods of MM+ and ZINDO/S prove the mechanism of appearance of hysteresis as a change of environing geometry of luminescent centers.


DOI:10.29252/mlj.14.4.38 ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Combination chemotherapy with new adjuvants has been introduced as an innovative method of treating various types of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate potential synergistic effect of quinacrine on the anti-proliferative and antiapoptotic activity of docetaxel in A549 lung cancer cells. Methods: Cell viability and apoptosis percentage were evaluated with MTT assay and annexin V staining. To understand the mechanisms through which quinacrine modulates expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bax genes were investigated using real-time RT-PCR. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentration values for docetaxel and quinacrine was 3.16±1.5 nM and 4.4±0.58 μ M, respectively. The combination index value of docetaxel and quinacrine was 0.66 against A549 cells, indicating strong synergism. The expression of antiapoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl reduced significantly, while the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased significantly after co-treatment with docetaxel and quinacrine (P<0.05). Treatment of cells with a combination of quinacrine and docetaxel significantly increased the inhibitory effect of docetaxel (reduced proliferation by 50%) and the percentage of apoptotic cells. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the combination of quinacrine and docetaxel can be considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of patients with lung cancer.


Encapsulation of a paraffin wax core as a phase change material with polystyrene shell and the its thermal characteristics caused by the encapsulation were studied. For the nanoencapsulation, the miniemulsion polymerization method was selected. The factors affecting the thermal properties of prepared nanocapsule particles of phase change material were analysed in aspect of the structure of crosslinking agents, amounts of surfactant, ratio of paraffin wax to monomer, and hydrophilicity of initiators. It was assumed that Oswald ripening plays the most important role in the changes of particle size, particle morphology, and thermal capacity of nanocapsule core. It was elucidated that the thermal capacity was also dependent on the hydrophilicity and crosslinking density of polystyrene shell components.


Event-triggered control has the advantages of improving the communication and control efficiencies in many real applications compared with the widely adopted time triggered control. Recently, it has received considerable research attention due to their irreplaceable advantage in resource-constrained systems. In this paper, we aim to survey some advances on the event-triggered control schemes (ETC) in networked control systems from the viewpoint of the model of ETC, the co-design of controller and communication scheme based on different ETC. Moreover the distributed event-triggered control is also introduced in this paper. Finally, some possible future research directions are pointed out.


Critics of transportation regulation say that it has transportation. This paper studies the relationship of marginal social benefits, marginal social costs and transportation regulation. This is done by first examining the concept of regulated monopolies, its focus on rate and entry control and its problems. Secondly the goals of economic regulation of transportation, to provide reasonable rates and service and to prevent discrimination and undue preference, in practice and reality are compared. The deficiencies of economic regulations are then examined. They include employing regulation as a substitute for competition, irresponsible regulatory agencies, resource misallocation, monoply power and lack of sensitivity to consumer needs like regulatory lag. The authors compare by figures, the marginal social benefit, marginal social cost of regulating transportation and conclude regulation is justified in addition to the other advantages of regulation such as controlling competition and prices and providing service.


With using model compounds,the diffusion process of the resin in sizing agent was instructed at different temperatures and in various times.This method could help people transform their cognition from the abstract to the concrete,and resolve some difficult issues of the study on the diffusion of the resin in sizing agent by the previous methods.Through the initial research on the diffusion between the resin and carbon fiber,it was found that the EDX testing was a powerful tool for studying the diffusion in interface.The EDX results showed that brominated epoxy resin diffused in the interphase.


