Non-oil exports can be considered as one of the most important economical issues in most countries. Through its expansion, it is possible to increase the Gross National Product of the society at a level higher than society's consumption pattern. Nowadays, the development of non-oil exports is not merely limited to increase of foreign currency income via expansion of export of various goods and services, but it also undertakes a more prominent role as a strategy for growth and even economic development. Golestan province has a special position when it comes to production of agricultural products such as Wheat, soya, cotton, rice, orangery, meat and forest products due to having special geographical and climatic conditions, summer agricultural products, fish and also exports of such products to the Central Asian countries countries. With respect to this, the surplus of Golestan's province agricultural products was evaluated and products such as wheat, rice, potato, garden products and the meat products have surplus and the comparative advantage feasibility studies have been calculated for the export of such products through domestic resource cost (DRC). Then, we have dealt with determining capabilities and limitations of exports by rendering some suggestions related to expansion and development of non-oil exports of Golestan province to the


Rainey et al. (2020) in making a distinction between executive and implementational control, argue that action mediated by brain computer interfaces (BCIs) is different from conventional action bot...


We calculate the electronic structure of geometrically ideal interfaces between column III metals and silicon. For a single neutral adatom the associated metallic Fermi energy must lie between the energy (0,+), for the removal of an electron, and the energy (0,−), for adding an electron, but is otherwise unrestricted. This circumstance also holds for many uncoupled adatoms and will produce pinning if the (0,+) and (0,−) levels are in the gap and the semiconductor Fermi energy is outside this range. At still larger coverages the occupied (0,+) levels and the (0,−) levels shift and broaden in energy until the gap between them disappears, pinning n‐type and p‐type semiconductors at the same energy. We find that the (0,+) level for a single aluminum adatom is in the silicon gap and that the (0,−) level is in the conduction band. In addition, the (0,+) level moves towards the valence band maximum as the metal coverage is increased.


Author(s): Vidu, R; Perez-Page, M; Quach, DV; Chen, XY; Stroeve, P | Abstract: © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH a Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Skutterudite compounds form a new class of potential candidates for thermoelectric applications. Cobalt triantimonide (CoSb3) shows good thermoelectric properties at medium and high temperatures. Doping this system with substitution elements, for either Co or Sb or both, may result in an increase of the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT). This work focused on the electrochemical doping and characterization of films and nanowires of Co-Sb system in citrate solutions using gold-coated PCTE templates. The electrodeposition was performed on gold surface that was pre-treated electrochemically to ensure reproducible results. The electrochemical treatment acted as an annealing process for the surface, which resulted in an increase in Au(111) as demonstrated by XRD. Detailed electrochemical studies including deposition-stripping experiments was performed in order to develop a better understanding of the co-deposition kinetics and a better control over the composition of doped Co-Sb system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) helped study the morphology and the composition of the doped and undoped Co-Sb system. Co-deposition of Co-Sb showed that the amount of Co is higher in nanowires than in film or mushroom caps due to the slow Sb deposition rate dictated by slow Sb(III) complex diffusion. Doped nanowires have been also obtained. Both Ni and Te electrochemical doping of the Co-Sb system affected the composition of the deposit but there was no effect on nanowire morphology.


The disturbances acting on the receiver aircraft in the docking phase of an aerial refueling are analyzed and the truth of longitudinal flight control of the receiver is introduced.Then,the longitudinal robust controller is designed with μ method.Finally,the command-tracking simulation of the receiver's pitch angle is made,and the results show that the receiver system has a satisfactory performance of command-tracking and jamming resistance.


Recognizing materials using image analysis is a classic problem. However, little research has been done with the images which have visual impediments such as noise, obstacle, or painting. This paper introduces the problem of recognizing covered materials which are distorted visually (e.g., materials covered by graffiti). We propose a set of approaches to solve this problem using a class of deep learning and transfer learning models, and evaluate our approaches empirically using a large-scale real world dataset that displays street scenes containing various materials which are covered with graffiti. Our experiments show that recognizing covered materials using the state-of-the-art approach for material recognition produced an mAP of 19%, while our proposed approach achieved an mAP of 60%. This evidently demonstrates that an approach for plain material recognition is not suitable for recognizing covered materials; hence this problem should be treated differently as in our proposed approaches.


A literature review of the selection of the maxillary anterior teeth is presented. Although several different qualitative guidelines are cited, the best method for the selection of the maxillary anterior teeth is the use of pre-extraction records or old photographs. Numerous qualitative and quantitative guidelines are cited in the literature for the proper placement of the maxillary anterior teeth. Through careful and proper construction of the maxillary wax occlusal rim, these factors may be recorded and relayed to the dental laboratory technician.


A new device in operator calculus is introduced to treat· expressions which contain· non-commutable factors. By means of this technique the defining equation for the generator of tranSformation function of exponential type is derived. It is shown that this equation contains exclusively commutators of relevant quantities. Then, makmg use of this peculiarity to the exponential formula, a method is proposed for analy· zing the structure of transformation function out oCa given Hamiltonian of the system, and this is ex plained by some examples. This method consists of following procedures: 'First, decomposition of given Hamiltonian into parts of different character and abstraction of elementary matrices from it. Second, formation of commutators between these matrices and extension, if necessary, of the set of matrices enumerated at the beginning to include new ones which appear through operation· of commutation. The matrix ring thus obtained constitutes the frame work of the transformation functioQ • Through the course of this analysis one can find the ground why problems which are already solved exactly can be treated easily, and also can obtain some instructions how one should proceed in the solution of a given problem.


In this paper, core–shell structural barium ferrite/polypyrrole (BF/PPy) nanocomposites were prepared by a facile in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method, and their electromagnetic properties were systematically studied. It was demonstrated that the nanocomposites
 with 15 mol% BF possessed the best electromagnetic wave absorption performance, and a reflection loss of -57.13 dB was achieved at 3.98 mm. Further study revealed that the optimized impedance matching and large attenuation constant were conducive to a good absorption performance. Meanwhile,
 the combined action of dielectric loss and magnetic loss was responsible for the electromagnetic wave attenuation. This study provides a supplementary approach to microwave absorption materials with a desirable absorption performance.


In a frequency range of 0.5-1250 MHz, giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) was studied in multilayered thin-film structures of the F1/SiO 2 Ti/Cu/Ti/SiO 2 /F2 type, where F1 and F2 are ferromagnetic layers prepared by sputtering a target of an amorphous alloy Fe 13.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 16.5 B 6 . At the thicknesses of ferromagnetic layers of 0.8 μm, a high sensitivity of GMI to magnetic field was obtained that exceeded 10%/Oe in the range of high frequencies. A model theory of GMI in thin-film structures was developed; the theory made it possible to qualitatively explain the experimental data obtained.


The one day workshop on which this volume was based focused on the development and use of advanced materials based on clays, and it was attended by well over 100 participants who were closely engaged with the speakers and participated in active question/answer and discussion sessions. The papers collected in this volume represent some of the most outstanding research presented at the workshop and each represents an exciting step forward in the development and integration of clay minerals into active and functional materials.


In this article I give an a priori analysis of the relation between beauty, empirical success, and truth. The analysis is based on the qualitative theory of truthlikeness and truth approximation as presented in my The dual foundation of qualitative truth approximation (1997). The analysis supports the findings of James McAllister in his beautiful Beauty and revolution in science (1996), by explaining and justifying them. First, scientists are essentially right in regarding aesthetic criteria useful for truth approximation, provided they conceive of them as less hard than empirical criteria. Second, the aesthetic criteria of the time, the 'aesthetic canon', may well be based on 'aesthetic induction' regarding features of paradigms of successful theories which scientists have come to appreciate as beautiful. Third, aesthetic criteria can play a crucial, schismatic role in scientific revolutions. Since they may well be wrong, they may, in the hands of aesthetic conservatives, retard empirical progress and hence truth approximation, but not so in the hands of aesthetically flexible, 'revolutionary' scientists.


More than thirty-six partial or whole blackouts, from 2016 to 2021, prove that neither the probability of blackouts can be ignored nor the required plans and the readiness of the utilities for power system restoration can be forgotten. To properly deal with blackouts and minimize the social and economic costs, utilities should prepare a suitable restoration plan in advance to quickly restore the system to the normal state and minimize the restoration time and loss of energy. In this paper, after summarizing major blackouts occurred from 2016 to 2021, the progress in the research reports, industrial documents, and books in the context of power system restoration is reviewed to show and classify the different aspects of power system restoration plans and strategies presented during these years. This review indicates that although there are many published methods and techniques which have tried to give more autonomous solutions, there are still more complexities in power system restoration. However, this paper respects all efforts and attempts and tries to illustrate the achievements, up to now, in power system restoration, as well as research gaps.


