Purpose

This paper aims to understand the outlet temperature distribution of the combustor of a high-temperature, high-speed heat-airflow simulation system.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses numerical simulation to study the temperature distribution of the combustor of a high-temperature, high-speed heat-airflow simulation system. First, the geometrical model of the combustor and the combustion model of the fuel are established. Then, the combustion of fuel in the combustor is simulated by using FLUENT under various conditions. Finally, the results are obtained.

Findings

The paper found three conclusions: when the actual fuel–gas ratio is equal to the theoretical fuel–gas ratio, the temperature in the combustor of the high-temperature, high-speed heat-airflow simulation system (HTSAS) can reach its highest and the distribution is the most uniform. Although increases in the total temperature of the inlet air can increase the highest temperature in the combustor of the HTSAS, the average temperature of the combustor outlet will decrease. At the same time, it will lead to an uneven temperature distribution of the combustor outlet. When the spray angle of the kerosene droplet is at 30 degrees, the outlet temperature field of the combustor is more uniform.

Originality/value

The paper presents a method to analyze the combustion performance of fuel and the gas temperature distribution in the combustor. The results will lay the foundation for the gas temperature control of a combustor.


Multicellular organization with precise spatial definition is an essential step in a wide range of biological processes, including morphogenesis, development, and healing. Gradients and patterns of chemoattractants are well-described guides of multicellular organization, but the influences of three-dimensional geometry of soft hydrogels on multicellular organization are less well defined. Here, we report the discovery of a new mode of self-organization of endothelial cells in ring-like patterns on the perimeters of hydrogel microwells that is independent of protein or chemical patterning and is driven only by geometry and substrate stiffness. We observe quantitatively striking influences of both the microwell aspect ratio (ε = perimeter/depth) and the hydrogel modulus. We systematically investigate the physical factors of cells and substrates that drive this multicellular behavior and present a mathematical model that explains the multicellular organization based upon balancing extracellular and cytoskeletal forces. These forces are determined in part by substrate stiffness, geometry, and cell density. The force balance model predicts the direction and distance of translational cell migration based on the dynamic interaction between tangential cytoskeletal tension and cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. We further show that the experimental observations can be leveraged to drive customized multicellular self-organization. Our observation of this multicellular behavior demonstrates the importance of the combinatorial effects of geometry and stiffness in complex biological processes. It also provides a new methodology for direction of cell organization that may facilitate the engineering of bionics and integrated model organoid systems.


Willa Cather has few rivals among the American novelists of this century. Her second novel, O Pioneers!, also the first famous one, is applauded as a splendid celebration of American frontier life. Miss Cather re-sponds to frontier experiences, to the settlers, and to the vastness of the country artistically. The two generationsof pioneers on the Divide managed to build an "agrarian Utopia" out of an infertile land which always holds apromise for better life. Alas, when they own a landscape of harvest, their heart remains barren. O Pioneers!, a psy-chological drama of dysfunctional love, will be examined from the perspective of psychoanalysis in this paper inorder to reinforce our interpretation of the work, and thereby reveals a pattern of psychological behavior responsi-ble for the "narrative progression".


Dear Readers and Contributors: In this special issue, you will find papers based on contributions to the 5th International Engineering Systems Symposium (CESUN 2016), held June 27–29, 2016, at theGeorgeWashingtonUniversity inWashington, DC. The Council of Engineering Systems Universities (CESUN) is an association of university programs that study complex sociotechnical systems. CESUNwas founded in 2004 andmaintains both a website (http://cesun.org/) and an active roster of more than 50 university programs in Engineering Systems worldwide. CESUN's agenda includes the stimulation of discussions on engineering systems and the facilitation of job searches for young faculty members in Engineering Systems. In addition to local and regional symposiums and meetings, CESUN hosts a biennial meeting that brings together researchers from multiple domain and methodological backgrounds, who share a common interest in tackling complex sociotechnical systems problems. With system complexity increasing across all domains such as transportation, healthcare, energy and the environment, aerospace and critical infrastructure, there has never been more need for highquality CESUN-style research. To support that goal, the 2016 conference was organized around three lenses: Domains as sources of problems (emphasized in keynotes), theoretical bases as paths to solutions (the focus of plenaries), and themethodological approaches that get us there (the workshops and throughout the technical sessions). One of the major topics of discussion and debate throughout the conferencewas the need for a shared standard ofmethodological rigor within CESUN and System Engineering, more broadly. As a problemdriven community that studies questions at the interface of complex technical and social systems, we are increasingly drawing on a wide range of research methodologies, often from domains outside typical engineering training. As the nascent CESUN community was forming and faced seemingly intractable research problems, researchers adopted a broad set of methods and approaches. Such methods were often selected and used pragmatically, as no explicit standards for selection or usewere acceptedwithin the community. However, as our community has matured, there is wide recognition∗ that if we are to move forward and build on each other's results, there is a need for a shared standard, or set of standards of method selection and use, in short, methodological rigor. Our goal for this special issue is to provide a platform for continuing this debate. The papers herein represent evolutions of the work presented as part of the CESUN 2016 methods workshops and technical sessions, updated to include event-day discussions. The special issue coeditors invited a subset of conference authors to submit to this issue. Each submission was peer reviewed through the standard Systems Engineering process; reviewers were selected to include experts in both the Systems Engineering domain and the relevant method being presented. The invitation process sought to cover a wide range of methodological approaches, prioritizing methods that are either new to the community or more contested. All authors were asked to address the following questions: What kinds of research questions is method X most suited to address? Is there anything unique about applyingmethod X to sociotechnical and or Systems Engineering questions? Is there an accepted standard of quality (or rigor) within the community that practices this approach? If there is, what is it and how is it evaluated? If there is not,what is contested?Wealso asked authors to provide abbreviated guidance on how to use the approachwell. We are excited to present the five papers that emerged from the review process: papers on quantitative methods, qualitative methods, experimental methods, gaming methods, and large-scale optimization methods. It is worth acknowledging that in the end, not all Systems Engineering research methodologies are covered. Due to the inherent selection that occurs in any review process, and practical considerations given the strict time limits to authors, the final selection of papers in this special issue does not cover all methods that are commonly used in addressing sociotechnical problems. The current issue therefore makes no claim that the presented set of methods is the only or preferred set. There is an obvious gap in this issue in the normative research tradition as well as alternative modeling and simulation paradigms. Nonetheless, we believe this issue takes an important step in adding clarity to the question of "rigor" in both theory building and theory testing forms of empirical research. We hope that each of these papers can serve as a useful reference for scholars interested in applying thesemethods in their research and also provide guidance for reviewers evaluating this kind of work. Before discussing the content of this special issue on methodological rigor, we thought it important to clarify what is meant here by "methodology" and "rigor." In Systems Engineering research, the term methodology can refer to a study outcome—a newmethod to do X—or the approach used to conduct the study—method Y was used in this research. Here, we focus exclusively on the latter: the methodology used to accomplish the research. In this context, rigor is a measure of whether the methodology used enabled the study to answer its stated research question; in other words, whether the research supports its claims. Within engineering, the concept of rigor is often equated with the complexity of the mathematics employed, or the precision of the model.While thismaybe a goodproxy in some contexts, as youwill see, all thepapers in the issue shifted the focus fromrigor toassessingvalidity directly. To this end, they each describe well-established standards of validity in their respective research traditions, be they derived from engineering or social sciences. A key advantage of a focus on validity is


Instrument to facilitate treatment and wound healing have been provided by sucking undesirable fluids and tissue specimens from the wound and placed in the wound. The device includes a peg suction head made of material softenable multifilament in human body fluids. Has a membrane and a cuff for applying to the body, the suction tube is in communication with the suction head and the suction pump of the peg, is sucked by the suction head of the peg. While it is possible to insert a peg with a rigid peg, the peg after insertion into the wound or pus is configured to soften in the fluid such as body fluid in contact. Such softening can be shortened reliably wound or abscess cavity pegs Inhalation of material by changing the shape. .FIELD 1


Single dislocation of a joint in a finger is common, but simultaneous dislocation of both joints is a rare occurrence. Two further cases are reported with review of the literature.


Through consulting various documents and literature,generalizing and comparative studies,as well as interviewing relevant coaches,this thesis analyzes the current situation and the developing trend of the training of women discus athletes in China.We think that the overall level of women athletes of discus is constantly improved and we have a share in this event in the world arena,but we need to try still harder to win gold or silver medals.


The synthesis of tetraalkylammonium 1,8-naphthalimides was performed in benzene-5% NaOH aqueous solution at room temperature by anion exchange and subsequent extraction of the desired salts into the organic phase with yields of 93-98 %. It is determined by thermogravimetric analysis that tetraalkylammonium salts of 1,8-naphthalimides are thermally stable to 110-140 °С. Endothermic peaks without mass loss are observed on the thermogravimetric curves of all synthesized salts at a range of 110-140 °С that correspond to the melting points of the salts. The first mass loss is observed at 140-230 °С and is accompanied by endothermic peak at 170-200 °С on DTA curve; complete mass loss is observed at 240-300 °С and corresponds to exothermic peak at 260-270 °С. The  thermogravimetric curve form of a naphthalimide salt depends on the length of hydrocarbon radical of a tetraalkylammonium cation. Thermal analysis data for tetrabutyl- and tetrahexylammonium salts conform to predicted mechanism of Hoffmann elimination that lead to corresponding naphthalimide, tertiary amine and alkene as reaction products. Significant deviations are only detected in the case of tetraoctylammonium salts, that can be explained with formation of high boiling trioctylamine during elimination.