The paper describes the socio-economic relations between individuals and institutions of the labour market on the subject of reaching an effective employment and development of productive labour that ensure efficient distribution of labour resources. The paper attempts to scientifically substantiate and develop a theory, methodology of employment and methodological support, conceptual frameworks of the formation of effective employment for the development of productive labour that ensure an efficient distribution of labour resources and endogenous economic growth in the Republic of


The article presents methodological approaches to the disclosure of family life as a unique system. It is established that through a functional approach it can be understood the description of the main functions, for which the family is oriented; from the standpoint of the system-structural approach, the family is a pedagogical system with the unity of all its components, which are in certain connections and relationships; the sociological approach is aimed at studying the social essence of the family and its interactions with other social institutions; on the basis of the activity approach, the main activities and relationships in the family and their influence on the development of personality are investigated; Through the culturological approach, the family is recognized as the main bearer of cultural patterns inherited from generation to generation. It is disclosed that each approach is specifically aimed at the disclosure of a particular aspect of the family's life, therefore, it does not provide a coherent picture of its educational potential.


Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a catas~rophic event occasioned by operative mortality as high as 70% [1] and an overall mortality rate approaching 90% [2]. Considerable variation is found in the literature between different centers for operative mortality of ruptured aneurysm. To a large ext~nt this reflects the hemodynamic status of the patient on arrival at the institution [3]. While there is gen~ral consensus regarding the repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms greater than 5 ern, much controversy attends the decision to repair smaller aneurvsms between 4 and 5 em in diameter [4]. Perioperanve mortality in small aneurysm rupture appears to be no better than for large aneurysm rupture [1]. Population based studies from both Europe and North America [5-8] have suggested a very low rate of rupture in small abdominal aortic aneurysms, leading many surgeons to adopt a conservative management protocol and to wait for onset of symptoms or evidence of expansion on serial ultrasound in aneurysms less than 5 or even 6 em in size before undertaking surgical intervention. Clinical reports have tended to show a small but larger risk of rupture in aneurysms greater than 4 em [1,9]. It has been suggested that some reports of a l~w rupture risk for small aneurysms may have been biased because of prior selective repair of those small aneurysms at greatest risk of rupture [10J. Other concerns raised have been the evidence that t?~ incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm may be nSlng [11] and others have argued that the financial Cost of treating ruptured aneurysms is greater than f~r elective repair, thus suggesting that not only can Ives .be saved, but expense of treatment reduced by treating the condition prior to rupture [12J. The recent publication of the United Kingdom Small Aneurysm Trial [13] provides an appropriate reference against which to evaluate current clinical practice. This meticulous and well-conducted trial has major implications for future management of this problem. Conclusions were that ultrasonic surveil-


A controlled test atmosphere system for gaseous pollutants was designed and constructed. For a reliable characterization of indoor air pollution, a suitable set of sampling and analysis procedures has to be devised and accomplished. The precision and accuracy of the measurements must be determined exactly for a correct interpretation of the results.(1–3) The two main difficulties appear to be the actual generation of the individual standard and the preparation of physico-chemically thoroughly characterized mixtures. This system utilized two methods for generation of dynamic standards: permeation tubes (4–9) and gas saturators. Special care also was devoted to the achievement of both a good time stability of the concentrations of the standard mixtures and a satisfactory agreement between expected and measured concentration values.


The perpendicular magnetic recording head and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. Described perpendicular magnetic recording head according to the perpendicular magnetic recording head having a coil to which the electric current is the main pole, the return yoke and the main pole to generate a magnetic field for recording information on a recording medium, respectively, at both sides of the main pole provided that, two side shield spaced above the main pole and the first gap; Across the second gap to one end of the return yoke top shield formed to face with the main pole and the side shield; it characterized in that it comprises a.


Abstract : Gravity anomalies and sea surface heights have been computed on a 0.125 deg grid in the ocean areas from a combined Geos-3/Seasat altimeter data set. The basic procedure used least squares collocation estimation where model covariance models were tailored to individual areas through altimeter residual variance scaling. Preliminary tests led to production prediction procedures using a reference model defined by a set of potential coefficients complete to degree 180. Comparisons of the predicted anomalies with ship derived values showed agreements varying from + or - 9 to + or - 30 mgals. No corrections to the altimeter implied sea surface heights were made for sea surface topography effects. The maximum anomaly predicted was 396 mgals near Hawaii and the most negative anomaly was -361 mgals over the Puerto Rican Trench. The 0.125 data set has been used to display the results using color plots, contour maps, and perspective views. The gridded data was used to compute 1 deg x 1 deg and 0.5 x 0.5 deg mean values. 1 deg mean anomalies were compared to terrestrial data where a difference of + or - 7 mgals was found in comparing 10139 values.