This study aims to analyze the effect of capital expenditure and personnel expenditure on regional economic growth in western Indonesia. The data used is a panel data of 10 provinces during the period 2008-2015. The econometric models used to analyze the functional relationship of these variables consisted of the fixed effect method of panel regression, and the Granger causality test. The study found that capital expenditure has a positive but not significant effect on regional economic growth. Conversely, personnel expenditure has a positive and significant effect. Granger causality test results indicate a one-way causality from personnel expenditure and capital expenditure to economic growth and from personnel expenditure to capital expenditure.Keywords: Economic Growth, Capital Expenditure, Personnel Expenditure, Panel Regression and Granger causality test


CHANGES WERE MADE IN THE CALIFORNIA VEHICLE CODE BY ASSEMBLY BILL 2727 IN 1965, WHICH STREAMLINED THE PROCESS OF DISPOSING OF LOW VALUED VEHICLES. SIGNIFICANT SPECIFIC CHANGES TO THE BILL ARE CITED. WITH CONTINUED COOPERATION BETWEEN HIGHWAY OFFICIALS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GARAGE AND DISMANTLING INDUSTRY, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT UNSIGHTLY VEHICLES CAN BE REMOVED FROM HIGHWAYS IN A MANNER THAT IS NOT DETRIMENTAL TO ANYONE INVOLVED.


Using transmission electron microscopy, the process of cell wall development following cytokinesis is described. Three distinct components appear to be localized in the wall and these are discussed in relation to previous work. In older cells the walls are stratified and the origin of the layers is described. The outer layers of wall are continually being shed and it is suggested that this process prevents epiphytes persisting on this species of alga.


We examine monetary architectures in which money is solely created by the public and lent by the central bank to the private sector. We compare them to today's fractional-reserve system in which money is created mainly by commercial banks. We use a simple general equilibrium setting and determine under which conditions these architectures yield the same welfare and stability outcomes and under which conditions they do not. We show, in particular, that the decentralized sovereign money system yields the same level of money creation and allocation of commodities as the fractional-reserve monetary system if the central bank solely pursues interest-rate policy.


Variations in survival of winter wheat and winter rye were controlled among rows within plots by applying the principle of uniform packing through use of the Smith–Bergen Plotmaster seeder. Thus a source of serious bias in varietal comparisons for winterhardiness was largely eliminated.


This paper presents important, new results of a study on the problem of task scheduling and voltage allocation in dynamically variable voltage processors, the purpose of which was minimization of processor energy consumption. The contributions are twofold: (1) For given multiple discrete supply voltages and tasks with arbitrary arrival-time/deadline constraints, we propose a voltage allocation technique that produces a feasible task schedule with optimal processor energy consumption. (2) We then extend the problem to include the case in which tasks have nonuniform loads (i.e.; switched) capacitances and solve it optimally. The proposed technique, called Alloc-vt, in (1) is based on the prior results in [Yao, Demers and Shenker. 1995. In Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. 374--382] (which is optimal for dynamically continuously variable voltages, but not for discrete ones) and [Ishihara and Yasuura. 1998. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. 197--202] (which is optimal for a single task, but not for multiple tasks), whereas the proposed technique, called Alloc-vtcap, in (2) is based on an efficient linear programming (LP) formulation. Both techniques solve the allocation problems optimally in polynomial time.


The article considers a hand-written fragment in Chinese obtained in Khara-Khoto during P. K. Kozlov's expedition in 1907–1909 and now preserved in Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The document in scope was included by a mistake in the Dunhuang Collection (call number Дх-1403). Despite the document having been known to the scientific society for a long time, to this day there have been no publications in Russian proposing complete reading of the text and its translation, while the existent catalogue descriptions contained inaccuracies. The present article fills this gap: it suggests the text of the fragment, annotated translation and research, as well as the bibliographic references on its Russian and foreign publications.


We have developed a modification of the technique of DNA renaturation in an agarose gel (1) which enables the detection of transcriptionally active amplified DNA sequences without the use of cloned probes. The utility of this methodology has been demonstrated by detecting transcribed amplified sequences in the human neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32. DNA renaturation in an agarose gel (1) was performed using HindIII digested DNJA from IMR-32 and control (normal male human lymphocytes).


Computing Power of Quantum Mechanics There is much interest in developing quantum computers in order to perform certain tasks much faster than, or that are intractable for, a classical computer. A general quantum computer, however, requires the fabrication and operation a number of quantum logic devices (see the Perspective by Franson). Broome et al. (p. 794, published online 20 December) and Spring et al. (p. 798, published online 20 December) describe experiments in which single photons and quantum interference were used to perform a calculation (the permanent of a matrix) that is very difficult on a classical computer. Similar to random walks, quantum walks on a graph describe the movement of a walker on a set of predetermined paths; instead of flipping a coin to decide which way to go at each point, a quantum walker can take several paths at once. Childs et al. (p. 791) propose an architecture for a quantum computer, based on quantum walks of multiple interacting walkers. The system is capable of performing any quantum operation using a subset of its nodes, with the size of the subset scaling favorably with the complexity of the operation. Optical circuits are used to demonstrate a quantum-enhanced calculation. [Also see Perspective by Franson] Although universal quantum computers ideally solve problems such as factoring integers exponentially more efficiently than classical machines, the formidable challenges in building such devices motivate the demonstration of simpler, problem-specific algorithms that still promise a quantum speedup. We constructed a quantum boson-sampling machine (QBSM) to sample the output distribution resulting from the nonclassical interference of photons in an integrated photonic circuit, a problem thought to be exponentially hard to solve classically. Unlike universal quantum computation, boson sampling merely requires indistinguishable photons, linear state evolution, and detectors. We benchmarked our QBSM with three and four photons and analyzed sources of sampling inaccuracy. Scaling up to larger devices could offer the first definitive quantum-enhanced computation.


To the strong coupling between the electric heating boiler and the compulsive convection heat exchanger in Profibus process control system,dynamic matrix decoupling control is applied to control the temperature of the heating boiler and the compulsive convection heat exchanger.The proposed method is compared with multivariable dynamic matrix control without decoupling.The experiment results show that the control strategy has less computation and flexible parameter design,as well as good decoupling control behavior,possessing some instruction significance to the industry process.


This study provides an overview of the antenna microstrip that has been analyzed and designed that has been modified to operate on the GPS applications for the L1 band. 2019 computer simulation technology (CST) software has been utilized in this study. The elliptical microstrip patch antenna has a complicated calculation, but the proposed design has decreased the complexity by using a construction that is simple to fabricate, inexpensive to make, and the requirements. In the design that has been proposed for the L1 band, an elliptical patch will be used, and it will be supplied by a microstrip line feeder. The antenna has a volume of (65*95*1.6) mm3, and the substrate used in FR-4 has a loss tangent of (0.002) and ε_r value of (4.3). As a consequence of this, the system is able to accomplish an S11 of −32.33 dB at 1.579 GHz, in addition to achieving 4 % bandwidth and a gain of 1.2 dB with a VSWR of 1.04. After running a simulation, the return loss, gain, VSWR, group delay, and impedance matching of the proposed antenna have been constructed.


Myth as Ideology and Scholarship as Myth with Footnotes. Bruce Lincoln. Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xv. 298 pp.


With the decrease of oil resources and the world attention on global climate,to develop renewable resources was become incredible imminent.Biomass resources is a kind of new and clean renewable energy.the latest development of a number of important biomass-based compounds to C6+ transportion fuels by a series of chemocatalysis in recent years was emphatically introduced in this paper,which included C-C extend chain and C-O fracture such as catalyst,reaction temperature,reaction pressure and also the reaction mechanisms of hydrogenation,dehydration,deoxygenation,Aldol condensation,Knoevenagel reaction,Ketonization and so on.


While physically challenging and aesthetically attractive, traditions of Dancesport (Competitive Ballroom and Latin Dance) reinforce heteronormative gender roles . Nevertheless, Collegiate Dancesport competitions are a subset that attempts to defy gender expectations, allowing both same-sex and gender differentiating couples to compete against the traditional male-lead/female-follow couples. Through an online survey of Collegiate Dancesport competitors/participants around the nation and an ethnography of local competitions I explore concepts of masculinity, femininity, and gender hierarchy through the experiences of same-sex couples. Additionally, it explores how same-sex couples navigate and reconstruct these concepts through costuming, language, instruction, choreography, and the success of same-sex couples within the competitive collegiate circuit. The piece provides a comprehensive discussion of gender and dancesport practices, complete with images and survey data. This project begins a discussion of gendered practices within the dancesport community. It brings together a collection of non-heteronormative dancesport experiences that may provide insight into how dancesport networks can continue to build and diversify their communities. This allows dancesport to align with the changing of norms in our social world.


T echnological development has changed the history of the world and transformed society. The invention of the printing press, of the telephone of the automobile and the discovery of electricity, just to cite a few examples, has led to a fundamental redefining of social, political, commercial and miiitary behavior. During the second half of this century, we have wìtnessed one of the most farreaching technological advances: the evolution and widespread dissemination of computers. T en or twelve years ago, a veritable revolution took piace when personal computers started to become common. Now, another revolution, unquestionably greater that the first, is under way. It is the advent of computer networks 2• The velocity and irreversibility of these changes have brought about what is commonly called the computer revolution, and what Bell defines as the post-industria! society. In view of this fact, we should say right from the


Artificial apical barrier technique for the management of blunder buss canals is being widely used in modern endodontics as compared to the conventional apexification using calcium hydroxide, which in turn is much time consuming. In addition to the current gold standard, MTA, a large number of novel materials are being studied and marketed world wide as pretty promising, effective, and less expensive alternatives for the same. This article describes the successful management of a traumatized and necrotic permanent maxillary central incisor with an open apex using artificial apical barrier technique with a novel endodontic material, Biodentine in which remarkable healing of the periapical lesion could be achieved within 6 months.