Entrepreneurship is a socio-economic institutional system that harmonizes private and public interests under regulations established by law. In response to modern economic, geographic and political challenges, the study of entrepreneurship has become an urgent issue due to the possible use of its feature: flexibility with regard to market changes and innovations. The efficient performance of entrepreneurship depends on combination of the following factors: climatic, geographical, cultural, historical, administrative, and technological. Thus, on the one hand, the entrepreneurial potential at the regional level is the sum of all opportunities and measures available in a specific region at a certain period of time. On the other hand, the growth of entrepreneurial potential in the regions relies on the quantitative and qualitative development of the small and medium enterprises. Therefore, the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial potential of the region are interdependent categories that determine the existence of each other. The opportunities available in the region for the activities of small and medium businesses promote its efficiency, which in turn forms the entrepreneurial potential of the region. There is an increasing trend in the number of small and medium enterprises in the servile sector of economy in Russia nowadays, which impedes the development of the real sector. The reasons of this trend include the methodology used to assess the entrepreneurial potential in the regions. Thus, this study considers that the entrepreneurial potential should be assessed from the perspective of the possibilities of small and medium enterprises in the real sector of economy. The subject of research is the entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon and the entrepreneurial potential in the territories. The objective of work is to apply the developed grouping of statistical indicators that allow describing the subject of research at the most informative level. The methodological tools of the work rely on the application of methods of statistical and cause-effect analysis. The major result of the work is a general description of the entrepreneurship in the regional real sector of economy, which is a combination of economic efficiency and public utility of entrepreneurial activity. Keywords— small and medium enterprises; entrepreneurial potential, real sector


Non-performing loans (NPLs) is a worldwide issue that affects financial markets stability in general and banking industry viability in particular. This study examines the factors influencing non-performing loans in commercial banks in Selangor state of Malaysia. Based on gaps in extant literature, four (4) independent variables comprising standard of living, economy of the country, consumers' income and bank interest rates are hypothesized to exert statistically significant influences on the dependent variable, NPLs. A quantitative research approach was employed in this research. 200 respondents were sampled for this study employing stratified random sampling technique. Employing multiple regression analysis (MRA) using SPSS software, the findings showed that out of the four (4) hypothesized relationships of the research, three (3) were supported whilst one was not. In particular, it was shown that consumers' income, economy of the country and bank interest rates statistically influence non-performing loans in commercial banks in Selangor state of Malaysia. However, there was no enough evidence to support the claim that standard of living can statistically influence non-performing loans in commercial banks in Selangor. Several implications from the research were further discussed.


In this paper, a self-tuning Robust Integral of Sign of Error (RISE)-based backstepping controller is designed for an electro-hydraulic arm system with a fourth-order system model. The RISE controller, which constitutes the robust part of the control rule, is fused with a backstepping control strategy to cope with model-based and parametric uncertainties. Different from a classical RISE control rule, a function is used instead of a function to obtain a more smooth control signal. All the gains in the RISE controller are tuned by using continuous update rules. The efficiency of the controller is demonstrated by conducting numerical simulations.


The project described to Chemistry Engineering Graduation Course of Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina is one of the most significant phases for de finalization and acquisition of the Chemistry Engineer's Qualification. It is about the production of lactic acid from whey. We are trying to find a resolution for the whey, because it is harmful to the environment and more polluting than untreated domestic sewage.
The project was piecemeal and ordered in a way for clarity. Strategic management and marketing were first established in view of their commitments and duties to society and the environment. Quality management has also been established, which is vital to maintain the monitoring and recording of the quality activities results, evaluating the performance and recommending necessary changes in the process so that the requirements and / or standards of the quality can be identified, as well as documenting how the project will demonstrate consumer compliance and satisfaction. In order to have quality products, one must have a good engineering structure, with quality equipment, trained employees and seek to be always updated. After all these phases one has the economic management, where the project is evaluated as a whole to verify if its implantation becomes feasible or unfeasible and highlighting the favorable and unfavorable points.
Therefore, look for solutions for whey, which is a problem for dairy products due to their high quantity and not having a purpose for a part of this quantity nowadays.


Preface N Vert An American venture and the death of Vert 1902 - 5 Memoirs of Pedro Tillett The first year 1906 Clara Butt's Australian tour 1907 Artists and auditionees 1906 - 12 Artists and auditionees 1912 - 14 Concerts and festivals 1910 - 14 Artists and auditionees 1914 - 18 Agencies and artists 1918 - 23 Artists and auditionees 1920 - 29 Letters from artists 1920 - 29 Letters from conductors 1930 - 39 Letters from pianists 1930 - 39 Letters from instrumentalists, singers and composers 1930 - 39 Artists and auditionees 1930 - 39 The politics of music 1930 - 39 A conductor in 1933 Concerts, artists and auditionees 1940 - 49 Agency changes 1940 - 49 Kathleen Ferrier Artists and agents 1950 - 59 The winds of change 1960 - 69 End of an era 1970 - 82 The final decade 1980 - 90 Appendices Bibliography Indexes.


HISTORIANS HAVE LONG RECOGNIZED CHRISTIANITY'S CONNECTIONS to democratic reform and radical movements in the North American past. From the American Revolution to abolitionism, from the social gospel and Debsian socialism to the civil rights movement, opponents of earthly inequalities have appealed to the leveling authority of the Christian God. Recent writing on the history of American radicalism has made room for more diffuse traditions of spirituality and perfectionism, as well as for more strictly Judeo-Christian prophetic religion. As historians of the Left in the United States approach more recent movements, however, their accounts become more secularized. In works on the "new left"-the white youth movement against racism and imperialism and for radical democracy that flourished on American campuses in the 1960s-religion is absent from the historical picture altogether. Students of religion are aware of the intellectual and political ferment that shook religion in the United States during the 1960s. Some have connected that religious upheaval to broader cultural currents, but scholars of political radicalism during that period have rarely, if ever, cast a glance at the world of religion. Yet, throughout the depths of the cold war and into the 1960s, connections persisted between the realms of religion and political activism. Religion and


This paper presents the main points of magnet R&D for a LHC Luminosity Upgrade carried on through the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) work on magnets at Berkeley, Fermilab, and BNL. Work on materials and on racetrack magnets is described in some detail. The others areas of LARP work are only outlined here and discussed in detail in other talks at this meeting.


Professional education plays a vital role in preparing the prospective teachers to perform well in the future whenever and wherever they are appointed. The main objective of this study was to compare professionally qualified and non-qualified teachers about their school climates. This study was descriptive in nature in which causal comparative design was employed. The study was delimited to the male teachers recruited on contract basis in school education department, government of the Punjab. The study was further delimited to the male teachers of Jhelum district. The sample was consisting of 200 teachers (100 professionally qualified and 100 professionally non-qualified) and 200 relevant students respectively. The researcher developed a questionnaire on likert scale. The constructs were framed on four domains given by Wang and Degol (2016) including academic, safety, community relation and institutional environment. The tool was validated through CVI calculation and reliability was calculated as 0.94. Data was analyzed and its t-test was used to find the difference in the groups. Results revealed school climate of professionally qualified teachers better than professionally non-qualified teachers' schools. During in depth study however it was found no difference in safety domain of school climate.


This study approaches the novel from psychodynamic perspectives, where the narrative is woven into the strands of traumatic memories and past. Deriving from Julia Kristeva's discussion on melancholia, this paper discreetly examines Hata as a melancholic, who is unaware of what he has lost and even that he has lost. Racially abject but in defiance of his separation from 'the mother,' Hata introjects loss as his own subjectivity. The insoluble void causes him to wander through the bravado of belongingness, which he eventually transforms into Sublimation. This paper reads that Hata finally faces his own black sun, deviating from his earlier gesture life; thus, the novel becomes a successful case study of the melancholic. However, female bodies are at stake, subsumed under Hata's sexual perversion. The novel renders trauma behind the fragmented narrative of an Asian American man at the expense of consuming morbid 'feminine' bodies physically and psychologically.


This study aimed to investigate the anti‐tumour effect of apatinib on extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and elucidate the associated mechanisms. NCI‐H345 cells were selected as model cells because of high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and phosphorylated‐VEGFR2 (pVEGFR2). Cells were exposed to recombinant human VEGF (rhVEGF) and apatinib. Cells were then divided into eight groups, namely, control, rhVEGF, apatinib, rhVEGF+apatinib, serum‐free medium (SM), SM+rhVEGF, SM+apatinib and SM+rhVEGF+apatinib. In comparison with the control group, cell proliferation in vitro in apatinib, SM, SM+apatinib and SM+rhVEGF+apatinib groups was inhibited, particularly in SM+apatinib group. The effect of apatinib on tumour growth in vivo was investigated using a mouse xenograft tumour model. In comparison with the control group, tumour sizes were reduced in apatinib‐treated group on days 34 and 37. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed that VEGF, pVEGFR2, PI3K, AKT, p‐ERK1/2, Ki‐67 and CD31 in the tumour cells of apatinib‐treated group were downregulated compared with control group. Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that apatinib promoted the necrosis of SCLC cells in vivo. In conclusion, apatinib inhibited the growth of SCLC cells by downregulating the expression of VEGF, pVEGFR2, p‐PI3K, p‐AKT, p‐ERK1/2, Ki‐67 and CD31.