Objective To study the roles of p-21 activated kinase-1 (PAK1) and Snail in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma.Methods The expression of PAK1 and Snail in 60 colorectal carcinoma specimens and corresponding normal colorectal mucosa tissues was detected by using fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry respectively,and correlation of PAK1 and Snail in colorectal carcinoma was analyzed.Results The positive rate of PAK1 mRNA and Snail mRNA in colorectal carcinoma was 70.00% (42/60) and 73.33% (44/60) respectively,which was significantly higher than that in normal colorectal tissues ( P < 0.05 ).The expression of PAK1 mRNA had statistically significant difference among different Dukes stages (x2 =6.0708,P < 0.05 ),and the expression level in colorectal carcinoma with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that in colorectal carcinoma without lymph node metastasis (x2 =5.8764,P <0.05).There was significant difference in the expression of Snail mRNA among different Dukes stages (x2 =6.7930,P < 0.05 ),and the expression levels in colorectal carcinoma with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that without lymph node metastasis (x2 =6.2130,P <0.05 ).There was a positive correlation between the expressions of PAK1 and Snail in colorectal carcinoma ( r =0.319 24,P < 0.05 ).Conclusion Overexpressions of PAK1 and Snail play important roles in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma,suggesting that PAK1 and Snail may have a mutually reinforcing effect in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma.

Key words:
p-21 activated kinase-1;  Snail;  Colorectal carcinoma


An essential contribution to sustainable industrial growth is the process intensification strategy that aims to improve manufacturing by reducing energy consumption and waste production through safer and flexible equipment. Membrane technology satisfies all the process intensification requirements. Polymeric membranes are used in different separation processes at an industrial scale due to their exciting separation property, low cost, and easy manufacturing. These membranes are prepared using different methods as phase inversion, controlled stretching, melt extrusion, or electrospinning depending on the preferred membrane morphology. Phase inversion is the most used process for membrane fabrication as it permits to fabrication of a wide range of membrane morphologies from dense to porous. Here we review the techniques base on the phase inversion process and their performances in fabricating polymeric membranes. The key factors that influence membrane morphology have also been discussed.


The Logistic-Map chaotic sequence is often used to scramble and encrypt the digital images.In the former papers,the invalid-keys and the quasi invalid-keys existing in the Logistic-Map have not yet been discussed.If using the invalid-keys or the quasi invalid-keys as the initial value of the Logistic-Map,we can't get the chaotic sequence to scramble the digital images.Furthermore,there are infinite invalid-keys and quasi invalid-keys in the Logistic-Map.So we should take the problems seriously.In this paper,the invalid-keys and the quasi invalid-keys existing in the Logistic-Map chaotic sequence are deeply discussed.Then,an image-scrambling algorithm based on mixed chaotic sequences is proposed.Using this algorithm,the invalidity of the invalidkeys and the quasi invalid-keys is avoided thoroughly.


Report provides a picture of Londonersâ?T smoking habits; how they feel about others smoking around them; how they protect their childrenâ?Ts health; how much the smokers want to give up; and, what might help them to do so.


Alignment of experimental components is critical to operation of The University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER). Procedures and equipment used to align components of the electron ring are presented. The compact nature of UMER (ring diameter/spl ap/4 m) presents unique challenges and advantages associated with the placement of vacuum components, confinement and steering magnets, and diagnostic equipment. Alignment of all components has been accomplished with a set of two T3000 theodolites and a three-dimensional software package from the Leica Corporation. A set of fiducial monuments has been used to establish a permanent coordinate system. The position of UMER components has been measured to an accuracy of less than 100 microns in that coordinate system.