In this work-in-progress innovative practice paper, we argue the application-ability training in Discrete Mathematics (DM) should be enhanced for students majoring in computing science. Our motivation is based on the analysis of the differences in learning outcomes between DM and other branches of Math courses, the special role of DM in computer science (CS) courses and the gaps between DM and other CS courses. Motivated by the above analysis, we rethink of CS undergraduate education program as a DM-centric program. Furthermore, we make an experimental implementation of the DM-centric program and enhance application-ability training by designing and adopting many large-scale projects from various related topics, such as database, satisfiability, deductive proof and so on. Each project is decomposed into several sub-projects, which are integrated with a project-based learning environment. The large-scale projects derived from related CS courses enable students to get in touch with various computing topics related to DM applications at an early stage in the learning process. The learning environment with the ability of automatic assessment enables students to complete the projects in a step-by-step manner. The preliminary feedback from 219 students after taking the redesigned DM course shows the promising effects on students' following learning.


Small programs are those which are written and understood by one. person. Large software systems usually consist of many small programs. The complexity of a small program is a prediction of how difficult it would be for someone to understand the program. This complexity depends of three factors: (1) the size and interelationships of the program itself; (2) the size and interelationships of the internal model of the program's purpose held by the person trying to understand the program; and (3) the complexity of the mapping between the model and the program. A theory of small program complexity based on these three factors is presented. The theory leads to several testable predictions. Experiments are described which test these predictions and whose results could verify or destroy the theory.


In this paper, time varying weights are found that enable distributed linear computation on networked systems. A method is provided for finding weights that are used to compute global linear transformations of network states. The method is composed of two parts, a path planner through the set of positive determinant matrices, and a numerical solver for optimal control problems. The method is used to demonstrate computations on a 10 node network. In order to demonstrate the practicality of implementing the solution, a computation is performed in hardware on a network of 4 mobile robots.


The study discusses a case of a patient who developed joint pain after ciprofloxacin administration. The patient hada history of polypharmacy – the underlying cause of the described symptoms, which resulted from pharmacokineticinteractions and additive adverse effects.


Anatomical variations of carotid arterial system which are not infrequently encountered have a great impact on the surgical approaches of the neck. Although the described individual variations of the carotid arteries are well-known in the literature, the combination of anomalies reported in this case has not been, to the best of our knowledge, previously described. We present a rare case of high bifurcation of the common carotid artery, unusual tortuosity (''S"-shape) of the common carotid and external carotid arteries, anomalous origin of the superior thyroid artery and linguofacial trunk on both sides. The anomalies in the present case were compared with those reported before. The embryogenesis of such a combination of anomalies is not clear, but the anatomic consequences may have important clinical implications.


Objective: To assess potential for early detection of oral infection by  B. anthracis spores for preparedness of a bioterrorism attack.  Material and Methods: The laboratory study used saliva with a range of initial anthrax concentrations, to compare detection by direct observation from conventional blood agar culture and by anthrax-specific PCR after a shorter culture in BHI broth. Three types of saliva were collected: stimulated saliva, unstimulated/whole saliva, and unstimulated/whole saliva with antibiotic treatment (for negative control). Using bivariate Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests for statistical analysis for factors that could affecting anthrax detection, significant differences between the test groups was assumed at p<0.05.  Results: From unstimulated whole saliva heat shock treated at 62.5 0 C,  B. anthracis growth was detected with both methods. PCR detection from a BHI broth culture could shorten the time to diagnosis in comparison to conventional culture in blood agar.  Conclusion: Saliva can provide useful samples for diagnosis of oropharyngeal anthrax. In comparison to conventional culture on blood agar, shorter-term culture in BHI broth provides potential for earlier detection and diagnosis.


Male greenhouse farmers engaged in strawberry growing in a town near Kumamoto city were studied during the harvest and post-harvest seasons from 1985 to 1988. Dividing the subjects into two age-groups of 10 elderly (over 56) and 15 middle-aged (less than 55) individuals, relationships among age, physical characteristics, work load and food consumption were examined to clarify possible overloads on the elderly. Compared with the middle-aged group, the elderly group showed low values of body weight, percentage body fat and Body Mass Index (BMI). Householdor per capita cultivation area was also lower in the elderly group than in the middle-aged group. However, daily energy expenditure estimated by 24-h heart-rate monitoring did not differ in the harvest-season, being about 2, 700 kcal per day in the two groups. In the elderly, daily energy intake was lower than energy expenditure in the harvest season. Intakes of calcium, and vitamins B1 and B2 did not meet the daily requirements, although intake was balanced with requirement for iron, and vitamins A and C. The food consumption pattern in the middle-aged group was similar to that in the elderly group, with higher values for all nutrients. Accordingly, the rate of intake relative to requirement was inversely correlated with age for most of the nutrients. It is suggested that food consumption in the busy harvest season is independent of work load and controlled by socioeconomic factors such as the number of household members and work schedule.


The High Level Architecture (HLA) Command and Control (C2) Experiment was a Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) funded effort to evaluate the efficacy of the Modular Reconfigurable C4I Interface (MRCI) in the context of HLA-compliant modeling and simulation. The HLA C2 Experiment was a coordinated effort of HLA technology exploration and MRCI development. The experiment focused on three primary investigations: (1) the inclusion of real-world C2 entities as federates in an existing HLA federation; (2) the extendibility and reuse of an HLA federation, and (3) the accuracy of the federation development and execution process (FEDEP) as a guide for federation design and development. The HLA C2 team crafted and used the experiment requirements, flow and influence process as a visualization of the processes used for defining and designing the experiment and for identifying the relationships among these processes. This paper presents how the sponsor's needs and objectives were carried forward in and influenced the design of the HLA C2 federation system within the experiment. It also demonstrates the relationships and influences each experiment phase had on the flow of activities, beginning with the identification of the customer needs, through to the finalization of the system and study/experiment designs. It focuses on the key HLA C2 Experiment's federation design and integration aspects and reports the investigations' associated insights/lessons learned.


The influence of the ecclesiastical architecture was very obvious on the community; it was used for proselytizing purposes and to express the greatness of the church. The church became a link between believers and heaven and a small-scale representation of the universe, where the kingdom of God extends.Forexample, theceilingof churches, especially the domes,symbolizesheaven, which is the throne of God. An indispensable analysis was carried out to understand the typology of churches,based on the plan and spatial composition, therefore to make them easily recognizable. This paper primarily aims to define the typological classification of the historicLebanese churches, to monitor the different characteristicsandto develop a wider understanding of these architectural features. This study relates to ecclesiastical temples from the 8th century to the 13th century in Koura, Batroun and Byblos. Most of the historicchurches and monasteries of Lebanon are located in the north of Lebanon,especially in the areas of Koura, Batroun and Byblos (Jbeil), where the majority of Christian communities still reside until now.Unfortunately, there are no remaining churches before the 8th century, especially after the great earthquake that struck Lebanon in 551 AD. The Crusader period takes place from the end of the eleventh century to the end of the thirteenth century (between 1095 and 1291 AD). In the 13th century, the Fourth Crusade left behind a series of important churches that had a great impact on the architecture of Lebanon. In total, 128 temples were studied in my article;later, I will identifythemand represent theirtypology in six tables.


Backsurface aluminization of n on p silicon solar cells is preferred because it can provide backsurface field and getter lifetime killing impurities. In this work, depth profiling has been done on aluminized backsurfaces of silicon wafers which were heat treated at 660–820 °C in an ambient of POCl3 and oxygen gas mixture and a new moving phase of Al2O3 has been detected by Auger electron spectroscopy.


Some scholars (Chandler, 1977; Penrose, 1959) believe that firms grow by transferring inimitable marketing, production, and research skills from one line of business to another. Extending this view and emphasizing the role of the central office of a multidivisional firm to transfer administrative skills, Williamson (1975) argues that competition among business units within the firm mimics a competitive capital market and leads to an effcient allocation of resources. Coase (1937), however, argues that firm size is limited by the costs of organizing diverse transactions and Chandler (1991) claims that growth is constrained by the technical and marketing expertise of the top managers. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the scope of the multidivisional firm is limited by the transferability of firm‐specific skills and the efficiency of capital markets. Support comes from a case study of 19 oil companies over the 1930–90 period.


Topics include a brief account of the first Battle of Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia. Writes of the bravery of the soldiers, casualties and men killed, of his opinion that the officers were afraid to go where the soldiers were, damage to the American flag.


A 64-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for a closer examination of occult blood in the stool. She appeared to be healthy, but physical examination revealed a soft …


Abstract : This thesis describes the development of a methodology to explicitly model corps artillery assets in the Joint Staff's Joint Stochastic Analysis Research (J-STOCHWAR) and to quantify Army doctrine that guides organization of artillery for combat. The methodology incorporates corps artillery into the J-STOCHWAR by using the five fundamentals for organizing for combat, which reflect Army doctrine, and combines them with basic concepts already used in existing theater-level models. Other aspects of the problem include determining the appropriate level of detail, identifying techniques to solve the problem, and verifying the results. The proposed decision analysis solution technique provides a feasible method to maximize the utility of organizing artillery for combat based on an operational posture perception provided by the J-STOCHWAR. The influence diagram algorithm incorporates the effects and weights of the five fundamentals involved in the organization process. The methodology provides accurate input to J-STOCHWAR that approximates real world results. (AN)


the evidence display in court is crucial in crimin al complaints. The revised criminal code of China doesn't mention the rule of the evidence display in court which result in many problems in criminal adjudication . This paper expounds the concepts, origin and significance of applying this rul e and put forward some ideas of establishing this rule with Chinese characterist ics.