The aim of this scientific work consisted in establishing the specific ethiology of gills infection, which has been found on the occasion of regullar clinic and anatomopathological examinations, in some freshwater species of fish originating from the Danubian Delta area. Following these examinations, there has been pointed out the macroscopical lesions of gills together with the presence and morphology of parasitic cysts. The microscopic examination of the cysts resulted in diagnosing the specific pathological agent, which was the metazoan Henneguya psorospermica. These aspects and more are being presented in this paper.


This paper presents data on the reproductive biology of Liza subviridis, a little studied mullet species. The fish is heterosexual, exhibiting external fertilization. Six maturity stages can be macroscopically identified in the testes and seven in the ovaries. The macroscopic changes in the gonads are manifestations of histological changes occurring in the development of sperm cells and oocytes. First sexual maturity is attained in the length ranges of 9.5–11.5 cm and 10.5–11.5 cm in male and female fish respectively. The fecundity for fish measuring 10.3–13.9 cm in standard length ranged from 40 000–145 000 eggs. The relationship between fecundity (F) and length (L) can be represented as: F= 1.9044 L4.2998. The spawning duration in L. subviridis is restricted to a short and definite period, with all ripe ova being released within a single spawning act. A pronounced spawning season can be detected to extend from June to November. However, during off-seasons, some spawning also occurs. The correlations between spawning, rainfall and air temperature is discussed.


Probe signal transmitted on twisted pair telephone line in a DSL system is reflected and received at the DSL device. Removing the estimated one or DSL DSL data transmission signal synchronous symbol transmission signal from the received probe signal, to recover the reflected probing signal. Processing the recovered reflected probe signal to determine the characteristic information of twisted pair telephone line.


Geothermal energy is a clean and sustainable form of energy. A shallow geothermal heat exchanger system with a vertical closed loop uses the temperature difference between the atmosphere and the soil to heat and cool buildings. In this paper a four-story building in New Orleans was evaluated for the potential use of geothermal energy through the building's foundation piles. Among its 145 driven piles only 16 piles were selected as energy piles. Using industry popular GLD 2012 software it was found that the 16 energy piles with a length of 24.38 m each altogether can extract a maximum of 29.31 (kW/hr) cooling load and 26.93 (kW/hr) heating load. This energy is equivalent to 19.9% of the total cooling demand and 68.12% of the total heating demand of the entire building. Using economic and environmental impact analysis it was found that, if the building only uses geothermal energy for its Heating, Venting and Air Conditioning (HVAC), it will be at least 13 times less costly than using natural gas or electricity only for heating and cooling. In this paper, research was done in sensitivity analysis on pile diameter, concrete thermal conductivity, soil thermal conductivity, soil temperature, U-tube diameter and U-tube flow rate. By varying those parameters, the total pile length needed was calculated if total HVAC demand was met by using geothermal energy.


Phase-control precision is important for applications of magnetrons in the microwave source array. Here, experimental results use a 20-kW  $S$ -band continuous-wave magnetron to investigate the phase deviation of large-power phase-locked magnetrons. For the first time, the phase deviation of a 20-kW magnetron controlled through an externally injected signal was studied. The phase deviation of the injection-locked magnetron output worsened gradually, the greater the difference in frequency of the injected signal (with the same injection ratio) from the center of magnetron injection-locked bandwidth was. When the injected power was maintained at 150 W and the magnetron output was at 19 kW, the maximum phase deviation was varied from approximately 1° to 6° with frequency tuning. In addition, the phase deviation of the phase-locked magnetron decreased as the injected signal power increased at a given frequency.


Abstract:Enfolding Silence is a sociological study of how Japanese Americans have developed various art forms to cope with, resist, and transform traumatic experiences of racism, including the mass, unlawful internment of nearly 120,000 people of Japanese descent during World War II. By examining an extended ethnographic case study, educators and students can reflect on how a community teaches aesthetically across generations, as one generation traumatized by racism teaches what matters culturally, aesthetically, and spiritually to the next. The author (Brett J. Esaki) analyzes four Japanese American art forms—gardening, origami, jazz, and monuments—in terms of what he calls "non-binary silence." Esaki uses the metaphor of silence as a tool to enable readers to grasp the complexity of Japanese American art, showing how art has facilitated one community to be and become more authentic and whole in the face of adversity. For scholars and students of aesthetic education, this volume raises awareness of assumptions about silence and space, as it expands preconceived, common notions of these terms. It fosters appreciation for the pedagogic richness of art forms that are familiar to many, placing them in historical, religious, cultural, and political perspective. Finally, the book illumines the role of art in resisting oppression, providing rich cases that can be mined for implications for aesthetic education.


Excitation functions have been measured for the production of isotopes of Bk through Fm in bombardments of /sup 248/Cm with 97- to 122-MeV /sup 18/O ions and of isotopes of Bk through No in bombardments of /sup 249/Cf with 91- to 150-MeV /sup 18/O ions. The cross sections and widths of the mass distributions for the actinides produced in these reactions are very similar for transfer of the same numbers of nucleons. A semiquantitative comparison of the experimental results with calculations based on a simple model shows that calculations of this type are helpful in selection of projectile-target systems and optimum energies for production of specific actinide isotopes and for synthesis of as yet unknown heavy isotopes and elements. Comparisons of experimental results with calculations show that, in general, about half of the kinetic energy of the projectile is transferred to the actinide product.


Combined with the extension construction condition of Zhangjiagang Bridge on No.204 national highway,the paper introduces the bridge extension construction monitoring plan,and discusses its construction monitoring process and results,in order to make sure the smooth development of the monitoring even the whole engineering construction,and to raise the construction level of the bridge effectively.


American higher educational profession and organizational development association is an academic and professional association for the development of teachers and education, which provides a broad communicating platform for its members. The association is composed of a variety of members,which offers its members various professions and interesting activities,and helps its members to achieve personal and professional goals. In order to expend its influence,the association sets up special network interactive platform and corresponding publications. One of a vital characteristic of this association is that it offers various kinds of grants for its members and non- members, thus guaranteeing the development of it and its participants.Through the carding and analyzing of this association,the author thinks that it can provide the following implications for the faculty development in China: firstly,establish a national faculty development network association; secondly,diversify its members and provide various services for its members; thirdly,set up a various kinds of grants,assure the development of the association and its members.


This paper presents an overview of the bunch-by-bunch feedback kickers designed for the BESSY II storage ring. Simulation results for the longitudinal kicker cavity and for the transverse stripline kicker are discussed.


The process of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet(DLLME-SFO)was successfully applied for the extraction and preconcentration of trace lead from water samples,prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS).In the proposed approach,diethyldithiocarbamate was used as a chelating agent,1-dodecanol as extraction solvent and ethanol as dispersive solvent.Under the optimized experimental conditions(diethyldithiocarbamate amount:10-6 mol;1-dodecanol solvent volume:90.00 μL;ethanol volume:1.00 mL;pH:7.00),an enrichment factor of 16.00 was obtained from only 5.00 mL of water sample.The calibration graph was linear in the range of 5.00~600.00 μg/L with a detection limit of 1.12 μg/L.The relative standard deviation(RSD)for eleven replicate measurements of 20.00 and 600.00 μg/L of lead were 3.73 and 2.62%.The method was applied to the analysis of tap,river,and sea water samples and good spiked recoveries over the range of 90.10~100.70%were obtained.


Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Chinese traditional medicine emodin on periodontitis.Methods: 36 patients with moderate to severe periondotitis were recruited and randomly divided into two groups.Patients in one group were treated with only subgingival scaling(Control group),patients in the other group were treated with emodin plus subgingival scaling(Experimental group).Results: Clinical periodontal index,amount of gingival crevicular fluid and concentration of IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid were all significantly improved in both groups(P0.05,P0.01).But the concentration of IL-1β in Experimental group were obviously lower than Control group.The inhibit ratio was 74.82%.Conclusion: It is applicable to use Chinese traditional medicine emodin in the treatment of periodontitis.


The paper studies the compliance of the CZK - EUR exchange rate with the uncovered parity of returns on assets denominated in the two named currencies. A comparison with the same property for the euro-dollar rate is made. An uncovered total return parity (UTRP) formula is derived from the equilibrium in a portfolio optimization model with liquidity constraints. It is shown that the uncovered parity of total returns, and not of short-term money market rates, is a natural outcome of stochastic equilibrium asset pricing models that generalize the International Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Model. Accordingly, the traditional uncovered interest rate parity should be replaced by UTRP in empirical analysis. UTRP tests for the CZK/EUR and the USD/EMU currency pairs are conducted using yields of long-term government bond yields. UTRP typically holds, although the time horizons and measures of exchange rate movements, for which it becomes visible, may vary.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Limited data are available on patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and their long-term outcomes in the Arabian Gulf countries. We evaluated the clinical features, management, in-hospital, and long-term outcomes in such a population. DESIGN AND SETTING A 9-month prospective, multicenter study conducted in 65 hospitals from 6 countries that also included 30 day and 1-year mortality follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS ACS patients included those with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS), including non-STEMI and unstable angina. The registry collected the data prospectively. RESULTS Between October 2008 and June 2009, 7930 patients were enrolled. The mean age [standard deviation (SD)], 56 (17) years; 78.8% men; 71.2% Gulf citizens; 50.1% with central obesity; and 45.6% with STEMI. A history of diabetes mellitus was present in 39.5%, hypertension in 47.2%, and hyperlipidemia in 32.7%, and 35.7% were current smokers. The median time from symptom onset to hospital arrival for STEMI patients was 178 minutes (interquartile range, 210 minutes); 22.3% had primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 65.7% thrombolytic therapy, with 34% receiving therapy within 30 minutes of arrival. Evidence-based medication rates upon hospital discharge were 68% to 95%. The in-hospital PCI was done in 21% and the coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 2.9%. The in-hospital mortality was 4.6%, at 30 days the mortality was 7.2%, and at 1 year after hospital discharge the mortality was 9.4%; 1-year mortality was higher in STEMI (11.5%) than in NSTEACS patients (7.7%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared to developed countries, ACS patients in Arabian Gulf countries present at a relatively young age and have higher rates of metabolic syndrome features. STEMI patients present late, and their acute management is poor. In-hospital evidence-based medication rates are high, but coronary revascularization procedures are low. Long-term mortality rates increased severalfold compared with in-hospital mortality.