Business advertisement is more and more widely used in modern market economy society. It must be powerfully persuasive and attractive so that people will take actions to get what it advertises.Therefore,business advertisement must be an ideal combination of its informative value and emphatic function.This paper tries to discuss some of the linguistic characteristics of business advertisement.


We here present how rebalancing the interplay between H-bonds and dispersive forces (Van der Waals / π- π stacking) may induce or not the generation of kinetic metastable states. In particular, we show that extending the aromatic content and favouring the interchain VdW interactions causes a delay into the cooperative supramolecular polymerization of a new family of toluene bis-amide derivatives by trapping the metastable inactive state.


ABSTRACT High pressure zones frequently make drilling of wells most difficult in a belt about fifty miles wide along the coastal plain northwest of the Gulf of Mexico from the Rio Grande to the Mississippi Delta. This study is an attempt to link geological factors with occurrences of abnormal pressure in order to provide a better understanding of their origin. Abnormal pressure has been defined as any pressure which exceeds the hydrostatic pressure of a column of water containing eighty thousand parts per million total solids. Dangerously abnormal pressures occur commonly in isolated porous reservoir beds in thick shale sections developed below the main sand series. Their locations are controlled by the regional facies change in the Gulf Coast Tertiary province, and they appear to be independent of depth and geological age of the formation. The high pressures are caused by compaction of the shales under the weight of the overburden which is equivalent to approximately one pound per square inch per foot depth. Difference in density between gas and water causes abnormal pressure where hydrocarbon accumulations occur above water, irrespective of whether the water is at normal or abnormal pressure. The magnitude of this pressure depends upon the structural elevation above the source of pressure in the water and may cause very high pressure gradients in isolated sand bodies. However, the trend of pressures in the Gulf Coast region indicates that maximum pressures will probably not exceed ninety percent of the overburden pressure. The abrupt increase in pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure often occurs over a very short vertical interval which makes control difficult. Successful drilling through abnormal pressures involves cementing casing below the main sand series and above the high pressure zones so that heavy mud may be used without loss of circulation. End_of_Record - Last_Page 211-------


We prove that the category of models of any relational Horn theory satisfying a mild syntactic condition is infinitely extensive. Central examples of such categories include the categories of preordered sets and partially ordered sets, and the categories of small $\mathscr{V}$-categories, (symmetric) pseudo-$\mathscr{V}$-metric spaces, and (symmetric) $\mathscr{V}$-metric spaces for a commutative unital quantale $\mathscr{V}$. We also explicitly characterize initial sources and final sinks in such categories, and in particular embeddings and quotients.


Two cowpea varieties(Vigna unguiculata W.,var.zaoyouNo.1 and youxuanzhijiang28-2) were used to study the membrane damage and the activities of protective enzymes in cowpea seedling leaves under high temperature (45℃/33℃).The results showed that under high temperature stress,activities of SOD、POD、CAT and Pro content of both varieties increased at different level,activities of SOD、POD、CAT and Pro content of zaoyouNo.1 were to the maximum point after 3 days' stress without exception,while activities of SOD、POD、CAT and Pro content of youxuanzhijiang28-2 were to the maximum point after 1 day,1 day,3 days' and 3 days' stress.Then all of them decreased,and still decreased after 2 days' recovery under 35℃.MDA content and relative conductivity of both varieties increased all along during the stress,to the maximum point after 5 days' stress.The activities of SOD,POD and CAT and content of Pro of zaoyouNo.1 were higher distinctly than those of youxuanzhijiang28-2,however the MDA content and relative conductivity of it were lower apparently than those of the latter.The results indicated that under the high temperature stress,the membrane stability of zaoyouNo.1 was higher;the active oxygen quenching ability of its protective enzyme was also higher.


Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and cease to respond to applied antibiotics, making infections more difficult to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death [...].