To investigate the role of heparin in keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) high affinity binding to the KGF receptor (KGFR), a cell free system was established which utilized a secreted chimeric molecule between the KGFR extracellular domain and the immunoglobulin heavy chain Fc domain (KGFR-HFc). KGFR-HFc was purified from NIH 3T3 cells and demonstrated the binding of as well as heparin Sepharose. Scatchard analysis showed that the dissociation constant for heparin binding to KGFR-HFc was 140 nM. High affinity KGF and aFGF binding to KGFR-HFc remained unchanged after treatment with 0.6 M NaCl, which is the concentration sufficient to release any bound heparin to the KGFR-HFc. These results strongly suggest that although the KGFR interacts with heparin, the presence of heparin is not absolutely required for high affinity binding of either KGF or aFGF to the KGFR.


Phycoerythrobilin, one of two tetrapyrrolic prosthetic groups in R-phycoerythrin, was the source of two crystalline urobilinoid pigments. One (catalytic urobilin peb) was prepared from phycoerythrobilin by hydrogenation followed by partial reoxidation of the resulting chromogen, and the other (isomeric urobilin peb) by prototropic isomerisation of phycoerythrobilin while still attached to protein. Both resembled d-urobilin in possessing high dextrorotatory optical activity in chloroform solution and it is concluded that phycoerythrobilin contains one assymetric centre which has the same absolute configuration as the two centres shown previously in d-urobilin. Isomeric urobilin peb must be formed under the influence of a stereospecific-directing influence which leads to its containing two assymetric centres having the same absolute configuration as those in d-urobilin. The optical activity of both urobilins from phycoerythrobilin was greatly reduced by methanol and trifluoroacetic acid, suggesting that in non-polar solvents they are internally hydrogen bonded.


Man Chuanguan County has its long history culture.According to the reaserch of history culture resources in Man Chuanguan County,analyzed the contents of culture landscape nodes in County,then sumarized the operational mode of history culture resources in waterfront space with the purpose of providing the waterfront space with some guidances in utilization of history culture.


This article presents an inquiry-based approach to promoting critical thinking in psychology. Students are taught a model of inquiry and how to apply it in cooperative-learning contexts in the classroom as well as individual reading and study settings. The model emphasizes helping students develop a habit of inquiry by learning to ask thoughtful questions—of themselves and each other—about what they read in their textbooks, hear in lectures, and encounter during class discussions. Results of research on the use of this approach are presented as are the theoretical bases for the model's effectiveness.


A process for the preparation of a hybrid magnet (1), comprising at least the following steps: A) producing a hard magnetic layer (13) of a hard magnetic material (5), B) producing a soft magnetic layer (14) of a soft magnetic material (6), and C) forming a release layer (15) of a magnetically passive material (7), wherein in each case by multiple application of the method steps a), B) and C) is a hybrid magnet (1) is formed, having a layer structure.


José Freire is both a doctor and a priest in a busy parish. Tiago Villanueva talks to him about his vocations


Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh and the home of more than 15 million people, is subjected to severe traffic congestion on a regular basis resulting in lost productivity, fuel wastage, commuter frustration and environmental degradation. The problem is getting more acute day by day due to alarming increase in car usage. According to Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA, 2012), the number of registered private cars per year in Dhaka city has increased more than 400 percent within the last 6 years. Car restraint policies like congestion pricing can therefore substantially reduce traffic congestion, particularly during peak periods. This paper investigates the potential response to congestion pricing in Dhaka using Stated Preference (SP) surveys where users are presented with hypothetical choice scenarios involving varying amounts of congestion charge, travel time savings and improved public transport options. Two case studies have been conducted in this regard focusing on shopping trips and commute and business trips respectively. Discrete choice models have been developed to model the sensitivity towards congestion pricing and to quantify the potential effectiveness of such measures in different contexts. Introduction Dhaka, the capital city and central business hub of Bangladesh, is expanding at an alarming rate. The current urbanization level is around 30 percent and it is expected to rise to 50 percent by the year 2050 (STP, 2005). The city, which already hosts more than 15 million people, is currently the 11 th largest city in the world and currently attracts 300000 to 400000 new migrants every year from different parts of the country (The World Bank, 2007). To meet the mobility demands of the rapidly growing population, the number of vehicles is also increasing at an alarming rate. According to Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), the number of newly registered vehicles in Dhaka in 2004 was 21471which has more than tripled by 2011 (Figure 1). Investigating the Potential Response to Congestion Pricing in Dhaka SIDDIQUE, Abu; MONDAL, Probir; CHOUDHURY, Charisma; 13 th WCTR, July 15-18, 2013-Rio de Janeiro,Brazil Figure 1Year wise increase in newly registered vehicles in Dhaka (BRTA, 2012) Private cars hold the predominant share (more than 50 percent) of these newly registered vehicles. According to BRTA, 127632 private vehicles (cars, jeeps and station wagons) have been registered in Dhaka city against 7696 buses and minibuses between 2004 and 2011 (Figure 2).Moreover, the occupancy rate of private vehicles is very low (reported to be 1.42 by Hasan, 2007) which is leading to very inefficient use of the road space. This tremendous growth rate in private cars and their low occupancy levels have led to increasing traffic congestion levels. A recent study by the Roads and Highways Department, Bangladesh has estimated that traffic congestion in Dhaka results a loss of 19,555 crore BDT 1 a year (The Daily Star, 2010) which is more than half the country's total annual development outlay and one fourth of the revenue collection target for that fiscal year. The study finds that about 3.2 million business hours are lost every day, which is about one hour per working people. Increasing the physical capacity is however a very difficult option for the city with its high ratio of built-up areas (estimated to be 70% in Bari, 2001) and financial constraints. Therefore the solution of the problem requires increasing the operational capacity through demand and supply management. 1 1 USD = 80 BDT


The growth of small disturbances in a two-dimensional incompressible wake has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis is based upon inviscid stability theory wherein small disturbances are considered from both temporal and spatial reference frames. Through a combined stability analysis, in which small disturbances are permitted to amplify in both time and space, the relationship between the disturbance characteristics for the temporal and spatial reference frames is shown. In these analyses a quasi-uniform assumption is adopted to account for the continuously varying mean-velocity profiles that occur behind flat plates and thin airfoils. It is found that the most unstable disturbances in the wake produce transverse oscillations in the mean-velocity profile and correspond to growing waves that have a minimum group velocity. Experimentally, the downstream development of the wake of a thin airfoil and the wave characteristics of naturally amplifying small disturbances are investigated in a water tank. The disturbances that develop are found to produce transverse oscillations of the mean-velocity profile in agreement with the theoretical prediction. From the comparison of the experimental results with the predictions for the characteristics of the most unstable waves via the temporal and spatial analyses, it is concluded that the stability analysis for the wake is to be considered solely from the more realistic spatial viewpoint. Undoubtedly, this conclusion is also applicable to other highly unstable flows such as jets and free shear layers. In accordance with the disturbance vorticity distribution as determined from the spatial model, a description of the initial development of a vortex street is put forth that contrasts with the description given by Sato & Kuriki (1961).


A new octopus species, Callistoctopus tenuipes sp. nov., was formally described from the southeastern coastal waters of China using morphological description and molecular analysis methods. C. tenuipes sp. nov. is a small- to moderate-sized octopus, which is characterized by very narrow and long arms. Although it was previously misidentified as the juvenile of Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920), it can be recognised by spots, gill lamellae count, funnel organ shape, enlarged suckers, and ligula shape. C. tenuipes sp. nov. differs from the small-sized octopus Callistoctopus xiaohongxu, mainly in the gill lamellae count, funnel organ shape, and arm-length index. In the molecular analysis, sequences obtained from the cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of eight specimens were 590 bp in length. The pairwise Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) genetic distances between Octopodidae species ranged from 8.58 to 23.79% based on the COI gene. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that C. tenuipes sp. nov. belonged to the Callistoctopus clade and may have a close affinity with C. xiaohongxu and O. minor. Moreover, three species delimitation methods all strongly supported C. tenuipes as a separate species.


Abstract: Coal dust induce phagocytic macrophage to produce H2O2. H2O2 would catalyzed by myeloperoxidase yield HOCl then induce chlorinative stress and protein endothelial damage to increase circulating endothelial cells. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of acute and subchronic exposure to coal dust on chlronative stress determined by AOPP and endothelial damage determined by CEC. This study was experimental toxicology research post test only control group design. Subject of this study was male Wistar rat obtained from UGM Yogyakarta. Coal was obtained from mining in Karuh Asam-asam South Kalimantan. Exposure of coal dust was done by coal dust inhalation exposure equipment 2009 model for one hour a day for 1 day (acute) and 28 days (subchronic). AOPP was measured by Cakatay modification method on Witko-Sarsat. Circulating endothelial cell was measured by method from Hladovec modified by Widjajanto which developed in Pharmacology Laboratory, Brawijaya Medical School. Result showd increase of AOPP and CEC in acute exposure (p<0.05) but not subchronic. In conclusion, acute inhalation exposure of coal dust increased chlorinative stress and endothelial damage. However, in subchronic exposure there is no significant different in chlorinative stress and endothelial damage. J Indon Med Assoc. 2011;61: 253-7. Keywords: coal dust, acute, sub chronic, inhalation, chlorinative stress, endothelial damage


Here we discussed recoverability of faulty discrete event systems. A faulty discrete event system includes the healthy dynamics and the faulty dynamics. In faulty modes, the performance of the system often degrades. Hence we need to execute some recovery actions to recover the performance of the system. Recovery actions may be renewing/repairing the faulty device or re-configuring the healthy devices. Generally recovery actions can be fired not for all the time, but for some time. They were modeled as a mapping from the state set of the faulty mode to a binary set in which 1 means recovery actions can be fired and 0 means recovery actions cannot be fired. Then we defined two types of recoverabilities: recoverability and weak recoverability. Recoverability means we periodically have chances to do recovery actions and weak recoverability means we have at least one chance to do recovery actions when the system has a fault. With observer technology, we proposed criteria to check these two types of recoverabilities.