ogy of muscle relaxants and their antagonists. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia. Pennsylvania, USA: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 412±490. 3 Wierda JMKH, van den Broek L, Proost JH, Verbaan BW, Hennis PJ. Time course of action and endotracheal intubating conditions of ORG 9487, a new short-acting steroidal muscle relaxant; a comparison with succinylcholine. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 579±584. 4 Osserman KE, Genkins G. Studies in myasthenia gravis: review of a twenty-year experience in over 1200 patients. Mt Sinai J Med 1971; 38: 497±537. 5 Paton WD, Waud DR. The margin of safety of neuromuscular transmission. J Physiol 1967; 191: 59±90. 6 Pavlin EG, Holle RH, Schoeme RB. Recovery of airway protection compared with ventilation in human after paralysis with curare. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 381±385. 7 Gracey DR, Divertie MB, Howard FM, Payne WS. Postoperative respiratory care after transsternal thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. A 3-year experience in 53 patients. Chest 1984; 86: 67±71.


A new method of removing random noises from X-ray medical images based on wavelet-based synthetic technology—The wavelet-based analysis of removing random noises is developed. Experimental results show that the performance of this method is better than the methods of neighbor average and median filter in removing noises and reserving richer fine textures and edge information.


Belief models are used in AI computer applications in a great many roles, both to keep track of the beliefs of users and to simulate the belief states of agents modelled by the system. Epistemic logic is often used as a paradigm for the behaviour of such models, but has problems of computational complexity, which are compounded by the need to include nonmonotonic inferences and change over time. Systems based on standard logics also sanction inferences which human reasoners would be unlikely to make. In some aspects of reasoning, simpliications can be made which both reduce the computational problems and restrict inferences to those most plausible in humans. However, in order to reap the computational advantages of restricting inferences, a model-building approach similar to a compiler must be used. A description of the domain and the agents' knowledge is entered in a formal language, and translated into a restricted representation which allows a reasoning process embodying the restrictions and other eeciency features to be used. The process of compilation and execution is described in detail, and compared with models which use diierent representations for diierent beliefs while remaining complete in terms of standard logic. Relationships between computational simpliications and improvements in psychological plausibility are discussed.


This paper deals with the case marking pattern found in the Korean structure exemplified by the sentence John-i Yengmi-lul aphu-tako mit-ess ta 'John believed Yengmi to be ill'. Based on constraints on the type of em bedded verb that can occur in this pattern, it is suggested th<;tt the relevant syntactic structure must include a constituent consisting of the matrix verb and aphu-tako. It is then shown that this structure not only predicts the existence of the accusative case suffix on the 'subject' argument of the embedded verb, but that it is also compatible with a variety of subtle se mantic contrasts that distinguish it from a related construction in which Yengmi bears the nominative case.


We have synthesized a novel ambipolar membrane for the simple, rapid, and simultaneous extraction of key nutrients from soil. The membrane was made by adding an anion- and a cation-exchange resin to a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel in the presence of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The synthetic membrane was efficient in adsorbing (extracting) NO - 3 , PO 3- 3 , K+, Ca 2 +, and Mg 2 + ions from soil simultaneously. The ion-adsorption capacity of the membrane was related to the soil nutrient status, duration of membrane-soil contact, and soil water content. The importance of these factors followed the order: soil nutrient status > contact time > soil water content. Adsorption by the membrane of NO - 3 and Mg 2+ ions from soil leveled off after 48 h of membrane-soil contact but uptake of Ca 2 +, PO 3- 3 , and K+ ions required a longer contact time for equilibrium to be established. When the soil water content exceeds 55% w/w, this factor ceased to influence ion adsorption by the ambipolar-resin membrane. The synthetic membrane is potentially useful for the in situ assessment of the nutrient requirement of certain crops at a given point in time.


We measured the cross section for the γγ→π + π - process in the pion pair invariant mass range of 1.0–1.5 GeV/ c 2 with the VENUS detector at TRISTAN. The γγ decay width of the f 2 (1270) resonance was obtained by using Vermaseren's model and a partial wave analysis. The results from both analyses were in good agreement. The partial wave analysis indicated the presence of a J=0 component around at 1.2 GeV/ c 2 with a resonance-like structure.


In this article the data on 652 primitive societies presented in Quincy Wright's A Study of War are analyzed by means of the techniques of multi-variate analysis and index- construction. Thirty-three percent of the societies are characterized as 'belligerent' in the sense that they are reputed to engage in aggressive warfare for economic or political purposes. An index of primitivity was constructed based on information on economic, political and social organization in the societies, and the level of belligerence varied from 0 percent at the most primitive level to 95 percent at the least primitive level, which corresponds roughly to what today is often referred to as 'traditional societies'. If in addition degree of contact with other societies is considered, the level of belligerenec varies from 0 percent in the most primitive and isolated societies to 100 percent in the least primitive and least isolated societies. These findings are then discussed.


A new chapter in the long history of British programming on Australian television is about to be written, or rather, rewritten. Last week, BBC Worldwide, the commercial arm of the BBC, and FremantleMedia Australia announced a partnership that promises to deliver Australian versions of some of the many entertainment formats in the BBC's extensive program catalogue. The deal has potentially significant ramifications for the partners and their parent organisations, for Australian audiences, and the production industry here.


Obtaining data-dense reaction profiles for reactions performed under an inert atmosphere remains a significant challenge obfuscating mechanistic analysis. To this end, we have developed a reaction ...


A method of generating grating on the TV tube without using a synchronizingsignal generator is described.This is achieved by a self-made complex-signalgenerator which derives its field synchronizing and line synchronizing signalsfrom the main and the modulating sine wave which is combined again with thesynchronizing signals to form a signal complex for the generation of the grating.


End-to-end analogue downand uplink radio transmission with real-time signal processing is experimentally demonstrated using a technologically lean and energy-conscious remote radio head. Powering through the fronthaul at an optical feed of 290 mW enables a centralised power supply. Introduction In the upcoming years we anticipate a continuous increase in wireless data rates. Hence, small cell techniques increasing network density have an important role to play1. This entails that baseband processing is off-loaded to the CO while simple remote radio head (RRH) technology remains at the cell site. However, as load conditions in wireless networks are shifting rapidly with the mobility of its users, RRHs that are distributed across the network infrastructure need to be dynamically taken into operation to optimize the interplay of macroand small cells. Such a scenario is unfavourable for practical deployment: even in case of strongly localized cells, each site needs to be supplied with data and energy, thus being subject to high cost. In this work we experimentally demonstrate a remotely powered RRH with low-cost VCSEL transmitter and energy-conscious RF amplification. End-to-end real-time transmission of OFDM radio signals with PRBS and HDTV payload is shown over a radio and fronthaul loss budget of 84 and 10 dB, respectively. Low-Power Remote Radio Head In the proposed radio access scheme conventional high-power RRHs of macro-cells are assisted by additional low-power distributed RRHs during on-peak, especially in overloaded spots where the user density is peaking regularly. With the introduction of numerous small cells associated to fewer macro-cells the complexity of these additional RRHs becomes a critical parameter since cost attributed to RRH subsystems is shared among a smaller number of network users. Simplicity is therefore of paramount importance and can be facilitated by: (1) Analogue radio-over-fibre transmission as an attractive solution to handle high CPRIequivalent data rates at the fronthaul2 while also assuring lean small-cell RRHs based solely on low-noise amplification (LNA) and an linear optical transceiver. (2) Energy reclamation at the RRH fronthaul interface allows to centralize power supply units of RRHs at the CO. Downand uplink performance of a small-cell RRH has been evaluated in the setup shown in Fig. 1. At the CO the downlink I/Q data signal is up-converted to a RF carrier at 2.05 GHz. A post-amplified Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) transmits the signal at 1547.72 nm with a power of 10 dBm over the 4 km SMF-based fronthaul. At the RRH the signal is boosted by energyconscious LNA towards the radio equipment (RE) where real-time block error ratio (BLER) estimation is performed on a payload size of 9024 bits/packet. OFDM with an IEEE 802.11a compliant format having a modulation bandwidth of 20 MHz and 64 subcarriers was employed. The real-time DSP at transmitter and receiver performs OFDM (de-)modulation with insertion of pilots, synchronization sequences and cyclic prefix. Moreover convolutional coding with code generator polynom (1718, 1338) and code rate /2 is employed. The DSP stack was implemented using the NI USRP-2953R software-defined radio and was fed by either PRBS for real-time BLER measurement or by Fig. 1: Experimental setup and DSP stack for evaluating a low-power RRH that is supplied with energy through its fronthaul. RRH Pump α LNA Radio path attenuator RE VCSEL PIN small-cell RRH CO


This research aims to know the relation between religiosity with students academic cheating in the 1st state senior high school at Teras Boyolali. This research uses simple cluster sampling techniques subject, as many of 88 research subjects at the 1st state senior high school at Teras Boyolali. The variable religiosity is measured by using scale religiosity was sent down from the aspect religiosity Glock & Strak (Ghufron & Risnawati, 2010) which 56 items and variables academic cheating by Athanasou & Olasehinde (2002) which consists of 30 items. Data analysis by using analysis techniques correlation Pearson Product Moment and by r= -.164to 0,063significance (p<0.05). Results of the study showed there is a no significant negative relationship between religiosity with academic cheating in the first state senior high school students at Teras Boyolali


Abstract. Patients behavior wile dental curing depends on his mental condition. Depressive disorders also promote progression dental diseases. An individual plan of treatment and features of cooperation with patients must be defined depending on psycho-emotional condition of sick. That lets to cooperate patient with doctor and raise the quality of dental help end also minimize risks of development conflict situations. On purpose to define psycho-emotional deviations of sick dentists use different scales and questionnaires that have certain benefits.