Hot rolled mild steel was corroded in air, Ar/0.2%SO2 and N2/0.4%H2S gases for 20 and 50 h. The corrosion in air at 800 and 1000°C resulted in the formation of Fe2O3/Fe3O4/FeO layered scales from the surface. The corrosion in Ar/0.2%SO2 gases resulted in the formation of (FeS, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO)-mixed scale at 800°C, and (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO)/FeS layered scale at 1000°C. The corrosion in N2/0.4%H2S gases at 650 and 750°C led to the formation of (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO)/FeS layered scales.


OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Youth experience worse health and behavioral outcomes the longer they are in the juvenile justice system. This study examines whether age at entry and length of time in a specialty juvenile court program predicts citations, bench warrants, and running away among sex-trafficked girls. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is exploitation and abuse of children for commercial sexual purposes in exchange for money or other goods/services. Historically, the response to DMST has been punitive, resulting in youth being cited and detained for offenses like prostitution. The specialty court offers enhanced physical/mental health services to trafficked youth. Data come from case files in the specialty court for program participants from 2012-2014 (N = 184). Descriptive, bivariate, and Poisson regression analyses were performed to examine risk profile measures: bench warrants, citations, running away, and foster placements. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: All were (cis)female, 74% were African-American, 96%, US citizens, with average age of 16. Participants lived in approximately 4.5 group homes or foster placements prior to program entry; 56% of youth had run away. Youth also averaged nearly two bench warrants before specialty court participation. Bivariate analysis indicates older age at entry into juvenile court was associated with fewer episodes of running away (p<.02) and new citations (p<.001). Poisson regression estimated older age at entry into the juvenile justice system was associated with fewer bench warrants, citations, foster placements, but not running away while in the program. Additionally, longer duration between time at first citation and entry into the program was associated with fewer bench warrants, running away, and citations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Younger girls may be particularly vulnerable to trafficking and recidivism without early and persistent intervention. Youth experiencing sex trafficking need to be diverted away from juvenile justice to comprehensive trauma informed services.


Controlled acoustic measurements were conducted to investigate subcritical detection of targets buried in sand having a rippled sediment‐water interface. The measurements were performed in a freshwater test‐pond with a 1.5‐m layer of sand on the bottom. Bottom ripple was formed by scraping the sand with a machined rake. Broadband (10 to 50 kHz) transducers were placed onto an elevated rail that translated horizontally permitting data to be processed using synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) techniques. Targets included silicone oil‐filled spheres and flat‐endcapped, solid aluminum cylinders. Data were acquired for various ripple wavelengths, heights, and orientations. For each bottom configuration, the seabed roughness over the buried target was measured to verify the ripple parameters and to estimate the small‐scale roughness spectrum. This information was used in models predicting backscatter signal levels from the target and bottom. Results for spherical targets have generally been good. However, when cylin...


This paper presents a unified approach on two poorly understood problems of auxiliary selection in the Aquilan dialect. The first problem pertains to the distribution of an auxiliary verb that deno ...


Background & Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important nosocomial infection agents. Recently, S. aureus strains have become resistant to ciprofloxacin and the efflux pump is considered as its contributor. Herein, we investigated the presence, expression, and activity of efflux pump genes ( norA and norB ) among ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus isolates. Materials & Methods: A total of 250 clinical samples were subjected to isolation of S. aureus strains. The antibiotic resistance pattern was characterized and the presence and expression level of norA and norB genes was assessed using PCR test and real-time PCR test, respectively. Finally, active efflux pumps were detected in ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus strains using the ethidium bromide test. Results: Among total clinical samples, 50 S. aureus strains were recovered. Of this 12 samples (24%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Moreover, norA and norB genes were found in 100 % and 83% of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, respectively. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates exhibited active efflux pumps. Real-time PCR results revealed that the isolates are more resistant to ciprofloxacin having a high level of efflux pump gene expression. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that norA and norB efflux pump genes play an important role in resistance to ciprofloxacin in S. aureus strains.