Leukocytes also called as WBCs and they are the part of the immune system of the body. Foreign substances when enters the body, WBCs act against them and kill them. These cells by produced and stored by different parts of the body such as spleen, nodes of lymph and bone marrow. These leukocytes move throughout the body to check any infectious microbes present in the body. Urine contains very minimal number of leukocytes. High concentration of these WBCs in the urine be a sign of an infection. Leukocytes can occur in the urine due to various causes. One of them is the bladder infections. Infection of the urinary tract is the reason of leukocytes in urine. This infection happens when the bacteria such as E. coli enters the body and infects the urethra of the body. This disease mostly occurs in the women. If this infection is not properly treated on time, then it can spread to the other parts of the body and leads to the serious complications. Other reason of elevated level of leukocytes is the presence of kidney stones. High level of minerals and salts leads to the formation of the kidney stones. Symptoms include pain, vomiting, fever, cold. Kidney infection is also the cause of increase of white blood cells in the body. The infections often start through the urinary tract, but it spreads in the kidney leading to serious complications. Kidney infection is often due to the weak immune systems because the immune system is unable to fight against the bacteria that enters the body, so it leads to the infection in the body. Holding the urine for long time is also the cause of elevated level of leukocytes in the urine. Accumulation of urine causes the infection of the kidney [1-7]. Chin dimple is a vertical shaped or Y shaped fissure on the chin that is called as chin dimple. This is the heritable trait that is passed from parents to offspring. This dimple is differed from the cleft as dimple is less prominent on the chin as compared to the cleft which is more prominent on the chin. This dimple is considered as the beauty factor in some people.


The present invention discloses an improved electrode for a supercapacitor and a method of preparation thereof. The inventive electrode comprises a collector, a carbon substrate disposed on the collector comprising ultrafine carbon fibers having a specific surface area of at least 200 m2/g (BET) and a d002 value of 0.36 nm or less, and a metal oxide thin layer formed on the carbon substrate. The electrode of the subject invention retains a high specific capacitance during high-speed charging and discharging cycles.


We define accrual duration as the length of time between an accrual and its associated cash flow. Accrual duration and accrual discretion are inextricably linked by the fundamentals of the accrual process because one side of an accrual pair is pinned down by the sign and magnitude of its associated concurrent cash flow (so, has no scope for discretion), while the other side is recorded based on forward-looking estimates that are unavoidably less precise over longer horizons, and therefore more discretionary. We develop an accrual-duration approach that provides powerful estimates of discretionary total accruals. In addition, we show that the accrual duration approach can be incorporated as a second stage to sharpen the discretionary accruals estimated from existing models like Jones (1991) and Dechow and Dichev (2002). Finally, we discuss how the accrual duration approach can shed light on several ongoing issues in accounting research.


Abstract An abasic oligonucleoside phosphosphorothioate has been synthesized and evaluated as an inhibitor of HIV-I reverse transcriptase. The cellular binding to and mutagenicity of the abasic phosphorothioate with Syrian hampster fibroblasts have also been evaluated.


[Objective]To investigate the effect of cell phone radiation on health and cognition about it.[Methods] Through random sampling investigation,questionnaire and Internet voting,the cognition of cell phone radiation was investigated among the masses and netizens.[Results]75.49% of investigated people had a certain understanding of cell phone radiation,29.37% had the habits of sleep with cell phone power off,64.90% placed the cell phone in the ways that harmed health,and above 90% had bad habits of using cell phone.Most people felt unwell as headache,dizzy,even insomnia,dreaminess,hair loss and hypomnesia after long-term use of cell phone.[Conclusion] Bad habits of cell phone use is adverse to health,however,only a small number of people understand the effects of cell phone radiation on the health.


Rice husk is one of the agricultural by-products produces worldwide. During the recent decade, much attention has been focused on rice husk utilization for composite materials. Apart from the rice industry's huge amount of rice husk, it has a dominant agricultural waste position due to its great properties. The treatments or modifications of fiber surface properties typically increase the adhesion properties of fibers and polymers yet affect the polymer composite's physical and mechanical properties. Prior studies revealed that chemical treatments consider as one of the most used methods for the surface treatments of agricultural fibers. This paper provides an overview of the rice husk as a reinforcing material in polymer composite. Various types of chemical treatments such as alkali, benzylation, anhydride, silane, and acetylation applied on rice husk polymer composite and their effect on physical and mechanical properties were investigated based on previous literature. Rice husk polymer composites with different chemical treatments and polymers were compiled, and their basic properties were reported. Therefore, this paper will benefit future works on rice husk chemical treatments in a composite application.


This paper looks at the existence of a radical culture in Argentina, outside the main urban centers. Especially we study two cities: San Francisco and Rio Cuarto in Cordoba province, in the 1930s and 1940s. The use of Oral History helps us discover a rich world unknown to us. Analyzing a series of interviews to workers, intellectuals and political militants, we found a new conception of politics, culture and militancy. Most of interviewees tend to explain their politicization as natural derivation of their life experience rather than as what we perceive as a traditional process of politicization.


The environmental question in Brazil has intensified in the last decades, the beginning or moment of urban growth in the 60s. As expressions "sustainable development", "sustainability" and "environmental management" will emerge through studies carried out by the Organization of the Nations. United about climatic changes, as a response to the social and environmental crisis in the second goal of the XX century. A search for sustainable alternatives that melt the quality of life of the population is permeated with the actions of various companies, especially shopping centers. In this way, or present article, it carries out a case study about the environmental management system (EMS) used by shopping RioMar, located in the city of Fortaleza / CE. A queue of dice was carried out by means of documentary and bibliographic research. Practical practices are supported from the construction of the referred shopping, to the same received, including the Aqua Certification, as well as 70% less water consumption than the banheiros, due to the use of a vacuum discharge system, torneiras with sensor and sandblasts, chuveiros com Automatic dating and economizers. This study contributed to the advancement of research in the area, specifically not for shopping centers. desenvolvimento dos funcionários, (4) conscientização e criação de projetos focados na otimização do gerenciamento de (5) algumas ações filantrópicas envolvendo a comunidade local.


The application of interferometry with the Doppler effect was utilized for the measurement of skin vibration due to vascular displacement (arterial pulse). Using optoelectronics and optical elements, the optical stethoscope can take the role of the conventional stethoscope but can also go beyond normal stethoscope functioning by detecting minute arterial pulsuations which would be subaudible, and by picking up capillary flow in the subepidermal layers. The preliminary results indicate it can provide useful information about the microcirculation and vascular pulse waves, noninvasively.<<ETX>>


The University of Texas is fortunate in having excellent computational facilities available for utilization in research. This paper is an applications survey dealing with how these facilities are used by the biomedical electronics group in the Electrical Engineering Department of the University.


Numerical experiment is the only available approach to demonstrate long-term complex evolution of a high-level radioactive repository. Designer and performance assessor of a repository have to consider coupled processes due to thermal, hydrology, mechanical, mass transport and geochemistry in the deep underground. However it is very difficult to construct coupling program, because it has to analyze individual program of each process. A coupling system was developed and was used to demonstrate temporal and spatial variations in the chemistry for one-dimensional column by using existing reactive and transport code. Verification was carried out in order to confirm the applicability of coupling process by using the system COUPLYS(coupling of PHREEQE and transport model) and HYDROGEOCHEM. The results show that, the use of a prototype coupling system like COUPLYS is very effective to improve the efficiency and quality for development of coupling codes. Key-Words: coupling system, HLW, geochemical, mass transport, COUPLYS, numerical experiment


Ferrous thiochelate solutions were used to absorb NO from flue gas. The absorption rates were studied as a function of pH with a double-stirred reactor at 50°C. The rate constants of five ferrous thiochelates: Fe 2+ (dimercaptosuccinate) 2 , Fe 2+ (dithioloxalate) 2 , Fe 2+ (aminoethanethiol) 2 , Fe 2+ (cysteine) 2 , Fe 2+ (penicillamine) 2 , reacted with NO at pH 5.5 and pH 7.0, have been determined. The implications of the kinetic data on the use of these iron thiochelate additives in wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbers: limestone, lime, and sodium, for simultaneous SO 2 and NO x removal is discussed.