Solar energy can be captured by Photovoltaic (PV) array which can be used for charging Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries. This paper is concerned with the study of ultra-fast charging of a Li-Ion battery. Pulse charging technique provides this charging scheme in this case and the result is compared with the Constant Current (CC) charging method. The charging time of the selected battery is decreased in a condition that the temperature rise of it is measurable. Thereby, 7.4V and 5.4Ah Li-Ion battery is chosen and simulated by adopting two charging methods mentioned above. Full charging time by the proposed technique is 2558 seconds and 2575 seconds for the CC method with battery temperature of about 38.54°C and 45.03°C respectively. Hence, around 17 seconds time saving is found with 6.49°C less temperature rise.


ABSTRACT A 3-D seismic survey covering 8.6 square miles was conducted by Dan A. Hughes Company et al during the summer of 1994 on the Dilworth salt dame in McMullen County, Texas. A time interpretation of the 3-D records, using a reflection event near the top of the Eocene Carrizo sandstone at 3200 feet, showed concentric faults bounding a downthrown faulted dome. Drilling guided by the 3-D data has resulted in 10 Carrizo oil wells in 3 fault blocks on the faulted dome structure and 1 Carrizo oil well in an upthrown fault block. Development drilling is continuing in this field which is believed to have reserves in excess of 1.5 million barrels of oil.


: An investigation concerning Pelargonium graveolens plant was carried out during two successive growing seasons of (2013 and 2014) at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El – Kom , Egypt. This study was designed to determine the efficiency of antitranspirant agents i.e., magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and sodium salicylate (S.S) at (10, 20 and 30 ppm) which used as chemical antitranspirant and active dry yeast (ADY) at (5, 10 and 15 g/l) which used as natural antitranspirant on growth, yield and active constituents of geranium plant (Pelargonium graveolens) grown on a clayey soil. Results reported that, all antitranspirant agents at different concentrations had a significant effects on growth and yield characters such as plant height (cm), number of main branches/plant, fresh weight of herb (g/plant) and fresh weight of leaves (g/plant and ton/fed) in the 1 st and 2 nd cuts during two seasons. Their maximum values in this concern were found in plants sprayed with active dry yeast (ADY) at 10 g/l in two cuts during both seasons. Also, the application of sodium salicylate at (20 and 30 ppm) produced the highest oil content (%) for the 1 st and 2 nd cuts, respectively during both seasons. Moreover, geraniol, linalool, gerannyl tiglate and cis-rose oxide were found to be the major compounds in the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens which reached its maxima by spraying (ADY) at 10 mg/l ,(ADY) at 15 mg/l, (S.S) at 20 ppm and (S.S) at 30 ppm, respectively during second cut in the first season.


The image of page charge for sci-tech periodicals has some problems such as authors' misunderstanding and publishers' arbitrary collecting.The image improvement should be done in the following aspects: publicizing the editorial policies,making relevant regulations,strengthening the publishers' self-discipline,increasing investment to the periodicals and enhancing the management.


In order to minimize manufacturing costs, lithographers have to extend the capabilities of KrF and i-line tools working with low k1 factor. In this paper we present results of a successful transfer of several lithographic processes from KrF to i-line. During the process transfer, the optimal conditions for 365-nm technology were first determined by simulation and then verified by exposure of real production layers on a 0.65 NA i-line tool. The goal of the process optimization was to find settings for 365-nm process, which can match the performance of the 248-nm process. Proximity matching, CD uniformity, tool throughput and process costs were chosen as the main criteria for successful transfer. Encountered challenges, the applied methodology and the experimental results have been discussed. Based on the results, we conclude that low k1 i-line lithography is feasible for mass production with CD as small as 210 nm. The process does not require additional preparation for 248-nm masks.


The family in Puerto Rico continues to be a relevant institution for the psychosocial development of its citizens. Our society shows a significant manifestation of "familyism", characterized by strong family ties and the construction of new structures of kinship. The magnitude of this manifestation has been unique in our national archipelago, since familyism has impacted the political geography of the country through the naming of small communities or neighborhoods where certain family clans have been predominant. The article discusses familyism as a concept, its impact on Puerto Rico and its link with the political geography and the social development of the country. Implications for the profession of social work in understanding the significance of the family in social issues are discussed.


Cosmetic preparation containing (A) an aqueous fruit extract from anise (Pimpinella anise fruit extract), under the trade name Bioxilift at the company Silab, St. Viance, France, available and (B) one or more triazine light filter.


We describe the case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with combined mitral and aortic stenosis, and a peculiar and unusual finding on Doppler evaluation. A 2D echocardiogram revealed rheumatic mitral stenosis of moderate severity with …


A method is proposed by which an arbitrary number of room impulse responses (RIRs) is generated from one input RIR. The method works by convolving the input RIR with a multitude of filters, one for each desired output RIR. The filters are designed in such a way that the coherence between all possible pairs of output RIRs feature assignable frequency-dependent values. An application example is given where the values for the coherence are given by the diffuse field coherence functions for the microphones in a five-element microphone array. The limitations in terms of achieving the desired coherence values exactly and avoiding spectral coloration are also discussed. The proposed method is most suitable for the part of the RIR that does not contain strong discrete reflections.


Health services are an important factor in improving the health and welfare of every human being throughout the world. Everyone has the right to obtain health services and the government is responsible for the availability of all forms of quality, safe, efficient and affordable health services for all levels of society. One of these efforts is to increase the availability and equity of basic health service facilities such as puskesmas in each region. This study aims to determine the effect of service quality on patient satisfaction using BPJS at the Sukarame Public Health Center in Bandar Lampung. In this study, the research method used is quantitative. The object of this study were patients using BPJS at the Sukarame Health Center. The data source used is primary data in the form of questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The population used was all patients using BPJS at the Sukarame Health Center. The research sample is 40 people. The analytical method used is simple linear regression analysis in the form of validity test, reliability test, t test. The results of the study show that service quality has a significant and significant effect on patient satisfaction using BPJS. This shows that each indicator of the variable has an influence on patient satisfaction. Service quality which consists of physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy will be very influential if implemented as well as possible will affect patient satisfaction. Keyword:services quality, patient satisfaction, public health center.


With the rapid development of China's national economy,the demand for electric power is in rapid growth.It is necessary to vigorously develop hydropower,optimize the development of coal power,accelerate the development of nuclear power,actively develop new energy power generation,increase the intensity of transformation,make great efforts to save energy,protect the ecological environment,realize development of electric power,and to ensure safe,reliable,economic and clean power supply.This paper focuses on the analysis of the characteristics,present status and development trend of electric power production.


Stage Six days after he was found on the floor with altered consciousness, a 51-year-old man went to see his physician. The episode was associated with emesis and fecal incontinence. The patient reported feeling confused for approximately 30 minutes after the incident. He also had severe weakness in both legs and was unable to walk for 24 hours. Response Altered consciousness associated with incontinence and transient confusion is most suggestive of a seizure. However, persistent weakness of the legs is unusual after a seizure and raises other diagnostic possibilities. Ischemia in the posterior circulation can produce weakness of the legs . . .


The high-luminosity high-energy Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) will provide a clean environment to study several fundamental questions in the high energy and nuclear physics fields. A high granularity and low material budget vertex and tracking detector is required to provide precise measurements of primary and displaced vertex and track reconstruction with good momentum and spatial resolutions. The reference design of the EIC project detector at the first Interaction Point (IP), which was selected from three submitted EIC detector proposals, enables a series of high precision heavy flavor measurements. Based on the EIC project detector reference design, the newly formed ePIC collaboration is developing the technical design for the EIC project detector towards its construction and operation. The reference design of the EIC vertex and tracking detector consists of the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) based silicon vertex and tracking subsystem, the Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) based gas tracking subsystem and the AC-Coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diode (AC-LGAD) based silicon outer tracker, and it has the track reconstruction capability in the pseudorapidity region of -3.5 to 3.5 with full azimuthal coverage. Further detector geometry optimization with a new magnet and technology down selection are underway by the ePIC collaboration. The latest ePIC vertex and tracking detector geometry and its performance evaluated in simulation will be presented. Details of the EIC vertex and tracking detector R$\&$D, which include the proposed detector technologies, prototype sensor characterization and detector mechanical design will be discussed as well.