As the Cold War with its focus on confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States fades further into the historical background, the legacies of that struggle continue to flourish in large portions of the developing world. The murderous warfare that devastated Afghanistan and Somalia after 1990, the lethality of local and regional conflicts in Africa and Asia, and the dominant role of the military in so many developing countries are but part of the negative legacy of the Cold War throughout the Global South. In this essay we examine the ways in which the superpowers expanded their initially European-based conflict throughout the developing world, so that by the 1970s and 1980s they were involved in supporting opposite sides in numerous regional conflicts throughout Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. We begin with a discussion of the origins and nature of the global confrontation known as the Cold War. We will argue that only after it had become clear by the mid-to-late 1950s that direct military confrontation in Europe was likely to bring with it mutual annihilation through nuclear war did the Soviets and Americans shift the focus of their competition to the developing world. We will then focus on the escalating level of Soviet involvement in the support of 'progressive forces' across the Third World (Global South) in their struggle against the West, including Arab states, against what both viewed as Israeli and American imperialism, and in wars of national liberation that culminated in direct military intervention in Afghanistan. We will point to the factors that contributed to the growing Soviet hubris that contributed to the imperial overstretch that, along with internal political and economic stagnation and emerging nationalism, eventually brought down the entire Soviet imperial system. The US response, especially under Ronald Reagan, was to provide support to forces throughout the developing world that challenged those who had sided with the Soviets and their Cuban allies; the result was a significant expansion of military conflict in


At the experimental farm of the Uni¬versity of Kassel rapeseed and winter peas were investigated in pure and mixed stands in two growing periods. Sowing winter pea at the beginning of September has a high risk of winterkill compared with later sowings due to an advanced crop development. However, higher grain yields of survived winter peas were achieved in mixtures than in both pure stands. Farmland was used more efficiently with relative yield totals (RYT) at 2.2 and 2.1. Moreover a lower weed density and a higher resistance to lodging were determined for mixtures than in rape¬seed and pea pure stands, respectively.


The Brazilian Northeast is a large poor region, which was the first to be colonized in Brazil. The region experienced some dynamism as a result of its early role as a centre of the agricultural export economy. However, historical and political circumstances resulted in a society in which there was a successive failure to build up the level of human capital level in the region. In particular, low access to political power of disadvantaged social groups prevented the implementation of an inclusive educational policy. This generated low per capita GDP and productivity growth, when compared to the national average. The prospects that some convergence with the national average will occur are only partial and restricted.


This paper presents partial discharge (PD) activity in line commutated high voltage direct current (HVDC) converter. Poorly impregnated kraft paper sheet was designed to simulate the field cavity defect and generate PD signals, which were detected by a Rogowski coil sensor in experiments. The dependence of partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) on the characteristics of the applied waveform, that is, a sinusoidal voltage affected by notches due to commutations was reported. The experiments show that the PDIV under notched voltages becomes larger increasing the firing and overlap angles. Also, the characteristics of PD activity and pattern under the AC notched voltages were carried out. The results show that the PDs occur more intensively in the presence of voltage notches. Thus, it is expected that the lifetime of paper-oil insulation under AC notched voltage could be shorter than that under pure AC sinusoidal voltage.


This paper puts forward dynamic spectrum access in cognitive networks. Dynamic spectrum access is the key approach in a cognitive radio network which is adopted by a cognitive radio user to access the radio spectrum opportunistically. The interference caused by cognitive user in spectrum accessing process is a problem which can be studied. In this paper, a cognitive period optimization algorithm based on interference compensation pricing algorithm is proposed. The cognitive period optimization algorithm based on interference compensation pricing enables primary user to adjust the cognitive period according to the spectrum utilization of primary user. Moreover, the tradeoff between the interference probability for cognitive user and the channel idle probability is considered. Finally, some simulation results are given. The cognitive period optimization algorithm based on the interference compensation pricing can adjust the value of the cognitive period according to the spectrum utilization ratio of the primary user.