Background: Integrated Teaching refers to a way of connecting skills and knowledge from multiple sources and experiences or applying skills and practice in various settings. It simply means bridging connection between academic knowledge and practicals. Integrated teaching offers many advantages and may be a key factor in the delivery of an effective educational programme. Aims and objectives: Introduction of integrated teaching learning in First MBBS, to study the impact of Integrated teaching learning and to compare integrated teaching learning with traditional learning . Method: Present study was carried out with First yr. MBBS Batch 2014-15 at Govt. Medical College, Kota. Duration of study was from March to August 2015. Traditional teaching was done on topics Thyroid and Jaundice. Pre test (50 MCQs) was taken. Integrated Teaching of the same topics was done and Post test was taken (50 MCQs ).Comparison of pre and post test was done. Results: The analysis was done by Microsoft Excel Programme.The results were expressed as Mean ± SD. P value <0.05 was considered statically significant. On comparing the mean marks of Pre test and Post test, we found that there was a significant increase in the marks scored in the Post test. Likert Scale: On the basis of questionnaire for Likert Scale, majority of students fall in 2 categories: Neutral(72.9%) and Agree(26%). Conclusion: By this study we conclude that integrated teaching should be included in medical curriculum and should be commenced from the beginning of the medical career of an individual.


This peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in Biology Direct are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in Biology Direct or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.biology-direct.com/info/instructions/ For information about other BioMed Central publications go to http://www.biomedcentral.com/ Biology Direct


Abstract A systematic investigation into the first large scale Japanese conversation corpus reveals that repeated verbs (RVs) occurring in the response position tend to involve frequently used verbs such as aru 'to exist' and chigau 'to differ' (e.g., aru aru aru). Further, longer RVs, those involving more repetition, are even more likely to occur with frequent verbs. In RVs, we find the verb having lost some of its lexical meaning and phonological substance (e.g., chigau > chiga). RVs in fact behave more like pragmatic particles functioning as reactive tokens, i.e., short responses interjected by non-main speakers. RVs as reactive tokens are most clearly observed when they are used together with standard reactive tokens such as hai hai hai hai 'yes, yes, yes, yes', so(o) so(o) so(o) 'yes, yes, yes', and (i)ya (i)ya (i)ya 'no, no, no', which also exhibit repetition and phonological reduction. Verb repetition is thus better understood as a template to turn verbs into reactive tokens.


Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) innovations are commonly aimed at supporting learners in physical learning spaces through state-of-the-art sensing technologies and analysis techniques. Although a growing body of MMLA research has demonstrated the potential benefits of sensor-based technologies in education, whether their use can be scalable, sustainable, and ethical remains questionable. Such uncertainty can limit future research and the potential adoption of MMLA by educational stakeholders in authentic learning situations. To address this, we systematically reviewed the methodological, operational, and ethical challenges faced by current MMLA works that can affect the scalability and sustainability of future MMLA innovations. A total of 96 peer-reviewed articles published after 2010 were included. The findings were summarised into three recommendations, including i) improving reporting standards by including sufficient details about sensors, analysis techniques, and the full disclosure of evaluation metrics, ii) fostering interdisciplinary collaborations among experts in learning analytics, software, and hardware engineering to develop affordable sensors and upgrade MMLA innovations that used discontinued technologies, and iii) developing ethical guidelines to address the potential risks of bias, privacy, and equality concerns with using MMLA innovations. Through these future research directions, MMLA can remain relevant and eventually have actual impacts on educational practices.


Geographic routing has become one of the most suitable routing strategies in wireless mobile ad hoc network mainly due to its scalability. That is because there is no need to maintain explicit routes. The principle approach in geographic routing is greedy forwarding, which fails if the packet encounters a void node (i.e., a node with no neighbour closer to the destination than itself). Face routing and its variations have been proposed and widely studied in the literature as recovery strategies to handle voids. However, face routing strategies are based on two primitives, planarization and face traversal, which make them unsuitable in 3D networks. This survey presents an overview of different face routing algorithms as well as alternatives to face routing strategies. The majority of the proposed face routing strategies and void handling techniques are designed with some idealized assumptions, which are not usually true in realistic scenarios and special types of networks such as sparse networks. We will discuss some of the shortcomings and possible directions for future research from an unmanned aeronautical ad hoc networks' perspective.


The use of solar energy for greenhouse heating has gained an increasing acceptance during the last years. Active solar systems applied to greenhouses can supply a significant part of the heating requirements. However, there are some problems related to the cost of the heat collection unit and the heat storage methods. In this context several techniques were born. The most famous of these techniques is the seasonal storage of thermal heat in soil. The objective of our work is to study a system of thermal energy storage conceived in our Laboratory (LEPT, Tunisia). The system is composed of a vat having a large dimension (6 m3) filled with fin sand. Inside the vat three batteries of capillary exchangers are buried at three different levels. To heat the accumulator soil, we use a solar collector with a surface equal to 6 m2. In order to size the heat accumulating system, a numerical study is started. It allows evaluating the soil temperature as well as the energy cumulated inside the accumulator during the charging and the discharging period.


Summary A performance criterion for feedback control systems is intro duced based on the averaging of penalized error values over such times when the output is actually utilized. This is accomplished by assigning a probability to the time of output utilization. The criterion is a suitable starting point of design since it unifies in one summary the various specifications normally used to de scribe special aspects of performance. Where the penalty is pro portional to the squared error, mathematical methods are de veloped for two roles: (1) evaluating the criterion for a given system operating in a known environment, and (2) designing the optimum time-invariant linear system, in the sense of giving the smallest average-penalized-error criterion value operating in a known input environment. An illustrative example is given. Survey of Performance Criteria A UTOMATIC CONTROL is, in one sense, at least as old as the first governors applied on early steam engines and, in another sense, as recent as World War II. As a field of engineering analysis and design, auto matic control, feedback control, and servomechanisms were developed in the years around the beginning of World War II as a specialty of electrical engineering. Considering that the major portion of most systems controlled is nonelectrical , the predominance of elec trical engineers in the early developing field of controls seems to be surprising. The reasons for this predomi nance are threefold. Among the members of the engi neering fraternity electrical engineers were equipped with some intuition in transient phenomena. Elec trical engineers had tools available for the analysis of feedback devices—that is, amplifiers. The necessary corrective devices were synthesized in the form of elec tric networks with the least difficulty in hardware and in theory of design. Performance criteria were from the beginning the guiding factors in the development of the field, and their gradual refinement simultaneously served as an index of the state of the art. The first criteria were characteristically indirect in nature. Since the early analysis and synthesis meth ods were borrowed from the field of feedback ampli fiers, the performance criteria were based on frequency response considerations;1-3 notably, sharpness and frequency location of resonance peaks were specified in


At present,most of the research on the marine shale gas in south of China is focus on the basic geological theory which have been centered on its accumulation mode,favorable area evaluation,etc.In the application of geophysical techniques to identify shale gas prediction and evaluation of shale gas yield rich region some explorations carried out,while the complete set of technology idea and method unlike conventional oil and gas exploration is still at the exploratory stage.On the basis of field geological survey and the regional geological understanding,thirteen 2D seismic profiles,totally 523.5 km have been carried out.Since the relief is complex,there are more obstacles,the seismic data acquisition is difficult; wide limestone covering,poor shallow seismic geological conditions,low seismic record S / N ratio,thus caused conspicuous problems in statics correction and velocity analysis.Through integrate research of seismic data acquisition,processing,interpretation,reservoir fluid identification,the seismic data of high signal-to-noise ratio was obtained.And then the mountain marine shale gas geophysical exploration technology was developed with respect of the shale gas geological seismic conditions in the block.The optimal datum static correction method was used to solve static correction,pre-stack de-noising to improve the signal-to-noise ratio,overlay and migration to improve the image quality.On this basis,discover the seismic inversion of reservoir and gas detection technology,provides a solid foundation for Block optimization and well location selection.This prospecting depicted fine the top structural configurations and the buried depths of the Longmaxi groups and the Niutitang groups,East and north of the fault zone near the main north-south; preferably two sets of target layer favorable target areas,the deployment of two parameters wells bit.


The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of tax collection on the disbursement of tax arrears on Tax Office (KPP) Pratama Padang. The object of this study is the taxpayer at the Tax Office (KPP) Pratama Padang. The amount of research data in this study is as many as 48 consisting of 4 tax periods namely the year 2013-2016. The data in this research is sourced from secondary data obtained from Tax Office (KPP) Pratama Padang. Data analysis using simple linear regression analysis. Based on the research result, tax collection variable has a positive and significant influence on the disbursement of tax arrears. This is evidenced from the result tcount> ttable and the level of significance is smaller than 0.05. The variable of disbursement of tax arrears can be explained by 97.9% by the tax collection variable and the rest is affected by other variables related to disbursement of tax arrears. For further research is expected to add research variables and the amount of data for more perfect research.


In my paper I try to search for a justification of the claim that the Jewish and Christian conceptions of the world, because of their anthropocentrism, are responsible for the contemporary ecological crisis. My reflections are more analytic than historical; they concern the basic concepts contained in the Jewish and Christian conceptions of the world. First, I try to point out the main premises of the anthropocentrism to be found in the Bible, and, next, I adduce the interpretations of those Biblical premises by some philosophers and theologians. The views of Nemesius of Emesa, Abelard and Thomas Aquinas are taken into consideration, and they serve as a starting point for a better specification of the concept of anthropocentrism in the context of the Bible. The result of the specification in question is that anthropocentrism is the conjunction of the following three propositions: that man is the crown of creation (the most developed being among all the divine creatures on the Earth), that man is the master of creation (the owner and holder of the less developed creatures on the Earth), and that man is the final aim of creation (processes and events taking place in the natural world are teleological; their final end is the existence and prosperity of humankind). Next, the question is considered whether it is really the case that statements regarded as the Biblical premises of such anthropocentrism sufficiently justify this anthropocentrism.