Dohyung Lim1, Chang-Yong Ko2,4, Sung-Jae Lee3, Keyoung Jin Chun1 and Han Sung Kim2 1Gerontechnology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 4Department of Structural and Medical Health Monitoring, Fraunhofer Institute for Non-destructive Testing Dresden, 1,2,3Republic of Korea 4Germany


The research aims to prove empirically that profitability, sales growth, and company size can influence tax avoidance. The population used is all manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. By using purposive sampling technique, it was obtained a sample of 90 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This type of research is an associative type of research using secondary data in the form of company financial reports listed on the IDX in 2019. This research uses SPSS statistical tools and the data analysis method uses multiple linear regression. The results of the study prove that profitability and sales growth can affect tax avoidance. Meanwhile, company size cannot influence tax avoidance


In this study, we present a novel, high content technique using an innovative cylindrical acoustic transducer, stroboscopic fast imaging and homodyne detection to recover the mechanical properties (dynamic shear modulus) of living adherent cells at low ultrasonic frequencies. By analyzing the micro-oscillations of cells we were able to simultaneously mechanotype whole populations of cells with sub-cellular resolution. The technique can be combined with standard fluorescence imaging allowing to further cross-correlate biological and mechanical information. We demonstrate the potential of the technique by mechanotyping co-cultures of different cell types with significantly different mechanical properties.


"There seems, (said he), to be in authours a stronger right of property than that by occupancy; a metaphysical right, a right, as it were, of creation, which should from its nature be perpetual; but the consent of nations is against it; and indeed reason and the interests of learning are against it; for were it to be perpetual, no book, however useful, could be universally diffused amongst mankind, should the proprietor take it into his head to restrain its circulation. No book could have the advantage of being edited with notes, however necessary to its elucidation, should the proprietor perversely oppose it, For the general good of the world, therefore, whatever valuable work has once been created by an authour, and indeed issued out by him, should be understood as no longer in his power, but as belonging to the publick; at the same time the authour is entitled to an adequate reward. This he should have by an exclusive right to his work for a considerable number of years (16:421-22)."More than 200 years ago, Boswell in The Life of Samuel Johnson described the property right of an author. In one single entry in The Life of Samuel Johnson some fundamental statements have been made with regard to books and authors: the dichotomy between the general good of the public and the author's rights, a right of creation and a right to reward for his work. Boswell's statements have been adopted and adapted by authors in many countries in advocating a system which would compensate them for the use of their books in libraries.[...]


Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is terns to be self regulating business model that, contributes firms to be socially accountable and profitable to it.  The study mainly related to selected listed Indian banks with the bulk focus concerned to be corporate initiation, motives and outcomes of such efforts related to CSR.  The Study enhances the researcher knowledge on CSR impact on firm profitability. The present study is confined a sample of 10 banks actively performing NSE of India and the financial variables like ROE, ROA, EPS  considered to analyse financial performance. The stated hypotheses are proven with usage of t-test and ANOVA to ascertain the significant relationship towards CSR and Profitability. The study proven that, there no significant change in profitability of banks by CSR activities.


Studies combining machine learning with the Internet of Things are now under process. The procedures for detecting fires are also described in depth. In order to be of any help, machine learning has to be able to identify and track the development of events that are equivalent to fires. The number of photos that must be analyzed by machine learning before a pattern may be found is decreased when data is captured and processed frame by frame. This information has been gathered for the express purpose of tracking a particular incident. Recent research has been given substantial treatment in this journal. Some of the constraints of the current state of the field have been discussed. The problem is identified, and suggestions on how to address it are provided. Using machine learning and image processing, we looked at one potentially suspicious IoT device. Many researchers have shown that the machine learning method can accurately classify and predict data. The authors of the present work have integrated machine learning with a compression method to further improve the security of the IoT ecosystem. Additionally, machine learning employs filtered datasets to improve the accuracy of attack classification. As a result of recent studies, it is possible to identify and classify suspicious events like fires, fake people, and other anomalies. Limiting the spread of misinformation relies on the ability to identify suspicious behavior.


This essay reflects on the approaches to inclusion and exclusion put forward in this special issue and suggests a more radical alternative: the project of "decolonizing" the field of security studies. Drawing on work in decolonial thought and critical security studies, I discuss systemic-level structures of inclusion and exclusion such as global racial hierarchies, imperial and colonial legacies, and North-South inequities. Such structures both shape the material reality of the global security order, and affect knowledge production in the field of security studies itself, including the definition of what is and is not viewed as a legitimate "security issue." I conclude by asking what a "decolonized" security studies might look like.


This paper has analysed the theory cost of several kinds of daily financing ways of listed company of our country, and combine actual conditions , such as present bank deposit and loan interest rate,ratio in the stock market ,etc., calculate out the financing cost of various kinds of daily financing ways, prove that the financing order in theory is different from financing way which enterprises adopt actually. According to our country's present financing situation,we should encourage debt financing,develop convertible bond fund-raising, improve the capital structure of the company,and make the structure of the capital optimized.


Zinc concentrations in scalp hair were determined in 50 Sundanese villagers in West Java, Indonesia. Hair zinc levels increased with age until about 20 years of age and then became constant. The mean level and S.D. of the zinc concentration in adults aged 20 years or more was 199.8 ± 26.7 μg/g (n = 36), which was higher than the reported values in several countries. Our previous study revealed that the dietary zinc intake amounted to 24.9 mg/day for adults and the high consumption of rice, their staple food, contributed 60% of the total daily zinc intake. Although there are some problems in the Sundanese diet such as a shortage of animal products, a diet depending much on rice seems to have an advantage as concerns the nutritional status of zinc.


The concentric torque-split face gear transmission is mainly developed for the rotorcraft which demands high power density and large speed reduction ratio. This paper aims at predicting the load sharing behaviours among paths. An original quasistatic load sharing analysis model, which is a hybrid finite element/lumped parameter quasistatic gear model, is presented. The connection between spur gear and face gear is also established. A number of numerical simulations of load sharing behaviour analysis are conducted. The mechanism of uneven load sharing is revealed. It is observed that the support stiffness of pinion and backlash have significant influences on the load sharing behaviours of the concentric torque-split face gear transmission.


Microbial contamination which exceeds CFU limit and chemical changes in the lipsticks may pose threat to consumers. This study aimed to determine the abundance of microorganisms and the types of microorganism contaminating the counterfeit lip cosmetic products and identify the differences in chemical components among different brands of counterfeit and original lip cosmetic products. Unused lipstick samples (0.1g) were dissolved in 2ml of Tween80 and subjected to 3 different isolation media for microbial profiling. Further microbial testing was conducted using standard biochemical testing and Gram staining. Quantitative analysis (CFU) was conducted using pour plate method. Chemical analysis of lipstick products was analysed using ATR-FTIR (SHIMADZU). The results indicated that all the brands were contaminated with common human opportunistic pathogen namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. The mean bacterial count in counterfeit lipsticks were 0.1x104 CFU/mL. However, the bacterial count in original lipsticks were within the prescribed limit where the mean bacterial count were 0.04 x 104 CFU/mL. A total number of 23 chemicals and 40 chemicals were detected in counterfeit and original lipsticks respectively with only 10 chemicals being common among them which are the basic chemicals used in lipstick preparation. The findings indicate that possible compromises in Good Manufacturing Practices and quality of raw materials used in counterfeit lipsticks could lead to increased microbial contamination, which can be a potential health risk to consumers.


The design and construction of "breathing" self-assemblies has been a rather popular topic due to their potential in materials science and nanotechnology. Inspired by the "breathing" behavior of natural jellyfish, herein, we presented the construction of a giant "breathing" proteinosome through an interfacial self-assembly of proteins and surfactants at the oil/water interface of emulsions, the proteinosome displays "breathing" behavior and can swell and shrink for multiple cycles by protein folding and unfolding through the alternate addition and removal of denaturant, more importantly, when green fluorescent proteins were selected as alternative protein building blocks, the fluorescent of proteinosome can be reversibly switch on/off just like jellyfish. Moreover, accompanying with reversible swelling and shrinking and fluorescent on/off, the expanded and shrunk membrane pore can be tuned for distinguishing quantum dots of different sizes. The folding-responsive breathing behavior of intelligent proteinosomes provides a platform for functional biomaterials.


In Ebbinghaus et al. [Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15, 72 (2006)] we reported terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in a plasma at low pressure, we observed a simultaneous absorption and amplification process within each single rotational transition. Here we show that this observation is a direct consequence of the short interaction time of the pulsed terahertz radiation with the plasma, which is shorter than the average collision time between the molecules. Thus, during the measurement time the molecular states may be considered entangled. Solution of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation yields a linear term that may be neglected for long observation times, large frequencies, or nonentangled states. We determine the restrictions for the observation of this effect and calculate the spectrum of a simple diatomic molecule. Using this model we are able to explain the spectral features showing a change from emission to absorption as observed previously. In addition we find that the amplification and absorption do not follow the typical Lambert-Beer exponential law but an approximate square law.


This study has the objective to list kauniyah vocabulary from juzuk 30 so that it can be utilized by book authors and readers especially children in learning early vocabulary which is mostly related to science, in accordance with the practice of surrounding observation. Based on the books that have been produced, no complete vocabulary list related to the initial vocabulary in the world of science according to the Quran has been produced to date. This study uses a qualitative method by analyzing the verses of the Quran from juzuk 30 by listing the vocabulary related to kauniyah. Each vocabulary found will be recorded in a table and written the frequency of the vocabulary. It will be written using Arabic words in the form of the original word without emphasis on morphological elements and will record it as a repetition if it is found to be repeated throughout the analysis. After that, the count will be made and will be recorded in the same table to see the frequency of vocabulary that appears through the analysis of the verses of the Qur'an in the 30th juzuk. A complete list will be generated as a study that includes basic words or word origin to all the words that have meaning and their remuneration in Malay. The results of the study found that there were 74 kauniyah vocabularies and a total of 21 words were repeated at least 2 times, namely; man, earth, sky, night, fire, mountain, water, food, spring, morning dhuha, family, face, wine, shining star, chest, individual, grave, sea, sun, river, and land. The 4 words that undergo 10 repetitions and more are human, earth, sky, and night. In general, these 4 words are suitable to be the basic vocabulary to the development of another related vocabulary.


Ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)was used for the simultaneous determination of synthetic colorants (tartrazine,amaranth,ponceau 4R,sunset yellow,erythrosine)in wine.Chromatographic separation was performed on ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with methanol-20 mmol/L ammonium acetate as mobile phase and gradient elution.According to the maximum absorption wavelength of each synthetic colorant,the detection wavelength was changed to eliminate interferences.Tartrazine,amaranth,ponceau 4R, sunset yellow and erythrosine were detected at 428 nm,520 nm,509 nm,483 nm and 528 nm,respectively.This method was proved to be simple,rapid with good reproducibility and high recovery rate.


In this work, a phase shifter radio-frequency integrated chip (RFIC) using a simple all-pass network is presented. As a tuning element of the phase shifter RFIC, tunable capacitors with a multi-layer dielectric of a para-/ferro-/para-electrics using a high tunable BST ferroelectric and a low-loss BZN paraelectric thin film were utilized. In order to evaluate and analyze the fabricated phase shifter RFIC, the same elements such as an inductor and capacitor integrated into it are also fabricated and tested. The designed phase shifter RFIC was fabricated on a quartz substrate in the size of 1.16 x 1.21 mm2. As the test results, the maximum phase difference of 350o is obtained at 15 V and its tuning frequency bandwidth is 90 MHz from 2.72 to 2.81GHz.


It has become commonplace for historians to point to the distilnctive role played by the church in Moscow's victorious drive toward political centralization, but the church's impact was more persistelnt and dramatic than is usually imagined. Far mor-e ilmlportanlt than moving the metropolitan's capital from Kiev to norl-theast Rus' was the hierarchical ideology of power which church teachillg introduced into Rus'. Some aspects of this ideology already have received extensive and imaginative treatment. The preponderant image of the Byzantine basilecus alnd the occasional lip service paid to Third Rome theories had their ownimpacts. But these particular faces of church inlfluence aside, the image of power brought to Rus' by the clerics had other, more specific results.1 The Christian hierarchical theology took with it wherever it went a special 1mletaphysic. With God at the apex, mortals entrusted with divine mandates carried out temporal tasks. This doctrilne had a long life in Western Europe, but there the elmaerging state structures also inherited the secular alternatives to the same proposition. In Rus', on the other hand, the church arrived alone, alnid immediately set about the seriotus business of converting the pagans anid their society. In effect the church represented a modernizing inifluence, the central contact for Rus' with the Mediterranean's civilizations. The church's appearance in Rus' certainly was not the result of the bankrtuptcy of paganism. On the contrary, folcelnturies after the official colnversion of Rus', churchmnen voiced complaints over the persistence of pagan customs which proved impervious to clerical blalndishnments. Church texts abound with grumblings about


Electricity indexes are an important quantitative measure to reflect regional socio-economic development, power development, and upgrading. In response to the problem that the existing index-based evaluation system of electric power does not reflect the low carbon background, this paper proposes a method for extracting and assessing critical indexes of electricity power. Firstly, low-carbon-related indexes are investigated and integrated with the original evaluation system to form a comprehensive index set. Secondly, the critical indexes are screened by a reduction method based on the correlation coefficient method, and the corresponding weights of critical indexes were also calculated by the entropy value method and the coefficient of variation method. Different trapezoidal attribution functions are constructed based on the critical indexes characteristics, and a comprehensive score is assigned to evaluate the power network development.


In recent years, porosity analysers have been developed to the level that they can be used as a reliable and accurate tool for monitoring, reporting and control of process performance and total paper quality on paper and board machines. The unique features like fast measurement, automatic self-cleaning cycle and single calibration over the complete paper grade range have made it possible to achieve accurate and reliable readings without marking or breaking the paper web. Accurate online porosity measurement enables a better understanding of various papermaking parameters and how they effect on porosity and total paper quality. The online readings also enable process response tests to pinpoint the critical process variables to find control windows for porosity to maintain the optimum paper quality and saleable output. Because porosity correlates well with several papermaking process and raw material parameters, the online porosity reading is an excellent indication of the changes in the paper structure and process performance.


A select series of 5a-methyl-substituted bicyclomycins (2−10, 34) have been prepared to identify interactions that influence antibiotic binding to the Escherichia coli rho transcription termination factor and to aid in identifying the bicyclomycin binding domain. The regioselective reduction of methyl 5a-bicyclomycincarboxylate C(2'),C(3')-acetonide (13) using lithium triethylborohydride provided 5a-(hydroxy)methylbicyclomycin C(2'),C(3')-acetonide (14). Alcohol 14 served as the key synthetic intermediate in preparing the targeted compounds. Replacing or modifying the terminal hydroxy group in 14 gave the corresponding hydrogen, acyl, halogen, azide, amine, and amide derivatives, which were then treated with trifluoroacetic acid to remove the C(2'),C(3')-acetonide protecting group to give 2−10. The chemical reactivity of 5a-(chloro)methylbicyclomycin (6) with the nucleophile EtSH was compared with bicyclomycin (1). We found that allylic chloride 6 underwent SN2 displacement with EtSH, while 1 furnished C(...


With the appearance of Graphs of Nature as Greenery,Gondii and Fish for Mao Poem in the era of Tang Dynasty,there are The Book of Songs from the angle of Graphics,researching masterpieces on graphics thoughts of The Book of Songs one after another nearly a thousand years,such as Graphs Illustration of Nature in Mao Poem,Graphs Research on Nature Tasting in Mao Poem,and Plants Interpretation of the Book of Songs.To research the graphics thoughts of the Book of Songs is a new attempt to study classical Chinese literature with the theoretical methods of natural science,which brings endless scientific value for breaking the traditional researching methods,creating a new researching perspective with multi-angle and multi-disciplinary combined way,and moreover,enriching the researching area for The Book of Songs.


For a closed target set S c ~ and a control system (formulated as a differential inclusion and defined near S), the present paper considers a sufficient condition for the property that every point near S can be steered to S in finite time by some trajectory of the system. Estimates are obtained revealing how fast some such trajectory is nearing the target. A strong form of this condition is shown to imply that every trajectory of the system hits the target. With a further assumption on the target set S, we also consider conditions that guarantee that some trajectories enter the interior of S.


Sedimentation in the reservoir is of great concern for water management, which gradually reduces the capacity of the reservoir. This paper presents the technique for exaltation of sediment yield using remote sensing and geography cal information system. For study purpose, Kolar catchment area of Nagpur district Maharashtra state India was selected. The Geocoded Remote Sensing satellite image IRS-LISS-III is procured and it is preprocessed for geometric correction. It is classified into various groups using supervised classification algorithm and land-use landcover map of the area is prepared using ERDAS-imagine v9.1 image processing software. Exporting land-use land-cover image from raster to vector form in GIS environment and using ARC-GIS version 9.2, the various layers such as drainage map, contour map and slope map is prepared. The meteorological parameters such as average annual rainfall and mean annual temperature are then used to calculate amount of sediment yield in the reservoir. Finally based of the amount of sediment yield calculated, suggested suitable measures for control of soil erosion in the catchment area.


In this three-part article, I look at Francis Clooney's work on comparative theology, identify one of the crucial problems of translation that comparative studies confront and outline the nature of a task for the twenty-first century cross-cultural theology. In the first part, I show that there is no unique 'translation problem' but that it actually names a plethora of problems. Such problems include not only the translation of texts across languages but also the philosophical problems of incommensurability of theories and inter-theoretic reductions. In the second part, I undertake a fairly close examination of aspects of Clooney's enterprise. Here, I show that, quite contrary to what he promises, his project simply rehashes old dogmas of earlier Christian writers albeit in a hidden and implicit manner. In the third part, I suggest that we need to rethink some of the ingrained but hardly orthodox assumptions, if we intend to understand the cultures and practices which are other than those in the West. I suggest that a new theological practice is more adequate to our times than what we have inherited from the past.


The present thesis aimed at studying the physical and geotechnical properties of locally available coal ash. To accomplish this study, three types of coal ash; fly ash, pond ash and bottom ash have been collected from Sejingkat Thermal Plant, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.


Federated Learning enables distributed data holders to train a shared machine learning model on their collective data. It provides some measure of privacy by not requiring the data be pooled and centralized but still has been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Differential Privacy provides rigorous guarantees and sufficient protection against adversarial attacks and has been widely employed in recent years to perform privacy preserving machine learning. One common trait in many of recent methods on federated learning and federated differentially private learning is the assumption of IID data, which in real world scenarios most certainly does not hold true. In this work, we empirically investigate the effect of non-IID data on node level on federated, differentially private, deep learning. We show the non-IID data to have a negative impact on both performance and fairness of the trained model and discuss the trade off between privacy, utility and fairness. Our results highlight the limits of common federated learning algorithms in a differentially private setting to provide robust, reliable results across underrepresented groups.