John Rawls' (1971) Theory of Justice provides principles for the fundamental understanding of distributable equality and fairness within society. His Theory of Justice is based on two primary principles. First, "each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with similar liberty for others." Second, that "social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage, and (b) attached to positions and offices open to all" (Rawls, 1971, p. 61). Rawls argues that justice should be a basic operating principle in democratic societies and in social institutions. Young (1990) expands upon Rawls' distributional notion of justice to include the existing social, political, and economic structures that create distributional injustices. Young (1990) reminds us that in order to achieve true justice one must examine not just individual behavior, but also structural and systemic phenomena. Young (1990) argues that a focus on justice as individualism: ignores and tends to obscure the institutional context within which those distributions take place, and which is often at least partly the cause of patterns of distribution of jobs or wealth. Institutional context should be understood in a broader sense than "mode of production." It includes any structures or practices, the rules and norms that guide them, and the language and symbols that mediate social interactions within them, in institutions of state, family, and civil society, as well as the workplace. (p. 22) The American governance structure ideally fits within Rawls' and Young's notions of justice as it is predicated upon the notion of justice for all. Public administrators and elected officials are tasked to effectively and efficiently manage public processes and develop public policies while considering issues of equity, fairness, and justice. However, historically administrators have not always incorporated justice and equity into policy planning and decision-making; despite Frederickson's (1971) focus on making equity a core tenet of public administration. In some instances, American society has seen a progression toward achieving justice for all. This is most evident in the landmark Supreme Court decision on the Defense of Marriage Act and the universalization of healthcare. Regrettably, there remain countless examples of systemic and individually based instances of social injustice. The prevalence of such discrimination is associated with the formation and implementation of policies that have had an adverse impact on those determined to be in the margins of "mainstream" society. The unfortunate death of Trayvon Martin is just one representation of such injustice. Women and members of the LGBT community's continued struggle with violence, the prevalence of racial disparity within the American criminal justice system, and undocumented residents facing arrest and detention based on perceived citizenship status all serve as exemplars of the social injustices that currently plague today's American society. The future of public administration, one that incorporates Frederickson's fourth pillar of equity and Young and Rawls' conceptions of justice--is dependent on justice being a core tenet of public management and policy. Without reevaluating and revisiting the existence and role of social justice within the field, American and global society are faced with a future that is more likely to include the troubles of the past, rather than advancement and evolution. This symposium, thus re-evaluates how justice is defined, practiced, and conceived in the practice and research of public administration. Articles included within this symposium revisit the Theory of Justice to effectively identify varying ways to answer the question: Where is social justice within public administration? More specifically, authors explore social justice issues empirically, conceptually, and comparatively providing readers with investigations that present both, the breadth and depth of issues related to social justice in the twenty-first century within the context of Public Administration. …


In order to improve toughness of the weld heat affected zone(HAZ)of ultra-fine grained(UFG)steel,a thermal simulation procedure of Fe-Mn-Si UFG steels with different Al addition was conducted and the corresponding microstructure was characterized and investigated.The results indicate that the structure in the simulated HAZ tends from upper bainite to carbon-free bainite for the steel by increasing Al addition.The proper amount of Al addition is of beneficial to the nucleation of bainite ferrite,leading to the grain refinement.Different amounts and morphology of retained austenite are observed in the Fe-Mn-Si UFG steel with different amount of aluminium.The formation of strie retained austenite and grain refinement of bainite ferrite in Fe-Mn-Si UFG steels with Al addition results in the increasing toughness of weld HAZ.


At the tail of its velocity distribution, cold dark matter (DM) can annihilate at finite temperature to states heavier than itself. We explore the possibility that DM freezeout is dictated by these "forbidden annihilations" at the electroweak scale. Demanding that annihilation products be Standard Model particles, we find that for the forbidden mechanism to primarily set the DM relic abundance, DM must couple predominantly, if not solely, to top quarks. This can be arranged by invoking a non-trivial flavor structure such as Minimal Flavor Violation. We avail two avenues to achieve the correct thermal cross-section, requiring a mediator exchanged in the $s$- or $t$-channel. These simplified models submit easily to direct detection and collider searches, and necessarily hide from indirect detection signals. Viable supersymmetric spectra involving the forbidden mechanism may be found if combined with co-annihilation.


The technologies to enhance power transmission capability of electric channel are introduced, including that of large-section conductor, compact transmission, heat-resisting wire, multi-circuit lines on the same tower and raising the conductor allowable highest temperature.Then taking the project to increase the power transmission capability of 500 kV TSQ-Guangdong I, II AC circuits in CSG west to east channel into account, this paper analyzes the technical and economic aspects of certain schemes, resulting in a conclusion that raising the conductor allowable highest temperature is the best scheme for benefit.It is proposed that the conductor allowable highest operation temperature should be 80 ℃ for the design of new 500 kV transmission lines.


Filter media are stacked a multi-layered nano-fiber layer between the base material of the present invention can solve the thermal stability and low filtration efficiency problem with the conventional air filter by laminating heat-resistant nanofibers by electrospinning process between the heat-resistant base. Filters of the present invention is described laminate of the first heat-resistant polymers during the manufacturing process on the first substrate and subsequently the electrospinning as a second heat-resistant polymer in the first heat-resistant nano-fibers covering the second substrate on the second heat nanofiber and to form a multi-layered nano-fiber layer between the base material. The invention and the diameter of the fibers arranged with different nano-fiber layer and a heat-resistant kkoehamyeo filter efficiency and pressure drop protection, characterized in that for manufacturing a functional filter at competitive prices.


A series of 20 optically pure 3,4-dihydro-5H-pyrido[1',2':1,2]imidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-5-ones which form a new family of azaheterocycle-fused [1,3]diazepines were synthesized in four steps with 17-66% overall yields. The key step consists of a selective C-acylation reaction of easily accessible 2-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine at C-3.


In this paper a stabilized finite element scheme for the poroelasticity equations is proposed. This method, based on the perturbation of the flow equation, allows us to use continuous piecewise linear approximation spaces for both displacements and pressure, obtaining solutions without oscillations independently of the chosen discretization parameters. The perturbation term depends on a parameter which is established in terms of the mesh size and the properties of the material. In the one‐dimensional case, this parameter is shown to be optimal. Some numerical experiments are presented indicating the efficiency of the proposed stabilization technique. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. It has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity. It is an excellent bio-carrier material. Chitosan reacts with its sulfhydryl reagent to obtain a novel polymer material of thiol chitosan, and its properties are improved. This paper summarizes the recent progress in the application of thiolated chitosan in the biomedical field.


Abstract Almost all previous work on model-based diagnosis has focused on persistent faults. However, some of the most difficult to diagnose faults are intermittent. It is very difficult to isolate intermittent faults which occur with low frequency but yet at high enough frequency to be unacceptable. For example, a printer which prints one blank page out of a 1000 or a computer that spontaneously reboots once per day is unacceptable. Accurate assessment of intermittent failure probabilities is critical to diagnosing and repairing equipment. This paper presents an overall framework for estimating component failure probabilities which includes both persistent and intermittent faults. These estimates are constantly updated while the equipment is running.


. When spraying plants, a number of problems appear that contribute to the decrease in efficiency. These are such problems as the wind drift, large difference in the size between the drops, their flowing off the sheet. The application of the method of ionization of aerosol droplets eliminates these drawbacks. A jet of fluid passing through an electric field of high intensity acquires an electric charge. To obtain the effect of charging drops, it is necessary to create a corona discharge field. This field can be obtained, if two conditions are met: a) use of the electrode system "plane – string"; b) the voltage on the electrodes is not less than 15 kV. To obtain this voltage, it is necessary to develop a high-voltage voltage source that receives power from the on-board electrical network of the tractor. The initial data developing a high-voltage source of voltage are: technical parameters that determine the level and quality of the output parameters with given mass and dimensional indicators; operational, which determine the reliability of the device for the given time and working conditions; economic, which determine the cost of production and operation of the device. Some of the requirements are opposite. For example, the requirements of low mass and high reliability for a long time, minimum dimensions and cost. Therefore, when developing high voltage sources, the main criteria are highlighted and trade-off decisions are made. The development of a high-voltage source includes determination of the operating modes and selection of power transistors, calculation and selection of voltage multiplier elements, determination of the design parameters of a power transformer.


![Figure][1]

The current health care debate in the United States has had the effect of stoking our own debate on the Canadian health care system—and some misunderstandings about proposals for health reform in the United States have had the effect of perpetuating several myths regarding the


EUGENE D. ROBIN, M.D.:' Alveolar hypoventilation occurring in patients with structurally normnal lungs and heart is a problem of great clinical interest. In the past two weeks we have had an opportunity to see an unusual example of this variety of respiratory disease. Pathophysiologically this form of alveolar hypoventilation is relatively simple but the pathogenesis and etiologic delineation of the primary disease are unknown and indeed the primary disease may not have been previously described. We thought we would take this opportunity to discuss both the alveolar hypoventilation with a structurally normal respiratory apparatus and the differential diagnosis in a most unusual patient.