Nucleic acid amplification has been one of a variety of important basic equipments for life science research.Rapid temperature response and accuracy are important factors that affect the amplification effect.A96-well reaction block is chosen as the study platform,and the semiconductor chilling plate is used to heat and cool the system.Currently,there are a large nunber of applications which prove that ADRC controller outperforms the traditional PID controller.The pros and cons between ADRC and PID controllers for the block thermal control in the application of the nucleic acid amplification are presented based on the experiment data acquired with algorithms programmed in Lab VIEW.


Understanding electrical circuits can be difficult for novices of all ages. In this paper, we describe a science museum exhibit that enables visitors to make circuits on an interactive tabletop and observe a simulation of electrons flowing through the circuit. Our goal is to use multiple representations to help convey basic concepts of current and resistance. To study visitor interaction and learning, we tested the design at a popular science museum with 60 parent-child dyads in three conditions: a control condition with no electron simulation; a condition with the simulation displayed alongside the circuit on the same screen; and an augmented reality condition, with the simulation displayed on a tablet that acts as a lens to see into the circuit. Our findings show that children did significantly better on a post-test in both experimental conditions, with children performing best in the AR condition. However, analysis of session videos shows unexpected parent-child collaboration in the AR condition.


The slit on the waist of heavy rail has been investigated and analyzed. The material is BNbRe, U71Mn and U74. Through the analysis of the tested data, the causes are classified into four, namely, the pucher on the surface, the abnormal structure in the surface, the delamination inside and the inclusion and loosen inside. Some advice has been suggested according to the different causes.


We compare heterotic string models on orbifolds with supergravity models on smooth compact spaces, obtained by resolving the orbifold singularities. Our main focus is on heterotic E8 × E'8 models on the resolution of the compact T6/3 orbifold with Wilson lines. We explain how different gauge fluxes at various resolved fixed points can be interpreted in blow down as Wilson lines. Even when such Wilson lines are trivial from the orbifold perspective, they can still lead to additional symmetry breaking in blow-up. Full agreement is achieved between orbifold and resolved models, at the level of gauge interactions, massless spectrum and anomaly cancellation. In this matching the blow-up modes are of crucial importance: they play the role of model-dependent axions involved in the cancellation of multiple anomalous U(1)'s on the resolution. We illustrate various aspects by investigating blow-ups of a 3 MSSM model with two Wilson lines: if all its fixed points are resolved simultaneously, the SM gauge group is necessarily broken. Finally, we explore in detail the anomaly cancellation on the complex two dimensional resolution of 2/2.


In performing NDE of large industrial infrastructure, problems can arise due to poor signal to noise ratios (SNRs). This is especially the case when the materials involved are difficult to test because the ultrasonic signal is either attenuated or scattered, leading either to lack of signal due to attenuation, or to the presence of extremely high levels of scattering noise. Materials that could exhibit these properties are fibre reinforced composites, concrete and viscoelastic polymers. For these reasons, ultrasonic frequencies below 1 MHz are sometimes selected for use in highly attenuating and scattering materials, as the longer wavelengths and lower intrinsic attenuation can increase the depth of penetration into the sample. However, such lower frequencies will also reduce the resolution of the resulting image or measurement, because of the longer wavelengths. Signal processing has thus been investigated to try and alleviate these problems [1]. Other methods include modification of transducer shape, size, and frequency. The use of larger synthetic apertures (leading to the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) imaging approach [2,3]) has also been reported as a means of increasing resolution and SNR values. Figure 1 shows the sample chosen for this study. This was a polyurethane section, which was part of a larger structure used within a riser stiffener in the underwater oil and gas industries. The sample shown was 1.2 m long, and 0.16 m thick at its thicker end. The material was found to be sufficiently attenuating that conventional signals at frequencies > 1 MHz could not be used for the imaging of defects. A PuC system was thus designed, based on a pair of piezocomposite transducers with a centre frequency of 300 kHz. The transducers were 25.4 mm in diameter.


How does the experience of a financial crisis and stock-market fluctuations alter the dynamics of financial markets? Recent evidence suggests that individuals overweight personal experiences of macroeconomic shocks when forming beliefs about risky outcomes and making investment decisions. We propose a simple OLG model of experience-based learning where risk averse agents can invest in risky and risk-free assets. They form beliefs about the payoff of the risky asset (1) based on data observed during their lifetimes so far and (2) exhibiting recency bias, the two components of experience effects. We show that, in equilibrium, prices depend on past dividends, but only those observed by the generations that are alive, and they are more sensitive to more recent dividends. Younger generations react more strongly to recent experiences than older generations and, hence, have higher demand for the risky asset than the old in good times, and lower demand in bad times. The model generates predictions for stock-market dynamics and trading volume: First, a recent crisis will increase the average age of agents holding stocks, while booms would have the opposite effect. Second, the stronger the disagreement across generations (e.g. after a recent shock), the higher is the trade volume. We provide stylized facts from the Survey of Consumer Finances consistent with these predictions.


he State of the World's Children, 1996, reported by the UNICEF1 showed that the percentage of Jordanian children under-5 (1980-1994) suffering from moderate and severe underweight, wasting and stunting was 9%, 2% and 16%. Growth-restricted children have significantly poorer performance than non-growth-restricted children on a wide range of cognitive test.2 To assess differences in health and nutrition between groups in a population, growth charts have to be locally established. Until local charts are available, the use of the available Centers for Disease Control/United States of America (CDC/USA)growth charts3 permits international comparisons of the impact of various environmental factors, such as poverty and infection on the overall growth of children. We have undertaken a survey to measure multiple health indicators in school children aged 6.5-17.5 years, among which were height and weight in addition to other socio-economic indicators. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent of differences in BMI in both urban and Southern Badia Jordanian school children, and compare them with CDC/USA standards. Military-run schools are spread all over Jordan and open for all citizens. Only 16.2% of the students in these schools have a parent who is a member of the Armed Forces, while the rest have civilian parents. The present report deals exclusively with different BMI among male students from 2 socio-economically-distinct regions: the poor Southern region and the better off middle urban region including the capital Amman and Zarka city, Jordan. Socio-demographic data were obtained using a structured questionnaire prepared specifically for the purpose of this study. Questionnaires were distributed to the students who were asked to pass them to their parents to be completed and returned in the next day. Measurement of height and weight in standardized methods and recorded the nearest 0.1cm and 0.1kg. Data were entered into computer using DB3 Plus software and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Table 1 presents the socio-economic characteristics of the students in the middle and Southern regions. Consanguinity was more common in the Southern than the middle region (65% versus 50%) P= 0.001. Southern students tend to belong to families with lower educational levels, lower incomes and a larger number of children. The total number of boys was 5223 distributed in the 2 regions, the middle region 2762 (52.9%) and Southern Badia of Jordan, 2461 (47.1%). A demographic description and the average family income in Jordanian Dinars (JD)/month of the study population is given in Table 1. The most economically underprivileged groups in the population under study are those living in the Southern Badia region, were only 1.2% of the population had an income of more than 351 JD/ month, and 69% had an income of less than 150 JD/month. Sixty percent of the students were products of consanguineous marriages. The number of siblings per family among the study population was 7.3; it accounts for 8.5 in the Badia region and 6.1 in the urban area. This study showed the BMI status of Jordanian school children aged 6.5-17.5 years. There are obvious discrepancies demonstrated between the urban and Southern Badias'Jordanian school children in their BMI, which, are likely to be of some relevance to practicing clinicians and to the decision makers. Jordanian school children living in the Southern Badia region have significantly lower BMI 95th centile) among Jordanian school children living in urban region Table 1 Socio-economic characteristics of the study population.


A common characteristic of today's information systems is the distribution of data among a number of autonomous and heterogeneous repositories. Increasingly, these repositories are database management systems (DBMS), but there is still a very large volume of data that is stored in le systems, spreadsheets and others. A fundamental challenge in building next generation information systems is to provide interoperabil-ity among these autonomous and potentially heterogeneous repositories. The commercial state-of-the-art in addressing the interoperability of DBMSs is to build gateways. This approach is quite restricted and provides only a partial solution. None of these systems properly deal with semantic or structural heterogeneity of the stored data. An alternative approach to achieving interoperability among DBMSs is the multidatabase approach 11]. A multidatabase system resides unabtrusively on top of existing database systems and presents a single database illusion to its users. In particular, a multidatabase system maintains a single global database schema against which its users issue queries and updates. It is suggested that this is the approach that should be preferred over gateways 5]. One restriction of multidatabase systems has been that they cannot handle repositories which do not have DBMS capabilities. The introduction of object-oriented technology into data management 3] has lifted this restriction. Object-orientation, with its encapsulation and abstraction capabilities, enable the development of wrappers which encapsulate a particular repository and provide a common DBMS-like interface to the rest of the system. The components of the interoperable system may be DBMSs, other types of repositories or legacy systems 1]. Fundamentally, interoperability of systems does not imply distribution. However, in practice, the systems that interoperate are usually distributed. A common and current example is the interoperation among data repositories on the World Wide Web. In such a distributed environment, capabilities and functionality of the distributed object management 9] platform have to be taken into account in designing the architecture of multidatabase systems. This article discusses the role of distributed object computing platforms, in particular Object Management Group's (OMG) Object Management Architecture (OMA) 12] in providing an interoperability platform. We report our experiences in developing a distributed multidatabase system over such a platform. Two new technologies, namely object oriented programming and distributed computing, have emerged in the last decade and innuenced contemporary software to a great extent. Powerful workstations and PCs connected with high-speed networks and client-server software running on this distributed hardware is a reliable and relatively cheap alternative to …