The thermochemistry and reaction mechanisms of nitromethane initiation are modeled using detailed chemical kinetics. Initial conditions correspond to gaseous nitromethane at atmospheric and liquid-like densities and initial temperatures between 1100 and 2000 K. Global reactions as well as elementary reactions are identified for each of the two stages of ignition. The chemical steps to convert the nitro group to N 2 involve a complex set of elementary reactions. The time-dependence of the ignition steps (ignition delay times) as a function of temperature and pressure is used to determine effective activation energies and pressure dependencies to ignition. The ignition delay times range from several nanoseconds to tens of microseconds. At atmospheric conditions, the delay times for both ignition stages are in excellent agreement with observed experimental data. At the high densities, the ignition times at these elevated temperatures appear to be dominated by the same reaction mechanism that occurs for atmospheric gaseous nitromethane initiation. This is to be contrasted with lower temperature, condensed-phase ignition studies where it appears that solvent-assisted reactions dominate.


During America's involvement in the Second World War, the American armed forces witnessed a rapid mobilization rivaled by no other in this nation's history. Millions of American men and women enlisted or were drafted into military service to fight fascism in Europe and in Asia. While the exploits of these soldiers and sailors on the battlefields, in the air and on the seas have been explored thoroughly, other aspects of military culture have been relatively ignored by historians. Military culture during World War II was a culture dominated not only by war, but also by sport. Military officials depended heavily upon athletics to instill a "common sense that the American athlete, like the American warrior, was superior above all others," thus resulting in a more efficient fighting force. Because baseball was the most popular sport in American society at the time, it is not surprising that the national pastime was an integral part of military athletics. Throughout World War II, military leaders utilized baseball to improve morale, prepare for the rigors of combat, and raise funds for the war effort. Further, with the induction of over 90% of Major League Baseball's players, the American military also witnessed a dramatic increase in the exceptional teams and talented athletes in its employ—a situation which military officials often exploited to their benefit. For military leaders, having the most recognizable athletes in the country at their disposal was an engaging, and ultimately profitable and ego-building, prospect. For players who devoted up to five years to the cause of fighting the Axis Power, however, the impact on their careers was often devastating and irreversible. Nonetheless, military baseball during


A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Needs Education at the University of Zululand, 2014


Exegetical and homeletic considerations for a baptismal sermon This contribution pays attention to exegetical and homeletic considerations for a baptismal sermon. The contribution is dedicated with much appreciation, to Prof Wil Vosloo.


Oxidative stress is the basis of the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity and their complications. Under its influence, free radicals that have not been neutralized or removed from the cell environment lead to damage to cellular macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Honokiol and magnolol are neolignans derived from magnolia bark, which may be promising candidates in the fight against oxidative stress-related diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of structural isomers - honokiol and magnolol - in vitro, taking into account their effect on radicals and the potential possibility of protecting biomolecules against oxidative damage, as well as to analyze their capability to inhibit the activity of enzymes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The abilities of neolignans to neutralize ABTS and DPPH radicals and also to prevent the formation of markers of oxidative damage - advanced oxidation protein products and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were tested. The inhibitory properties of the compounds against the activity of enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase) were also examined. The conducted analyzes indicate that in vitro honokiol possesses much better antioxidant properties and inhibits enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism than magnolol. It neutralized model radicals and prevented oxidative damages almost as effectively as the reference compounds, with even better ability to inhibit enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. None of the neolignans significantlly affected the reduction of lipase activity. The effectiveness of honokiol and magnolol as free radical scavengers and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors requires further confirmation in in vivo models.


This paper presents the design of a robust longitudinal flight controller for an unmanned tailless aircraft. The pitch angle c ontrol problem with p itch attitude as output and elevon deflection angle as input variables is considered. A flight regime consisting of four different flight conditions corresponding to Mach nu mbers 0.6, 2, 4, and 6 is considered. A single discrete r obust controller is designed u sing Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) design procedure that satisfies the desired performance and robustness specifications for the above flight regimes. The e ffectiveness of t he designed controller is demonstrated through simulations. Nomenclature C = Stability derivative indicating change in drag due to elevon deflection C = Stability derivative indicating change in lift due to elevon deflection Cm = Stability derivative indicating change in pitching moment due to change in angle of attack Cm = Stability derivative indicating change in pitching moment due to elevon deflection F(z) = discrete prefilter transfer function gc = magnitude of the compensator transfer function


Prior studies using neuromuscular blockade to increase perception of effort during mild or moderate intensity handgrip exercise have demonstrated that activation of higher brain regions, termed central command, contribute importantly to cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal but have limited influence on muscle sympathetic activation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of central command to the control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during dynamic one‐legged cycling. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume, and MSNA (contralateral leg microneurography) were measured in 18 healthy participants (9 men; 22±3 yr of age) at baseline and during two minutes of upright passive cycling movement and active unloaded cycling, each separated by 10 minutes of rest. The increases in HR were greater during the first (Δ3±3 vs. Δ11±7 bpm, p<0.0001) and second (Δ3±4 vs. Δ9±6 bpm, p<0.0001) minute, and MAP during the second minute (Δ4±3 vs. Δ7±5 mmHg, p<0.01), of active unloaded cycling compared to passive cycling movement. Stroke volume increased over time (p<0.001) but was not different between passive and active unloaded cycling (p>0.05). MSNA burst frequency decreased similarly during the first (Δ−4±5 vs. Δ−3±5 bursts/min, p>0.05) and second (Δ−6±4 vs. Δ−4±4 bursts/min, p>0.05) minute of passive and active unloaded cycling. In contrast, total MSNA demonstrated attenuated reductions during the first (Δ−3.2±3.0 vs. Δ−0.6±3.3 arbitrary units/min, p<0.05 [Δ−18±16% vs. Δ0±31%, p<0.05]) and second (Δ−4.5±3.3 vs. Δ−1.5±3.5 arbitrary units/min, p<0.01 [Δ−28±17% vs. Δ−11±24%, p<0.05]) minute of active unloaded cycling. These results support the concept that muscle sympathetic burst occurrence and strength can be regulated independently and suggest that during dynamic leg exercise central command primarily alters vasoconstrictor outflow through modulations in muscle sympathetic burst strength.


This paper presents an improved method applied to audio broadcasting surveillance. The method is designed for interference detection and noise classification. Based on Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and time domain parameters forming joint feature vector of audio, the method realizes the discrimination of propagation time delay, content faults, weak signal and inter-channel white noise.


and not referring to something deeper that also entails a form of social appropriation of space intertwined with power relations. This contrasts with the other chapters of the book, which offer a conceptual discussion of territory, and therefore, inform the reader about the centrality of territory in interpreting and understanding the case study they present. Another weakness of the book is the maps presented in the different sections. For a book whose authors are mostly, if not all, geographers, with a few exceptions many of the maps included in the chapters do not deliver because of their poor graphic quality; in some cases they are practically illegible. Likewise, there are representations that could not be called maps, as they do not have the required elements to be included in that category. These aspects might seem minor technicalities and might go unnoticed by an inexperienced reader, but to an audience trained in geography, they are fundamental points. Overall, Territorialising Space in Latin


The article is focused on the problem of monitoring and evaluation of food security. The necessity of changing the existing Russian approaches is proved, a system of indicators and methods of their calculation are proposed, calculations of integral index of food independence are developed, economic access to the food for the population with different income levels is estimated. Regions with threats of social instability associated with limited economic access to food for a large part of the population are revealed.


Let me start with a confession: I feel responsible for the fact that Barry Smith is not a philosopher anymore. "I used to be a philosopher," he keeps saying, "now I am an ontologist." On the other hand, somewhat paradoxically, Barry is definitely responsible for the fact that (as some people say) I am not an engineer anymore, being irreversibly contaminated by philosophy.1 Everything started almost 30 years ago, in the late 1980s, when I was struggling with the knowledge representation problems of medical expert systems, working in the domain of arrhythmia management. Obviously, one of the first problems I had to face was the proper representation of parthood relations. At that time, knowledge representation systems were already affected by the belonging fallacy (Wilensky 1987)—unfortunately still so frequent nowadays—which consists of aggregating together pieces of information (attributes) that may somehow belong to a particular object, without being explicit about the nature of the attribute relationship (Guarino 1992). Yet the importance of an explicit, proper modeling of the parthood relation seemed to me of utmost importance, especially for the medical domain. So, I started reading everything I was able to find on that topic. Fortunately, the lab where I was working at that time, despite being mainly devoted to systems dynamics and biomedical engineering, had a pretty good library covering also cognitive science and artificial intelligence, so I had the opportunity to discover the seminal paper on part-whole relations by Winston, Chaffin, and Herrmann (1987), which was really illuminating to me. Among the references listed there, an obscure but intriguing title captured my attention:


Technology development promotes the application of computer in recent year. Learning is no longer restricted in classroom and textbooks. Learning through computer network becomes more and more popular. Computer network offers efficient and flexible environment for anyone to reach different kinds of information that gives a feasible tool for students to get the required knowledge anytime and anywhere the computer network is available. The essence of this study is to set up an e-Learning system whose cost is comparable lower than the existed systems. This system offers an easy and flexible platform for teachers to build this learning manager system in accordance with the SCORM standard. That also gives the students a friendly learning environment.